propofol

Research Excerpts

Overview

Propofol is a commonly used anesthetic with controversial effects on cancer cells. Propofol acts as an intravenous anesthetic cure which is widely used as a therapy for the craniocerebral injury that comprised surgical anesthesia as well as the sedation done in the intensive care units.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Propofol is a widely used drug in veterinary medicine to induce anesthesia; as well as the chosen compound for protocols of intravenous anesthesia. "	( Evaluation of hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress profile in calves under propofol anesthesia. Alcindo, JF; Ciarlini, PC; de Almeida, BFM; Deschk, M; Dos Santos, PSP; Lima, PPA; Narciso, LG, 2022)	2.39
"Propofol is a known intravenous hypnotic drug used for induction and maintenance of sedation and general anesthesia. "	( Propofol Suppresses Microglia Inflammation by Targeting TGM2/NF- Hou, Y; Qi, S; Xiao, X; Yu, W, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol is a commonly used anesthetic with controversial effects on cancer cells. "	( Propofol mediates pancreatic cancer cell activity through the repression of ADAM8 via SP1. Ben-David, Y; Gao, Y; Sample, KM; Wang, C; Yu, X; Zhou, Y, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol is a frequently used agent for procedural sedation in the emergency department (ED). "	( The Influence of Age on Propofol Dosing Requirements During Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department. Barnes, RM; Caporossi, J; Weant, KA; Wells, ME, )	1.88
"Propofol acts as an intravenous anesthetic cure which is widely used as a therapy for the craniocerebral injury that comprised surgical anesthesia as well as the sedation done in the intensive care units. "	( Propofol Alleviates Neuropathic Pain Induced by Chronic Contractile Injury by Regulating the Spinal glun2b-p38mapkepac1 Pathway. Li, W; Qin, C; Yan, J; Yang, Y; You, L; Zhao, Q, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol is a wildly used general anesthetic in clinic, and inspired by the rapid antidepressant effects induced by ketamine at non-anesthetic dose, the present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-fatigue effects and underlying mechanisms of propofol at a non-anesthetic dose in 70% hepatectomy induced POF model in rats."	( Propofol ameliorates acute postoperative fatigue and promotes glucagon-regulated hepatic gluconeogenesis by activating CREB/PGC-1α and accelerating fatty acids beta-oxidation. Li, JC; Li, S; Li, Y; Mi, TY; Shen, XM; Wang, HL; Wang, LX; Xue, R; Yin, XL; Zhang, WW; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YZ, 2022)	2.89
"Propofol is a drug of diversion because of its high-volume use, lack of prescribed control mechanisms, and accessibility. "	( Propofol as a Drug of Diversion: Changing Disposal Practices to Reduce Risk. Pfrimmer, DM; Ring, MT, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol is an anesthetic agent with neuroprotective property."	( Propofol via Antioxidant Property Attenuated Hypoxia-Mediated Mitochondrial Dynamic Imbalance and Malfunction in Primary Rat Hippocampal Neurons. Chen, J; Cui, W; Han, J; Tao, W, 2022)	2.89
"Propofol is an anesthetic with neuroprotective properties."	( The effect of propofol on hypoxia- and TNF-α-mediated BDNF/TrkB pathway dysregulation in primary rat hippocampal neurons. Chen, J; Cui, W; Ding, J; Ge, P; Han, J; Luo, X; Tao, W; Yu, S; Zhang, X, 2022)	1.8
"Propofol acts as a reversible MPO inhibitor. "	( Propofol inhibits the myeloperoxidase activity by acting as substrate through a redox process. Hoebeke, M; Maho, A; Malempré, R; Matagne, A; Mouithys-Mickalad, A; Nyssen, P, 2022)	3.61
"Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic and has been found to perform anticancer effects in many cancers. "	( Propofol Disrupts Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Tumorigenesis by Regulating circFBXW7/miR-942 Axis. Huang, Y; Lu, S; Wu, Y, 2022)	3.61
"Propofol is a broadly used intravenous anesthetic agent that can cause cardiovascular effects, including bradycardia and asystole. "	( Propofol, an Anesthetic Agent, Inhibits HCN Channels through the Allosteric Modulation of the cAMP-Dependent Gating Mechanism. Ding, WG; Fukushima, Y; Kitagawa, H; Kojima, A; Matsuura, H; Mi, X; Omatsu-Kanbe, M; Shimizu, M; Toyoda, F, 2022)	3.61
"Propofol is a widely used anesthetic."	( Propofol protects against high glucose-mediated endothelial injury via inhibition of COX2 and iNOS expressions. Ding, J; Hou, W; Jiang, H; Lu, L; Shao, J; Sun, Z; Wang, F; Zhao, Y, 2022)	2.89
"Propofol is a commonly used anesthetic. "	( Propofol enhances stem-like properties of glioma via GABA Fan, X; Gong, M; Wang, R; Wang, S; Yang, H; Yu, H, 2022)	3.61
"Propofol is a widely used general anesthetic, yet the understanding of its cellular effects is fragmentary. "	( Propofol attenuates kinesin-mediated axonal vesicle transport and fusion. Bentley, M; Frank, M; Gilbert, SP; Nabb, AT, 2022)	3.61
"Propofol functions as a tumor-inhibitor drug by regulating microRNAs (miRNAs)."	( Propofol decreases cisplatin resistance of non-small cell lung cancer by inducing GPX4-mediated ferroptosis through the miR-744-5p/miR-615-3p axis. Han, B; Liang, L; Liu, Y; Zhang, Q, 2023)	3.07
"Propofol is an important and widely used anaesthetic drug in the clinic. "	( Effects of propofol on IGF-1 activity and cell behaviour in the GES 1 mucosal cell model. Chang, X; Hua, C; Wenyong, P; Xiayun, J; Zhongquan, Z, 2023)	2.74
"Propofol is an anesthetic agent and can impede the progression of human diseases. "	( Propofol inhibits cell apoptosis and inflammatory response in ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells through the modulation of the circ_0003645/miR-149-3p/TRAF7 axis. Chen, M; Huang, C; Liu, Z; Pan, Q; Shen, Q; Shi, S; Zhao, J, 2023)	3.8
"Propofol is an anesthetic commonly used in surgery."	( Propofol Inhibits Biological Function of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells through LINC00475-Mediated Sonic Hedgehog Pathway. Lai, S; Liu, Y; Wang, W; Wu, J; Wu, T; Yang, L; Zhou, F, 2023)	3.07
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic injection extensively used in clinic, which has been proved to be neurotoxic in humans. "	( Ecological risk assessment of environmentally relevant concentrations of propofol on zebrafish (Danio rerio) at early life stage: Insight into physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects. Baihetiyaer, B; Fan, X; Jiang, N; Li, M; Li, X; Sun, H; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Yin, X, 2023)	2.58
"Propofol infusion is a popular single drug of choice for sedation in the gastrointestinal endoscopy suite. "	( Efficacy and Safety of the Remimazolam-Alfentanil Combination for Sedation During Gastroscopy: A Randomized, Double-blind, Single-center Controlled Trial. Cheng, Y; Fang, Q; Fang, X; He, H; Hu, Y; Shi, W; Shuai, Y; Wang, Z; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2022)	2.16
"Propofol is a relatively short-acting potent anesthetic lipophilic drug used during short surgical procedures. "	( The Development and Optimization of Lipid-Based Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems for the Intravenous Delivery of Propofol. Ahmad, A; Aldughaim, MS; Alharbi, M; Alothaid, H; Alqahtani, A; Hussain, MD; Kazi, M, 2023)	2.56
"Propofol is a drug with potential anticancer effect. "	( The effect of propofol on chemosensitivity of paclitaxel in cervical cancer cells. Chen, M; Jin, Y; Sheng, B; Xie, S; Zhu, X, 2023)	2.71
"Propofol is a widely used anesthetic in ECMO patients and is known to have high adsorption rates in ECMO circuits due to its high hydrophobicity."	( Micellar Encapsulation of Propofol Reduces its Adsorption on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator (ECMO) Circuit. Ghandehari, H; Hubbard, O; Imburgia, C; Khurana, N; Stoddard, GJ; Sünner, T; Watt, KM; Yellepeddi, V, 2023)	1.93
"Propofol is a commonly used sedative, frequently combined with an opioid or low-dose ketamine as an analgesic."	( Low-dose ketamine or opioids combined with propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department: a systematic review. De Vries, LJ; Lameijer, H; Van Roon, EN; Veeger, NJGM, 2023)	1.89
"Propofol is a pharmaceutical agent commonly used as an intravenous anesthetic in surgical treatments and a sedative in intensive care. "	( Propofol elicits apoptosis and attenuates cell growth in esophageal cancer cell lines. Konishi, Y; Nishiwaki, K; Zhang, A; Zhou, R, 2023)	3.8
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic that is commonly used during intravascular embolectomy following acute ischemic stroke."	( Propofol Attenuates α-Synuclein Aggregation and Neuronal Damage in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke. Cui, V; Tian, D; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Wei, C; Wu, A; Yue, Y; Zhu, Y, 2020)	2.72
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic extensively used in clinical."	( Propofol exerts anticancer activity on hepatocellular carcinoma cells by raising lncRNA DGCR5. Sun, H; Sun, Y, 2020)	2.72
"Propofol is a most commonly used anaesthetic drug for conscious sedation in outpatient procedures. "	( The effect of propofol on frontal QRS-T angle in patients undergoing elective colonoscopy procedure. Altiparmak, HI; Bayram, G; Besli, F; Bicer Yesilay, A; Demir, K; Gungoren, F; Tanriverdi, Z; Tascanov, MB, 2020)	2.36
"Propofol is an intravenous anaesthetic agent commonly utilised in general anaesthesia, however in sub-anaesthetic concentrations can be utilised to provide sedation through automated dosing of target-controlled infusion (TCI). "	( Acceptability of intravenous propofol sedation for adolescent dental care. Aspinall, A; Dixon, C; Rolfe, S; Stevens, C, 2020)	2.29
"Propofol TCI sedation is an effective treatment modality for the management of dentally anxious adolescents as a safe alternative to general anaesthesia, allowing the opportunity for increased provision of treatment per visit on those patients with a high dental need. "	( Acceptability of intravenous propofol sedation for adolescent dental care. Aspinall, A; Dixon, C; Rolfe, S; Stevens, C, 2020)	2.29
"Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic agent, which has been found to affect cell survival and proliferation especially in early life. "	( Propofol affects mouse embryonic fibroblast survival and proliferation in vitro via ATG5- and calcium-dependent regulation of autophagy. Chu, CT; Liang, G; Liu, ZQ; Ma, WH; Wang, Y; Wei, HF; Xu, ZD, 2020)	3.44
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous agent for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. "	( The Effects of Propofol on Autophagy. Guo, XN; Ma, X, 2020)	2.35
"Propofol is a hypnotic drug with a safe profile of efficacy and adverse events. "	( Propofol use in newborns and children: is it safe? A systematic review. Filho, EM; Riechelmann, MB, )	3.02
"Propofol is an intravenous drug commonly used in anesthesia procedures and intensive care in children. "	( MicroRNA-582-5p Reduces Propofol-induced Apoptosis in Developing Neurons by Targeting ROCK1. Chi, S; Cui, L; Xu, Y; Zhang, Z, 2020)	2.31
"Propofol is a classical anesthetic and induces consciousness loss, and gamma-aminobutyric-acid-type-A (GABA-A) receptor is its target. "	( Propofol Causes Consciousness Loss by Affecting GABA-A Receptor in the Nucleus Basalis of Rats. Jiao, Y; Li, K; Li, Z; Xing, Y, 2020)	3.44
"Propofol is a poor choice for induction or maintenance of anesthesia in severely bleeding patients, even with resuscitation; this can include emergent trauma cases or scheduled cases that routinely have mild or moderate blood loss."	( The Influence of Hemorrhagic Shock on the Disposition and Effects of Intravenous Anesthetics: A Narrative Review. Egan, ED; Johnson, KB, 2020)	1.28
"Propofol is a clinically important intravenous anesthetic. "	( The role of propofol hydroxyl group in 5-lipoxygenase recognition. Bu, W; Eckenhoff, RG; Okuno, T; Yokomizo, T; Yuki, K, 2020)	2.38
"Propofol is an anesthetic agent moderating GABA receptors in the nervous system. "	( Propofol induces apoptosis by activating caspases and the MAPK pathways, and inhibiting the Akt pathway in TM3 mouse Leydig stem/progenitor cells. Chen, YC; Huang, BM; Kang, FC; So, EC; Wang, SC, 2020)	3.44
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent that commonly induces significant neuroapoptosis. "	( Upregulation of miR-215 attenuates propofol-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in developing neurons by targeting LATS2. Gong, H; Li, Q; Liu, T; Liu, Z; Tang, F; Yu, Q; Zhao, L, 2020)	2.28
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic which has been reported to be involved in cancer progression."	( Propofol suppresses migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in papillary thyroid carcinoma cells by regulating miR-122 expression. Li, Y; Pang, T; Qiu, JL; Wang, H; Zeng, QG; Zhang, XX, 2020)	2.72
"Propofol is an anesthetic drug frequently used during tumor resection."	( Propofol suppresses the progression of non‑small cell lung cancer via downregulation of the miR‑21‑5p/MAPK10 axis. Li, X; Wu, X; Xu, G, 2020)	2.72
"Propofol is a sedative and a hypnotic agent used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. "	( Spastic Cerebral Palsy Pain Improvement With Propofol: A Case Report. Guichard, L; Lansaman, T; Martinez, V, 2020)	2.26
"Propofol is a commonly used drug for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. "	( Propofol‑induced HOXA11‑AS promotes proliferation, migration and invasion, but inhibits apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting miR‑4458. Feng, Y; Jin, Y; Liu, J; Song, F, 2020)	3.44
"Propofol is a common sedative-hypnotic drug traditionally used for inducing and maintaining general anesthesia. "	( Propofol Affects Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cell Biology By Regulating the miR-21/PTEN/AKT Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo. Dong, L; Ge, X; Li, Q; Li, R; Liu, D; Wang, G; Zhao, S; Zheng, X; Zhu, X, 2020)	3.44
"Propofol is a short-acting medication that results in decreased levels of consciousness and is used for general anesthesia. "	( Modeling an auditory stimulated brain under altered states of consciousness using the generalized Ising model. Gomez, F; Kandeepan, S; Naci, L; Nichols, ES; Owen, AM; Rudas, J; Soddu, A; Stojanoski, B; Valluri, S, 2020)	2
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent in sedation and general anesthesia. "	( Rapid determination and continuous monitoring of propofol in microliter whole blood sample during anesthesia by paper spray ionization-mass spectrometry. Liu, Y; Mi, WD; Zhang, CS; Zhang, XH; Zhang, XX; Zhou, YL, 2021)	2.32
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic for sedation during the surgery and worldwide propofol abuse has been frequently reported also. "	( Determination of propofol in human plasma with C18 pipette-tip based solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Chen, X; Li, T; Lin, H; Ma, J; Wang, H; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2021)	2.4
"Propofol is a widely used general anesthetic to induce and maintain anesthesia, and its effects are thought to occur through impact on the ligand-gated channels including the GABA"	( Mechanistic basis of propofol-induced disruption of kinesin processivity. Dutta, M; Gilbert, SP; Jana, B; Onuchic, JN, 2021)	2.38
"Propofol is a commonly used anesthetic for cancer surgery. "	( Propofol suppresses lung cancer tumorigenesis by modulating the circ-ERBB2/miR-7-5p/FOXM1 axis. Ding, C; Gao, J; Han, Z; Hei, F; Li, J; Wu, G; Zhou, J, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic."	( Propofol Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration, and Stem-like Properties of Bladder Cancer Mainly by Suppressing the Hedgehog Pathway. Guo, X; Li, C; Li, G; Li, Y; Zhang, X, )	2.3
"Propofol is an oily liquid widely used for rapid onset of anaesthesia "	( Optimization of propofol loaded niosomal gel for transdermal delivery. Suo, M; Yu, G; Zhang, W; Zhao, X, 2021)	2.41
"Propofol is a kind of common intravenous anaesthetic agent that plays an anti-tumor role in a variety of cancers, including ovarian cancer. "	( Propofol suppresses cell viability, cell cycle progression and motility and induces cell apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells through suppressing MEK/ERK signaling via targeting circVPS13C/miR-145 axis. Chen, C; Gao, X; Lu, H; Zhang, L; Zheng, G; Zhou, M, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol is a widely used general anesthetic, which acts by binding to and modulating several neuronal ion channels. "	( Efficient and flexible synthesis of new photoactivatable propofol analogs. Gaudet, R; Kahne, D; Skinner, KA; Wzorek, JS, 2021)	2.31
"Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic. "	( Propofol maintains Th17/Treg cell balance and reduces inflammation in rats with traumatic brain injury via the miR‑145‑3p/NFATc2/NF‑κB axis. Cai, Y; Chen, J; Cui, C; Guo, Y; Hu, J; Li, H; Lin, G; Nong, L; Sun, K; Sun, Y; Wang, P; Xu, L; Yang, W; Yu, D; Zhang, D, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol is a widely used anesthetic and its dose is closely related to aging. "	( Association between telomere length in the DNA of peripheral blood leukocytes and the propofol dose in anesthesia induction: an observational study. Li, ZJ; Liu, Y; Tu, WF; Xi, WB; Xia, WP; Xie, CB; Xing, YJ; Xu, Y; Yang, J; Zhang, JL, )	1.8
"Propofol is a commonly used anesthetic drug in clinic. "	( Propofol Affects EGF's Activity in Intestinal Cell by Down-Regulating EGFR-Mediated Intracellular Signaling. Chai, H; Chen, Y; Jin, X; Lan, Z; Peng, W; Xu, D; Zhu, Z, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic in clinical work which also has rapid action, short action time and rapid recovery."	( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with propofol in induction of general anesthesia. Dai, G; Duan, F; Liao, M; Pei, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Z; Zhu, M, 2021)	1.6
"Propofol is an intravenous sedative used in many patient populations and care settings. "	( New perspectives on propofol allergy. Bounds, M; Hawthorne, A; Johnson, JL; Weldon, DJ, 2021)	2.39
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent commonly used intraoperatively as well as in the intensive care unit. "	( Propofol-induced uric acid crystals: A case of cloudy urine. Baumgarten, A; Newton, M, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol is a hypnotic alkylphenol derivative with many biological activities. "	( Effects of the Hypnotic Alkylphenol Derivative Propofol on Breast Cancer Progression. A Focus on Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Bimonte, S; Cascella, M; Cuomo, A; Del Prato, F; Del Prete, P; Esposito, G; Forte, CA; Raiano, N, )	1.83
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic drug with potential neuroprotective effect in diverse diseases of neuronal injuries such as traumatic brain injury and ischemic stroke. "	( Propofol Ameliorates Microglia Activation by Targeting MicroRNA-221/222-IRF2 Axis. Hou, Y; Qi, S; Xiao, X; Yu, W, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol is a preferred agent for many pediatric sedation providers because of its rapid onset and short duration of action. "	( Evaluation of methohexital as an alternative to propofol in a high volume outpatient pediatric sedation service. Jones, NE; Kamat, PP; Kelleman, MS; Mallory, MD; McCracken, C; Simon, HK; Stockwell, JA, 2017)	2.15
"Propofol is a novel immersion anesthetic in goldfish ( Carassius auratus ). "	( PROPOFOL AS AN IMMERSION ANESTHETIC AND IN A MINIMUM ANESTHETIC CONCENTRATION (MAC) REDUCTION MODEL IN GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS). Balko, JA; Gaines, BR; Lewbart, GA; Posner, LP; Wilson, SK, 2017)	3.34
"Propofol is a potentially dangerous drug that can cause acute pancreatitis, but this complication is extremely rare."	( Propofol-induced acute pancreatitis. Broulíková, K; Csomor, J; Jarošek, J; Kučerka, O; Murínová, I; Sedloň, P; Urbánek, P; Zavoral, M, 2017)	2.62
"Propofol is a dangerous drug with an evident abuse potential which often results in fatalities."	( Death by Propofol. Diaz, JH; Kaye, AD, )	1.27
"Propofol is a general anesthetic commonly used in pediatric clinical practices. "	( Neonatal Propofol Anesthesia Changes Expression of Synaptic Plasticity Proteins and Increases Stereotypic and Anxyolitic Behavior in Adult Rats. Avramovic, V; Jevtovic-Todorovic, V; Kanazir, S; Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic, N; Milanovic, D; Pesic, V; Ruzdijic, S; Tesic, V, 2017)	2.31
"Propofol is a sedative that has a short duration of action and a very rapid onset."	( Propofol-Based Palliative Sedation to Treat Antipsychotic-Resistant Agitated Delirium. Covarrubias-Gómez, A; López Collada-Estrada, M, )	2.3
"Propofol is a widely used anesthesia induction agent and is easily accessible in most healthcare facilities. "	( Implementation of a new method to track propofol in an endoscopy unit. Horvath, C, 2017)	2.17
"Propofol is a widely-accepted medication for the successful insertion of laryngeal mask airway (LMA). "	( Effect Of Midazolam Premedication On Doses Of Propofol For Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion In Children. Adnan, M; Furqan, A; Sattar, MK, )	1.83
"Propofol is an anesthetic agent suspended in an emulsion system that includes egg yolk lecithin and soybean oil, because of which, there is concern about the use of propofol in patients allergic to these substances. "	( Incidence of anaphylactic reactions after propofol administration in dogs. Ishida, T; Murakami, A; Ono, S; Onuma, M; Sano, T; Terada, M, 2017)	2.16
"Propofol is a short‑acting intravenous general anesthetic."	( Personalized analysis of pathway aberrance induced by sevoflurane and propofol. Chu, X; Cong, J; Zhang, H; Zheng, X, 2017)	1.41
"Propofol is a short-acting medication with fast cognitive and psychomotor recovery. "	( Safe Driving After Propofol Sedation. Austin, PN; Gabaldon, DA; Summerlin-Grady, L, 2017)	2.23
"Propofol is a rapid, efficient hypnotic agent with antiemetic effects. "	( Effects of remifentanil with or without midazolam pretreatment on the 95% effective dose of propofol for loss of consciousness during induction: A randomized, clinical trial. Han, DW; Kim, NY; Ko, SH; Koh, JC; Park, J; You, AH, 2017)	2.12
"Propofol is an anaesthetic agent which can be used in the ICU to maintain patient sedation and some studies suggest it may be a suitable agent to replicate normal sleep."	( Propofol for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit. Alderson, P; Lewis, SR; Schofield-Robinson, OJ; Smith, AF, 2018)	2.64
"Propofol is an intravenous sedative hypnotic agent of which the growth-inhibitory effect has been reported on various cancers. "	( Propofol inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion but promotes apoptosis by regulation of Sox4 in endometrial cancer cells. Du, Q; Liu, J; Wang, S; Wei, M; Zhang, X; Zhu, H, 2018)	3.37
"propofol is a rapid acting hypnotic that is becoming the drug of choice for sedation in digestive endoscopy worldwide. "	( Sedation with propofol in digestive endoscopy administered by gastroenterologists. Experience in a Venezuelan hospital. Baptista, A; Bonilla H, Y; Bronstein, M; Ruiz-Curiel, RE, 2018)	2.28
"Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent with potential neuroprotective effect. "	( Delayed treatment of propofol inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in microglia through the PI3K/PKB pathway. Huang, B; Liu, M; Luo, J; Luo, T; Zhang, Z, 2018)	2.24
"Propofol is an effective sedative for magnetic resonance imaging. "	( Low-dose dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to propofol infusion for children in MRI: A double-cohort study. Bell, M; Cresencia, A; Margolis, R; Nagoshi, M; Reddy, S; Ross, P; Wetzel, R, 2018)	2.19
"Propofol is an intravenous short-acting anesthetic widely used to induce and maintain general anesthesia and to provide procedural sedation. "	( Metabolic Profiles of Propofol and Fospropofol: Clinical and Forensic Interpretative Aspects. Dinis-Oliveira, RJ, 2018)	2.24
"Propofol is an intravenous hypnotic drug that is used for induction and maintenance of sedation and general anaesthesia. "	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Propofol. Absalom, AR; Sahinovic, MM; Struys, MMRF, 2018)	2.18
"Propofol is a popular anesthetic drug that is neuroprotective. "	( Propofol Protects Hippocampal Neurons from Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury by Decreasing Calcineurin-Induced Calcium Overload and Activating YAP Signaling. Cai, H; Li, X; Liang, Q; Qu, H; Yao, L, 2018)	3.37
"Propofol is a cerebral vasoconstrictor that modulates cerebral perfusion by decreasing the metabolic rate of oxygen. "	( Pseudo-Leptomeningeal Contrast Enhancement at 3T in Pediatric Patients Sedated by Propofol. Chacko Achanaril, A; Gawande, RS; Knoll, B; McKinney, AM; Nascene, DR, 2018)	2.15
"Propofol is an excellent hypnotic drug for use in repeated radiation procedures in young children. "	( Incidence of tolerance in children undergoing repeated administration of propofol for proton radiation therapy: a retrospective study. Gil, NS; Jeong, JS; Kang, R; Oh, YN; Shin, BS; Shin, YH, 2018)	2.16
"Propofol is a commonly used anaesthetic with controversial effects on cancer cells. "	( Propofol Inhibits Proliferation, Migration, Invasion and Promotes Apoptosis Through Down-Regulating miR-374a in Hepatocarcinoma Cell Lines. Hu, ZH; Li, Y; Li, ZW; Liu, SQ; Liu, Z; Zhang, JL, 2018)	3.37
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic that can active γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA"	( Propofol decreases the excitability of cholinergic neurons in mouse basal forebrain via GABA Chen, L; Cheng, J; Liu, XS; Wang, LC; Yang, ZL; Zhang, LS; Zhang, PP, 2019)	3.4
"Propofol is a commonly used sedative for magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric patients, but patients who receive it may exhibit dose-dependent upper airway obstruction and respiratory depression."	( A retrospective comparison of propofol to dexmedetomidine for pediatric magnetic resonance imaging sedation in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II. Gil, NS; Hahm, TS; Jeong, JS; Kang, R; Oh, YN; Shin, YH, 2018)	1.49
"Propofol is suggested to be an inhibiting factor of cardioprotection by RIPC, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown."	( Cardioprotection by Humoral Factors Released After Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Depends on Anesthetic Regimen. Behmenburg, F; Bunte, S; Eckelskemper, F; Heinen, A; Hollmann, MW; Huhn, R; Mohr, F; Raupach, A; Stroethoff, M, 2019)	1.24
"Propofol is a sedative agent commonly used for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy. "	( Is propofol the optimal sedative in gastrointestinal endoscopy? Protopapas, A; Stogiannou, D; Tziomalos, K, )	2.2
"Propofol is a commonly used anesthetic drug with potential antitumor activity. "	( Propofol inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by downregulating Twist. Fu, Y; Yang, T; Zheng, H, 2019)	3.4
"Propofol is an anaesthetic that resembles α-tocopherol and it has been suggested that it protects against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in liver transplantation. "	( Propofol intravenous anaesthesia with desflurane compared with desflurane alone on postoperative liver function after living-donor liver transplantation: A randomised controlled trial. Bae, MI; Heo, E; Joo, DJ; Kim, DW; Kim, MS; Lee, JS; Shin, S; Yoo, YC, 2019)	3.4
"Propofol is an established anesthetic widely used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. "	( Gao, F; Huang, Y; Li, Y; Lin, H; Liu, J; Peer, J; Tong, Z; Wang, H; Wu, B; Xia, X; Yang, X; Zhao, R; Zheng, JC, 2019)	1.96
"Propofol is a short-acting general anesthetic agent, widely used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia and rarely employed in palliative care."	( Propofol-based palliative sedation in terminally ill children with solid tumors: A case series. Angela, M; Annalisa, S; Cefalo, MG; De Pasquale, MD; Del Bufalo, F; Luigi, S; Miele, E; Spinelli, GP, 2019)	2.68
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic widely used in clinical surgeries, such as tumor resection. "	( Propofol suppresses proliferation, invasion, and migration of human melanoma cells via regulating microRNA-137 and fibroblast growth factor 9. Guo, Q; Li, R; Ma, M; Wang, X; Yu, H; Zhou, Z, 2019)	3.4
"Propofol is a widely used anaesthetic drug with advantageous operating conditions and recovery profile. "	( A novel understanding of postoperative complications: In vitro study of the impact of propofol on epigenetic modifications in cholinergic genes. Adamzik, M; Bazzi, M; Bazzi, Z; Bergmann, L; Bukhari, H; Holtkamp, C; Koos, B; Rahmel, T; Rump, K; Unterberg, M, 2019)	2.18
"Propofol is a commonly used general anesthetic in patient care. "	( Propofol induces impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis through inhibiting the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α. Li, Y; Qin, J; Wang, K, 2019)	3.4
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic that can be used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. "	( Propofol Relaxes Isolated Rat Aorta through BK Arslan, SO; Cam, SA; Dogan, MF; Ulusoy, KG; Yildiz, O, 2019)	3.4
"Propofol is a general anesthetic used in surgical operations. "	( Overexpression of phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 reverses the damage induced by propofol in hippocampal neurons. Chen, Z; Li, Q; Xian, F, 2019)	2.18
"Propofol is a short-acting anesthetic used to induce sedation in various ambulatory and inpatient surgical procedures. "	( Propofol Infusion and Acute Pancreatitis: A Review. Asghar, MU; Cheema, HA; Leinwand, J; Tanveer, K, )	3.02
"Propofol titration is a key issue in GKS. "	( How to control propofol infusion in pediatric patients undergoing gamma knife radiosurgery. Hayashi, M; Iseki, H; Kamata, K; Muragaki, Y; Okada, Y; Ozaki, M, 2013)	2.19
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic with a number of advantages over intravenous anesthetics used so far.The leading side effect is pain on injection."	( [Ondansetron, alfentanil and nitrous oxide in the prevention of pain on injection of propofol]. Drašković, B; Knežević, S; Radovanović, D; Rakić, G, )	1.8
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent that reportedly can be used relatively safely in the presence of liver dysfunction."	( A rare case of propofol-induced liver injury during modified electroconvulsive therapy in an elderly woman. Asai, A; Fukuda, A; Fukunishi, S; Higuchi, K; Takeshita, A; Tsuchimoto, Y; Tsuda, Y; Yagi, M, 2013)	1.46
"Propofol is a very commonly used anesthetic agent, and its possible effect on AF dynamics has systematically not been taken into account in the myriad of clinical studies dealing with AF intracardiac recordings."	( Profound sedation with propofol modifies atrial fibrillation dynamics. Castells, F; Cervigón, R; Moreno, J; Pérez-Villacastín, J, 2013)	1.42
"Propofol is a popular anesthetic and sedative. "	( Propofol-related infusion syndrome: role of propofol in medical complications of sedated critical care patients. Imam, TH, 2013)	3.28
"Propofol is a common hypnotic agent in anaesthesiology and intensive care medicine and for procedural sedation as well. "	( [Propofol up2date. Part 1: history and pharmacological characteristics]. Bushuven, S; Heise, D, 2013)	2.74
"Propofol is an anesthetic agent with desirable characteristics for functional neuroimaging in animals but its dose-dependent effects on rsfMRI functional connectivity have not been determined."	( Multiphasic modification of intrinsic functional connectivity of the rat brain during increasing levels of propofol. Hudetz, AG; Li, R; Liu, X; Pechman, KR; Pillay, S; Schmainda, KM; Vizuete, JA, 2013)	1.32
"Propofol is a medication commonly used in anesthesiology practice and sedation in intubated patients."	( Propofol and the risk of delirium: exploring the anticholinergic properties of propofol. Brown, KE; Kwatra, MM; Mirrakhimov, AE; Yeddula, K, 2013)	2.55
"Propofol is a common hypnotic agent in anaesthesiology and intensive care medicine and for procedural sedation as well. "	( [Propofol up2date]. Bushuven, S; Heise, D, 2013)	2.74
"Propofol is an anesthetic drug with a very attractive pharmacokinetic profile, which makes it the induction agent of choice, especially in day-case surgery. "	( Safe single-dose administration of propofol in patients with established Brugada syndrome: a retrospective database analysis. Beckers, S; Bhutia, JT; Brugada, P; Casado-Arroyo, R; Chierchia, GB; Conte, G; De Asmundis, C; Flamée, P; Poelaert, J; Sarkozy, A; Umbrain, V; Van Malderen, S; Verborgh, C, 2013)	2.11
"Propofol is a short-acting hypnotic with a potential risk of respiratory depression at levels of moderate to deep sedation."	( The role of capnography in endoscopy patients undergoing nurse-administered propofol sedation: a randomized study. Hornslet, P; Horsted, TI; Jørgensen, HL; Slagelse, C; Vilmann, P, 2013)	1.34
"Propofol is a widely used injectable anesthetic agent for induction and short-term maintenance in dogs. "	( Multicenter clinical evaluation of a multi-dose formulation of propofol in the dog. Cozzi, EM; Gaynor, JS; Harvey, RC; Koenig, RL; Mama, KR; Robertson, SA, 2013)	2.07
"Propofol is a safe and effective intravenous anesthetic that is widely used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia during surgery. "	( Proteomic profiling of the phosphoproteins in the rat thalamus, hippocampus and frontal lobe after propofol anesthesia. Ding, H; Lin, C; Liu, Y; Qin, Z; Tang, J; Tao, T; Xiao, J; Xue, Q, 2014)	2.06
"Propofol is a low-polarity, volatile molecule that is difficult for an electrospray ion source (ESI) to ionize in either negative ion mode (NIM) or positive ion mode (PIM), which hampers its detection via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. "	( Enhancing the sensitivity of the LC-MS/MS detection of propofol in urine and blood by azo-coupling derivatization. Bertol, E; Busardò, FP; Mari, F; Vaiano, F, 2014)	2.09
"Propofol is an intravenous general anesthetic that alters neuronal excitability by modulating agonist responses of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs). "	( Opposing effects of the anesthetic propofol at pentameric ligand-gated ion channels mediated by a common site. Laube, B; Lynagh, T, 2014)	2.12
"Propofol is a short acting intravenous anesthetic that has been used in the treatment of status epileptics. "	( Comparison between the effect of propofol and midazolam on picrotoxin-induced convulsions in rat. Abdel Razzak, RL; Alzoubi, KH; Hasan, ZA, 2014)	2.13
"Propofol is a widely used and safe hypnotic agent. "	( [Acute pancreatitis after propofol administration]. Buijs, E; Scholten, JG, 2014)	2.15
"Propofol is a common induction agent that is utilized worldwide in the field of anesthesiology. "	( Opioid induced hyperalgesia altered with propofol infusion. Cantemir, C; Chung, KS; Kaye, AD; Manchikanti, L; Urman, RD; Vadivelu, N, )	1.84
"Propofol is a widely used general anesthetic. "	( Protective effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on propofol-induced toxicity in embryonic neural stem cells. Fogle, CM; Hanig, JP; Liu, F; Patterson, TA; Paule, MG; Rainosek, SW; Sadovova, N; Slikker, W; Wang, C, 2014)	2.11
"Propofol is a commonly used anesthetic drug for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), as evidenced by the frequency with which its use is reported in ECT literature. "	( Propofol for ECT anesthesia a review of the literature. Rasmussen, KG, 2014)	3.29
"Propofol is a commonly used general anesthetic agent which has been previously shown to enhance the inhibitory GABAergic transmission in the central nervous system. "	( Propofol selectively alters GluA1 AMPA receptor phosphorylation in the hippocampus but not prefrontal cortex in young and aged mice. Fibuch, EE; Hastings, JM; Mao, LM; Wang, JQ, 2014)	3.29
"Propofol is a short-acting, intravenous general anesthetic that is widely used in clinical practice for short procedures; however, it causes depressed cognitive function for several hours thereafter. "	( (R)-alpha-methylhistamine suppresses inhibitory neurotransmission in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons counteracting propofol-induced amnesia in rats. Cheng, LZ; Li, WW; Raya, AD; Shi, XY; Tian, ML; Wang, Y; Zhang, H; Zou, Z, 2014)	2.05
"Propofol (Pro) is an ultra-short-acting hypnotic agent used for general anesthesia that has no analgesic properties. "	( Simultaneous determination of propofol and remifentanil in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to preclinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction analysis. El Hamd, MA; Ikeda, R; Kawakami, S; Kuroda, N; Nakashima, K; Wada, M, 2015)	2.15
"Propofol is a common clinically used intravenous anaesthetic agent with antioxidative property. "	( Endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in the neuroprotective effect of propofol. Chen, L; Chen, Y; Jiang, T; Li, Y; Lu, P; Shen, Y; Sun, A; Tang, W; Wang, H; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zong, Z, 2014)	2.08
"Propofol is an intravenous drug widely used for anesthesia and sedation. "	( Intravenous anesthetic propofol suppresses prostaglandin E2 and cysteinyl leukotriene production and reduces edema formation in arachidonic acid-induced ear inflammation. Hirota, K; Inada, T; Shingu, K, )	1.88
"Propofol acts as a positive allosteric modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs), an interaction necessary for its anesthetic potency in vivo as a general anesthetic. "	( Multiple propofol-binding sites in a γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) identified using a photoreactive propofol analog. Bruzik, KS; Chiara, DC; Cohen, JB; Dailey, WP; Dostalova, Z; Eckenhoff, RG; Jayakar, SS; Miller, KW; Savechenkov, PY; Zhou, X, 2014)	2.26
"Propofol is a commonly used agent in total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). "	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in children undergoing different types of surgeries. Bartkowska-Śniatkowska, A; Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Grześkowiak, M; Kaliszan, R; Kokot, ZJ; Matysiak, J; Owczarek, M; Rosada-Kurasińska, J; Wiczling, P, 2014)	2.11
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent in clinical practice, and it demonstrates significant neuroprotective activities."	( Propofol protects against angiotensin II-induced mouse hippocampal HT22 cells apoptosis via inhibition of p66Shc mitochondrial translocation. Chen, J; Miao, C; Sun, X; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wen, M; Zhu, M, 2014)	2.57
"Propofol is an intravenous general anesthetic with a primary hypnotic effect. "	( The effects of propofol and memantine on erythrocyte deformability. Alkan, M; Arslan, M; Comu, FM; Emik, U; Pampal, HK; Unal, Y, 2014)	2.2
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anaesthetic agent, but has undesirable cardiac side effects, including bradyarrhythmia and its severe form asystole. "	( Ionic mechanisms underlying the negative chronotropic action of propofol on sinoatrial node automaticity in guinea pig heart. Ito, Y; Kitagawa, H; Kojima, A; Matsuura, H, 2015)	2.1
"Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent. "	( Possible pathogenic mechanism of propofol infusion syndrome involves coenzyme q. Dacremont, G; de Jaeger, A; De Latter, E; De Paepe, B; De Paepe, P; Jorens, PG; Okun, JG; Smet, J; Van Coster, R; Van Regenmortel, N; Vanheel, B; Vanlander, AV; Wuyts, B, 2015)	2.14
"Propofol is a short-acting, intravenously administered hypnotic agent which is used in procedural sedation in children. "	( Propofol effect on cerebral oxygenation in children with congenital heart disease. Berger, F; Ewert, P; Fleck, T; Nagdyman, N; Schubert, S; Stiller, B, 2015)	3.3
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic. "	( Propofol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced reactive oxygen species production through activation of Nrf2/GSH and suppression of NADPH oxidase in human alveolar epithelial cells. Cheng, KI; Chou, SH; Hsu, HT; Hsu, YY; Lo, YC; Tseng, YT, 2015)	3.3
"Propofol is a hypnotic agent for induction and maintainance of general anaesthesia and it is used for sedation of critically ill intensive care patients. "	( [Propofol-induced pancreatitis after surgery for thyroid carcinoma]. Lange, K; Rasmussen, BS; Rostgaard-Knudsen, M, 2014)	2.76
"Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic that has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. "	( Propofol prevents neuronal mtDNA deletion and cerebral damage due to ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Chang, FF; Dong, H; Liu, Y; Lu, SJ; Qian, H; Song, CY; Wang, YF; Yang, WC; Yue, ZY, 2015)	3.3
"Propofol is an addictive drug, and the problem of its abuse and dependence has occurred. "	( Increased use in propofol and reported patterns of adverse events among anesthetics in Korea. Kim, MH; Park, BJ; Park, HJ; Shin, JY, 2015)	2.2
"Propofol is a widely used IV anesthetic drug in clinical settings."	( Propofol protects against high glucose-induced endothelial apoptosis and dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Chen, J; Chen, W; Miao, C; Sun, X; Wen, M; Zhu, M, 2015)	2.58
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous general anesthetic. "	( Role for the propofol hydroxyl in anesthetic protein target molecular recognition. Covarrubias, M; Dailey, WP; Eckenhoff, RG; Gao, WD; Liang, Q; McKinstry-Wu, A; Meng, T; Pinch, B; Weiser, BP; Woll, KA, 2015)	2.23
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic known to cause vasorelaxation."	( Propofol causes vasodilation in vivo via TRPA1 ion channels: role of nitric oxide and BKCa channels. Bratz, IN; Damron, DS; Sinha, S; Sinharoy, P, 2015)	2.58
"Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anaesthetic agent and widely used not only in operating rooms but also in the intensive care unit (ICU). "	( Propofol: an anesthetic possessing neuroprotective effects. Fan, W; He, H; Huang, F; Li, D; Wu, L; Wu, Z; Zhu, X, 2015)	3.3
"Propofol is an effective, safe induction and maintenance agent for elective short procedures requiring anesthesia in patients with MMA and cobalamin metabolism disorders. "	( Propofol administration in patients with methylmalonic acidemia and intracellular cobalamin metabolism disorders: a review of theoretical concerns and clinical experiences in 28 patients. Baker, EH; Ktena, YP; Mannes, AJ; Manoli, I; Ramstad, T; Sloan, JL; Venditti, CP, 2015)	3.3
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent with antioxidant/antiapoptotic properties. "	( Propofol attenuation of hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in human umbilical vein endothelial cells involves aldose reductase. Hu, LQ; Pan, YB; Qian, YN; Xie, CL, 2015)	3.3
"Propofol is a safe and widely used intravenous anesthetic agent, for which additional clinical uses including treatment of migraine, nausea, pain and anxiety have been proposed (Vasileiou et al. "	( Gastrointestinal delivery of propofol from fospropofol: its bioavailability and activity in rodents and human volunteers. Mistry, BM; Rais, R; Slusher, BS; Vornov, JJ; Wozniak, KM; Wu, Y, 2015)	2.15
"Propofol is a frequent substitute; however, concern exists regarding its potential hypotensive effects."	( Use of propofol as an induction agent in the acutely injured patient. Akst, S; Amdur, RL; Dunne, JR; Golshani, C; Sarani, B; Sirajuddin, S; Valdez, C; Zettervall, SL, 2015)	1.59
"Propofol is an intravenous sedative-hypnotic agen, which causes rapid and reliable loss of consciousness. "	( Propofol depresses cerebellar Purkinje cell activity via activation of GABA(A) and glycine receptors in vivo in mice. Chu, CP; Jin, QH; Jin, R; Jin, WZ; Liu, H; Qiu, DL; Shi, JD, 2015)	3.3
"Propofol is a sedative and anesthetic agent that can both activate GABA(A) receptors and potentiate receptor activation elicited by submaximal concentrations of the transmitter. "	( Mutational Analysis of the Putative High-Affinity Propofol Binding Site in Human β3 Homomeric GABAA Receptors. Akk, G; Cao, LQ; Chen, Z; Eaton, MM; Evers, AS; Franks, NP, 2015)	2.11
"Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic. "	( Propofol suppresses proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells by upregulating microRNA-133a expression. Dong, TL; Gong, HY; Liu, DJ; Wang, ZT; Zheng, F, 2015)	3.3
"Propofol (PRO) is a hypnotic used to induce and maintain general anesthesia. "	( Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Propofol, Midazolam, and Carbamazepine in Rat Plasma: Application to Monitor Their Concentrations Following Co-administration. El Hamd, MA; Ikeda, R; Kawakami, S; Nakashima, K; Wada, M, 2015)	2.1
"Propofol is an intravenous agent used commonly for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia, procedural, and critical care sedation in children. "	( Propofol: a review of its role in pediatric anesthesia and sedation. Chidambaran, V; Costandi, A; D'Mello, A, 2015)	3.3
"Propofol is an agent commonly used for procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) in the emergency department (ED), but it can cause respiratory depression and hypotension. "	( Ketamine-Propofol Versus Propofol Alone for Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Iansavitchene, A; McLeod, SL; Yan, JW, 2015)	2.28
"Propofol is a short-acting hypnotic agent that is commonly used to induce and maintain anesthesia. "	( LC-MS/MS and GC-MS methods in propofol detection: Evaluation of the two analytical procedures. Bertol, E; Fioravanti, A; Focardi, M; Mari, F; Serpelloni, G; Vaiano, F, 2015)	2.15
"Propofol is a rapid-acting sedative-hypnotic medication that has been widely used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia; it has specific actions on different areas of the brain, such as sensory information transmission in the somatosensory cortex. "	( Propofol facilitates excitatory inputs of cerebellar Purkinje cells by depressing molecular layer interneuron activity during sensory information processing in vivo in mice. Chu, CP; He, YY; Jin, R; Jin, WZ; Liu, H; Qiu, DL, 2015)	3.3
"Propofol is a popular anesthetic sedative employed in colonoscopy. "	( Propofol and non-propofol based sedation for outpatient colonoscopy-prospective comparison of depth of sedation using an EEG based SEDLine monitor. Borle, A; Carlin, A; Gouda, G; Goudra, B; Singh, PM; Yadwad, A, 2016)	3.32
"Propofol is an intravenously administered anesthetic that induces γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition in the central nervous system. "	( Propofol effects on cerebellar long-term depression. Ha, MS; Jin, Y; Kim, DK; Kim, SH; Kim, YI; Lee, KY; Park, HS; Park, YJ, 2015)	3.3
"Propofol is a global central nervous system depressant that affects information processing in the central nervous system. "	( Effects of Propofol on the Dynamic Properties of Sensory Information Processing in the Mouse Cerebellar Cortical Molecular Layer in vivo. Chu, CP; Jin, WZ; Lan, Y; Liu, H; Qiu, DL; Shi, JD, 2015)	2.25
"Propofol is a standard for adult emergency department procedural sedation (EDPS). "	( Emergency Procedural Sedation With Propofol in Older Teenagers: Any Cause for Concern? Butler, M; Campbell, SG; Froese, P; MacKinley, R; MacPhee, S; Watson, ML; Zed, PJ, 2015)	2.14
"Propofol is an anaesthetic widely used in both human beings and animals. "	( Evidence of Different Propofol Pharmacokinetics under Short and Prolonged Infusion Times in Rabbits. Antunes, L; Campos, S; de Pinho, PG; Félix, L; Fresco, P; Gonçalinho, H; Monteiro, J; Valenzuela, B, 2016)	2.19
"Propofol is thought to be a potential cause of allergic reactions in patients allergic to egg, soy or peanut, since current formulations contain an emulsion that includes egg lecithin and soybean oil. "	( No evidence for contraindications to the use of propofol in adults allergic to egg, soy or peanut†. Asserhøj, LL; Garvey, LH; Krøigaard, M; Mosbech, H, 2016)	2.13
"FospropofolFD is a water-soluble prodrug of propofol."	( Efficacy and Safety of FospropofolFD Compared to Propofol When Given During the Induction of General Anaesthesia: A Phase II, Multi-centre, Randomized, Parallel-Group, Active-Controlled, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy Study. Li, Y; Liu, J; Liu, R; Luo, C; Xu, J; Zhang, W, 2016)	1.25
"Propofol is a suitable anesthetic for longitudinal studies in rats, but its use for urodynamic evaluations is limited in these animals due to its marked suppression of both bladder contractions and EUS EMG activation."	( The Suitability of Propofol Compared with Urethane for Anesthesia during Urodynamic Studies in Rats. Chang, HH; Havton, LA; Moheban, AA, 2016)	1.48
"Propofol is a sedative agent that at clinical concentrations acts by allosterically activating or potentiating the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor. "	( Multiple Non-Equivalent Interfaces Mediate Direct Activation of GABAA Receptors by Propofol. Akk, G; Arora, R; Cao, LQ; Chiara, DC; Cohen, JB; Eaton, MM; Evers, AS; Gao, X; Germann, AL; Shin, DJ; Steinbach, JH; Wu, A, 2016)	2.1
"Propofol is a viable alternative for patients refractory to benzodiazepines; however, the role of other agents remains unclear."	( Treatment of Severe Alcohol Withdrawal. Cadiz, M; Doshi, MR; Holzhausen, JM; Natavio, A; Schmidt, KJ; Winegardner, JE, 2016)	1.16
"Propofol is a sedative-hypnotic that exerts its actions through agonism of GABAA receptors at a different binding site than benzodiazepines and reduces glutamatergic activity through N-methyl-d-aspartase (NMDA) receptor blockade."	( Propofol for Treatment of Refractory Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Review of the Literature. Brotherton, AL; Hamilton, EP; Hammond, DA; Kloss, HG, 2016)	2.6
"Propofol is an extensively used intravenous anesthetic agent. "	( Propofol inhibits proliferation and accelerates apoptosis of human gastric cancer cells by regulation of microRNA-451 and MMP-2 expression. Peng, Z; Zhang, Y, 2016)	3.32
"Propofol is a safe, well-tolerated anesthetic that is labeled as contraindicated in patients with egg or soy allergy. "	( Propofol Use in Pediatric Patients With Food Allergy and Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Atkins, D; Furuta, GT; Markowitz, S; Mehta, P; Pan, Z; Sundaram, SS, 2017)	3.34
"Propofol is a widely used anesthetic drug in clinical settings."	( Propofol attenuates high glucose-induced superoxide anion accumulation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Jiang, H; Wang, J; Zhao, Y; Zhu, M; Zhu, Y, 2016)	2.6
"Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic agent for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia and procedural and critical care sedation in children."	( Recent Insights Into Molecular Mechanisms of Propofol-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity: Implications for the Protective Strategies. Bai, X; Bosnjak, ZJ; Liu, Y; Logan, S, 2016)	1.42
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic that is well-known for its protective effect in various human and animal disease models. "	( Effect of propofol on microRNA expression in rat primary embryonic neural stem cells. Fan, J; Qin, Z; Tao, T; Zhou, Q, 2016)	2.28
"Propofol is a major intravenous anesthetic that facilitates GABA"	( Propofol-induced spike firing suppression is more pronounced in pyramidal neurons than in fast-spiking neurons in the rat insular cortex. Kaneko, K; Kobayashi, M; Koyanagi, Y; Oi, Y, 2016)	3.32
"Propofol is a short-acting, intravenous sedative-hypnotic agent that is widely used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia and sedation. "	( An analysis of green discoloration of urine caused by propofol infusion. Fujii-Abe, K; Fukayama, H; Kawahara, H, 2016)	2.13
"Propofol is a short-acting hypnotic agent used in human medicine for sedation and general anesthesia. "	( Propofol-induced mitochondrial and contractile dysfunction of the rat ventricular myocardium. Čedíková, M; El-Kadi, A; Grundman, Z; Grundmanová, M; Jarkovská, D; Kuncová, J; Marková, M; Štengl, M; Süß, A; Tůma, Z, 2016)	3.32
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic. "	( Adherence of volatile propofol to various types of plastic tubing. Baumbach, JI; Kreuer, S; Lorenz, DJ; Maurer, F; Pielsticker, G; Sessler, DI; Volk, T, 2017)	2.21
"Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic agent in clinic and it could attenuate LPS-induced epithelial cells oxidation and apoptosis."	( Propofol inhibits LPS-induced apoptosis in lung epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B. Jiang, H; Jiang, J; Lv, X; Yan, J; Zhou, X, 2017)	2.62
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic that produces its anesthetic effect, largely "	( Intravenous anesthetic propofol binds to 5-lipoxygenase and attenuates leukotriene B Bu, W; Chamberlain, M; Eckenhoff, RG; Koutsogiannaki, S; Lin, FY; Ohba, M; Okuno, T; Yokomizo, T; Yuki, K, 2017)	2.21
"Propofol is a frequently used intravenous anesthetic agent. "	( Propofol inhibits lung cancer cell viability and induces cell apoptosis by upregulating microRNA-486 expression. Jiang, L; Liang, Y; Yang, N; Yang, P; Yang, T, 2017)	3.34
"Propofol is a sedative-anesthetic with proarrhythmic effects on cardiac myocytes."	( The possible role of propofol in drug-induced torsades de pointes: A real-world single-center analysis. Abrich, VA; Mehta, A; Mookadam, F; Ramakrishna, H; Srivathsan, K, 2017)	1.5
"Propofol is an intravenous sedative-hypnotic agent that is commonly used to induce and maintain general anaesthesia. "	( Effects of Propofol on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Selected Parts of the Brain in a Rat Model of Parkinson Disease. Birkner, E; Chwalińska, E; Hudziec, E; Nowak, P; Prudel, B; Romuk, E; Skowron, M; Szczurek, W, 2016)	2.27
"Propofol is a widely used anesthetic drug in clinical settings."	( Propofol inhibits high glucose-induced PP2A expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Chen, X; Duan, W; Liu, Y; Wu, Q; Zhao, Y; Zhu, M, 2017)	2.62
"Propofol is an anesthetic agent that is commonly used for conscious sedation. "	( Endoscopist-administered propofol: a retrospective safety study. Fowler, SA; Morse, AL; Morse, JW, 2008)	2.09
"Fospropofol disodium is a water-soluble prodrug of propofol with unique pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. "	( A phase 3, randomized, double-blind study to assess the efficacy and safety of fospropofol disodium injection for moderate sedation in patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy. Downie, GH; Hansbrough, JR; Robinette, E; Silvestri, GA; Vincent, BD; Wahidi, MM, 2009)	1.2
"Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent widely used for sedation in anesthesia and intensive care. "	( The propofol infusion 'syndrome' in intensive care unit: from pathophysiology to prophylaxis and treatment. Dragoumanis, C; Papaioannou, V; Pneumatikos, I; Theodorou, V, 2008)	2.35
"Propofol is a widely used general anaesthetic with multisite mechanisms and especially ultrashort activation of certain central GABA-A receptors. "	( A case report of propofol dependence in a physician. Bonnet, U; Harkener, J; Scherbaum, N, 2008)	2.13
"Propofol is likely to be a better choice of anesthesia because of its better antiemetic property that persists long into postoperative period and reduces the risk of PONV."	( Recovery profile - a comparison of isoflurane and propofol anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Aftab, S; Haider, S; Khalid, A; Sabbar, S; Siddiqui, SZ, 2008)	1.32
"Propofol is a widely used anesthetic agent for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). "	( Effects of the addition of remifentanil to propofol anesthesia on seizure length and postictal suppression index in electroconvulsive therapy. Booth, D; Frampton, C; Gray, H; Porter, R, 2008)	2.05
"As propofol is a GABAA agonist, we hypothesized that it and more specific GABAA modulators would increase intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i), resulting in the death of neonatal rat hippocampal neurons."	( GABAergic mechanism of propofol toxicity in immature neurons. Fiskum, G; Kahraman, S; McCarthy, MM; Zup, SL, 2008)	1.17
"Propofol (Diprivan) is an intravenous sedative hypnotic that is used in the induction and maintenance of anesthesia and sedation. "	( Propofol infusion syndrome. Dereczyk, D; Kunkel, P; Rajda, C, )	3.02
"Propofol is a short-acting anaesthetic agent, which provides a smooth, fast recovery."	( Intraperitoneal anaesthesia with propofol, medetomidine and fentanyl in mice. Alves, HC; Antunes, LM; Olsson, IA; Valentim, AM, 2009)	1.36
"Propofol is a feasible anesthetic for pediatric electrophysiological study and radiofrequency catheter ablation."	( Fentanyl added to propofol anesthesia elongates sinus node recovery time in pediatric patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Fujii, K; Hatano, Y; Iranami, H; Nakamura, Y, 2009)	1.41
"Propofol is an effective alternative to amobarbital in the Wada test, and may be used successfully in multiple repeated injections within the same test without significant residual sedation or significant adverse effects."	( Intracarotid propofol testing: a comparative study with amobarbital. Baydoun, A; Comair, YG; El Yamen, S; Mikati, MA; Naasan, G; Tarabay, H, 2009)	1.44
"Propofol is a sedative-hypnotic drug commonly used to anesthetize children undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). "	( Determination of the pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and dexmedetomidine during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children. Chen, MI; Drover, DR; Golianu, B; Hammer, GB; Sam, WJ, 2009)	2.05
"Propofol is a sedative-hypnotic with a rapid onset of action and fast recovery time, but carries the potential risk of respiratory failure."	( Propofol versus combined sedation in flexible bronchoscopy: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Chhajed, PN; Kurer, G; Meyer, A; Pflimlin, E; Stolz, D; Strobel, W; Tamm, M, 2009)	2.52
"Propofol is a widely used rapidly acting sedating or hypnotic agent in the intensive care setting. "	( Isolated fatty liver from prolonged propofol use in a pediatric patient with refractory status epilepticus. Ko, DY; Rison, RA, 2009)	2.07
"Propofol is a short acting intravenous anaesthetic, active agent of Diprivan. "	( Evaluation of a fatal propofol intoxication due to self administration. Klausz, G; Kristóf, I; Róna, K; Töro, K, 2009)	2.11
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous general anesthetic. "	( Pharmacological significance of the blocking action of the intravenous general anesthetic propofol on the slow component of cardiac delayed rectifier K+ current. Hatakeyama, N; Hattori, Y; Kemmotsu, O; Kimura, J; Kinoshita, H; Matsuda, N; Sakuraya, F; Yamazaki, M, 2009)	2.02
"Propofol is an effective sedative in advanced endoscopy. "	( Incidence of sedation-related complications with propofol use during advanced endoscopic procedures. Ansstas, MA; Azar, RR; Coté, GA; Early, DS; Edmundowicz, SA; Hovis, RM; Jonnalagadda, SS; Mullady, DK; Waldbaum, L, 2010)	2.06
"Propofol is a sedative, anesthetic, and antiepileptic agent that is frequently used in patients with refractory status epilepticus. "	( Propofol infusion syndrome in patients with refractory status epilepticus: an 11-year clinical experience. Hoel, R; Iyer, VN; Rabinstein, AA, 2009)	3.24
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent with antioxidant properties secondary to its phenol based chemical structure. "	( Propofol protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in cardiac H9c2 cells via Akt activation and Bcl-2 up-regulation. Ansley, DM; Chen, DD; Luo, H; Raedschelders, K; Shravah, J; Wang, B, 2009)	3.24
"Fospropofol is an aqueous solution of a propofol prodrug intended for injection."	( New drug, fospropofol disodium: a propofol prodrug. Rugari, SM; Welliver, M, 2009)	1.24
"Propofol is a potent and widely used central-acting sedative drug. "	( Propofol infusion syndrome with arrhythmia, myocardial fat accumulation and cardiac failure. Jorens, PG; Van den Eynden, GG, 2009)	3.24
"Propofol is a commonly used anaesthetic agent and is rarely associated with seizure-like phenomena. "	( Prolonged myoclonus after a single bolus dose of propofol. Irwin, MG; Law, KI; Lui, YW; Ng, PW; Tam, MK; Tse, ML, 2009)	2.05
"Fospropofol is a water-soluble prodrug of propofol, a potent sedative-hypnotic agent. "	( Fospropofol: a new sedative-hypnotic agent for monitored anesthesia care. MacLaren, R; Moore, GD; Walker, AM, 2009)	1.6
"Fospropofol is a viable addition to the class of sedative-hypnotic agents due to the minimization of unwanted adverse effects of propofol and maintenance of a favorable pharmacokinetic profile facilitating sedation, anxiolysis, and rapid recovery. "	( Fospropofol: a new sedative-hypnotic agent for monitored anesthesia care. MacLaren, R; Moore, GD; Walker, AM, 2009)	1.6
"Propofol is an alternative to thiopental for induction of general anaesthesia for cesarean section. "	( Effect of propofol on human fetal placental circulation. Resende, AC; Silva, GA; Soares de Moura, R; Tano, T, 2010)	2.21
"Propofol is a popular i.v. "	( Prevention of propofol injection pain with small-dose ketamine. Nikooseresht, M; Seifrabie, M; Zahedi, H, 2009)	2.16
"Propofol is a fast-acting intravenous sedative that has advantages as a procedural sedative over traditional regimens. "	( Nurse-administered propofol sedation: feasibility and safety in bronchoscopy. Bosslet, GT; Devito, ML; Lahm, T; Mathur, PN; Sheski, FD, 2010)	2.13
"Propofol is a widely used hypnotic agent for induction and maintenance of pediatric anesthesia with a well known safety profile. "	( Unexpected neurological sequelae following propofol anesthesia in infants: Three case reports. Bonafé, A; Echenne, B; Langlois, C; Leydet, J; Meyer, P; Rivier, F; Roubertie, A; Soëte, S, 2010)	2.07
"Propofol is an emulsion formulation of 2,6 diisopropylphenol developed in 1975. "	( Propofol and the electroencephalogram. Chiappa, KH; Cole, AJ; San-juan, D, 2010)	3.25
"Propofol is an i.v. "	( Reduced effect of propofol at human {alpha}1{beta}2(N289M){gamma}2 and {alpha}2{beta}3(N290M){gamma}2 mutant GABA(A) receptors. Dabrowski, MA; Jonsson Fagerlund, M; Krupp, J; Sjödin, J, 2010)	2.14
"Propofol is an appealing agent for ICU sedation due to it's pharmacokinetic profile and a reduced propensity to result in prolonged sedation."	( Optimizing sustained use of sedation in mechanically ventilated patients: focus on safety. Arnold, HM; Hollands, JM; Mice, ST; Skrupky, LP, 2010)	1.08
"Propofol is a sedative-hypnotic prescription medication that is widely used in anesthesia, long-term sedation, and conscious sedation. "	( The abuse potential of propofol. Canning, P; Caravati, EM; Wilson, C, 2010)	2.11
"Propofol is an anesthetic agent frequently used for sedation and general anesthesia. "	( Effects of the general anaesthetic agent, propofol, on erythrocyte deformability. Arslan, M; Cekmen, N; Comu, FM; Isik, B; Kurtipek, O; Unal, Y, 2010)	2.07
"Propofol is a safe sedative drug for ERCP without additional risk of developing acute post-ERCP pancreatitis. "	( Effects of medications on post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. Akerman, M; Bank, S; Fernandes, A; Jalal, PK; Li, N; Novak, S; Sideridis, K; Tieng, A, 2010)	1.8
"propofol is a hypnotic used with increasing frequency for sedation during endoscopic procedures. "	( Sedation with propofol controlled by endoscopists during percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Avila, S; Carral, D; Castro, E; García-Suárez, C; González-Ramírez, A; Lancho, A; López-Rosés, L; Olivencia, P; Santos, E, 2010)	2.16
"Propofol is a safe anesthetic agent, but propofol infusion syndrome is a rare lethal complication."	( Propofol infusion syndrome and Brugada syndrome electrocardiographic phenocopy. Dubner, S; Ferreira, C; Filho, CF; Riera, AR; Schapachnik, E; Uchida, AH, 2010)	2.52
"Propofol is a drug used in anesthesia that has unique antioxidant qualities that may be beneficial."	( Apoptosis: understanding programmed cell death for the CRNA. Bennetts, PS; Pierce, JD, 2010)	1.08
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic, widely used for general anesthesia during surgery, which inevitably involves tissue trauma with inflammation. "	( Promotion of interferon-gamma production by natural killer cells via suppression of murine peritoneal macrophage prostaglandin E₂ production using intravenous anesthetic propofol. Inada, T; Kubo, K; Shingu, K, 2010)	2
"Propofol is a popular agent for providing procedural sedation in pediatric population during lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia. "	( Intrathecal clonidine decreases propofol sedation requirements during spinal anesthesia in infants. Batra, YK; Lokesh, VC; Panda, NB; Rakesh, SV; Subramanyam, R, 2010)	2.09
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous agent for induction and maintenance of anesthesia and for sedation in intensive care patients, but it is also associated with abuse and dependency. "	( A simple and sensitive method for the determination of propofol in human solid tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hikiji, W; Ikeda, N; Kudo, K; Tsuji, A; Usumoto, Y, 2010)	2.05
"Propofol is a powerful anticonvulsant substance at subanesthetic doses, but it is a viscous, water-immiscible oil that is not suitable for intrapulmonary administration."	( Seizure protection by intrapulmonary delivery of propofol hemisuccinate. Dhir, A; Murphy, RB; Rogawski, MA; Zolkowska, D, 2011)	1.34
"Propofol is a versatile anesthetic agent used in pediatric practice to facilitate investigational and interventional procedures. "	( Slower administration of propofol preserves adequate respiration in children. Brant, R; Dosani, M; Dumont, G; Lim, J; Mark Ansermino, J; McCormack, J; Reimer, E, 2010)	2.11
"Propofol is a potent intravenous anesthetic agent that rapidly induces sedation and unconsciousness. "	( Clinical effects and lethal and forensic aspects of propofol. Levy, RJ, 2011)	2.06
"propofol is an excellent sedative agent for use in patients undergoing bronchoscopy. "	( Comparison of propofol and the combination of propofol and alfentanil during bronchoscopy: a randomized study. Han, S; Hwang, JY; Kim, JH; Lee, CT; Lee, JH; Nahm, SF; Park, S; Yoon, HI, 2011)	2.17
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent commonly used for the sedation of mechanically ventilated patients and is the only sedative agent that carries a pregnancy category B rating. "	( Prolonged propofol use in a critically ill pregnant patient. Bruno, JJ; Tajchman, SK, 2010)	2.21
"Propofol is a general anesthetic having good anticonvulsant properties, but is limited in antiseizure use because of its potent anesthetic/sedative properties. "	( The anticonvulsant effects of propofol and a propofol analog, 2,6-diisopropyl-4-(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phenol, in a 6 Hz partial seizure model. Baker, MT, 2011)	2.1
"Propofol therapy is an efficacious and safe choice for restoring normal sleep in patients with refractory chronic primary insomnia."	( Propofol-induced sleep: efficacy and safety in patients with refractory chronic primary insomnia. Gao, D; Jiang, X; Li, W; Li, X; Liu, J; Xu, Z, 2011)	2.53
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent with antioxidant properties. "	( Unexpected pro-injury effect of propofol on vascular smooth muscle cells with increased oxidative stress. Cheng, Y; Liu, X; Munoz, D; Wang, X; Yang, J; Zhang, C, 2011)	2.1
"Propofol, which is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent, may have potential as a neuroprotective agent."	( Effects of propofol on proliferation and anti-apoptosis of neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line: new insights into neuroprotection. Chakraborty, C; Chen, NF; Chen, WF; Hung, HC; Jean, YH; Lee, HP; Sung, CS; Wen, ZH; Wu, GJ, 2011)	1.48
"Propofol anesthesia is a sleep-like state and slow waves are associated with diminished consciousness even in the presence of high gamma activity."	( Propofol anesthesia and sleep: a high-density EEG study. Boly, M; Boveroux, P; Brichant, JF; Bruno, MA; Landsness, EC; Laureys, S; Massimini, M; Murphy, M; Noirhomme, Q; Phillips, C; Riedner, BA; Tononi, G, 2011)	3.25
"Propofol is a popular agent for providing intraoperative sedation in pediatric population during lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia. "	( An evaluation of intrathecal bupivacaine combined with intrathecal or intravenous clonidine in children undergoing orthopedic surgery: a randomized double-blinded study. Cao, JP; Liu, J; Miao, XY; Shi, XY, 2011)	1.81
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic widely used for sedation and general anesthesia. "	( Possible role of propofol's cyclooxygenase-inhibiting property in alleviating dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra in an MPTP-induced murine model of Parkinson's disease. Inada, T; Kubo, K; Shingu, K, 2011)	2.15
"Propofol is a widely used drug in anesthesia practice, and its pharmacological characteristics are well known. "	( Possible augmentation of neuromuscular blockade by propofol during recovery from rocuronium. Braehler, MR; Miller, RD; Ruschulte, H; Ward, TA, 2011)	2.06
"Propofol is an alkylphenol derivative named 2, 6, diisopropylphenol and is a potent intravenous short-acting hypnotic agent. "	( Analytic reviews: propofol infusion syndrome in the ICU. Brown, DR; Diedrich, DA, )	1.91
"Propofol is a popular sedation agent that is usually administered by anesthesia specialists in a service termed monitored anesthesia care (MAC)."	( Effect of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services policy about deep sedation on use of propofol. Rex, DK, 2011)	1.31
"Propofol is an anesthetic agent that exerts anti-inflammatory effects."	( TNF-α-decreased thrombomodulin expression in monocytes is inhibited by propofol through regulation of tristetraprolin and human antigen R activities. Chang, NC; Chen, TL; Huang, CY; Lee, CY; Li, CY; Lin, CY; Lin, FY; Lin, YW; Shih, CM; Tsai, CS; Tsai, JC; Tsai, YT, 2011)	1.32
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic with neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. "	( Propofol improved neurobehavioral outcome of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats by regulating Bcl-2 and Bax expression. Cui, XG; Lu, SJ; Song, CY; Tao, T; Xi, HJ; Yue, ZY; Zhang, TH, 2011)	3.25
"Propofol is a sedative-hypnotic with a rapid onset of action. "	( Feasibility and safety of propofol sedation in flexible bronchoscopy. Grendelmeier, P; Kurer, G; Pflimlin, E; Stolz, D; Tamm, M, 2011)	2.11
"Propofol is an anesthetic with pluripotent cytoprotective properties against various extrinsic insults. "	( Propofol ameliorates doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes. Lai, HC; Lee, HW; Lee, WL; Liu, TJ; Su, CS; Ting, CT; Wang, KY; Wang, LC; Wu, A; Yeh, YC, 2011)	3.25
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic that is widely used for anesthesia and sedation. "	( Intravenous anesthetic propofol suppresses prostaglandin E2 production in murine dendritic cells. Inada, T; Kubo, K; Shingu, K; Ueshima, H, )	1.88
"Propofol is a safe sedative with few complications and higher successful rates when applied in the joint reductions. "	( Propofol for sedation can shorten the duration of ED stay in joint reductions. Chen, CC; Hsu, CY; Lee, YK; Lin, HY; Su, YC, 2012)	3.26
"Propofol is an anesthetic agent widely used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, and sedation in children. "	( Inborn oxidative phosphorylation defect as risk factor for propofol infusion syndrome. De Paepe, B; Jorens, PG; Lissens, W; Meire, F; Okun, JG; Pauwels, P; Seneca, S; Smet, J; Van Coster, R; Van den Eynden, GG; Van der Aa, N; Vanlander, AV; Verbrugghe, W, 2012)	2.06
"Propofol is a common clinical anesthesia agent which is now widely used in relieving pain of patients with chronic cancer as an adjuvant therapy. "	( Propofol reduces MMPs expression by inhibiting NF-κB activity in human MDA-MB-231 cells. Han, Y; Jiang, Z; Li, Q; Wang, Q; Zhang, L, 2012)	3.26
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic that is widely used to anesthetize patients during neurosurgical procedures. "	( Opioid receptor blockade prevents propofol-induced hypotension in rats. de Moura, RS; Lessa, MA; Maracajá-Neto, LF; Mello Silva, GA; Tibiriçá, E, 2012)	2.1
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic with neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia or hypoxia injury. "	( Propofol exerts hippocampal neuron protective effects via up-regulation of metallothionein-3. He, J; Huang, C; Jiang, J; Lv, L, 2013)	3.28
"Propofol is a rapidly acting water-insoluble non-barbiturate anesthetic agent that is widely used as an intravenous sedative-hypnotic agent. "	( Propofol hemisuccinate suppresses cortical spreading depression. Dhir, A; Lossin, C; Rogawski, MA, 2012)	3.26
"Propofol acts as an L-type calcium channel (LTCC) antagonist to decrease peripheral resistance and initiate hypotension. "	( Role of L-type calcium channels in altered microvascular responses to propofol in hypertension. Brookes, ZL; Brown, NJ; Lawton, BK; Reilly, CS, 2012)	2.06
"Propofol is a general anaesthetic that exerts its action by interaction with the GABA(A) receptor. "	( Mimicking anaesthetic-receptor interaction: a combined spectroscopic and computational study of propofol···phenol. Castaño, F; Cocinero, EJ; Fernández, JA; León, I; Lesarri, A; Millán, J, 2012)	2.04
"Propofol is a widely used, short-acting, and intravenously administered hypnotic agent with notable antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. "	( In vitro kinetic evaluation of the free radical scavenging ability of propofol. Gao, D; Gao, Y; Huang, R; Li, W; Liu, Y; Lu, Y; Qiu, H; Wang, Z; Wu, Y; Yue, F; Zhang, C; Zhang, Y, 2012)	2.06
"Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic used for induction/maintenance anesthesia. "	( Evaluation of the predictive performance of a pharmacokinetic model for propofol in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata). Kanazawa, H; Kaneko, A; Masui, K; Miyabe-Nishiwaki, T; Nishio, T; Nishiwaki, K, 2013)	2.06
"Fospropofol is an intravenous sedative-anesthetic agent that is FDA-approved for monitored anesthesia care (MAC) sedation in adult patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. "	( Fospropofol, a new sedative anesthetic, and its utility in the perioperative period. Abdelmalak, B; Khanna, A; Tetzlaff, J, 2012)	1.62
"Fospropofol is a sedative hypnotic with a slower onset and longer duration of action. "	( A double-blind, randomized, multicenter, dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fospropofol disodium as an intravenous sedative for colonoscopy in high-risk populations. Bergese, SD; Candiotti, K; Cohen, L; Dalal, P; Gan, TJ; Lin, Z; Satlin, A; Vandse, R, )	0.97
"Propofol is a widely used nonvolatile anesthetic that exerts its action by docking to GABAA receptors. "	( A spectroscopic approach to the solvation of anesthetics in jets: propofol(H2O)n, n = 4-6. Castaño, F; Cocinero, EJ; Fernández, JA; León, I; Lesarri, A, 2012)	2.06
"Propofol is a widely used, potent intravenous anesthetic for ambulatory anesthesia and long-term sedation. "	( Toward feedback-controlled anesthesia: voltammetric measurement of propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) in serum-like electrolyte solutions. Chaum, E; Garay, F; Guo, J; Kivlehan, F; Lindner, E, 2012)	2.06
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic widely used for anesthesia and sedation that is alleged to possess anti-inflammatory properties."	( Intravenous anesthetic propofol suppresses leukotriene production in murine dendritic cells. Inada, T; Shingu, K; Ueshima, H, )	1.16
"Propofol appeared to be a safe choice for induction of anesthesia in dogs during daily radiation therapy."	( Use of propofol for induction of anesthesia in dogs undergoing definitive radiation therapy: 31 cases (2006-2009). Erfourth, TM; McNiel, EA; Scott, MA; Wilson, DV, 2012)	1.56
"Propofol is an ideal hypnotic for the sedation of children under spontaneous breathing for proton beam radiation therapy."	( [Pediatric anesthesia for proton radiotherapy : medicine remote from the medical centre]. Ares, C; Frei-Welte, M; Mauch, J; Neuhaus, D; Weiss, M, 2012)	1.1
"Propofol is a known anesthetic agent, widely used for short-term anesthesia and for longer-term sedation."	( Suppression of cell invasion and migration by propofol are involved in down-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 and p38 MAPK signaling in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells. Chiou, SM; Chung, JG; Hsia, TC; Lu, CC; Wu, KC; Wu, RS; Yang, JS; Yang, ST, 2012)	1.36
"Propofol is a widely used anesthetic drug because of its minor complication and also its fast effect. "	( Comparison of effects of ephedrine, lidocaine and ketamine with placebo on injection pain, hypotension and bradycardia due to propofol injection: a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Ayatollahi, V; Behdad, S; Kargar, S; Yavari, T, 2012)	2.03
"Propofol is an anesthetic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. "	( Propofol attenuates pulmonary injury induced by collapse and reventilation of lung in rabbits. Bae, HB; Chung, SS; Jeong, CW; Kim, HS; Kim, SJ; Kwak, SH; Lee, SH; Li, M, 2013)	3.28
"Propofol is a cerebral vasoconstrictor while inhalation anaesthetics like isoflurane and sevoflurane act as cerebral vasodilators in both animal and human studies. "	( ICP is lower during propofol anaesthesia compared to isoflurane and sevoflurane. Cold, GE; Hauerberg, J; Holst, P; Landsfeldt, U; Mau, S; Pedersen, CB; Petersen, KD, 2002)	2.08
"As propofol is a high-clearance drug, plasma propofol concentrations can be influenced by cardiac output (CO), which can easily change in response to several factors. "	( Influence of cardiac output on plasma propofol concentrations during constant infusion in swine. Kazama, T; Kurita, T; Morita, K; Sato, S, 2002)	1.21
"Propofol is a widely used IV anesthetic for the induction of anesthesia, but it often causes local pain when administered into peripheral veins. "	( Ephedrine reduces the pain from propofol injection. Cheong, MA; Choi, WJ; Kim, KS, 2002)	2.04
"Propofol is a short-acting general intravenous anesthetic characterized by a wide interindividual variability in the response after the same dose. "	( Prediction of unbound propofol concentrations in a diabetic population. Calvo, R; de la Fuente, L; Jauregizar, N; Lukas, JC; Suárez, E; Vázquez, JA, 2002)	2.07
"Propofol is a commonly used anesthetic induction agent in pediatric anesthesia that, until recently, was used with caution as an intravenous infusion agent for sedation in pediatric intensive care. "	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol infusions in critically ill neonates, infants, and children in an intensive care unit. Nolan, JA; Priston, MJ; Rigby-Jones, AE; Sneyd, JR; Wolf, AR; Wright, PM, 2002)	2.08
"Propofol is a phenol derivative (2,6 di-isopropylphenol) with a unique effect profile including activating effects on GABA(A) and blocking effects on voltage-operated sodium channels. "	( High-affinity block of voltage-operated rat IIA neuronal sodium channels by 2,6 di-tert-butylphenol, a propofol analogue. Haeseler, G; Leuwer, M, 2003)	1.98
"Propofol (Diprivan) is a phenolic derivative with sedative and hypnotic properties but is unrelated to other sedative/hypnotic agents. "	( Propofol: a review of its use in intensive care sedation of adults. McKeage, K; Perry, CM, 2003)	3.2
"Propofol is a safe and effective sedative for endoscopic procedures."	( Propofol--a safe and effective sedative for endoscopy. Khanna, S; Khare, S; Kumar, A; Tobin, R; Vij, J, )	3.02
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent that may impair host defense system. "	( Propofol suppresses macrophage functions and modulates mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Chang, HC; Chen, RM; Chen, TL; Lin, YL; Sheu, JR; Wu, CH; Wu, GJ, 2003)	3.2
"Propofol is a clinically valuable anesthetic induction agent in both dogs and cats, however, care must be taken for apnea."	( Clinical usefulness of propofol as an anesthetic induction agent in dogs and cats. Hara, Y; Mochizuki, M; Nishimura, R; Sano, T; Sasaki, N; Tagawa, M, 2003)	1.35
"Propofol is a common sedative hypnotic for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. "	( The influence of hemorrhagic shock on propofol: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Church, T; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Kern, SE; McJames, SW; Syroid, N; Whiddon, D; White, JL, 2003)	2.03
"Propofol is an injectable anaesthetic that is currently used both in veterinary and human medicine for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. "	( Transplacental transfer of propofol in pregnant ewes. Andaluz, A; Arboix, M; Capece, BP; Cristòfol, C; Garcia, F; Trasserres, O; Tusell, J, 2003)	2.06
"Propofol is an anesthetic agent commonly used for ambulatory surgery because is associated with rapid recovery and a benign side effect profile. "	( Indications for the use of propofol in electroconvulsive therapy. Bailine, SH; Doft, M; Lui, G; Petrides, G, 2003)	2.06
"Propofol is a potent intravenous anesthetic. "	( Propofol inhibits neuronal firing activities in the caudal ventrolateral medulla. Chai, CY; Hsu, JC; Lui, PW; See, LC; Tan, PP; Wu, WC; Yang, CY, 2003)	3.2
"Propofol 60 mg ml(-1) is a useful alternative to propofol 10 mg ml(-1) for the long-term sedation of critically ill patients. "	( Long-term sedation with propofol 60 mg ml(-1) vs. propofol 10 mg(-1) ml in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients. Aarts, LP; Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Naber, H, 2004)	2.07
"Propofol is a rapidly acting hypnotic sedative general anesthetic agent increasingly being used for colonoscopy. "	( Safety of sodium phosphate tablets in patients receiving propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy. Eschinger, EJ; Kastenberg, DM; Katz, LC; Littman, JJ; Meyer, K; Milman, PJ, )	1.82
"Propofol is an intravenous anaesthetic agent, which presents interesting features for its use in neuro-anaesthesia: it is a powerful hypnotic that does not increase the intracranial pressure. "	( [Target-controlled infusion with propofol for neuro-anesthesia]. Debailleul, AM; Fichten, A; Krivosic-Horber, R, 2004)	2.05
"Propofol is a well-known drug for adults for total intravenous anaesthesia. "	( Dosage scheme for propofol in children under 3 years of age. De Lange, JJ; Perez, RS; Steur, RJ, 2004)	2.1
"Propofol is a reasonable alternative to facilitate sedation for a range of procedures performed in a busy Pediatric Emergency Department."	( Propofol for procedural sedation in the pediatric emergency department. Godambe, SA; Pershad, J, 2004)	2.49
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic and whether it has direct modulatory actions on sensory neuronal responses of the spinal cord dorsal horn has not been well studied."	( Inhibitory effects of spinal propofol on the responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons in normal rats. Chen, J; Li, KC; Sun, YY, 2004)	1.34
"Propofol is a rapid acting sedative-hypnotic that produces the desired level of consciousness without the residual sedative effect that often persists with the use of benzodiazepines and analgesics."	( Propofol for sedation in the endoscopy setting: nursing considerations for patient care. Leffler, TM, )	2.3
"Propofol is a common intravenous agent for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. "	( Predicting blood pressure change caused by rapid injection of propofol during anesthesia induction with a logistic regression model. Chen, CC; Cheng, JK; Huang, CJ; Ko, YP; Li, YC; Rau, RH, 2004)	2.01
"Propofol is an oil at room temperature and insoluble in aqueous solution."	( Propofol: therapeutic indications and side-effects. Marik, PE, 2004)	2.49
"Propofol is a rapid-onset, short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent."	( Diazepam and propofol used as anesthetics during open-heart surgery do not cause chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Bahadir, G; Durak, P; Karahalil, B; Sardaş, S; Yağar, S, 2005)	1.42
"Propofol is an antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive drug."	( Attenuation of acute lung injury with propofol in endotoxemia. Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H; Takao, Y, 2005)	1.32
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous general anesthetic. "	( Propofol suppresses synaptic responsiveness of somatosensory relay neurons to excitatory input by potentiating GABA(A) receptor chloride channels. Goldstein, PA; Ying, SW, 2005)	3.21
"Propofol is a widely used anesthetic agent with highly desirable fast "on" and "off" effects. "	( A novel, lipid-free nanodispersion formulation of propofol and its characterization. Almarsson, O; Berkovitz, D; Chen, H; Gardner, CR; Marier, JF; Zhang, Z, 2005)	2.02
"As propofol is a high-clearance drug, propofol concentrations can be influenced by cardiac output (CO)."	( A dopamine infusion decreases propofol concentration during epidural blockade under general anesthesia. Goto, F; Hiraoka, H; Horiuchi, R; Nishikawa, K; Saito, S; Sato, E; Takizawa, D; Yamamoto, K, 2005)	1.13
"Propofol is an intravenous (i.v.) anaesthetic agent that possesses many of the qualities of an ideal anaesthetic agent. "	( A combination of lidocaine and nitrous oxide in oxygen is more effective in preventing pain on propofol injection than either treatment alone. Elsaigh, I; Galvin, E; Harmon, D; Leonard, I; Niazi, A; Wahid, Z, 2005)	1.99
"Propofol also is a potent antioxidant."	( Propofol: an immunomodulating agent. Marik, PE, 2005)	2.49
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent. "	( Propofol specifically inhibits mitochondrial membrane potential but not complex I NADH dehydrogenase activity, thus reducing cellular ATP biosynthesis and migration of macrophages. Chen, RM; Chen, TL; Lin, LL; Tai, YT; Ueng, YF; Wu, GJ, 2005)	3.21
"Propofol is an intravenous agent used for sedation of ICU patients."	( Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of propofol on lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Chang, CC; Chang, HC; Chen, RM; Chen, TG; Chen, TL; Lin, LL; Wu, CH, 2005)	1.31
"Propofol proves to be an excellent sedative for therapeutic ERCP. "	( Sedation and safety of propofol for therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Chen, WX; Gu, Q; Gu, ZY; Li, YM; Lin, HJ; Yu, CH; Zhang, WF; Zhong, XQ, 2005)	2.08
"Propofol is a potent lipophilic anesthetic that was initially formulated in Cremophor El for human use. "	( Propofol: the challenges of formulation. Baker, MT; Naguib, M, 2005)	3.21
"Propofol is a widely used, potent sedative agent that is popular in critical care and operating room settings."	( Propofol for sedation in neuro-intensive care. Hutchens, MP; Memtsoudis, S; Sadovnikoff, N, 2006)	2.5
"Propofol is a short-acting, hypnotic agent that is increasingly being used for gastrointestinal endoscopic sedation. "	( Endoscopist controlled administration of propofol: an effective and safe method of sedation in endoscopic procedures. de la Cruz, J; Franco, A; Marín, JC; Rodríguez Muñoz, S; Rodríguez-Alcalde, D; Sáenz-López, S; Solís Herruzo, JA, 2006)	2.04
"Propofol appears to be a better choice for CV sedation in elders because of its short recovery time, fewer side effects, and its more comfortable sedative effect."	( Age effect on efficacy and side effects of two sedation and analgesia protocols on patients going through cardioversion: a randomized clinical trial. Erdur, B; Ergin, A; Parlak, I; Parlak, M; Sagiroglu, E, 2006)	1.78
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic although its injection pain is a common and unpleasant problem. "	( Propofol formulated with long-/medium-chain triglycerides reduces the pain of injection by target controlled infusion. Andoh, T; Miyazaki, H; Suzuki, H; Yamada, Y, 2006)	3.22
"Propofol is a widely used anesthetic in cardiac surgery. "	( Propofol is associated with impaired brain metabolism during hypothermic circulatory arrest: an experimental microdialysis study. Alaoja, H; Biancari, F; Dahlbacka, S; Heikkinen, J; Juvonen, T; Kaakinen, T; Kiviluoma, K; Laurila, P; Lepola, P; Mäkelä, J; Ohtonen, P; Salomäki, T; Tuominen, H, 2006)	3.22
"Propofol is an effective agent for use in procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA). "	( Propofol by infusion protocol for ED procedural sedation. Bigelow, SK; Fay, K; Frank, LR; Hauff, SR; Strote, J, 2006)	3.22
"Propofol is an intravenous agent used in anesthesia. "	( Propofol lipemia mimicking chyle leak during neck dissection. Armstrong, WB; Linskey, ME; Vokes, DE, 2006)	3.22
"Propofol is a common drug used for anesthetic induction of patients undergoing surgery. "	( Asthma, sedation, and the podiatric patient. Hilgerson, A; Mandi, D; Stefani, S; Toney, PA, 2006)	1.78
"Propofol is a suitable anesthetic agent."	( Effect of nitrous oxide on propofol requirement during target-controlled infusion for oocyte retrieval. Handa-Tsutsui, F; Kodaka, M, 2007)	1.36
"Propofol is a simple and efficacious means of providing comfort while positioning elderly patients with a femoral head fracture before performing spinal anesthesia."	( [Propofol to facilitate spinal anesthesia in the lateral position in patients with femoral neck fracture]. Asehnoune, K; Castel, A; Chassery, C; Colombani, A; Fourcade, O; Lafosse, JM; Minville, V; Nguyen, L, 2006)	2.69
"Propofol is an ideal drug."	( Randomized study of propofol effect on electrophysiological properties of the atrioventricular node in patients with nodal reentrant tachycardia. Kalil, RA; Kruse, M; Lima, GG; Medeiros, CM; Migloransa, MH; Santos, AT; Warpechowski, P, 2006)	1.38
"Propofol hemisuccinate is a prodrug water soluble form of the lipophilic, phenolic compound propofol (2,6-di-isopropylphenol), that is the active ingredient in the widely used anesthetic agent Diprovan. "	( Propofol hemisuccinate suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Banaszczyk, MG; Cameron, A; Carlo, AT; Carlo, DJ; Hendler, S; Ill, CR; Kreitschitz, S; Trauger, RJ; Vansant, G; Vendemelio, M, 2007)	3.23
"Propofol is a sedative agent gaining popularity for Emergency Department Procedural Sedation (EDPS). "	( Emergency department procedural sedation with propofol: is it safe? Brizendine, EJ; Cordell, WH; Hauter, WE; Weaver, CS, 2007)	2.04
"Propofol is a water-insoluble intravenous anesthetic agent that is actually formulated as a water-in-oil emulsion with known drawbacks such as pain on injection, microorganism growth support and stability. "	( Novel lipid and preservative-free propofol formulation: properties and pharmacodynamics. Gori, S; Le Garrec, D; Lessard, D; Luo, L; Palusova, D; Ravenelle, F; Smith, D; Sneyd, JR, 2008)	2.07
"Propofol is a commonly used anesthetic agent, and it attenuates hypoxic ventilatory response in humans. "	( Pronounced depression by propofol on carotid body response to CO2 and K+-induced carotid body activation. Akada, S; Eriksson, LI; Fagerlund, MJ; Lindahl, SG; Prabhakar, NR; Sakamoto, A, 2008)	2.09
"1. Propofol is an anti-inflammatory agent commonly used for general anaesthesia and sedation in intensive care unit patients. "	( Low-dose propofol ameliorates haemorrhagic shock-induced organ damage in conscious rats. Hsu, BG; Lee, CJ; Lee, RP; Subeq, YM; Wu, WT, 2008)	1.38
"Propofol is a general anesthetic that possesses antioxidant action."	( Propofol depresses angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Yang, L; Yao, SL; Zou, XJ, 2008)	2.51
"Propofol is an accepted method of sedation for an ERCP and generally achieves deep sedation rather than conscious sedation, and dexmedetomidine has sedative properties of equivalent efficacy."	( Clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone is less than propofol for conscious sedation during ERCP. Borowics, SM; Breyer, HP; Caumo, W; Fortis, EA; Hidalgo, MP; Maguilnik, I; Muller, S; Soares, G; Stefani, LC, 2008)	2.03
"Propofol is a common sedative/anesthetic used for invasive procedures in children with cancer. "	( Sedative preference of families for lumbar punctures in children with acute leukemia: propofol alone or propofol and fentanyl. Cechvala, MM; Christenson, D; Eickhoff, JC; Hollman, GA, 2008)	2.01
"Propofol is a global central nervous system (CNS) depressant."	( The experimental and clinical pharmacology of propofol, an anesthetic agent with neuroprotective properties. Hara, H; Iwama, T; Kotani, Y; Shimazawa, M; Yoshimura, S, 2008)	1.33
"Propofol is a new drug to the intensive care setting; previously, it was used as an anesthetic sedative in the operating room."	( Propofol: a new treatment in intensive care unit sedation. Idemoto, BK, 1995)	2.46
"Propofol is a recently introduced intravenous anesthetic."	( [The thermoregulatory threshold during surgery with propofol-nitrous oxide anaesthesia]. Chen, LW; Lin, CS; Lin, IS; Liu, CG; Liu, CH; Wang, CF; Wu, HS, 1995)	1.26
"Propofol is a short-acting intravenous induction agent that induces cardiovascular depression but without significant effect on intrinsic myocardial contractility in various species. "	( Myocardial effects of propofol in hamsters with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lecarpentier, Y; Lejay, M; Riou, B; Viars, P, 1995)	2.05
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent with a short half-life allowing rapid recovery; it has cerebral hemodynamic effects similar to those of thiopental. "	( [Use of propofol in intracranial surgery in 83 consecutive patients]. Borgeat, A; Gaggero, G; Ravussin, P; Wilder-Smith, O, 1994)	2.17
"Propofol is an appropriate agent in neurosurgery, where it represents an alternative to the thiopentone-isoflurane anaesthetic technique. "	( [Use of Diprivan in neurosurgery]. Bruder, N, 1994)	1.73
"Propofol is a greater cardiovascular depressant agent than barbiturates (thiopentone, methohexitone). "	( [Cardiovascular effects of Diprivan]. Riou, B, 1994)	1.73
"Propofol is a relatively new intravenous anesthetic with qualities that make it useful in the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. "	( Characteristics of propofol in outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery. McCann, KJ, 1994)	2.06
"Propofol is a relatively new anesthetic agent used in outpatient surgery. "	( Propofol, seizures and generalized paroxysmal fast activity in the EEG. Jordan, R; Nowack, WJ, 1994)	3.17
"Propofol was shown to be a very satisfactory induction agent in the goat."	( Propofol as an induction agent in the goat: a pharmacokinetic study. Nolan, AM; Reid, J; Welsh, E, 1993)	2.45
"Propofol is a potent inhibitor of sympathetic neuronal activity and decreases the sensitivity of the baroreflex. "	( Sympathetic muscle nerve activity, peripheral blood flows, and baroreceptor reflexes in humans during propofol anesthesia and surgery. Ejnell, H; Elam, M; Pontén, J; Sellgren, J; Wallin, BG, 1994)	1.95
"Propofol is an intravenous hypnotic agent with a short half-life of about 30 min."	( [Propofol versus diazepam. Sedation in ophthalmologic surgery under local anesthesia]. Faulborn, J; Holas, A, 1993)	1.92
"Propofol is an intravenous anaesthetic which is chemically unrelated to other iv anaesthetics. "	( Propofol in patients with cardiac disease. Sahab, P; Searle, NR, 1993)	3.17
"Propofol is a new, fast-acting intravenous (i.v.) anesthetic. "	( Seizures associated with propofol anesthesia. Iivanainen, M; Lahdensuu, M; Mäkelä, JP; Pieninkeroinen, IP; Waltimo, O, )	1.88
"Propofol is a rapidly acting, nonbarbiturate drug that induces anesthesia of ultrashort duration with IV administration."	( Adverse effects of administration of propofol with various preanesthetic regimens in dogs. Bednarski, RM; Gaynor, JS; Muir, WW; Smith, JA, 1993)	1.28
"Propofol is a recently introduced intravenous anesthetic agent, commonly administered to surgical patients because it induces anesthesia smoothly (i.e., provides loss of consciousness rapidly and usually with no complications) and is associated with rapid recovery. "	( Assessing the behavioral effects and abuse potential of propofol bolus injections in healthy volunteers. Apfelbaum, JL; Binstock, WB; Coalson, DW; Cutter, T; Flemming, DC; Lichtor, JL; Uitvlugt, AM; Zacny, JP; Zaragoza, JG, 1993)	1.97
"Propofol is an intravenous sedative hypnotic agent which rapidly and reliably causes loss of consciousness. "	( Propofol. An update of its use in anaesthesia and conscious sedation. Bryson, HM; Faulds, D; Fulton, BR, 1995)	3.18
"Propofol is a phenolic derivative that is structurally unrelated to other sedative hypnotic agents. "	( Propofol. An overview of its pharmacology and a review of its clinical efficacy in intensive care sedation. Fulton, B; Sorkin, EM, 1995)	3.18
"Propofol seems to be a promising drug in treating the terminal agitated state that can be associated with the dying process."	( Propofol in terminal care. De Conno, F; Mercadante, S; Ripamonti, C, 1995)	2.46
"Propofol appears to be an effective agent to provide systemic sedation and analgesia when used in conjunction with fentanyl for procedures in the ED. "	( The use of propofol for sedation in the emergency department. Mathias, S; Seaberg, DC; Swanson, ER, 1996)	2.13
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic drug commonly used in outpatient anesthesia for its rapid and smooth onset of action, short recovery period and its minimal perioperative side effects. "	( Depression of excitatory effects of propofol induction by fentanyl. Ghabash, M; Kehhaleh, J; Matta, M, 1996)	2.01
"Propofol is a suitable agent for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia for outpatient oral surgery procedures. "	( Propofol: an alternative general anesthetic for outpatient oral surgery. Burton, RG; Cohen, ME; Pastuovic, MN, 1996)	3.18
"Propofol is an appropriate choice of agent for MPCS."	( Monitored patient-controlled sedation: practical technique or academic research tool? Osborne, GA, 1996)	1.02
"Propofol appears to be an effective adjunct to opioids and a promising alternative to barbiturate therapy in the treatment of drug-resistant discomfort in terminally ill pediatric patients."	( Continuous propofol infusion for the relief of treatment-resistant discomfort in a terminally ill pediatric patient with cancer. Glover, ML; Kodish, E; Reed, MD, 1996)	2.13
"Propofol is an anesthetic characterized by specific pharmacologic qualities, conditioning compliance of the clinical picture with the drug infusional rate, high-degree safety and facilitated anesthesia conduction--qualities by which it bears resemblance to inhalation anesthesia. "	( [Is propofol (Diprivan) indicated in emergency surgery?]. Aluan, K; Badeva, B; Bochev, D; Gerzilova, L; Iochkov, E; Panchev, P; Petrov, P; Vankov, I, 1996)	2.29
"Propofol is a unique highly lipid-soluble anesthetic that is formulated in a fat emulsion (Diprivan) for intravenous (i.v.) use. "	( Concentration-EEG effect relationship of propofol in rats. Dutta, S; Ebling, WF; Gothgen, NU; Matsumoto, Y, 1997)	2.01
"Propofol is a potentially useful anesthetic agent for electrophysiologic monitoring during functional neurosurgery."	( [Intraoperative monitoring for functional neurosurgery during intravenous anesthesia with propofol]. Fukuda, M; Kameyama, S; Noguchi, R; Tanaka, R, 1997)	1.24
"Propofol is a lipid-based sedative that provides 1.1 kcal/mL. "	( Pharmacologic influence on nutrition support therapy: use of propofol in a patient receiving combined enteral and parenteral nutrition support. Brown, RO; Dickerson, RN; Dunlap, AW; Kudsk, KA; Lowrey, TS, 1996)	1.98
"Propofol is an hypnotic drug used in anesthesia which was noted to induce marked vasodilation in vivo and in vitro, and to elicit intraoperative penile erections. "	( On the putative mechanistic basis for intraoperative propofol-induced penile erections. Christ, GJ; Melman, A; Spektor, M; Staerman, F, 1997)	1.99
"Propofol is a common anaesthetic agent used for oocyte retrieval procedures during in-vitro fertilization (IVF). "	( The effect of the anaesthetic, Propofol, on in-vitro oocyte maturation, fertilization and cleavage in mice. Alsalili, M; Fleming, S; Thornton, S, 1997)	2.03
"Propofol is an effective agent for i.v. "	( Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol in wild turkeys. Citino, SB; Dixon, B; Hernandez, K; Hutt, J; Schumacher, J, 1997)	2
"Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic commonly utilised in the intensive care unit (ICU) for sedation of mechanically ventilated patients. "	( Propofol for sedation in the intensive care unit: essentials for the clinician. Marinella, MA, 1997)	3.18
"Propofol is an effective anesthetic agent for use in green iguanas. "	( Cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of propofol administered intraosseously to green iguanas. Bennett, RA; Hedjazi-Haring, K; Newell, SM; Schumacher, J, 1998)	2.01
"Propofol has proven to be a reliable anaesthetic that can be used for both induction and maintenance purposes in most common surgical procedures, either in standard anaesthetic practice or as part of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)."	( [Adverse effects and recovery after total intravenous anesthesia in children]. Cvejanov, M; Drasković, B, )	1.57
"Propofol is a cardiac depressant with minimal diastolic effects in the adult myocardium. "	( Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function is unaltered during propofol infusion in newborn swine. Graham, MR; Mutch, WA; Thiessen, DB, 1998)	1.98
"Propofol appears to be a safe and efficacious drug for use during outpatient oral surgical procedures."	( Propofol and fentanyl compared with midazolam and fentanyl during third molar surgery. Bennett, T; Frost, DE; Parworth, LP; Zuniga, JR, 1998)	3.19
"Propofol is a promising agent for use in treating RSE, but more studies are required to determine its true value in comparison with other agents."	( Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with propofol: clinical and pharmacokinetic findings. Dulaney, E; Kramer, TH; O'Meeghan, R; Raps, EC; Skaar, DJ; Stecker, MM, 1998)	1.28
"Propofol is a useful agent for use in the emergency department because of its extremely short half-life, its antiemetic properties, and its safety record."	( Propofol bolus facilitates reduction of luxed temporomandibular joints. Totten, VY; Zambito, RF, )	2.3
"Propofol is a sedative hypnotic agent often administered for intensive care sedation. "	( Elevated pancreatic enzymes after extended propofol therapy. Osler, TM; Possidente, CJ; Rogers, FB; Smith, TA, )	1.84
"Propofol is a popular drug for the induction of anaesthesia and sedation in the intensive care. "	( Prolonged cutaneous sequelae after intra-arterial injection of propofol. Ang, BL, 1998)	1.98
"Propofol is a nonbarbiturate anesthetic induction agent known to have anti-convulsant properties. "	( Propofol anesthesia, seizure duration, and ECT: a case report and literature review. Cooper, RM; Martin, BA; Parikh, SV, 1998)	3.19
"Propofol is an alternative to thiopental as an intravenous induction agent for cesarean section. "	( The effect of propofol on isolated human pregnant uterine muscle. Collea, JV; Kim, YD; Shin, YK, 1998)	2.1
"Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent. "	( Nefiracetam prevents propofol-induced anterograde and retrograde amnesia in the rodent without compromising quality of anesthesia. Moriarty, DC; Murphy, KJ; O'Connell, AW; O'Gorman, DA; Regan, CM; Shiotani, T, 1998)	2.06
"Propofol is a unique, nonbarbiturate, anesthetic agent possessing anticonvulsant properties, although the exact anticonvulsant mechanism is unknown. "	( Role of propofol in refractory status epilepticus. Brown, LA; Levin, GM, 1998)	2.18
"Propofol (Dipirivan) is an intravenous anaesthetic drug used for general anaesthesia. "	( Comparison of assisted reproductive technology performance after oocyte retrieval under general anaesthesia (propofol) versus paracervical local anaesthetic block: a case-controlled study. Camu, F; Christiaens, F; Devroey, P; Janssenswillen, C; Van Steirteghem, AC; Verborgh, C, 1998)	1.96
"Propofol is a widely used i.v. "	( Binding of propofol to blood components: implications for pharmacokinetics and for pharmacodynamics. Mazoit, JX; Samii, K, 1999)	2.14
"Propofol (Diprivan) is an i.v. "	( Propofol concentrations in follicular fluid during general anaesthesia for transvaginal oocyte retrieval. Camu, F; Christiaens, F; Devroey, P; Janssenswillen, C; Moerman, I; Van Steirteghem, A; Verborgh, C, 1999)	3.19
"Propofol is an intravenous anaesthetic agent that has become widely used in day case surgery. "	( Propofol. A pharmacoeconomic appraisal of its use in day case surgery. Fulton, B; Goa, KL, 1996)	3.18
"Propofol PCS is an appropriate method for a patient with respiratory dysfunction under local anesthesia."	( [Patient-controlled sedation in a patient with respiratory dysfunction for reconstructive surgery of submandibular fracture under local anesthesia]. Iha, H; Okuda, Y; Tokumine, J, 1999)	1.02
"Propofol is a sedative-hypnotic intravenous anesthetic agent that has gained wide use in outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery since its clinical introduction in 1985. "	( Propofol anesthesia for outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery. Cillo, JE, 1999)	3.19
"Propofol is an excellent anesthetic for patients with hyperreactive airways in which the epithelial layer is damaged."	( The relaxant effect of propofol on guinea pig tracheal muscle is independent of airway epithelial function and beta-adrenoceptor activity. Hashiba, E; Hashimoto, Y; Hirota, K; Matsuki, A; Sato, T, 1999)	1.34
"Propofol is a lipid-based emulsion capable of supporting microbial growth. "	( The association of propofol usage with postoperative wound infection rate in clean wounds: a retrospective study. Brown, DC; Heldmann, E; Shofer, F, )	1.9
"Propofol is an alternative drug for sedation in upper endoscopy. "	( [Propofol for sedation in gastroscopy--a randomized comparison with midazolam]. Brackertz, A; Hofmann, C; Jung, M; Kiesslich, R, 1999)	2.66
"Propofol is an alternative to thiopental in infants, and we have compared cardiovascular changes when propofol or thiopental was used for induction of anaesthesia in infants."	( Haemodynamic effects of propofol vs thiopental in infants: an echocardiographic study. Azzis, O; Bansard, JY; Beneux, X; Chonow, L; Ecoffey, C; Wodey, E, 1999)	1.33
"Propofol is an effective IV anesthetic for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. "	( Propofol decreases diaphragmatic contractility in dogs. Fujii, Y; Hoshi, T; Takahashi, S; Toyooka, H, 1999)	3.19
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic that can directly activate and positively modulate the GABA(A)-receptor. "	( Comparison of the intravenous reinforcing effects of propofol and methohexital in baboons. Ator, NA; Griffiths, RR; Weerts, EM, 1999)	2
"Propofol is considered to be an anesthetic agent with few or no negative inotropic effects. "	( Propofol-induced modifications of cardiomyocyte calcium transient and sarcoplasmic reticulum function in rats. Crozatier, B; Guenoun, T; Laplace, M; Montagne, O, 2000)	3.19
"Propofol is a radical scavenger with calcium channel blocking properties."	( Effect of propofol on reperfusion injury after regional ischaemia in the isolated rat heart. Comfère, T; Ebel, D; Preckel, B; Schlack, W; Thämer, V, 1999)	1.43
"Propofol proves to be an excellent sedative for ERCP and shows a shorter recovery time than midazolam. "	( Improved sedation in diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: propofol is an alternative to midazolam. Brackertz, A; Hofmann, C; Jung, M; Kiesslich, R, 2000)	2
"Propofol is a widely used anesthetic for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia during surgery. "	( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentration of neuropeptide Y, serotonin, and catecholamines in patients under propofol or isoflurane anesthesia. Borgeat, A; Fathi, M; Gaillard, RC; Grouzmann, E; Ravussin, P, 2000)	1.96
"Propofol was found to be a better induction agent for ECT compared to thiopentone sodium."	( Comparison of thiopentone sodium and propofol for electro convulsive therapy (ECT). Khan, FA; Zaidi, NA, 2000)	2.02
"Propofol is a widely used anesthetic agent for adults and children. "	( Differential neurotoxic effects of propofol on dissociated cortical cells and organotypic hippocampal cultures. Buchs, PA; Muller, D; Parisi, L; Spahr-Schopfer, I; Toni, N; Vutskits, L, 2000)	2.03
"Propofol is a rapidly acting agent that produces an excellent hypnotic state, but its use is typically limited to anesthesiologist-assisted cases because of the inadequacy of current monitoring standards to reliably detect early stages of respiratory depression."	( Gastroenterologist-administered propofol for therapeutic upper endoscopy with graphic assessment of respiratory activity: a case series. Conwell, DL; Dumot, JA; Morrow, JB; Shay, SS; Vargo, JJ; Zuccaro, G, 2000)	1.31
"Propofol is a widely used intravenous anesthetic, which is known to affect cardiac functions. "	( Effects of propofol on a Ca2+-activated CI- current in rabbit ventricular myocytes. Asahina, T; Hiraoka, M; Kawano, S; Umino, M, 1998)	2.13
"Propofol is a widely used IV anesthetic for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia and sedation. "	( The dose-range effects of propofol on the contractility of fatigued diaphragm in dogs. Fujii, Y; Toyooka, H; Uemura, A, 2001)	2.05
"Propofol is a feasible option for paediatric diagnostic ophthalmic procedures with the advantage over halothane of providing complete access to the eye."	( Propofol as a sole agent for paediatric day care diagnostic ophthalmic procedures: comparison with halothane anaesthesia. Balachander, S; Kapoor, I; Kathirvel, S; Kaul, HL; Madan, R, 2001)	3.2
"Propofol is an intravenous anaesthetic agent having anticonvulsant property. "	( [Efficacy of propofol in controlling myoclonus during rewarming in a brain hypothermia patient]. Machida, K; Mizuno, J; Sakai, K; Sugimoto, S; Tsutsui, T, 2002)	2.13
"Propofol seems to be an adequate sedative agent for pediatric patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, including those with intracardiac shunts."	( Propofol does not modify the hemodynamic status of children with intracardiac shunts undergoing cardiac catheterization. Gozal, D; Gozal, Y; Nir, A; Rein, AJ, )	2.3
"Propofol is a potential vector of infection, because it contains no preservative. "	( Routine handling of propofol prevents contamination as effectively as does strict adherence to the manufacturer's recommendations. Benzer, A; Gritznig, I; Kolbitsch, C; Lass-Flörl, C; Lingnau, W; Lorenz, IH; Moser, PL; Vollert, B, 2002)	2.08
"Propofol is an intravenous (IV) drug recently introduced into the United States for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. "	( Propofol in patients susceptible to malignant hyperthermia: a case report and review of the literature. Dhamee, MS; Mathews, EL, )	3.02
"Propofol seems to be a reasonable agent for use during intraoperative MEP monitoring and should be further investigated for use during spinal cord monitoring in humans."	( The effects of propofol anesthesia on transcortical electric evoked potentials in the rat. Eggers, GW; Haghighi, SS; Keller, BP; Oro, JJ, 1992)	1.36
"Propofol appears to be a suitable alternative to thiopental as an induction agent for obstetric anaesthesia."	( A comparative study of propofol and thiopental as induction agents for elective caesarean section. Gatziou, B; Petropoulos, G; Salamalekis, E; Siafaka, I; Vadalouca, A, 1992)	1.32
"2. Propofol is a new sedative hypnotic used for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia."	( Propofol anaesthesia in malignant hyperpyrexia susceptible swine. Denborough, MA; Foster, PS; Hopkinson, KC, 1992)	2.24
"Propofol is a short-acting intravenous induction agent that induces cardiovascular depression. "	( In vitro effects of propofol on rat myocardium. Besse, S; Lecarpentier, Y; Riou, B; Viars, P, 1992)	2.05
"Propofol is a suitable drug for intubation and continuous infusion anesthesia, allowing fine control of anesthetic depth, good operating conditions, and a recovery profile suitable for MG patients undergoing surgery."	( Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol for transsternal thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. Giesecke, AH; O'Flaherty, D; Pennant, JH; Rao, K, )	1.13
"Propofol is a new anaesthetic agent commonly used because of its rapid pharmacokinetic. "	( Propofol in the treatment of convulsive status epilepticus: a report of four cases. Bati, MB; Campostrini, R; Cantini, A; Giorgi, C; Martini, E; Palumbo, P; Serra, P; Vinattieri, A, )	3.02
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic agent that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in October 1989. "	( Endogenous Candida endophthalmitis after intravenous anesthesia with propofol. Daily, MJ; Dickey, JB; Packo, KH, 1991)	1.96
"Propofol infusion is a clinically useful alternative to midazolam for sedation during ambulatory surgery under local or regional anesthesia."	( Sedative infusions during local and regional anesthesia: a comparison of midazolam and propofol. Negus, JB; White, PF, )	1.8
"Propofol is a new intravenous anaesthetic agent chemically unrelated to barbiturate, steroid, imidazole, or eugenol agents. "	( Pharmacology of propofol. Lee, TL, 1991)	2.07
"Propofol appears to be a powerful narco-hypnotic drug."	( [Neurophysiological study of propofol (2-6 diisopropylphenol): experimental data]. Bimar, J; Dejode, JM; Delmoral, B; Emperaire-Le Pouleuf, N; Manelli, JC; Ottomani, A; Planche, D; Vuillon-Cacciuttolo, G, 1990)	1.29
"Propofol is a new anesthetic induction agent that reduces electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) seizure duration. "	( Effect of the anesthetic agent propofol on hormonal responses to ECT. Mitchell, P; Smythe, G; Torda, T, 1990)	2.01
"Propofol is a new intravenous anesthetic which possesses the rapid induction and recovery of anesthesia. "	( [Dose-response relationships of propofol in Chinese]. Ho, ST; Ho, W; Hwang, JJ; Liu, HS; Liu, YC, 1990)	2.01
"Propofol is a safe anaesthetic agent with the potential for early patient discharge and street fitness after outpatient procedures."	( Comparative evaluation of propofol and thiopentone for total intravenous anaesthesia. Edelist, G; Kapala, D; Kashtan, H; Mallon, J, 1990)	1.3
"Propofol proved to be a satisfactory agent for sedation of these critically ill patients and compared favourably with midazolam."	( Comparison of propofol and midazolam for sedation in critically ill patients. Aitkenhead, AR; Bodenham, AR; Coates, PD; Collins, CH; Ledingham, IM; Park, GR; Pepperman, ML; Smith, MB; Wallace, PG; Willatts, SM, 1989)	1.36
"Propofol appears to be a promising alternative for use in short day-case anaesthesia for CT scanning in children."	( Anaesthesia for computerised tomography of the brain in children: a comparison of propofol and thiopentone. Valtonen, M, 1989)	1.22
"Propofol is a 2,6-diisopropylphenol with sedative-hypnotic properties. "	( Clinical pharmacology of propofol: an intravenous anesthetic agent. Afshar, M; Gratz, I; Jacobi, AG; Larijani, GE, 1989)	2.02
"Propofol appears to be a suitable alternative to thiopentone as an induction agent for anaesthesia in elective Caesarean section."	( Comparison of propofol and thiopentone for induction of anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Kanto, J; Rosenberg, P; Valtonen, M, 1989)	1.36
"Propofol is a rapidly acting intravenous anesthetic agent which has many advantageous kinetic properties explaining its usefulness by bolus dose for induction of anesthesia or for administration by continuous intravenous infusion. "	( Propofol, the newest induction agent of anesthesia. Kanto, JH, 1988)	3.16
"Thus propofol seems to be a suitable intravenous anaesthetic agent for induction and maintenance in neuroanaesthesia."	( Effect of propofol on cerebrospinal fluid pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients undergoing craniotomy. Guinard, JP; Ralley, F; Ravussin, P; Thorin, D, 1988)	1.13
"Propofol is a new intravenous anesthetic agent that provides smooth and rapid induction of anesthesia. "	( [Initial experiences with propofol (Disoprivan) for anesthesia induction in pediatric anesthesia]. Hutschenreuter, K; Motsch, J; Must, W, 1988)	2.02
"Propofol is an intravenous anaesthetic which is chemically unrelated to other anaesthetics. "	( Propofol. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and use as an intravenous anaesthetic. Heel, RC; Langley, MS, 1988)	3.16
"Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic currently available for clinical investigative use. "	( Comparison of propofol with methohexital for outpatient anesthesia. Doze, VA; Westphal, LM; White, PF, 1986)	2.07
"Propofol is a short acting intravenous anaesthetic devoided of serious side effect which appears very useful for day case surgery."	( [The use of propofol in short-term orthopedic surgery]. Danel, O; Duvaldestin, P; Luccioni, G; Normand, S; Renard, C, )	1.23
"Propofol (Disoprivan) is a rapid and effective hypnotic comparable with etomidate. "	( [Intracranial pressure in patients with craniocerebral trauma after administration of propofol and thiopental]. Hartung, HJ, 1987)	1.94
"Propofol proved to be a safe and effective agent for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia and was associated with a lower incidence of side-effects than either etomidate or methohexitone."	( Comparison of ICI 35868, etomidate and methohexitone for day-case anaesthesia. Wells, JK, 1985)	0.99

Effects

Propofol has a number of properties that make it a potentially superior choice for sedation of intubated ICU patients. Propofol-Lipuro has an oil phase that allows a larger proportion of propofol to be injected.

Propofol-Lipuro has an oil phase that allows a larger proportion of propofol to be dissolved in it and, thereby, apparently reduces pain. Propofol anesthesia has more thermogenic effect than isoflurane when combined with amino acid solutions.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Propofol has a good protective effect on lung function in patients with OLV-induced LIRI. "	( Effect of Different Doses of Propofol on Pulmonary Function and Inflammatory Response in Patients with Lung Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Induced by One-Lung Ventilation Based on Big Data Analysis. Du, B; Gu, T; Gu, Y; Liu, X, 2022)	2.46
"Propofol (PPF) has a protective effect on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury (MIRI). "	( Propofol pretreatment alleviates mast cell degranulation by inhibiting SOC to protect the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Guan, X; Juan, Z; Li, Y; Ma, R; Meng, Y; Sun, X; Wang, M, 2022)	3.61
"Propofol has a protective effect on organs; yet, its specific mechanism of action remains unclear."	( The role of AMPK-Sirt1-autophagy pathway in the intestinal protection process by propofol against regional ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Chen, Y; Feng, JG; Jia, J; Liu, X; Tan, YF; Wang, MH; Yang, B; Yang, CJ; Zhou, J, 2022)	1.67
"Propofol has a tumor-suppressive role in glioma, but the mechanism by which propofol is involved in glioma progression is largely unknown. "	( Propofol inhibits glioma progression by regulating circMAPK4/miR-622/HOXA9 axis. Li, W; Li, Y; Tan, W; Xia, R; Xiao, G; Yang, H; Yu, L, 2023)	3.8
"Propofol has a more significant adverse effect on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients with lung cancer than sevoflurane."	( A systematic review: comparative analysis of the effects of propofol and sevoflurane on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients with lung cancer. Ai, B; Kong, X; Lee, WT; Sun, H; Sun, L; Yan, T; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zheng, H, 2019)	2.2
"Propofol has a shorter sedation induction time, less coughing during procedure, less recovery time, and better physician satisfaction compared to fentanyl for flexible bronchoscopy in children."	( Propofol versus Fentanyl for Sedation in Pediatric Bronchoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Gunathilaka, PKG; Jat, KR; Kabra, SK; Lodha, R; Sankar, J, 2019)	3.4
"Propofol has a protective effect on endothelial injury and can suppress inflammation and oxidation."	( Propofol alleviates inflammation and apoptosis in HCY‑induced HUVECs by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Huang, J; Ji, C; Yi, H; Zhang, W; Zheng, M, 2021)	2.79
"Propofol-alfentanil has a less negative effect on cognitive functions than propofol alone or propofol-fentanyl."	( Effects of alfentanil or fentanyl added to propofol for sedation in colonoscopy on cognitive functions: Randomized controlled trial. Doğanay, G; Ekmekçi, P; Erkan, G; Kazbek, BK; Tüzüner, F; Yılmaz, H, 2017)	1.44
"Propofol has a faster onset and emergence from sedation."	( Dexmedetomidine versus propofol at different sedation depths during drug-induced sleep endoscopy: A randomized trial. Arora, S; Bansal, S; Gandhi, K; Jain, D; Padiyara, TV, 2020)	1.59
"Propofol deep sedation has a faster recovery time than traditional sedative agents, but may be associated with increased complication rates."	( Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for advanced endoscopic procedures: a meta-analysis. Barnett, SR; Berzin, TM; Chuttani, R; Leffler, DA; Pleskow, DK; Sawhney, MS; Sethi, N; Sethi, S; Thaker, A; Wadhwa, V, 2014)	2.57
"Propofol has a neuro-protective effect on hippocampal neuron injury induced by hypoxia."	( An in vitro study of the neuroprotective effect of propofol on hypoxic hippocampal slice. Ding, HZ; Jiang, S; Tang, QF; Zeng, YM; Zhang, DX, 2014)	2.1
"Propofol has a unique profile that makes it an attractive sedative agent in many clinical settings."	( Propofol Use in Israeli PICUs. Abu-Kishk, I; Berkovitch, M; Klin, B; Rosenfeld-Yehoshua, N, 2016)	2.6
"Propofol sedation has a similar risk of cardiopulmonary adverse events compared with traditional agents for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. "	( Similar Risk of Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events Between Propofol and Traditional Anesthesia for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Garg, S; Issa, D; Lopez, R; Sanaka, MR; Vargo, JJ; Wadhwa, V, 2017)	2.15
"Propofol has a unique pharmacologic profile, making it an ideal drug for use in plastic surgery nursing."	( Propofol: thriller or killer. McCarver, L; Spear, M, )	2.3
"Fospropofol Disodium has a protective effect on rat livers against ischemia-reperfusion injury, which is related with antioxidation."	( [Protective effect of fospropofol disodium on in vivo liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats]. Liu, Y; Luo, CZ, 2011)	1.29
"Propofol has a very short half-life and can be administered continuously, which is advantageous for long-term sedation."	( Efficacy of propofol sedation for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD): assessment with prospective data collection. Fujita, N; Harada, Y; Hirasawa, D; Koike, Y; Maeda, Y; Noda, Y; Obana, T; Ohira, T; Sugawara, T; Suzuki, K; Suzuki, T; Yamagata, T, 2011)	1.47
"Fospropofol has a unique dosing regimen, with a standard dose for adults 18-65 years of age, and a modified dose (75% of the standard dose) for patients > 65 years of age and for sicker adult patients whose American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score is ≥ 3."	( Fospropofol, a new sedative anesthetic, and its utility in the perioperative period. Abdelmalak, B; Khanna, A; Tetzlaff, J, 2012)	1.51
"Propofol has a neuroprotective effect against hydrogen peroxide injury at low and middle concentrations. "	( [The influences of propofol on different kinds of brain injuries in rat brain slices]. Chen, HZ; Wang, ZJ; Xia, M; Xue, QS; Yu, BW, 2003)	2.09
"Propofol has a rapid and smooth onset of action and is as easy to titrate in children as in adults."	( [Total intravenous anesthesia. On the way to standard practice in pediatrics]. Giest, J; Strauss, JM, 2003)	1.04
"Propofol has a greater amnesic effect than thiopental. "	( Thiopental and propofol affect different regions of the brain at similar pharmacologic effects. Hammer, NA; Holte, K; Kehlet, H; Lacouture, PG; Lillesø, J; Pedersen, JL; Werner, MU, 2004)	2.12
"Propofol has a rapid onset of action with a dose-related hypnotic effect."	( Propofol: therapeutic indications and side-effects. Marik, PE, 2004)	2.49
"Propofol has a more significant blunting effect on EEG responses to noxious stimulation compared with halothane."	( Halothane and propofol differentially affect electroencephalographic responses to noxious stimulation. Antognini, JF; Atherley, R; Barter, L; Carstens, E; Dominguez, C; Orth, M, 2005)	2.13
"Propofol-Lipuro has an oil phase that allows a larger proportion of propofol to be dissolved in it and, thereby, apparently reduces pain."	( A comparison of pain on intravenous injection between two preparations of propofol. Irwin, MG; Sun, NCH; Wong, AYC, 2005)	1.28
"Propofol has a differential effect on hemodynamics and sedation when comparing patients after cardiac surgery and esophagectomy."	( Fentanyl-induced hemodynamic changes after esophagectomy or cardiac surgery. Goto, F; Hinohara, H; Kadoi, Y; Kunimoto, F; Saito, S, 2005)	1.77
"Propofol has a high incidence of pain on injection, particularly when a vein on the back of hand is used. "	( Prevention of pain on injection of propofol: a comparison of remifentanil with alfentanil in children. Al-Mujadi, H; Al-Qattan, AR; Batra, YK; Marzouk, HM; Petrova Ivanova, M; Rahman Al-Refai, A, 2007)	2.06
"Propofol has a considerably shorter duration of action than midazolam, thereby shortening the period of sedation."	( Propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department. Dunn, T; Gammon, A; Mossop, D; Newton, A, 2007)	2.5
"Propofol has an acceptable safety profile for deep sedation when used in the context of a program with critical care physicians, specifically trained nurses, and anesthesiology oversight. "	( Propofol sedation: intensivists' experience with 7304 cases in a children's hospital. Finkelstein, M; Kurachek, S; Vespasiano, M, 2007)	3.23
"Propofol has a number of properties that make it a potentially superior choice for sedation of intubated ICU patients."	( Propofol: a new drug for sedation in the intensive care unit. Barr, J, 1995)	2.46
"Propofol has a greater mitigating effect on the hyperdynamic response to intubation in healthy patients. "	( [Evaluation of the hemodynamic and endocrino-metabolic response to tracheal intubation in patients anesthetized with thiopental or propofol]. Almazán, A; García-Sánchez, MJ; Perán, F; Polo-Garvín, A, )	1.78
"Propofol has a direct and negative effect on basal myocyte contractile processes in the setting of CHF, which is more pronounced than that on healthy myocytes at reduced propofol concentrations."	( Negative and selective effects of propofol on isolated swine myocyte contractile function in pacing-induced congestive heart failure. Clair, MJ; Dorman, BH; Hebbar, L; Roy, RC; Spinale, FG, 1997)	2.02
"Propofol has a favourable pharmacokinetic profile for total intravenous anaesthesia and several manual infusion schemes have been proposed to maintain a constant blood concentration during anaesthesia. "	( Target-controlled anaesthesia: concepts and first clinical experiences. Kenny, GN, 1997)	1.74
"Propofol has a similar effect on human erythrocytes in vitro (R2 = 0.98)."	( Propofol enhances red cell antioxidant capacity in swine and humans. Ansley, DM; Garnett, ME; Godin, DV; Lee, J; Qayumi, AK, 1998)	2.46
"Propofol has an antiemetic effect that may be mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) influences on the serotonin system, the mechanism of which is not known. "	( The effects of propofol in the area postrema of rats. Cechetto, DF; Diab, T; Gelb, AW; Gibson, CJ, 2001)	2.11
"Propofol has a depressant effect on metabolic ventilatory control, causing depression of the ventilatory response to acute isocapnic hypoxia, a response mediated via the peripheral chemoreflex loop. "	( Respiratory sites of action of propofol: absence of depression of peripheral chemoreflex loop by low-dose propofol. Dahan, A; Kruyt, E; Nieuwenhuijs, D; Olievier, I; Sarton, E; Teppema, LJ; van Kleef, J, 2001)	2.04
"Propofol has a high incidence of pain with injection, particularly into small veins. "	( Lidocaine for the prevention of pain due to injection of propofol. Davis, FM; King, SY; Murchison, DJ; Pryor, PJ; Wells, JE, 1992)	1.97
"4. Propofol has a volume of distribution equivalent to about 3 to 4 times body weight, and a mean total body clearance of 2.2 1/min."	( Disposition in male volunteers of a subanaesthetic intravenous dose of an oil in water emulsion of 14C-propofol. Cockshott, ID; Douglas, EJ; Gordon, EA; Hopkins, K; Rowland, M; Simons, PJ, 1988)	1
"Propofol has been previously demonstrated to relieve hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). "	( Propofol Ameliorates the Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Hepatoma Carcinoma Cells via Non-Coding RNA Activated by DNA Damage (NORAD)/microRNA (miR)-556-3p/Migration and Invasion Enhancer 1 (MIEN1) Axis. Guan, E; Li, H; Liu, Y; Luo, K; Wang, X, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol has addictive properties, even with a single administration, and facilitates dopamine secretion in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). "	( Subanesthetic Dose of Propofol Activates the Reward System in Rats. Kamiya, Y; Miyazaki, T; Nagata, I; Ogawa, KI; Saeki, K; Sasaki, M, 2022)	2.48
"Propofol has been documented to exhibit anti-tumor effects in cancers. "	( Propofol inhibits proliferation and migration of glioma cells by up-regulating lncRNA GAS5. Cheng, Y; Wang, H; Yang, C; Zhang, W; Zheng, L, 2022)	3.61
"Propofol has been shown to clear sleep debt in rats after sleep deprivation (SD). "	( Propofol-induced sleep ameliorates cognition impairment in sleep-deprived rats. Dai, W; Lu, Y; Tu, Y; Xiao, Y; Xie, Y, 2023)	3.8
"Propofol has a good protective effect on lung function in patients with OLV-induced LIRI. "	( Effect of Different Doses of Propofol on Pulmonary Function and Inflammatory Response in Patients with Lung Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Induced by One-Lung Ventilation Based on Big Data Analysis. Du, B; Gu, T; Gu, Y; Liu, X, 2022)	2.46
"Propofol (Pro) has been testified to suppress the malignancy of diversified human cancers."	( Propofol modulates glycolysis reprogramming of ovarian tumor via restraining circular RNA-zinc finger RNA-binding protein/microRNA-212-5p/superoxide dismutase 2 axis. Liu, Z; Qu, D; Zou, X, 2022)	2.89
"Propofol (PPF) has a protective effect on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury (MIRI). "	( Propofol pretreatment alleviates mast cell degranulation by inhibiting SOC to protect the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Guan, X; Juan, Z; Li, Y; Ma, R; Meng, Y; Sun, X; Wang, M, 2022)	3.61
"Propofol has recently attracted increasing attention for its anti-tumor property in cancers, including glioma. "	( Propofol Suppresses Glioma Tumorigenesis by Regulating circ_0047688/miR-516b-5p/IFI30 Axis. Li, J; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Shu, Y; Zhang, J, 2023)	3.8
"Propofol (PPF) has been shown in studies to cause cognitive impairment and neuronal cell death in developing animals. "	( MicroRNA-17-5p Protects against Propofol Anesthesia-Induced Neurotoxicity and Autophagy Impairment via Targeting BCL2L11. Gu, X; Liu, C; Luan, H; Xiu, M; Xu, D, 2022)	2.45
"Propofol has a protective effect on organs; yet, its specific mechanism of action remains unclear."	( The role of AMPK-Sirt1-autophagy pathway in the intestinal protection process by propofol against regional ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Chen, Y; Feng, JG; Jia, J; Liu, X; Tan, YF; Wang, MH; Yang, B; Yang, CJ; Zhou, J, 2022)	1.67
"Propofol has been shown to against intestinal reperfusion injury when treated either before or after ischemia, during which mast cell could be activated. "	( Pretreatment with propofol restores intestinal epithelial cells integrity disrupted by mast cell degranulation in vitro. Chen, Q; Gan, X; Huang, J; Li, J; Lin, Y; Zhang, R, 2022)	2.5
"Propofol has a tumor-suppressive role in glioma, but the mechanism by which propofol is involved in glioma progression is largely unknown. "	( Propofol inhibits glioma progression by regulating circMAPK4/miR-622/HOXA9 axis. Li, W; Li, Y; Tan, W; Xia, R; Xiao, G; Yang, H; Yu, L, 2023)	3.8
"Propofol has not been extensively studied as an acute migraine therapy; however, based on the limited evidence from outpatient and inpatient settings, propofol has been proposed as an option for patients who present to the emergency department (ED). "	( Propofol for Treatment of Acute Migraine in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review. Beckett, RD; Piatka, C, 2020)	3.44
"Propofol has been reported to be protective against liver injury due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic activities. "	( Propofol attenuates inflammatory response and apoptosis to protect d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide induced acute liver injury via regulating TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. Jiang, K; Tian, L; Zhang, Z, 2019)	3.4
"Propofol has earned its place as a valuable choice in pediatric anesthesia."	( Propofol use in children: updates and controversies. Aouad, MT; Kaddoum, RN; Karam, CJ; Zeeni, C, 2020)	2.72
"Propofol has a more significant adverse effect on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients with lung cancer than sevoflurane."	( A systematic review: comparative analysis of the effects of propofol and sevoflurane on postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients with lung cancer. Ai, B; Kong, X; Lee, WT; Sun, H; Sun, L; Yan, T; Zhang, G; Zhang, H; Zheng, H, 2019)	2.2
"Propofol has a shorter sedation induction time, less coughing during procedure, less recovery time, and better physician satisfaction compared to fentanyl for flexible bronchoscopy in children."	( Propofol versus Fentanyl for Sedation in Pediatric Bronchoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Gunathilaka, PKG; Jat, KR; Kabra, SK; Lodha, R; Sankar, J, 2019)	3.4
"Propofol (PPF) has previously been shown to inhibit the inflammatory response to septic shock. "	( Propofol regulates imbalanced Th17/Treg responses in lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock rats. Fang, X; Huang, LJ; Wang, SY; Xie, L, 2019)	3.4
"Propofol has been used widely as an anesthetic for elderly patients; however, the drug instructions only indicate that the need for maintenance of general anesthesia in elderly patients is reduced, and not the extent of the reduction. "	( Study of the rational dose of propofol in elderly patients under bispectral index monitoring during total intravenous anesthesia: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review. Fan, Y; Hao, M; Hou, J; Jia, L; Li, Y; Sun, L; Wang, X; Yang, T; Zheng, H, 2020)	2.29
"Propofol has been demonstrated to suppress the malignancy of various types of human cancer; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of propofol in ovarian cancer remain largely unknown."	( Propofol inhibits proliferation and cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells through regulating the microRNA‑374a/forkhead box O1 signaling axis. Cheng, ZG; Ma, LX; Peng, YB; Sun, Y; Ye, LL; Zou, MY, 2020)	2.72
"Propofol exposure has no significant direct effect on mortality; its effect is entirely mediated through burst suppression."	( Burst Suppression: Causes and Effects on Mortality in Critical Illness. Aboul Nour, H; Akeju, O; Bordbar, E; Cole, AJ; Edhi, MM; Gallagher, J; Ghanta, M; Hogan, J; Javed, F; Jing, J; Junior, VM; Kassa, S; Rosenthal, ES; Shao, YP; Shoukat, M; Sun, H; Tabaeizadeh, M; Westover, MB; Zafar, S, 2020)	1.28
"Propofol has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects in neurons."	( Calpain-2 plays a pivotal role in the inhibitory effects of propofol against TNF-α-induced autophagy in mouse hippocampal neurons. Chen, J; Chen, W; He, Z; Li, Y; Lv, H, 2020)	1.52
"Propofol has been reported to be related to the migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of esophageal cancer (EC) cells. "	( Propofol suppresses hypoxia-induced esophageal cancer cell migration, invasion, and EMT through regulating lncRNA TMPO-AS1/miR-498 axis. Gao, M; Guo, R; Lu, X; Luo, S; Xu, G, 2020)	3.44
"Propofol has become the preferred anesthetic in recent years due to its desirable pharmacologic properties. "	( A simplified and sensitive LC-APCI-MS/MS method for the quantification of propofol: Application to a bioequivalence study in healthy Chinese subjects. Ding, L; Li, L; Li, X; Peng, C; Tang, L; Wang, K; Wang, Y, 2020)	2.23
"Propofol has been shown to ameliorate neuroinflammatory injury, but the exact mechanism of its neuroprotective role remains to be fully elucidated."	( Propofol Attenuates Inflammatory Damage via Inhibiting NLRP1-Casp1-Casp6 Signaling in Ischemic Brain Injury. Chen, P; Li, K; Li, X; Ma, Z; Pan, J; Zhao, G, 2020)	2.72
"Propofol has been shown to improve postoperative analgesia, but the preventive effect on persistent pain after cardiac surgery is unknown."	( The Effect of Propofol Versus Volatile Anesthetics on Persistent Pain After Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Dai, SH; He, LL; Jiang, JL; Xu, Z; Yu, H; Zheng, JQ, 2021)	1.7
"Propofol has shown strong addictive properties in rats and humans. "	( The Adenosine A2A Receptor Activation in Nucleus Accumbens Suppress Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Propofol Self-administration in Rats. Chen, J; Dong, Z; Huang, B; Jiang, C; Lian, Q; Lin, H; Wu, B, 2021)	2.28
"Propofol has a protective effect on endothelial injury and can suppress inflammation and oxidation."	( Propofol alleviates inflammation and apoptosis in HCY‑induced HUVECs by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Huang, J; Ji, C; Yi, H; Zhang, W; Zheng, M, 2021)	2.79
"Propofol-based TIVA has little effect on the cognitive function and sleep quality of elderly patients after surgery, and it is worthy of clinical application."	( Effect of propofol-based total intravenous anaesthesia on postoperative cognitive function and sleep quality in elderly patients. Ding, F; Li, J; Liu, F; Wang, L; Wang, X; Zhang, L, 2021)	2.47
"Propofol has recently been attracted increasing attention for its anti-tumor property in cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). "	( Propofol suppresses colorectal cancer development by the circ-PABPN1/miR-638/SRSF1 axis. Liu, Y; Zhao, A, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol has less effect on breathing pattern and has no effect on VT and gas exchange in postoperative patients with PSV."	( Effects of Propofol on Respiratory Drive and Patient-ventilator Synchrony during Pressure Support Ventilation in Postoperative Patients: A Prospective Study. Huang, YZ; Liu, L; Liu, SQ; Pan, C; Qiu, HB; Wu, AP; Xie, JF; Yang, CS; Yang, Y, 2017)	1.57
"Propofol with opioids has been recommended for gastroscopy sedation but the effects on cough reflex suppression remain unclear."	( Effect of propofol combined with opioids on cough reflex suppression in gastroscopy: study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Cao, YZ; Lu, X; Xia, J; Xie, J; Yin, N; Yuan, J, 2017)	1.58
"Propofol-alfentanil has a less negative effect on cognitive functions than propofol alone or propofol-fentanyl."	( Effects of alfentanil or fentanyl added to propofol for sedation in colonoscopy on cognitive functions: Randomized controlled trial. Doğanay, G; Ekmekçi, P; Erkan, G; Kazbek, BK; Tüzüner, F; Yılmaz, H, 2017)	1.44
"Propofol has been demonstrated as a drug of abuse in humans. "	( Glucocorticoid receptor in rat nucleus accumbens: Its roles in propofol addictions. Abdullah, T; Ge, RS; Lian, Q; Lin, W; Su, Y; Wang, B; Wang, H; Wu, B, 2018)	2.16
"Propofol has been shown to protect against myocardial I/R injury due to its antioxidant properties while the underlying mechanism remained incompletely understood."	( Propofol Through Upregulating Caveolin-3 Attenuates Post-Hypoxic Mitochondrial Damage and Cell Death in H9C2 Cardiomyocytes During Hyperglycemia. Cai, S; Deng, F; Li, H; Liu, X; Miao, HL; Wang, S; Xia, Z; Xie, GL; Xie, X; Yang, C; Zhang, L, 2017)	2.62
"Propofol has been widely used in lung cancer resections. "	( Propofol Inhibits Lung Cancer A549 Cell Growth and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Process by Upregulation of MicroRNA-1284. Liu, N; Liu, WZ, 2018)	3.37
"Propofol is has been widely used for sedation in the field of esthetic surgery because of its favorable pharmacokinetic profile. "	( Judicial Precedent-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines of Propofol in Sedative Esthetic Surgery. Hong, SE; Lee, DH; Woo, JH, 2018)	2.17
"Propofol has been proposed to protect cells or tissues against oxidative stress."	( Propofol induces nuclear localization of Nrf2 under conditions of oxidative stress in cardiac H9c2 cells. Isonishi, A; Kawaguchi, AT; Kawaguchi, M; Morita-Takemura, S; Oh-Hashi, K; Okuda, H; Shinjo, T; Tanaka, T; Tatsumi, K; Terada, Y; Wanaka, A, 2018)	2.64
"Propofol sedation has been applied during esophagogastroduodenoscopy procedures, but whether topical pharyngeal anesthesia should be administered at the same time has rarely been reported. "	( Topical pharyngeal anesthesia provides no additional benefit to propofol sedation for esophagogastroduodenoscopy: a randomized controlled double-blinded clinical trial. Li, A; Liu, Y; Sun, X; Xu, Y; Yang, T; Zhang, H; Zhang, X, 2018)	2.16
"Propofol has also been shown to reduce the development and severity of acute and chronic pain following surgery."	( Effect of Propofol on breast Cancer cell, the immune system, and patient outcome. Dilger, JP; Li, R; Lin, J; Liu, H, 2018)	1.6
"Propofol has been proven to be potentially abused by humans and laboratory animals; however, studies that have examined propofol relapse behavior are limited, and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. "	( Dopamine D Bao, S; Lian, Q; Lin, W; Su, Y; Wang, B; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wu, B, 2018)	1.92
"Propofol has been considered as a near-ideal anesthetic agent since its introduction 40 years ago. "	( The anti-apoptotic effect of nerve growth factor on propofol-induced neurotoxicity in hippocampal neurons is Rac1 dependent. Dong, Z; Huang, L; Kang, R; Li, X; Liu, X; Zhao, Z, 2018)	2.17
"Propofol has a faster onset and emergence from sedation."	( Dexmedetomidine versus propofol at different sedation depths during drug-induced sleep endoscopy: A randomized trial. Arora, S; Bansal, S; Gandhi, K; Jain, D; Padiyara, TV, 2020)	1.59
"Propofol has been frequently used as an anesthetic and sedative induction agent, which could modulate different γ‑aminobutyric acid receptors in the central nervous system."	( Propofol may increase caspase and MAPK pathways, and suppress the Akt pathway to induce apoptosis in MA‑10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Chang, MM; Chen, YC; Cheng, KS; Huang, BM; Kang, FC; So, EC; Wang, SC; Wong, KL, 2019)	2.68
"Propofol has been shown to affect expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)."	( MMP-9 and MMP-2 regulation in patients undergoing non-oncological and non-vascular elective surgery independent of the use of propofol or sevoflurane. Dąbrowski, W; Dudka, J; Grzycka-Kowalczyk, L; Guz, M; Jeleniewicz, W; Kiełbus, M; Kowalczyk, M; Okoń, E; Stepulak, A; Suseł, W, 2019)	1.44
"Propofol has previously been shown to have detrimental effects on the developing brain. "	( Propofol induces rat embryonic neural stem cell apoptosis by activating both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Gu, MN; Liu, KX; Liu, ZQ; Xiao, HP; Zou, WW, 2013)	3.28
"Propofol has been shown to reduce ED, but these studies have been methodologically limited."	( Emergence delirium in children: a randomized trial to compare total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil to inhalational sevoflurane anesthesia. Ansermino, JM; Chandler, JR; Groberman, MK; Mehta, D; Montgomery, CJ; Myers, D; Whyte, E, 2013)	1.33
"Propofol has been reported to have high stability in glass and relatively high stability up to 24 hours in polyvinyl chloride-based medical plastics. "	( Technical communication: stability of propofol in polystyrene-based tissue culture plates. Leong, J; Sall, JW, 2013)	2.1
"Propofol has been associated with morbidity and mortality, and in such cases the question often arises regarding the role propofol plays in these complications."	( Propofol-related infusion syndrome: role of propofol in medical complications of sedated critical care patients. Imam, TH, 2013)	2.55
"Propofol has been used for procedural sedation in Emergency Medicine since 1995."	( Procedural sedation with propofol for emergency DC cardioversion. Govier, M; Kaye, P, 2014)	1.43
"Propofol has been established as a reliable method for sedation in flexible bronchoscopy. "	( Propofol sedation for flexible bronchoscopy: a randomised, noninferiority trial. Grendelmeier, P; Pflimlin, E; Stolz, D; Tamm, M, 2014)	3.29
"Propofol has been reported to have an inhibitory effect on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in various experimental models by reducing oxidative stress, protecting mitochondrial function and suppressing apoptosis. "	( Effect and mechanism of propofol on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in type 2 diabetic rats. Deng, L; Ding, W; Gu, J; Li, D; Li, W; Lin, C; Sui, H; Yang, X; Yang, Y, 2013)	2.14
"Propofol has been shown to attenuate brain injury in experimental ischemia models, but few studies have focused on the direct effect of propofol on mitochondrial dysfunction. "	( The effects of propofol on mitochondrial dysfunction following focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Li, B; Li, J; Li, XT; Qi, SH; Yu, W, 2014)	2.2
"Propofol has been reported to have successfully relieved alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) symptoms in part because of activation of γ-aminobutyric acid channels in combination with antagonism of excitatory amino acids such as N-methyl-D-aspartate."	( Propofol for benzodiazepine-refractory alcohol withdrawal in a non-mechanically ventilated patient. Adams, BD; Hughes, DW; Lepori, L; Vanwert, E, 2014)	2.57
"Propofol has reduced healthcare costs in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery patients by decreasing post-operative duration of mechanical ventilation. "	( Clinical and economic impact of substituting dexmedetomidine for propofol due to a US drug shortage: examination of coronary artery bypass graft patients at an urban medical centre. Cavarocchi, N; Li, J; McDaniel, CM; Pizzi, LT; Thoma, BN; Wordell, CJ, 2014)	2.08
"Propofol has been shown to ameliorate neuronal injury in a number of experimental studies, but the precise mechanisms involved in its neuroprotective effects remain unclear."	( Propofol protects against focal cerebral ischemia via inhibition of microglia-mediated proinflammatory cytokines in a rat model of experimental stroke. Liu, F; Tan, Y; Tang, X; Wu, X; Yang, Z; Zhou, R, 2013)	2.55
"Propofol deep sedation has a faster recovery time than traditional sedative agents, but may be associated with increased complication rates."	( Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for advanced endoscopic procedures: a meta-analysis. Barnett, SR; Berzin, TM; Chuttani, R; Leffler, DA; Pleskow, DK; Sawhney, MS; Sethi, N; Sethi, S; Thaker, A; Wadhwa, V, 2014)	2.57
"Propofol has been shown to provide protection against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury experimentally, but clinical evidence is lacking. "	( Anesthetics influence the incidence of acute kidney injury following valvular heart surgery. Kwak, YL; Shim, JK; Song, Y; Yang, SY; Yoo, YC, 2014)	1.85
"Propofol has been shown to attenuate ischemic brain damage via inhibiting neuronal apoptosis."	( Propofol reduces inflammatory reaction and ischemic brain damage in cerebral ischemia in rats. Chen, JP; Chen, Y; Shi, SS; Tu, XK; Yang, WZ, 2014)	2.57
"Propofol has protective effects against IR-induced lung injury by improving activity of oxygen radical and restoring NO/ET-1 dynamic balance."	( The significance and mechanism of propofol on treatment of ischemia reperfusion induced lung injury in rats. Xu, X; Yang, N; Yang, P; Zhang, X, 2014)	1.4
"Propofol has been suggested to be superior to benzodiazepines when used as a sedative agent for endoscopic examination. "	( Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for endoscopic submucosal dissection. Kanai, T; Matsuzaki, J; Nishizawa, T; Suzuki, H; Yahagi, N, 2014)	3.29
"Propofol has a neuro-protective effect on hippocampal neuron injury induced by hypoxia."	( An in vitro study of the neuroprotective effect of propofol on hypoxic hippocampal slice. Ding, HZ; Jiang, S; Tang, QF; Zeng, YM; Zhang, DX, 2014)	2.1
"Propofol (PPF) has both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties."	( Anesthetic agent propofol inhibits myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent and independent signaling and mitigates lipopolysaccharide-mediated reactive oxygen species production in human neutrophils in vitro. Cao, Y; Fang, B; He, G; Liu, S; Lv, F; Lv, H; Ma, H; Ren, X; Wang, Y, 2014)	1.46
"Propofol has become widely utilized for sedation, although there are concerns about its margin of safety and synergistic interactions with other agents."	( Monitoring and delivery of sedation. Mathews, DM; Sheahan, CG, 2014)	1.12
"Propofol has been suggested as an alternative to amobarbital, and while there is some published data on this, there is no reported Australian experience to date."	( Propofol as a substitute for amobarbital in Wada testing. Bynevelt, M; Chiu, AH; Lawn, N; Lee, G; Singh, TP, 2015)	2.58
"Propofol has been shown to provide protection against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury experimentally, but clinical evidence is limited to patients undergoing cardiac surgery. "	( Renal Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Propofol or Midazolam. Leite, TT; Libório, AB; Macedo, E; Martins, Ida S; Neves, FM, 2015)	2.11
"Propofol has been suggested as a useful adjunct to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) because of its potential protective effect on the heart mediated by a decrease in ischemia-reperfusion injury and inflammation at clinically relevant concentrations. "	( Anti-inflammatory effects of propofol during cardiopulmonary bypass: a pilot study. Brown, M; Gandreti, N; Khan, A; Loomba, V; Madhere, M; Samir, A, )	1.87
"Propofol has gained notoriety in recent years because of its involvement in high-profile deaths and has increasingly become a drug of misuse and abuse particularly by health care personnel with easy access to it. "	( Postmortem Propofol Levels: A Case of Residual Detection Long After Administration. George, AA; Hargrove, VM; Molina, DK, 2016)	2.27
"Propofol has been proposed to play a role of antitumor in various cancers."	( Propofol promotes cell apoptosis via inhibiting HOTAIR mediated mTOR pathway in cervical cancer. Qian, JH; Wu, GQ; Ying, J; Zhang, D; Zhang, J; Zhou, XH; Zhou, YX, 2015)	2.58
"Propofol has a unique profile that makes it an attractive sedative agent in many clinical settings."	( Propofol Use in Israeli PICUs. Abu-Kishk, I; Berkovitch, M; Klin, B; Rosenfeld-Yehoshua, N, 2016)	2.6
"Propofol has been shown to exert cardioprotection, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. "	( Mitochondrial involvement in propofol-induced cardioprotection: An in vitro study in human myocardium. Allouche, S; Gérard, JL; Gress, S; Hanouz, JL; Lemoine, S; Zhu, L, 2016)	2.17
"Propofol sedation has been shown to be safe for atrial fibrillation ablation and internal cardioverter-defibrillator implantation but its use for catheter ablation (CA) of ventricular tachycardia (VT) has yet to be evaluated. "	( Propofol sedation administered by cardiologists for patients undergoing catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia. Höfeler, T; Hoffmann, BA; Lüker, J; Schäffer, B; Servatius, H; Steven, D; Sultan, A; Willems, S, 2016)	3.32
"Propofol sedation has a similar risk of cardiopulmonary adverse events compared with traditional agents for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. "	( Similar Risk of Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events Between Propofol and Traditional Anesthesia for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Garg, S; Issa, D; Lopez, R; Sanaka, MR; Vargo, JJ; Wadhwa, V, 2017)	2.15
"Propofol neurotoxicity has been demonstrated in several cell culture systems. "	( Propofol induces growth cone collapse and neurite retractions in chick explant culture[Le propofol provoque un collapsus des cônes de croissance et des rétractions des neurites de poussin embryonnaire en culture]. Al-Jahdari, WS; Goto, F; Nakano, T; Saito, S, 2006)	3.22
"Propofol has been shown to attenuate airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma patients. "	( Propofol inhibits T-helper cell type-2 differentiation by inducing apoptosis via activating gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor. Huang, B; Huang, Y; Li, H; Liu, Z; Meng, J; Xin, X; Zhao, J, 2016)	3.32
"Propofol has been found to play an important role in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury with the antioxidant effects. "	( Propofol protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury via miR-133a-5p regulating the expression of MAPK6. Hao, W; Lei, SQ; Meng, QT; Tie, ME; Xia, ZY; Zhao, ZH, 2017)	3.34
"Propofol has been reported to alter hepatic blood flow and to increase hepatic oxygen consumption. "	( Effect of propofol on hepatic blood flow and oxygen balance in rabbits. Luo, C; McCluskey, SA; Pang, Q; Zhu, T, 2008)	2.19
"Propofol has been shown to attenuate beta-adrenoreceptor-mediated signal transduction in cardiomyocytes. "	( Clinically relevant concentrations of olprinone reverse attenuating effect of propofol on isoproterenol-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation in cardiomyocytes. Hamada, H; Kawamoto, M; Kurokawa, H; Matsunaga, A; Tanaka, H; Yuge, O, 2008)	2.02
"Propofol has advantages as a sedative agent for endoscopic procedures including rapid onset, short half-life and rapid recovery time."	( Endoscopist-administered propofol: a retrospective safety study. Fowler, SA; Morse, AL; Morse, JW, 2008)	1.37
"Propofol has no effect on myocardial repolarization in healthy children at clinically relevant doses. "	( The effect of propofol concentration on dispersion of myocardial repolarization in children. Chau, A; Hume-Smith, HV; Lim, J; Sanatani, S; Whyte, SD, 2008)	2.15
"Propofol has different receptor mechanisms of action and a favorable short-term recovery profile, and it has been proposed that propofol is devoid of enduring effects on cognitive performance."	( Spatial memory is intact in aged rats after propofol anesthesia. Baxter, MG; Crosby, G; Culley, DJ; Lee, IH; Tanzi, RE; Xie, Z, 2008)	1.33
"Propofol has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties which may attenuate this response."	( Effects of propofol on pulmonary inflammatory response and dysfunction induced by cardiopulmonary bypass. An, K; Huang, W; Huang, X; Shu, H; Wang, C; Xu, K; Xu, M; Yang, L, 2008)	1.46
"Propofol has inhibited the hepatic NF-kappaB activation and the pro-inflammatory cytokine response during polymicrobial sepsis in rats."	( Effects of propofol on pro-inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor kappaB during polymicrobial sepsis in rats. Li, JG; Liang, H; Song, XM; Wang, CY; Wang, YL; Zhang, ZZ; Zhou, Q, 2009)	1.46
"Propofol has also anxiolytic properties, which may be related to several neuromediator systems."	( Propofol: a review of its non-anaesthetic effects. Katsargyris, A; Klonaris, C; Koudouna, E; Papadimitriou, L; Perrea, D; Vasileiou, I; Xanthos, T, 2009)	2.52
"Propofol maturation has been described with a mature clearance of 1.83 l x min(-1) x 70 kg(-1), a maturation half-time (TM(50)) of 44 weeks and a Hill coefficient of 4.9."	( Pediatric models for adult target-controlled infusion pumps. Anderson, BJ, 2010)	1.08
"Propofol has been the dominant agent used."	( Computer simulations of propofol infusions for total intravenous anaesthesia in dogs. Joubert, KE, 2009)	1.38
"Propofol has been used previously as an alternative agent in Wada testing with adequate results."	( Provocative test with propofol: experience in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations who underwent neuroendovascular procedures. Creagh, O; de León-Berra, R; Feliciano, CE; Hernández-Gaitán, MS; Rodríguez-Mercado, R; Torres, HM, 2010)	1.4
"Propofol has been used for over two decades and has many properties ideally suited for procedural sedation."	( Fospropofol disodium for sedation. Campion, ME; Gan, TJ, 2009)	1.7
"Propofol has been detected in human breath after being used as an intravenous anaesthetic, and this could provide a noninvasive method for monitoring propofol anaesthesia. "	( Investigation of propofol concentrations in human breath by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Gong, Y; He, Y; Li, E; Li, P; Wang, C; Wang, H; Xu, G, )	1.91
"Propofol has replaced Thiopental as the most common intravenous ipnotic."	( Rapid sequence intubation: a review of recent evidences. Di Filippo, A; Gonnelli, C, 2009)	1.07
"Propofol has been reported to protect vascular endothelial cells against oxidative stress and dysfunction, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. "	( Propofol protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and cell dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Chen, J; Gu, Y; Luo, J; Shao, Z; Tan, Z, 2010)	3.25
"Propofol has a unique pharmacologic profile, making it an ideal drug for use in plastic surgery nursing."	( Propofol: thriller or killer. McCarver, L; Spear, M, )	2.3
"Propofol has virtually replaced other agents for induction of anesthesia in the ambulatory setting because of its favorable recovery profile. "	( Psycho-mimetic manifestations following propofol in day care surgery--case reports. Bhakta, P; Mishra, P; Tawfic, QA, 2010)	2.07
"Propofol has alluring and addictive properties that lend itself to potential recreational abuse and dependence. "	( The abuse potential of propofol. Canning, P; Caravati, EM; Wilson, C, 2010)	2.11
"Propofol has been reformulated in different non-lipid presentations to reduce the incidence of adverse effects, but those changes can modify its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics."	( Anesthetic profile of a non-lipid propofol nanoemulsion. Bonfá, L; Debom, R; Rizzi, MD; Sudo, RT; Trachez, MM; Zapata-Sudo, G, )	1.13
"Propofol has been previously shown to be superior to etomidate during electrical cardioversion (EC) of atrial tachyarrhythmias. "	( Comparison of propofol and etomidate anaesthesia for elective electrical cardioversion. Gross, M; Knapik, P; Saucha, W; Siedy, J, 2010)	2.16
"Propofol has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects. "	( Propofol inhibited the delayed rectifier potassium current (I(k)) via activation of protein kinase C epsilon in rat parietal cortical neurons. Cui, XG; Gao, W; Li, WZ; Pan, ZW; Qu, LH; Song, CY; Wang, N; Xi, HJ; Yang, L; Yue, ZY; Zhou, J, 2011)	3.25
"Propofol has been used for many years but its functional target in the intact brain remains unclear. "	( The action sites of propofol in the normal human brain revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Chai, W; Ge, Y; Wang, W; Wu, S; Xu, L; Yu, D; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhao, Z, 2010)	2.13
"Propofol has been the preferred agent for treating RSE at our intensive care unit since 2001. "	( Propofol treatment in adult refractory status epilepticus. Mortality risk and outcome. Engelsen, BA; Flaatten, H; Gilhus, NE; Power, KN, 2011)	3.25
"Fospropofol Disodium has a protective effect on rat livers against ischemia-reperfusion injury, which is related with antioxidation."	( [Protective effect of fospropofol disodium on in vivo liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats]. Liu, Y; Luo, CZ, 2011)	1.29
"Propofol has shown antioxidant properties, but no study has focused on liver resection surgery. "	( Effect of an anesthesia with propofol compared with desflurane on free radical production and liver function after partial hepatectomy. Aguillon, D; Basquin, C; Bellissant, E; Boudjema, K; Compagnon, P; Laviolle, B; Mallédant, Y; Morel, I; Seguin, P; Turmel, V, 2012)	2.11
"Propofol has a very short half-life and can be administered continuously, which is advantageous for long-term sedation."	( Efficacy of propofol sedation for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD): assessment with prospective data collection. Fujita, N; Harada, Y; Hirasawa, D; Koike, Y; Maeda, Y; Noda, Y; Obana, T; Ohira, T; Sugawara, T; Suzuki, K; Suzuki, T; Yamagata, T, 2011)	1.47
"Propofol has yet not arrived on the local black markets."	( [Assessment of the addictive risk of propofol]. Bonnet, U, 2011)	1.36
"Propofol has been used to facilitate tracheal intubation within a short time of sevoflurane induction without a muscle relaxant in children. "	( Propofol 2 mg/kg is superior to propofol 1 mg/kg for tracheal intubation in children during sevoflurane induction. Abdallah, FW; Al Alami, AA; Aouad, MT; Kanazi, GE; Siddik-Sayyid, SM; Taha, SK, 2011)	3.25
"As propofol has discriminative-stimulus effects similar to known drugs of abuse, and occasions a high-mortality rate, its potential for continued abuse is of particular concern."	( Behavioral and toxicological effects of propofol. Forster, MJ; Gatch, MB, 2011)	1.15
"Propofol has shown abuse potential. "	( Differential involvement of GABAA and GABAB receptors in propofol self-administration in rats. Lai, MJ; Lian, QQ; Wang, BF; Yang, B; Yang, XW; Zhang, FQ; Zhou, WH, 2011)	2.06
"Propofol has the side effect of hypotension especially in the elderly and patients with hypertension. "	( Propofol increases the Ca2+ sensitivity of BKCa in the cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells of mice. Liu, XR; Tan, XQ; Tang, XL; Yang, Y; Zeng, XR, 2012)	3.26
"Propofol has been reported to improve high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction."	( Propofol protects against high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Chen, J; Tan, Z; Wang, J; Zhu, M, 2012)	2.54
"Propofol has beneficial effects on 30 mM glucose-induced NO reduction and O(2)(·-) accumulation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. "	( Propofol protects against high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Chen, J; Tan, Z; Wang, J; Zhu, M, 2012)	3.26
"Propofol has been used in the past for sedation in upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic procedures. "	( Incidence of propofol injection pain and effect of lidocaine pretreatment during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Cho, KB; Chung, WJ; Hwang, JS; Jang, BK; Kim, ES; Kim, TY; Kwon, JS; Lee, JE; Park, KS; Park, WY, 2012)	2.19
"Propofol has increasingly been used for sedation in the emergency department (ED) in recent years."	( Propofol for sedation can shorten the duration of ED stay in joint reductions. Chen, CC; Hsu, CY; Lee, YK; Lin, HY; Su, YC, 2012)	2.54
"Propofol has been demonstrated to improve hepatic perfusion in a rabbit model; however, the effects of propofol on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury are unknown. "	( Propofol attenuates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in an in vivo rabbit model. Luo, CZ; McCluskey, SA; Pang, QY; Ye, L; Zhu, T, 2012)	3.26
"Propofol has demonstrated protective effects against digestive injury. "	( Propofol participates in gastric mucosal protection through inhibiting the toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway. Fei, SJ; Liu, HX; Wu, KJ; Ye, HH; Zhang, JL; Zhang, XW; Zhang, YM, 2013)	3.28
"Fospropofol has a unique dosing regimen, with a standard dose for adults 18-65 years of age, and a modified dose (75% of the standard dose) for patients > 65 years of age and for sicker adult patients whose American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score is ≥ 3."	( Fospropofol, a new sedative anesthetic, and its utility in the perioperative period. Abdelmalak, B; Khanna, A; Tetzlaff, J, 2012)	1.51
"Fospropofol has demonstrated successful dose-dependent sedation at 6.5 mg/kg."	( A double-blind, randomized, multicenter, dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fospropofol disodium as an intravenous sedative for colonoscopy in high-risk populations. Bergese, SD; Candiotti, K; Cohen, L; Dalal, P; Gan, TJ; Lin, Z; Satlin, A; Vandse, R, )	0.86
"Propofol pretreatment has protective effect against Glu injured rat cerebrocortical slices."	( [The protective effect of propofol pretreatment on glutamate injury of neonatal rat brain slices]. Fu, JQ; Huang, DD; Wang, DF; Zhou, XF, 2012)	2.12
"Propofol has been found to depress the laryngeal reflexes. "	( Is there a role of a small dose of propofol in the treatment of laryngeal spasm? Afshan, G; Chohan, U; Kamal, RS; Qamar-Ul-Hoda, M, 2002)	2.03
"Propofol has no protective effect on active relaxation or on systolic function in the present model, but it reduces ischaemic and postischaemic chamber stiffness."	( Effects of propofol on the systolic and diastolic performance of the postischaemic, reperfused myocardium in rabbits. De Wolff, MH; Leather, HA; Wouters, PF, 2003)	2.15
"Propofol has recently been reported to be a safe sedative for endoscopy."	( Propofol--a safe and effective sedative for endoscopy. Khanna, S; Khare, S; Kumar, A; Tobin, R; Vij, J, )	3.02
"Propofol has been widely used in intravenous anesthesia."	( Propofol reduces nitric oxide biosynthesis in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages by downregulating the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Chen, RM; Chen, TL; Jean, WC; Lin, YL; Sun, WZ; Tai, YT; Wu, GJ, 2003)	2.48
"Propofol induction has little effect on adrenocortical function whereas etomidate induction inhibits adrenocortical function."	( [Effect of propofol and etomidate for anesthesia induction on plasma total cortisol concentration]. An, G; Huang, Y; Luo, A; Zhang, Y, 2000)	2.14
"Propofol has certain advantages over narcotics and benzodiazepines, but its use is often controlled by anesthesia specialists."	( Nurse-administered propofol sedation without anesthesia specialists in 9152 endoscopic cases in an ambulatory surgery center. Adesman, P; Donnelly, R; Haulk, AA; Jacobson, KN; McIntyre, RD; Parent, R; Rex, DK; Schleinitz, PF; Tolleson, S; Walker, JA, 2003)	1.37
"Propofol has a neuroprotective effect against hydrogen peroxide injury at low and middle concentrations. "	( [The influences of propofol on different kinds of brain injuries in rat brain slices]. Chen, HZ; Wang, ZJ; Xia, M; Xue, QS; Yu, BW, 2003)	2.09
"Propofol has vagolytic effects on the airway but does not worsen bradycardia produced by parasympathetic stimulation."	( Effects of propofol on bronchoconstriction and bradycardia induced by vagal nerve stimulation. Hashiba, E; Hirota, K; Matsuki, A; Suzuki, K, 2003)	2.15
"Propofol has a rapid and smooth onset of action and is as easy to titrate in children as in adults."	( [Total intravenous anesthesia. On the way to standard practice in pediatrics]. Giest, J; Strauss, JM, 2003)	1.04
"Propofol has less effect on the difference between the portal and systemic circulation."	( The effects of desflurane and propofol on portosystemic pressure in patients with portal hypertension. Durham, J; Everson, GT; Kumpe, D; Mandell, MS; Niemann, CU; Trotter, JF, 2003)	1.33
"Propofol has been shown to affect the mid-latency auditory evoked response (MLAER) in a dose-dependant manner. "	( Mid-latency auditory evoked response during propofol and alfentanil anaesthesia. Greenslade, GL; Prys-Roberts, C; Stapleton, CL; Tooley, MA, 2004)	2.03
"Propofol has protective effects on HIRI by reducing oxygen free radical level and inhibiting lipid peroxidation after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion in patients undergoing liver cancer surgery."	( [Protective effect of propofol on liver during ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients undergoing liver surgery]. Hu, ZY; Lin, LN; Wang, WT; Wu, JZ; Xie, KJ, 2004)	2.08
"Propofol has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in intrauterine I/R-induced fetal brain damage in rats."	( Maternal treatment with propofol attenuates lipid peroxidation after transient intrauterine ischemia in the neonatal rat brain. Beskonakli, E; Kaptanoglu, E; Kilinc, K; Okutan, O; Solaroglu, A; Solaroglu, I, 2004)	1.35
"Propofol has several attractive properties that render it a potential alternative sedative agent for endoscopy. "	( Review article: registered nurse-administered propofol sedation for endoscopy. Chen, SC; Rex, DK, 2004)	2.02
"Propofol has been shown to produce a predictable and easily attainable level of sedation in postcardiac, head-injured, general trauma patients. "	( Case report: requirement of supplemental morphine during sedation with propofol in a critically ill patient undergoing hemodiafiltration. Borrelli, LM; Gatta, G; Imperatore, F; Liguori, G; Marsilia, PF; Martino, A; Munciello, F; Occhiochiuso, L, 2003)	1.99
"Propofol 60 mg ml(-1) has been developed to reduce fat and volume load for the critically ill patient."	( Long-term sedation with propofol 60 mg ml(-1) vs. propofol 10 mg(-1) ml in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients. Aarts, LP; Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Naber, H, 2004)	1.35
"Propofol has been used to treat convulsions, while the drug is known to induce convulsions. "	( [Refractory generalized convulsions in a patient undergoing brain tumor resection during propofol anesthesia]. Fukushima, H; Ishiyama, T; Kumazawa, T; Masui, K; Matsukawa, T; Oguchi, T, 2004)	1.99
"Propofol has a greater amnesic effect than thiopental. "	( Thiopental and propofol affect different regions of the brain at similar pharmacologic effects. Hammer, NA; Holte, K; Kehlet, H; Lacouture, PG; Lillesø, J; Pedersen, JL; Werner, MU, 2004)	2.12
"Propofol has been reformulated in various presentations with and without preservatives."	( Recent advances in intravenous anaesthesia. Sneyd, JR, 2004)	1.04
"Propofol has a rapid onset of action with a dose-related hypnotic effect."	( Propofol: therapeutic indications and side-effects. Marik, PE, 2004)	2.49
"Propofol has antiinflammatory properties, decreasing production of proinflammatory cytokines, altering expression of nitric oxide, and inhibiting neutrophil function."	( Propofol: an immunomodulating agent. Marik, PE, 2005)	2.49
"Propofol has a more significant blunting effect on EEG responses to noxious stimulation compared with halothane."	( Halothane and propofol differentially affect electroencephalographic responses to noxious stimulation. Antognini, JF; Atherley, R; Barter, L; Carstens, E; Dominguez, C; Orth, M, 2005)	2.13
"Propofol-Lipuro has an oil phase that allows a larger proportion of propofol to be dissolved in it and, thereby, apparently reduces pain."	( A comparison of pain on intravenous injection between two preparations of propofol. Irwin, MG; Sun, NCH; Wong, AYC, 2005)	1.28
"Propofol has supplanted benzodiazepines in many centers as the drug of choice for procedural sedation."	( Propofol-induced seizure-like phenomena. Chuidian, FX; Hickey, KS; Martin, DF, 2005)	2.49
"Propofol has advantages as a sedative for endoscopic procedures. "	( Trained registered nurses/endoscopy teams can administer propofol safely for endoscopy. Heuss, LT; Qi, R; Rex, DK; Walker, JA, 2005)	2.02
"Propofol anesthesia has more thermogenic effect than isoflurane when combined with amino acid solutions. "	( [Effect of amino acid solution on intraoperative core temperature the influence of anesthetics]. Asahi, T; Higuchi, A; Horikawa, H; Kamitani, K; Nohara, A; Takagi, M; Tokutake, M; Yoshida, H, 2005)	1.77
"Propofol has several advantages over traditional sedating agents that would indicate its use in treatment-refractory situations."	( When nothing helps: propofol as sedative and antiemetic in palliative cancer care. Fürst, CJ; Lundström, S; Zachrisson, U, 2005)	1.37
"Propofol has a differential effect on hemodynamics and sedation when comparing patients after cardiac surgery and esophagectomy."	( Fentanyl-induced hemodynamic changes after esophagectomy or cardiac surgery. Goto, F; Hinohara, H; Kadoi, Y; Kunimoto, F; Saito, S, 2005)	1.77
"Propofol has found increasing popularity with anaesthetists for sedation in the operating theatre."	( A review of the use of propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department. Symington, L; Thakore, S, 2006)	1.37
"Propofol has antioxidant properties in vitro which might abrogate this inflammation."	( The influence of propofol on P-selectin expression and nitric oxide production in re-oxygenated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Corcoran, TB; Engel, A; O'Shea, A; Shorten, GD, 2006)	1.39
"Propofol has several attractive properties, including a rapid onset of action and rapid recovery. "	( Propofol sedation during endoscopic procedures: safe and effective administration by registered nurses supervised by endoscopists. Higashi, S; Kane, T; Morikawa, M; Sakumoto, H; Tohda, G; Wakahara, S, 2006)	3.22
"Propofol has been commonly used in critical ill patients for sedation."	( Propofol exerts protective effects on the acute lung injury induced by endotoxin in rats. Chen, HI; Chu, CH; David Liu, D; Hsu, YH; Lee, KC, 2007)	2.5
"Propofol has been shown to inhibit a variety of functions of neutrophils in vitro, but there is a lack of in vivo data. "	( Inhibition of the neutrophil oxidative response by propofol: preserved in vivo function despite in vitro inhibition. Fröhlich, D; Hoerauf, K; Rothe, G; Trabold, B; Wittmann, S, 2006)	2.03
"Propofol has been shown to protect against neuronal damage induced by brain ischaemia in small animal models. "	( A moderate dose of propofol and rapidly induced mild hypothermia with extracorporeal lung and heart assist (ECLHA) improve the neurological outcome after prolonged cardiac arrest in dogs. Ichinose, K; Okamoto, T; Sugita, M; Taguchi, H; Takeya, M; Tanimoto, H; Tashiro, M; Terasaki, H, 2006)	2.1
"Propofol has antioxidant properties which may attenuate the increased expression of these molecules that is observed."	( The influence of propofol on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in reoxygenated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Corcoran, TB; Engel, A; Shorten, GD, 2006)	1.39
"Propofol has antioxidant properties which may attenuate such a response."	( The effects of propofol on neutrophil function, lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response during elective coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with impaired ventricular function. Corcoran, TB; Engel, A; O'Callaghan-Enright, S; O'Shea, A; Sakamoto, H; Shorten, GD, 2006)	1.41
"Propofol neurotoxicity has been demonstrated in several cell culture systems. "	( Propofol induces growth cone collapse and neurite retractions in chick explant culture. Al-Jahdari, WS; Goto, F; Nakano, T; Saito, S, 2006)	3.22
"Propofol has been widely used in intravenous anesthesia. "	( Protective effects of propofol on lipopolysaccharide-activated endothelial cell barrier dysfunction. Chen, ZQ; Gao, J; Liu, D; Yao, SL; Zeng, BX; Zhao, WX; Zhou, LJ, 2006)	2.09
"Propofol has a high incidence of pain on injection, particularly when a vein on the back of hand is used. "	( Prevention of pain on injection of propofol: a comparison of remifentanil with alfentanil in children. Al-Mujadi, H; Al-Qattan, AR; Batra, YK; Marzouk, HM; Petrova Ivanova, M; Rahman Al-Refai, A, 2007)	2.06
"Propofol has no effect on the electrophysiological properties of the AV node conduction system. "	( Randomized study of propofol effect on electrophysiological properties of the atrioventricular node in patients with nodal reentrant tachycardia. Kalil, RA; Kruse, M; Lima, GG; Medeiros, CM; Migloransa, MH; Santos, AT; Warpechowski, P, 2006)	2.1
"Propofol has been shown to be an effective method for endoscopic sedation but there are few studies of low-dose propofol protocols for gastrointestinal endoscopy."	( A prospective safety study of a low-dose propofol sedation protocol for colonoscopy. Baluyut, A; Scheidler, M; Sipe, BW; Wright, B, 2007)	2.05
"Propofol has a considerably shorter duration of action than midazolam, thereby shortening the period of sedation."	( Propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department. Dunn, T; Gammon, A; Mossop, D; Newton, A, 2007)	2.5
"Propofol has several advantages for sedation in endoscopic procedures. "	( Propofol sedation in outpatient colonoscopy by trained practice nurses supervised by the gastroenterologist: a prospective evaluation of over 3000 cases. Sieg, A, 2007)	3.23
"Propofol has been shown to be safe for nonanesthetist use during GI endoscopy. "	( Propofol sedation during endoscopic procedures: how much staff and monitoring are necessary? Inauen, W; Külling, D; Orlandi, M, 2007)	3.23
"Propofol has the protective effect on the intestine following traumatic brain injury in rats."	( Effect of propofol on mucous permeability and inflammatory mediators expression in the intestine following traumatic brain injury in rats. Qian, Y; Shen, J; Sun, J; Wang, L; Wang, Z, 2007)	2.18
"Propofol has an acceptable safety profile for deep sedation when used in the context of a program with critical care physicians, specifically trained nurses, and anesthesiology oversight. "	( Propofol sedation: intensivists' experience with 7304 cases in a children's hospital. Finkelstein, M; Kurachek, S; Vespasiano, M, 2007)	3.23
"Propofol has been reported as a safe anaesthetic for malignant hyperthermia susceptible patients but has not been tested on cultured cells from patients with the ryanodine receptor type 1 mutation."	( Propofol-induced changes in myoplasmic calcium concentrations in cultured human skeletal muscles from RYR1 mutation carriers. Kawamoto, M; Kobayashi, M; Migita, T; Mukaida, K; Nishino, I; Yuget, O, 2007)	2.5
"Propofol has superior value compared with lorazepam when used for sedation among the critically ill who require mechanical ventilation when used in the setting of daily sedative interruption."	( Economic evaluation of propofol and lorazepam for critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Campbell-Bright, S; Carson, SS; Cox, CE; Govert, JA; Kress, JP; Reed, SD; Rodgers, JE, 2008)	2.1
"Propofol has been reported to provide protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. "	( The comparative abilities of propofol and sevoflurane to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney after aortic cross-clamping. Cascajo, C; García-Criado, FJ; González-Sarmiento, R; Lozano, FS; Muriel, C; Nicolás, JL; Rodríguez-López, JM; Sánchez-Conde, P, 2008)	2.08
"Propofol has been demonstrated to ameliorate cerebral ischemic injury and attenuate changes in multiple links of molecular reaction included in the paths to apoptosis. "	( Effect of propofol on pathologic time-course and apoptosis after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Chen, L; Jiang, H; Xue, Z, 2008)	2.19
"Propofol has gained popularity for its rapid onset and rapid recovery even after prolonged use, and for the neuroprotection conferred."	( Propofol infusion syndrome: an overview of a perplexing disease. Fodale, V; La Monaca, E, 2008)	2.51
"Propofol has been reported to have neuroprotective effects."	( The experimental and clinical pharmacology of propofol, an anesthetic agent with neuroprotective properties. Hara, H; Iwama, T; Kotani, Y; Shimazawa, M; Yoshimura, S, 2008)	1.33
"Propofol anaesthesia has not been associated with any hepatic consequences. "	( Disturbance of hepatocellular integrity associated with propofol anaesthesia in surgical patients. Lindgren, L; Rosenberg, PH; Tiainen, P, 1995)	1.98
"Propofol has been used to treat status epilepticus, but its use in patients with seizure disorders remains controversial, because of concerns that it produces paroxysmal motor phenomenon. "	( Propofol modulates the effects of chemoconvulsants acting at GABAergic, glycinergic, and glutamate receptor subtypes. Bansinath, M; Shukla, VK; Turndorf, H, 1995)	3.18
"Propofol has a number of properties that make it a potentially superior choice for sedation of intubated ICU patients."	( Propofol: a new drug for sedation in the intensive care unit. Barr, J, 1995)	2.46
"Propofol has been implicated as causing intraoperative bradyarrhythmias. "	( Propofol has no direct effect on sinoatrial node function or on normal atrioventricular and accessory pathway conduction in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome during alfentanil/midazolam anesthesia. Dobkowski, WB; Klein, G; Murkin, JM; Sharpe, MD; Yee, R, 1995)	3.18
"Propofol has no clinically significant effect on the electrophysiologic expression of the accessory pathway and the refractoriness of the normal AV conduction system. "	( Propofol has no direct effect on sinoatrial node function or on normal atrioventricular and accessory pathway conduction in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome during alfentanil/midazolam anesthesia. Dobkowski, WB; Klein, G; Murkin, JM; Sharpe, MD; Yee, R, 1995)	3.18
"Propofol has been reported to cause discolouration of urine and hair. "	( Long-term sedation with propofol and green discolouration of the liver. Bach, A; Böhrer, H; Böttiger, BW; Motsch, J; Schmidt, H, 1994)	2.04
"As propofol has some amnesic properties, any instructions given to the patient postoperatively should be in writing."	( [Recovery after anesthesia with Diprivan]. Nguyen, HN, 1994)	0.8
"Propofol has no significant direct effect on intrinsic myocardial contractility and the decrease in cardiac output is related to anaesthesia on the one hand and to changes in ventricular load and the activity of the cardiac autonomic nervous system on the other hand."	( [Cardiovascular effects of Diprivan]. Riou, B, 1994)	1.01
"Propofol has been granted a marketing licence with the following precautions: "The use of this product is restricted to anaesthetists working in private or public hospitals fully equipped with the respiratory and resuscitation equipment required for any procedure under general anaesthesia"."	( [Use of Diprivan in ambulatory plastic surgery]. Barberousse, JP, 1994)	1.01
"Propofol has two contrasting actions."	( Propofol--contrasting effects in movement disorders. Anderson, BJ; Futter, ME; Marks, PV, 1994)	2.45
"Propofol has different and more favourable influences on the post-operative mood state than does methohexitone."	( Propofol and methohexitone anaesthesia: effects on the profile of mood state. Camu, F; D'Haenen, HA; D'Haese, J; Dekeyzer, PJ, 1994)	2.45
"Propofol has been used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia during pregnancy although this is not an indication approved by Zeneca Pharmaceuticals. "	( Propofol during pregnancy. Gin, T, 1994)	3.17
"As propofol has been reported to have effects similar to those of thiopentone on cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure and cerebral metabolic rate, we postulated that it might also have a protective effect on focal cerebral ischemia. "	( Propofol does not reduce infarct volume in rats undergoing permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Chang, CL; Cheng, JT; Huang, SJ; Lai, YY; Tsai, YC, 1994)	2.35
"Propofol has been shown recently to alter cellular communication mediated by gap junctions between astrocytes (a glial cell subpopulation involved in major brain functions). "	( Differential effects of propofol and ketamine on cytosolic calcium concentrations of astrocytes in primary culture. Cordier, J; Delumeau, JC; Mantz, J; Petitet, F, 1994)	2.04
"Propofol has a greater mitigating effect on the hyperdynamic response to intubation in healthy patients. "	( [Evaluation of the hemodynamic and endocrino-metabolic response to tracheal intubation in patients anesthetized with thiopental or propofol]. Almazán, A; García-Sánchez, MJ; Perán, F; Polo-Garvín, A, )	1.78
"Propofol has been used for the maintenance of anesthesia. "	( Effect of propofol infusion on splanchnic hemodynamics and liver oxygen consumption in the rat. A dose-response study. Carmichael, FJ; Crawford, MW; Khayyam, N; Saldivia, V, 1993)	2.13
"Propofol has previously been found to decrease hematocrit values. "	( The effects of propofol compared to high-dose fentanyl anesthesia on rheologic parameters in coronary artery surgery. Biervliet, JD; Gelb, AW; Hardeman, MR; Henny, CP; Kedaria, M; Mokken, FC; van Wezel, HB, 1993)	2.08
"Propofol has psychoactive effects that could be construed as pleasant, although little abuse liability testing has been done on this agent in humans."	( Assessing the behavioral effects and abuse potential of propofol bolus injections in healthy volunteers. Apfelbaum, JL; Binstock, WB; Coalson, DW; Cutter, T; Flemming, DC; Lichtor, JL; Uitvlugt, AM; Zacny, JP; Zaragoza, JG, 1993)	1.25
"Propofol has also been investigated as a sedative accompanying regional or local anaesthesia for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and in other clinical settings (ophthalmic surgery, cardioversion and electroconvulsive therapy)."	( Propofol. An update of its use in anaesthesia and conscious sedation. Bryson, HM; Faulds, D; Fulton, BR, 1995)	2.46
"Propofol has free radical scavenging properties similar to those of recognized phenol-based antioxidants. "	( Effect of propofol and thiopentone on free radical mediated oxidative stress of the erythrocyte. Columb, MO; Davies, MJ; Murphy, PG; Stratford, N, 1996)	2.14
"Propofol has been reported to minimize this response in healthy patients and in asthma patients, but may be unsuitable for hemodynamically unstable patients for whom etomidate may be preferable."	( Comparison of the effects of etomidate, propofol, and thiopental on respiratory resistance after tracheal intubation. Bishop, MJ; Eames, WO; Rooke, GA; Wu, RS, 1996)	1.28
"Propofol has been shown to cause pain on injection. "	( The effect of temperature upon pain during injection of propofol. Davidson, JA; Fletcher, GC; Gillespie, JA, 1996)	1.98
"Propofol has been reported to have antioxidant properties and to inhibit lipid peroxidation. "	( Effect of propofol on in vitro lipid peroxidation induced by different free radical generating systems: a comparison with vitamin E. Albert, A; Deby, C; Deby-Dupont, G; Hans, P; Lamy, M; Vrijens, B, 1996)	2.14
"Propofol has been shown recently to possess antiemetic properties in several situations."	( Antiemetic effect of subhypnotic doses of propofol after thyroidectomy. Andry, G; Dejonckheere, M; Ewalenko, P; Janny, S; Wyns, C, 1996)	1.28
"Propofol has a direct and negative effect on basal myocyte contractile processes in the setting of CHF, which is more pronounced than that on healthy myocytes at reduced propofol concentrations."	( Negative and selective effects of propofol on isolated swine myocyte contractile function in pacing-induced congestive heart failure. Clair, MJ; Dorman, BH; Hebbar, L; Roy, RC; Spinale, FG, 1997)	2.02
"Propofol has the disadvantage of pain on injection. "	( Effect of lignocaine and pH on propofol-induced pain. Englesson, S; Eriksson, M; Hartvig, P; Niklasson, F, 1997)	2.03
"Propofol has a favourable pharmacokinetic profile for total intravenous anaesthesia and several manual infusion schemes have been proposed to maintain a constant blood concentration during anaesthesia. "	( Target-controlled anaesthesia: concepts and first clinical experiences. Kenny, GN, 1997)	1.74
"Propofol use has been associated with significantly shorter times to extubation of cardiac-surgery patients compared with the use of other agents."	( Pharmacoeconomics of propofol in anesthesia. Tagliente, TM, 1997)	1.34
"Both propofol and midazolam have been known to have a depressive effect on the central nervous system via GABA-A receptor-mediated inhibition, although the exact receptor for propofol is unknown."	( [The effects of premedication on induction doses of propofol and hemodynamic responses during induction]. Ishizuka, I; Kakoi, H; Kawasaki, J; Kawazoe, T; Kodaka, M; Miyao, H; Okamoto, Y, 1997)	1
"Propofol has been reported to reduce emesis. "	( [Postoperative nausea and vomiting after gynecologic abdominal surgery--a comparison of propofol versus inhalational technique]. Chigusa, S; Ikegaki, J; Kaetsu, H; Kimura, Y; Obara, H, 1997)	1.96
"Propofol has brisk onset and offset of effect after rapid administration and retains rapid offset characteristics after long-term administration."	( Emulsion formulation reduces propofol's dose requirements and enhances safety. Dutta, S; Ebling, WF, 1997)	1.31
"propofol (10 mg) have been used to treat pruritus caused by neuraxial opioids."	( Subhypnotic doses of propofol do not relieve pruritus induced by intrathecal morphine after cesarean section. Beilin, Y; Bernstein, HH; Zahn, J; Zenzen, WJ; Zucker-Pinchoff, B, 1998)	1.34
"Propofol has proven to be a reliable anaesthetic that can be used for both induction and maintenance purposes in most common surgical procedures, either in standard anaesthetic practice or as part of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)."	( [Adverse effects and recovery after total intravenous anesthesia in children]. Cvejanov, M; Drasković, B, )	1.57
"Propofol has a similar effect on human erythrocytes in vitro (R2 = 0.98)."	( Propofol enhances red cell antioxidant capacity in swine and humans. Ansley, DM; Garnett, ME; Godin, DV; Lee, J; Qayumi, AK, 1998)	2.46
"Propofol has not been shown to significantly affect the release of insulin and glucose regulation."	( [Propofol anesthesia for a patient with insulinoma]. Amaki, Y; Fujiwara, C; Kamide, M; Onozawa, H; Sato, Y; Tanifuji, Y, 1998)	1.93
"Propofol has been reported to impair the production of reactive oxygen species from neutrophils."	( Propofol inhibits human neutrophil functions. Akamatsu, H; Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Niwa, Y; Obara, H; Shiga, M, 1998)	2.46
"Propofol has the advantage of inducing rapid, coordinated anesthesia recovery."	( Cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of propofol and thiopental in dogs. Quandt, JE; Raffe, MR; Rivers, WJ; Robinson, EP, 1998)	1.28
"Propofol has been associated with a variety of neuroexcitatory adverse events such as opisthotonos, muscle rigidity, and choreoathetoid movements."	( Role of propofol in refractory status epilepticus. Brown, LA; Levin, GM, 1998)	1.46
"Propofol has shown promising results in the management of refractory status epilepticus when traditional therapies have failed or were not tolerated; however, controlled clinical trials are needed to better assess the comparative efficacy, neurologic adverse effects, and clinical outcome to better define its role in refractory status epilepticus."	( Role of propofol in refractory status epilepticus. Brown, LA; Levin, GM, 1998)	2.18
"Propofol has been associated with severe adverse reactions in children receiving intensive care. "	( Lactic acidemia and bradyarrhythmia in a child sedated with propofol. Cox, PN; Cray, SH; Robinson, BH, 1998)	1.99
"Propofol, per se, has at the concentration of 55.6 micrograms.ml-1 an in vitro accelerative effect on blood fibrinolysis detected by TEG."	( In vitro effects of propofol on blood coagulability and fibrinolysis by the use of thromboelastograph technique. Kohro, S; Namiki, A; Omote, T; Yamakage, M, 1999)	2.07
"Propofol and ketamine have been purported to decrease bronchoconstriction during induction of anesthesia and intubation. "	( Mechanisms of bronchoprotection by anesthetic induction agents: propofol versus ketamine. Brown, RH; Wagner, EM, 1999)	1.98
"Propofol has significant vasodilator activity in the pulmonary vascular bed of the rat but responses to propofol are not mediated or modulated by the release of nitric oxide, opening of K + ATP channels, or the release of vasodilator cyclooxygenase products."	( Responses to propofol in the pulmonary vascular bed of the rat. Anwar, M; Banister, R; Banister, RE; Feng, C; Feng, CJ; Kadowitz, P; Kadowitz, PJ; Kaye, A; Kaye, AD; Nossaman, B; Nossaman, BD; Turner, K, 1999)	2.12
"Propofol has several therapeutic advantages that make it an excellent choice for use in all phases of general anesthesia and conscious sedation."	( Propofol anesthesia for outpatient oral and maxillofacial surgery. Cillo, JE, 1999)	2.47
"Propofol has several properties beneficial to intracranial operation such as reduction in cerebral metabolic rate and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in a dose-dependent manner while leaving autoregulation intact. "	( The dose effect of propofol on cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide in rabbits. Chang, PJ; Chen, TY; Kang, FC; Sung, YH; Tsai, YC; Wang, LK, 1999)	2.07
"Propofol has no effect on the normal atrioventricular conduction system in humans but it reduces sympathetic activity and can highly potentiate other vagal stimulation factors."	( Heart block following propofol in a child. Deenen, D; Govaerts, MJ; Sochala, C; Ville, A, 1999)	1.34
"Propofol has been shown to produce relaxation of preconstricted airway smooth muscle. "	( Mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of propofol on the contraction of canine airway smooth muscle. Chien, CS; Chiu, CT; Lin, CC; Pan, SL; Shyr, MH; Tan, PP; Wang, CC; Yang, CM, 1999)	2
"Propofol has been suggested to produce airway relaxant effects in vivo, although the mechanism is unclear. "	( Relaxant effect of propofol on the airway in dogs. Hashiba, E; Hashimoto, Y; Hirota, K; Ishihara, H; Kudo, T; Matsuki, A; Sato, T, 1999)	2.07
"Propofol has been proposed as a sedative agent during awake craniotomies. "	( The effect of propofol on intraoperative electrocorticography and cortical stimulation during awake craniotomies in children. Black, PM; Eldredge, EA; Kull, L; Madsen, JR; Riviello, JJ; Rockoff, MA; Soriano, SG; Wang, FK, 2000)	2.11
"Propofol has been advocated for sedation in intensive care because of superior recovery characteristics. "	( The effect of sedation on weaning following coronary artery bypass grafting: propofol versus oxycodone-thiopental. Leino, K; Nunes, S; Pikänen, O; Takala, J; Valta, P; Vanakoski, J, 2000)	1.98
"Propofol has no significant effect on the population excitatory postsynaptic potentials or population spike evoked by a single MPP stimulus pulse. "	( Effects of propofol on hippocampal synaptic transmission in behaving rats. Herrick, IA; Leung, LS; Obasi, C; Tanner, KM, 2000)	2.14
"Propofol sedation has been used successfully in various outpatient minor procedures in children. "	( Propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures in children. Blankenship, P; Elitsur, Y; Lawrence, Z, 2000)	3.19
"Propofol has been reported to produce a dose-dependent inhibition of phagocytosis and superoxide anion production during the respiratory burst (RB) of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) in vitro. "	( Anaesthesia with propofol decreases FMLP-induced neutrophil respiratory burst but not phagocytosis compared with isoflurane. Heine, J; Jaeger, K; Leuwer, M; Münte, S; Osthaus, A; Piepenbrock, S; Weingaertner, N, 2000)	2.09
"Propofol has an antiemetic effect that may be mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) influences on the serotonin system, the mechanism of which is not known. "	( The effects of propofol in the area postrema of rats. Cechetto, DF; Diab, T; Gelb, AW; Gibson, CJ, 2001)	2.11
"Propofol has been found to affect the intracellular calcium concentration with clinical manifestations of hypotension and bradycardia. "	( Study of propofol in bovine aortic endothelium: I. Inhibitory effect on bradykinin-induced intracellular calcium immobilization. Chang, HC; Chen, RM; Chen, TG; Chen, TL; Tai, YT; Wu, CC; Wu, GJ, 2000)	2.17
"Propofol has been suggested to have in vivo airway relaxant effects, although the mechanism is still unclear. "	( Comparison of relaxant effects of propofol on methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in dogs with and without vagotomy. Hashiba, E; Hirota, K; Kabara, S; Kudo, T; Matsuki, A; Sato, T; Yoshioka, H, 2001)	2.03
"Propofol has been reported to affect blood coagulation. "	( Comparison of coagulation and blood loss during anaesthesia with inhaled isoflurane or intravenous propofol. Irwin, MG; Law, NL; Man, JS; Ng, KF, 2001)	1.97
"Propofol has a depressant effect on metabolic ventilatory control, causing depression of the ventilatory response to acute isocapnic hypoxia, a response mediated via the peripheral chemoreflex loop. "	( Respiratory sites of action of propofol: absence of depression of peripheral chemoreflex loop by low-dose propofol. Dahan, A; Kruyt, E; Nieuwenhuijs, D; Olievier, I; Sarton, E; Teppema, LJ; van Kleef, J, 2001)	2.04
"Propofol has many of the qualities of an ideal sedative agent."	( Use of propofol and other nonbenzodiazepine sedatives in the intensive care unit. Angelini, G; Coursin, DB; Ketzler, JT, 2001)	1.49
"Propofol has been adequate in hemodynamically stable patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac catheterization."	( Propofol does not modify the hemodynamic status of children with intracardiac shunts undergoing cardiac catheterization. Gozal, D; Gozal, Y; Nir, A; Rein, AJ, )	2.3
"Propofol anesthesia has more thermogenic effect than isoflurane when combined with amino acid solutions."	( Effect of amino acid solutions on intraoperative hypothermia and postoperative shivering. Comparison of two anesthetic regimens. Aypar, U; Sahin, A, 2002)	1.04
"Propofol has been widely used in general anesthesia. "	( Two propofol formulations are equivalent in small children aged 1 month to 3 years. Eggenreich, U; Gschanes, A; Gutmann, A; List, WF; Pessenbacher, K; Rehak, P, 2002)	2.32
"Propofol has cerebral vascular and metabolic effects similar to those of barbiturates, and it is used to maintain neurosurgical anesthesia because it reduces cerebral metabolic rate, cerebral blood flow, and intracranial pressure. "	( Neuroprotective effects of propofol following global cerebral ischemia in rats. Akdemir, G; Ergün, R; Ergüngör, F; Sen, S; Taşçi, A, 2002)	2.05
"Propofol has not been studied directly in animals subject to cerebral ischemia in the conscious state. "	( Propofol anesthesia compared to awake reduces infarct size in rats. Bayona, NA; Cechetto, DF; Gelb, AW; Wilson, JX, 2002)	3.2
"Propofol has been known to suppress glucose metabolism in the brain and possess neuroprotective properties in cerebral ischaemia."	( Effects of propofol on lactate accumulation and oedema formation in focal cerebral ischaemia in hyperglycaemic rats. Arai, T; Fukuda, K; Inubushi, T; Ishii, H; Morikawa, S; Segawa, H, 2002)	1.43
"Propofol has certain advantages over benzodiazepines plus narcotics as sedation for endoscopy. "	( Safety of propofol administered by registered nurses with gastroenterologist supervision in 2000 endoscopic cases. Coates, M; Goodwine, BW; Helper, D; Kinser, K; Lee, A; Lemler, S; Overley, C; Rahmani, E; Rex, DK; Sipe, B; Strahl, E, 2002)	2.16
"Propofol has been used in anesthesia for trigeminal nerve thermocoagulation. "	( [Anesthesia for thermocoagulation of the trigeminal nerve. Use of propofol]. Alibert, F; Benichou, R; Bernstein, D; Normand, G; Roux, P, 1992)	1.96
"Propofol has a high incidence of pain with injection, particularly into small veins. "	( Lidocaine for the prevention of pain due to injection of propofol. Davis, FM; King, SY; Murchison, DJ; Pryor, PJ; Wells, JE, 1992)	1.97
"Propofol has its place in paediatric anaesthesia and in addition sedation in intensive care unit is an new unexplored field."	( [Propofol in pediatric anesthesia]. Saint-Maurice, C, 1991)	1.91
"Propofol has been used experimentally in neuroanaesthesia for 4 years, and is now ready to be used on a routine basis in neuroanaesthesia."	( [Clinical use of propofol in neuroanesthesia]. Chiolero, R; Ravussin, P; Revelly, JP, 1991)	1.34
"Propofol has been used as IV induction (2 mg/kg) and maintenance agent (150 micrograms/kg/min and 100 micrograms/kg/min after 30 min), combined with N2O/O2 in 16 premedicated (atropine 0.5 mg, Thalamonal 2 ml IM) and mechanically ventilated patients, having ear surgery or arthroscopy. "	( EEG and SEMG monitoring during induction and maintenance of anesthesia with propofol. Bogaert, M; Herregods, L; Mergaert, C; Mortier, E; Rolly, G, 1989)	1.95
"Propofol has proved to be a useful induction agent regardless of the age of patients, but in the elderly there appears to exist a marked sensitivity to it."	( Propofol, the newest induction agent of anesthesia. Kanto, JH, 1988)	2.44
"Propofol has been shown in clinical studies to be a safe, effective, hypnotic, and amnesic anesthetic agent at induction doses of 2-2.5 mg/kg and maintenance doses of approximately 9mg/kg per hour. "	( Propofol as an intravenous agent in general anesthesia and conscious sedation. Mainous, EG; McNeir, DA; Trieger, N, )	3.02
"4. Propofol has a volume of distribution equivalent to about 3 to 4 times body weight, and a mean total body clearance of 2.2 1/min."	( Disposition in male volunteers of a subanaesthetic intravenous dose of an oil in water emulsion of 14C-propofol. Cockshott, ID; Douglas, EJ; Gordon, EA; Hopkins, K; Rowland, M; Simons, PJ, 1988)	1
"Propofol has properties that are of particular benefit in anaesthesia for ambulatory surgery."	( Comparison of propofol and thiamylal for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia for outpatient surgery. Cohen, M; Kaplan, JA; Plosker, H; Sampson, IH, 1988)	1.36
"Propofol has been shown to be an acceptable induction agent, although with an incidence of pain on injection which is much higher when small veins are used."	( Some studies on the properties of the intravenous anaesthetic, propofol ('Diprivan')--a review. Grounds, RM; Lumley, J; Morgan, M, 1985)	1.23
"Propofol has been used to induce and, by continuous infusion, maintain, surgical anaesthesia in 18 patients undergoing day case gynaecological surgery. "	( Propofol ('Diprivan') infusion as main agent for day case surgery. Boheimer, N; McLeod, B, 1985)	3.15

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Propofol did not produce direct effects on the electrophysiological or electrocardiographical variables at any infusion rates. Propofol may cause profound bradycardia and asystole, which are mediated indirectly via cardiac innervation but could involve direct effect on the sino-atrial (SA) node.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Propofol, diazepam or lower dose midazolam did not show any enhancing or suppressive effects on in vitro angiogenesis."	( Clinically relevant concentration of propofol and benzodiazepines did not affect in vitro angiogenesis. Kawahito, S; Kitahata, H; Kudo, Y; Takaishi, K, 2021)	1.62
"Propofol can inhibit the activity of SHH and PI3K/AKT pathways by targeting downregulating BRD4 through miR-141-3p, thereby inhibiting the phenotype of TPC-1 cells."	( Propofol Inhibits Thyroid Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion by Suppressing SHH and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathways via the miR-141-3p/BRD4 Axis. Han, X; Ma, Y; Tan, M; Zhang, H; Zhang, J, 2021)	3.51
"The propofol dose used to allow orotracheal intubation was significantly lower in all groups compared to TC (P < .05)."	( Comparison of Coinduction Adjuvants to Propofol in Healthy Cats Sedated With Dexmedetomidine. Bonatto, N; Costa, IM; Floriano, BP; Julião, GH; Moreira, TF; Zamboni, V; Zavataro, AL, )	0.88
"Propofol may cause an increase in reactive oxygen species in the body. "	( The effects of thiamine pyrophosphate on propofol-induced oxidative liver injury and effect on dysfunction. Acun Delen, L; Gürsu, C; Korkmaz Dişli, Z; Kuyrukluyildiz, U; Kuzucu, M; Süleyman, B; Suleyman, H; Taş, HG; Yazici, GN, 2022)	2.43
"Propofol could further activate the pathway, which reduced intestinal injury, inhibited apoptosis, reversed inflammation and oxidative stress, and improved the 24-hour survival rate in II/R rats in vivo, and attenuated H/R-induced IEC-6 cell injury, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in vitro, as fine as changes in AICAR treatment."	( The role of AMPK-Sirt1-autophagy pathway in the intestinal protection process by propofol against regional ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Chen, Y; Feng, JG; Jia, J; Liu, X; Tan, YF; Wang, MH; Yang, B; Yang, CJ; Zhou, J, 2022)	1.67
"Propofol plays an effect of on liver I/R injury by regulating Cyp2b10/ Cyp3a25 pathway."	( Protection of propofol on liver ischemia reperfusion injury by regulating Cyp2b10/ Cyp3a25 pathway. Sun, C; Wu, J; Xu, Y; Yu, C; Zeng, X, 2022)	1.8
"Propofol could inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induce apoptosis via suppression on SHH to inactivate the SHH pathway. "	( Propofol Inhibits Biological Function of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells through LINC00475-Mediated Sonic Hedgehog Pathway. Lai, S; Liu, Y; Wang, W; Wu, J; Wu, T; Yang, L; Zhou, F, 2023)	3.8
"Propofol can inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of cardia cancer cells, and the action mechanism may be correlated with the inhibition on the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway."	( Effects of propofol on proliferation and apoptosis of cardia cancer cells via MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Liu, HL; Liu, Y; Qi, B; Su, Z, 2020)	2.39
"Propofol plays a crucial role for causing conscious loss by affecting GABA-A receptor in NB."	( Propofol Causes Consciousness Loss by Affecting GABA-A Receptor in the Nucleus Basalis of Rats. Jiao, Y; Li, K; Li, Z; Xing, Y, 2020)	2.72
"Propofol can inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of human colon cancer cells by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway."	( Effects of propofol on invasion and migration of colon cancer cells and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Dong, T; Liang, B, 2020)	2.39
"Propofol can cause considerable developmental neurotoxicity and has known activity on the heart."	( Developmental and cardiac toxicities of propofol in zebrafish larvae. Chen, L; Liu, J; Luo, X; Xie, H; Zhang, Y, 2020)	1.55
"Propofol could inhibit Bcl‑2 and MMP9 expression, and increase P21 expression in GC cells."	( Propofol suppresses gastric cancer tumorigenesis by modulating the circular RNA‑PVT1/miR‑195‑5p/E26 oncogene homolog 1 axis. Li, Z; Sui, H; Yang, J; Zhu, C, 2020)	2.72
"Propofol can inhibit microglial activity, including phagocytosis."	( Propofol suppresses microglial phagocytosis through the downregulation of MFG-E8. Cai, X; Hu, R; Li, Y; Wang, Z; Xiao, L; Zheng, X, 2021)	2.79
"Propofol plays a vital role in preventing myocardial cell apoptosis and improvement of cardiac function by suppressing miR-494 in a hepatic I/R injury rat model."	( Effects of propofol on cardiac function and miR-494 expression in rats with hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Lv, J; Ou, W; Sun, C; Yu, C; Zou, X, 2021)	2.45
"Propofol (PPF) plays a protective role in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in multiple organs, including renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI). "	( Propofol attenuates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating the MALAT1/miR-126-5p axis. Hu, Y; Li, A; Li, X; Zhang, Z, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol can increase the activity and content of transforming growth factor-β1 by 12% and 20%, respectively, and then inhibit the proliferation rate of liver cancer cells by 10% through the Smad2 signaling pathway, and exponentially increase the apoptotic number of liver cancer cells."	( The effect of propofol on the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through TGF-Β1/Smad2 signaling pathway. Li, Z; Liu, H; Tan, H; Zhang, Y, 2021)	1.7
"Propofol can cause developing neuronal apoptosis in both in vivo and in vitro studies, and the mechanism is unclear till now. "	( TNF-α Mediates the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathway in Propofol-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis Via PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in Rat Prefrontal Cortical Neurons. Chen, B; Deng, X; Liu, H; Wang, B; Zhang, J, 2017)	2.15
"Propofol is known to increase GABAA inhibition and decrease H-current strength, but how it generates these rhythms and their interactions is still unknown."	( Thalamocortical control of propofol phase-amplitude coupling. Brown, EN; Kopell, N; Lee, S; McCarthy, MM; Purdon, PL; Sherfey, J; Soplata, AE, 2017)	1.47
"Propofol could activate YAP through dephosphorylation."	( Propofol Protects Hippocampal Neurons from Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury by Decreasing Calcineurin-Induced Calcium Overload and Activating YAP Signaling. Cai, H; Li, X; Liang, Q; Qu, H; Yao, L, 2018)	2.64
"Propofol may increase synapsin I and PSD95 expression by inhibiting oxidative stress and stimulating calcium signaling pathway."	( Angiotensin II-mediated suppression of synaptic proteins in mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cell was inhibited by propofol: role of calcium signaling pathway. Chen, J; Chen, W; Ding, X; Ju, X; Lu, Y; Miao, C; Wang, J, 2018)	1.41
"Propofol can cause degeneration of developing brain cells and subsequent long-term learning or memory impairment. "	( Propofol Regulates Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation via Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II/AMPK/ATF5 Signaling Axis. Cang, J; Du, F; Liang, C; Wang, J; Xue, Z, 2019)	3.4
"Propofol does not increase complications even in a collective with pre-existing impairment of LVEF."	( Minimal and deep sedation during ablation of ventricular tachycardia. Attanasio, P; Blaschke, F; Boldt, LH; Haverkamp, W; Huemer, M; Loehr, L; Mueller, A; Parwani, AS; Storm, C; Wutzler, A, 2014)	1.12
"Propofol caused an increase in GluA1 phosphorylation in the hippocampus but not in the prefrontal cortex."	( Propofol selectively alters GluA1 AMPA receptor phosphorylation in the hippocampus but not prefrontal cortex in young and aged mice. Fibuch, EE; Hastings, JM; Mao, LM; Wang, JQ, 2014)	2.57
"Propofol prevented IOP increase after induction compared with other drugs. "	( Effects of propofol, etomidate, and thiopental on intraocular pressure and hemodynamic responses in phacoemulsification by insertion of laryngeal mask airway. Abrishami, M; Alipour, M; Derakhshan, A; Ghanbarabadi, VG; Pourmazar, R, 2014)	2.23
"Propofol can increase the PKC-mediated availability of nitric oxide but inhibit the novel PKC-regulated Ca-sensitization, which provides a novel explanation for the mechanism of propofol-induced vasodilation."	( Protein Kinase C Isoforms Distinctly Regulate Propofol-induced Endothelium-dependent and Endothelium-independent Vasodilation. Cui, D; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Wu, B; Zhou, H; Zhou, Q, 2015)	1.4
"Propofol could inhibit microglial activation and alleviate neuronal damage."	( Inhibition of microglial activation contributes to propofol-induced protection against post-cardiac arrest brain injury in rats. Feng, DY; Liang, LR; Liu, B; Lu, R; Wang, W; Zhang, H, 2015)	1.39
"Propofol injection can cause distressing pain, and no method can inhibit it completely. "	( Magnesium Sulfate Plus Lidocaine Reduces Propofol Injection Pain: A Double-blind, Randomized Study. Lin, W; Sun, J; Wang, W; Zhou, J; Zhou, R, 2016)	2.14
"Propofol could produce slight alterations in the rheological behavior of erythrocyte from HD and DBT, at concentrations near those of steady state."	( Hemorheological in vitro action of propofol on erythrocytes from healthy donors and diabetic patients. Alet, AI; Alet, N; Basso, SS; Castellini, HV; D'Arrigo, M; Delannoy, M; Riquelme, BD, 2016)	1.43
"The propofol-induced increase in Ron AUC was dose-dependent, with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 242.4µM."	( Propofol enhances facial stimulation-evoked responses in the cerebellar granule cell layer via NMDA receptor activation in mice in vivo. Chu, CP; Jin, WZ; Liu, H; Qiu, DL; Wan, P, 2016)	2.36
"Propofol promotes analgesia by depressing nociceptive transmission in peripheral neurons, antagonizing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and activating gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors in dorsal root ganglion receptor cells."	( Opioid use after propofol or sevoflurane anesthesia: a randomized trial. Böhler, K; Gemeiner, J; Klimscha, W; Luntzer, R; Mascha, EJ; Plattner, O; Sessler, DI; Windpassinger, M; Yang, D, 2016)	1.5
"Propofol could inhibit mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway evoked by OGD/R in rat hippocampal neurons, which may be via depressing calcium-overload."	( The Effect of Propofol on Mitochondrial Fission during Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reperfusion Injury in Rat Hippocampal Neurons. Guo, Y; Jia, C; Liu, M; Wang, H; Wang, S; Wang, X; Xue, S; Zheng, S, 2016)	1.52
"Propofol exposure may increase the risk of ICUAW in septic patients. "	( Propofol as a Risk Factor for ICU-Acquired Weakness in Septic Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure. Abdelmalik, PA; Rakocevic, G, 2017)	3.34
"Propofol was the major cause of death in 33 cases (85%), in 8 cases including 7 with propofol, an unintentional accident was recorded and 29 were determined to be suicide."	( [Deaths from propofol abuse : Survey of institutes of forensic medicine in Germany, Austria and Switzerland]. Iwunna, J; Maier, C; Mußhoff, F; Tsokos, M, 2017)	1.55
"Propofol may cause adverse effects (e.g. "	( Fentanyl or midazolam for co-induction of anaesthesia with propofol in dogs. Covey-Crump, GL; Murison, PJ, 2008)	2.03
"Propofol can suppress I(K(DR)) in differentiated H9c2 cardiac cells in a concentration- and state-dependent manner."	( The mechanisms of propofol-induced block on ion currents in differentiated H9c2 cardiac cells. Liu, YC; Wang, YJ; Wu, SN, 2008)	1.4
"Propofol may produce amnesia by affecting encoding. "	( Low-dose propofol-induced amnesia is not due to a failure of encoding: left inferior prefrontal cortex is still active. Johnson, R; Mehta, M; Pan, H; Pryor, KO; Reinsel, RA; Veselis, RA, 2008)	2.21
"/st> Propofol clearance is lower in neonates than in adults and displays extensive interindividual variability, in part explained by postmenstrual age (PMA) and postnatal age (PNA). "	( Urinary propofol metabolites in early life after single intravenous bolus. Allegaert, K; Cossey, V; de Hoon, J; Naulaers, G; Rayyan, M; Vancraeynest, J; Verbesselt, R, 2008)	1.29
"Propofol may cause neuronal death in newborn rat brains, which is prevented by low-dose rEPO but not high-dose rEPO."	( Dose-dependent effects of erythropoietin in propofol anesthetized neonatal rats. Bercker, S; Bittigau, P; Bührer, C; Felderhoff-Müser, U; Kerner, T; Kny, J; Schmidt, M; Sifringer, M; Zacharias, R, 2010)	1.34
"Propofol was used because of persistent seizure activity refractory to adequate doses of phenytoin, phenobarbital, levetiracetam, and midazolam infusion at 0.7 mg/kg per hour."	( Partial-exchange blood transfusion: an effective method for preventing mortality in a child with propofol infusion syndrome. Asuncion, A; Coquillon, P; Da-Silva, SS; Gavrilita, C; Wong, R, 2010)	1.3
"Propofol can cause significant respiratory depression, the management of which may require advanced airway management skills."	( Slower administration of propofol preserves adequate respiration in children. Brant, R; Dosani, M; Dumont, G; Lim, J; Mark Ansermino, J; McCormack, J; Reimer, E, 2010)	1.39
"Propofol could inhibit NF-kappaB activation and down-regulate the expression of caspase-3 and as a result suppress cardiomyocytes apoptotic initiation during the myocardium I/R injury, which may be one of the molecular mechanisms of its cardioprotection."	( [Effects of propofol on the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and cardiomyocytes apoptosis during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats]. Li, LF; Xie, LJ; Zhang, JX; Zhao, S, 2010)	2.18
"Propofol may inhibit the downregulation of TM by mediating NADPH oxidase and TTP inactivation and through the activation of HuR in vitro and in vivo."	( TNF-α-decreased thrombomodulin expression in monocytes is inhibited by propofol through regulation of tristetraprolin and human antigen R activities. Chang, NC; Chen, TL; Huang, CY; Lee, CY; Li, CY; Lin, CY; Lin, FY; Lin, YW; Shih, CM; Tsai, CS; Tsai, JC; Tsai, YT, 2011)	1.32
"Propofol displays both pro- and anti-arrhythmic effects in a concentration-dependent manner."	( Propofol and arrhythmias: two sides of the coin. Chen, R; Hong, J; Kong, AL; Liu, Q; Liu, SW; Qian, C; Song, LS; Sun, BG; Wang, LX, 2011)	2.53
"Propofol can inhibit HMGB1 expression and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses, and hamper apoptosis, which may contribute to its protective action against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury."	( Propofol participates in gastric mucosal protection through inhibiting the toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway. Fei, SJ; Liu, HX; Wu, KJ; Ye, HH; Zhang, JL; Zhang, XW; Zhang, YM, 2013)	3.28
"Propofol can cause acute pancreatitis related to hypertriglyceridemia, however, other mechanisms may also exist."	( Hypertriglyceridemia independent propofol-induced pancreatitis. Aslanian, HR; Muniraj, T, 2012)	2.1
"Propofol, which plays an important role in anti-inflammation and organ protection, was investigated to see how it affected viability under this stress."	( Role of HMGB1 in propofol protection of rat intestinal epithelial cells injured by heat shock. Chen, B; Deng, P; Jiang, Y; Liu, Z; Su, L; Tang, J; Tang, Y, 2013)	1.45
"Propofol may inhibit release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores."	( Inhibition by propofol of intracellular calcium mobilization in cultured mouse pituitary cells. Desravines, S; Morelli, CM; Ya Deau, JT, 2003)	1.4
"Propofol did not produce remarkable epileptiform EEG phenomena at any level of anesthesia."	( Sevoflurane is epileptogenic in healthy subjects at surgical levels of anesthesia. Hinkka, S; Jääskeläinen, SK; Kaisti, K; Scheinin, H; Suni, L, 2003)	1.04
"Both propofol and thiamylal inhibit adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. "	( Molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of propofol and thiamylal on sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels. Kawano, T; Kitahata, H; Kuroda, Y; Nakaya, Y; Oshita, S; Takahashi, A; Tomiyama, Y; Tsutsumi, Y, 2004)	1.09
"Propofol may cause undesirable hypotension due to vasodilation. "	( Activation of the K+ channel BK(Ca) is involved in the relaxing effect of propofol on coronary arteries. Hellige, G; Klockgether-Radke, AP; Neumann, P; Schulze, H, 2004)	2
"Propofol does not cause measurable splenic enlargement under the conditions of this research."	( Sonographic features of drug-induced splenic congestion. O'Brien, RT; Osgood, TL; Waller, KR, )	0.85
"Propofol does enhance inhibition in brain slices at a concentration of 0.63 microM in the superfusate, which produces brain concentrations corresponding with those achieved in vivo, but equilibration requires several hours. "	( Determination of diffusion and partition coefficients of propofol in rat brain tissue: implications for studies of drug action in vitro. Gredell, JA; Maciver, MB; Pearce, RA; Turnquist, PA, 2004)	2.01
"Propofol reduced the increase of NMDA receptor-induced intraneuronal calcium concentration dependently with a threshold concentration for a significant effect of 10 micromol."	( Effects of propofol on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated calcium increase in cultured rat cerebrocortical neurons. Gillessen, T; Grasshoff, C, 2005)	1.44
"Propofol did not inhibit long-term depression."	( Propofol inhibits long-term potentiation but not long-term depression in rat hippocampal slices. Izumi, Y; Nagashima, K; Zorumski, CF, 2005)	2.49
"Propofol is known to inhibit airway reflexes."	( The efficacy of a subhypnotic dose of propofol in preventing laryngospasm following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children. Al Qattan, AR; Ali, SS; Batra, YK; Belani, KG; Ivanova, M; Shamsah, M, 2005)	1.32
"Propofol could inhibit Ca(2+)-dependent release of glutamate and GABA."	( Effect of propofol on glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid release from rat hippocampal synaptosomes. Cao, J; Liu, H; Shang, Y; Yao, S; Zeng, Y, 2005)	1.45
"Propofol may increase pulmonary vascular resistance during alpha-adrenoreceptor activation."	( Propofol increases pulmonary vascular resistance during alpha-adrenoreceptor activation in normal and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats. Edanaga, M; Kanaya, N; Nakayama, M; Namiki, A; Tohse, N, 2007)	3.23
"Propofol did not cause alteration (P > 0.05) in the AERPFP or RERPFP and the AERPSP AV nodal pathway. "	( Randomized study of propofol effect on electrophysiological properties of the atrioventricular node in patients with nodal reentrant tachycardia. Kalil, RA; Kruse, M; Lima, GG; Medeiros, CM; Migloransa, MH; Santos, AT; Warpechowski, P, 2006)	2.1
"Propofol can inhibit fatty acid amidohydrolase, the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of anandamide (an endocannabinoid). "	( The antinociceptive effects of local injections of propofol in rats are mediated in part by cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Beaulieu, P; Guindon, J; LoVerme, J; Piomelli, D, 2007)	2.03
"Propofol triggers an increase in GABA(A)R, actin content and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation in the cytosolic fraction. "	( The effect of propofol on actin, ERK-1/2 and GABAA receptor content in neurones. Eintrei, C; Juhas, M; Oscarsson, A; Sjölander, A, 2007)	2.14
"Propofol does not cause significant inotropic depression at clinically relevant concentrations."	( Propofol. Camu, F; Vanlersberghe, C, 2008)	2.51
"The propofol-induced increase in [35S]TBPS binding in washed membranes was completely reversed by the addition of GABA at a concentration (0.3 microM) that alone did not modify [35S]TBPS binding (78% increase with 10 microM propofol alone, 33% decrease in the additional presence of GABA)."	( Effects of propofol, pentobarbital and alphaxalone on t-[35S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding in rat cerebral cortex. Biggio, G; Concas, A; Dazzi, L; Maciocco, E; Mascia, MP; Santoro, G, 1994)	1.16
"Propofol may cause histamine release and alter airway tone and reactivity. "	( Propofol or halothane anaesthesia for children with asthma: effects on respiratory mechanics. Habre, W; Matsumoto, I; Sly, PD, 1996)	3.18
"Propofol may cause hypotension and the mechanism is complex. "	( Propofol inhibits medullary pressor mechanisms in cats. Chai, CY; Chen, SY; Luk, HN; Wu, WC; Yang, CY, 1997)	3.18
"Propofol alone did not allow adequate pain relief, but propofol and alfentanil together seemed to provide good control of pain."	( Patient-controlled anesthesia for colonoscopy using propofol: results of a pilot study. DiPalma, JA; Heiman, DR; O'Brien, BL; Tolliver, BA; Weis, FR, 1998)	1.27
"Propofol did not produce direct effects on the electrophysiological or electrocardiographical variables at any infusion rates. "	( Propofol does not affect the canine cardiac conduction system under autonomic blockade. Akazawa, S; Ikeno, S; Inoue, S; Ishii, R; Nakaigawa, Y; Satoh, M; Shimizu, R, 1999)	3.19
"Propofol can inhibit the sympathetic response to stress."	( Propofol, but not etomidate, reduces desflurane-mediated sympathetic activation in humans. Ebert, TJ; Lopatka, CW; Muzi, M, 1999)	2.47
"Propofol may cause profound bradycardia and asystole, which are mediated indirectly via cardiac innervation but could involve direct effects on the sino-atrial (SA) node and the conducting system of the heart. "	( Propofol, bradycardia and the Bezold-Jarisch reflex in rabbits. Chakrabarti, MK; Ma, D; Whitwam, JG, 1999)	3.19
"Propofol did not produce significant inhibition of human hepatic GST activity at concentrations below 1.0 mmol litre-1."	( Effects of propofol on functional activities of hepatic and extrahepatic conjugation enzyme systems. Chang, HC; Chen, TG; Chen, TL; Lin, CJ; Tai, YT; Wu, CH, 2000)	1.42
"Propofol did not inhibit equilibrium exchange but did inhibit unidirectional efflux with little substrate dependence."	( Inhibition of glucose transport and direct interactions with type 1 facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT-1) by etomidate, ketamine, and propofol: a comparison with barbiturates. Croxen, RL; El-Barbary, A; Fenstermacher, JD; Haspel, HC; Stephenson, KN, 2000)	1.23
"Propofol may produce its antiemetic effect by depleting the area postrema of serotonin as well as by a direct gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition."	( The effects of propofol in the area postrema of rats. Cechetto, DF; Diab, T; Gelb, AW; Gibson, CJ, 2001)	2.11
"The propofol-induced increase in pHi was attenuated, whereas the decrease in myocyte shortening was enhanced after pretreatment with ethylisopropyl amiloride, a Na+-H+ exchange inhibitor, or bisindolylmaleimide I, a protein kinase C inhibitor."	( Propofol increases myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and intracellular pH via activation of Na+-H+ exchange in rat ventricular myocytes. Damron, DS; Kanaya, N; Murray, PA, 2001)	2.23
"The propofol-evoked increase in [Ca(2+)](i) in the HEK293 cells with the receptor was partially inhibited by capsazepine, a competitive antagonist of capsaicin."	( Propofol activates vanilloid receptor channels expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Kohama, K; Nakamura, A; Shirakura, K; Sudo, M; Takagishi, K; Tomioka, A; Tsutsumi, S, 2001)	2.23
"Propofol inhibited the increase in [IP(3)](i) induced by oxytocin."	( Mechanisms of direct inhibitory action of propofol on uterine smooth muscle contraction in pregnant rats. Namiki, A; Tsujiguchi, N; Yamakage, M, 2001)	1.3
"The propofol-induced increase in F-actin was effectively blocked by bicuculline."	( Reorganization of actin in neurons after propofol exposure. Eintrei, C; Massoumi, R; Oscarsson, A; Sjölander, A, 2001)	1.06
"Propofol caused an increase (33 +/- 10%) in tyrosine phosphorylation, with maximum at 120 s, of the beta-subunit of the GABA(A)-receptor."	( A tyrosine kinase regulates propofol-induced modulation of the beta-subunit of the GABA(A) receptor and release of intracellular calcium in cortical rat neurones. Björnström, K; Eintrei, C; Schippert, A; Sjölander, A, 2002)	1.33
"Propofol was shown to inhibit the accumulation of TBA-reactive compounds after initiation of radical production by the addition of the ADP-Fe2+ complex."	( Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in isolated rat liver mitochondria by the general anaesthetic propofol. Eriksson, O; Pollesello, P; Saris, NE, 1992)	1.22

Treatment

Propofol treatment and excessive expression of miR-141-3p could influence the phenotype of TPC-1 cells. In propofol-treated HT22 cells, BDNF-AS was upregulated, and BDNF was downregulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Propofol pretreatment can inhibit mast cell activation via ROS/Ca(2+) and restore the intestinal barrier integrity.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Propofol treatment may alleviate the VALI in rats by reducing the inflammatory response and inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway."	( Effects of propofol on inflammatory response and activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in rats with ventilator-induced lung injury. Deng, J; Liao, C; Xiang, T; Xiong, M, 2021)	2.45
"Propofol treatment and excessive expression of miR-141-3p could influence the phenotype of TPC-1 cells."	( Propofol Inhibits Thyroid Cancer Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion by Suppressing SHH and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathways via the miR-141-3p/BRD4 Axis. Han, X; Ma, Y; Tan, M; Zhang, H; Zhang, J, 2021)	2.79
"In propofol-treated HT22 cells, BDNF-AS was upregulated, and BDNF was downregulated in a time- and dose-dependent manner."	( lncRNA BDNF-AS Attenuates Propofol-Induced Apoptosis in HT22 Cells by Modulating the BDNF/TrkB Pathway. Cao, JB; Fu, Q; Li, H; Liu, YH; Luo, Y; Mi, WD; Song, YX; Xu, YH; Zhang, XY, 2022)	1.54
"Propofol-treated GSCs also led to larger tumor growth in nude mice than did vector-treated tumors."	( Propofol enhances stem-like properties of glioma via GABA Fan, X; Gong, M; Wang, R; Wang, S; Yang, H; Yu, H, 2022)	2.89
"Propofol treatment delayed delivery of the KIF5 cargo NgCAM to the distal axon."	( Propofol attenuates kinesin-mediated axonal vesicle transport and fusion. Bentley, M; Frank, M; Gilbert, SP; Nabb, AT, 2022)	2.89
"Propofol pretreatment can inhibit mast cell activation via ROS/Ca(2+) and restore the intestinal barrier integrity induced by mast cell activation, instead of by tryptase."	( Pretreatment with propofol restores intestinal epithelial cells integrity disrupted by mast cell degranulation in vitro. Chen, Q; Gan, X; Huang, J; Li, J; Lin, Y; Zhang, R, 2022)	1.78
"Propofol treatment reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and ALPL and BGLAP expression that was induced by PCa-derived exosomes in MSCs."	( Propofol mediates bone metastasis by regulating PC-derived exosomal miR-142-3p. Cai, Y; Chen, N; Chen, W; Gu, M; Mao, J; Qian, J; Wu, D, 2023)	3.07
"Propofol treatment caused morphological and structural damage of hippocampal neurons. "	( Erythropoietin attenuates propofol-induced hippocampal neuronal cell injury in developing rats by inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 expression. Du, J; Jin, J; Qiao, LY; Zhang, CY; Zhang, R, 2020)	2.3
"Propofol treatment significantly promoted cell migration and invasion of OSCC. "	( Propofol facilitates migration and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by upregulating SNAI1 expression. Jiang, H; Li, C; Li, W; Peng, J; Wang, H; Xia, M, 2020)	3.44
"Propofol treatment significantly reduced serum levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1ß, and IL-6."	( The Molecular Mechanisms Associated with the Effects of Propofol in a Rat Model of Pain Due to Inflammation Following Injection with Complete Freund's Adjuvant. Liu, H; Tan, S; Wang, Y; Zhu, S, 2019)	1.48
"Propofol treatment promoted cell apoptosis and inhibited cell invasion in colon cancer cells, while the effects were reversed by HOTAIR overexpression. "	( Effects of propofol on colon cancer metastasis through STAT3/HOTAIR axis by activating WIF-1 and suppressing Wnt pathway. Li, CS; Lu, XH; Zhang, YF; Zhou, Y, 2020)	2.39
"Propofol treatment improved VILI, alleviated pulmonary inflammation induced by mechanical ventilation."	( Propofol alleviates ventilator-induced lung injury through regulating the Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Chen, G; Li, W; Ruan, H; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Xia, B; Zhang, M, 2020)	2.72
"Propofol treatment dose-dependently decreased proliferative ability and increased apoptosis ability in HT-22 cells, which were partially blocked by metformin administration. "	( Metformin Inhibits Propofol-Induced Apoptosis of Mouse Hippocampal Neurons HT-22 Through Downregulating Cav-1. Cai, M; Ge, J; Gu, T; Huang, Y; Liu, L; Liu, X; Song, J; Sun, J; Yao, L; Zhang, Y, 2020)	2.33
"In propofol-treated PC-12 cells, the inhibition of circRNA001372 increases apoptosis and cell damage makers, including LDH, IL-1β, IL-6, IL17, IL-18, resulting in the reduction of cell viability, which have been revised after over-expression of circRNA001372."	( CircRNA 001372 Reduces Inflammation in Propofol-Induced Neuroinflammation and Neural Apoptosis through PIK3CA/Akt/NF-κB by miRNA-148b-3p. Suo, L; Wang, M; Yang, S; Zhang, W, 2021)	1.4
"Propofol treatment inhibited cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3, indicating its inhibitory roles in mitochondrial-related apoptosis. "	( Propofol induces mitochondrial-associated protein LRPPRC and protects mitochondria against hypoxia in cardiac cells. Cai, S; Guo, L; Zhang, Q; Zhao, G, 2020)	3.44
"Propofol treatment attenuated the NP of rats as evidenced by restrained astrocyte activation level and inflammation factor levels."	( Propofol ameliorates neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation through PPAR γ up-regulation to block Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Hou, Z; Jiang, P; Jiang, Q; Luo, D; Yan, Y, 2021)	2.79
"Propofol treatment induces neurotoxicity and suppresses miR-455-3p levels in the developing hippocampal neurons. "	( miR-455-3p alleviates propofol-induced neurotoxicity by reducing EphA4 expression in developing neurons. He, Y; Li, H; Tian, M; Zhou, M; Zhou, S; Zhu, X, 2020)	2.32
"Propofol pretreatment also significantly inhibited LPS‑induced cardiomyocyte inflammation and apoptosis."	( Propofol ameliorates endotoxin‑induced myocardial cell injury by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis via the PPARγ/HMGB1/NLRP3 axis. Chen, H; Gu, Y; Zhao, H, 2021)	2.79
"Propofol treatment also promoted neuron death and neuronal pyroptosis."	( Downregulation of HOTAIR reduces neuronal pyroptosis by targeting miR-455-3p/NLRP1 axis in propofol-treated neurons in vitro. Gong, H; Liang, S; Wan, X; Zhang, Y, 2021)	1.56
"Propofol treatment suppressed the viability, cell cycle and motility and elevated the apoptosis rate of ovarian cancer cells. "	( Propofol suppresses cell viability, cell cycle progression and motility and induces cell apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells through suppressing MEK/ERK signaling via targeting circVPS13C/miR-145 axis. Chen, C; Gao, X; Lu, H; Zhang, L; Zheng, G; Zhou, M, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol treatment significantly decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion in U2OS cells. "	( Propofol suppresses osteosarcoma cell function by regulating FOXO1/TUSC7. Huang, X; Liu, J; Xie, H, 2021)	3.51
"Propofol treatment inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but promoted apoptosis and induced cell cycle arrest in OSCC cells."	( Propofol prevents the aggressive progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma via regulating circ_0005623/miR-195-5p/HOXB7 axis. Cao, C; Xu, Y; Zhang, X, 2022)	2.89
"Propofol- or vehicle-treated tumor cells are also injected to the mice."	( Anesthetic Propofol Promotes Tumor Metastasis in Lungs via GABA Cheng, C; Lanuti, M; Liu, Q; Liu, R; Shen, Y; Sheng, Z; Wang, P; Xie, Z; Zheng, H, 2021)	1.73
"Propofol-treated CCI rats were also injected with Ad-JAG1 (adenovirus-packaged JAG1 overexpression vector and Ad-NC) to test the role of JAG1 in propofol's analgesic mechanism of action."	( Propofol alleviates neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury rat models via the microRNA-140-3p/Jagged-1 peptide/Notch signaling pathway. Chen, Y; Cheng, F; Ma, JX; Qin, W; Yan, FF; Yang, AX, 2021)	2.79
"Propofol treatment concentration-dependently decreased NPAS4 expression in HT22 cells."	( NPAS4 suppresses propofol-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting autophagy in hippocampal neuronal cells. Ji, D; Nie, L; Song, J; Sun, J; Sun, N; Zhang, T, 2021)	1.68
"Propofol pretreatment before reperfusion, or propofol conditioning, has been shown to be cardioprotective, while its mechanism is unclear. "	( Activation of Endocannabinoid Receptor 2 as a Mechanism of Propofol Pretreatment-Induced Cardioprotection against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Fu, HL; Lu, Y; Sun, HJ; Wang, HW; Wang, SR; Xu, WY; Yang, F; Yao, XY; Yuan, HB; Zhang, H, 2017)	2.14
"Propofol treatment time-dependently increased the number of TUNEL-positive neurons and the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BcL-2) associated X protein, but decreased expression levels of BcL-2. "	( Pink1 attenuates propofol-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in developing neurons. Cang, J; Du, F; Liang, C; Xue, Z, 2018)	2.26
"Propofol treatment increased the expression of Bax and decreased that of Bcl-2."	( Propofol Prevents the Progression of Malignant Pheochromocytoma In Vitro and In Vivo. Wang, H; Yan, C; Zhang, A; Zhang, S, 2018)	2.64
"Propofol treatment reduced H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death."	( Propofol induces nuclear localization of Nrf2 under conditions of oxidative stress in cardiac H9c2 cells. Isonishi, A; Kawaguchi, AT; Kawaguchi, M; Morita-Takemura, S; Oh-Hashi, K; Okuda, H; Shinjo, T; Tanaka, T; Tatsumi, K; Terada, Y; Wanaka, A, 2018)	2.64
"Propofol treatment inhibited viability and induced apoptosis of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. "	( Propofol induces apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cells via ERK1/2-dependent upregulation of PUMA. Luan, Q; Qu, JH; Ren, YD; Xing, SG; Zhang, KJ, 2018)	3.37
"Propofol treatment suppressed MKN45 cell proliferation, migration and invasion, but promoted cell apoptosis. "	( Propofol inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells by up-regulating microRNA-195. Song, B; Wang, Y; Zhang, W; Zheng, Y; Zhu, Z, 2018)	3.37
"Propofol treatments were well tolerated by all subjects. "	( Propofol for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Pilot Study. Arp, AM; Beck, MM; Bushnell, LA; Jessop, JE; Kendrick, EJ; Larson, AL; Leonardi, K; Light, AR; Light, KC; Mickey, BJ; Odell, DH; Pierson, MD; Sakata, DJ; Solzbacher, D; Tadler, SC; Torres, MM; Weeks, HR; White, AT; Whittingham, SA, 2018)	3.37
"Propofol and estrogen treatment can delay the abolishing time of OPS and increase the recovery rate and amplitude of OPS, compared with OGD group (P <  0.01), especially in the combination therapy (P <  0.01)."	( Estrogen and propofol combination therapy inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress and remarkably attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and OGD injury in hippocampus. Li, Y; Ma, R; Wang, E; Wang, S; Xiong, E; Xu, F; Yin, J; Zhang, G; Zhang, Q, 2018)	1.57
"Propofol treatment also significantly decreased the number of CB-positive interneurons in the piriform cortex of mice on P21 and adulthood."	( Neonatal exposure to propofol affects interneuron development in the piriform cortex and causes neurobehavioral deficits in adult mice. Bao, X; Cai, Y; Du, Z; Fan, X; Huang, J; Jing, S; Xiao, R; Yang, T; Yu, D, 2019)	1.55
"Propofol treatment remarkably induced neuronal apoptosis. "	( Histamine H3 receptor antagonist Clobenpropit protects propofol-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons through PI3K/AKT pathway. He, W; Yuan, QH; Zhou, Q, 2018)	2.17
"Propofol treatment alleviated intestinal and lung morphological changes which were observed in II/R group，Moreover, wet/dry weight ratio, the MDA level, MPO activity and expression of caspase-3 were significantly decreased whereas the SOD activity and p-Akt expression were significantly increased. "	( The role of PI3K/Akt signal pathway in the protective effects of propofol on intestinal and lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion1. Cui, S; Ding, H; He, X; Jing, G; Li, Q; Xia, Z, 2019)	2.19
"Propofol treatment downregulated the protein levels of Vimentin, MMP-2, and MMP-9 while increasing that of E-cadherin."	( Propofol inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by downregulating Twist. Fu, Y; Yang, T; Zheng, H, 2019)	2.68
"Propofol treatment significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and reduced the releasing of EMT."	( Propofol inhibits proliferation and metastasis by up-regulation of miR-495 in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells. Sun, H; Wang, Y; Zhang, W, 2019)	2.68
"Propofol pretreatment (0.01 mg/g) was performed 10 min before reperfusion."	( Propofol-mediated cardioprotection dependent of microRNA-451/HMGB1 against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hu, LH; Huang, XZ; Li, YM; Ma, XC; Sun, JG; Zhou, G, 2019)	2.68
"Propofol treatment reduces intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, the mitochondrial respiratory rate, and increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, implying that it disturbs neuronal mitochondrial function."	( Propofol induces impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis through inhibiting the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α. Li, Y; Qin, J; Wang, K, 2019)	2.68
"Propofol pretreatment increased MCh relaxation in arteries from captopril-treated compared with untreated rats (P = 0.029 for 1 µM and P = 0.020 for 10 µM)."	( Propofol increases vascular relaxation in aging rats chronically treated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. Bourque, SL; Davidge, ST; Gragasin, FS, 2013)	2.55
"Propofol pretreatment also significantly reduced the production of TNF-α and apoptosis in OGD/reoxygenation BV2 microglia."	( TLR4 signaling is involved in the protective effect of propofol in BV2 microglia against OGD/reoxygenation. Dai, XJ; Mao, SS; Qin, X; Sun, ZQ; Zhang, XW; Zhang, YM, 2013)	1.36
"Propofol-treated patients showed a higher mean stimulus charge (etomidate = 227.58 ± 130.44, propofol = 544.91 ± 237.56, p<0.001) despite the lack of a significant difference in starting threshold doses. "	( A retrospective comparison of the effects of propofol and etomidate on stimulus variables and efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in depressed inpatients. Birkenhäger, TK; Graveland, PE; van den Broek, WW; Wierdsma, AI, 2013)	2.09
"Propofol post-treatment significantly reduced cerebral edema (P < 0.05) and BBB disruption (P < 0.05) compared with the saline-treated control."	( Effect of propofol post-treatment on blood-brain barrier integrity and cerebral edema after transient cerebral ischemia in rats. Cui, HS; Kim, JM; Kim, SY; Koo, BN; Lee, JE; Lee, JH; Shin, SK, 2013)	1.51
"Propofol treatment reduced infarct volume and improved the neurological functions."	( Propofol protects against focal cerebral ischemia via inhibition of microglia-mediated proinflammatory cytokines in a rat model of experimental stroke. Liu, F; Tan, Y; Tang, X; Wu, X; Yang, Z; Zhou, R, 2013)	2.55
"Propofol treatment reduced MAP in a dose-dependent manner. "	( Different effects of propofol and isoflurane on cochlear blood flow and hearing function in Guinea pigs. Bai, Y; Duan, N; Jing, GX; Wen, J; Xiao, Y, 2014)	2.16
"Propofol pretreatment also inhibited tunicamycin-induced up-regulation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)."	( Endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in the neuroprotective effect of propofol. Chen, L; Chen, Y; Jiang, T; Li, Y; Lu, P; Shen, Y; Sun, A; Tang, W; Wang, H; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zong, Z, 2014)	1.35
"Propofol treatment delayed the elimination of OPS and improved the recovery of OPS; decreased frequency of HIP, postponed the onset of HIP and increased the duration of HIP. "	( An in vitro study of the neuroprotective effect of propofol on hypoxic hippocampal slice. Ding, HZ; Jiang, S; Tang, QF; Zeng, YM; Zhang, DX, 2014)	2.1
"Propofol pretreatment prolonged survival, decreased the concentrations of protein, TNF-α, and IL-6 in BALF, attenuated ALI, and increased PI3K and p-Akt expression in the lung tissue of LPS-challenged rats, whereas treatment with wortmannin, a PI3K/Akt pathway specific inhibitor, blunted this effect."	( Propofol pretreatment attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats by activating the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt pathway. Hu, GC; Li, JF; Liu, GJ; Zhao, LL; Zhu, SS, 2014)	2.57
"Propofol treatment on P7 to P9 reduced the numbers of newly formed neurons in the DG at P17, which was accompanied by delay of granule neuron maturation and decreased the density of dendritic spines, particularly the mushroom-shaped mature spines."	( Propofol Administration During Early Postnatal Life Suppresses Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Bao, X; Chen, X; Du, Z; Fan, X; Huang, J; Jing, S; Li, H; Yang, T, 2016)	2.6
"Propofol treatments were administered as loading dose (LD) and constant rate infusion (CRI) as follows: Treatment 1 (T1) was 2 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 4.5 mg/kg BW per hour; T2 was 4 mg/kg BW and 9 mg/kg BW per hour; T3 was 8 mg/kg BW and 18 mg/kg BW per hour, respectively."	( The anesthetic interaction of propofol and sevoflurane on the minimum alveolar concentration preventing motor movement (MACNM) in dogs. Cox, SK; Doherty, TJ; Egger, CM; Rohrbach, BW; Seddighi, R; Singsank-Coats, J, 2015)	1.43
"Propofol pretreated IR rats had lower Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and less cleaved caspase-3."	( Propofol Prevents Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Inhibiting the Oxidative Stress Pathways. Jia, Y; Lei, L; Li, Y; Yang, B; Zhong, D; Zhou, H, 2015)	2.58
"Propofol treatment (25mg/kg) decreased exon-specific and total BDNF mRNA expression in the frontal cortex and thalamus, in a time-dependent manner."	( Neonatal propofol anesthesia modifies activity-dependent processes and induces transient hyperlocomotor response to d-amphetamine during adolescence in rats. Jevtović-Todorović, V; Kanazir, S; Milanović, D; Pešić, V; Popić, J; Ruždijić, S; Smiljanić, K; Tešić, V, 2015)	1.56
"Oral propofol treatment causes anesthesia in flies as indicated by a dose-dependent reduction in locomotor activity (n = 11 to 41 flies from each group) and increased arousal threshold (n = 79 to 137). "	( Sleep Homeostasis and General Anesthesia: Are Fruit Flies Well Rested after Emergence from Propofol? Coradetti, T; Gardner, B; Kelz, MB; Meng, QC; Naidoo, NN; Strus, E; Williams, JA, 2016)	1.17
"For propofol treatment, HUVEC were cultured in serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 0, 10, 25, or 50 μM propofol for 6 h under normal conditions."	( Role of MnSOD in propofol protection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells injured by heat stress. Dong, XJ; Gu, ZT; Li, L; Liu, ZF; Su, L; Wu, F; Xu, QL; Zhang, HQ, 2016)	1.25
"Propofol treatment could elicit a robust neuroprotective response, resulting in significant neurological function improvement for TBI rats, which was independent with intralipid. "	( Propofol administration improves neurological function associated with inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines in adult rats after traumatic brain injury. Chen, MR; Liu, F; Liu, J; Wang, TH; Wang, TY; Zou, Y; Zuo, YX, 2016)	3.32
"Like propofol, bpV pretreatment also mitigated cerebral ischemia injury-induced cell loss in CA1 region and memory impairment."	( Propofol Prevents Hippocampal Neuronal Loss and Memory Impairment in Cerebral Ischemia Injury Through Promoting PTEN Degradation. Chen, X; Du, YM; Liu, D; Wang, YL; Xu, F, 2016)	2.33
"Propofol treatment downregulated IGF2BP2, a direct target of miR-141-3p, whereas overexpression of IGF2BP2 attenuated the effects of propofol and miR-141-3p on NSC neurogenesis."	( Propofol Inhibits Neurogenesis of Rat Neural Stem Cells by Upregulating MicroRNA-141-3p. Jiang, Q; Shi, X; Wang, Y, 2017)	2.62
"Propofol pretreatment significantly decreased left ventricle infarct size in vivo (P < 0.05) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling-positive cells both in vivo and in vitro (P < 0.05), along with an increased Cav-3 protein expression and binding of Cav-3 to p85-subunit of PI3K."	( Propofol Provides Cardiac Protection by Suppressing the Proteasome Degradation of Caveolin-3 in Ischemic/Reperfused Rat Hearts. Li, F; Mao, W; Wei, X; Xu, H; Yao, S; You, T; Yuan, S; Zhang, Y; Zhu, A, 2017)	2.62
"In propofol-treated cardiomyocytes, we observed a decrease in the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-3 activation and intracellular Ca2+ content."	( Effect of propofol on calcium homeostasis in hypoxia-reoxygenated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Chang, WC; Choi, IG; Hwang, KC; Kim, HS; Park, WK, 2008)	1.26
"Propofol pretreatment significantly attenuated these changes (all P < 0.01, propofol versus injury)."	( Propofol pretreatment reduces ceramide production and attenuates intestinal mucosal apoptosis induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Chen, SQ; Huang, WQ; Irwin, MG; Li, YS; Liu, KX; Xia, Z, 2008)	2.51
"In propofol treatment group, the extent of decrease in corticosteroid level was lessened, the extent of elevation of IFN-gamma and IL-4 was decreased, the downward trend of the IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio was slowed down (P<0.05 or P<0.01), the extent of injury to lung and small intestinal tissue was alleviated and histopathological scores were reduced remarkably (lung: 1.27+/-0.40, small intestine: 3.69+/-1.28, both P<0.01)."	( [The influences of propofol on corticosteroid and immunity of rats after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation]. Cao, SH; Ji, X, 2009)	1.2
"Propofol treatments were initiated at various time intervals: 1 or 24 h before ischemia, only during ischemia, or only during reperfusion."	( The role of KATP channels on propofol preconditioning in a cellular model of renal ischemia-reperfusion. Assad, AR; Capella, MA; Delou, JM; Fonseca, LM; Lopes, AG; Nascimento, JH; Verçosa, N; Villela, NR, 2009)	1.37
"Propofol pretreatment significantly protected LLC-PK1 from I-R-induced apoptosis."	( The role of KATP channels on propofol preconditioning in a cellular model of renal ischemia-reperfusion. Assad, AR; Capella, MA; Delou, JM; Fonseca, LM; Lopes, AG; Nascimento, JH; Verçosa, N; Villela, NR, 2009)	1.37
"Propofol-treated patients had a quicker recovery profile than those treated with MDZ."	( Safe and effective sedation in endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a randomized comparison between propofol continuous infusion and intermittent midazolam injection. Gotoda, T; Hirashima, T; Kiriyama, S; Kusano, C; Kuwano, H; Nishimoto, F; Oda, I; Sano, H, 2010)	1.29
"Propofol treatment could protect kidney from sepsis-induced AKI by increasing BMP-7 expression, decreasing inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting oxidative stress."	( Propofol increases bone morphogenetic protein-7 and decreases oxidative stress in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Chen, HW; Chou, W; Hsing, CH; Wang, JJ; Yeh, CH, 2011)	3.25
"Propofol treatment improved renal function in LPS-treated rats."	( Protective effects of propofol on endotoxemia-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Bai, T; Cui, WY; Tian, AY, 2011)	1.41
"Propofol treatment dose-dependently increased the ACE2 protein level and the cell membrane ACE2 activity."	( Propofol increases angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Cao, L; Huang, B; Wu, L; Xu, L, 2012)	2.54
"Propofol pretreatment has protective effect against Glu injured rat cerebrocortical slices."	( [The protective effect of propofol pretreatment on glutamate injury of neonatal rat brain slices]. Fu, JQ; Huang, DD; Wang, DF; Zhou, XF, 2012)	2.12
"Propofol post-treatment also attenuated brain water content at 24 and 72 h and reduced neurologic deficit score at 72 h and 7 days of reperfusion (all P < 0.05)."	( Propofol increases expression of basic fibroblast growth factor after transient cerebral ischemia in rats. An, P; Chen, WM; Jiang, C; Tong, DY; Wang, J; Zhang, LM; Zhao, P; Zhao, XC, 2013)	2.55
"Propofol treatment after ischemia was delayed up to 4 h, and the infusion period shortened from 4 h to 1 h."	( Propofol neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia and its effects on low-molecular-weight antioxidants and skilled motor tasks. Bayona, NA; Cechetto, DF; Gelb, AW; Jiang, Z; Urquhart, BL; Wilson, JX, 2004)	2.49
"Propofol treatment did not reduce infarct volume 21 days after the stroke, although motor function improvements (Montoya staircase test) were observed 14-21 days after the stroke."	( Propofol neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia and its effects on low-molecular-weight antioxidants and skilled motor tasks. Bayona, NA; Cechetto, DF; Gelb, AW; Jiang, Z; Urquhart, BL; Wilson, JX, 2004)	2.49
"Propofol treatment attenuated the changes in myocardial tissue levels of adenine nucleotides, lactate, and amino acids during ischemia and reduced cardiac troponin I release on reperfusion."	( Propofol is cardioprotective in a clinically relevant model of normothermic blood cardioplegic arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass. Angelini, GD; Halestrap, AP; Lim, KH; Suleiman, MS, 2005)	2.49
"Propofol treatment attenuated the overproduction of NO and O2*-, thus restoring the acetylcholine-responsive NO-cGMP pathway in CLP-induced sepsis. "	( Propofol improves endothelial dysfunction and attenuates vascular superoxide production in septic rats. Hwang, TL; Lau, YT; Lui, PW; Yen, CH; Yu, HP, 2006)	3.22
"Propofol treatment, by inhibiting the NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway, might block the production of noxious mediators involved in the development of halothane-induced injury."	( Halothane induces oxidative stress and NF-kappaB activation in rat liver: protective effect of propofol. Amaral, JL; Brasil, LJ; González-Gallego, J; Kretzmann, NA; Marroni, N; San-Miguel, B; Tuñón, MJ; Zettler, CG, 2006)	1.27
"Propofol treatments, especially pre-treatment, significantly reduced Chiu's scores and levels of MDA, NO, ET-1 and LD, while restoring SOD activity."	( Propofol attenuates intestinal mucosa injury induced by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in the rat. He, W; Liu, KX; Rinne, T; Wang, F; Xia, Z, 2007)	2.5
"Propofol treatment significantly increased eNOS expression compared to control and H2O2-stimulated cells."	( Propofol reduces apoptosis and up-regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein expression in hydrogen peroxide-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Ansley, DM; Chen, D; Luo, T; Wang, B, 2007)	2.5
"Propofol treatment had strong dose-dependent protection attenuating these parameters alterations in reperfused rat heart and isolated mitochondria. "	( Dose-dependent protective effect of propofol against mitochondrial dysfunction in ischaemic/reperfused rat heart: role of cardiolipin. Fan, J; Ge, Z; Li, J; Shao, H; Shao, Z; Zeng, Y; Zhou, Y, 2008)	2.06
"Propofol-treated patients responded to verbal stimuli (2.1 +/- 1.3h vs 4.0 +/- 3.5h, 4.7 +/- 2.7h, and 5.6 +/- 3.6h in the enflurane, fentanyl, and thiopental groups, respective"	( The effects of anesthetic technique on the hemodynamic response and recovery profile in coronary revascularization patients. Dudek, C; Mora, CT; Torjman, MC; White, PF, 1995)	1.01
"In propofol-treated hamsters, there was only minimal inhibitory or inductive effects on either mono-oxygenase activities or capacity for defluorination."	( Difference between in vivo and in vitro effects of propofol on defluorination and metabolic activities of hamster hepatic cytochrome P450-dependent mono-oxygenases. Chen, TL; Huang, CH; Liu, CC; Ueng, TH; Wang, MJ, 1995)	1.06
"Propofol pretreatment decreased the potency ratio of both bicuculline (0.47, 95% confidence interval = 0.23-0.94) and picrotoxin (0.61, 0.47-0.79), signifying an anticonvulsant effect. "	( Propofol modulates the effects of chemoconvulsants acting at GABAergic, glycinergic, and glutamate receptor subtypes. Bansinath, M; Shukla, VK; Turndorf, H, 1995)	3.18
"Propofol-treated patients had shorter stays in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU; P-20, 131+/-35 min [mean +/- SD]; P-40, 141+/-34 min; placebo, 191+/-92 min; P = 0.005) and higher satisfaction with their control of PONV than placebo (P < 0.01)."	( Patient-controlled antiemesis: a randomized, double-blind comparison of two doses of propofol versus placebo. El-Molem, H; Gan, TJ; Glass, PS; Ray, J, 1999)	1.25
"Propofol pretreatment greatly attenuated the impairment in comparison with midazolam, which agrees with the concept of antioxidant activity in the presence of membranes."	( Propofol versus midazolam regarding their antioxidant activities. Asada, A; Inoue, M; Maeda, K; Sato, EF; Shindo, M; Tsuchiya, M; Ueda, Y, 2001)	2.47
"Propofol-treated patients spent a larger percentage of time at the target Ramsay sedation level than midazolam-treated patients (60.2% vs 44.0%, respectively; p < 0.05)."	( Propofol vs midazolam for ICU sedation : a Canadian multicenter randomized trial. Anis, AH; Cardinal, P; Hall, RI; Moher, D; Sandham, D; Tweeddale, M; Wang, X, 2001)	2.47
"Propofol EDTA-treated patients had greater urinary losses of zinc and iron and lower serum zinc concentrations compared with the non-EDTA sedative group."	( Trace element homeostasis during continuous sedation with propofol containing EDTA versus other sedatives in critically ill patients. Dedhia, HV; Fulda, G; Gelmont, D; Higgins, TL; Kett, DH; Ko, H; Kramer, KM; Levy, H; Murray, M; Teres, D; Thompson, KA; Zaloga, GP, 2000)	1.27
"All propofol treated patients had rapid recovery times and opened eyes on command within 5.6 +/- 1.9 minutes after induction, and were fully orientated about 4 minutes later also."	( [Anesthesia for cardioversion. A comparison of propofol and etomidate]. Dienstl, F; Hauptlorenz, S; Lechleitner, P; Mitterschiffthaler, G; Wencker, M, )	0.87
"Treatment with propofol and sevoflurane significantly inhibited proliferation, invasion, migration, and induced apoptosis of XWLC-05 and XWLC-05/R cells. "	( Propofol and Sevoflurane Alleviate Malignant Biological Behavior and Cisplatin Resistance of Xuanwei Lung Adenocarcinoma by Modulating the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway and PI3K/AKT Pathway. Li, S; Liu, G; Lv, Z; Quan, Y; Wang, Y; Wang, Z, 2022)	2.52
"Rats treated with propofol had markedly heightened PPAR γ expression."	( Propofol ameliorates neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation through PPAR γ up-regulation to block Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Hou, Z; Jiang, P; Jiang, Q; Luo, D; Yan, Y, 2021)	2.39
"For treatment, propofol and midazolam were the most commonly prescribed medications."	( Emergence delirium in children: a Brazilian survey. Carmona, MJC; Ellerkmann, RK; Herrera, EM; Quintão, VC; Rosen, HD; Sales, CKO, )	0.47
"Pretreatment with propofol markedly attenuated lung injury (such as reducing the lung edema and permeability), increased MDA content and MPO activity, and restored SOD activity induced by IIR, accompanied by inhibiting the effect of the HMGB1/TLR4/PKR signaling pathway."	( Pretreatment with Propofol Reduces Pulmonary Injury in a Pig Model of Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion via Suppressing the High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein (HMGB1)/Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Protein Kinase R (PKR) Signaling Pathway. Bian, WY; Chen, YP; Tang, J; Xu, B, 2021)	1.28
"Pretreatment with propofol was feasible for preventing etomidate-related myoclonus. "	( Propofol decreases etomidate-related myoclonus in gastroscopy. Cai, Z; Dai, X; Deng, C; Liu, J; Liu, R; Meng, C; Zhang, J; Zhou, H, 2017)	2.23
"Treatment with propofol significantly alleviated LPS‑induced lung injury in neonatal rats as suggested by the decreased lung injury score, increased partial pressure of oxygen and decreased lung wet‑dry weight ratio."	( Protective effects of propofol on experimental neonatal acute lung injury. Li, C; Yu, X, 2019)	1.17
"Treatment with propofol significantly decreased the protein expression levels of pro‑caspase‑3, B‑cell lymphoma-2, phosphorylated extracellular signal‑regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) and phosphorylated cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1)."	( Overexpression of phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15 reverses the damage induced by propofol in hippocampal neurons. Chen, Z; Li, Q; Xian, F, 2019)	1.07
"Pretreatment with propofol in a canine model of OA-induced ALI indicates that the drug has anti-inflammatory action, with a potential therapeutic role against progression of anti-inflammation and lung damage."	( [Effects of propofol pretreatment on endothelin in oleic acid-induced acute lung injury]. Baltazares-Lipp, M; Gaxiola-Gaxiola, M; Gutiérrez-González, LH; Hernández-Jiménez, C; Jasso-Victoria, R; Olmos-Zúñiga, JR; Sánchez-Arrozena, LS, )	0.84
"Pretreatment with propofol in conditions of hepatic I/R inhibits the apoptosis of hepatocytes as evidenced by decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells. "	( Role of glycogen synthase kinase 3β in protective effect of propofol against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Chen, B; Lv, Y; Ma, H; Qu, P; Shen, X; Tie, R; Xu, GF; Yu, J; Zhang, H; Zhao, G; Zhu, YL, 2013)	0.97
"Treatment with propofol induced apoptosis and increased paclitaxel killing of all paclitaxel-sensitive and -resistant ovarian cancer cells followed by significant decrease in the Slug levels."	( Propofol inhibits invasion and enhances paclitaxel- induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells through the suppression of the transcription factor slug. Chen, J; Du, QH; Mu, LH; Niu, XH; Wang, P; Zhang, MY, 2013)	2.17
"Pretreatment with propofol is associated with attenuation of OALT-induced ALI, and the Nrf2 pathway is involved in the antioxidative processes."	( Propofol activation of the Nrf2 pathway is associated with amelioration of acute lung injury in a rat liver transplantation model. Chi, X; Hei, Z; Luo, G; Xia, Z; Yao, W; Zhang, A; Zhu, G, 2014)	2.18
"Treatment with propofol has been found to attenuate oxidative stress injury in rat cardiac cells through the inhibition of programmed cell death. "	( Propofol protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in cardiac H9c2 cells is associated with the NF-κB activation and PUMA expression. Li, D; Li, Y; Liu, YJ; Lv, G; Zhang, DL; Zhang, L, 2014)	2.2
"Pretreatment with propofol significantly ameliorated renal pathology and abrogated the increase of the Cr and BUN concentrations, O2•‑ and ·OH activities, and MDA levels induced by OLAT."	( Propofol pretreatment attenuates remote kidney injury induced by orthotopic liver autotransplantation, which is correlated with the activation of Nrf2 in rats. Chi, X; Ge, M; Hei, Z; Luo, C; Luo, G; Yao, W; Yuan, D; Zhou, S, 2015)	2.18
"Treatment with propofol (2,6‑diisopropylphenol) has been observed to attenuate oxidative stress injury via inhibition of programmed cell death."	( Propofol protects against the neurotoxicity of 1‑methyl‑4‑phenylpyridinium. Chu, H; Lan, K; Leng, C; Ning, J; Song, T; Wang, S, 2016)	2.22
"Treatment with propofol and remifentanil markedly increased the latent period in the Morris water maze test, increased number the extent of Tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus, adversely modulated total water and calcium content in the brain, and elevated serum S100β levels. "	( Changes in cognitive function due to combined propofol and remifentanil treatment are associated with phosphorylation of Tau in the hippocampus, abnormal total water and calcium contents of the brain, and elevated serum S100β levels. Hu, Y; Ji, Y; Li, CY; Xue, M; Zhi, XL, 2016)	1.05
"Pre-treatment with propofol significantly increased the CoBF and DPOAE amplitudes, decreased 8-iso-PGF2α and the loss of OHCs."	( Protective effect of propofol on noise-induced hearing loss. Duan, N; Jing, GX; Wang, Q; Wen, J; Xiao, Y, 2017)	1.09
"Pretreatment with propofol attenuates autogenous orthotropic liver transplantation induces hippocampal injury via JAK2/STAT3 pathway."	( Propofol postconditioning attenuates hippocampus ischemia-reperfusion injury via modulating JAK2/STAT3 pathway in rats after autogenous orthotropic liver transplantation. Du, H; Gu, X; Jia, L; Li, S; Sheng, M; Wang, F; Wang, G; Weng, Y; Yu, W, 2017)	2.22
"Posttreatment propofol decreased serum TNF-alpha level, increased serum IL-10 level, attenuated the severity of organ damage, and improved survival rate after HS."	( Propofol protects against hemorrhagic shock-induced organ damage in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hsu, BG; Lee, CC; Lee, CJ; Lee, RP; Peng, TC; Subeq, YM, 2009)	2.14
"Co-treatment with propofol and TLR2 siRNA synergistically ameliorated LTA-induced iNOS mRNA expression and nitrite production."	( Propofol inhibits lipoteichoic acid-induced iNOS gene expression in macrophages possibly through downregulation of toll-like receptor 2-mediated activation of Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2-IKK-NFkappaB. Chen, RM; Chiu, WT; Chou, CW; Lin, YL, 2009)	2.12
"Treatment with propofol has been found to attenuate oxidative stress and prevent ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat heart."	( Propofol protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in cardiac H9c2 cells via Akt activation and Bcl-2 up-regulation. Ansley, DM; Chen, DD; Luo, H; Raedschelders, K; Shravah, J; Wang, B, 2009)	2.14
"Pretreatment with propofol significantly decreased writhing responses induced by visceral pain, suppressed the visceral pain-induced aspartate and glutamate release, and reversed the decreased release of γ-amino butyric acid in the cerebrospinal fluid."	( Effects of anesthetic propofol on release of amino acids from the spinal cord during visceral pain. Fang, L; Liu, Y; Mu, X; Wang, Y; Wu, A; Wu, J; Yue, Y; Zhang, Y, 2010)	1
"Pretreatment with propofol (20 μM, Group P(20)-H) significantly decreased HIF-1α protein expression (P<0.01 vs."	( Propofol attenuates hypoxia-induced apoptosis in alveolar epithelial type II cells through down-regulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. He, XY; Li, YK; Shi, XY; Xu, HT; Yuan, HB; Zou, Z, 2012)	2.15
"Treatment with propofol during organ preservation did not reduce neutrophil infiltration into the graft."	( Addition of a water-soluble propofol formulation to preservation solution in experimental kidney transplantation. Buurman, WA; de Vries, EE; Haenen, GR; Parkkinen, J; Peutz-Kootstra, CJ; Schurink, GW; Snoeijs, MG; Vaahtera, L; van Heurn, LW, 2011)	1
"Pretreatment with propofol 1 h before LPS normalized urine and serum osmolality, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen to control levels."	( Protective effects of propofol on endotoxemia-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Bai, T; Cui, WY; Tian, AY, 2011)	1.01
"Pretreatment of propofol at different concentrations (50, 150, and 250 μmol/L) reversed H/R-induced neurotoxicity and increased MT-3 mRNA and protein expressions."	( Propofol exerts hippocampal neuron protective effects via up-regulation of metallothionein-3. He, J; Huang, C; Jiang, J; Lv, L, 2013)	2.17
"Afer treatment with propofol, the variation of all parameters were alleviated markedly (P<0.05 and P<0.01)."	( [Protective effect of propofol on liver during ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients undergoing liver surgery]. Hu, ZY; Lin, LN; Wang, WT; Wu, JZ; Xie, KJ, 2004)	0.95
"Only treatment #4 (propofol 120 microg ."	( The effects of propofol, small-dose isoflurane, and nitrous oxide on cortical somatosensory evoked potential and bispectral index monitoring in adolescents undergoing spinal fusion. Clapcich, AJ; Dowling, KC; Emerson, RG; Gallo, EJ; Heyer, EJ; Ramnath, B; Roye, DP; Xie, H, 2004)	1
"Pretreatment with propofol prevented a further increase in MDA levels and significantly decreased CAT activity following detorsion."	( Propofol attenuates reperfusion injury after testicular torsion and detorsion. Balbay, MD; Bozoklu, A; Devrim, E; Durak, I; Eroglu, M; Guven, C; Unsal, A, 2004)	2.09
"Post-treatment with propofol suppressed the release of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-10 and NO production after endotoxin shock."	( Effects of post-treatment with low-dose propofol on inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide-induced shock in conscious rats. Chen, HI; Hsu, BG; Lee, RP; Peng, TC; Yang, FL, )	0.71
"Posttreatment of propofol at low or high dose attenuated or prevented the extent of ALI."	( Propofol exerts protective effects on the acute lung injury induced by endotoxin in rats. Chen, HI; Chu, CH; David Liu, D; Hsu, YH; Lee, KC, 2007)	2.11
"Pre-treatment with propofol can reduce the concentration of Gq/11 protein in kidney tissue, and it can ameliorate the injury to the kidney during ARDS."	( [Influence of propofol on Gq/11 protein in kidney during acute respiratory distress syndrome]. Abasi, K; Jialili, A; Li, XJ; Zhang, L, 2006)	1.02
"Pretreatment with propofol (groups C and D) attenuated the frequency of pain significantly in 21 (42%) and 24 (48%) patients at induction, respectively."	( Evaluation of low-dose propofol preadministration to attenuate vascular pain during induction of anesthesia. Kodaka, M; Koyama, K; Maeyama, A; Miyao, H; Okuyama, S, 2007)	0.97
"Treatment with propofol abrogated or reversed the oleic acid-induced changes."	( Protective effects of propofol on acute lung injury induced by oleic acid in conscious rats. Chen, HI; Hsieh, NK; Kao, SJ; Su, CF, 2008)	1
"If treated with propofol alone (2 and 5 mg/kg), there was no significant difference as compared to controls."	( Effect of propofol in altering pentylenetetrazol induced seizure threshold in rats. Medhi, B; Prakash, A; Puri, A; Saikia, B, 2008)	1.08
"Pretreatment with propofol emulsion at these threshold concentrations markedly inhibited the stimulant effects of aminophylline and digoxin on the indirectly and directly induced diaphragmatic contractions."	( The myoneural effects of propofol emulsion (Diprivan) on the nerve-muscle preparations of rats. Abdel-Zaher, AO; Askar, FG, 1997)	0.92
"Treatment with propofol was a predictor for lowered incidence of R&V, as well as male gender and negative history of motion sickness."	( Comparison of subhypnotic doses of thiopentone vs propofol on the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting following middle ear surgery. Honkavaara, P; Saarnivaara, L, 1998)	0.89
"Treatment with propofol is effective in the case of a patient with a serious withdrawal syndrome secondary to naltrexone overdose during methadone therapy."	( Emergency therapeutical approach simulating ultrarapid opioid detoxification in methadone withdrawal precipitated by erroneous administration of naltrexone. Barelli, A; De Giacomo, M; Gaspari, R; Mannelli, P; Stefanelli, A, 1999)	0.64
"Pretreatment with propofol shifts the concentration-response curves of carbachol-induced smooth muscle contraction to the right in a concentration-dependent manner without changing the maximal response. "	( Mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of propofol on the contraction of canine airway smooth muscle. Chien, CS; Chiu, CT; Lin, CC; Pan, SL; Shyr, MH; Tan, PP; Wang, CC; Yang, CM, 1999)	0.89
"Pretreatment with propofol attenuated diaphragmatic dysfunction induced by septic peritonitis in hamsters assessed by contractile profiles and endurance capacity. "	( Propofol attenuates diaphragmatic dysfunction induced by septic peritonitis in hamsters. Kodama, S; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H, 2001)	2.09

Toxicity

Both propofol and midazolam result in high patient satisfaction and appear to be safe for use in colonoscopy. Patients at least 65 years old and/or classified as ASA II are more likely to present a decrease in blood pressure and have a prolonged recovery time.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Phase II and III studies are tightly controlled trials investigating adverse effects before government approval of a new drug."	( Adverse events in a multicenter phase IV study of propofol: evaluation by anesthesiologists and postanesthesia care unit nurses. Apfelbaum, JL; Grasela, TH; Hug, CC; McLeskey, CH; Nahrwold, ML; Roizen, MF; Stanley, TH; Thisted, RA; Walawander, CA; White, PF, 1993)	0.54
" Heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP), respiration, quality of induction and recovery, and adverse effects were induction and recovery, and adverse effects were recorded."	( Adverse effects of administration of propofol with various preanesthetic regimens in dogs. Bednarski, RM; Gaynor, JS; Muir, WW; Smith, JA, 1993)	0.56
"We examined records of sedations provided by the paediatric anaesthesiology staff for 455 children (ages 1 mo-17 yr) undergoing MRI or CT scans at our institution over a twelve-month period with regard to the monitoring of adverse events: excessive sedation, agitation, vomiting, hypoxaemia, and major airway compromise."	( An audit of adverse events in children sedated with chloral hydrate or propofol during imaging studies. Albarracin, C; Barst, SM; Bienkowski, RS; Lebowitz, P; Merola, C, 1995)	0.52
"Propofol PCS represents a safe sedation technique among elderly patients in a monitored care setting."	( Patient-controlled propofol sedation for elderly patients: safety and patient attitude toward control. Gelb, AW; Herrick, IA; Kirkby, J; Nichols, B, 1996)	2.07
" We conclude that the laryngeal mask provides a safe and effective form of airway management for infants and children in the hands of supervised anaesthesia trainees both for spontaneous and controlled ventilation using either isoflurane or total intravenous anaesthesia."	( Safety and efficacy of the laryngeal mask airway. A prospective survey of 1400 children. Alvarez, M; Brimacombe, J; Lopez-Gil, M, 1996)	0.29
" Maintenance was generally uneventful and there were no excitatory or other adverse effects."	( [Adverse effects and recovery after total intravenous anesthesia in children]. Cvejanov, M; Drasković, B, )	0.13
"Mouse biological assays were used to investigate potential adverse effects of propofol on the oocyte's competence to fuse with spermatozoa and on the embryo's ability to develop to the blastocyst stage."	( An evaluation of propofol toxicity on mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Colonna, R; Francione, A; Lottan, M; Marinangeli, F; Tatone, C; Varrassi, G, 1998)	0.87
" The incidence of adverse events during the sedation period was also similar."	( Propofol versus midazolam: safety and efficacy for sedating the severe trauma patient. Alted-Lopez, E; Ambros-Checa, A; Caballero-Cubedo, RE; Cantalapiedra-Santiago, JA; Perez-Vela, JL; Sanchez-Izquierdo-Riera, JA, 1998)	1.74
" Sixteen of the dogs suffered an adverse effect, 13 of them vomited."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of propofol or ketamine anaesthesia in dogs premedicated with medetomidine. Hellebrekers, LJ; Hird, JF; Rosenhagen, CU; Sap, R; Vainio, O; van Herpen, H, 1998)	0.58
" Intubation conditions 60 sec after administration of muscle relaxant and immediate cardiovascular disturbances or adverse events during the hospital stay were noted by blinded observers."	( Comparison of neuromuscular effects, efficacy and safety of rocuronium and atracurium in ambulatory anaesthesia. Estafanous, FG; Knapik, AL; Maurer, WG; Whalley, DG, 1998)	0.3
" The incidence of adverse events and the cardiovascular profiles for the two drugs were similar, although one patient receiving atracurium experienced transient flushing of the head and neck."	( Comparison of neuromuscular effects, efficacy and safety of rocuronium and atracurium in ambulatory anaesthesia. Estafanous, FG; Knapik, AL; Maurer, WG; Whalley, DG, 1998)	0.3
"Intravenous sedation with propofol for ERCP is (1) more effective than sedation with midazolam, (2) safe under adequate patient monitoring, and (3) associated with a faster postprocedure recovery."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous propofol sedation during routine ERCP: a prospective, controlled study. Caspary, WF; Kokabpick, S; Lembcke, B; Seifert, H; Wehrmann, T, 1999)	0.88
" The aim of this study was to compare clinical efficacy, tolerability and adverse effects of thiopental, etomidate and propofol."	( [Adverse effects reported after inductive doses of the intravenous anesthetics, thiopentone, etomidate and propofol]. Adamov, A; Djordjević, B; Krivokapić, D; Loncar-Stojiljković, D; Stojiljković, MP, )	0.55
" Assessments included hemodynamics; adverse events, including accidents, actual or possible; recovery times; anesthetist ratings of quality of induction and maintenance, and of ease of control and use of technique."	( [Comparison of manual infusion of propofol and target-controlled infusion: effectiveness, safety and acceptability]. Mazzarella, B; Melloni, C; Montanini, S; Novelli, GP; Peduto, VA; Santandrea, E; Vincenti, E; Zattoni, J, 1999)	0.58
" We conclude that the patient-maintained sedation system described could not be guaranteed to produce only conscious sedation in all patients, and that close clinical supervision by an anaesthetist would still be required for safe operation."	( Safety of patient-maintained propofol sedation using a target-controlled system in healthy volunteers. Grant, SA; Kenny, GN; Murdoch, JA, 2000)	0.6
" Earlier recognition of this side effect may have averted unnecessary laboratory monitoring."	( Clinical significance of rare and benign side effects: propofol and green urine. Blakey, SA; Hixson-Wallace, JA, 2000)	0.55
"009%) and about two third of the adverse effects were due to premedication (0."	( [How safe is premedication in ambulatory endoscopy in Germany? A prospective study in gastroenterology specialty practices]. Hachmoeller-Eisenbach, U; Heisenbach, T; Sieg, A, 2000)	0.31
"Propofol's new preparation is safe when used in severely traumatized patients."	( Midazolam and 2% propofol in long-term sedation of traumatized critically ill patients: efficacy and safety comparison. Alted Lopez, E; Peinado Rodriguez, J; Sa Borges, M; Sanchez-Izquierdo Riera, JA; Sandiumenge Camps, A; Toral Vazquez, D, 2000)	2.09
" The most common adverse events were hypotension, atrial fibrillation, and hypocalcaemia."	( Safety and efficacy of propofol with EDTA when used for sedation of surgical intensive care unit patients. Cason, B; Fulda, GJ; Hall, JB; Herr, DL; Hickey, R; Kelly, K; Nejman, AM; Teres, D; Ulatowski, J; Zaloga, GP, 2000)	0.62
" However, delivery devices such as infusion pumps for drugs like propofol, when coupled with computers to help regulate the infusion rate and monitor the sedative effect, may provide the necessary control for safe administration of propofol and similar drugs by these individuals."	( Making patients safe and comfortable for a lifetime of dentistry: frontiers in office-based sedation. Yagiela, JA, 2001)	0.55
" Overall, the incidence of adverse events was similar but greater in the remifentanil group with respect to shivering (P<0."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of remifentanil and fentanyl in 'fast track' coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized, double-blind study. Blake, D; Demeyere, R; Dybvik, T; Herregods, L; Kirnö, K; MacAdams, C; Moerman, A; Möllhoff, T; Shaikh, S, 2001)	0.31
"A single sub-anaesthetic dose of propofol prior to administering peribulbar block is effective in reducing recall of the injection and safe without major systemic side effects."	( Efficacy and safety of sedation with propofol in peribulbar anaesthesia. Balmer, HG; Habib, NE; Hocking, G, 2002)	0.87
"To determine the incidence of adverse events related to an endoscopy sedation regimen that included propofol, delivered by general practitioner (GP) sedationists."	( Sedation for endoscopy: the safe use of propofol by general practitioner sedationists. Chiragakis, L; Clarke, AC; Hillman, LC; Kaye, GL, 2002)	0.8
"Audit of reports of sedation-related adverse events in patients undergoing endoscopy."	( Sedation for endoscopy: the safe use of propofol by general practitioner sedationists. Chiragakis, L; Clarke, AC; Hillman, LC; Kaye, GL, 2002)	0.58
" There were 185 sedation-related adverse events (6."	( Sedation for endoscopy: the safe use of propofol by general practitioner sedationists. Chiragakis, L; Clarke, AC; Hillman, LC; Kaye, GL, 2002)	0.58
"The GP sedationists encountered a low incidence of adverse events, which they managed effectively."	( Sedation for endoscopy: the safe use of propofol by general practitioner sedationists. Chiragakis, L; Clarke, AC; Hillman, LC; Kaye, GL, 2002)	0.58
" Treatment seems to be safe at venlafaxine doses <300 mg/day."	( Efficacy and safety of venlafaxine-ECT combination in treatment-resistant depression. Elizagarate, E; Gonzalez, N; Gonzalez-Pinto, A; Gutierrez, M; Mico, JA; Perez de Heredia, JL, 2002)	0.31
"Neurotoxicity is the dose-limiting side-effect of vincristine in cancer therapy."	( Effect of thiopental, propofol, and etomidate on vincristine toxicity in PC12 cells. Chen, JT; Cheng, JT; Chou, AK; Lee, TC; Lin, CR; Lin, FC; Yang, LC, 2002)	0.63
"As part of our continuous quality improvement program, we prospectively recorded the doses of propofol and adverse reactions to the drug in our initial 2000 cases."	( Safety of propofol administered by registered nurses with gastroenterologist supervision in 2000 endoscopic cases. Coates, M; Goodwine, BW; Helper, D; Kinser, K; Lee, A; Lemler, S; Overley, C; Rahmani, E; Rex, DK; Sipe, B; Strahl, E, 2002)	0.94
" The studied variables included procedures performed, anesthetic drug doses, procedure and recovery durations, and side effect occurrence."	( Is propofol safe for procedural sedation in children? A prospective evaluation of propofol versus ketamine in pediatric critical care. Barzilay, Z; Padeh, S; Paret, G; Salem, Y; Vardi, A, 2002)	0.94
" Because transient respiratory depression and hypotension are associated with PL, it is considered safe only in a monitored environment (e."	( Is propofol safe for procedural sedation in children? A prospective evaluation of propofol versus ketamine in pediatric critical care. Barzilay, Z; Padeh, S; Paret, G; Salem, Y; Vardi, A, 2002)	0.94
" They were followed up to 3 months postoperatively only to fail to detect any adverse events related directly to this method of anesthesia."	( [A clinical study of total intravenous anesthesia by using mainly propofol, fentanyl and ketamine--with special reference to its safety based on 26,079 cases]. Hashimoto, H; Hirota, K; Ishihara, H; Koh, H; Kotani, N; Matsuki, A; Muraoka, M; Nagao, H; Sakai, T; Sato, Y; Takahashi, S; Tsubo, T; Wakayama, S, 2002)	0.55
"Propofol has recently been reported to be a safe sedative for endoscopy."	( Propofol--a safe and effective sedative for endoscopy. Khanna, S; Khare, S; Kumar, A; Tobin, R; Vij, J, )	3.02
"Propofol is a safe and effective sedative for endoscopic procedures."	( Propofol--a safe and effective sedative for endoscopy. Khanna, S; Khare, S; Kumar, A; Tobin, R; Vij, J, )	3.02
"The administration of propofol by registered nurses, with careful monitoring under the supervision of the gastroenterologist, is safe for conscious sedation during GI endoscopic procedures."	( Risk stratification and safe administration of propofol by registered nurses supervised by the gastroenterologist: a prospective observational study of more than 2000 cases. Beglinger, C; Drewe, J; Heuss, LT; Pflimlin, E; Schnieper, P, 2003)	0.89
" Any adverse events were recorded."	( Propofol target-controlled infusions for sedation--a safe technique for the non-anaesthetist? Blayney, MR; Malins, AF; Ryan, JD, 2003)	1.76
" Serious adverse effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular depression, make many endoscopists reluctant to use propofol in critically ill patients."	( Safety of propofol for conscious sedation during endoscopic procedures in high-risk patients-a prospective, controlled study. Beglinger, C; Drewe, J; Heuss, LT; Pflimlin, E; Schnieper, P, 2003)	0.93
"Descriptive features of sedation including adverse events."	( The safe and effective use of propofol sedation in children undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: experience in a pediatric ICU and a review of the literature. Ponaman, ML; Poss, BW; Vaux, KK; Wheeler, DS, 2003)	0.61
" No cardiac arrhythmias or adverse neurologic effects secondary to propofol infusion were identified."	( The safe and effective use of propofol sedation in children undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: experience in a pediatric ICU and a review of the literature. Ponaman, ML; Poss, BW; Vaux, KK; Wheeler, DS, 2003)	0.84
" There were no statistically significant differences between the renal function groups in the incidence of adverse events, and no deaths were attributable to remifentanil use."	( Offset of pharmacodynamic effects and safety of remifentanil in intensive care unit patients with various degrees of renal impairment. Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Kessler, P; Shaikh, S; Wilmer, A, 2004)	0.32
" Atropine and diazepam in the premedication, propofol and fentanyl during induction, muscle relaxation facilitation by vecuronium, and sevoflurane or isoflurane for maintenance seem to be a safe general anesthetic choice for analgesic intolerant patients with and without asthma."	( General anesthesia and postoperative pain management in analgesic intolerant patients with/without asthma: is it safe? Basgül, E; Bozkurt, B; Celiker, V; Kalyoncu, AF; Karakaya, G; Oguzalp, H, )	0.39
"To compare the incidence of peri-procedure adverse events in patients undergoing colon cleansing with sodium phosphate tablets or polyethylene glycol solution prior to colonoscopy with propofol-based sedation."	( Safety of sodium phosphate tablets in patients receiving propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy. Eschinger, EJ; Kastenberg, DM; Katz, LC; Littman, JJ; Meyer, K; Milman, PJ, )	0.57
" Study data and anesthesia records were reviewed for peri-procedure hemodynamic, cardiac, and pulmonary adverse events as well as the need for hospital admission."	( Safety of sodium phosphate tablets in patients receiving propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy. Eschinger, EJ; Kastenberg, DM; Katz, LC; Littman, JJ; Meyer, K; Milman, PJ, )	0.38
"Peri-procedure adverse events occurred rarely and with no increased frequency in patients using the sodium phosphate tablet purgative and receiving propofol-based sedation."	( Safety of sodium phosphate tablets in patients receiving propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy. Eschinger, EJ; Kastenberg, DM; Katz, LC; Littman, JJ; Meyer, K; Milman, PJ, )	0.58
" Analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil was very effective, well tolerated and had a similar adverse event and haemodynamic profile to those of hypnotic-based regimens when used in critically ill neuro-intensive care unit patients for up to 5 days."	( Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]. Karabinis, A; Kirkham, AJ; Komnos, A; Mandragos, K; Soukup, J; Speelberg, B; Stergiopoulos, S, 2004)	0.32
"The administration of propofol for endoscopic sedation by a qualified person, other than the endoscopist, is safe and effective."	( Endoscopist administered propofol for upper-GI EUS is safe and effective: a prospective study in 500 patients. Raymond, G; Sahai, AV; Yusoff, IF, 2004)	0.94
" Adverse events, drug dosage, complications, and patient/endoscopist satisfaction were recorded."	( Endoscopist administered propofol for upper-GI EUS is safe and effective: a prospective study in 500 patients. Raymond, G; Sahai, AV; Yusoff, IF, 2004)	0.63
" There was no major adverse event."	( Endoscopist administered propofol for upper-GI EUS is safe and effective: a prospective study in 500 patients. Raymond, G; Sahai, AV; Yusoff, IF, 2004)	0.63
"Endoscopist-administered propofol is safe and effective in selected patients."	( Endoscopist administered propofol for upper-GI EUS is safe and effective: a prospective study in 500 patients. Raymond, G; Sahai, AV; Yusoff, IF, 2004)	0.93
"To evaluate the prevalence of adverse events and complications during surgery using deep brain electrodes, mainly in the treatment of Parkinsonism."	( [Preoperative adverse events during stereotactic microelectrode-guided deep brain surgery in Parkinson's disease]. Arguis, MJ; Carrero, E; Fàbregas, N; Rumià, J; Salvador, L; Santos, P; Valero, R; Valldeoriola, F, 2004)	0.32
" Adverse events were observed for 101 patients (78."	( [Preoperative adverse events during stereotactic microelectrode-guided deep brain surgery in Parkinson's disease]. Arguis, MJ; Carrero, E; Fàbregas, N; Rumià, J; Salvador, L; Santos, P; Valero, R; Valldeoriola, F, 2004)	0.32
"The aim of the study was to evaluate adverse events related to the use of anesthesia and anesthetic procedures associated with interventional radiology."	( Adverse effects of anesthesia in interventional radiology. Derbent, A; Memiş, A; Oran, I; Parildar, M; Uyar, M; Yurtseven, T, 2005)	0.33
"Interventional radiological procedures seem to be safe from an anesthesiologist's point of view."	( Adverse effects of anesthesia in interventional radiology. Derbent, A; Memiş, A; Oran, I; Parildar, M; Uyar, M; Yurtseven, T, 2005)	0.33
"The authors evaluated adverse effects of intracarotid propofol injection during a Wada test and their risk factors in 58 patients."	( Evaluation of adverse effects in intracarotid propofol injection for Wada test. Enatsu, R; Hashimoto, N; Hayashi, N; Ikeda, A; Mikuni, N; Miyamoto, S; Nishida, N; Satow, T; Takayama, M; Taki, J; Yamada, S, 2005)	0.84
" The rate of adverse respiratory events was tracked from the inception of the programs."	( Trained registered nurses/endoscopy teams can administer propofol safely for endoscopy. Heuss, LT; Qi, R; Rex, DK; Walker, JA, 2005)	0.57
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
"The administration of propofol by the endoscopist and the assistant nurse, is an effective and safe method of sedation in patients of low and high-risk as well as in elderly patients."	( Endoscopist controlled administration of propofol: an effective and safe method of sedation in endoscopic procedures. de la Cruz, J; Franco, A; Marín, JC; Rodríguez Muñoz, S; Rodríguez-Alcalde, D; Sáenz-López, S; Solís Herruzo, JA, 2006)	0.91
" There were 19 anesthesia-related adverse events occurring in the study group (Monitored Anesthesia Care Group): nausea and vomiting (n = 8), airway obstruction necessitating conversion to general anesthesia (n = 2), excessive pain (n = 2), urinary retention (n = 5), and hospital readmission (n = 2)."	( Combination propofol/ketamine is a safe and efficient anesthetic approach to anorectal surgery. Canete, JJ; Counihan, TC; Friel, JC; McDade, J; Paterson, CA; Singla, S; Sun, MY, 2006)	0.71
"Combination deep intravenous sedation with local anesthesia based on propofol and ketamine is a safe and effective technique for prone-position anorectal surgery."	( Combination propofol/ketamine is a safe and efficient anesthetic approach to anorectal surgery. Canete, JJ; Counihan, TC; Friel, JC; McDade, J; Paterson, CA; Singla, S; Sun, MY, 2006)	0.95
"Recent studies have documented the safety of propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures, but many endoscopists are reluctant to use propofol for high-risk patients because of adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of nurse-administered propofol sedation during emergency upper endoscopy for gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective study. Higashi, S; Kane, T; Sakumoto, H; Sumiyoshi, K; Tohda, G, 2006)	0.86
"Using a strict protocol designed to protect the patient's airway and cardiovascular function, nurse-administered propofol sedation during emergency upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is safe and appropriate in cases of acute gastrointestinal bleeding."	( Efficacy and safety of nurse-administered propofol sedation during emergency upper endoscopy for gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective study. Higashi, S; Kane, T; Sakumoto, H; Sumiyoshi, K; Tohda, G, 2006)	0.81
" The adverse event (AE) rate was 18% and included apnea (10%), inadequate sedation (3%), bradycardia (2%), desaturation (1%), hypotension (1%) and bag-valve-mask use (1%)."	( Emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia: A Canadian Community Effectiveness and Safety Study (ACCESS). Mensour, M; Michaud, J; Pineau, R; Sahai, V, 2006)	0.33
"Procedural sedation was safe and effective in our environment."	( Emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia: A Canadian Community Effectiveness and Safety Study (ACCESS). Mensour, M; Michaud, J; Pineau, R; Sahai, V, 2006)	0.33
" No serious adverse events were reported during this trial."	( A randomized, dose-finding, phase II study of the selective relaxant binding drug, Sugammadex, capable of safely reversing profound rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. Drover, D; Groudine, SB; Lien, C; Roberts, K; Soto, R, 2007)	0.34
" At least in the case of colonoscopy, the associated use of midazolam allows the propofol dose to be decreased, thus, theoretically, reducing the drug's adverse effects."	( [Safety of propofol administration by the staff of a gastrointestinal endoscopy unit]. Amorós, A; Aparicio, JR; Casellas, JA; Garmendia, M; Martínez, J, 2007)	0.96
" Study outcome measures evaluated the level of sedation, length of procedure, sedation/recovery time, patient satisfaction, and adverse events."	( A prospective safety study of a low-dose propofol sedation protocol for colonoscopy. Baluyut, A; Scheidler, M; Sipe, BW; Wright, B, 2007)	0.61
" No serious adverse events occurred."	( A prospective safety study of a low-dose propofol sedation protocol for colonoscopy. Baluyut, A; Scheidler, M; Sipe, BW; Wright, B, 2007)	0.61
"This protocol for propofol administration is safe and effective for patients undergoing elective colonoscopy."	( A prospective safety study of a low-dose propofol sedation protocol for colonoscopy. Baluyut, A; Scheidler, M; Sipe, BW; Wright, B, 2007)	0.94
" Sevoflurane proved to be a safe alternative medication for prolonged sedation."	( Organ toxicity and mortality in propofol-sedated rabbits under prolonged mechanical ventilation. Bougioukas, G; Didilis, V; Lambropoulou, M; Manolas, C; Mikroulis, D; Papadopoulos, N; Pitiakoudis, M; Politou, M; Simopoulos, C; Tsigalou, C; Ypsilantis, P, 2007)	0.62
"Nurse-administered propofol sedation using PCA pump is safe and effective in sedation and pain control in outpatient colonoscopy in a healthy Chinese population."	( Safety of nurse-administered propofol sedation using PCA pump for outpatient colonoscopy in Chinese patients: a pilot study. Chan, YL; Leong, HT; Leung, TC; Leung, TL; Poon, CM; Wong, CW, 2007)	0.96
" EDPS with propofol seems to be safe in our population."	( Emergency department procedural sedation with propofol: is it safe? Brizendine, EJ; Cordell, WH; Hauter, WE; Weaver, CS, 2007)	0.99
" MAIN ENDPOINTS: a) time to sedoanalgesia and recovery, length for invasive procedure and stay in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit; b) mean dose of drug; c) sedoanalgesic grade and amnesia related to invasive procedure and d) adverse events."	( [Safety and effectiveness of the sedoanalgesia with fentanyl and propofol. Experience in a pediatric intensive medicine unit]. Consuegra, E; González, R; López, JM; Morón, A; Pérez, O; Urquía, L; Valerón, M, 2007)	0.58
" Adverse respiratory effects were defined as apnea for more than 30 seconds or an oxygen saturation of less than 90%."	( Efficacy, safety and patient satisfaction of propofol for procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department: a prospective study. Abu-Laban, RB; Chan, WW; Harrison, DW; Zed, PJ, 2007)	0.6
"When administered as part of a standardized protocol, propofol appears to be a safe and effective agent for performing procedural sedation and analgesia in the ED, and is associated with high patient and physician satisfaction."	( Efficacy, safety and patient satisfaction of propofol for procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department: a prospective study. Abu-Laban, RB; Chan, WW; Harrison, DW; Zed, PJ, 2007)	0.85
"To synthesize the evidence comparing the adverse event (AE) profile and clinical effectiveness of midazolam and propofol for procedural sedation (PS) in adults in the emergency care setting."	( Safety and clinical effectiveness of midazolam versus propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department: a systematic review. Anis, AH; Hohl, CM; Nosyk, B; Sadatsafavi, M, 2008)	0.81
" Three emergency medicine journals, the Canadian Adverse Drug Reaction Newsletter, and conference proceedings were hand-searched."	( Safety and clinical effectiveness of midazolam versus propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department: a systematic review. Anis, AH; Hohl, CM; Nosyk, B; Sadatsafavi, M, 2008)	0.59
" The aim of this prospective observational audit was to evaluate our practice and report the occurrence of adverse events and behavioral reactions related to the use of ketamine, propofol, and midazolam combinations."	( Adverse events and behavioral reactions related to ketamine based anesthesia for anorectal manometry in children. Dalal, PG; Seth, N; Somerville, N; Taylor, D, 2008)	0.54
" Intra- and postoperative adverse events, times to spontaneous awakening and discharge from the PACU were noted."	( Adverse events and behavioral reactions related to ketamine based anesthesia for anorectal manometry in children. Dalal, PG; Seth, N; Somerville, N; Taylor, D, 2008)	0.35
"No serious adverse events (AEs) were reported."	( Safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium in healthy volunteers. Cammu, G; De Kam, PJ; Decoopman, M; Demeyer, I; Foubert, L; Peeters, PA; Smeets, JM, 2008)	0.35
"Assisted sedation is a safe and easy method for pain free PVP procedures."	( Assisted sedation: a safe and easy method for pain-free percutaneous vertebroplasty. Andreula, C; Della Puppa, A; Frass, M, 2008)	0.35
" No respiratory (respiratory rate/transcutaneous PCO(2)) or cardiovascular (heart rate/blood pressure) adverse events were recorded at any time during any of the PCS procedures."	( Patient controlled sedation using a standard protocol for dressing changes in burns: patients' preference, procedural details and a preliminary safety evaluation. Bak, Z; Nilsson, A; Sjöberg, F; Steinvall, I, 2008)	0.35
" The most frequent adverse events (AEs) were transient and self-limited paresthesias and pruritus of mild-to-moderate severity."	( A phase 3, randomized, double-blind study to assess the efficacy and safety of fospropofol disodium injection for moderate sedation in patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy. Downie, GH; Hansbrough, JR; Robinette, E; Silvestri, GA; Vincent, BD; Wahidi, MM, 2009)	0.58
"Fospropofol provided safe and effective sedation for patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy."	( A phase 3, randomized, double-blind study to assess the efficacy and safety of fospropofol disodium injection for moderate sedation in patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy. Downie, GH; Hansbrough, JR; Robinette, E; Silvestri, GA; Vincent, BD; Wahidi, MM, 2009)	1.2
" More studies are needed to determine the optimal dosing regimen, as well as to determine the potential adverse effects of IVLE when used in this setting."	( Intravenous lipid emulsion for local anesthetic toxicity: a review of the literature. Felice, K; Schumann, H, 2008)	0.35
"We sought to determine whether the combination of propofol and fentanyl results in lower propofol doses and fewer adverse cardiopulmonary events than propofol and placebo for lumbar puncture in children with acute hematologic malignancies."	( Propofol-fentanyl versus propofol alone for lumbar puncture sedation in children with acute hematologic malignancies: propofol dosing and adverse events. Christenson, DK; Eickhoff, JC; Hollman, GA; Schultz, MM, 2008)	2.04
" Data collected included patient age and diagnosis, propofol dose and adverse events."	( Propofol-fentanyl versus propofol alone for lumbar puncture sedation in children with acute hematologic malignancies: propofol dosing and adverse events. Christenson, DK; Eickhoff, JC; Hollman, GA; Schultz, MM, 2008)	2.04
" Twelve adverse events occurred in 11 of 22 patients (50."	( Propofol-fentanyl versus propofol alone for lumbar puncture sedation in children with acute hematologic malignancies: propofol dosing and adverse events. Christenson, DK; Eickhoff, JC; Hollman, GA; Schultz, MM, 2008)	1.79
" propofol alone for lumbar puncture sedation in children with acute hematologic malignancies resulted in lower propofol doses and fewer adverse events."	( Propofol-fentanyl versus propofol alone for lumbar puncture sedation in children with acute hematologic malignancies: propofol dosing and adverse events. Christenson, DK; Eickhoff, JC; Hollman, GA; Schultz, MM, 2008)	2.7
"One hundred percent propofol is neither safe nor effective when administered via the IM route; presumably as a result of poor systemic uptake of the hydrophobic drug."	( Safety and efficacy of intramuscular propofol administration in rats. Brosnan, RJ; Dark, MJ; Haldorson, GJ; McKune, CM, 2008)	0.94
"Low-dose propofol sedation was safe and recovery including driving ability was with 60 min."	( Safety and driving ability following low-dose propofol sedation. Horiuchi, A; Ichise, Y; Katsuyama, Y; Nakayama, Y; Ohmori, S; Tanaka, N, 2008)	1.02
" Data for each patient were recorded, with particular attention given to adverse outcomes."	( Is propofol a safe and effective sedative for relocating hip prostheses? Harris, A; Hudson, A; Jones, L; Lloyd, G; Mathieu, N; McLauchlan, C; Riou, P, 2009)	0.97
"Significant adverse effects of propofol in this case series were uncommon (12/98 patients) and readily countered."	( Is propofol a safe and effective sedative for relocating hip prostheses? Harris, A; Hudson, A; Jones, L; Lloyd, G; Mathieu, N; McLauchlan, C; Riou, P, 2009)	1.26
"The Leipzig fast-track protocol for cardio-anesthesia including the central elements of switching opiate therapy to remifentanil and switching patient recovery to a special post-anesthesia recovery and care unit, shortened therapy times, is safe and economically effective."	( [Leipzig fast-track protocol for cardio-anesthesia. Effective, safe and economical]. Ender, J; Fassl, J; Funkat, AK; Häntschel, D; Scholz, M; Sommer, M; Wittmann, M, 2009)	0.35
"We used a large database of prospectively collected data on pediatric sedation/anesthesia outside the operating room provided by a wide range of pediatric specialists to delineate the nature and frequency of adverse events associated with propofol-based sedation/anesthesia care."	( The incidence and nature of adverse events during pediatric sedation/anesthesia with propofol for procedures outside the operating room: a report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Beach, ML; Blike, GT; Cravero, JP; Gallagher, SM; Hertzog, JH, 2009)	0.76
" Data on demographics, primary illness, coexisting illness, procedure performed, medications used, procedure and recovery times, medication doses outcomes of anesthesia, airway interventions and adverse events were collected and reported using web-based data collection tool."	( The incidence and nature of adverse events during pediatric sedation/anesthesia with propofol for procedures outside the operating room: a report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Beach, ML; Blike, GT; Cravero, JP; Gallagher, SM; Hertzog, JH, 2009)	0.58
" In an unadjusted analysis, the rate of pulmonary adverse events was not different for anesthesiologists versus other providers."	( The incidence and nature of adverse events during pediatric sedation/anesthesia with propofol for procedures outside the operating room: a report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Beach, ML; Blike, GT; Cravero, JP; Gallagher, SM; Hertzog, JH, 2009)	0.58
" The data indicate that propofol sedation/anesthesia is unlikely to yield serious adverse outcomes in a collection of institutions with highly motivated and organized sedation/anesthesia services."	( The incidence and nature of adverse events during pediatric sedation/anesthesia with propofol for procedures outside the operating room: a report from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium. Beach, ML; Blike, GT; Cravero, JP; Gallagher, SM; Hertzog, JH, 2009)	0.88
" Propofol administered by a pediatric intensivist is a safe sedation technique in the pediatric outpatient setting."	( Safety of propofol sedation for pediatric outpatient procedures. Galloway, D; Hardy, D; Kjar, D; Larsen, R; Mirkes, C; Pohl, JF; Wadera, S; Wick, L, 2009)	1.67
" In this report, we summarize our experience with nurse-administered propofol sedation, and demonstrate it to be feasible and safe for bronchoscopic procedures."	( Nurse-administered propofol sedation: feasibility and safety in bronchoscopy. Bosslet, GT; Devito, ML; Lahm, T; Mathur, PN; Sheski, FD, 2010)	0.92
" Patient demographics, procedure type and indication, procedure time, medication doses, and adverse events were noted and analyzed."	( Nurse-administered propofol sedation: feasibility and safety in bronchoscopy. Bosslet, GT; Devito, ML; Lahm, T; Mathur, PN; Sheski, FD, 2010)	0.69
" Adverse events attributable to sedation were noted in 33 (6."	( Nurse-administered propofol sedation: feasibility and safety in bronchoscopy. Bosslet, GT; Devito, ML; Lahm, T; Mathur, PN; Sheski, FD, 2010)	0.69
"Nurse-administered propofol sedation is a feasible and safe sedation method for bronchoscopic procedures."	( Nurse-administered propofol sedation: feasibility and safety in bronchoscopy. Bosslet, GT; Devito, ML; Lahm, T; Mathur, PN; Sheski, FD, 2010)	1.02
" We suggest that the performance of peripheral foot and ankle blocks with monitored intravenous sedation appears to be a safe and useful option for ASA 3 and 4 patients undergoing limb-preservation surgery."	( Safety of local anesthesia combined with monitored intravenous sedation for American Society of Anesthesiologists 3 and 4 patients undergoing lower limb-preservation procedures. Blume, P; Gesquire, M; Kodumudi, G; Mitra, S; Shelley, K; Vadivelu, N; Xia, Y, )	0.13
" All patients tolerated the procedure well without any major adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of procedural sedation and analgesia by paediatric intensivist in paediatric oncology unit. Fadoo, Z; Haque, A, 2010)	0.36
" pharmacokinetics), consideration of potential adverse effects in susceptible patients, and utilization of sedation-minimizing strategies."	( Optimizing sustained use of sedation in mechanically ventilated patients: focus on safety. Arnold, HM; Hollands, JM; Mice, ST; Skrupky, LP, 2010)	0.36
"Based on our results, the ESDs for EGC performed under sedation using propofol continuous infusion were as safe as those performed using intermittent MDZ injection."	( Safe and effective sedation in endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a randomized comparison between propofol continuous infusion and intermittent midazolam injection. Gotoda, T; Hirashima, T; Kiriyama, S; Kusano, C; Kuwano, H; Nishimoto, F; Oda, I; Sano, H, 2010)	0.8
" Adverse events and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics were evaluated."	( Effectiveness, safety, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of microemulsion propofol in patients undergoing elective surgery under total intravenous anaesthesia. Cho, SH; Choe, SM; Choi, BM; Ghim, JL; Jung, JA; Lee, HM; Noh, GJ; Roh, YJ, 2010)	0.58
" Aquafol showed similar incidence of adverse events to Diprivan."	( Effectiveness, safety, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of microemulsion propofol in patients undergoing elective surgery under total intravenous anaesthesia. Cho, SH; Choe, SM; Choi, BM; Ghim, JL; Jung, JA; Lee, HM; Noh, GJ; Roh, YJ, 2010)	0.58
"Aquafol was as effective and safe as Diprivan, but caused more severe and frequent injection pain."	( Effectiveness, safety, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of microemulsion propofol in patients undergoing elective surgery under total intravenous anaesthesia. Cho, SH; Choe, SM; Choi, BM; Ghim, JL; Jung, JA; Lee, HM; Noh, GJ; Roh, YJ, 2010)	0.58
" Nonanesthesia personnel-administered propofol, including that administered by specially trained nurses under the supervision of an endoscopist, appears to be safe with minor, easily resolved, adverse events occurring in less than 1% of patients."	( A literature review of the safety and efficacy of using propofol for sedation in endoscopy. Ellett, ML, )	0.65
"Study endpoints included measures of sedation depth, requirement for supplemental sedative doses, use of alternative sedatives, and the frequency and nature of treatment-emergent and sedative-related adverse events."	( Safety evaluation of fospropofol for sedation during minor surgical procedures. Berry, BD; Ekman, EF; Gan, TJ; Hardi, R; Muckerman, RC; Shore, N, 2010)	0.67
" The most common treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were self-limited: paresthesias (62."	( Safety evaluation of fospropofol for sedation during minor surgical procedures. Berry, BD; Ekman, EF; Gan, TJ; Hardi, R; Muckerman, RC; Shore, N, 2010)	0.67
"5 mg/kg with supplemental doses was safe and well-tolerated as moderate sedation for use in minor surgical procedures."	( Safety evaluation of fospropofol for sedation during minor surgical procedures. Berry, BD; Ekman, EF; Gan, TJ; Hardi, R; Muckerman, RC; Shore, N, 2010)	0.67
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)	0.36
" Its paediatric use has been limited in some ED (emergency departments) because of the perceived high rate of serious adverse events in comparison with other sedation agents."	( Review article: Safety profile of propofol for paediatric procedural sedation in the emergency department. Lamond, DW, 2010)	0.64
"The adverse effects and risks associated with intracarotid propofol injection during Wada testing were retrospectively compared in two groups of patients with (n = 75) and without (n = 58) intravenous methylprednisolone administered before intracarotid propofol injection."	( Intravenous methylprednisolone reduces the risk of propofol-induced adverse effects during Wada testing. Hashimoto, N; Kikuchi, T; Matsumoto, A; Mikuni, N; Miyamoto, S; Yamada, S; Yokoyama, Y, 2010)	0.86
" The adverse effects of the treatment were also recorded."	( Propofol-induced sleep: efficacy and safety in patients with refractory chronic primary insomnia. Gao, D; Jiang, X; Li, W; Li, X; Liu, J; Xu, Z, 2011)	1.81
" Primary outcomes were serious adverse events, sedation events, and efficacy."	( Safety and efficacy of procedural sedation with propofol in a country with a young emergency medicine training program. Dijksman, LM; Kok, MF; Kuypers, MI; Mencl, F; Simons, MP; Verhagen, MF, 2011)	0.62
" No serious adverse events were reported."	( Safety and efficacy of procedural sedation with propofol in a country with a young emergency medicine training program. Dijksman, LM; Kok, MF; Kuypers, MI; Mencl, F; Simons, MP; Verhagen, MF, 2011)	0.62
"To prospectively assess sedation-related adverse events (SRAEs), patient- and procedure-related risk factors associated with SRAEs, and endoscopist and patient satisfaction with anesthesiologist-administered sedation."	( A prospective assessment of sedation-related adverse events and patient and endoscopist satisfaction in ERCP with anesthesiologist-administered sedation. Barnett, SR; Berzin, TM; Chuttani, R; Jakubowski, M; Pleskow, DK; Sanaka, S; Sawhney, MS; Sepe, PS; Sundar, E, 2011)	0.37
" Patient-related variables associated with adverse intraprocedure events were American Society of Anesthesiologists class (P = ."	( A prospective assessment of sedation-related adverse events and patient and endoscopist satisfaction in ERCP with anesthesiologist-administered sedation. Barnett, SR; Berzin, TM; Chuttani, R; Jakubowski, M; Pleskow, DK; Sanaka, S; Sawhney, MS; Sepe, PS; Sundar, E, 2011)	0.37
" Cardiac and respiratory events are generally minor, and MAC can be considered a safe option for most ERCP patients."	( A prospective assessment of sedation-related adverse events and patient and endoscopist satisfaction in ERCP with anesthesiologist-administered sedation. Barnett, SR; Berzin, TM; Chuttani, R; Jakubowski, M; Pleskow, DK; Sanaka, S; Sawhney, MS; Sepe, PS; Sundar, E, 2011)	0.37
"continuous propofol sedation during endoscopic procedures in elderly patients > 80 years is as safe as in younger patients."	( Safety of continuous propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures in elderly patients. Aparicio, JR; Casellas, JA; Compañy, L; Gómez-Escolar, L; Martínez, JF; Mozas, I; Ruiz, F, 2011)	1.08
"Routine endoscopic procedures using NAPS are safe in patients with documented OSA, with complication rates comparable to when using CS."	( Nurse-administered propofol sedation is safe for patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing routine endoscopy: a pilot study. Adler, DG; Fang, J; Hilden, K; Kawa, C, 2011)	0.7
"Sevoflurane is an effective and safe alternative to midazolam in ICU patients associated with a moderate increase in costs."	( [Efficacy, safety and cost of sedation with sevoflurane in intensive care unit]. Arnal, JM; Bisbal, M; Corno, G; Demory, D; Donati, SY; Durand-Gasselin, J; Granier, I; Passelac, A; Sallée, M, 2011)	0.37
" Main endpoints: a) dose of drugs, b) time to sedoanalgesia, recovery and length for the procedure, c) sedoanalgesis grade and amnesia related to procedure and d) adverse effects."	( [Safety and efficacy of continuous infusion propofol for diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endscopy in spontaneous breathing]. Alados-Arboledas, FJ; Arévalo-Garrido, A; de la Cruz-Moreno, J; Expósito-Montes, JF; Millán-Bueno, P; Pérez-Parras, A, 2011)	0.63
" Adverse effects observed consisted of 1 patient vomiting."	( [Safety and efficacy of continuous infusion propofol for diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endscopy in spontaneous breathing]. Alados-Arboledas, FJ; Arévalo-Garrido, A; de la Cruz-Moreno, J; Expósito-Montes, JF; Millán-Bueno, P; Pérez-Parras, A, 2011)	0.63
"Continuous propofol infusion seems to be both effective and safe to achieve sedation for diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in spontaneously breathing."	( [Safety and efficacy of continuous infusion propofol for diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endscopy in spontaneous breathing]. Alados-Arboledas, FJ; Arévalo-Garrido, A; de la Cruz-Moreno, J; Expósito-Montes, JF; Millán-Bueno, P; Pérez-Parras, A, 2011)	1.02
" Because incidence rates for adverse events were similar between fospropofol groups, and because the study was not powered to determine significant differences between treatment groups for safety variables, adverse events for both fospropofol groups were combined."	( A randomized, open-label study of the safety and tolerability of fospropofol for patients requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. Bekker, A; Candiotti, KA; Gan, TJ; Kahn, R; Lebowitz, P; Littman, JJ; Sum-Ping, ST; Young, C, 2011)	0.84
" The efficacy and adverse effects of both procedures were evaluated; all tests were performed by well-trained interventional neuroradiologists."	( Selective propofol injection into the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA Wada test) reduces adverse effects and enhances the reliability of the Wada test for determining speech dominance. Fujii, M; Hososhima, O; Izumi, T; Kinkori, T; Matsubara, N; Miyachi, S; Ohshima, T; Takebayashi, S; Tsurumi, A; Wakabayashi, T; Yoshida, J, )	0.53
" Confusion and other severe adverse effects did not occur during the MCA Wada test, but two of four patients who underwent the ICA Wada test showed altered consciousness that affected the performance of the test."	( Selective propofol injection into the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA Wada test) reduces adverse effects and enhances the reliability of the Wada test for determining speech dominance. Fujii, M; Hososhima, O; Izumi, T; Kinkori, T; Matsubara, N; Miyachi, S; Ohshima, T; Takebayashi, S; Tsurumi, A; Wakabayashi, T; Yoshida, J, )	0.53
"To provide data on the epidemiology of adverse events during sedation for endoscopy."	( Adverse events during monitored anesthesia care for GI endoscopy: an 8-year experience. Agostoni, M; Beretta, L; Fanti, L; Gemma, M; Pasculli, N; Testoni, PA, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events were defined as occurrences that warranted intervention and were classified as hypotension, desaturation, bradycardia, hypertension, arrhythmia, aspiration, respiratory depression, vomiting, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, angina, hypoglycemia, and/or allergic reaction."	( Adverse events during monitored anesthesia care for GI endoscopy: an 8-year experience. Agostoni, M; Beretta, L; Fanti, L; Gemma, M; Pasculli, N; Testoni, PA, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events were rare in both the adult (4."	( Adverse events during monitored anesthesia care for GI endoscopy: an 8-year experience. Agostoni, M; Beretta, L; Fanti, L; Gemma, M; Pasculli, N; Testoni, PA, 2011)	0.37
"Deep sedation during endoscopic procedures is safe in both adults and children."	( Adverse events during monitored anesthesia care for GI endoscopy: an 8-year experience. Agostoni, M; Beretta, L; Fanti, L; Gemma, M; Pasculli, N; Testoni, PA, 2011)	0.37
"57% of patients having complications (52 patients having 60 adverse events)."	( Safety of intravenous sedation administered by the operating oral surgeon: the second 7 years of office practice. Rodgers, MS; Rodgers, SF, 2011)	0.37
" Eight patients developed adverse reactions, 3 of which required further evaluation in the emergency department."	( Safety of deep sedation in an urban oral and maxillofacial surgery training program. Braidy, HF; Singh, P; Ziccardi, VB, 2011)	0.37
" Data were collected on speciality and grade of intubator, presence of essential safety equipment and monitoring, and adverse events."	( Out-of-theatre tracheal intubation: prospective multicentre study of clinical practice and adverse events. Bowles, TM; Freshwater-Turner, DA; Janssen, DJ; Peden, CJ, 2011)	0.37
" Sixty-four patients suffered at least one adverse event (39%) around the time of tracheal intubation."	( Out-of-theatre tracheal intubation: prospective multicentre study of clinical practice and adverse events. Bowles, TM; Freshwater-Turner, DA; Janssen, DJ; Peden, CJ, 2011)	0.37
" The associated adverse event rate is high."	( Out-of-theatre tracheal intubation: prospective multicentre study of clinical practice and adverse events. Bowles, TM; Freshwater-Turner, DA; Janssen, DJ; Peden, CJ, 2011)	0.37
" Secondary outcomes included the rates of other anesthesia-related adverse events resulting in hospital transfer."	( The safety of deep sedation without intubation for abortion in the outpatient setting. Dean, G; Gevirtz, CM; Goldstein, RC; Jacobs, AR; Paul, ME, 2011)	0.37
" Patient demographics, ASA class, Mallampati class, indication for bronchoscopy, bronchoscopic procedures, duration of examination, medication requirements, minor and major adverse events, haemodynamic parameters, as well as cough scores during the procedure were documented."	( Feasibility and safety of propofol sedation in flexible bronchoscopy. Grendelmeier, P; Kurer, G; Pflimlin, E; Stolz, D; Tamm, M, 2011)	0.67
" Minor adverse events included oxygen desaturation in 72 (16."	( Feasibility and safety of propofol sedation in flexible bronchoscopy. Grendelmeier, P; Kurer, G; Pflimlin, E; Stolz, D; Tamm, M, 2011)	0.67
"Midazolam + alfentanil and propofol are equally safe for sedation during bronchoscopy."	( Propofol safety in bronchoscopy: prospective randomized trial using transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension monitoring. Carmi, U; Fruchter, O; Kramer, MR; Rosengarten, D; Zemtzov, D, 2011)	2.11
" The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of propofol is safe for endoscopic procedures more complex than gastroscopy in patients with liver cirrhosis in a prospective controlled study."	( Safety of propofol in cirrhotic patients undergoing colonoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography: results of a prospective controlled study. Barletti, C; Bruno, M; Carucci, P; Ceretto, S; Ciccone, G; De Angelis, C; De Cento, M; Fagà, E; Fagoonee, S; Giordanino, C; Musso, A; Pellicano, R; Reggio, D; Rizzetto, M; Saracco, G; Venon, WD, 2012)	1.02
"Propofol deep sedation administered by an anesthesiologist with appropriate monitorings seems to be a safe procedure during colonoscopy or ERCP in cirrhotic patients."	( Safety of propofol in cirrhotic patients undergoing colonoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography: results of a prospective controlled study. Barletti, C; Bruno, M; Carucci, P; Ceretto, S; Ciccone, G; De Angelis, C; De Cento, M; Fagà, E; Fagoonee, S; Giordanino, C; Musso, A; Pellicano, R; Reggio, D; Rizzetto, M; Saracco, G; Venon, WD, 2012)	2.22
" Patients' clinical data, procedure time, medications and any adverse events were recorded."	( Titrated sedation with propofol for medical thoracoscopy: a feasibility and safety study. Cartier, V; Diaper, J; Frey, JG; Licker, M; Purek, L; Schnyder, JM; Tschopp, JM, 2011)	0.68
"BIS-guided propofol sedation is a safe method that might replace midazolam sedation in MT and can be managed by well-trained nonanesthesiologist personnel."	( Titrated sedation with propofol for medical thoracoscopy: a feasibility and safety study. Cartier, V; Diaper, J; Frey, JG; Licker, M; Purek, L; Schnyder, JM; Tschopp, JM, 2011)	1.07
"To evaluate the nature, frequency, and predictors of adverse events during the use of propofol by pediatric hospitalists."	( Procedural sedation for diagnostic imaging in children by pediatric hospitalists using propofol: analysis of the nature, frequency, and predictors of adverse events and interventions. Carlson, DW; Depalma, LM; Mao, J; Srinivasan, M; Turmelle, M, 2012)	0.83
" Decreased prevalence of the predictors of adverse events that we identified likely contributed to this reduction."	( Procedural sedation for diagnostic imaging in children by pediatric hospitalists using propofol: analysis of the nature, frequency, and predictors of adverse events and interventions. Carlson, DW; Depalma, LM; Mao, J; Srinivasan, M; Turmelle, M, 2012)	0.6
"Colonoscopy under endoscopist-controlled propofol sedation in low-risk patients is safe and effective, allowing for a complete exploration, although patients at least 65 years old and/or classified as ASA II are more likely to present a decrease in blood pressure and have a prolonged recovery time."	( Nonanesthesiologist-administered propofol sedation for colonoscopy is safe and effective: a prospective Spanish study over 1000 consecutive exams. Angueira, T; Cruz-Campos, M; Fernández-Fuente, M; Friginal-Ruiz, AB; González-Castillo, S; Guagnozzi, D; Lucendo, AJ; Olveira, A; Sánchez-Cazalilla, M; Serrano-Valverde, M; Tenias, JM, 2012)	0.93
" The principal parameters were the occurrence of adverse events within 24 h after colonoscopy and overall satisfaction for this procedure."	( Safety and effectiveness of propofol sedation during and after outpatient colonoscopy. Horiuchi, A; Ichise, Y; Kajiyama, M; Kamijima, T; Kato, N; Nakayama, Y; Tanaka, N, 2012)	0.67
"Propofol sedation using a dose < 200 mg proved both safe and practical for outpatient colonoscopy."	( Safety and effectiveness of propofol sedation during and after outpatient colonoscopy. Horiuchi, A; Ichise, Y; Kajiyama, M; Kamijima, T; Kato, N; Nakayama, Y; Tanaka, N, 2012)	2.12
" There was a decreased need for alternative sedatives in subgroups 1 and 3 and fewer sedation- and treatment-emergent adverse events in all the subgroups for the approved dose."	( A double-blind, randomized, multicenter, dose-ranging study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fospropofol disodium as an intravenous sedative for colonoscopy in high-risk populations. Bergese, SD; Candiotti, K; Cohen, L; Dalal, P; Gan, TJ; Lin, Z; Satlin, A; Vandse, R, )	0.35
"The results of this study suggest that (a) etomidate is much safer than propofol for first-trimester surgical abortions and (b) using a lower dose of etomidate, supplemented with fentanyl and midazolam, is more beneficial than the use of etomidate with or without fentanyl in reducing adverse effects like myoclonus and postoperative nausea and vomiting."	( A comparison of anesthetic regimens using etomidate and propofol in patients undergoing first-trimester abortions: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy. Chu, S; Deng, F; Wu, J; Wu, Z; Xia, G; Yao, S, 2013)	0.87
" Oxygen saturation, heart rate and blood pressure were recorded constantly during the procedure and adverse cardiopulmonary events were monitored by the endoscopy team."	( Endoscopist-administered propofol sedation is safe - a prospective evaluation of 10,000 patients in an outpatient practice. Friedrich, K; Sieg, A; Stremmel, W, 2012)	0.68
"The low number of adverse events recorded in this prospective study concludes that endoscopist-administered propofol sedation is a safe procedure."	( Endoscopist-administered propofol sedation is safe - a prospective evaluation of 10,000 patients in an outpatient practice. Friedrich, K; Sieg, A; Stremmel, W, 2012)	0.9
"To assess the effects of lipid on ropivacaine-induced convulsion and LD50 in rats and compare with those of the traditional anticonvulsants midazolam and propofol."	( [Effects of pretreatment of lipid, midazolam and propofol on ropivacaine-induced convulsion and LD50 in rats]. Lü, XL; Wan, FH; Zuo, YX, 2012)	0.83
" Protocol 2: Additional 100 male SD rats were used for the measurements of ropivacaine LD50 with different pretreatments including lipid, midazolam, propofol and saline through the up-and-down method."	( [Effects of pretreatment of lipid, midazolam and propofol on ropivacaine-induced convulsion and LD50 in rats]. Lü, XL; Wan, FH; Zuo, YX, 2012)	0.83
" The LD50 of ropivacaine in group C was 64."	( [Effects of pretreatment of lipid, midazolam and propofol on ropivacaine-induced convulsion and LD50 in rats]. Lü, XL; Wan, FH; Zuo, YX, 2012)	0.63
"Effective and safe sedation for patients with liver cirrhosis is problematic."	( Safety and effectiveness of low-dose propofol sedation during and after esophagogastroduodenoscopy in child A and B cirrhotic patients. Aoyama, T; Horiuchi, A; Isobe, M; Katsuyama, Y; Nakayama, Y; Ohmori, S; Tanaka, E; Tanaka, N, 2013)	0.66
" The principal parameter was the occurrence of adverse events within 24 h after EGD."	( Safety and effectiveness of low-dose propofol sedation during and after esophagogastroduodenoscopy in child A and B cirrhotic patients. Aoyama, T; Horiuchi, A; Isobe, M; Katsuyama, Y; Nakayama, Y; Ohmori, S; Tanaka, E; Tanaka, N, 2013)	0.66
" No adverse events occurred within 24 h after EGD."	( Safety and effectiveness of low-dose propofol sedation during and after esophagogastroduodenoscopy in child A and B cirrhotic patients. Aoyama, T; Horiuchi, A; Isobe, M; Katsuyama, Y; Nakayama, Y; Ohmori, S; Tanaka, E; Tanaka, N, 2013)	0.66
"Low-dose propofol sedation provided safe and effective sedation for EGD in cirrhotic patients with rapid recovery."	( Safety and effectiveness of low-dose propofol sedation during and after esophagogastroduodenoscopy in child A and B cirrhotic patients. Aoyama, T; Horiuchi, A; Isobe, M; Katsuyama, Y; Nakayama, Y; Ohmori, S; Tanaka, E; Tanaka, N, 2013)	1.08
" None of the patients experienced serious adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of ketamine in refractory status epilepticus in children. Cecchi, C; Guerrini, R; Ilvento, L; L'Erario, M; Mirabile, L; Pisano, T; Rosati, A, 2012)	0.38
"In this small, open-label, unblinded series with no concurrent control group, KE appears effective and safe in treating RSE in children."	( Efficacy and safety of ketamine in refractory status epilepticus in children. Cecchi, C; Guerrini, R; Ilvento, L; L'Erario, M; Mirabile, L; Pisano, T; Rosati, A, 2012)	0.38
" Eight types of ECG-related adverse events were detected in 32 subjects."	( [Effect of single doses of HX0507 on QTc intervals in healthy people: a phase I safety and tolerability study]. Li, R; Liao, TZ; Liu, J; Xu, J; Yi, XQ; Zhang, WS, 2012)	0.38
"To strongly improve comfort and quality of life of children with ALL and reduce the risk of TLP+ mainly at diagnosis, we recommend performing the lumbar punctures under analgo-sedation because it is a safe and effective procedure."	( Safe lumbar puncture under analgo-sedation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Attinà, G; Chiaretti, A; Coccia, P; Maurizi, P; Riccardi, R; Rizzo, D; Ruggiero, A; Russo, I, 2014)	0.4
" However, no consensus has been reached whether sevoflurane could have adverse effects on renal function in cirrhotic patients."	( Sevoflurane has no adverse effects on renal function in cirrhotic patients: a comparison with propofol. Lu, ZJ; Song, JC; Sun, YM; Wu, QC; Yang, LQ; Yu, WF; Zhang, MZ, 2013)	0.61
"Concerns exist regarding the safe use of propofol by Emergency Physicians for procedural sedation."	( Propofol for adult procedural sedation in a UK emergency department: safety profile in 1008 cases. Appelboam, A; Bradburn, S; Harris, A; Hudson, A; Jadav, M; Jones, L; Lloyd, G; McLauchlan, C; Newstead, B; Reuben, A; Riou, P, 2013)	2.1
" We stratified the identified adverse events according to consensus agreement."	( Propofol for adult procedural sedation in a UK emergency department: safety profile in 1008 cases. Appelboam, A; Bradburn, S; Harris, A; Hudson, A; Jadav, M; Jones, L; Lloyd, G; McLauchlan, C; Newstead, B; Reuben, A; Riou, P, 2013)	1.83
"Of the 1008 consecutive cases, we identified 11 sentinel (5 cases of hypoxia, 6 of hypotension), 34 moderate, 25 minor, and 3 minimal risk adverse events."	( Propofol for adult procedural sedation in a UK emergency department: safety profile in 1008 cases. Appelboam, A; Bradburn, S; Harris, A; Hudson, A; Jadav, M; Jones, L; Lloyd, G; McLauchlan, C; Newstead, B; Reuben, A; Riou, P, 2013)	1.83
" The aim of our study was to investigate whether a single dose of propofol triggered any adverse events in consecutive high-risk patients with BS."	( Safe single-dose administration of propofol in patients with established Brugada syndrome: a retrospective database analysis. Beckers, S; Bhutia, JT; Brugada, P; Casado-Arroyo, R; Chierchia, GB; Conte, G; De Asmundis, C; Flamée, P; Poelaert, J; Sarkozy, A; Umbrain, V; Van Malderen, S; Verborgh, C, 2013)	0.9
" No adverse events were noticed during the recovery phase."	( Safe single-dose administration of propofol in patients with established Brugada syndrome: a retrospective database analysis. Beckers, S; Bhutia, JT; Brugada, P; Casado-Arroyo, R; Chierchia, GB; Conte, G; De Asmundis, C; Flamée, P; Poelaert, J; Sarkozy, A; Umbrain, V; Van Malderen, S; Verborgh, C, 2013)	0.67
" Safety and tolerability were assessed by adverse events, neurologic examinations, clinical laboratory tests, and vital signs."	( A randomized open-label phase I pilot study of the safety and efficacy of total intravenous anesthesia with fospropofol for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schüttler, J, 2013)	0.6
" The only treatment-related adverse event after administration of fospropofol was a transient burning sensation in the perineal and perianal region during induction of sedation or anesthesia."	( A randomized open-label phase I pilot study of the safety and efficacy of total intravenous anesthesia with fospropofol for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schüttler, J, 2013)	0.84
"A combined sedation with propofol plus fentanyl is safe for EVL as well as for SEGD in cirrhotic patients."	( The safety of combined sedation with propofol plus fentanyl for endoscopy screening and endoscopic variceal ligation in cirrhotic patients. Mao, W; Tao, J; Wei, XQ; Wen, ZF; Wu, B; Zhen, FP, 2014)	0.98
" Adverse events, recovery time, and procedure-related costs were analyzed."	( Same-day bidirectional endoscopy with nonanesthesiologist administration of propofol: safety and cost-effectiveness compared with separated exams. Angueira, T; Arias, Á; Chumillas, O; Fernández-Fuente, M; Fernández-Ordóñez, M; González-Castillo, S; Guagnozzi, D; Lucendo, AJ; Sánchez-Cazalilla, M; Serrano-Valverde, M; Tenías, JM, 2014)	0.63
" Adverse events, including transient O2 saturation less than 90%, systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg, and bradycardia (<50 bpm), appeared in 10."	( Same-day bidirectional endoscopy with nonanesthesiologist administration of propofol: safety and cost-effectiveness compared with separated exams. Angueira, T; Arias, Á; Chumillas, O; Fernández-Fuente, M; Fernández-Ordóñez, M; González-Castillo, S; Guagnozzi, D; Lucendo, AJ; Sánchez-Cazalilla, M; Serrano-Valverde, M; Tenías, JM, 2014)	0.63
"Same-day BDE with nonanesthesiologist administration of propofol resulted in reductions in propofol doses, recovery time, and procedure-related costs as compared with carrying out EGD and colonoscopy separately, without an increase in adverse events."	( Same-day bidirectional endoscopy with nonanesthesiologist administration of propofol: safety and cost-effectiveness compared with separated exams. Angueira, T; Arias, Á; Chumillas, O; Fernández-Fuente, M; Fernández-Ordóñez, M; González-Castillo, S; Guagnozzi, D; Lucendo, AJ; Sánchez-Cazalilla, M; Serrano-Valverde, M; Tenías, JM, 2014)	0.88
" No allergic adverse events were reported, except a transient bronchospasm after orotracheal intubation in an asthmatic adolescent receiving multiple drugs for anesthesia, in whom no sensitization to either propofol or its lipid vehicle was confirmed."	( Propofol administration is safe in adult eosinophilic esophagitis patients sensitized to egg, soy, or peanut. Alvarado-Arenas, M; Arias, A; Gonzalez-Cervera, J; Lucendo, AJ; Molina-Infante, J; Prados-Manzano, R; Vara-Brenes, D, 2014)	2.03
" However, propofol has adverse effects that may limit its use in the critically ill patients, particularly in the hemodynamically unstable patient."	( Safety of Propofol as an Induction Agent for Urgent Endotracheal Intubation in the Medical Intensive Care Unit. Doelken, P; Koenig, SJ; Lakticova, V; Mayo, PH; Narasimhan, M, 2015)	1.22
"NAAP sedation can be considered safe for low-risk patients (ASA class I and II) undergoing ERCP."	( Safety of non-anaesthesiologist-administered propofol sedation in ERCP. Bilal, M; Khan, HA; Nisar, G; Tul-Bushra, H; Umar, M; Umar, S, 2014)	0.66
" Thus, clinically relevant concentrations of propofol induce dose-dependent adverse effects on rat embryonic neural stem cells by slowing or stopping cell division/proliferation and causing cellular damage."	( Protective effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on propofol-induced toxicity in embryonic neural stem cells. Fogle, CM; Hanig, JP; Liu, F; Patterson, TA; Paule, MG; Rainosek, SW; Sadovova, N; Slikker, W; Wang, C, 2014)	0.92
" We recorded adverse events during the endoscopic procedure and additionally retrieved questionnaires investigating subjective parameters 24 h after the endoscopic procedure."	( Safety analysis of endoscopist-directed propofol sedation: a prospective, national multicenter study of 24 441 patients in German outpatient practices. Beck, S; Friedrich, K; Gotthardt, DN; Heil, FJ; Rex, DK; Scholl, SG; Sieg, A; Stremmel, W, 2014)	0.67
" Major adverse events occurred in four patients (0."	( Safety analysis of endoscopist-directed propofol sedation: a prospective, national multicenter study of 24 441 patients in German outpatient practices. Beck, S; Friedrich, K; Gotthardt, DN; Heil, FJ; Rex, DK; Scholl, SG; Sieg, A; Stremmel, W, 2014)	0.67
"Four years after the implementation of a German S3-Guideline for endoscopic sedation, we demonstrated that EDP is a safe procedure."	( Safety analysis of endoscopist-directed propofol sedation: a prospective, national multicenter study of 24 441 patients in German outpatient practices. Beck, S; Friedrich, K; Gotthardt, DN; Heil, FJ; Rex, DK; Scholl, SG; Sieg, A; Stremmel, W, 2014)	0.67
"Analgosedation with fentanyl appears to be a safe and effective strategy to facilitate mechanical ventilation."	( Efficacy and safety of analgosedation with fentanyl compared with traditional sedation with propofol. Edwin, SB; McNorton, KN; Tedders, KM, 2014)	0.62
" Safety was examined by reviewing the occurrence of minor and major adverse effects during esophagogastroduodenoscopy sedation."	( The safety of propofol sedation for elective nonintubated esophagogastroduodenoscopy in pediatric patients. Cloney, DL; Cornelius, K; Davis, AT; Fitzgerald, RK; Hackbarth, RM; Hassan, NE; Kopec, JS; McCullough, A; Ndika, AN; Rajasekaran, S; Sanfilippo, D, 2014)	0.76
" These data suggest that propofol is a safe and effective agent for esophagogastroduodenoscopy sedation."	( The safety of propofol sedation for elective nonintubated esophagogastroduodenoscopy in pediatric patients. Cloney, DL; Cornelius, K; Davis, AT; Fitzgerald, RK; Hackbarth, RM; Hassan, NE; Kopec, JS; McCullough, A; Ndika, AN; Rajasekaran, S; Sanfilippo, D, 2014)	1.07
"Pain on injection is an acknowledged adverse effect (AE) of propofol administration for the induction of general anesthesia."	( Efficacy and safety of flurbiprofen axetil in the prevention of pain on propofol injection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bao, H; Luo, Z; Shi, H; Wang, H; Xu, L; Yu, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y; Zhu, J, 2014)	0.88
" In terms of drug safety, there were no adverse effects (AEs) reported between flurbiprofen axetil-based regimens and placebo regimens."	( Efficacy and safety of flurbiprofen axetil in the prevention of pain on propofol injection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bao, H; Luo, Z; Shi, H; Wang, H; Xu, L; Yu, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y; Zhu, J, 2014)	0.63
" More studies are required to assess its adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of flurbiprofen axetil in the prevention of pain on propofol injection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bao, H; Luo, Z; Shi, H; Wang, H; Xu, L; Yu, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y; Zhu, J, 2014)	0.63
" We aim to determine whether the administration of propofol infusion is safe by comparing it to intravenous midazolam/meperidine in patients undergoing DBE."	( The safety of propofol infusion compared to midazolam and meperidine intravenous bolus for patients undergoing double balloon enteroscopy. Angsuwatcharakon, P; Kongkam, P; Ponuthai, Y; Rerknimitr, R; Ridtitid, W; Thanapirom, K; Treeprasertsuk, S; Viriyautsahakul, V, 2014)	1.01
"Propofol infusion is safe and shows no difference in outcome from the midazolam and meperidine sedation for the DBE procedure."	( The safety of propofol infusion compared to midazolam and meperidine intravenous bolus for patients undergoing double balloon enteroscopy. Angsuwatcharakon, P; Kongkam, P; Ponuthai, Y; Rerknimitr, R; Ridtitid, W; Thanapirom, K; Treeprasertsuk, S; Viriyautsahakul, V, 2014)	2.21
" No statistically significant differences were found in the occurrence of adverse events between the elderly and younger groups."	( Safety of gastroenterologist-guided sedation with propofol for upper gastrointestinal therapeutic endoscopy in elderly patients compared with younger patients. Fukuzawa, M; Gotoda, T; Itoi, T; Kusano, C; Moriyasu, F; Nonaka, M, 2015)	0.67
" MAC did not cause any adverse effects requiring prolongation of hospitalization."	( Safety and effectiveness of propofol-based monitored anesthesia care without intubation during endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric and esophageal cancers. Abe, S; Kawaguchi, Y; Kinjo, Y; Nakamura, J; Nonaka, S; Oda, I; Saito, Y; Sato, C; Sato, T; Suzuki, H; Yoshinaga, S, 2015)	0.71
" To compare the safety profiles of propofol and other similar anesthetics such as diazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam, we evaluated their uses and related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) using Korean Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) data."	( Increased use in propofol and reported patterns of adverse events among anesthetics in Korea. Kim, MH; Park, BJ; Park, HJ; Shin, JY, 2015)	1.03
" However, no patient experienced any serious adverse events."	( An effective and safe sedation technique combining target-controlled infusion pump with propofol, intravenous pentazocine, and bispectral index monitoring for peroral double-balloon endoscopy. Harada, K; Hiraoka, S; Hori, K; Inokuchi, T; Iwamuro, M; Kanzaki, H; Kawahara, Y; Kawano, S; Kouno, Y; Miura, K; Okada, H; Yamamoto, K, 2015)	0.64
"A combination of propofol via TCI pump, bolus injection of pentazocine as needed, and BIS monitoring was a safe and effective procedure for peroral DBE."	( An effective and safe sedation technique combining target-controlled infusion pump with propofol, intravenous pentazocine, and bispectral index monitoring for peroral double-balloon endoscopy. Harada, K; Hiraoka, S; Hori, K; Inokuchi, T; Iwamuro, M; Kanzaki, H; Kawahara, Y; Kawano, S; Kouno, Y; Miura, K; Okada, H; Yamamoto, K, 2015)	0.98
"HX0969w, fospropofol disodium and propofol emulsion can produce sedative-hypnotic effects and they are safe when administered by oral route."	( [The sedative-hypnotic effects and safety of oral administrated propofol prodrugs hx0969w and fospropofol disodiun in comparison with propofol emulsion in rats]. Wang, HY; Yang, J; Yang, LH; Yin, W; Zhang, WS, 2015)	1.03
"Anesthetics can cause widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration and adverse effects on synaptogenesis during early postnatal life."	( Zebrafish as a model for studying the developmental neurotoxicity of propofol. Chen, X; Guo, P; Huang, Z; Lin, C; Tao, T; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.65
" Propofol-based sedation is simple, easy to use, and effective, but is not without cardiovascular and respiratory adverse effects."	( A randomized, controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety profile of a dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination with a propofol-fentanyl combination for ERCP. Goyal, R; Hasnain, S; Mittal, S; Shreevastava, S, 2016)	1.55
" The sedation-related adverse effects and recovery time were noted."	( A randomized, controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety profile of a dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination with a propofol-fentanyl combination for ERCP. Goyal, R; Hasnain, S; Mittal, S; Shreevastava, S, 2016)	0.64
"There were significantly fewer sedation-related adverse effects, but the recovery time was longer with DK."	( A randomized, controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety profile of a dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination with a propofol-fentanyl combination for ERCP. Goyal, R; Hasnain, S; Mittal, S; Shreevastava, S, 2016)	0.64
" The incidence of adverse effects was then compared."	( Safety of Propofol Used as a Rescue Agent During Colonoscopy. Hunt, KK; Korsten, MA; Okeke, FC; Rosman, AS; Shaw, S, 2016)	0.84
"There were no major adverse events in either group."	( Safety of Propofol Used as a Rescue Agent During Colonoscopy. Hunt, KK; Korsten, MA; Okeke, FC; Rosman, AS; Shaw, S, 2016)	0.84
"Adjunctive propofol administered by gastroenterologist for conscious sedation was not associated with increased incidence of adverse events."	( Safety of Propofol Used as a Rescue Agent During Colonoscopy. Hunt, KK; Korsten, MA; Okeke, FC; Rosman, AS; Shaw, S, 2016)	1.23
" Here, we explored the possibility that isovaline may be an effective and safe alternative to opioids as an adjunct to propofol for producing anesthesia."	( The Efficacy and Safety of the Novel Peripheral Analgesic Isovaline as an Adjuvant to Propofol for General Anesthesia and Conscious Sedation: A Proof-of-Principle Study in Mice. Asiri, YI; Fung, T; MacLeod, BA; Puil, E; Schwarz, SK; Whitehead, RA, 2015)	0.85
" Isovaline at a maximal deliverable (soluble) dose of 5000 mg/kg produced no apparent respiratory depression or other adverse effects."	( The Efficacy and Safety of the Novel Peripheral Analgesic Isovaline as an Adjuvant to Propofol for General Anesthesia and Conscious Sedation: A Proof-of-Principle Study in Mice. Asiri, YI; Fung, T; MacLeod, BA; Puil, E; Schwarz, SK; Whitehead, RA, 2015)	0.64
"Propofol medium and long chain fat emulsion injection for general anesthesia induction in cesarean section is characterized by rapid metabolism of the anesthetics, rapid maternal postoperative recovery, and minimal adverse effects on the fetus, and is therefore safe and reliable in clinical use."	( [Clinical safety and effectiveness of propofol medium and long chain fat emulsion in general anesthesia for cesarean section]. Chen, Q; Li, Z; Yao, X, 2015)	2.13
" No serious adverse events were observed in the two groups."	( Efficacy and Safety of FospropofolFD Compared to Propofol When Given During the Induction of General Anaesthesia: A Phase II, Multi-centre, Randomized, Parallel-Group, Active-Controlled, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy Study. Li, Y; Liu, J; Liu, R; Luo, C; Xu, J; Zhang, W, 2016)	0.73
" We investigated the incidence and predictors of sedation-related adverse events (SAEs) in nonintubated patients who underwent outpatient ERCP procedures with propofol sedation."	( Efficacy and Safety of Propofol-Mediated Sedation for Outpatient Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Farooq, P; Patel, D; Siddiqui, AA; Yang, JF; Zwilling, K, 2016)	0.94
"This comprehensive examination of an extensive body of literature shows consistent safety and efficacy for nitrous oxide and ketamine, with very rare significant adverse events for propofol."	( What Works and What's Safe in Pediatric Emergency Procedural Sedation: An Overview of Reviews. Evered, L; Foisy, M; Hartling, L; Klassen, TP; Lang, ES; Milne, A; Sinclair, D, 2016)	0.63
" This concept was defined based on the combination of the receipt of high-doses of midazolam or propofol, poor tolerance, use of reversal agents or sedation-related adverse events."	( Safety and risk factors for difficult endoscopist-directed ERCP sedation in daily practice: a hospital-based case-control study. Álvarez Suárez, B; Castro Ortiz, E; Dacal Rivas, A; Fernández López, A; González Ramírez, A; González Soler, R; Lancho Seco, Á; López Baz, A; López Roses, L; Martí Marqués, E; Pérez-Cuadrado Robles, E; Tardáguila García, D, 2016)	0.65
"56%), sedation-related adverse events (n = 14, 22."	( Safety and risk factors for difficult endoscopist-directed ERCP sedation in daily practice: a hospital-based case-control study. Álvarez Suárez, B; Castro Ortiz, E; Dacal Rivas, A; Fernández López, A; González Ramírez, A; González Soler, R; Lancho Seco, Á; López Baz, A; López Roses, L; Martí Marqués, E; Pérez-Cuadrado Robles, E; Tardáguila García, D, 2016)	0.43
" However, the toxic effect was higher in the high density culture."	( Propofol depresses cisplatin cytotoxicity via the inhibition of gap junctions. Ge, H; Tao, L; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2016)	1.88
" The primary end point was the incidence of adverse events."	( Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol sedation for colonoscopy is safe in low risk patients: results of a noninferiority randomized controlled trial. Barjas, E; Cravo, M; Dias, S; Ferreira, AO; Ferreira, R; Glória, L; Nunes, J; Pereira, S; Rocha, M; Santos, AA; Torres, J, 2016)	0.7
" The incidence of adverse events was 39."	( Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol sedation for colonoscopy is safe in low risk patients: results of a noninferiority randomized controlled trial. Barjas, E; Cravo, M; Dias, S; Ferreira, AO; Ferreira, R; Glória, L; Nunes, J; Pereira, S; Rocha, M; Santos, AA; Torres, J, 2016)	0.7
"NAAP is equivalent to anesthesiologist-administered sedation in the rate of adverse events in a low risk population."	( Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol sedation for colonoscopy is safe in low risk patients: results of a noninferiority randomized controlled trial. Barjas, E; Cravo, M; Dias, S; Ferreira, AO; Ferreira, R; Glória, L; Nunes, J; Pereira, S; Rocha, M; Santos, AA; Torres, J, 2016)	0.7
" Better understanding of of this cross-reactivity is important to providing safe care."	( Is Propofol Safe For Food Allergy Patients? A Review of the Evidence. Dziedzic, A, 2016)	1.06
"Among 334 randomized patients, no severe adverse events were observed."	( Magnetic endoscope imaging for routine colonoscopy: impact on propofol dosage and patient safety - a randomized trial. Abdelhafez, M; Bajbouj, M; Einwächter, H; Geisler, F; Haller, B; Hartrampf, B; Klare, P; Schlag, C; Schmid, RM; von Delius, S, 2016)	0.67
"Even though propofol use for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures has increased over the past decade, there is a perception that it causes a higher rate of cardiopulmonary adverse events."	( Similar Risk of Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events Between Propofol and Traditional Anesthesia for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Garg, S; Issa, D; Lopez, R; Sanaka, MR; Vargo, JJ; Wadhwa, V, 2017)	1.08
" The following cardiopulmonary adverse events were assessed: hypoxia, hypotension, and arrhythmias."	( Similar Risk of Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events Between Propofol and Traditional Anesthesia for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Garg, S; Issa, D; Lopez, R; Sanaka, MR; Vargo, JJ; Wadhwa, V, 2017)	0.7
" A subgroup analysis did not show any difference in adverse events when propofol was administered by gastroenterologists or nongastroenterologists."	( Similar Risk of Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events Between Propofol and Traditional Anesthesia for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Garg, S; Issa, D; Lopez, R; Sanaka, MR; Vargo, JJ; Wadhwa, V, 2017)	0.93
"Propofol sedation has a similar risk of cardiopulmonary adverse events compared with traditional agents for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures."	( Similar Risk of Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events Between Propofol and Traditional Anesthesia for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Garg, S; Issa, D; Lopez, R; Sanaka, MR; Vargo, JJ; Wadhwa, V, 2017)	2.15
" We compared adverse event rates in MCI and TCI groups and assessed independent risk factors for adverse events."	( Safety of Target-Controlled Propofol Infusion by Gastroenterologists in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Resection. Jang, MK; Kang, SS; Kim, HS; Kim, HY; Lee, JS; Ryu, JY; Seo, SI; Shin, WG, 2016)	0.73
"TCI of propofol by gastroenterologists may provide safe sedation in patients undergoing ESD and EMR under careful respiratory monitoring."	( Safety of Target-Controlled Propofol Infusion by Gastroenterologists in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Resection. Jang, MK; Kang, SS; Kim, HS; Kim, HY; Lee, JS; Ryu, JY; Seo, SI; Shin, WG, 2016)	1.18
" An understanding of the toxic effect of propofol and the underlying mechanisms may help to develop effective novel protective or therapeutic strategies for avoiding the neurotoxicity in the developing human brain."	( Recent Insights Into Molecular Mechanisms of Propofol-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity: Implications for the Protective Strategies. Bai, X; Bosnjak, ZJ; Liu, Y; Logan, S, 2016)	0.96
" Monitoring by means of the bispectral index (BIS) has shown its utility in reducing the use of drugs and their adverse events in general anesthesia, but evidence in prolonged sedation is insufficient."	( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound. Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)	0.69
"A randomized cohort study of 90 patients with mediastinal lymph node involvement and/or lung or mediastinal lesions for whom EBUS was indicated, comparing the modified observer's assessment of alertness/sedation scale clinical evaluation (n = 45) versus the BIS evaluation (n = 45) of sedation with propofol-remifentanil, was conducted in order to evaluate the clinical parameters, doses used, adverse events, and tolerance of the procedure."	( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound. Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)	0.86
" Significantly fewer overall adverse events were recorded in the BIS group and included desaturation, hypotension, and bradypnea."	( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound. Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)	0.69
"BIS monitoring of sedation in EBUS makes it possible to reduce the dosage of propofol, thereby shortening the waking time and reducing adverse events."	( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound. Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)	0.92
" Adverse effects were seen in patients sedated with dexmedetomidine with number needed to harm 8 for hypotension and 15 for bradycardia compared to none recorded in the propofol arm."	( Comparing the efficacy and safety between propofol and dexmedetomidine for sedation in claustrophobic adults undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (PADAM trial). Ariffin, MA; Chan, L; Lai, LL; Loh, PS; Rai, V; Ramli, N, 2016)	0.89
" Hypotension and bradycardia are common adverse effects observed with dexmedetomidine."	( Comparing the efficacy and safety between propofol and dexmedetomidine for sedation in claustrophobic adults undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (PADAM trial). Ariffin, MA; Chan, L; Lai, LL; Loh, PS; Rai, V; Ramli, N, 2016)	0.7
" Adverse events, drug dose, induction, procedure and recovery time, cough severity, and propofol injection related pain were recorded."	( The safety and efficacy of alfentanil-based induction in bronchoscopy sedation: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Hsieh, CH; Kuo, CH; Kuo, HP; Lin, SM; Lin, TY; Lo, YL; Wang, TY, 2016)	0.66
" There was no significant difference in time to obey verbal commands, proportion of time spent in target sedation, adverse events, death, or length of hospital stay."	( Safety and Efficacy of Volatile Anesthetic Agents Compared With Standard Intravenous Midazolam/Propofol Sedation in Ventilated Critical Care Patients: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review of Prospective Trials. Beattie, WS; Ferguson, ND; Jerath, A; Lightfoot, N; Panckhurst, J; Parotto, M; Steel, A; Wasowicz, M, 2017)	0.67
"Volatile-based sedation demonstrates a reduction in time to extubation, with no increase in short-term adverse outcomes."	( Safety and Efficacy of Volatile Anesthetic Agents Compared With Standard Intravenous Midazolam/Propofol Sedation in Ventilated Critical Care Patients: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review of Prospective Trials. Beattie, WS; Ferguson, ND; Jerath, A; Lightfoot, N; Panckhurst, J; Parotto, M; Steel, A; Wasowicz, M, 2017)	0.67
" The use of propofol appears safe in ECMO with regards to oxygenator viability."	( Safety of Propofol for Oxygenator Exchange in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Degrado, JR; Hohlfelder, B; Lagambina, S; Szumita, PM; Weinhouse, G, )	0.91
" Our conclusion is that a technique cannot be declared safe when a high percentage of patients present with varying respiratory depression (and therefore hypoxaemia) and hypotension."	( Patient safety under deep sedation for digestive endoscopic procedures. Álvarez, J; Cabadas, R; de la Matta, M, 2017)	0.46
" No sedation adverse events were registered CONCLUSION: Propofol is more effective and at least as safe as midazolam for procedural sedation in the ED."	( Propofol versus midazolam for procedural sedation in the emergency department: A study on efficacy and safety. Beije, F; Bens, BWJ; Bosch, MGE; Feenstra, R; Lameijer, H; Pol, A; Sikkema, YT; Ter Avest, E, 2017)	2.14
" Adverse events are related to inappropriate respiratory management, mostly originating from an overdose of sedatives."	( Optimal and safe standard doses of midazolam and propofol to achieve patient and doctor satisfaction with dental treatment: A prospective cohort study. Gotoh, K; Iijima, T; Masuda, R; Nishimura, A; Nonaka, M; Oka, S, 2017)	0.71
" No serious adverse events were reported."	( Optimal and safe standard doses of midazolam and propofol to achieve patient and doctor satisfaction with dental treatment: A prospective cohort study. Gotoh, K; Iijima, T; Masuda, R; Nishimura, A; Nonaka, M; Oka, S, 2017)	0.71
" Although this level of sedation is relatively light, memory loss and an absence of unintentional patient movements can be expected without adverse events."	( Optimal and safe standard doses of midazolam and propofol to achieve patient and doctor satisfaction with dental treatment: A prospective cohort study. Gotoh, K; Iijima, T; Masuda, R; Nishimura, A; Nonaka, M; Oka, S, 2017)	0.71
" Secondary end points included procedural success rates, polyp detection rates, adverse events, and procedure/recovery times."	( The First US Clinical Experience With Computer-Assisted Propofol Sedation: A Retrospective Observational Comparative Study on Efficacy, Safety, Efficiency, and Endoscopist and Patient Satisfaction. Beecher, R; Gluck, M; Jensen, A; Kozarek, RA; La Selva, D; Lin, OS; Ross, A; Tombs, D; Weigel, W, 2017)	0.7
"The co-administration of ketamine and propofol (CoKP) is thought to maximize the beneficial profile of each medication, while minimizing the respective adverse effects of each medication."	( Adverse Events During a Randomized Trial of Ketamine Versus Co-Administration of Ketamine and Propofol for Procedural Sedation in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Bajaj, L; Brent, A; Brou, L; Deakyne, SJ; Roosevelt, GE; Wathen, J; Weisz, K, 2017)	0.95
"Our objective was to compare adverse events between ketamine monotherapy (KM) and CoKP for procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) in a pediatric emergency department (ED)."	( Adverse Events During a Randomized Trial of Ketamine Versus Co-Administration of Ketamine and Propofol for Procedural Sedation in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Bajaj, L; Brent, A; Brou, L; Deakyne, SJ; Roosevelt, GE; Wathen, J; Weisz, K, 2017)	0.67
" Adverse events (e."	( Adverse Events During a Randomized Trial of Ketamine Versus Co-Administration of Ketamine and Propofol for Procedural Sedation in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Bajaj, L; Brent, A; Brou, L; Deakyne, SJ; Roosevelt, GE; Wathen, J; Weisz, K, 2017)	0.67
" There was no difference in adverse events or type of adverse event, except nausea was more common in the KM group."	( Adverse Events During a Randomized Trial of Ketamine Versus Co-Administration of Ketamine and Propofol for Procedural Sedation in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Bajaj, L; Brent, A; Brou, L; Deakyne, SJ; Roosevelt, GE; Wathen, J; Weisz, K, 2017)	0.67
"We found no significant differences in adverse events between the KM and CoKP groups."	( Adverse Events During a Randomized Trial of Ketamine Versus Co-Administration of Ketamine and Propofol for Procedural Sedation in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Bajaj, L; Brent, A; Brou, L; Deakyne, SJ; Roosevelt, GE; Wathen, J; Weisz, K, 2017)	0.67
" There was no serious adverse event in both groups."	( Adverse Events With Ketamine Versus Ketofol for Procedural Sedation on Adults: A Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Ageron, FX; Boiffier, M; Contenti, J; Fournier, M; Giolito, D; Istria, J; Lemoel, F; Levraut, J; Rapp, J, 2017)	0.46
"The rates of adverse events in patients undergoing non-advanced GI endoscopic procedures with NAPP sedation are extremely small."	( Safety of non-anesthesia provider administered propofol sedation in non-advanced gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: A meta-analysis. Borle, A; Gouda, B; Gouda, G; Singh, A; Singh, PM; Sinha, A, )	0.39
"Although propofol is a widely used intravenous general anaesthetic, many studies report its toxic potential, particularly on the developing central nervous system."	( Neurotoxicity of propofol on rat hypoglossal motoneurons in vitro. Corsini, S; Ghezzi, F; Monni, L; Nistri, A, 2017)	1.21
" Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) is a useful tool in this context as a means of raising barriers and defense mechanisms to prevent adverse events from developing."	( Propofol sedation Quality and safety. Failure mode and effects analysis. Amor Martín, P; Fernández Cadenas, F; Huergo Fernández, A, 2017)	1.9
" We therefore investigated the association of BMI with sedation dosing and adverse events in children across a range of BMIs."	( Association of BMI With Propofol Dosing and Adverse Events in Children With Cancer Undergoing Procedural Sedation. Abulebda, K; Hobson, MJ; Rogerson, CM, 2017)	0.76
" Dosing and adverse events (hypoxia, apnea, bradycardia, or hypotension) were reviewed."	( Association of BMI With Propofol Dosing and Adverse Events in Children With Cancer Undergoing Procedural Sedation. Abulebda, K; Hobson, MJ; Rogerson, CM, 2017)	0.76
"Our study demonstrates that pleuroscopy using propofol with end-tidal capnography monitoring, with or without BIS monitoring, is safe and effective."	( Safety of Monitored Anesthesia Care Using Propofol-Based Sedation for Pleuroscopy. Casal, RF; Eapen, GA; Grosu, HB; Ost, D; Sarkiss, M; Vakil, E; Vial, MR, )	0.65
" The purpose of this article was to review the evidence examining when it is safe to drive after receiving propofol for sedation for diagnostic and surgical procedures."	( Safe Driving After Propofol Sedation. Austin, PN; Gabaldon, DA; Summerlin-Grady, L, 2017)	1
"This limited research suggests that it may be safe for patients to drive sooner than 24 hours after receiving propofol."	( Safe Driving After Propofol Sedation. Austin, PN; Gabaldon, DA; Summerlin-Grady, L, 2017)	1
" With regard to safety, there were no differences found in average rate or severity of adverse effects."	( The safety and efficacy of propofol as a replacement for amobarbital in intracarotid Wada testing of presurgical patients with epilepsy. Barrash, J; Granner, M; Greider, A; Jones, R; Manzel, K; McCleary, K, 2018)	0.78
"These findings support previous studies indicating that propofol is as safe and efficacious as amobarbital, and can continue to be used in Wada procedures with confidence."	( The safety and efficacy of propofol as a replacement for amobarbital in intracarotid Wada testing of presurgical patients with epilepsy. Barrash, J; Granner, M; Greider, A; Jones, R; Manzel, K; McCleary, K, 2018)	1.02
" The infusion safety system is an important component of a robust automated anesthesia system, but further research is required to determine the optimal constraints for these safe conditions."	( Design and Evaluation of a Closed-Loop Anesthesia System With Robust Control and Safety System. Ansermino, JM; Brodie, S; Dumont, GA; Görges, M; Merchant, RN; Petersen, CL; Rollinson, A; van Heusden, K; West, N, 2018)	0.48
" Different patient-related variables were included and the initial and final data on oxygen saturation (SatO2), blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded in order to determine the presence of adverse events due to sedation (hypoxemia, hypotension, or bradycardia)."	( The safety of deep sedation with propofol controlled by the endoscopist in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): a prospective study in a tertiary hospital. Giménez Júlvez, T; Luzón Solanas, L; Ollero Domenche, L; Sierra Moros, EM; Soria San Teodoro, MT; Uribarrena Amezaga, R; Val Pérez, J, 2018)	0.76
"deep sedation with propofol controlled by trained endoscopy staff is a safe method in complex endoscopic procedures such as ERCP."	( The safety of deep sedation with propofol controlled by the endoscopist in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): a prospective study in a tertiary hospital. Giménez Júlvez, T; Luzón Solanas, L; Ollero Domenche, L; Sierra Moros, EM; Soria San Teodoro, MT; Uribarrena Amezaga, R; Val Pérez, J, 2018)	1.09
"Limited evidence suggests that children have a lower incidence of perioperative respiratory adverse events when intravenous propofol is used compared with inhalational sevoflurane for the anesthesia induction."	( Inhalational versus Intravenous Induction of Anesthesia in Children with a High Risk of Perioperative Respiratory Adverse Events: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hall, GL; Hegarty, M; Ramgolam, A; von Ungern-Sternberg, BS; Zhang, G, 2018)	0.69
"Children (N = 300; 0 to 8 yr) with at least two clinically relevant risk factors for perioperative respiratory adverse events and deemed suitable for either technique of anesthesia induction were recruited and randomized to either intravenous propofol or inhalational sevoflurane."	( Inhalational versus Intravenous Induction of Anesthesia in Children with a High Risk of Perioperative Respiratory Adverse Events: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hall, GL; Hegarty, M; Ramgolam, A; von Ungern-Sternberg, BS; Zhang, G, 2018)	0.66
"Children receiving intravenous propofol were significantly less likely to experience perioperative respiratory adverse events compared with those who received inhalational sevoflurane after adjusting for age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status and weight (perioperative respiratory adverse event: 39/149 [26%] vs."	( Inhalational versus Intravenous Induction of Anesthesia in Children with a High Risk of Perioperative Respiratory Adverse Events: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hall, GL; Hegarty, M; Ramgolam, A; von Ungern-Sternberg, BS; Zhang, G, 2018)	0.77
"Where clinically appropriate, anesthesiologists should consider using an intravenous propofol induction technique in children who are at high risk of experiencing perioperative respiratory adverse events."	( Inhalational versus Intravenous Induction of Anesthesia in Children with a High Risk of Perioperative Respiratory Adverse Events: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Hall, GL; Hegarty, M; Ramgolam, A; von Ungern-Sternberg, BS; Zhang, G, 2018)	0.7
"Propofol anesthesia had an adverse effect on cell survival due to the increased expression of apoptosis-related genes such as cleaved caspase-3/8 and Bax, which was accompanied by reduced expression of ERK1/2, pERK1/2, and phosphorylated NF-kappaB p65 both in vivo and in vitro."	( Inhibition of microRNA-34a protects against propofol anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction via the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Li, GC; Li, GF; Li, ZB; Zhuang, SJ, 2018)	2.18
" Both propofol and dexmedetomidine proved to be adequate and safe medications in the sedation of autistic children undergoing MRI."	( A Comparison of Safety and Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine and Propofol in Children with Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Abulebda, K; Ahmed, SS; Louer, R; Lutfi, R, 2018)	1.21
" Our findings suggest that local anaesthesia with conscious sedation is a safe and feasible option for cardiac device implantation procedures, including complex procedures."	( Feasibility and safety of using local anaesthesia with conscious sedation during complex cardiac implantable electronic device procedures. Jánosi, RA; Kaya, E; Lortz, J; Rassaf, T; Südkamp, H, 2018)	0.48
"Recent studies have shown that etomidate is associated with fewer serious adverse events than propofol and has a noninferior sedative effect."	( Efficacy and safety of etomidate-midazolam for screening colonoscopy in the elderly: A prospective double-blinded randomized controlled study. Choi, HS; Choi, SJ; Chun, HJ; Jeen, YT; Keum, B; Kim, CD; Kim, ES; Kim, SH; Kim, W; Lee, BJ; Lee, HS; Lee, JM; Min, G; Park, JJ, 2018)	0.7
" The primary outcome was all cardiopulmonary adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of etomidate-midazolam for screening colonoscopy in the elderly: A prospective double-blinded randomized controlled study. Choi, HS; Choi, SJ; Chun, HJ; Jeen, YT; Keum, B; Kim, CD; Kim, ES; Kim, SH; Kim, W; Lee, BJ; Lee, HS; Lee, JM; Min, G; Park, JJ, 2018)	0.48
"The incidence of cardiopulmonary adverse events was higher in the propofol group (72."	( Efficacy and safety of etomidate-midazolam for screening colonoscopy in the elderly: A prospective double-blinded randomized controlled study. Choi, HS; Choi, SJ; Chun, HJ; Jeen, YT; Keum, B; Kim, CD; Kim, ES; Kim, SH; Kim, W; Lee, BJ; Lee, HS; Lee, JM; Min, G; Park, JJ, 2018)	0.72
" It was also demonstrated that HIF-1 activation by treatment with HIFα-hydroxylase inhibitors such as n-propyl gallate and dimethyloxaloylglycine, alleviated the toxic effects of propofol."	( Suppression of mitochondrial oxygen metabolism mediated by the transcription factor HIF-1 alleviates propofol-induced cell toxicity. Adachi, T; Bono, H; Harada, H; Hirota, K; Iwai, T; Kusunoki, M; Matsuo, Y; Nishi, K; Okamoto, A; Shoji, T; Sumi, C; Tanaka, H; Uba, T, 2018)	0.89
" The primary outcome measure was occurrence of adverse events within 24 hours."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Nurse-Administered Propofol Sedation in Outpatients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Horiuchi, A; Ichise, Y; Kajiyama, M; Sato, M; Tamaki, M; Tanaka, N; Yamamoto, Y, 2019)	0.77
" The only adverse event was the transient need for supplemental oxygen supply, required by 1950 patients (1."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Nurse-Administered Propofol Sedation in Outpatients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Horiuchi, A; Ichise, Y; Kajiyama, M; Sato, M; Tamaki, M; Tanaka, N; Yamamoto, Y, 2019)	0.77
"Nurse-administered propofol monosedation using an age-adjusted standard protocol up to a maximal of 200 mg is safe and practical for outpatient gastrointestinal endoscopy."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Nurse-Administered Propofol Sedation in Outpatients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Horiuchi, A; Ichise, Y; Kajiyama, M; Sato, M; Tamaki, M; Tanaka, N; Yamamoto, Y, 2019)	1.1
" The secondary outcomes were heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and adverse reactions."	( Efficacy and Safety of Sufentanil-Propofol Versus Remifentanil-Propofol as Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy: A Meta-Analysis. Lu, S; Peng, G; Wang, JM; Xu, F, 2018)	0.76
" Moreover, there were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse reactions between the 2 groups."	( Efficacy and Safety of Sufentanil-Propofol Versus Remifentanil-Propofol as Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy: A Meta-Analysis. Lu, S; Peng, G; Wang, JM; Xu, F, 2018)	0.76
" Adverse events were examined."	( Safety and efficacy of propofol anesthesia for pediatric target-controlled infusion in children below 3 years of age: a retrospective observational study. Jang, YE; Kang, P; Kim, EH; Kim, HS; Kim, JT; Lee, JH, 2018)	0.79
" After surgery, there was no difference in all vital signs and the proportion patients who experienced adverse events of two groups."	( Safety and efficacy of propofol anesthesia for pediatric target-controlled infusion in children below 3 years of age: a retrospective observational study. Jang, YE; Kang, P; Kim, EH; Kim, HS; Kim, JT; Lee, JH, 2018)	0.79
"Propofol anesthesia by target-controlled infusion was effective and didn't show serious propofol-related perioperative adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of propofol anesthesia for pediatric target-controlled infusion in children below 3 years of age: a retrospective observational study. Jang, YE; Kang, P; Kim, EH; Kim, HS; Kim, JT; Lee, JH, 2018)	2.23
" The secondary endpoints were postoperative awareness, technical success rate, frequency of body movement, patient and operator satisfaction, cardiorespiratory dynamics during EIS, and adverse events."	( Propofol is a more effective and safer sedative agent than midazolam in endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis: a randomized controlled trial. Hashimoto, M; Hikichi, T; Irie, H; Kikuchi, H; Konno, N; Nakamura, J; Obara, K; Ohira, H; Sato, Y; Sugimoto, M; Suzuki, R; Takagi, T; Takasumi, M; Watanabe, K, 2018)	1.92
" No adverse events were observed."	( Propofol is a more effective and safer sedative agent than midazolam in endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis: a randomized controlled trial. Hashimoto, M; Hikichi, T; Irie, H; Kikuchi, H; Konno, N; Nakamura, J; Obara, K; Ohira, H; Sato, Y; Sugimoto, M; Suzuki, R; Takagi, T; Takasumi, M; Watanabe, K, 2018)	1.92
" There were no adverse events during the procedures or in the following observational period."	( Propofol sedation in Drug Induced Sedation Endoscopy without an anaesthesiologist â€" a study of safety and feasibility. Hammering, A; Hildebrandt, AM; Jennum, PJ; Kirkegaard Kiaer, E; Moller, C; Rubek, N; Sorensen, HB; Tonnesen, P; von Buchwald, C, 2019)	1.96
"The NAPS method of sedation for DISE seems safe and feasible when performed by trained staff in a hospital setting."	( Propofol sedation in Drug Induced Sedation Endoscopy without an anaesthesiologist â€" a study of safety and feasibility. Hammering, A; Hildebrandt, AM; Jennum, PJ; Kirkegaard Kiaer, E; Moller, C; Rubek, N; Sorensen, HB; Tonnesen, P; von Buchwald, C, 2019)	1.96
"The exclusively cardiological procedure of deep sedation seems to be safe and effective."	( Safety and efficacy of a cardiologist-only approach to deep sedation for electrical cardioversion. Bolzan, B; Borio, G; Morani, G; Ribichini, FL, 2019)	0.51
" While individual institutions have reported their outcomes, this case series aims to review a multicenter registry of significant adverse events and make recommendations for improved care."	( Adverse events in radiation oncology: A case series from wake up safe, the pediatric anesthesia quality improvement initiative. Christensen, RE; Hearn, JWD; Nause-Osthoff, RC; Spratt, DE; Waldman, JC, 2019)	0.51
"Wake Up Safe: The Pediatric Quality Improvement Initiative maintains a multisite, voluntary registry of pediatric perianesthetic significant adverse events."	( Adverse events in radiation oncology: A case series from wake up safe, the pediatric anesthesia quality improvement initiative. Christensen, RE; Hearn, JWD; Nause-Osthoff, RC; Spratt, DE; Waldman, JC, 2019)	0.51
"Six significant adverse events were identified."	( Adverse events in radiation oncology: A case series from wake up safe, the pediatric anesthesia quality improvement initiative. Christensen, RE; Hearn, JWD; Nause-Osthoff, RC; Spratt, DE; Waldman, JC, 2019)	0.51
"There were few radiation oncology significant adverse events, but analysis has led to the identification of several specific opportunities for improvement in pediatric anesthesia for radiation oncology."	( Adverse events in radiation oncology: A case series from wake up safe, the pediatric anesthesia quality improvement initiative. Christensen, RE; Hearn, JWD; Nause-Osthoff, RC; Spratt, DE; Waldman, JC, 2019)	0.51
"The aim of this study was to assess the type and frequency of adverse events during the Wada test conducted with propofol as an anaesthetic agent."	( Experience of adverse events with cerebral propofol testing in patients with drug resistant epilepsy. Bala, A; Marchel, A; Rysz, A; Szantroch, M; Żyłkowski, J, 2019)	0.99
"Propofol dosages, adverse events, serious adverse events, and sedation time parameters were reviewed."	( Safety and Efficacy of a Propofol and Ketamine Based Procedural Sedation Protocol in Children with Cerebral Palsy Undergoing Botulinum Toxin A Injections. Abu-Sultaneh, S; Abulebda, K; Louer, R; Lutfi, R; McKinney, RC, 2019)	2.26
" Adverse events were encountered in 10."	( Safety and Efficacy of a Propofol and Ketamine Based Procedural Sedation Protocol in Children with Cerebral Palsy Undergoing Botulinum Toxin A Injections. Abu-Sultaneh, S; Abulebda, K; Louer, R; Lutfi, R; McKinney, RC, 2019)	0.82
"Our sedation protocol of propofol and ketamine is safe and effective in children with cerebral palsy undergoing procedural sedation for intramuscular injections with BoNT-A."	( Safety and Efficacy of a Propofol and Ketamine Based Procedural Sedation Protocol in Children with Cerebral Palsy Undergoing Botulinum Toxin A Injections. Abu-Sultaneh, S; Abulebda, K; Louer, R; Lutfi, R; McKinney, RC, 2019)	1.12
"Propofol-based sedation without endotracheal intubation is safe for ESD procedures in the esophagus and stomach with low anesthesia-related complication rates and short hospital stay."	( Propofol sedation without endotracheal intubation is safe for endoscopic submucosal dissection in the esophagus and stomach. Bruno, MJ; Hilkemeijer, T; Klimek, M; Koch, AD; Leliveld, L; van de Ven, S, 2019)	3.4
" The combined use of propofol and etomidate can improve and produce an apparent beneficial effect on the adverse effects of propofol or etomidate alone, and it was safer and more effective than propofol or etomidate alone."	( Safety and efficacy of combined use of propofol and etomidate for sedation during gastroscopy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, L; Jiang, J; Li, Y; Liang, X; Tan, X; Wen, H, 2019)	1.1
" Adverse events in CAPS patients were recorded."	( Computer-Assisted Propofol Sedation for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Is Effective, Efficient, and Safe. Beecher, R; Chiorean, M; Drennan, F; Gluck, M; Koch, J; Kozarek, RA; La Selva, D; Larsen, M; Lin, OS; McCormick, S; Ross, A; Tombs, D; Venu, N; Weigel, W, 2019)	0.85
" There were no other serious adverse events."	( Computer-Assisted Propofol Sedation for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Is Effective, Efficient, and Safe. Beecher, R; Chiorean, M; Drennan, F; Gluck, M; Koch, J; Kozarek, RA; La Selva, D; Larsen, M; Lin, OS; McCormick, S; Ross, A; Tombs, D; Venu, N; Weigel, W, 2019)	0.85
" Our meta-analysis of 30 RCTs confirmed that propofol sedation had advantages in recovery time when compared with other drugs, without excessive concerns for cardiovascular or respiratory adverse events."	( Evaluation of the safety of using propofol for paediatric procedural sedation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Choi, Y; Hahn, S; Hong, H; Jang, MJ; Kim, HS; Kim, S; Lee, JH, 2019)	1.05
" While it is difficult to verify the adverse effects of long duration anesthetic exposure in infants and children, the utilization of relevant non-clinical models (i."	( Protective Effects of Xenon on Propofol-Induced Neurotoxicity in Human Neural Stem Cell-Derived Models. Fogle, C; Hanig, JP; Liu, F; Liu, S; Patterson, TA; Slikker, W; Wang, C, 2020)	0.84
" We compare the incidence of adverse events using propofol TCI compared with other methods of propofol administration."	( Effect of target-controlled propofol infusion to reduce the incidence of adverse events for procedural sedation in the emergency department: a systematic review. Burton, FM; Corfield, AR; Lowe, DJ; Millar, JE; Shaw, M; Sim, MAB; Watson, MJ, 2020)	1.11
"To determine the main indications and assess the most common adverse events with the administration of hypnotic propofol in most pediatric clinical scenarios."	( Propofol use in newborns and children: is it safe? A systematic review. Filho, EM; Riechelmann, MB, )	1.79
" A huge list of adverse events has been published, but most articles considered them of low risk."	( Propofol use in newborns and children: is it safe? A systematic review. Filho, EM; Riechelmann, MB, )	1.57
"Propofol is a hypnotic drug with a safe profile of efficacy and adverse events."	( Propofol use in newborns and children: is it safe? A systematic review. Filho, EM; Riechelmann, MB, )	3.02
"Both propofol and midazolam (± short-acting opioids) result in high patient satisfaction and appear to be safe for use in colonoscopy."	( Propofol versus midazolam with or without short-acting opioids for sedation in colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of safety, satisfaction, and efficiency outcomes. Acuna, SA; Baxter, NN; Dossa, F; Keng, C; Medeiros, B, 2020)	2.51
"We retrospectively analyzed whether sedation for colonoscopy in older patients is as safe as in younger patients."	( Safety of propofol-based anesthesia for colonoscopy in older patients. Niewiński, G; Przybyłkowski, A; Szeligowska, J; Szymańska, M, 2019)	0.92
"Propofol-based sedation is widely used in ERCP procedures, but adverse respiratory or cardiovascular events commonly occur."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine in propofol-based sedation for ERCP procedures: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. Ji, R; Li, YQ; Liu, C; Liu, J; Liu, X; Peng, LP, 2020)	2.26
" We assessed intra-procedure adverse events, delayed adverse events, doses of sedation medication used, and procedure duration at a tertiary care setting."	( Safety and Efficacy of Moderate Sedation in Super Obese Patients Undergoing Lower and Upper GI Endoscopy: a Case-Control Study. Benson, M; Caldis, M; Gopal, D; Hubers, J; Pfau, P, 2020)	0.56
" There was no difference in delayed adverse events with 2% of the cases and 2% of the controls having delayed adverse events (P = 1."	( Safety and Efficacy of Moderate Sedation in Super Obese Patients Undergoing Lower and Upper GI Endoscopy: a Case-Control Study. Benson, M; Caldis, M; Gopal, D; Hubers, J; Pfau, P, 2020)	0.56
"8% in group A), recovery profile or the incidence or severity of adverse events (AEs) or adverse drug reactions (ADRs)."	( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam in induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients (ASA Class III): results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparative trial. Doi, M; Hirata, N; Morimatsu, H; Morisaki, H; Sakamoto, A; Suzuki, T, 2020)	0.56
"Perioperative respiratory and hemodynamic adverse events are still a cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric anesthesia."	( Respiratory and hemodynamic perioperative adverse events in intravenous versus inhalational induction in pediatric anesthesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blaauwendraad, SM; Pieters, BM; Porter, LL, 2020)	0.56
" Our results suggest that propofol can be used as a safe alternative to TAs, and can significantly shorten procedure duration, recovery and discharge times, and improve sedation depth."	( Safety and efficacy of propofol alone or in combination with other agents for sedation of patients undergoing colonoscopy: an updated meta-analysis. Li, HT; Xu, H; Zhang, K, 2020)	1.17
" Adverse events and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were monitored for safety."	( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam versus propofol for general anesthesia: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, phase IIb/III trial. Doi, M; Morita, K; Sakamoto, A; Suzuki, T; Takeda, J; Yamakage, M, 2020)	0.82
" The frequency and type of adverse events related to this sedation were recorded."	( Effect of propofol-based procedural sedation on risk of adverse events in a French emergency department: a retrospective analysis. Combes, X; Guihard, B; Holman, AM; Michalon, A; Muller, B; Reuillard, A, 2020)	0.96
" Among the 602 consecutive cases, we identified 90 adverse events (14."	( Effect of propofol-based procedural sedation on risk of adverse events in a French emergency department: a retrospective analysis. Combes, X; Guihard, B; Holman, AM; Michalon, A; Muller, B; Reuillard, A, 2020)	0.96
"Nearly all of the adverse events in our series were minor."	( Effect of propofol-based procedural sedation on risk of adverse events in a French emergency department: a retrospective analysis. Combes, X; Guihard, B; Holman, AM; Michalon, A; Muller, B; Reuillard, A, 2020)	0.96
" Based on low-to-moderate quality evidence, we concluded that the use of propofol and ketamine may result in a slight-to-small reduction in the risk of hypotension, bradycardia, and apnea, and a slight increase in the risk of tachycardia, hypertension, and other respiratory adverse events, such as cough or laryngospasm."	( Safety and Efficacy of the Combination of Propofol and Ketamine for Procedural Sedation/Anesthesia in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Aljuhani, T; De Oliveira, K; Hayes, JA; Johnston, BC, 2021)	1.12
"The use of propofol and ketamine had a minimal effect on the incidence of adverse events and other secondary outcomes."	( Safety and Efficacy of the Combination of Propofol and Ketamine for Procedural Sedation/Anesthesia in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Aljuhani, T; De Oliveira, K; Hayes, JA; Johnston, BC, 2021)	1.28
" Adverse effect profiles and clinical outcome, in the cohorts are largely similar."	( DEXmedetomidine compared to PROpofol in NEurocritical Care [DEXPRONE]: A multicenter retrospective evaluation of clinical utility and safety. Armahizer, MJ; Heavner, MS; Kurczewski, L; Maciel, CB; Owusu, KA; Zichichi, A, 2020)	0.85
" The primary outcome was in-hospital intra- or postprocedural major adverse events, defined as the need for intubation, progression to massive pulmonary embolism, and in-hospital death."	( Propofol administration during catheter-directed interventions for intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism is associated with major adverse events. Abou Ali, AN; Avgerinos, ED; Chaer, RA; Cherfan, P; Phillips, DP; Yuo, TH; Zaghloul, MS, 2021)	2.06
" The propofol group had a significantly greater adverse event rate (13."	( Propofol administration during catheter-directed interventions for intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism is associated with major adverse events. Abou Ali, AN; Avgerinos, ED; Chaer, RA; Cherfan, P; Phillips, DP; Yuo, TH; Zaghloul, MS, 2021)	2.58
" Serious, related, unexpected adverse events requiring intervention had a low incidence and were largely due to predictable effects of the drugs being administered."	( The safety profile and effectiveness of propofol-remifentanil mixtures for total intravenous anesthesia in children. Bagshaw, O; Baxter, A; Brooks, P; Marriott, D; McCormack, J, 2020)	0.83
" Major adverse events were defined as intubation or death."	( Safety of endoscopist-directed nurse-administered balanced propofol sedation in patients with severe systemic disease (ASA class III). Adler, DG; Davis, J; Fang, J; Gawron, AJ; McKenzie, P; Qiu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.86
" In both colonoscopy and EGD procedures, there were no major adverse events such as intubation, need for resuscitation, or death."	( Safety of endoscopist-directed nurse-administered balanced propofol sedation in patients with severe systemic disease (ASA class III). Adler, DG; Davis, J; Fang, J; Gawron, AJ; McKenzie, P; Qiu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.86
"EDNAPS is safe in both ASA I/II and ASA class III patients undergoing routine outpatient endoscopy."	( Safety of endoscopist-directed nurse-administered balanced propofol sedation in patients with severe systemic disease (ASA class III). Adler, DG; Davis, J; Fang, J; Gawron, AJ; McKenzie, P; Qiu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2021)	0.86
" The purpose of this article is to measure the frequency of adverse anesthetic events related to ambulatory surgical procedures performed under intravenous (IV) sedation by the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Mayo Clinic during a 15-year period using the team anesthesia model."	( Safety of Outpatient Procedural Sedation Administered by Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons: The Mayo Clinic Experience in 17,634 Sedations (2004 to 2019). Arce, K; Ettinger, KS; Fillmore, WJ; Heggestad, BT; Nathan, JM; Van Ess, JM; Viozzi, CF; Wiemer, SJ, 2021)	0.62
" The primary outcome variable of interest was the presence of anesthetic-related adverse events (AEs) consistent with the World Society of Intravenous Anesthesia International Sedation Task Force's intervention-based definitions of adverse anesthetic events."	( Safety of Outpatient Procedural Sedation Administered by Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons: The Mayo Clinic Experience in 17,634 Sedations (2004 to 2019). Arce, K; Ettinger, KS; Fillmore, WJ; Heggestad, BT; Nathan, JM; Van Ess, JM; Viozzi, CF; Wiemer, SJ, 2021)	0.62
"1%) and 0% mortality rate reported in this study demonstrate that the anesthesia team model used by oral and maxillofacial surgeons compares favorably to standardized intervention-based adverse anesthetic event outcomes reported by other nonanesthesiology specialties routinely performing outpatient procedural sedation."	( Safety of Outpatient Procedural Sedation Administered by Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons: The Mayo Clinic Experience in 17,634 Sedations (2004 to 2019). Arce, K; Ettinger, KS; Fillmore, WJ; Heggestad, BT; Nathan, JM; Van Ess, JM; Viozzi, CF; Wiemer, SJ, 2021)	0.62
"This study aimed to identify the types and frequencies of adverse events, as well as the risk factors for respiratory complications related to pediatric sedation."	( Independent risk factors for adverse events associated with propofol-based pediatric sedation performed by anesthesiologists in the radiology suite: a prospective observational study. Kim, MH; Kim, N; Lee, HM; Lee, JH; Lee, JR, 2021)	0.86
"Endoscopist directed nurse administered propofol sedation (EDNAPS) is widely considered to be safe and efficient, but there are limited data from the Australian health-care setting, and Australian sedation guidelines do not support the practice."	( Prospective audit of the safety of endoscopist-directed nurse-administered propofol sedation in an Australian referral hospital. Boyd, P; Gilhotra, R; Gururatsakul, M; Lee, R; McGowan, C; Ombiga, J; Ponnuswamy, SK; Whittaker, D, 2021)	1.12
"Endoscopist directed nurse administered propofol sedation is a safe way of performing endoscopic sedation in low-risk patients in the hospital setting."	( Prospective audit of the safety of endoscopist-directed nurse-administered propofol sedation in an Australian referral hospital. Boyd, P; Gilhotra, R; Gururatsakul, M; Lee, R; McGowan, C; Ombiga, J; Ponnuswamy, SK; Whittaker, D, 2021)	1.12
"Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) in patients with cirrhosis is theoretically associated with high incidence of adverse events due to low levels of binding proteins and decreased hepatic clearance of drugs."	( Safety of balanced propofol and midazolam in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for sedation in cirrhotic patients. Alam, L; Alam, M; Khattak, MA, 2021)	0.95
" Our outcomes of interest were the differences in total dose of propofol administered, procedure time, and intraoperative adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of supplemental intravenous lidocaine for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Henry, C; Howden, CW; Imam, Z; Jowhar, D; Kamal, F; Khan, MA; Khan, Z; Lee-Smith, W; Patel, JR; Petryna, E; Qualkenbush, EAV; Sharma, S, 2021)	0.86
"The objective of the study was to describe the tolerability and adverse effects (AE) of the use of propofol for the Wada test, during the presurgical study of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy."	( [Tolerability and adverse effects of propofol in the Wada test]. Castro-Macías, JI; Díaz-Campos, MO; García-Cazarez, R; Pérez-Careta, MC; Pérez-Reyes, SP; Preciado-Gutiérrez, OU; Ruíz-Velázquez, F; Salazar-Hörner, DL, 2021)	1.11
"Performing the Wada test with propofol causes frequent mild adverse effects, which do not prevent its completion."	( [Tolerability and adverse effects of propofol in the Wada test]. Castro-Macías, JI; Díaz-Campos, MO; García-Cazarez, R; Pérez-Careta, MC; Pérez-Reyes, SP; Preciado-Gutiérrez, OU; Ruíz-Velázquez, F; Salazar-Hörner, DL, 2021)	1.18
"Propofol and dexmedetomidine may cause hemodynamic adverse effects (AEs) and more data are needed in a trauma and surgical population."	( Hemodynamic Adverse Effects of Dexmedetomidine and Propofol in a Critically Ill Trauma and Surgical Population: A Retrospective Cohort. Cucci, MD; Frazee, LA; Mullen, C; Nicholson, CR, )	1.83
" Application of these data may aid in optimal monitoring for serious adverse effects of propofol in patients with COVID-19."	( The Safety of Continuous Infusion Propofol in Mechanically Ventilated Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Abedian, S; An, A; Barie, PS; Berger, K; Littlefield, AJ; Witenko, CJ, 2022)	1.22
" Finally, the NSCs were pretreated with mitochondrial specific antioxidant (MitoQ) or Drp1 inhibitor (Mdivi-1), and then the toxic effects of propofol on NSCs were investigated."	( The Role of Pink1-Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway in Propofol-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity. Han, X; Liang, C; Miao, C; Sun, M; Zhong, J, 2021)	1.07
" The incidence of adverse events in Group R (3."	( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam besylate versus propofol during hysteroscopy: single-centre randomized controlled trial. Li, S; Liu, J; Zhang, X, 2021)	0.87
"0 mg/kg groups were 100% and all doses were safe and well tolerated."	( Efficacy and safety of ciprofol for the sedation/anesthesia in patients undergoing colonoscopy: Phase IIa and IIb multi-center clinical trials. Li, J; Li, K; Liang, Y; Liu, B; Liu, J; Liu, X; Meng, J; Ou, M; Ouyang, W; Shangguan, W; Teng, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Weng, H; Yao, S; Zhang, W; Zhu, T; Zuo, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Although sedation anesthesia appears to be safe in general, the potentially life-threatening complications of sedative agents should be remembered, especially in children who have comorbidities."	( Safety and Complications of Sedation Anesthesia during Pediatric Auditory Brainstem Response Testing. Koyuncu, O; Sarac, ET; Urfali, B; Urfali, S, 2022)	0.72
" Efficacy was measured by completing the induction of anesthesia without rescue sedation; and safety was defined as no severe adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with propofol in induction of general anesthesia. Dai, G; Duan, F; Liao, M; Pei, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Z; Zhu, M, 2021)	0.88
"Remimazolam is a safe and effective sedative drug during induction with less adverse effects for general anesthesia in ASA I or II patients."	( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with propofol in induction of general anesthesia. Dai, G; Duan, F; Liao, M; Pei, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Z; Zhu, M, 2021)	0.88
"The number of therapeutic endoscopic procedures in elderly individuals keeps increasing and this population has a high risk of adverse events related to sedation and general anesthesia."	( Efficacy and safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the very elderly by using a combination of intravenous midazolam, ketamine and pethidine. Cetin, MF; Tokmak, S; Torun, S, 2021)	0.62
" Demographics, sedatives, and analgesia associations with adverse events were explored with logistic regressions."	( Fifteen Years' Experience With Safe and Effective Procedural Sedation in Infants and Children in a General Emergency Department. Mace, SE; Nowacki, AS; Peterson, B; Ulintz, A; Worley, J; Zamborsky, S, 2021)	0.62
"3%) resulted in a side effect and 8 PS (3."	( Fifteen Years' Experience With Safe and Effective Procedural Sedation in Infants and Children in a General Emergency Department. Mace, SE; Nowacki, AS; Peterson, B; Ulintz, A; Worley, J; Zamborsky, S, 2021)	0.62
" In addition, Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S) at 1 min, 3 min, and 5 min after hysteroscopy, the incidence of adverse events, and the time from the end of the hysteroscopy to reach the discharge standard, were recorded."	( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosylate in hysteroscopy: A randomized, single-blind, parallel controlled trial. Peng, Y; Ran, R; Wang, J; Xiao, Y; Zhang, S, 2022)	0.72
" After administration, the adverse event incidence in group A was significantly higher than that in groups B and C (p < 0."	( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosylate in hysteroscopy: A randomized, single-blind, parallel controlled trial. Peng, Y; Ran, R; Wang, J; Xiao, Y; Zhang, S, 2022)	0.72
"Remimazolam tosylate and propofol have similar success rates for painless hysteroscopy, and both can provide safe and effective sedation."	( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosylate in hysteroscopy: A randomized, single-blind, parallel controlled trial. Peng, Y; Ran, R; Wang, J; Xiao, Y; Zhang, S, 2022)	1.02
" Propofol is increasingly being shown to be effective and safe in treating procedural sedation and anesthesia in neonates."	( Evaluation of efficacy and safety of propofol in the treatment of procedural sedation/anesthesia in neonates: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Bo, LJ; Yu, PX, 2021)	1.8
" Adverse events (AEs) included: hypoxia (oxygen saturation < 90%); hypotension [(a) systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg, (b) systolic blood pressure decline of >50 mm Hg, (c) decline in mean arterial pressure of >30%]; bradycardia (heart rate of < 40 beats/min)."	( Safety Profile of Endoscopist-directed Balanced Propofol Sedation for Procedural Sedation: An Experience at a Hospital-based Endoscopy Unit. Fatima, H; Imperiale, T, 2022)	0.98
"EDBPS is safe for endoscopic sedation."	( Safety Profile of Endoscopist-directed Balanced Propofol Sedation for Procedural Sedation: An Experience at a Hospital-based Endoscopy Unit. Fatima, H; Imperiale, T, 2022)	0.98
" The incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly between the groups."	( Safety and efficacy of an automated anesthesia delivery system for total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, remifentanil, and rocuronium: a non-inferiority randomized controlled trial versus manually controlled anesthesia. Matsuki, Y; Nagata, O; Ogino, Y; Shigemi, K, 2022)	0.94
" Secondary endpoints included time metrics, hemodynamics, consumption of fentanyl, etomidate, propofol, and remimazolam, intraoperative body movement, patient and endoscopist satisfaction scores, supplemental dose of sedative and fentanyl, and incidence and severity of adverse events."	( The Efficacy and Safety of Remimazolam Tosilate versus Etomidate-Propofol in Elderly Outpatients Undergoing Colonoscopy: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-Blind, Non-Inferiority Trial. Ding, B; Liu, L; Liu, X; Sha, Y; Shi, F; Zhang, Y; Zhao, T, 2021)	1.08
" Preparation, equipment familiarity, and safe delivery techniques are extremely important for the proper employment of this method."	( Safe Practice of Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Target-Controlled Infusion in Taiwan: A Recommendation. Chen, JY; Cheng, KI; Huang, YH; Lai, HC; Shen, CH; Wong, CS; Wu, ZF, 2021)	0.62
"deep sedation controlled by the endoscopist is safe in patients with low anesthetic risk (ASA I-II)."	( Safety of endoscopist-administered deep sedation with propofol in ASA III patients. Aparicio Tormo, JR; Bozhychko, M; Casellas Valde, JA; Compañy Català, L; Mangas-Sanjuán, C; Martínez Sempere, J; Medina-Prado, L; Ruiz Gómez, F, 2022)	0.97
" The adjusted analysis identified age as the only independent baseline risk factor for developing global adverse events."	( Safety of endoscopist-administered deep sedation with propofol in ASA III patients. Aparicio Tormo, JR; Bozhychko, M; Casellas Valde, JA; Compañy Català, L; Mangas-Sanjuán, C; Martínez Sempere, J; Medina-Prado, L; Ruiz Gómez, F, 2022)	0.97
" Regarding safety, enteral SPM administration did not increase adverse events, including self-extubation."	( Effect of enterally administered sleep-promoting medication on the intravenous sedative dose and its safety and cost profile in mechanically ventilated patients: A retrospective cohort study. Hashimoto, T; Kataoka, Y; Matsumoto, M; Suzuki, T; Tsunemitsu, T, 2021)	0.62
"Early enteral SPM administration reduced the average daily propofol dose per body weight without increasing adverse events."	( Effect of enterally administered sleep-promoting medication on the intravenous sedative dose and its safety and cost profile in mechanically ventilated patients: A retrospective cohort study. Hashimoto, T; Kataoka, Y; Matsumoto, M; Suzuki, T; Tsunemitsu, T, 2021)	0.86
" The postoperative adverse reactions were similar between the 2 groups (P > ."	( Efficacy and safety of sevoflurane vs propofol in combination with remifentanil for anesthesia maintenance during craniotomy: A meta-analysis. Ying, M; Zhao, R; Zhou, Z, 2021)	0.89
"To investigate the incidence of adverse effects of propofol among pediatric population for sedation or anesthesia."	( Incidence of Adverse Effects of Propofol for Procedural Sedation/Anesthesia in the Pediatric Emergency Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ao, X; Guo, P; Ran, Y; Tan, L; Zou, Q, 2021)	1.16
" We did sensitivity analysis to assess the incidence of adverse effects of propofol among pediatric population for sedation or anesthesia."	( Incidence of Adverse Effects of Propofol for Procedural Sedation/Anesthesia in the Pediatric Emergency Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ao, X; Guo, P; Ran, Y; Tan, L; Zou, Q, 2021)	1.14
" The result showed that adverse events (bradypnea, hypotension, hypertension, and apnea) were significantly improved in the pediatric emergency population in the propofol group, but it had no effect on the incidence of cough attacks, desaturation, agitation, stridor, and laryngospasm."	( Incidence of Adverse Effects of Propofol for Procedural Sedation/Anesthesia in the Pediatric Emergency Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ao, X; Guo, P; Ran, Y; Tan, L; Zou, Q, 2021)	1.1
" Furthermore, more large RCTs are needed to assess incidence of adverse effects of propofol among pediatric population."	( Incidence of Adverse Effects of Propofol for Procedural Sedation/Anesthesia in the Pediatric Emergency Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ao, X; Guo, P; Ran, Y; Tan, L; Zou, Q, 2021)	1.13
"Dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective adjunct to propofol."	( Safety and Efficacy of IV Dexmedetomidine as an Adjunct to Propofol to Sedate Anxious and Uncooperative Pediatric Dental Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Gauba, K; Goyal, A; Jain, K; Kapur, A; Rehman, F, 2021)	1.12
" The discharge time, consumption of propofol and opioid, adverse events, diagnostic accuracy, and sensitivity and specificity for malignancy, were compared."	( Efficacy and safety of remifentanil for endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition: a single center retrospective study. Huang, CH; Huang, HH; Lin, PL; Lin, YJ; Wang, YC, 2022)	1
" The consumption of propofol, adverse events, diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for malignancy in the alfentanil group were not significantly different from those in the remifentanil group."	( Efficacy and safety of remifentanil for endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition: a single center retrospective study. Huang, CH; Huang, HH; Lin, PL; Lin, YJ; Wang, YC, 2022)	1.04
" The incidence of adverse events was significant lower in the HSK3486 group (52."	( Efficacy and Safety of HSK3486 for Anesthesia/Sedation in Patients Undergoing Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy: A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Propofol-Controlled, Randomized, Phase 3 Study. Guo, Q; Li, Y; Luo, Z; Ouyang, W; Shangguan, W; Tu, H; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wei, X; Wu, H; Zhang, X; Zhu, Z; Zou, X, 2022)	0.93
"The removal of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA®) in children may be associated with respiratory adverse events."	( Respiratory Adverse Events After LMA® Mask Removal in Children: A Randomized Trial Comparing Propofol to Sevoflurane. Abi Raad, SG; Aouad, MT; Beresian, J; Kaddoum, R; Karam, C; Khalili, A; Shebbo, FM; Yazbeck-Karam, V; Zeeni, C, 2023)	1.13
" The primary aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of at least 1 respiratory adverse event, the prevalence of individual respiratory adverse events, and the airway hyperreactivity score following emergence from anesthesia between the 2 groups."	( Respiratory Adverse Events After LMA® Mask Removal in Children: A Randomized Trial Comparing Propofol to Sevoflurane. Abi Raad, SG; Aouad, MT; Beresian, J; Kaddoum, R; Karam, C; Khalili, A; Shebbo, FM; Yazbeck-Karam, V; Zeeni, C, 2023)	1.13
"01) of respiratory adverse outcomes compared to the patients receiving inhalational anesthesia with sevoflurane."	( Respiratory Adverse Events After LMA® Mask Removal in Children: A Randomized Trial Comparing Propofol to Sevoflurane. Abi Raad, SG; Aouad, MT; Beresian, J; Kaddoum, R; Karam, C; Khalili, A; Shebbo, FM; Yazbeck-Karam, V; Zeeni, C, 2023)	1.13
" Minor adverse events were observed in 15."	( The performance and safety of motorized spiral enteroscopy, including in patients with surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy: a multicenter prospective study. Al-Toma, A; Beaumont, H; de Ridder, R; Hergelink, DO; Inderson, A; Jacobs, M; Koornstra, JJ; van Boeckel, P; van der Kraan, J, 2022)	0.72
"MSE seems to be an effective and safe endoscopic procedure."	( The performance and safety of motorized spiral enteroscopy, including in patients with surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy: a multicenter prospective study. Al-Toma, A; Beaumont, H; de Ridder, R; Hergelink, DO; Inderson, A; Jacobs, M; Koornstra, JJ; van Boeckel, P; van der Kraan, J, 2022)	0.72
" Secondary outcome measures were vital signs, quality of sedation, time need for the procedure, recovery time, intra-operative and post-operative adverse sequelae."	( A double-blind randomized controlled trial to compare the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with ketamine in uncooperative and anxious paediatric dental patients requiring pulpectomy. Gupta, N; Haider, K; Mittal, N; Srivastava, B, 2022)	0.72
"Dexmedetomidine either alone or in combination with ketamine proved to be a safe and efficacious agent for paediatric dental sedation."	( A double-blind randomized controlled trial to compare the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with ketamine in uncooperative and anxious paediatric dental patients requiring pulpectomy. Gupta, N; Haider, K; Mittal, N; Srivastava, B, 2022)	0.72
" The incidence of hemodynamic and respiratory adverse events, arterial blood gas analysis, induction and recovery time, pain score, infusion rate of remifentanil, satisfaction of the surgeon and patient, additional sedatives were collected for analysis and comparison."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of sedation protocols with the use of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil during percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects: a randomized clinical trial. Chen, XL; Huang, WH; Zhang, GC; Zheng, YH, 2022)	0.93
" There was no difference between the two groups regarding the incidence of cardiovascular adverse events (6 [20."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of sedation protocols with the use of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil during percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects: a randomized clinical trial. Chen, XL; Huang, WH; Zhang, GC; Zheng, YH, 2022)	0.93
" The hemodynamic stability was comparable, the dexmedetomidine-remifentanil protocol had superior airway security due to fewer hypercapnia and respiratory adverse events."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of sedation protocols with the use of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil and propofol-remifentanil during percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects: a randomized clinical trial. Chen, XL; Huang, WH; Zhang, GC; Zheng, YH, 2022)	0.93
" Methohexital, a barbiturate, is less frequently used due to concerns for adverse events associated with this drug class."	( A Safety Comparison of Single-Agent Methohexital, Ketamine, or Propofol for Musculoskeletal Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department. Kruggel, S; Mishler, A; Sullivan, L, 2022)	0.96
" Overall adverse events occurred in 34."	( A Safety Comparison of Single-Agent Methohexital, Ketamine, or Propofol for Musculoskeletal Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department. Kruggel, S; Mishler, A; Sullivan, L, 2022)	0.96
"Methohexital is a safe and effective option for procedural sedation for musculoskeletal procedures in the ED when compared with ketamine and propofol."	( A Safety Comparison of Single-Agent Methohexital, Ketamine, or Propofol for Musculoskeletal Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department. Kruggel, S; Mishler, A; Sullivan, L, 2022)	1.16
"During colonoscopy, TCI is as safe as intermittent bolus of propofol while reducing the incidence of agitation and the need for dose adjustments."	( Safety and efficacy of target-controlled infusion versus intermittent bolus administration of propofol for sedation in colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Cuiabano, IS; de Miranda Garbin, P; do Nascimento, P; Módolo, NSP, )	0.59
" General anesthesia induction success rates were the primary outcome for this study, while secondary outcomes included changes in BIS during the 10 min following the first administration of the study drug, the duration of successful induction, and adverse event incidence."	( The efficacy and safety of ciprofol use for the induction of general anesthesia in patients undergoing gynecological surgery: a prospective randomized controlled study. Chen, BZ; Jiang, LH; Liu, JH; Shi, YY; Yin, XY; Yuan, BY, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse event rates, including intubation responses, were significantly lower in the ciprofol group as compared to the propofol group(20% vs 48."	( The efficacy and safety of ciprofol use for the induction of general anesthesia in patients undergoing gynecological surgery: a prospective randomized controlled study. Chen, BZ; Jiang, LH; Liu, JH; Shi, YY; Yin, XY; Yuan, BY, 2022)	0.93
"Ciprofol exhibits comparable efficacy to that of propofol when used for the induction of general anesthesia in individuals undergoing gynecological surgery and is associated with fewer adverse events."	( The efficacy and safety of ciprofol use for the induction of general anesthesia in patients undergoing gynecological surgery: a prospective randomized controlled study. Chen, BZ; Jiang, LH; Liu, JH; Shi, YY; Yin, XY; Yuan, BY, 2022)	0.98
" Isolated perfused newborn mouse hearts were exposed to a toxic dose of propofol or intralipid for 30-min."	( Modeling propofol-induced cardiotoxicity in the isolated-perfused newborn mouse heart. Barajas, MB; Griffiths, KK; Levy, RJ; Sun, L; Wang, A; Yang, G, 2022)	1.37
" Hemodynamic index, pulse oxygen saturation, operative time, induction time, awakening status, orientation recovery time, adverse events, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were also recorded during gastrointestinal endoscopy."	( Efficacy and safety of subanesthetic doses of esketamine combined with propofol in painless gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Li, J; Li, S; Li, Y; Liang, S; Liang, Z; Luo, Q; Yang, Z; Zhan, Y, 2022)	0.95
"2 mg/kg esketamine and propofol was effective and safe in painless gastrointestinal endoscopy as evidenced by less propofol consumption per minute, shorter induction time, and lower incidence of cough and body movement relative to propofol alone."	( Efficacy and safety of subanesthetic doses of esketamine combined with propofol in painless gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Li, J; Li, S; Li, Y; Liang, S; Liang, Z; Luo, Q; Yang, Z; Zhan, Y, 2022)	1.27
" There has been no report on adverse events after discharge from the recovery room."	( Delayed Adverse Events after Procedural Sedation in Pediatric Patients with Hematologic Malignancies. Joo, J; Koh, HJ; Yu, S, 2022)	0.72
" The objective of this study was to assess the adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects of small boluses of propofol combined with remifentanil, in comparison with remifentanil alone, and balanced with the quality of sedation and recovery."	( Adding Low-Dose Propofol to Limit Anxiety during Target-Controlled Infusion of Remifentanil for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Respiratory Issues and Safety Recommendations. Billard, V; Motamed, C; Servin, F, 2022)	1.28
" Demographic and clinical data, including age, length of the procedure, recovery time, medication doses, and adverse events, were collected."	( Safety and Efficacy of Propofol- and Ketamine-Based Procedural Sedation Regimen in Pediatric Patients During Burn Repetitive Dressing Change: 10 Years Single Center Experience. Abu-Sultaneh, S; Abulebda, K; Lutfi, R; Shieh Yu, J; Slaven, JE; Yabrodi, M, 2023)	1.22
" Safety was monitored based on (1) adverse events, (2) repeated measurement of vital signs; (3) physical examination, (4) routine laboratory examinations of hematology, biochemistry, urine, coagulation function, and (5) 12-lead electrocardiogram."	( A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Positive-Controlled, Non-Inferiority, Phase III Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Emulsified Isoflurane for Anesthesia Induction in Patients. Chen, C; Li, L; Lin, Y; Liu, C; Liu, J; Ou, Y; Wang, Q; Xu, G; Xue, Y; Yang, H; Yuan, K; Zhang, M; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zhao, G; Zhu, Y, 2022)	0.72
" The number of patients from the emulsified isoflurane group who experienced drug-related adverse events was significantly higher than that of patients from the propofol group."	( A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Positive-Controlled, Non-Inferiority, Phase III Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Emulsified Isoflurane for Anesthesia Induction in Patients. Chen, C; Li, L; Lin, Y; Liu, C; Liu, J; Ou, Y; Wang, Q; Xu, G; Xue, Y; Yang, H; Yuan, K; Zhang, M; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zhao, G; Zhu, Y, 2022)	0.92
" However, cardiac and pulmonary adverse events are the primary concerns associated with the use of these sedatives."	( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosylate for sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Chen, C; Huai, X; Su, D; Su, Z; Zhang, X; Zhou, J; Zhu, H, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse events will be recorded to evaluate safety."	( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosylate for sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Chen, C; Huai, X; Su, D; Su, Z; Zhang, X; Zhou, J; Zhu, H, 2022)	0.72
"The combination of ketamine-dexmedetomidine for procedural sedation during ERCP is a safe alternative to ketamine-propofol with a better respiratory profile."	( Ketamine and dexmedetomidine (Keto-dex) or ketamine and propofol (Keto-fol) for procedural sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Which is safer? A randomized clinical trial. Ahuja, V; Aravindan, A; Datta, PK; Ganesh, V; Iyer, KV; Khanna, P; Maitra, S; Sarkar, S; Singh, A, 2022)	1.18
"3 mg/kg/h for induction anesthesia and for anesthesia support, respectively, is safe and does not lead to dangerous undesired consequences."	( SAFETY OF PROPOFOL ANESTHESIA DURING NEUROSURGICAL OPERATIONS. Bilawicz, J; Merza, RO; Pasichnyk, HP; Pidhirnyj, YM, 2022)	1.12
" Secondary outcomes included induction time, endoscope insertion time, recovery time, discharge time, incidence of drug-related adverse events (AEs), neurological and inflammatory outcomes."	( Efficacy and safety of Ciprofol for procedural sedation and anesthesia in non-operating room settings. Fan, Y; Miao, C; Zhang, J; Zhao, X; Zhong, J; Zhou, X; Zhu, M; Zuo, Z, 2023)	0.91
" However, the effect of pretreatment with oxycodone on recovery of cognitive function and adverse effects has rarely been studied."	( Safety and efficacy of etomidate in combination with oxycodone in painless gastroscopic procedures in the elderly: A prospective randomized controlled trial study. Li, YP; Zhou, Y, 2023)	0.91
" Adverse events, including somatic motor reactions, hypotension, bradycardia, myocardial tremor, nausea and vomiting, and injection pain, were also recorded in both groups."	( Safety and efficacy of etomidate in combination with oxycodone in painless gastroscopic procedures in the elderly: A prospective randomized controlled trial study. Li, YP; Zhou, Y, 2023)	0.91
" Fewer adverse events such as dynamic body reactions, cardiac tremor, nausea and vomiting, and injection pain occurred in the observation group than in the control group (P < ."	( Safety and efficacy of etomidate in combination with oxycodone in painless gastroscopic procedures in the elderly: A prospective randomized controlled trial study. Li, YP; Zhou, Y, 2023)	0.91
"Etomidate in combination with oxycodone for painless gastroscopic operation in the elderly is a safe and effective anesthetic strategy."	( Safety and efficacy of etomidate in combination with oxycodone in painless gastroscopic procedures in the elderly: A prospective randomized controlled trial study. Li, YP; Zhou, Y, 2023)	0.91
" There appeared to be a comparable incidence of treatment for emergency adverse events (TEAEs) (80."	( Efficacy and safety of ciprofol vs. propofol for the induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia: A multicentre, single-blind, randomised, parallel-group, phase 3 clinical trial. Dai, M; He, H; Jiang, K; Li, Y; Liang, P; Lin, X; Ren, J; Shangguan, W; Wang, D; Wang, L; Wang, X; Yang, M; Zou, X, 2023)	1.19
" The secondary outcomes included the time to reach MOAA/S ≤ 1, the time to loss of the eyelash reflex, the incidences and severity of adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of ciprofol versus propofol for the induction of anesthesia in adult patients: a multicenter phase 2a clinical trial. Li, J; Liu, J; Luo, Z; Ouyang, W; Tang, J; Wang, D; Wang, X; Wei, X; Yao, S; Zhang, W; Zhu, Q; Zuo, Y, 2023)	1.18
" In this retrospective study, we compared the 2 anesthetics propofol and thiopental in terms of seizure quality, cognitive adverse effects, and clinical outcome."	( Differences in Cognitive Adverse Effects and Seizure Parameters Between Thiopental and Propofol Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy. Baune, BT; Kavakbasi, E; Stoelck, A; Wagner, NM, 2023)	1.38
" As a downside, thiopental was also associated with a greater risk of cognitive adverse effects."	( Differences in Cognitive Adverse Effects and Seizure Parameters Between Thiopental and Propofol Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy. Baune, BT; Kavakbasi, E; Stoelck, A; Wagner, NM, 2023)	1.13
" During endoscopic procedures, remimazolam is an effective and safe sedative procedure."	( Efficacy and Safety of the Remimazolam-Alfentanil Combination for Sedation During Gastroscopy: A Randomized, Double-blind, Single-center Controlled Trial. Cheng, Y; Fang, Q; Fang, X; He, H; Hu, Y; Shi, W; Shuai, Y; Wang, Z; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Changes in vital signs and the appearance of adverse events were used to assess the safety of drug combinations."	( Efficacy and Safety of the Remimazolam-Alfentanil Combination for Sedation During Gastroscopy: A Randomized, Double-blind, Single-center Controlled Trial. Cheng, Y; Fang, Q; Fang, X; He, H; Hu, Y; Shi, W; Shuai, Y; Wang, Z; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" The sedation strategy of remimazolam-alfentanil has noninferior efficacy, fewer adverse effects, and a better postoperative recovery process than propofol-alfentanil for patients undergoing gastroscopy."	( Efficacy and Safety of the Remimazolam-Alfentanil Combination for Sedation During Gastroscopy: A Randomized, Double-blind, Single-center Controlled Trial. Cheng, Y; Fang, Q; Fang, X; He, H; Hu, Y; Shi, W; Shuai, Y; Wang, Z; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.92
" Data from eligible studies were pooled with relative risk or mean differences to analyze the differences in hemodynamic stability and adverse effects of the two medications."	( Comparison of remimazolam and propofol about safety outcome indicators during general anesthesia in surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. An, L; Bai, X; Chen, R; Gao, H; Huang, X; Tong, R; Wang, C; Wu, X; Yi, J; Zhang, Z, 2023)	1.2
" The overall incidence of adverse events was the primary outcome for this study, while secondary outcomes included the success rate of anesthesia induction, the time of loss of consciousness, the time of awakening,top-up dose and frequency of use of rescue drugs."	( Study on the effectiveness and safety of ciprofol in anesthesia in gynecological day surgery: a randomized double-blind controlled study. Ji, F; Man, Y; Xiao, H; Zhu, T, 2023)	0.91
"The overall incidence of adverse events was significantly lower in the ciprofol group compared with the propofol group (56."	( Study on the effectiveness and safety of ciprofol in anesthesia in gynecological day surgery: a randomized double-blind controlled study. Ji, F; Man, Y; Xiao, H; Zhu, T, 2023)	1.12
"Compared with propofol, ciprofol had a similar anesthetic effect in gynecological ambulatory surgery, and the incidence of adverse events in the ciprofol group was lower."	( Study on the effectiveness and safety of ciprofol in anesthesia in gynecological day surgery: a randomized double-blind controlled study. Ji, F; Man, Y; Xiao, H; Zhu, T, 2023)	1.27
" The primary outcome was the incidence of sedation-related adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of the combination of esketamine and propofol in procedural sedation/analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, Q; Hu, X; Huang, X; Lin, F, )	0.38
" The primary outcome was the incidence of intraoperative cardiopulmonary adverse events (a composite outcome of hypotension, bradycardia and hypoxemia)."	( Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events of Remimazolam versus Propofol During Cervical Conization: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Huang, Z; Ma, L; Mu, X; Nie, H; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2023)	1.16
"The incidence of intraoperative cardiopulmonary adverse events was 45 (44."	( Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events of Remimazolam versus Propofol During Cervical Conization: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Huang, Z; Ma, L; Mu, X; Nie, H; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2023)	1.16
"In patients who underwent cold knife cervical conization, remimazolam-alfentanil anesthesia was associated with a reduced incidence of intraoperative cardiopulmonary adverse events compared with propofol-alfentanil anesthesia."	( Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events of Remimazolam versus Propofol During Cervical Conization: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Huang, Z; Ma, L; Mu, X; Nie, H; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2023)	1.35
" The secondary endpoints included hemodynamics, the duration of induction, the duration of insertion, tidal volume, plateau pressure and adverse events."	( Feasibility and Safety of Remazolam versus Propofol When Inserting Laryngeal Masks Without Muscle Relaxants During Hysteroscopy. Chen, R; Lu, J; Mei, S; Meng, QT; Tang, S; Wei, L; Xu, C, 2023)	1.17
" Adverse events and satisfaction scores were also recorded."	( Efficacy and Safety of a Subanesthetic Dose of Esketamine Combined with Propofol in Patients with Obesity Undergoing Painless Gastroscopy: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Fan, G; Li, Y; Liang, W; Ma, Q; Meng, F; Qin, W; Ren, Z; Wang, Y; Yin, N; Zhang, X; Zheng, L, 2023)	1.14
"25 mg/kg) improves the safety and reduces the incidence of adverse events in patients with obesity during painless gastroscopy."	( Efficacy and Safety of a Subanesthetic Dose of Esketamine Combined with Propofol in Patients with Obesity Undergoing Painless Gastroscopy: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Fan, G; Li, Y; Liang, W; Ma, Q; Meng, F; Qin, W; Ren, Z; Wang, Y; Yin, N; Zhang, X; Zheng, L, 2023)	1.14
" Any adverse events were recorded."	( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosilate versus propofol in patients undergoing day surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Huang, J; Liu, M; Luo, W; Miao, C; Sun, M; Wan, J; Xia, L; Xiong, W; Xu, P; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhong, J, 2023)	1.16
" However, the adverse influence on embryo development induced by propofol is unclear."	( Apoptotic mechanism of propofol-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Gao, J; Ge, Y; Guan, Z; Huang, T; Jia, W; Song, C; Xiao, Y; Yuan, W; Zhang, Y, 2023)	1.46
" Secondary outcomes included the change of hemodynamic, respiratory adverse events, injection pain, body movement, recovery time, anesthetist's satisfaction, time of disappearance of the eyelash reflex and the incidence of nausea and vomiting."	( Efficacy and Safety of Ciprofol for Sedation/Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Hysteroscopy: A Randomized, Parallel-Group, Controlled Trial. Dong, X; Duan, G; Jin, L; Lan, H; Mei, P; Shan, W; Wu, J; Wu, Y; Xu, Q; You, M, 2023)	0.91
"Propofol is the most widely used intravenous anesthetic in endoscopic surgery, but is associated with several adverse reactions."	( The safety and efficacy between remimazolam and propofol in intravenous anesthesia of endoscopy operation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hu, HF; Kuang, MJ; Li, XL; Li, XM; Wang, DC; Zhao, MJ, 2023)	2.61
"This meta-analysis examined the adverse events and efficacy of remimazolam vs."	( The safety and efficacy between remimazolam and propofol in intravenous anesthesia of endoscopy operation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hu, HF; Kuang, MJ; Li, XL; Li, XM; Wang, DC; Zhao, MJ, 2023)	1.17
"Hypotension is the most common adverse event under propofol-mediated sedation and is possible to cause varying degrees of damage to patients."	( The safety and efficacy of remimazolam tosylate combined with propofol in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Deng, Y; Dou, Y; Li, D; Liu, X; Ma, S; Wang, X; Wei, A; Wu, J; Yang, M; Zhou, S, 2023)	1.4
" The safety results mainly include the incidence of Hypotension, adverse respiratory events, postoperative nausea and vomiting, hiccup, cough, body movement and bradycardia."	( The safety and efficacy of remimazolam tosylate combined with propofol in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Deng, Y; Dou, Y; Li, D; Liu, X; Ma, S; Wang, X; Wei, A; Wu, J; Yang, M; Zhou, S, 2023)	1.15
" The incidence of adverse events, in descending order, was P group, RT group, and R+P group (93."	( The safety and efficacy of remimazolam tosylate combined with propofol in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Deng, Y; Dou, Y; Li, D; Liu, X; Ma, S; Wang, X; Wei, A; Wu, J; Yang, M; Zhou, S, 2023)	1.15
"Co-administration had fewer adverse events than propofol monotherapy, also had a better sedative effect and higher endoscopist satisfaction than remimazolam monotherapy."	( The safety and efficacy of remimazolam tosylate combined with propofol in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Deng, Y; Dou, Y; Li, D; Liu, X; Ma, S; Wang, X; Wei, A; Wu, J; Yang, M; Zhou, S, 2023)	1.41
"During ERCP, deep sedation and analgesia using the association of propofol and remifentanil and maintaining spontaneous breathing are safe and feasible, allowing for a safe and quick recovery from anaesthesia."	( Feasibility and safety of deep sedation with propofol and remifentanil in spontaneous breathing during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: an observational prospective study. Aversano, L; Biasucci, DG; Dauri, M; De Vico, P; Del Vecchio Blanco, G; Millarelli, FR; Monteleone, G; Paoluzi, OA; Polidoro, R; Troncone, E; Zingaro, A, 2023)	1.41
"This meta-study found that current evidence indicates that alfentanil plus propofol is better than propofol alone for painless gastrointestinal endoscopy and is associated with a lower incidence of adverse reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of alfentanil plus propofol versus propofol only in painless gastrointestinal endoscopy: A meta-analysis. Li, J; Shi, X; Yang, H; Yang, L, 2023)	1.41
" Dexmedetomidine has a safe profile in the pediatric population and can therefore represent an interesting alternative."	( Prospective, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, phase 3 clinical trial comparing the safety and efficacy of intranasal dexmedetomidine to oral midazolam as premedication for propofol sedation in pediatric patients undergoing magnet Caruso, G; De Pooter, F; Fils, JF; Giancursio, M; Schmartz, D; Van der Linden, P; Wabelo, ON, 2023)	1.1
"The EBUS-TBNA procedure performed under DS was safe in elderly and young patients."	( Safety of geriatric patients undergoing endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration with deep sedation: a retrospective study. Alagöz, A; Öztürk, A; Sazak, H; Tunç, M; Yılmaz, A, 2023)	0.91
" When the sedation was successfully achieved, safety was evaluated based on the incidence of various intraoperative and postoperative adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Different Doses of Remimazolam Tosilate Applied in Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial. Cheng, Z; Cui, X; Li, H; Luan, H; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z; Zhu, P, 2023)	0.91
" However, as the dose is progressively increased, the incidence of adverse reactions by remimazolam tosilate are also significantly increased, such as vertigo and prolonged sedation recovery time."	( Efficacy and Safety of Different Doses of Remimazolam Tosilate Applied in Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial. Cheng, Z; Cui, X; Li, H; Luan, H; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z; Zhu, P, 2023)	0.91
" Laboratory tests, adverse events, and the length of ICU stay were considered secondary outcomes."	( Remimazolam tosylate's long-term sedative properties in ICU patients on mechanical ventilation: effectiveness and safety. Li, G; Liao, Z; Wang, L; Xia, W; Yao, Z; Zhan, L, 2023)	0.91
" The Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale scores, length of ICU stay, and occurrence of adverse events did not exhibit significant differences between the two groups."	( Remimazolam tosylate's long-term sedative properties in ICU patients on mechanical ventilation: effectiveness and safety. Li, G; Liao, Z; Wang, L; Xia, W; Yao, Z; Zhan, L, 2023)	0.91
"Remimazolam tosylate did not increase the total inpatient cost, the incidence of adverse events, and ICU mortality in patients with mechanical ventilation."	( Remimazolam tosylate's long-term sedative properties in ICU patients on mechanical ventilation: effectiveness and safety. Li, G; Liao, Z; Wang, L; Xia, W; Yao, Z; Zhan, L, 2023)	0.91

Pharmacokinetics

The influence of general anesthesia with thiopental, ketamine, propofol and pentobarbital on the N-acetylprocainamide (15 mg/kg) pharmacokinetic parameters was studied in rabbits.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"We studied 40 patients undergoing body surface surgery in a double-blind manner to compare the pharmacodynamic stability of either mixed or separate infusions of propofol and alfentanil."	( Pharmacodynamic stability of a mixture of propofol and alfentanil. Glen, JB; Kenny, GN; Taylor, IN, 1992)	0.74
" Pharmacokinetic variables were similar in uraemic and control patients; mean elimination half-lives were 1638 (SD 340) min and 1714 (842) min, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol and haemodynamic changes during induction of anaesthesia in uraemic patients. Kirvelä, M; Lindgren, L; Olkkola, KT; Rosenberg, PH; Salmela, K; Yli-Hankala, A, 1992)	0.61
" Five patients, designated "fast" metabolizers, demonstrated a mean elimination half-life which was shorter than that described in Chinese children, while their total body clearance was similar."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of propofol in Chinese adults and children. Andrew, LJ; Chan, K; Jones, RD; Lawson, AD; Wong, P, )	0.41
" There was no apparent trend in the terminal phase half-life with the duration of sampling after infusion."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol during and after long-term continuous infusion for maintenance of sedation in ICU patients. Bailie, GR; Bowles, BJ; Cockshott, ID; Douglas, EJ, 1992)	0.61
" The device was programmed with an adult pharmacokinetic model for propofol."	( Pharmacokinetic model driven infusion of propofol in children. Kenny, GN; Marsh, B; Morton, N; White, M, 1991)	0.78
"6 ml/min) and a short elimination half-life (mean 24."	( Propofol in cesarean section. A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Kanto, J; Rosenberg, P, 1990)	1.72
" Pharmacokinetic data were analysed by a model independent method based on statistical moment theory."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol in women undergoing elective caesarean section. Buckley, T; Chan, K; Gin, T; Gregory, MA; Oh, TE, 1990)	0.6
" Pharmacokinetic analysis in 20 patients showed that the elimination half-life of propofol was prolonged (470 minutes) and clearance was reduced (1."	( Propofol sedation after open heart surgery. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Carson, IW; Collier, PS; Elliott, P; Lyons, SM; McMurray, TJ, 1990)	1.95
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed from the beginning of infusion to 8 h after termination."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol infusions in patients with cirrhosis. Cockshott, ID; Desmonts, JM; Farinotti, R; Haberer, JP; Servin, F; Winckler, C, 1990)	0.6
" Volume of distribution, clearance and terminal half-life were similar to those found in non-cardiac patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of an infusion of propofol during cardiac surgery. Massey, NJ; Oldroyd, S; Peacock, JE; Sherry, KM, 1990)	0.56
" Data were consistent with a three-compartment model with a mean (SEM) elimination half-life of 209 (29) min and total body clearance of 40."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol in children. Andrew, LJ; Chan, K; Jones, RD, 1990)	0.6
" These estimates of the pharmacokinetic parameters of atracurium are markedly different from those derived from pharmacokinetic analysis of single bolus dose data."	( Pharmacokinetics of atracurium during continuous infusion. Beemer, GH; Bjorksten, AR; Crankshaw, DP, 1990)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetic properties of propofol given at a constant rate, were studied in 10 children."	( [Pediatric anesthesia and pharmacokinetics of propofol administered at a constant rate]. Barale, F; Clément, G; Kantelip, JP; Lassauge, F; Magnin, P; Pequegnot, C; Stimmesse, B; Succi, C; Than, TT, 1990)	0.82
" Individual pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by noncompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of long-term propofol infusion used for sedation in ICU patients. Albanese, J; Durand, A; Gouin, F; Lacarelle, B; Martin, C; Saux, P, 1990)	0.57
" Values of elimination half-life ranged from 13."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol when given by intravenous infusion. Campbell, GA; Crankshaw, DP; Morgan, DJ, 1990)	0.6
" Cumulative dose response curves for vecuronium and the pharmacodynamic variables measured were similar with both anaesthetic agents."	( Lack of effects of emulsified propofol ('Diprivan') on vecuronium pharmacodynamics--preliminary results in man. Booij, LH; Crul, JF; De Grood, PM; Van Beem, HB; Van De Wetering, M; Van Egmond, J, 1985)	0.56
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of propofol were studied in 50 surgical patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol infusions during general anesthesia. Doze, VA; Shafer, A; Shafer, SL; White, PF, 1988)	0.79
" No significant difference in elimination half-life was observed between the two groups."	( Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of propofol in patients with cirrhosis. Cockshott, ID; Desmonts, JM; Farinotti, R; Haberer, JP; Plummer, GF; Servin, F, 1988)	0.54
" Data analysis indicates a 3 compartment model, with a terminal half-life of 286 (s."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol ('Diprivan') as an induction agent. Cockshott, ID; Douglas, EJ; Kay, NH; Sear, JW; Uppington, J, 1985)	0.59
" Pharmacokinetic data were fully evaluated in 5 patients whose dosing and sampling regimen did not differ from the methods described above."	( An investigation of the pharmacokinetic profile of propofol ('Diprivan') after administration for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia by repeat bolus doses in patients having spinal anaesthetic block. Knell, PJ; McKean, JF, 1985)	0.52
" Pharmacokinetic indices, derived from blood concentrations of ICI 35 868, were independent of the speed of injection."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ICI 35 868 in man. Single induction doses with different rates of injection. Adam, HK; Bahar, M; Briggs, LP; Douglas, EJ; Dundee, JW, 1983)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a nonlinear least-squares regression program."	( Behavioral effects and pharmacokinetics of propofol in rats selected for differential ethanol sensitivity. Deitrich, RA; Fay, T; Liu, Y, 1995)	0.55
" The performance of computer-controlled infusion devices is highly dependent on how well the implemented pharmacokinetic parameter set matches the pharmacokinetics of the patient."	( Performance of computer-controlled infusion of propofol: an evaluation of five pharmacokinetic parameter sets. Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Engbers, FH; Vletter, AA; Vuyk, J, 1995)	0.55
" The purpose of this study was to characterize the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and alfentanil for several clinically relevant end points."	( The pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and alfentanil during lower abdominal surgery in women. Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Engbers, FH; Lim, T; Vletter, AA; Vuyk, J, 1995)	0.79
"We defined the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and alfentanil for suppression of responses to perioperative stimuli during lower abdominal surgery."	( The pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and alfentanil during lower abdominal surgery in women. Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Engbers, FH; Lim, T; Vletter, AA; Vuyk, J, 1995)	0.82
" Concentration-time data were fitted to a two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model and pharmacokinetic variables were determined, using a microcomputer program for modeling and simulation of concentration-time data."	( Effects of chloramphenicol on infusion pharmacokinetics of propofol in greyhounds. Clarke, CR; Hague, CM; Mandsager, RE; Shawley, RV, 1995)	0.53
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM."	( Mild hypothermia alters propofol pharmacokinetics and increases the duration of action of atracurium. Bjorksten, AR; Leslie, K; Moayeri, A; Sessler, DI, 1995)	0.6
"Computer-assisted target controlled infusions (TCI) result in prediction errors that are influenced by pharmacokinetic variability among and within patients."	( Pharmacokinetic model selection for target controlled infusions of propofol. Assessment of three parameter sets. Boshoff, L; Coetzee, JF; Glen, JB; Wium, CA, 1995)	0.53
" Clinically, TCI worked well, and by clinical criteria, the choice of pharmacokinetic model did not appear to make a difference."	( Pharmacokinetic model selection for target controlled infusions of propofol. Assessment of three parameter sets. Boshoff, L; Coetzee, JF; Glen, JB; Wium, CA, 1995)	0.53
"34 L/kg, resulting in a blood elimination half-life of 144 +/- 46 minutes."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of propofol given as a constant-rate infusion and in combination with epidural blockade. Hartvig, P; Nilsson, A; Persson, PM; Wessén, A, )	0.42
"We could not show any statistically significant influence of an epidural blockade on the pharmacokinetic parameters of propofol."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of propofol given as a constant-rate infusion and in combination with epidural blockade. Hartvig, P; Nilsson, A; Persson, PM; Wessén, A, )	0.63
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed no significant differences for rocuronium during the 3 anesthetic techniques."	( Clinical pharmacology of rocuronium (Org 9426): study of the time course of action, dose requirement, reversibility, and pharmacokinetics. Hennis, PJ; Leclercq, MG; Smeulers, NJ; van den Broek, L; van Santen, GJ; Wierda, JM, )	0.13
" All infusions were administered via pharmacokinetic model-controlled syringe pumps programmed to maintain a constant plasma concentration."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between midazolam and propofol: an infusion study. Short, TG; Tan, P; Teh, J; Wong, J, 1994)	0.54
" The mean elimination half-life was short (15."	( Propofol as an induction agent in the goat: a pharmacokinetic study. Nolan, AM; Reid, J; Welsh, E, 1993)	1.73
"We have tested a published algorithm for pharmacokinetic model controlled infusion of propofol to supplement 67% nitrous oxide for general anaesthesia in Chinese children aged 4-10 yr."	( A prospective evaluation of pharmacokinetic model controlled infusion of propofol in paediatric patients. Aun, CS; Oh, TE; Short, TG; Tam, YH; Tan, P; Wong, J, 1994)	0.74
" The elimination half-life was long in both groups (90."	( The effects of halothane and nitrous oxide on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in dogs. Grant, S; Nolan, AM; Reid, J, 1993)	0.52
" Improvement in pharmacokinetic accuracy may depend on the incorporation of individual patient factors into the pharmacokinetic model or the use of population approaches to estimating the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( The pharmacokinetics of propofol in children using three different data analysis approaches. Dubois, MY; Hoy, GR; Kataria, BK; Lea, D; Mandema, JW; Nicodemus, HF; Shafer, SL; Ved, SA, 1994)	0.6
"The pharmacokinetics of propofol in children were best described by a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( The pharmacokinetics of propofol in children using three different data analysis approaches. Dubois, MY; Hoy, GR; Kataria, BK; Lea, D; Mandema, JW; Nicodemus, HF; Shafer, SL; Ved, SA, 1994)	0.9
"The pharmacokinetics of propofol in children are well described by a standard three-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( The pharmacokinetics of propofol in children using three different data analysis approaches. Dubois, MY; Hoy, GR; Kataria, BK; Lea, D; Mandema, JW; Nicodemus, HF; Shafer, SL; Ved, SA, 1994)	0.9
" The mean elimination half-life was 322."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol administered by infusion in dogs undergoing surgery. Nolan, A; Reid, J, 1993)	0.61
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of propofol indicate that this may be an appropriate agent for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in obese patients."	( Propofol infusion for maintenance of anesthesia in morbidly obese patients receiving nitrous oxide. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Desmonts, JM; Farinotti, R; Haberer, JP; Servin, F, 1993)	1.98
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from iterative blood sampling during the propofol infusion and during 8 h after its completion."	( Propofol infusion for maintenance of anesthesia in morbidly obese patients receiving nitrous oxide. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Desmonts, JM; Farinotti, R; Haberer, JP; Servin, F, 1993)	1.95
"Although propofol and alfentanil are given in combination in clinical practice, the pharmacodynamic interaction between these drugs has not been described."	( Pharmacodynamics of alfentanil as a supplement to propofol or nitrous oxide for lower abdominal surgery in female patients. Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Engbers, FH; Lim, T; Vletter, AA; Vuyk, J, 1993)	0.96
"No complete pharmacokinetic profile of propofol is yet available in children younger than 3 yr, whereas clinical studies have demonstrated that both induction and maintenance doses of propofol are increased with respect to body weight in this age group compared to older children and adults."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol after a single dose in children aged 1-3 years with minor burns. Comparison of three data analysis approaches. Billard, V; Farinotti, R; Marsol, P; Murat, I; Souron, R; Vernois, J; Zaouter, M, 1996)	0.89
" Estimated and derived pharmacokinetic parameters were similar using these two pharmacokinetic approaches."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol after a single dose in children aged 1-3 years with minor burns. Comparison of three data analysis approaches. Billard, V; Farinotti, R; Marsol, P; Murat, I; Souron, R; Vernois, J; Zaouter, M, 1996)	0.62
" Because pharmacokinetic parameters vary among distinct patient populations, rational drug dosing in the cardiac surgery patient is dependent on characterization of the drug's pharmacokinetic parameters in patients actually undergoing cardiac procedures and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol in adult patients undergoing coronary revascularization. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Bailey, JM; Mora, CT; Shafer, SL, 1996)	0.62
" Three-compartment model pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by nonlinear extended least-squares regression of pooled data from patients receiving propofol throughout the perioperative period."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol in adult patients undergoing coronary revascularization. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Bailey, JM; Mora, CT; Shafer, SL, 1996)	0.82
" Predictive accuracy of the derived pharmacokinetic parameters was excellent as measured by cross-validation and a prospective test."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol in adult patients undergoing coronary revascularization. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Bailey, JM; Mora, CT; Shafer, SL, 1996)	0.62
" We studied pharmacokinetic parameters following an intravenous bolus injection of propofol at 2 mg."	( [Pharmacokinetics of propofol during liver transplantation in small pigs]. Ikeda, M; Inagaki, Y; Mashimo, T; Seto, T; Shibuya, H; Tsuda, Y; Yoshiya, I, 1996)	0.84
" The mean elimination half-life of propofol was 56."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol infusions, either alone or with ketamine, in sheep premedicated with acepromazine and papaveretum. Correia, D; Nolan, AM; Reid, J, 1996)	0.89
"3 l; steady-state distribution volume (Vdss): 499 +/- 173 l; total clearance (Cltot): 1001- +/- 150 ml/min; redistribution half-life (t1/2 gamma): 90 +/- 23 min; elimination half-life (t1/2 beta): 558 +/- 218 minutes."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol/alfentanil infusions for sedation in ICU patients. Frenkel, C; Heye, H; Ihmsen, H; Rommelsheim, K; Schuttler, J, 1995)	0.56
"The population pharmacokinetic analysis of propofol/alfentanil for ICU sedation therapy revealed increased volumes of drug distribution and decreased elimination characteristics as compared to pharmacokinetic data from short-term infusions in surgical patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol/alfentanil infusions for sedation in ICU patients. Frenkel, C; Heye, H; Ihmsen, H; Rommelsheim, K; Schuttler, J, 1995)	0.82
"To define the pharmacokinetic profile of the induction dose of propofol in chronic renal failure patients."	( Pharmacokinetic profile of the induction dose of propofol in chronic renal failure patients undergoing renal transplantation. Corti, A; Cristalli, A; de Gasperi, A; Mazza, E; Noè, L; Prosperi, M; Sabbadini, D; Savi, MC; Vai, S, )	0.63
"We have tested prospectively the algorithm of White and Kenny for pharmacokinetic model-controlled infusion of propofol in 40 healthy Oriental adults."	( Prospective evaluation of pharmacokinetic model-controlled infusion of propofol in adult patients. Lim, TA; Short, TG; Tam, YH, 1996)	0.74
" However, the following main changes in N-acetylprocainamide (metabolite) pharmacokinetic parameters were found: 1) increase of the penetration rate constants between the compartments and mean residence time during propofol anesthesia 2) prolongation of the mean residence time during thiopental anesthesia 3) increase of mean residence time of N-acetylprocainamide during anesthesia with ketamine, pentobarbital or propofol."	( The influence of selected general anesthetics on pharmacokinetic parameters of some antiarrhythmic drugs in rabbits. Part I. Procainamide and its active metabolite-N-acetylprocainamide. Orszulak-Michalak, D, )	0.32
"The influence of general anesthesia with thiopental (10 mg/kg), ketamine (4 mg/kg), propofol (10 mg/kg) or pentobarbital (20 mg/kg) on the N-acetylprocainamide (15 mg/kg) pharmacokinetic parameters was studied in rabbits."	( The influence of selected general anesthetics on pharmacokinetic parameters of some antiarrhythmic drugs in rabbits. Part II. N-acetylprocainamide. Orszulak-Michalak, D, )	0.36
"3 mg/kg) pharmacokinetic parameters was studied in rabbits."	( The influence of selected general anesthetics on pharmacokinetic parameters of some antiarrhythmic drugs in rabbits. Part III. Propranolol. Orszulak-Michalak, D, )	0.13
"The influence of selected general anesthetics: thiopental, propofol, ketamine and pentobarbital on the lidocaine pharmacokinetic parameters was studied in rabbits."	( The influence of selected general anesthetics on pharmacokinetic parameters of some antiarrhythmic drugs in rabbits. Part IV. Lidocaine. Orszulak-Michalak, D, )	0.37
"2 mg/kg) pharmacokinetic parameters was studied in rabbits."	( The influence of selected general anesthetics on pharmacokinetic parameters of some antiarrhythmic drugs in rabbits. Part V. Verapamil. Orszulak-Michalak, D, )	0.13
"The performance of 10 pharmacokinetic models in predicting blood propofol concentrations was evaluated in patients during neurosurgical anesthesia."	( Predictive accuracy of continuous propofol infusions in neurosurgical patients: comparison of pharmacokinetic models. Cantraine, F; Coussaert, E; d'Hollander, A; Dewandre, PY; Hans, P; Lamy, M; Pieron, F, 1997)	0.81
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between opioids and propofol increasingly have been described and used in clinical practice."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between opioids and propofol. Vuyk, J, 1997)	0.76
" The derived pharmacokinetic variables were not different among formulations."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in a new solvent. Babl, J; Doenicke, AW; Klotz, U; Kugler, J; O'Connor, M; Rau, J; Roizen, MF, 1997)	0.56
" We performed pharmacokinetic simulations to estimate the effect site concentrations of propofol and remifentanil as the infusion rates were modulated to meet the dynamic sedation and analgesic needs of the operation."	( Remifentanil and propofol combination for awake craniotomy: case report with pharmacokinetic simulations. Egan, TD; Johnson, KB, 1998)	0.86
" From the pharmacokinetic point of view, PFK may be safely applied even for neonates."	( [Clinical indication of propofol for pediatric patients--pharmacokinetics of propofol and ketamine during and after total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, fentanyl and ketamine (PFK) in a neonate]. Komoda, Y; Kudo, M; Kudo, T; Matsuki, A; Mi, WD; Sakai, T, 1998)	0.61
"5-30 Hz) as pharmacodynamic endpoint."	( Influence of different fat emulsion-based intravenous formulations on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol. Cox, EH; Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Koster, VS; Kuks, PF; Lange, R; Langemeijer, HJ; Langemeijer, MW; Lie-A-Huen, L; Tukker, EE, 1998)	0.51
"Following bolus infusion, the pharmacokinetics of the various propofol emulsions could adequately be described by a two-compartmental pharmacokinetic model."	( Influence of different fat emulsion-based intravenous formulations on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol. Cox, EH; Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Koster, VS; Kuks, PF; Lange, R; Langemeijer, HJ; Langemeijer, MW; Lie-A-Huen, L; Tukker, EE, 1998)	0.75
" The pump performance of the TCI system, using Gepts' pharmacokinetic model, was evaluated in these two patient groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol during conscious sedation using target-controlled infusion in anxious patients undergoing dental treatment. Engbers, FH; Kalkman, CJ; Makkes, PC; Oei-Lim, VL; Ooms, WG; White, M, 1998)	0.62
" A variability similar to that observed with the use of inhalation agents, must be achieved by the choice of an appropriate pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetic concepts for TCI anaesthesia. Gepts, E, 1998)	0.3
" The goal of this study was to characterize the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and fentanyl with respect to the suppression of somatic or hemodynamic responses after three stimuli: skin incision, peritoneum incision, and abdominal wall retraction."	( The pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and fentanyl with respect to the suppression of somatic or hemodynamic responses to skin incision, peritoneum incision, and abdominal wall retraction. Ikeda, K; Kazama, T; Morita, K, 1998)	0.79
" A nontraditional two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with elimination from central and peripheral compartments was used."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cisatracurium after a short infusion in patients under propofol anesthesia. Fiset, P; Tran, TV; Varin, F, 1998)	0.52
" A pharmacokinetic profile of P with its metabolites is shown, and some preliminary pharmacokinetic parameters of P and Q glucuronides are given."	( Direct high-performance liquid chromatography determination of propofol and its metabolite quinol with their glucuronide conjugates and preliminary pharmacokinetics in plasma and urine of man. Bleeker, CP; de Grood, PM; Lagerwerf, AJ; Vree, TB, 1999)	0.54
"0, a type of software, includes a pharmacokinetic model for propofol in the adult."	( [Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a computerized target-controlled infusion system: application to propofol in orthopedic surgery]. Aouizerate, P; Astier, A; Bouleau, D; Dumé, L; Duvaldestin, P, )	0.59
" The effect-site concentration was related to drug effect with a biphasic pharmacodynamic model."	( The influence of age on propofol pharmacodynamics. Andresen, C; Gambus, PL; Goodale, DB; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL; Youngs, EJ, 1999)	0.61
" Three parameters of the biphasic pharmacodynamic model were correlated linearly with age."	( The influence of age on propofol pharmacodynamics. Andresen, C; Gambus, PL; Goodale, DB; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL; Youngs, EJ, 1999)	0.61
" The average values for clearance (CL), volume of distribution at steady-state (Vd,ss ), elimination half-life (t1/2,z ) and distribution half-life (t1/2, lambda2) observed in the three groups were 32+/-1."	( Pharmacokinetics, induction of anaesthesia and safety characteristics of propofol 6% SAZN vs propofol 1% SAZN and Diprivan-10 after bolus injection. Aarts, LP; Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Lange, R; Langemeijer, HJ; Voortman, HJ, 1999)	0.54
" The assay was applied to study the pharmacokinetic of the drug in six women undergoing elective caesarean section under general anaesthesia induced with a single intravenous bolus dose of propofol (2."	( Chromatographic assay and pharmacokinetic studies of propofol in human serum. Bakr, MA; Emara, S; Fathy, M; Saleh, G, 1999)	0.74
"To examine the effect of propofol on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam in vivo and to elucidate the mechanism of the pharmacokinetic changes of midazolam by propofol with the use of human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP3A4."	( Propofol decreases the clearance of midazolam by inhibiting CYP3A4: an in vivo and in vitro study. Asada, A; Hamaoka, N; Hase, I; Ishizaki, T; Mizutani, K; Nakamoto, T; Oda, Y, 1999)	2.05
"005) and the mean elimination half-life was prolonged by 61% (P = ."	( Propofol decreases the clearance of midazolam by inhibiting CYP3A4: an in vivo and in vitro study. Asada, A; Hamaoka, N; Hase, I; Ishizaki, T; Mizutani, K; Nakamoto, T; Oda, Y, 1999)	1.75
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using NONMEM (NONMEM Project Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of propofol: a multicenter study. Ihmsen, H; Schüttler, J, 2000)	0.59
"The aim of this study was to determine whether any pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic differences exist in goats between propofol in its currently licensed form (Disoprivan) and a new 1% solution of propofol (NSP) containing polysorbate 80."	( Cardiopulmonary side-effects and pharmacokinetics of an emulsion of propofol (Disoprivan) in comparison to propofol solved in polysorbate 80 in goats. Aliabadi, FS; Alibhai, H; Bettschart-Wolfensberger, R; Clarke, KW; Demuth, D; Semder, A, 2000)	0.75
" The half-life of blood propofol after the termination of infusion exceeded 30 minutes (normal: 10-15 minutes)."	( [Propofol pharmacokinetics in a patient with TSH producing pituitary adenoma]. Ishizuka, S; Kobayashi, T; Tsubokawa, T; Yamamoto, K, 2001)	1.53
" Nonlinear mixed-effects population pharmacokinetic models examining the influence of propofol and mean arterial pressure were constructed."	( Propofol alters the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in healthy male volunteers. Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Mertens, MJ; Olofsen, E; Vuyk, J, 2001)	1.98
" Scaling the pharmacokinetic parameters to the mean arterial pressure instead of propofol improved the model."	( Propofol alters the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in healthy male volunteers. Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Mertens, MJ; Olofsen, E; Vuyk, J, 2001)	1.98
" Propofol administration in the first 20 subjects was based on a previously derived pharmacokinetic model for propofol."	( Propofol dosing regimens for ICU sedation based upon an integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Barr, J; Cohane, C; Egan, TD; Gambus, PL; Sandoval, NF; Shafer, SL; Zomorodi, K, 2001)	2.66
" The pharmacodynamic model for propofol predicted light and deep levels of sedation with 73% accuracy."	( Propofol dosing regimens for ICU sedation based upon an integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Barr, J; Cohane, C; Egan, TD; Gambus, PL; Sandoval, NF; Shafer, SL; Zomorodi, K, 2001)	2.04
" To increase our insight into the pharmacokinetics of propofol in this patient population and to obtain pharmacokinetic parameters applicable in target controlled infusion (TCI), the pharmacokinetics of propofol during and after continuous infusion were studied in 31 ASA class 1 and 2 patients, aged 65-91 yr, scheduled for general surgery."	( Gender differences in the pharmacokinetics of propofol in elderly patients during and after continuous infusion. Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Oostwouder, CJ; Vletter, AA; Vuyk, J, 2001)	0.82
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis."	( Effects of parecoxib, a parenteral COX-2-specific inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol. Feldman, J; Ibrahim, A; Karim, A; Kharasch, ED; Park, S, 2002)	0.53
" No significant differences were found in pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, clearance, elimination half-life, volume of distribution) or pharmacodynamic parameters (clinical endpoints [times to: loss of consciousness, apnea, return of response to voice], Bispectral Index scores, Digit-Symbol Substitution Test scores, memory, Visual Analog Scale scores, propofol EC(50))."	( Effects of parecoxib, a parenteral COX-2-specific inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol. Feldman, J; Ibrahim, A; Karim, A; Kharasch, ED; Park, S, 2002)	0.7
"This manuscript describes the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between propofol and the opioids."	( Clinical interpretation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic propofol-opioid interactions. Vuyk, J, 2001)	0.77
" In vivo, however, pharmacokinetic interaction studies by mixed effects modelling predominantly focus on haemodynamic factors affecting distribution and elimination of concomitantly administered agents."	( Clinical interpretation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic propofol-opioid interactions. Vuyk, J, 2001)	0.55
"The proper exploration and use of published pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction data allows the clinical anaesthesiologist to optimise the clinical administration of propofol and the various opioids when given alone or in combination."	( Clinical interpretation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic propofol-opioid interactions. Vuyk, J, 2001)	0.74
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were determined."	( Rocuronium pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship under stable propofol or isoflurane anesthesia. Donati, F; Dragne, A; Plaud, B; Varin, F, 2002)	0.55
"No differences in rocuronium pharmacokinetic parameters were observed between both groups."	( Rocuronium pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship under stable propofol or isoflurane anesthesia. Donati, F; Dragne, A; Plaud, B; Varin, F, 2002)	0.55
" Therefore, the potentiating effect of isoflurane is of pharmacodynamic origin only, as explained by an increased sensitivity at the neuromuscular junction."	( Rocuronium pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship under stable propofol or isoflurane anesthesia. Donati, F; Dragne, A; Plaud, B; Varin, F, 2002)	0.55
" Furthermore, there are only a few investigations for a pharmacodynamic model of the electroencephalographic effects of propofol in rats."	( Propofol in rats: testing for nonlinear pharmacokinetics and modelling acute tolerance to EEG effects. Ihmsen, H; Schwilden, H; Schywalsky, M; Tzabazis, A, 2002)	1.97
" Several linear and nonlinear models were investigated with population pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Propofol in rats: testing for nonlinear pharmacokinetics and modelling acute tolerance to EEG effects. Ihmsen, H; Schwilden, H; Schywalsky, M; Tzabazis, A, 2002)	1.76
"0 microg/ml, and the half-life may be longer than previously reported values in adult patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol in elderly coronary artery bypass graft patients under total intravenous anesthesia. Morikawa, N; Noguchi, T; Oishi, K; Takeyama, M, 2002)	0.64
" Pharmacokinetic modelling was performed using NONMEM."	( Pharmacokinetics and effects of propofol 6% for short-term sedation in paediatric patients following cardiac surgery. Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Melenhorst-de Jong, G; Mestrom, M; Rademaker, CM; Reijnvaan, AF; van Vught, H; Zuideveld, KP, 2002)	0.6
"The data were best described by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics and effects of propofol 6% for short-term sedation in paediatric patients following cardiac surgery. Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Melenhorst-de Jong, G; Mestrom, M; Rademaker, CM; Reijnvaan, AF; van Vught, H; Zuideveld, KP, 2002)	0.6
"In children aged 1-5 years, a pharmacokinetic model for propofol was described using sparse data."	( Pharmacokinetics and effects of propofol 6% for short-term sedation in paediatric patients following cardiac surgery. Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Melenhorst-de Jong, G; Mestrom, M; Rademaker, CM; Reijnvaan, AF; van Vught, H; Zuideveld, KP, 2002)	0.84
" Although they are commonly administered together for clinical anesthesia, their pharmacokinetic interaction has not been investigated so far."	( Non-steady state analysis of the pharmacokinetic interaction between propofol and remifentanil. Bertaccini, E; Bouillon, T; Bruhn, J; Park, S; Radu-Radulescu, L; Shafer, S, 2002)	0.55
" After having established the individual population models for both drugs and an exploratory analysis for hypothesis generation, pharmacokinetic interaction was identified by including an interaction term into the population model and comparing the value of the objective function in the presence and absence of the respective term."	( Non-steady state analysis of the pharmacokinetic interaction between propofol and remifentanil. Bertaccini, E; Bouillon, T; Bruhn, J; Park, S; Radu-Radulescu, L; Shafer, S, 2002)	0.55
"A population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model of propofol for long-term sedation in critically ill patients is described, because limited information is available in these patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol for long-term sedation in critically ill patients: a comparison between propofol 6% and propofol 1%. Aarts, LP; Danhof, M; DeJongh, J; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Zuideveld, KP, 2002)	0.8
" Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling was performed with NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol for long-term sedation in critically ill patients: a comparison between propofol 6% and propofol 1%. Aarts, LP; Danhof, M; DeJongh, J; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Zuideveld, KP, 2002)	0.56
" Large pharmacodynamic variabilities were observed."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol for long-term sedation in critically ill patients: a comparison between propofol 6% and propofol 1%. Aarts, LP; Danhof, M; DeJongh, J; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Zuideveld, KP, 2002)	0.56
" GPI 15715 showed a short half-life (2."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new propofol prodrug GPI 15715 in rats. Burak, E; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Schwilden, H; Schywalsky, M; Tzabazis, A; Vornov, J, 2003)	0.57
" However, there are few available pharmacokinetic data of propofol in dwarfism patients."	( Propofol pharmacokinetics in a dwarfism patient. Ishizuka, S; Kobayashi, T; Komuro, A; Tsubokawa, T; Yamamoto, K, 2003)	2.01
" Moreover, they seem to show some degree of pharmacodynamic bioequivalence, although a higher number of subjects are necessary to unequivocally demonstrate it."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single bolus of propofol 2% in healthy volunteers. Abad-Santos, F; Casimiro, C; Gallego-Sandín, S; Gálvez-Múgica, MA; Gilsanz, F; Méndez, P; Novalbos, J; Santos, MA, 2003)	0.56
"Knowledge of the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol is important to permit optimal dosage strategies."	( Modelling the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by EEG-controlled dosing. Albrecht, S; Fechner, J; Hering, W; Ihmsen, H; Palmaers, T; Schüttler, J, 2003)	0.79
"Within the studied concentration range, remifentanil and propofol showed an additive type of pharmacodynamic interaction on the electroencephalogram."	( Modelling the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by EEG-controlled dosing. Albrecht, S; Fechner, J; Hering, W; Ihmsen, H; Palmaers, T; Schüttler, J, 2003)	0.8
" Both drugs were dosed and titrated based on computer-assisted pharmacokinetic models to maintain constant plasma concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetic-based total intravenous anaesthesia using remifentanil and propofol for surgical myocardial revascularization. De Cosmo, D; De Stefani, R; Guarracino, F; Penzo, D; Vardanega, A, 2003)	0.55
"The pharmacokinetics of propofol in Chinese patients was best described by a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of propofol in Chinese patients. Fu, SE; Hu, SY; Li, YH; Liu, FK; Rui, JZ; Wang, LQ; Wen, Q; Xu, JG; Yang, JJ; Zhou, YG, 2003)	0.91
"The pharmacokinetics of propofol in Chinese patients can be well described by a standard three-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of propofol in Chinese patients. Fu, SE; Hu, SY; Li, YH; Liu, FK; Rui, JZ; Wang, LQ; Wen, Q; Xu, JG; Yang, JJ; Zhou, YG, 2003)	0.91
" The hypothesis that the propofol-in-cyclodextrin formulation would exhibit pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior that was substantially similar to the propofol-in-lipid formulation was confirmed."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in a modified cyclodextrin formulation (Captisol) versus propofol in a lipid formulation (Diprivan): an electroencephalographic and hemodynamic study in a porcine model. Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Kern, SE; Pace, NL, 2003)	0.88
" A 2-compartment model best described the owl pharmacodynamic data."	( Pharmacokinetics and anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus). Hawkins, MG; Kass, PH; Maxwell, LK; Pascoe, PJ; Tell, LA; Wright, BD, 2003)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic simulations showed a longer time to peak propofol concentration after a bolus dose and a longer context-sensitive half-time."	( Pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacodynamics of the new propofol prodrug GPI 15715 in volunteers. Burak, E; Fechner, J; Hatterscheid, D; Ihmsen, H; Schiessl, C; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H; Vornov, JJ, 2003)	0.81
"To simulate the time course of drug effect, it is sometimes necessary to combine the pharmacodynamic parameters from an integrated pharmacodynamic-pharmacodynamic study (e."	( Using the time of maximum effect site concentration to combine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Gregg, KM; Henthorn, TK; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 2003)	0.32
"The naive approach to combining separate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies is to simply take the k(e0) from the pharmacodynamic study and apply it naively to the pharmacokinetic study of interest."	( Using the time of maximum effect site concentration to combine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Gregg, KM; Henthorn, TK; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 2003)	0.32
"T(peak) is a useful pharmacodynamic parameter and can be used to link separate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies."	( Using the time of maximum effect site concentration to combine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Gregg, KM; Henthorn, TK; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW; Shafer, SL, 2003)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for each group were estimated using a three-compartment model."	( The influence of hemorrhagic shock on propofol: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Church, T; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Kern, SE; McJames, SW; Syroid, N; Whiddon, D; White, JL, 2003)	0.59
" The pharmacokinetic analysis revealed slower intercompartmental clearances in the shock group."	( The influence of hemorrhagic shock on propofol: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Church, T; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Kern, SE; McJames, SW; Syroid, N; Whiddon, D; White, JL, 2003)	0.59
" The influence of recovery on propofol pharmacokinetic parameters was also addressed."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol administered by target-controlled infusion to alcoholic patients. Bougeois, B; Desmonts, JM; Farinotti, R; Gomeni, R; Mentré, F; Servin, FS, 2003)	0.93
" Using the patient's response to a large-dose fentanyl infusion in conjunction with a pharmacokinetic simulation, effective intraoperative and postoperative fentanyl plasma concentrations were achieved."	( Preoperative fentanyl infusion with pharmacokinetic simulation for anesthetic and perioperative management of an opioid-tolerant patient. Davis, JJ; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Snell, TE; Swenson, JD; Vezina, DP, 2003)	0.32
"A preinduction fentanyl infusion used in conjunction with pharmacokinetic simulation can be a useful tool for assessing individual limits of opioid tolerance, as well as determining an appropriate dose for acute pain management in opioid-tolerant patients."	( Preoperative fentanyl infusion with pharmacokinetic simulation for anesthetic and perioperative management of an opioid-tolerant patient. Davis, JJ; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Snell, TE; Swenson, JD; Vezina, DP, 2003)	0.32
"While there are published equations for calculating the hybrid (macro) rates constants (lambda1 and lambda2) of a two-compartment mamillary pharmacokinetic model from its micro-rate constants (e."	( Calculating the hybrid (macro) rate constants of a three-compartment mamillary pharmacokinetic model from known micro-rate constants. Upton, RN, )	0.13
"The equations presented here fill a gap in the pharmacokinetic literature, which may be useful in some applications considering the widespread use of the three-compartment mamillary pharmacokinetic model."	( Calculating the hybrid (macro) rate constants of a three-compartment mamillary pharmacokinetic model from known micro-rate constants. Upton, RN, )	0.13
" A comparison is also presented between several methods based on animal pharmacokinetic data, using the same set of proprietary compounds, and it lends further support for the use of this method, as opposed to methods that require the gathering of pharmacokinetic data in laboratory animals."	( Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics. Gao, F; Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Shalaeva, MY, 2004)	0.32
"This open label, multicentre study was conducted to assess the times to offset of the pharmacodynamic effects and the safety of remifentanil in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment requiring intensive care."	( Offset of pharmacodynamic effects and safety of remifentanil in intensive care unit patients with various degrees of renal impairment. Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Kessler, P; Shaikh, S; Wilmer, A, 2004)	0.32
"Remifentanil was well tolerated, and the offset of pharmacodynamic effects was not prolonged either as a result of renal dysfunction or prolonged infusion up to 72 hours."	( Offset of pharmacodynamic effects and safety of remifentanil in intensive care unit patients with various degrees of renal impairment. Albrecht, S; Bach, V; Bodenham, A; Bonde, J; Breen, D; Kessler, P; Shaikh, S; Wilmer, A, 2004)	0.32
"The pharmacodynamic profile of a lower-lipid containing emulsion of propofol (Ampofol) was compared with Diprivan when administered for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia."	( The pharmacodynamic effects of a lower-lipid emulsion of propofol: a comparison with the standard propofol emulsion. Hamza, M; Khodaparast, O; Klein, K; Recart, A; Song, D; White, PF, 2004)	0.8
" Nonlinear mixed-effects population pharmacokinetic models examining the influence of alfentanil and hemodynamic parameters on propofol pharmacokinetics were constructed."	( Mixed-effects modeling of the influence of alfentanil on propofol pharmacokinetics. Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Mertens, MJ; Olofsen, E; Vuyk, J, 2004)	0.77
" Scaling the pharmacokinetic parameters to cardiac output, heart rate, and plasma alfentanil concentration significantly improved the model."	( Mixed-effects modeling of the influence of alfentanil on propofol pharmacokinetics. Bovill, JG; Burm, AG; Mertens, MJ; Olofsen, E; Vuyk, J, 2004)	0.57
"The purpose of this investigation was to describe the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil for probability of no response to shaking and shouting, probability of no response to laryngoscopy, Bispectral Index (BIS), and electroencephalographic approximate entropy (AE)."	( Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil regarding hypnosis, tolerance of laryngoscopy, bispectral index, and electroencephalographic approximate entropy. Andresen, C; Bouillon, TW; Bruhn, J; Cohane, C; Radulescu, L; Shafer, SL; Shafer, TJ, 2004)	0.82
" The pharmacodynamic synergy of opioids and hypnotics was investigated using a volunteer study paradigm."	( A response surface analysis of propofol-remifentanil pharmacodynamic interaction in volunteers. Egan, TD; Kern, SE; White, JL; Xie, G, 2004)	0.61
" The purpose of this study was to describe the pharmacodynamic interaction of remifentanil and propofol when used in combination for esophagogastroduodenoscopy in pediatric patients."	( Determination of the pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and remifentanil during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children. Drover, DR; Hammer, GB; Litalien, C; Shafer, SL; Wellis, V, 2004)	0.79
" Propofol was administered via a target-controlled infusion system using the STANPUMP software based on a pediatric pharmacokinetic model."	( Determination of the pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and remifentanil during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children. Drover, DR; Hammer, GB; Litalien, C; Shafer, SL; Wellis, V, 2004)	1.48
" Pharmacokinetic and PD models with link equilibration rate ke0, were studied with a mixed-effects procedure (NONMEM)."	( Influence of formulation on propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in anesthetized patients. Aguilera, L; Calvo, R; De La Fuente, L; Leal, N; Lukas, JC; Martin-Suarez, A; Suarez, E; Telletxea, S, 2004)	0.62
" The pharmacodynamic effect was measured by the median frequency of the power spectrum of the electroencephalogram, and a sigmoid model with effect compartment was fitted to the data."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new propofol prodrug GPI 15715 and propofol emulsion. Fechner, J; Hatterscheid, D; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schiessl, C; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H; Vornov, JJ, 2004)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for each group were estimated using a three-compartment model."	( Influence of hemorrhagic shock followed by crystalloid resuscitation on propofol: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Cluff, ML; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Kern, SE; McJames, SW; Pace, NL, 2004)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling was performed using NONMEM."	( Induction speed is not a determinant of propofol pharmacodynamics. Bakhshandeh, M; Bjorksten, AR; Doufas, AG; Sessler, DI; Shafer, SL, 2004)	0.59
": Population-based pharmacokinetics, combined with real-time electroencephalographic measures of drug effect, may provide a means to individualize pharmacodynamic modeling during target-controlled drug delivery."	( Induction speed is not a determinant of propofol pharmacodynamics. Bakhshandeh, M; Bjorksten, AR; Doufas, AG; Sessler, DI; Shafer, SL, 2004)	0.59
" Because the lack of the plasma effect site equilibration rate constant (ke0) for propofol in children precludes the use of this technique in this population, the authors estimated the value of ke0 for propofol in children using the time to peak effect (tpeak) method and two pharmacokinetic models of propofol for children."	( Estimation of the plasma effect site equilibration rate constant (ke0) of propofol in children using the time to peak effect: comparison with adults. Altermatt, FR; Cortínez, LI; Ibacache, ME; Muñoz, HR, 2004)	0.78
" Using tpeak and two previously validated sets of pharmacokinetic parameters for propofol in children, Kataria's and that used in the Paedfusor (Graseby Medical Ltd."	( Estimation of the plasma effect site equilibration rate constant (ke0) of propofol in children using the time to peak effect: comparison with adults. Altermatt, FR; Cortínez, LI; Ibacache, ME; Muñoz, HR, 2004)	0.78
" The values of ke0 of propofol calculated for children depend on the pharmacokinetic model used and also can only be used with the appropriate set of pharmacokinetic parameters to target effect site in this population."	( Estimation of the plasma effect site equilibration rate constant (ke0) of propofol in children using the time to peak effect: comparison with adults. Altermatt, FR; Cortínez, LI; Ibacache, ME; Muñoz, HR, 2004)	0.87
" In the pharmacokinetic study, propofol was administered intravenously at 6 mg kg(-1) min(-1) for 2 min."	( Altered dose-to-effect of propofol due to pharmacokinetics in rats with experimental diabetes mellitus. Agrad, FZ; Calvo, R; de la Fuente, L; Leal, N; Lukas, JC; Suarez, E, 2005)	0.91
" The aim of this work is to provide an overview on physiological changes and pharmacokinetic implications of obesity for the anesthesiologist."	( Anesthesia in the obese patient: pharmacokinetic considerations. Casati, A; Putzu, M, 2005)	0.33
"Allometric equations have proven useful for the extrapolation of animal data to determine pharmacokinetic parameters in man."	( Allometric relationships between the pharmacokinetics of propofol in rats, children and adults. Aarts, LP; Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Zuideveld, KP, 2005)	0.57
"The relationship between the pharmacokinetic parameters of propofol obtained in rats, children and adults was analyzed by plotting the logarithmically transformed parameters against the corresponding logarithmically transformed body weights."	( Allometric relationships between the pharmacokinetics of propofol in rats, children and adults. Aarts, LP; Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Zuideveld, KP, 2005)	0.82
"The relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters of propofol from rats, children and adults was in good agreement with those from the literature on allometric modelling."	( Allometric relationships between the pharmacokinetics of propofol in rats, children and adults. Aarts, LP; Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Zuideveld, KP, 2005)	0.82
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed for all analytes."	( AQUAVAN injection, a water-soluble prodrug of propofol, as a bolus injection: a phase I dose-escalation comparison with DIPRIVAN (part 1): pharmacokinetics. Burak, E; Gibiansky, E; Gibiansky, L; Mortier, EP; Struys, MM; Van Bortel, L; Vanluchene, AL; Vornov, J, 2005)	0.59
"The noncompartmental pharmacokinetic comparison revealed different dispositions of PropofolGPI and PropofolD."	( AQUAVAN injection, a water-soluble prodrug of propofol, as a bolus injection: a phase I dose-escalation comparison with DIPRIVAN (part 1): pharmacokinetics. Burak, E; Gibiansky, E; Gibiansky, L; Mortier, EP; Struys, MM; Van Bortel, L; Vanluchene, AL; Vornov, J, 2005)	0.81
" The AQ combined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile was best described by a nonlinear, six-compartment pharmacokinetic model and an effect site compartment."	( AQUAVAN injection, a water-soluble prodrug of propofol, as a bolus injection: a phase I dose-escalation comparison with DIPRIVAN (part 2): pharmacodynamics and safety. Gibiansky, E; Gibiansky, L; Mortier, EP; Struys, MM; Van Bortel, L; Vanluchene, AL; Vornov, J, 2005)	0.59
"There is no information about the pharmacokinetic profile of propofol in Chinese children younger than 3 yr."	( Pharmacokinetics of a single bolus of propofol in chinese children of different ages. Aarons, L; Chen, X; Freemantle, N; Lian, Q; Matthews, I; Shangguan, WN; Smith, FG; Wang, Z, 2006)	0.85
"A three-compartment pharmacokinetic model best described the pharmacokinetics of propofol."	( Pharmacokinetics of a single bolus of propofol in chinese children of different ages. Aarons, L; Chen, X; Freemantle, N; Lian, Q; Matthews, I; Shangguan, WN; Smith, FG; Wang, Z, 2006)	0.83
"This study supports the case that the pharmacokinetic properties of propofol do not differ substantially across Chinese children of different ages after weight has been accounted for."	( Pharmacokinetics of a single bolus of propofol in chinese children of different ages. Aarons, L; Chen, X; Freemantle, N; Lian, Q; Matthews, I; Shangguan, WN; Smith, FG; Wang, Z, 2006)	0.84
" The aim of the study was to assess the performance of the pharmacokinetic model for S(+) ketamine used in the delivery algorithm of the device."	( Pharmacokinetics of S(+) ketamine derived from target controlled infusion. de Graaff, P; Dzoljic, M; Renshof, B; van Kan, E; White, M, 2006)	0.33
" New pharmacokinetic constants were derived from the observed data which provided, on pharmacokinetic simulation, improved prediction of the measured values of S(+) ketamine."	( Pharmacokinetics of S(+) ketamine derived from target controlled infusion. de Graaff, P; Dzoljic, M; Renshof, B; van Kan, E; White, M, 2006)	0.33
"It was necessary to modify the original published pharmacokinetic parameters incorporated into the S(+) ketamine delivery system in order to simulate improved PK performance during short procedures (<1 h duration) where propofol was concurrently administered."	( Pharmacokinetics of S(+) ketamine derived from target controlled infusion. de Graaff, P; Dzoljic, M; Renshof, B; van Kan, E; White, M, 2006)	0.52
" Additional studies and applications of exponentially-derived RFDE pharmacokinetic models may be warranted."	( Development of a recursive finite difference pharmacokinetic model from an exponential model: application to a propofol bolus. Atlas, GM; Dhar, S, 2006)	0.55
" Pharmacodynamic results were comparable to those obtained in pediatric studies during halothane or opioid anesthesia with the exception of a longer recovery to 25% baseline."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a 0.1 mg/kg dose of cisatracurium besylate in children during N2O/O2/propofol anesthesia. Imbeault, K; Varin, F; Withington, DE, 2006)	0.55
" Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling was performed using NONMEM V (GloboMax LLC, Hanover, MD)."	( Propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for depth of sedation in nonventilated infants after major craniofacial surgery. Danhof, M; DeJongh, J; Knibbe, CA; Peeters, MY; Prins, SA; Tibboel, D; van der Heiden, IP; van Dijk, M; van Schaik, RH, 2006)	1.78
" Wide pharmacodynamic variability emphasizes the importance of dose titration."	( Propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for depth of sedation in nonventilated infants after major craniofacial surgery. Danhof, M; DeJongh, J; Knibbe, CA; Peeters, MY; Prins, SA; Tibboel, D; van der Heiden, IP; van Dijk, M; van Schaik, RH, 2006)	1.78
"To determine propofol concentration in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of neurosurgical patients and carry out a preliminary population pharmacodynamic study."	( Influence of age and sex on pharmacodynamics of propofol in neurosurgical patients: model development. Li, YH; Wu, FS; Xu, JG, 2006)	0.96
" In this small population, age (17-74 years), weight (47-98 kg) and sex did not influence any of the pharmacodynamic parameters of propofol."	( Influence of age and sex on pharmacodynamics of propofol in neurosurgical patients: model development. Li, YH; Wu, FS; Xu, JG, 2006)	0.79
"This study compared the ability of the physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with that of compartmental models used in propofol infusion devices to predict the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in various patient groups (children, pregnant women, young men, normal weight adults, and obese adults)."	( Application of physiology-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling to individualized target-controlled propofol infusions. Edginton, AN; Schmitt, W; Willmann, S, )	0.55
" We calculated the predicted Ce of propofol using the plasma effect-site equilibration rate constant (ke0) for each patient and the pharmacodynamic parameters of propofol for adults from the model of Schnider and for children from the models of Kataria and of the Paedfusor system."	( [Pharmacodynamics of propofol in children and adults: comparison based on the auditory evoked potentials index]. Cortínez, LI; López, R; Muñoz, HR, 2006)	0.93
"Children seem to be more sensitive to propofol than adults, suggesting that the higher dose requirements described for children would be attributable to pharmacokinetic differences between the 2 populations."	( [Pharmacodynamics of propofol in children and adults: comparison based on the auditory evoked potentials index]. Cortínez, LI; López, R; Muñoz, HR, 2006)	0.92
" AQUAVAN injection (fospropofol disodium), a phosphorylated prodrug of propofol, is an investigational agent possessing a unique and distinct pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of medications used for moderate sedation. Gan, TJ, 2006)	0.64
" Using T(PEAK) and four previously validated pharmacokinetic parameter sets of propofol, the k(e0) was estimated according to a method proposed recently."	( A comparison between bispectral index analysis and auditory-evoked potentials for monitoring the time to peak effect to calculate the plasma effect site equilibration rate constant of propofol. Huang, YL; Wang, SJ; Wang, XR; Yu, Q; Zhang, MZ, 2007)	0.76
" We describe an asleep-awake-asleep technique with propofol and remifentanil infusions, with pharmacokinetic simulation to predict the effect-site concentrations and to modulate the infusion rates of both drugs, and bispectral index (BIS) monitoring."	( Propofol and remifentanil effect-site concentrations estimated by pharmacokinetic simulation and bispectral index monitoring during craniotomy with intraoperative awakening for brain tumor resection. Beiras, A; Lobo, F, 2007)	2.03
"9 days) using the Ramsay scale and the bispectral index as pharmacodynamic end points."	( Disease severity is a major determinant for the pharmacodynamics of propofol in critically ill patients. Aarts, LP; Bras, LJ; Danhof, M; DeJongh, J; Knibbe, CA; Peeters, MY; Wesselink, RM, 2008)	0.58
"Newly collected observations following intravenous bolus administration of propofol in preterm and term neonates (n = 9) were compared with earlier reported pharmacokinetic estimates in toddlers and young children."	( Maturational pharmacokinetics of single intravenous bolus of propofol. Allegaert, K; de Hoon, J; Murat, I; Naulaers, G; Verbesselt, R, 2007)	0.81
" V was applied for propofol pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pilot study on the influence of liver blood flow and cardiac output on the clearance of propofol in critically ill patients. Aarts, LP; Boom, FA; Bras, LJ; Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Peeters, MY; Tibboel, D, 2008)	0.9
" Sleep-recovery studies in female Sprague-Dawley rats, at a dose of 10mg/kg were performed to compare pharmacodynamic profiles of the new Propofol-PM formulations with those of Diprivan, a commercially available lipid based propofol formulation."	( Novel lipid and preservative-free propofol formulation: properties and pharmacodynamics. Gori, S; Le Garrec, D; Lessard, D; Luo, L; Palusova, D; Ravenelle, F; Smith, D; Sneyd, JR, 2008)	0.83
"Propofol loaded in PVP-PLA micelles (Propofol-PM) is not significantly different in terms of pharmacodynamic but demonstrates no microorganism growth support and improved stability that opens up the door to pain on injection reduction strategy."	( Novel lipid and preservative-free propofol formulation: properties and pharmacodynamics. Gori, S; Le Garrec, D; Lessard, D; Luo, L; Palusova, D; Ravenelle, F; Smith, D; Sneyd, JR, 2008)	2.07
" The pharmacokinetics of GPI 15715 or fospropofol could be described by a combined pharmacokinetic model with a submodel of two compartments for GPI 15715 and of three compartments for propofol(G)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GPI 15715 or fospropofol (Aquavan injection) - a water-soluble propofol prodrug. Fechner, J; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2008)	0.86
"A previously published pharmacokinetic simulation suggested a simple manual infusion regimen to achieve propofol plasma concentrations of 3 microg."	( Clinical adaptation of a pharmacokinetic model of Propofol plasma concentrations in children. Adeli, K; Bissonnette, B; Engelhardt, T; Karsli, C; Luginbuehl, I; McCheyne, AJ; Morton, N; Walsh, W, 2008)	0.81
" PHARMACOKINETIC AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Pharmacokinetic accuracy was determined by the percentage prediction error, bias and precision, as were wobble and divergence."	( Use of target controlled infusion to derive age and gender covariates for propofol clearance. Kenny, GN; Schraag, S; White, M, 2008)	0.58
" Pharmacokinetic simulation predicted an improved performance of the TCI system when employing the derived covariates model, especially in elderly female patients."	( Use of target controlled infusion to derive age and gender covariates for propofol clearance. Kenny, GN; Schraag, S; White, M, 2008)	0.58
"This study describes a pharmacodynamic model during general anaesthesia in children relating the bispectral index (BIS) response to the anaesthetic dosing of propofol, fentanyl, and remifentanil."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children. Ammon, C; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schmidt, J; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2008)	0.78
" The pharmacodynamic parameters were estimated by non-linear regression analysis."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children. Ammon, C; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schmidt, J; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2008)	0.59
" We performed in vitro characterization of the device before developing a population pharmacokinetic model for sevoflurane administration with the AnaConDa, and retrospectively testing its performance (internal validation)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane in conjunction with the AnaConDa: toward target-controlled infusion of volatiles into the breathing system. Bouillon, T; Enlund, M; Kietzmann, D; Meineke, I; Züchner, K, 2008)	0.35
" The individual pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained and tested for covariate relationships."	( Population pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane in conjunction with the AnaConDa: toward target-controlled infusion of volatiles into the breathing system. Bouillon, T; Enlund, M; Kietzmann, D; Meineke, I; Züchner, K, 2008)	0.35
"In vitro studies assessed the contribution of the device to the pharmacokinetic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane in conjunction with the AnaConDa: toward target-controlled infusion of volatiles into the breathing system. Bouillon, T; Enlund, M; Kietzmann, D; Meineke, I; Züchner, K, 2008)	0.35
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
"Different pharmacokinetic models for target controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol are available in the recently launched open TCI systems."	( TCI : Target controlled infusion, or totally confused infusion? Call for an optimised population based pharmacokinetic model for propofol. Enlund, M, 2008)	0.78
" This study aimed to investigate the pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and dexmedetomidine when used in combination for children undergoing EGD."	( Determination of the pharmacodynamic interaction of propofol and dexmedetomidine during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in children. Chen, MI; Drover, DR; Golianu, B; Hammer, GB; Sam, WJ, 2009)	0.84
"This study has compared the predictive performance of four pharmacokinetic models, two of which are currently incorporated in commercial target-controlled infusion pumps for the administration of propofol."	( Evaluation of the predictive performance of four pharmacokinetic models for propofol. Glen, JB; Servin, F, 2009)	0.77
"In assessing the predictive performance of pharmacokinetic models, additional information can be obtained by analysis of bias at different phases of an infusion."	( Evaluation of the predictive performance of four pharmacokinetic models for propofol. Glen, JB; Servin, F, 2009)	0.58
" Plasma propofol concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by a non-compartmental propofol pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on propofol pharmacokinetics and bispectral index during coronary surgery. Barbosa, RA; Carmona, MJ; Malbouisson, LM; Pereira, VA; Santos, SR; Silva Filho, CR; White, PF, 2009)	1.06
"01) half-life values, as well as higher total plasma clearance (28."	( Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on propofol pharmacokinetics and bispectral index during coronary surgery. Barbosa, RA; Carmona, MJ; Malbouisson, LM; Pereira, VA; Santos, SR; Silva Filho, CR; White, PF, 2009)	0.63
"The combined administration of anesthetics has been associated with pharmacokinetic interactions that induce concentration changes of up to 30%."	( Mixed-effects modeling of the influence of midazolam on propofol pharmacokinetics. Dahan, A; Lichtenbelt, BJ; Olofsen, E; van Kleef, JW; Vuyk, J, 2009)	0.6
" Inclusion of mean arterial blood pressure further improved the propofol pharmacokinetic model."	( Mixed-effects modeling of the influence of midazolam on propofol pharmacokinetics. Dahan, A; Lichtenbelt, BJ; Olofsen, E; van Kleef, JW; Vuyk, J, 2009)	0.84
" In addition, a reduction in mean arterial blood pressure is associated with propofol pharmacokinetic alterations that increase the blood propofol concentration."	( Mixed-effects modeling of the influence of midazolam on propofol pharmacokinetics. Dahan, A; Lichtenbelt, BJ; Olofsen, E; van Kleef, JW; Vuyk, J, 2009)	0.83
" The median (MD) and the absolute median (MDA) difference between the predicted time of peak concentration at the effect site (Ce) and the measured time of peak effect in the index of depth of anesthesia (t(error)) was used to evaluate the performance of the system."	( Prospective evaluation of the time to peak effect of propofol to target the effect site in children. Cortínez, LI; Echevarría, GC; Fuentes, RS; León, PJ; Muñoz, HR, 2009)	0.6
"The recently introduced open-target-controlled infusion (TCI) systems can be programmed with any pharmacokinetic model, and allow either plasma- or effect-site targeting."	( Pharmacokinetic models for propofol--defining and illuminating the devil in the detail. Absalom, AR; De Smet, T; Mani, V; Struys, MM, 2009)	0.65
" Noncompartmental methods were used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Propofol clearance and volume of distribution are increased in patients with major burns. Greenblatt, DJ; Han, TH; Martyn, JA, 2009)	1.8
" Modern TCI systems, however, are characterized by an increasing number of additional options and features, such as the choice between different pharmacokinetic models and modes of application, which may confuse the less experienced user."	( [Target-controlled infusion. Clinical relevance and special features when using pharmacokinetic models]. Albrecht, S; Bruhn, J; Ihmsen, H; Kreuer, S; Schraag, S, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacodynamic parameters were optimized using a nonlinear mixed-effect model."	( The effects of obstructive jaundice on the pharmacodynamics of propofol: does the sensitivity of intravenous anesthetics change among icteric patients? Lu, ZJ; Song, JC; Song, JG; Sun, YM; Yang, LQ; Yu, WF; Zhang, MZ, 2009)	0.59
"TBL was not a significant covariate of EC(50) for the pharmacodynamic model."	( The effects of obstructive jaundice on the pharmacodynamics of propofol: does the sensitivity of intravenous anesthetics change among icteric patients? Lu, ZJ; Song, JC; Song, JG; Sun, YM; Yang, LQ; Yu, WF; Zhang, MZ, 2009)	0.59
"Conventional compartmental pharmacokinetic models wrongly assume instantaneous drug mixing in the central compartment, resulting in a flawed prediction of drug disposition for the first minutes, and the flaw affects pharmacodynamic modeling."	( Early phase pharmacokinetics but not pharmacodynamics are influenced by propofol infusion rate. Hagihira, S; Kazama, T; Kira, M; Masui, K; Mortier, EP; Struys, MM, 2009)	0.59
" The authors compared four basic pharmacokinetic models by using presystemic compartments and the time shift of dosing, LAG time."	( Early phase pharmacokinetics but not pharmacodynamics are influenced by propofol infusion rate. Hagihira, S; Kazama, T; Kira, M; Masui, K; Mortier, EP; Struys, MM, 2009)	0.59
"Our final pharmacokinetic model includes two conventional compartments enlarged with a LAG time and six presystemic compartments and includes following covariates: dose rate for transit rate constant, age for LAG time, and weight for central distribution volume."	( Early phase pharmacokinetics but not pharmacodynamics are influenced by propofol infusion rate. Hagihira, S; Kazama, T; Kira, M; Masui, K; Mortier, EP; Struys, MM, 2009)	0.59
"This study evaluated pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic properties of a novel, non-lipid microemulsion, 1% w/v formulation of propofol to a conventional macroemulsion formulation of propofol (Rapinovet) in cats."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of propofol administered to cats in a novel, aqueous, nano-droplet formulation or as an oil-in-water macroemulsion. Amodie, DM; Cleale, RM; Lehmann, MW; Lerche, P; Muir, WW; Waselau, AC, 2009)	0.81
"The aim of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of propofol during propofol remifentanil and propofol - alfentanil anaesthesia, when monitored by SFx."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol during propofol-alfentanil and propofol-remifentanil total intravenous anaesthesia monitored by spectral frequency index. Bienert, A; Grabowski, T; Grzeskowiak, E; Kusza, K; Zaba, Z, 2009)	0.84
" The remifentanil and alfentanil groups were compared in relation to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of propofol and a t-test was used for statistical analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol during propofol-alfentanil and propofol-remifentanil total intravenous anaesthesia monitored by spectral frequency index. Bienert, A; Grabowski, T; Grzeskowiak, E; Kusza, K; Zaba, Z, 2009)	0.83
"With the growing use of pharmacokinetic (PK)-driven drug delivery and/or drug advisory displays, identifying the PK model that best characterizes propofol plasma concentration (Cp) across a variety of dosing conditions would be useful."	( The performance of compartmental and physiologically based recirculatory pharmacokinetic models for propofol: a comparison using bolus, continuous, and target-controlled infusion data. Coetzee, JF; Doufas, AG; Kazama, T; Masui, K; Mortier, EP; Struys, MM; Upton, RN, 2010)	0.78
" We compared dose proportionality, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of both formulations."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new reformulated microemulsion and the long-chain triglyceride emulsion of propofol in beagle dogs. Choi, BM; Choi, HG; Ghim, JL; Lee, EK; Lee, HM; Lee, SH; Noh, GJ; Roh, YJ; Song, MH, 2009)	0.56
" Dose proportionality, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic bioequivalence were evaluated by non-compartmental analyses."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new reformulated microemulsion and the long-chain triglyceride emulsion of propofol in beagle dogs. Choi, BM; Choi, HG; Ghim, JL; Lee, EK; Lee, HM; Lee, SH; Noh, GJ; Roh, YJ; Song, MH, 2009)	0.56
" The pharmacodynamic bioequivalence was indicated by the arithmetic means of AAC (areas above the ApEn time curves) and E(0) (baseline ApEn)-E(max) (maximally decreased ApEn) between both formulations."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new reformulated microemulsion and the long-chain triglyceride emulsion of propofol in beagle dogs. Choi, BM; Choi, HG; Ghim, JL; Lee, EK; Lee, HM; Lee, SH; Noh, GJ; Roh, YJ; Song, MH, 2009)	0.56
"Microemulsion propofol was pharmacodynamically bioequivalent to LCT propofol although pharmacokinetic bioequivalence was incomplete, and demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics at the applied dose ranges."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new reformulated microemulsion and the long-chain triglyceride emulsion of propofol in beagle dogs. Choi, BM; Choi, HG; Ghim, JL; Lee, EK; Lee, HM; Lee, SH; Noh, GJ; Roh, YJ; Song, MH, 2009)	0.92
"To define the pharmacokinetic profile of propofol 5% microemulsion formulation in horses."	( Pharmacokinetic profile in relation to anaesthesia characteristics after a 5% micellar microemulsion of propofol in the horse. Boscan, P; Grimsrud, K; Mama, KR; Rezende, ML; Stanley, SD; Steffey, EP, 2010)	0.84
"The pharmacokinetic profile of propofol is best characterized by a non-compartmental model."	( Pharmacokinetic profile in relation to anaesthesia characteristics after a 5% micellar microemulsion of propofol in the horse. Boscan, P; Grimsrud, K; Mama, KR; Rezende, ML; Stanley, SD; Steffey, EP, 2010)	0.86
" The median percentage error of the predictions was calculated using the equation %error = (CL(allometric) - CL(i))/CL(i) x 100, where CL(allometric) is the predicted propofol clearance from the allometric equations for each individual and CL(i) is the individual-predicted (post hoc) propofol clearance value derived from published population pharmacokinetic models."	( Prediction of propofol clearance in children from an allometric model developed in rats, children and adults versus a 0.75 fixed-exponent allometric model. Allegaert, K; Blussé van Oud-Alblas, HJ; Cella, M; Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Peeters, MY; Tibboel, D, 2010)	0.92
" Adverse events and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics were evaluated."	( Effectiveness, safety, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of microemulsion propofol in patients undergoing elective surgery under total intravenous anaesthesia. Cho, SH; Choe, SM; Choi, BM; Ghim, JL; Jung, JA; Lee, HM; Noh, GJ; Roh, YJ, 2010)	0.58
" The pharmacodynamic interaction of both drugs considering their effect on EEG activity analysed by the bispectral index (BIS) was identified as additive, but this has not been studied in a clinical setting."	( Analysis of pharmacodynamic interaction of sevoflurane and propofol on Bispectral Index during general anaesthesia using a response surface model. Del Río, R; Diz, JC; Durán, M; Ferreira, LM; Lamas, A; Mendoza, M, 2010)	0.6
" Propofol biophase concentration was determined using a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model, and sevoflurane end-tidal concentration was measured continuously."	( Analysis of pharmacodynamic interaction of sevoflurane and propofol on Bispectral Index during general anaesthesia using a response surface model. Del Río, R; Diz, JC; Durán, M; Ferreira, LM; Lamas, A; Mendoza, M, 2010)	1.51
" Inclusion of heart rate further improved the pharmacokinetic model of midazolam."	( Propofol reduces the distribution and clearance of midazolam. Dahan, A; Lichtenbelt, BJ; Olofsen, E; Struys, MM; van Kleef, JW; Vuyk, J, 2010)	1.8
" In addition, inclusion of heart rate as a covariate improved the pharmacokinetic model of midazolam predominantly through a reduction in the intraindividual variability."	( Propofol reduces the distribution and clearance of midazolam. Dahan, A; Lichtenbelt, BJ; Olofsen, E; Struys, MM; van Kleef, JW; Vuyk, J, 2010)	1.8
" Data of propofol concentration-time were analyzed with 3P97 practical pharmacokinetics calculating program, and then the most fit compartment model was selected to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters."	( [Pharmacokinetics differences of propofol during different pathological stages of severe burn in rabbits]. Chai, JK; Hao, JH; Hu, QG; Li, MM; Li, P; Liu, S; Sun, XF; Yang, HM, 2010)	1.06
"The pharmacokinetic characteristics of a propofol bolus administered in patients with major burns were enhanced clearance and expanded volume of distribution."	( Population pharmacokinetics of a propofol bolus administered in patients with major burns. Han, TH; Kaneda, K; Yamashita, S, 2010)	0.91
" Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was applied to plasma concentrations."	( Thromboelastographic and pharmacokinetic profiles of micro- and macro-emulsions of propofol in swine. Bewernitz, M; Dennis, DM; Derendorf, H; Garcia, JE; Gravenstein, N; Modell, JH; Morey, TE; Shah, DO; Varshney, M, 2010)	0.59
" Pharmacokinetic parameters k (p=0."	( Thromboelastographic and pharmacokinetic profiles of micro- and macro-emulsions of propofol in swine. Bewernitz, M; Dennis, DM; Derendorf, H; Garcia, JE; Gravenstein, N; Modell, JH; Morey, TE; Shah, DO; Varshney, M, 2010)	0.59
"The aim of this study was to identify the best model to describe pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in prepubertal children and therefore to calculate the corresponding pharmacodynamic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol in children. Constant, I; Rigouzzo, A; Servin, F, 2010)	0.62
" Because the best performance was obtained, strangely enough, with the Schnider model, the two groups were pooled to investigate influence of puberty on pharmacodynamic parameters (kE0 [plasma effect-site equilibration rate constant] and Ce50 [effect-site concentration corresponding with 50% of the maximal effect])."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol in children. Constant, I; Rigouzzo, A; Servin, F, 2010)	0.62
"The objective of this study was to develop a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to characterize the influence of obesity on propofol PK parameters."	( Influence of obesity on propofol pharmacokinetics: derivation of a pharmacokinetic model. Anderson, BJ; Cortínez, LI; Holford, NH; Muñoz, HR; Olivares, L; Penna, A; Sepulveda, P; Struys, MM, 2010)	0.88
"To describe the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil in suppressing somatic and hemodynamic responses to electrical tetanus stimuli (ETS) during induction of intravenous anesthesia with response surface method."	( [Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the tolerance response to electrical tetanus stimuli]. Bi, SS; Guo, XY; Lu, W; Wei, B; Yang, L; Zhang, LP, 2010)	0.88
" The pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil was analyzed by response surface method."	( [Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the tolerance response to electrical tetanus stimuli]. Bi, SS; Guo, XY; Lu, W; Wei, B; Yang, L; Zhang, LP, 2010)	0.9
"Response surface method characterized the pharmacodynamic interactions between propofol (0-9 mg/L) and remifentanil (0-10 μg/L) qualitatively and quantitatively."	( [Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the tolerance response to electrical tetanus stimuli]. Bi, SS; Guo, XY; Lu, W; Wei, B; Yang, L; Zhang, LP, 2010)	0.86
"Response surface method can analyze the pharmacodynamic interactions qualitatively and quantitatively."	( [Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the tolerance response to electrical tetanus stimuli]. Bi, SS; Guo, XY; Lu, W; Wei, B; Yang, L; Zhang, LP, 2010)	0.63
"To describe the hypnotic effects of a single bolus dose of propofol in Japanese macaques, and to develop a pharmacokinetic model."	( Hypnotic effects and pharmacokinetics of a single bolus dose of propofol in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata). [corrected]. Kanazawa, H; Kaneko, A; Masui, K; Miyabe-Nishiwaki, T; Nishiwaki, K; Shimbo, E, 2010)	0.84
" Pharmacokinetic modelling was performed using NONMEM VI."	( Hypnotic effects and pharmacokinetics of a single bolus dose of propofol in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata). [corrected]. Kanazawa, H; Kaneko, A; Masui, K; Miyabe-Nishiwaki, T; Nishiwaki, K; Shimbo, E, 2010)	0.6
" Our final pharmacokinetic model included three compartments and well described the plasma concentration of propofol."	( Hypnotic effects and pharmacokinetics of a single bolus dose of propofol in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata). [corrected]. Kanazawa, H; Kaneko, A; Masui, K; Miyabe-Nishiwaki, T; Nishiwaki, K; Shimbo, E, 2010)	0.81
"The developed pharmacokinetic parameters may enable simulations of administration protocols to maintain adequate plasma concentration of propofol."	( Hypnotic effects and pharmacokinetics of a single bolus dose of propofol in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata). [corrected]. Kanazawa, H; Kaneko, A; Masui, K; Miyabe-Nishiwaki, T; Nishiwaki, K; Shimbo, E, 2010)	0.8
"In order to successfully develop the effective population pharmacokinetic model to predict the concentration of propofol administrated intravenously, the data including the concentrations across both distribution and elimination phases from five hospitals were analyzed using nonlinear mixed effect model (NONMEM)."	( [Population pharmacokinetic modeling and evaluation of propofol from multiple centers]. Chen, WY; Chi, XJ; Li, JH; Rui, JZ; Xu, JG; Ye, HB; Zhang, XA; Zheng, H, 2010)	0.82
"To compare the population pharmacodynamic (PD) models of propofol in children derived using two-stage and mixed-effect modeling approaches."	( Two-stage vs mixed-effect approach to pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol in children using state entropy. Ansermino, JM; Dumont, GA; Hahn, JO; Khosravi, S, 2011)	0.85
" Using the plasma concentration predicted by the Paedfusor pharmacokinetic (PK) model, the propofol effect on state entropy (SE) was modeled using the two-stage and the mixed-effect modeling approaches, and the final population PD models were compared with each other in terms of their prediction performance, using median percentage and absolute percentage errors as well as mean absolute weighted error as metrics."	( Two-stage vs mixed-effect approach to pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol in children using state entropy. Ansermino, JM; Dumont, GA; Hahn, JO; Khosravi, S, 2011)	0.83
" A two-compartment model was used to describe propofol pharmacokinetics, and the pedal withdrawal reflex was used as the sedation pharmacodynamic response."	( Influence of time of day on propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in rabbits. Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Kokot, ZJ; Matysiak, J; Płotek, W; Ratajczak, N; Szczesny, D; Wiczling, P; Zawidzka, I, 2011)	0.92
"To study propofol pharmacodynamics in a clinical setting a pharmacokinetic model must be used to predict drug plasma concentrations."	( An evaluation of using population pharmacokinetic models to estimate pharmacodynamic parameters for propofol and bispectral index in children. Absalom, AR; Coppens, MJ; Eleveld, DJ; Marks, LA; Proost, JH; Struys, MM; Van Bocxlaer, JF; Vereecke, H, 2011)	1
" A classic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model was estimated, and the methodology of other studies was duplicated using pharmacokinetic models from the literature and (re-)estimating the pharmacodynamic models."	( An evaluation of using population pharmacokinetic models to estimate pharmacodynamic parameters for propofol and bispectral index in children. Absalom, AR; Coppens, MJ; Eleveld, DJ; Marks, LA; Proost, JH; Struys, MM; Van Bocxlaer, JF; Vereecke, H, 2011)	0.59
"There is no clear relationship between pharmacokinetic precision and the pharmacodynamic objective function."	( An evaluation of using population pharmacokinetic models to estimate pharmacodynamic parameters for propofol and bispectral index in children. Absalom, AR; Coppens, MJ; Eleveld, DJ; Marks, LA; Proost, JH; Struys, MM; Van Bocxlaer, JF; Vereecke, H, 2011)	0.59
"Minimization of the pharmacodynamic objective function does not select the most accurate pharmacokinetic model."	( An evaluation of using population pharmacokinetic models to estimate pharmacodynamic parameters for propofol and bispectral index in children. Absalom, AR; Coppens, MJ; Eleveld, DJ; Marks, LA; Proost, JH; Struys, MM; Van Bocxlaer, JF; Vereecke, H, 2011)	0.59
" In the HHD group the volume of distribution of the central compartment (V(C)) increased significantly, elimination half-life (T(1/2) (γ)) was significantly prolonged, the elimination rate constant (K(10)) and the whole-body clearance (CL) were significantly decreased compared with the control group (p < 0."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol in patients undergoing total hip replacement : effect of acute hypervolemic hemodilution. Peng, L; Tang, J; Wu, G, 2011)	0.69
"The constant equilibrium between the plasma and effect site (ke0) is used by pharmacokinetic models to calculate a drug concentration in its site of action (Ce)."	( Clinical evaluation of two Ke0 in the same pharmacokinetic propofol model: study on loss and recovery of consciousness. Alves, GG; Cangiani, LM; Esteves, LO; Hansen, PÚ; Miziara, LE; Romano, AL; Simoni, RF; Vianna, PT, )	0.37
" In all volunteers propofol was administered as target-controlled infusion, Marsh pharmacokinetic model for fast ke0 and, at a different time, the same pharmacokinetic model with slow ke0 was used."	( Clinical evaluation of two Ke0 in the same pharmacokinetic propofol model: study on loss and recovery of consciousness. Alves, GG; Cangiani, LM; Esteves, LO; Hansen, PÚ; Miziara, LE; Romano, AL; Simoni, RF; Vianna, PT, )	0.7
"26 min(-1)) incorporated in the Marsh pharmacokinetic model showed better performance than the fast ke0 (1."	( Clinical evaluation of two Ke0 in the same pharmacokinetic propofol model: study on loss and recovery of consciousness. Alves, GG; Cangiani, LM; Esteves, LO; Hansen, PÚ; Miziara, LE; Romano, AL; Simoni, RF; Vianna, PT, )	0.37
"The performance of eight currently available paediatric propofol pharmacokinetic models in target-controlled infusions (TCIs) was assessed, in healthy children from 3 to 26 months of age."	( Performance evaluation of paediatric propofol pharmacokinetic models in healthy young children. Absalom, AR; Cortínez, LI; Guerra, I; Penna, A; Sáez, C; Sepúlveda, P; Solari, S, 2011)	0.89
" The following parameters were analyzed: awakening time as a pharmacodynamic parameter, duration of propofol infusion, drug concentration in plasma after treatment, genotypes of CYP2B6 and UGT1A9, and age (42-84 years, mean of 65 years)."	( Individual differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anesthetic agent propofol with regard to CYP2B6 and UGT1A9 genotype and patient age. Kansaku, F; Kobayashi, S; Kumai, T; Murayama, N; Sasaki, K; Shimizu, M; Tateda, T; Yamazaki, H; Yokozuka, M, 2011)	0.81
"This investigation aimed to develop a pediatric pharmacodynamic model of propofol-induced tidal volume depression towards an ultimate goal of developing a dosing schedule that would preserve spontaneous breathing following a loading dose of propofol."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol-induced tidal volume depression in children. Dosani, M; Dumont, GA; Hahn, JO; Khosravi, S; Mark Ansermino, J, 2011)	0.89
" Using the predicted plasma concentration, based on the Paedfusor pharmacokinetic model, propofol-induced tidal volume depression was modeled by 3 different approaches (2-stage, pooled, and mixed effects) and results were compared using prediction residual, median percentage errors, median absolute percentage errors, and root-mean-squared normalized errors."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol-induced tidal volume depression in children. Dosani, M; Dumont, GA; Hahn, JO; Khosravi, S; Mark Ansermino, J, 2011)	0.88
" The pharmacodynamic models for tidal volume derived from different modeling approaches were highly consistent."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol-induced tidal volume depression in children. Dosani, M; Dumont, GA; Hahn, JO; Khosravi, S; Mark Ansermino, J, 2011)	0.66
"A pediatric pharmacodynamic model of propofol-induced tidal volume depression was developed."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol-induced tidal volume depression in children. Dosani, M; Dumont, GA; Hahn, JO; Khosravi, S; Mark Ansermino, J, 2011)	0.94
"In view of the increasing prevalence of morbidly obese patients, the influence of excessive total bodyweight (TBW) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol was characterized in this study using bispectral index (BIS) values as a pharmacodynamic endpoint."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in morbidly obese patients. Danhof, M; Deneer, VH; Diepstraten, J; Knibbe, CA; Peeters, MY; van Dongen, EP; van Kralingen, S; van Ramshorst, B; Wiezer, RJ, 2011)	0.82
"A population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model was developed with the nonlinear mixed-effects modelling software NONMEM VI, on the basis of 491 blood samples from 20 morbidly obese patients (TBW range 98-167 kg) and 725 blood samples from 44 lean patients (TBW range 55-98 kg) from previously published studies."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in morbidly obese patients. Danhof, M; Deneer, VH; Diepstraten, J; Knibbe, CA; Peeters, MY; van Dongen, EP; van Kralingen, S; van Ramshorst, B; Wiezer, RJ, 2011)	0.62
" The influence of continuous (body weight, age, blood pressure, heart rate and blood oxygenation, serum protein, the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin and hematocrit, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance) and categorical (gender and the type of opioid) covariates on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters was investigated."	( Influence of demographic factors, basic blood test parameters and opioid type on propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in ASA I-III patients. Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Kusza, K; Marciniak, R; Wiczling, P; Wolc, A; Zaba, C; Zaba, Z, 2011)	0.6
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were deduced by a two-compartment bolus plus infusion model for propofol and ketamine and a monocompartmental model for norketamine."	( Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and propofol combination administered as ketofol via continuous infusion in cats. Cagnardi, P; Carli, S; Gallo, M; Montesissa, C; Ravasio, G; Villa, R; Zonca, A, 2012)	0.88
"Uncertainty exists as to the most suitable pharmacokinetic parameter sets for propofol target-controlled infusions (TCI)."	( Allometric or lean body mass scaling of propofol pharmacokinetics: towards simplifying parameter sets for target-controlled infusions. Coetzee, JF, 2012)	0.87
" The objective of this study was to assess a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model for Japanese macaques during a step-down infusion of propofol."	( Evaluation of the predictive performance of a pharmacokinetic model for propofol in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata fuscata). Kanazawa, H; Kaneko, A; Masui, K; Miyabe-Nishiwaki, T; Nishio, T; Nishiwaki, K, 2013)	0.82
"Available propofol pharmacokinetic protocols for target-controlled infusion (TCI) were obtained from healthy individuals."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Bieda, K; Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Hartmann-Sobczyńska, R; Kaliszan, R; Malatyńska, M; Marcinkowska, A; Sobczyński, P; Wiczling, P, 2012)	1.05
" Blood propofol followed three-compartment pharmacokinetic behavior and derived parameters were not statistically different except for elimination half-life from the CDP formulation and onset, and duration of anesthesia from the FP formulation."	( Comparative canine pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of fospropofol disodium injection, propofol emulsion, and cyclodextrin-enabled propofol solution following bolus parenteral administration. McIntosh, MP; Rajewski, RA, 2012)	1.08
"A prospective pharmacokinetic study in morbidly obese children and adolescents undergoing elective surgery was conducted."	( Propofol clearance in morbidly obese children and adolescents: influence of age and body size. Chidambaran, V; Cox, SL; Diepstraten, J; Esslinger, HR; Inge, TH; Knibbe, CA; Sadhasivam, S; Vinks, AA, 2012)	1.82
"Twenty obese and morbidly obese children and adolescents with a mean age of 16 years (range 9-18 years), a mean total body weight (TBW) of 125 kg (range 70-184 kg) and a mean body mass index of 46 kg/m(2) (range 31-63 kg/m(2)) were available for pharmacokinetic modelling using a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model (n = 294 propofol concentration measurements)."	( Propofol clearance in morbidly obese children and adolescents: influence of age and body size. Chidambaran, V; Cox, SL; Diepstraten, J; Esslinger, HR; Inge, TH; Knibbe, CA; Sadhasivam, S; Vinks, AA, 2012)	1.99
"In the population pharmacokinetic model for propofol in morbidly obese children and adolescents, TBW proved to be the most significant determinant for clearance."	( Propofol clearance in morbidly obese children and adolescents: influence of age and body size. Chidambaran, V; Cox, SL; Diepstraten, J; Esslinger, HR; Inge, TH; Knibbe, CA; Sadhasivam, S; Vinks, AA, 2012)	2.08
"Indirect serum bilirubin was introduced as a dichotomous or continuous variable (both age-normalized) in a previously developed three-compartment pharmacokinetic model, based on 235 concentration-time points obtained in 25 neonates after single bolus administration of propofol."	( Is indirect hyperbilirubinemia a useful biomarker of reduced propofol clearance in neonates? Allegaert, K; Cossey, V; De Cock, RF; Knibbe, CA; Smits, A, 2012)	0.8
" The pharmacokinetic profile for the microemulsion showed rapid distribution and elimination compared to Diprivan(®)."	( A propofol microemulsion with low free propofol in the aqueous phase: formulation, physicochemical characterization, stability and pharmacokinetics. Cai, W; Chen, X; Deng, W; Jin, F; Yang, H, 2012)	1.1
"To examine individual patient's demographic parameters and clinical variables related to return of consciousness (ROC) and the pharmacodynamic relationship between propofol effect-site concentration (C(e)) and ROC from propofol-remifentanil anesthesia."	( A pharmacodynamic analysis of factors affecting recovery from anesthesia with propofol-remifentanil target controlled infusion. Han, DW; Kang, YR; Koo, BN; Lee, JH; Lee, JR; Noh, GJ, 2012)	0.8
" Pharmacodynamic modeling incorporating covariates was performed using NONMEM (Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling) VII software."	( A pharmacodynamic analysis of factors affecting recovery from anesthesia with propofol-remifentanil target controlled infusion. Han, DW; Kang, YR; Koo, BN; Lee, JH; Lee, JR; Noh, GJ, 2012)	0.61
"Age significantly affects the relationship between propofol C(e) and ROC, and pharmacodynamic modeling including age could lead to better predictions of ROC during emergence from propofol-remifentanil anesthesia."	( A pharmacodynamic analysis of factors affecting recovery from anesthesia with propofol-remifentanil target controlled infusion. Han, DW; Kang, YR; Koo, BN; Lee, JH; Lee, JR; Noh, GJ, 2012)	0.86
" The evaluation of pharmacokinetic models for propofol during induction is lacking."	( Prospective randomised comparison of Marsh and Schnider pharmacokinetic models for propofol during induction of anaesthesia in elective cardiac surgery. Barros, F; Leite-Moreira, AF; Lourenço, AP; Pinho, P; Viterbo, JF, 2012)	0.86
"To compare haemodynamics during cardiac anaesthesia induction with two pharmacokinetic models."	( Prospective randomised comparison of Marsh and Schnider pharmacokinetic models for propofol during induction of anaesthesia in elective cardiac surgery. Barros, F; Leite-Moreira, AF; Lourenço, AP; Pinho, P; Viterbo, JF, 2012)	0.6
"Most pharmacokinetic (PK) models used for propofol administration are based on studies in normal-weight patients."	( The effective effect-site propofol concentration for induction and intubation with two pharmacokinetic models in morbidly obese patients using total body weight. Bugedo, DA; Cortínez, LI; Donoso, MT; Echevarría, GC; Elgueta, MF; Muñoz, HR, 2012)	0.94
"The dynamic relationship between propofol plasma concentrations predicted by Schnider's pharmacokinetic model and its hypnotic effect measured with BIS was better characterized with a smaller k(e0) value (slower t½k(e0)) than that present in the original model, with an age effect also not described before."	( [Reevaluation of the time course of the effect of propofol described with the Schnider pharmacokinetic model]. Mora, X; Sepúlveda, PO, 2012)	0.91
" The algorithms guiding TCI pumps are based on pharmacological data obtained from a relatively small number of healthy volunteers, which are then extrapolated, on the basis of sophisticated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling, to predict plasma concentrations of the drug and its effect on general population."	( Potential pitfalls of propofol target controlled infusion delivery related to its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Bienert, A; Cywiński, JB; Grześkowiak, E; Kusza, K; Wiczling, P, 2012)	0.69
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach was used to assess the prediction accuracy of propofol hepatic and extrahepatic metabolic clearance and to address previously reported underprediction of in vivo clearance based on static in vitro-in vivo extrapolation methods."	( Application of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to assess propofol hepatic and renal glucuronidation in isolation: utility of in vitro and in vivo data. Galetin, A; Gertz, M; Gill, KL; Houston, JB, 2013)	0.83
" The aim of this study was to analyze the physicochemical properties, pharmacodynamic effect, and pharmaceutical and clinical equivalence of the reference drug propofol as well as a similar formulation."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation and physical/chemical analysis of two formulations of propofol used in target-controlled infusion. Contente, TC; de Paula Gomes Miziara, LE; Esqueapatti Sandrin, CE; Esteves, LO; Morales, CA; Oliveira-Silva, D; Ribeiro D'Castro, JG; Simoni, RF, )	0.55
"Using Schnider's pharmacokinetic model, propofol pharmacodynamics were modelled during total intravenous anaesthesia."	( Modelling propofol pharmacodynamics using BIS-guided anaesthesia. León, A; Martín-Mateos, I; Méndez Pérez, JA; Reboso, JA, 2013)	1.06
" Blood samples were taken to measure the plasma concentration and calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters at the following time points: 30, 60, 65, 70, 80, 90, 120 min after the start of propofol infusion and 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 180 min after the termination of propofol infusion."	( [Influence of 20% lipid emulsion on drug concentration, distribution volume and pharmacology effect of continuous infusion of propofol in rabbits]. Chen, Y; Kang, Y; Lu, MZ; Wang, B; Yin, WH, 2013)	0.79
"Multiple blood samples are generally required for measurement of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters."	( Utilization of optimal study design for maternal and fetal sheep propofol pharmacokinetics study: a preliminary study. Ngamprasertwong, P; Sadhasivam, S; Sherwin, CM; Vinks, AA, 2014)	0.64
" The aim of this study was to analyze the physicochemical properties, pharmacodynamic effect, and pharmaceutical and clinical equivalence of the reference drug propofol as well as a similar formulation."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation and physical/chemical analysis of two formulations of propofol used in target-controlled infusion. Contente, TC; D'Castro, JG; Esteves, LO; Miziara, LE; Morales, CA; Oliveira-Silva, D; Sandrin, CE; Simoni, RF, 2013)	0.81
"Debate continues over the most appropriate blood-brain equilibration rate constant (ke0) for use with the Marsh pharmacokinetic model for propofol."	( A novel technique to determine an 'apparent ke0 ' value for use with the Marsh pharmacokinetic model for propofol. Engbers, FH; Glen, JB; Nimmo, AF; Thomson, AJ, 2014)	0.82
"6 min(-1)) for the Marsh pharmacokinetic model for propofol."	( Induction of general anaesthesia by effect-site target-controlled infusion of propofol: influence of pharmacokinetic model and ke0 value. Beattie, C; Glen, JB; Morrison, G; Nimmo, AF; Thomson, AJ; Thomson, E, 2014)	0.88
" Two different approaches for pharmacokinetic modelling are presented."	( Two different approaches for pharmacokinetic modeling of exhaled drug concentrations. Baumbach, JI; Fink, T; Hauschild, A; Kreuer, S; Maddula, S; Volk, T, 2014)	0.4
" To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions between Pro and Rem, we developed and validated a method combining high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of Pro and Rem."	( Simultaneous determination of propofol and remifentanil in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to preclinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction analysis. El Hamd, MA; Ikeda, R; Kawakami, S; Kuroda, N; Nakashima, K; Wada, M, 2015)	0.71
"Obesity is associated with important physiologic changes that can potentially affect the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of anesthetic drugs."	( Performance of propofol target-controlled infusion models in the obese: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Cortínez, LI; Crovari, F; De la Fuente, N; Eleveld, DJ; Ibacache, M; Oliveros, A; Sepulveda, P; Solari, S, 2014)	0.76
" The pharmacodynamic parameters were highly variable."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in children undergoing different types of surgeries. Bartkowska-Śniatkowska, A; Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Grześkowiak, M; Kaliszan, R; Kokot, ZJ; Matysiak, J; Owczarek, M; Rosada-Kurasińska, J; Wiczling, P, 2014)	0.67
"This study aimed to characterize pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and aminophylline."	( Impact of aminophylline on the pharmacodynamics of propofol in beagle dogs. Choi, BM; Choi, YJ; Jin, SJ; Kang, HJ; Lee, EK; Lee, SH; Noh, GJ; Park, DY, 2014)	0.89
" The population pharmacokinetic modeling was done with NONMEM."	( Melatonin and clonidine premedication has similar impact on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol target controlled-infusions. Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Józefowicz, M; Kokot, ZJ; Kusza, K; Matysiak, J; Pachutko, A; Przybyłowski, K; Wawrzyniak, K; Wiczling, P, 2015)	0.63
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were described using a 2-compartment model."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol with or without 2% benzyl alcohol following a single induction dose administered intravenously in cats. Griffenhagen, GM; Gustafson, DL; Hansen, RJ; Lunghofer, PJ; Mama, KR; Rezende, ML, 2015)	0.68
" Whether the pharmacokinetic model by Marsh or the one by Schnider will produce better hemodynamic stability remains unclear."	( Hemodynamic responses during induction: comparison of Marsh and Schnider pharmacokinetic models. Feng, X; Niu, LJ; Yang, L; Yang, XY; Zhou, X; Zhou, ZB, 2015)	0.42
"Determine the best propofol pharmacokinetic model that meets patient requirements and is devoid of major haemodynamic side effects."	( Comparison of the hemodynamic response to induction and intubation during a target-controlled infusion of propofol with 2 different pharmacokinetic models. A prospective ramdomized trial. Alonso Rodriguez, E; Asensio Merino, F; Castilla, MS; Ramos Luengo, A, 2015)	0.96
" They were randomized into 2 groups according to the pharmacokinetic model: Modified Marsh group and Schnider group."	( Comparison of the hemodynamic response to induction and intubation during a target-controlled infusion of propofol with 2 different pharmacokinetic models. A prospective ramdomized trial. Alonso Rodriguez, E; Asensio Merino, F; Castilla, MS; Ramos Luengo, A, 2015)	0.63
"There have been no pharmacokinetic parameters and blood-brain equilibration rate constant (k e0) of propofol obtained in a single population of children, by which propofol can be administered using a target effect-site concentration controlled infusion."	( Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model of propofol externally validated in children. Byon, HJ; Choi, BM; Kim, HS; Lee, EK; Lee, HG; Lee, SH; Noh, GJ, 2015)	0.88
" In the present work we investigate if a F6H8-based emulsion could be used as a new intravenous drug delivery system for propofol from a pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety point of view."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic properties and anaesthetic effects of propofol in a new perfluorohexyloctane (F6H8) emulsion in rats--A comparative study. Beck, G; Heesch, E; Holm, R; Krebs, J; Theisinger, S; Tsagogiorgas, C; Yard, B, 2015)	0.86
"We compared the performance of a propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI) using Marsh versus PGIMER models in patients undergoing open heart surgery, in terms of measured plasma levels of propofol and objective pharmacodynamic effect."	( Performance of target-controlled infusion of propofol using two different pharmacokinetic models in open heart surgery - a randomised controlled study. Mathew, PJ; Puri, GD; Sailam, S; Sivasailam, R; Thingnum, SK, 2016)	0.98
"Twenty-three, ASA II/III adult patients aged 18-65 years and scheduled for elective open heart surgery received Marsh or PGIMER (Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research) pharmacokinetic models of TCI for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with propofol in a randomized, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial."	( Performance of target-controlled infusion of propofol using two different pharmacokinetic models in open heart surgery - a randomised controlled study. Mathew, PJ; Puri, GD; Sailam, S; Sivasailam, R; Thingnum, SK, 2016)	0.87
"The new pharmacokinetic model based on data from Indian patients is comparable in performance to the commercially available Marsh pharmacokinetic model."	( Performance of target-controlled infusion of propofol using two different pharmacokinetic models in open heart surgery - a randomised controlled study. Mathew, PJ; Puri, GD; Sailam, S; Sivasailam, R; Thingnum, SK, 2016)	0.69
" Plasma concentration-time profiles were determined using LC-MS, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol in rainbow trout following bath exposure. Berecka, B; Fornal, E; Gomułka, P; Szmagara, A; Ziomek, E, 2015)	0.74
"Noninvasive, real-time pharmacokinetic (PK) monitoring of ketamine, propofol, and valproic acid, and their metabolites was achieved in mice, using secondary electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry."	( Drug Pharmacokinetics Determined by Real-Time Analysis of Mouse Breath. Bregy, L; Brown, SA; Dallmann, R; Detmar, M; Hollmén, M; Kohler, M; Li, X; Martinez-Lozano Sinues, P; Proulx, S; Zenobi, R, 2015)	0.65
" Pharmacodynamic modeling incorporating covariates was performed using the Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling VII software."	( Pharmacodynamic Estimate of Propofol-Induced Sedation and Airway Obstruction Effects in Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome. Han, DW; Jeong, KH; Kang, YR; Kim, SY; Koo, BN; Shin, S, 2015)	0.71
" Propofol plasma concentration-time curves were determined, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."	( [Pharmacokinetics for the solutable type injections of propofol glycoside in rats]. Chen, XJ; Ju, RJ; Li, XT; Lu, WL; Wu, RR; Zhang, DX; Zhang, Z, 2015)	1.57
" The pharmacokinetic results showed that the two kinds of propofol glycoside injections exhibited the same pharmacokinetic behavior."	( [Pharmacokinetics for the solutable type injections of propofol glycoside in rats]. Chen, XJ; Ju, RJ; Li, XT; Lu, WL; Wu, RR; Zhang, DX; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.91
" Propofol was administered via an effect-site target-controlled infusion device using the Schnider pharmacokinetic model."	( Modelling of the Sedative Effects of Propofol in Patients undergoing Spinal Anaesthesia: A Pharmacodynamic Analysis. Choi, S; Ha, SH; Han, DW; Jeong, KH; Kim, Y; Roh, GU, 2016)	1.62
" Adjusting for weight and sex further improved the propofol pharmacokinetic model."	( Epidural Blockade Affects the Pharmacokinetics of Propofol in Surgical Patients. Dahan, A; Lesman, A; Olofsen, E; Sitsen, E; Vuyk, J, 2016)	0.94
" An epidural-induced reduction in hepatic and/or renal blood flow may explain this pharmacokinetic interaction."	( Epidural Blockade Affects the Pharmacokinetics of Propofol in Surgical Patients. Dahan, A; Lesman, A; Olofsen, E; Sitsen, E; Vuyk, J, 2016)	0.69
" This dose is determined by the combination of the pharmacokinetic model parameters, the target setting and the blood-effect time-constant, ke0 ."	( The influence of target concentration, equilibration rate constant (ke0 ) and pharmacokinetic model on the initial propofol dose delivered in effect-site target-controlled infusion. Engbers, FH; Glen, JB, 2016)	0.64
"We present a race-specific model of propofol-induced loss of consciousness that is based on pharmacodynamic data collected and adapted from the peer-reviewed literature."	( Race-Specific Pharmacodynamic Model of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness. Derendorf, H; Gravenstein, N; Lampotang, S; Lizdas, DE; Lok, B; Quarles, JP, 2016)	0.98
"The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of propofol in premedicated cats."	( Evaluation and optimisation of propofol pharmacokinetic parameters in cats for target-controlled infusion. Cagnardi, P; Cattai, A; Franci, P; Pilla, T; Zonca, A, 2016)	0.94
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by data plotting followed by analysis with a noncompartmental model."	( Pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine after intraperitoneal administration to cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Beaudry, F; Benito, J; Lascelles, BD; Lavoie, AM; Monteiro, BP; Steagall, PV, 2016)	0.43
"Because of the lack of data regarding the impact of obesity on propofol pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing cardiac surgery using hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the authors sought to explore propofol pharmacokinetics and develop a predictive pharmacokinetic model that characterizes and predicts propofol pharmacokinetics in this population."	( Obesity Does Not Affect Propofol Pharmacokinetics During Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Abbassi, MM; El-Baraky, IA; Marei, TA; Sabry, NA, 2016)	0.98
" The plasma propofol concentration was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, and then data were imported into Monolix (Lixoft, Antony, France) for population pharmacokinetic modeling and pharmacokinetic parameters estimation."	( Obesity Does Not Affect Propofol Pharmacokinetics During Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Abbassi, MM; El-Baraky, IA; Marei, TA; Sabry, NA, 2016)	1.12
"Propofol pharmacokinetic parameters were similar in obese and nonobese patients undergoing hypothermic CPB."	( Obesity Does Not Affect Propofol Pharmacokinetics During Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Abbassi, MM; El-Baraky, IA; Marei, TA; Sabry, NA, 2016)	2.18
" Pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using WinNonlin software."	( Propofol target-controlled infusion modeling in rabbits: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Chen, JY; Yao, SL; Yi, M; Zhang, XP, 2016)	1.88
" The propofol pharmacokinetic profile was well fitted with a two-compartment model."	( Morbid Obesity Alters Both Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Propofol: Dosing Recommendation for Anesthesia Induction. Dong, D; Li, J; Liu, J; Peng, X; Qian, H; Wu, B, 2016)	1.18
"1075A>C in the CYP2C9 genes on the individual propofol pharmacokinetic profile in the Polish patients undergoing general anaesthesia."	( The effect of UGT1A9, CYP2B6 and CYP2C9 genes polymorphism on individual differences in propofol pharmacokinetics among Polish patients undergoing general anaesthesia. Dorszewska, J; Mikstacki, A; Molinska-Glura, M; Prendecki, M; Skrzypczak-Zielinska, M; Slomski, R; Tamowicz, B; Waszak, M; Zakerska-Banaszak, O, 2017)	0.94
"Predictive performance of eleven published propofol pharmacokinetic models was evaluated for long-duration propofol infusion in children."	( Predictive performance of eleven pharmacokinetic models for propofol infusion in children for long-duration anaesthesia. Eleveld, DJ; Hara, M; Masui, K; Struys, MMRF; Uchida, O, 2017)	0.96
" The predictive performance of three published pharmacokinetic models was evaluated."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous acetaminophen in Japanese patients undergoing elective surgery. Hasegawa, M; Imaizumi, T; Iseki, Y; Mogami, M; Murakawa, M; Obara, S, 2017)	0.46
"We aimed to establish the propofol effect-site concentration (Ce) for appropriate sedation by pharmacodynamic analysis and to determine the propofol Ce during occurrence of sedation-related side effects in pediatric patients undergoing brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)."	( A Simulation Study of Propofol Effect-Site Concentration for Appropriate Sedation in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Brain MRI: Pharmacodynamic Analysis. Byon, HJ; Han, DW; Jung, HH; Kim, SY; Na, SH; Song, Y, 2017)	1.07
" In the forward inclusion and backward deletion, covariates (age, weight, sex, height, lean body mass [LBM], body surface area [BSA], body mass index [BMI], plasma albumin and grouping factor [renal failure or not]) were tested for significant effects on pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine administered to patients with end-stage renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing general anaesthesia. Huang, XH; Li, R; Li, Y; Liu, QW; Zhang, MZ; Zhang, Y; Zhong, W, 2018)	0.48
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of dexmedetomidine in patients with end-stage renal failure and hyperparathyroidism were similar to those in patients with normal renal function."	( Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine administered to patients with end-stage renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing general anaesthesia. Huang, XH; Li, R; Li, Y; Liu, QW; Zhang, MZ; Zhang, Y; Zhong, W, 2018)	0.48
" After hypothermic coronary artery bypass was initiated, the distribution volume increased, and the distribution half-life was prolonged."	( Application of a pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics approach to the free propofol plasma levels during coronary artery bypass grafting surgery with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Barbosa, RAG; Carmona, MJC; Jorge-Santos, SRC; Malbouisson, LMS; Silva, CV; Silva-Filho, CR, 2018)	0.71
"Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) models are used in target-controlled-infusion (TCI) systems to determine the optimal drug administration to achieve a desired target concentration in a central or effect-site compartment."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for propofol for broad application in anaesthesia and sedation. Absalom, AR; Colin, P; Eleveld, DJ; Struys, MMRF, 2018)	0.75
"The use of conventional pharmacokinetic parameters sets 'models' derived from nonobese patients has proven inadequate to administer intravenous anesthetics in the obese population and is commonly associated with higher than anticipated plasma propofol concentrations when used with target (plasma or effect site) controlled infusion pumps."	( Advances in pharmacokinetic modeling: target controlled infusions in the obese. Anderson, BJ; Cortínez, LI, 2018)	0.66
" Newer pharmacokinetic models, determined from obese patient data, have been developed for propofol and remifentanil using allometric concepts and comprehensive size descriptors."	( Advances in pharmacokinetic modeling: target controlled infusions in the obese. Anderson, BJ; Cortínez, LI, 2018)	0.7
"The modified Marsh and Schnider pharmacokinetic models for propofol consistently produce negatively and positively biased predictions in underweight patients, respectively."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of propofol in underweight patients under general anaesthesia. Choi, BM; Choi, SM; Lee, EK; Lee, KH; Noh, GJ; Park, JH; Yun, HJ, 2018)	0.99
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of many drugs are altered as a consequence of the pathophysiological changes associated with critical illness."	( Altered Pharmacokinetics in Prolonged Infusions of Sedatives and Analgesics Among Adult Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review. Joynt, GM; Lee, A; Ling, L; Tse, AHW, 2018)	0.48
" Data on plasma propofol concentrations were analyzed, and population pharmacokinetic parameters of propofol were fitted by NONMEM software."	( Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Propofol Target-Controlled Infusion Models in Chinese Patients with Hepatic Insufficiency. Cai, J; Chen, W; Chi, X; Hei, Z; Li, S; Luo, G; Pan, J; Rui, J; Yuan, D, 2018)	1.12
" Derivation of an integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic propofol model, containing remifentanil pharmacodynamic interaction information, enables propofol effect-site target-controlled infusion in children with a better prediction of its hypnotic effect when both drugs are combined."	( Propofol pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile and its electroencephalographic interaction with remifentanil in children. Anderson, BJ; Contreras, V; Cortínez, LI; Fuentes, R; Ibacache, M, 2018)	2.16
"We designed this study to derive an integrated propofol pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model in children and to describe the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil on the electroencephalographic bispectral index effect."	( Propofol pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile and its electroencephalographic interaction with remifentanil in children. Anderson, BJ; Contreras, V; Cortínez, LI; Fuentes, R; Ibacache, M, 2018)	2.18
" The Greco model was used to examine the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil for BIS response RESULTS: Propofol pharmacokinetic data from a previous study in 53 children were pooled with current data and simultaneously analyzed."	( Propofol pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile and its electroencephalographic interaction with remifentanil in children. Anderson, BJ; Contreras, V; Cortínez, LI; Fuentes, R; Ibacache, M, 2018)	2.14
"We have developed an integrated propofol pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model that can describe the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and remifentanil for BIS response."	( Propofol pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile and its electroencephalographic interaction with remifentanil in children. Anderson, BJ; Contreras, V; Cortínez, LI; Fuentes, R; Ibacache, M, 2018)	2.21
"To date, the commonly used intravenous anesthetic propofol has been widely studied, and fundamental pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug are known."	( Development of a highly sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method preceded by solid-phase microextraction for the analysis of propofol in low-volume cerebral microdialysate samples. Buchberger, W; Guntner, AS; Illievich, U; Kneidinger, M; Stöcklegger, S, 2019)	0.97
" To overcome this drawback, we developed a new pharmacokinetic propofol model-the Choi model-for use in underweight patients."	( Predictive performance of a new pharmacokinetic model for propofol in underweight patients during target-controlled infusion. Choi, BM; Doh, I; Kim, SY; Lee, EK; Lee, SH; Lee, YH; Noh, GJ; Yi, JM, 2019)	1
"The new propofol pharmacokinetic model (the Choi model) developed for underweight patient showed adequate performance for clinical use."	( Predictive performance of a new pharmacokinetic model for propofol in underweight patients during target-controlled infusion. Choi, BM; Doh, I; Kim, SY; Lee, EK; Lee, SH; Lee, YH; Noh, GJ; Yi, JM, 2019)	1.19
" In this pharmacodynamic study, we investigate the first use of RSM with bispectral index (BIS) to predict patient's response to name calling (RNC) and wakefulness (complete neurological tests) during AC."	( Opioid and propofol pharmacodynamics modeling during brain mapping in awake craniotomy. Chang, WK; Kuo, IT; Liou, JY; Ting, CK; Tsou, MY; Wang, HY, 2019)	0.9
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic model for propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI) in dogs and to evaluate its performance for use in the clinical setting."	( A pharmacokinetic model optimized by covariates for propofol target-controlled infusion in dogs. Bizzotto, R; Cagnardi, P; Cattai, A; Di Cesare, F; Franci, P, 2019)	1.02
" A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach, allowing inter- and intra-individual variability estimation and quantitative evaluation of the influence of the following covariates: weight, body condition score, age, size-related age (Age_size), sex, premedication type, size and contrast agent administration."	( A pharmacokinetic model optimized by covariates for propofol target-controlled infusion in dogs. Bizzotto, R; Cagnardi, P; Cattai, A; Di Cesare, F; Franci, P, 2019)	0.76
" Weight, Age_size, premedication and sex showed significant pharmacokinetic effects."	( A pharmacokinetic model optimized by covariates for propofol target-controlled infusion in dogs. Bizzotto, R; Cagnardi, P; Cattai, A; Di Cesare, F; Franci, P, 2019)	0.76
"Overall predictive performance of the pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion developed was clinically acceptable for administering propofol to dogs in routine anaesthesia."	( A pharmacokinetic model optimized by covariates for propofol target-controlled infusion in dogs. Bizzotto, R; Cagnardi, P; Cattai, A; Di Cesare, F; Franci, P, 2019)	0.97
" Only for sevoflurane was a significant difference found in the pharmacodynamic model for Patient State Index-2 compared with Patient State Index-1."	( Population Pharmacodynamics of Propofol and Sevoflurane in Healthy Volunteers Using a Clinical Score and the Patient State Index: A Crossover Study. Colin, PJ; Knotnerus, FH; Kuizenga, MH; Nalbat, H; Reyntjens, KMEM; Struys, MMRF; Touw, DJ; Vereecke, HEM, 2019)	0.8
"This paper introduces a novel framework for fast parameter identification of personalized pharmacokinetic problems."	( A Fast Parameter Identification Framework for Personalized Pharmacokinetics. Bailey, JM; Gholami, B; Haddad, WM; Tavassolian, N; Yang, C, 2019)	0.51
" The calculated median (range) propofol half-life of the gamma elimination phase was 10."	( A sensitive liquid chromatography method for analysis of propofol in small volumes of neonatal blood. Allegaert, K; Annaert, P; De Vocht, T; Deferm, N; Nicolaï, J; Qi, B; Smits, A; Van Brantegem, P, 2020)	1.09
" The method can be used to support the quantification of propofol drug concentrations for pharmacokinetic studies in the neonatal population."	( A sensitive liquid chromatography method for analysis of propofol in small volumes of neonatal blood. Allegaert, K; Annaert, P; De Vocht, T; Deferm, N; Nicolaï, J; Qi, B; Smits, A; Van Brantegem, P, 2020)	1.05
"The pooled bias and inaccuracy of the pharmacokinetic predictions are clinically acceptable."	( External Validation of a Pharmacokinetic Model of Propofol for Target-Controlled Infusion in Children under Two Years Old. Cho, JY; Jang, YE; Ji, SH; Kim, EH; Kim, HS; Kim, JT; Lee, JH, 2020)	0.81
" In this education article, we describe our approach to TIVA dosing in infants and toddlers (birth to 36 months) which combines the use of pharmacokinetic models with EEG multi-parameter analysis."	( An approach to using pharmacokinetics and electroencephalography for propofol anesthesia for surgery in infants. Kurth, CD; Vutskits, L; Xu, T; Yuan, I; Zhu, T, 2020)	0.79
"Develop a population pharmacokinetic model describing propofol pharmacokinetics in (pre)term neonates and infants, that can be used for precision dosing (e."	( Population pharmacokinetics of propofol in neonates and infants: Gestational and postnatal age to determine clearance maturation. Allegaert, K; Annaert, P; Bouillon, T; Nicolaï, J; Sandra, L; Smits, A, 2021)	1.16
"A nonlinear mixed effects pharmacokinetic analysis (Monolix 2018R2) was performed, based on a pooled study population in 107 (pre)term neonates and infants."	( Population pharmacokinetics of propofol in neonates and infants: Gestational and postnatal age to determine clearance maturation. Allegaert, K; Annaert, P; Bouillon, T; Nicolaï, J; Sandra, L; Smits, A, 2021)	0.91
"Target-controlled infusion (TCI) systems incorporating pharmacokinetic (PK) or PK-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) models can be used to facilitate drug administration."	( Prospective clinical validation of the Eleveld propofol pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model in general anaesthesia. Absalom, AR; Eleveld, DJ; Hannivoort, LN; Introna, M; Struys, MMRF; Touw, DJ; Vellinga, R, 2021)	0.88
"The objective is to determine whether epidural blockade affects the bispectral index (BIS) of propofol and two other pharmacodynamic endpoints, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cardiac output (CO)."	( Effect of lumbar epidural blockade and propofol on mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and bispectral index: A randomised controlled and pharmacodynamic modelling study. Dahan, A; Olofsen, E; Sitsen, E; Vuyk, J, 2021)	1.11
" When combined, epidural anaesthesia and intravenous propofol exhibited no pharmacodynamic interaction on any of the three endpoints."	( Effect of lumbar epidural blockade and propofol on mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and bispectral index: A randomised controlled and pharmacodynamic modelling study. Dahan, A; Olofsen, E; Sitsen, E; Vuyk, J, 2021)	1.14
" This is not the result of a pharmacodynamic interaction."	( Effect of lumbar epidural blockade and propofol on mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and bispectral index: A randomised controlled and pharmacodynamic modelling study. Dahan, A; Olofsen, E; Sitsen, E; Vuyk, J, 2021)	0.89
"There is limited evidence as to the pharmacokinetic changes expected in adults with extracorporeal technologies."	( Propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics-a perspective in minimally invasive extracorporeal circulation. Condello, I; Di Bari, N; Fiore, F; Moscarelli, M; Nasso, G; Santarpino, G; Speziale, G, 2021)	2.06
" For the height of 162cm, the final pharmacokinetic parameter values were as follows: V1=1."	( Obstructive Jaundice does not Change the Population Pharmacokinetics of Etomidate in Patients who Underwent Bile Duct Surgery. Cai, MH; Gao, H; Meng, XY; Song, JC; Yang, H; Yu, WF; Zhang, MZ, 2022)	0.72
" The present study aimed to assess the effects of body mass index (BMI) on the pharmacodynamic index of propofol TCI."	( Body mass index and pharmacodynamics of target-controlled infusion of propofol: A prospective non-randomized controlled study. Gong, J; He, X; Shang, J; Shen, J; Wu, Z, 2022)	1.17
" The correlation between the BMI and the pharmacodynamic index of propofol was evaluated."	( Body mass index and pharmacodynamics of target-controlled infusion of propofol: A prospective non-randomized controlled study. Gong, J; He, X; Shang, J; Shen, J; Wu, Z, 2022)	1.19
"These results suggest that the BMI is one of the critical factors affecting the pharmacodynamic index of propofol TCI, and the induction time decreased progressively with increasing BMI."	( Body mass index and pharmacodynamics of target-controlled infusion of propofol: A prospective non-randomized controlled study. Gong, J; He, X; Shang, J; Shen, J; Wu, Z, 2022)	1.17
"Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and pulse pressure (PP) measurements were available from 36 healthy volunteers who received propofol in a step-up and step-down fashion by target-controlled infusion using the Schnider pharmacokinetic model."	( Mechanism-based pharmacodynamic model for propofol haemodynamic effects in healthy volunteers Colin, PJ; Eleveld, DJ; Struys, MMRF; Su, H, 2022)	1.19
"We developed a mechanism-based pharmacodynamic model for propofol-induced changes in MAP, TPR, SV, and HR as a potential approach for predicting haemodynamic alterations."	( Mechanism-based pharmacodynamic model for propofol haemodynamic effects in healthy volunteers Colin, PJ; Eleveld, DJ; Struys, MMRF; Su, H, 2022)	1.23
" The covariates model is an updated pharmacokinetic model for propofol."	( Clinical Validation of the Covariates Pharmacokinetic Model for Propofol in an Adult Population. Campbell, R; Hawthorne, C; McKelvie, S; Schraag, S; Shaw, M; Sutcliffe, N, 2022)	1.2
"The covariates propofol pharmacokinetic model achieved an acceptable level of predictive performance, as assessed by both arterial and venous sampling, for use in target-controlled infusion in clinical practice."	( Clinical Validation of the Covariates Pharmacokinetic Model for Propofol in an Adult Population. Campbell, R; Hawthorne, C; McKelvie, S; Schraag, S; Shaw, M; Sutcliffe, N, 2022)	1.31
" The covariates model is a previously described pharmacokinetic model for propofol."	( Clinical Validation of the Covariates Pharmacokinetic Model for Propofol in an Adult Population. Campbell, R; Hawthorne, C; McKelvie, S; Schraag, S; Shaw, M; Sutcliffe, N, 2022)	1.19
" We present a pharmacodynamic model for moderate sedation using midazolam, alfentanil and propofol."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of moderate sedation and rationale for dosing using midazolam, propofol and alfentanil. Chang, WK; Kuo, IT; Liou, JY; Ting, CK; Tsou, MY, 2023)	1.35
"7 ml/min/kg, the mean terminal half-life was 82."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous propofol in southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) after intramuscular etorphine-butorphanol-medetomidine-azaperone. Berlin, ER; Clancy, MM; Ferris, RL; Howard, LL; Kinney, ME; Knych, HK; Mama, KR; Perrin, KL; Phair, KA, 2023)	1.19
"This study provides pharmacokinetic data and insight into the effects of propofol in rhinoceros anesthetized using etorphine, butorphanol, medetomidine, and azaperone."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous propofol in southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) after intramuscular etorphine-butorphanol-medetomidine-azaperone. Berlin, ER; Clancy, MM; Ferris, RL; Howard, LL; Kinney, ME; Knych, HK; Mama, KR; Perrin, KL; Phair, KA, 2023)	1.43
" Thus, to scientifically design the dose regimen for clinical trials in specific populations, a HSK3486 physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed in 2019 to support model-informed drug development (MIDD)."	( Model-informed drug development: The mechanistic HSK3486 physiologically based pharmacokinetic model informing dose decisions in clinical trials of specific populations. Li, H; Liu, D; Liu, H; Wang, X; Yao, X; Yu, Z; Zhang, M, 2023)	0.91
" The interaction between propofol and remifentanil was explored using the principles of the general pharmacodynamic interaction (GPDI) model."	( Pharmacodynamic mechanism-based interaction model for the haemodynamic effects of remifentanil and propofol in healthy volunteers. Colin, PJ; Eleveld, DJ; Koomen, JV; Struys, MMRF; Su, H, 2023)	1.43
" The GPDI model provided a good framework for characterising the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol on haemodynamic properties."	( Pharmacodynamic mechanism-based interaction model for the haemodynamic effects of remifentanil and propofol in healthy volunteers. Colin, PJ; Eleveld, DJ; Koomen, JV; Struys, MMRF; Su, H, 2023)	1.34
"This study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model to explore the optimal maintenance dose and appropriate starting time of maintenance dose after induction of ciprofol and investigate the efficacy and safety of ciprofol for general anesthesia induction and maintenance in patients undergoing elective surgery."	( Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and exposure-response analysis of ciprofol in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in patients undergoing elective surgery: A prospective dose optimization study. Chen, M; Hu, M; Liu, L; Liu, X; Wang, K; Wu, N; Xiang, X; Yan, P; Yang, Y, 2024)	1.44
" No covariates were found to have a significant effect on the pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and exposure-response analysis of ciprofol in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in patients undergoing elective surgery: A prospective dose optimization study. Chen, M; Hu, M; Liu, L; Liu, X; Wang, K; Wu, N; Xiang, X; Yan, P; Yang, Y, 2024)	1.44

Compound-Compound Interactions

Propofol combined with Meperine and Midazolam in endoscopic procedures is a safe agent administered by a trained gastroenterologist and nurse. This study will provide high-quality evidence for the clinical therapeutic effects of lidocaine combination with flurbiprofen axetil.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" First, propofol infusion was compared to thiopentone combined with midazolam."	( Total intravenous anaesthesia for direct laryngoscopy: propofol infusion compared to thiopentone combined with midazolam and methohexitone infusion. Clausen, TG; Halck, S; Munksgaard, A; Sonne, NM; Valentin, N, 1992)	0.97
"Concerning the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions, the following is recommended: Use smaller doses of alfentanil when the latter is combined with propofol, because of a higher risk of ventilatory depression."	( [Diprivan: drug interactions]. Steib, A, 1994)	0.49
"To investigate the pharmacokinetics of propofol in combination with epidural anesthesia or with intravenous (i."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of propofol given as a constant-rate infusion and in combination with epidural blockade. Hartvig, P; Nilsson, A; Persson, PM; Wessén, A, )	0.69
" In Group 1, a continuous infusion of propofol was combined with an epidural block with bupivacaine."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of propofol given as a constant-rate infusion and in combination with epidural blockade. Hartvig, P; Nilsson, A; Persson, PM; Wessén, A, )	0.69
" Nevertheless, the concentration-time profile changed during infusion, rendering the described infusion regimen, in combination with epidural anesthesia, unsatisfactory for adequate hypnosis."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of propofol given as a constant-rate infusion and in combination with epidural blockade. Hartvig, P; Nilsson, A; Persson, PM; Wessén, A, )	0.42
" The present study was designed to examine the effects of low, moderate, and high doses of propofol, given with either fentanyl or halothane, on the rate of CSF formation and resistance to reabsorption of CSF."	( Propofol combined with halothane or with fentanyl/halothane does not alter the rate of CSF formation or resistance to reabsorption of CSF in rabbits. Artru, AA, 1993)	1.95
" In this study, the effects of propofol in healthy and in septic sheep, and in combination with fentanyl, were analyzed and compared with nonanesthetized septic sheep."	( The effects of propofol on hemodynamics and renal blood flow in healthy and in septic sheep, and combined with fentanyl in septic sheep. Armstrong, C; Booke, M; Conroy, B; Hinder, F; Traber, DL; Traber, LD, 1996)	0.93
" This study was designed to observe and evaluate the feasibility of propofol infusion combined with N2O for maintenance of anesthesia, with a LMA as airway and conveyer during general anesthesia."	( [Clinical experience of laryngeal mask airway combined with continuous intravenous propofol infusion during general anesthesia]. Chan, HC; Chen, FS; Chen, KP; Yu, PY, 1996)	0.75
"Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) using propofol, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) or midazolam in combination with sufentanil was investigated in 45 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)."	( Total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol, gamma-hydroxybutyrate or midazolam in combination with sufentanil for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Grundmann, U; Janneck, U; Kleinschmidt, S; Kreienmeyer, J; Kulosa, R; Larsen, R, 1997)	0.83
" For clinical use remifentanil must be combined with another anaesthetic agent."	( [Remifentanil in gynecologic laparoscopy. A comparison of consciousness and circulatory effects of a combination with desflurane and propofol]. Bauer, C; Berg, K; Biedler, A; Langhammer, A; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W, 1998)	0.5
"25 microgram/kg/min) was combined with either desflurane (0."	( [Remifentanil in gynecologic laparoscopy. A comparison of consciousness and circulatory effects of a combination with desflurane and propofol]. Bauer, C; Berg, K; Biedler, A; Langhammer, A; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W, 1998)	0.5
"Remifentanil in combination with either desflurane or propofol, used for general anaesthesia during gynaecological laparoscopy, will facilitate a smooth haemodynamic course as well as a rapid emergence thereafter."	( [Remifentanil in gynecologic laparoscopy. A comparison of consciousness and circulatory effects of a combination with desflurane and propofol]. Bauer, C; Berg, K; Biedler, A; Langhammer, A; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W, 1998)	0.75
" In this report, we described the use of epidural analgesia with 2% lidocaine combined with continuous infusion of low dose propofol for sedation for a ALS patient undergoing abdominal hysterectomy."	( Epidural anesthesia combined with propofol sedation for abdominal hysterectomy in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis--a case report. Chang, Y; Chen, LK; Hou, WY; Liu, CC, 1998)	0.79
" Therefore, we maintained the anesthesia with propofol combined with epidural anesthesia."	( [Propofol combined with epidural anesthesia for a patient complicated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)]. Kawahito, M; Kida, H; Matsunami, K; Nishikawa, N, 1999)	1.47
"We reported anesthetic management combined with hypothermia for carotid endarterectomy under somatosensory evoked potential monitoring."	( [Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, fentanyl and ketamine for carotid endarterectomy under somatosensory evoked potential monitoring--combination with intraoperative hypothermia]. Fujimine, T; Kakinohana, M; Okuda, Y; Tomiyama, N, 1999)	0.58
" However, marked tachycardia associated with the use of ephedrine in combination with propofol occurred in the majority of patients, occasionally reaching high levels in individual patients."	( The haemodynamic effects of propofol in combination with ephedrine in elderly patients (ASA groups 3 and 4). Berridge, J; Freeman, J; Gamlin, F; Vucevic, M; Winslow, L, 1999)	0.82
"We report our experience with total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and ketamine combined with continuous epidural analgesia in a 72-year-old-male patient with dilated cardiomyopathy scheduled for a total prostatectomy."	( [Anesthetic management of a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and ketamine combined with continuous epidural analgesia]. Kitajima, T; Mishio, M; Okuda, Y; Wake, K; Yamaguchi, S, 1999)	0.75
"We describe the target-controlled administration of propofol and remifentanil, combined with monitoring of the bispectral index, during an awake craniotomy for removal of a left temporo-parietal tumour near the motor speech centre."	( Target-controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanil combined with bispectral index monitoring for awake craniotomy. Bonhomme, V; Born, JD; Brichant, JF; Dewandre, PY; Hans, P; Maertens de Noordhoudt, A, 2000)	0.85
"Remifentanil anesthesia, combined with small-dose propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane, enables predictably fast and smooth early recovery after ear, nose, and throat surgery."	( Recovery after anesthesia with remifentanil combined with propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane for otorhinolaryngeal surgery. Loop, T; Priebe, HJ, 2000)	0.8
" Etoposide phosphate in combination with any other agent was observed to be highly neurotoxic if both agents were administered after BBBD."	( Unexpected neurotoxicity of etoposide phosphate administered in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents after blood-brain barrier modification to enhance delivery, using propofol for general anesthesia, in a rat model. Fortin, D; McCormick, CI; Neuwelt, EA; Nixon, R; Remsen, LG, 2000)	0.5
"Both fentanyl and the newer opioid remifentanil, when each is combined with isoflurane and propofol, allowed for fast-track cardiac anesthesia."	( A randomized double-blinded multicenter comparison of remifentanil versus fentanyl when combined with isoflurane/propofol for early extubation in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Bowdle, TA; Bukenya, D; Cheng, D; Hillel, Z; Hogue, C; Howie, MB; Newman, MF; Pierce, ET, 2001)	0.74
"A retrospective study was performed to determine the influence of age on hemodynamics and awakening time in total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) using propofol and buprenorphine combined with continuous epidural anesthesia for abdominal surgery."	( [The influence of age on hemodynamics and the dose requirements of propofol and buprenorphine in total intravenous anesthesia combined with continuous epidural anesthesia]. Tabuchi, Y, 2001)	0.75
"To investigate the effect of propofol combined with diazepam on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-activated chloride current (IGABA) evoked in rat sensory neurons."	( Propofol combined with diazepam synergistically potentiates the GABA-activated chloride current in rat sensory neurons. Luo, A; Sugiyama, K, 2000)	2.04
"Our results suggest that propofol combined with diazepam synergistically potentiates the IGABA."	( Propofol combined with diazepam synergistically potentiates the GABA-activated chloride current in rat sensory neurons. Luo, A; Sugiyama, K, 2000)	2.05
" Propofol and remifentanil are known to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP), but no information is available regarding the effects of sevoflurane combined with remifentanil on IOP."	( Intraocular pressure more reduced during anesthesia with propofol than with sevoflurane: both combined with remifentanil. Auffarth, G; Böttiger, BW; Klett, J; Martin, E; Polarz, H; Schäfer, R; Völcker, HE, 2002)	1.47
"In patients undergoing cataract surgery under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation, anesthetic regimens with propofol as well as with sevoflurane, both combined with remifentanil, decrease IOP significantly."	( Intraocular pressure more reduced during anesthesia with propofol than with sevoflurane: both combined with remifentanil. Auffarth, G; Böttiger, BW; Klett, J; Martin, E; Polarz, H; Schäfer, R; Völcker, HE, 2002)	0.77
"This study examined the intra-operative and postoperative characteristics of a remifentanil infusion alone, or intermittent fentanyl bolus admistration combined with a propofol infusion, for the anaesthetic management of patients undergoing shock wave lithotripsy."	( A comparison of anaesthetic techniques for shock wave lithotripsy: the use of a remifentanil infusion alone compared to intermittent fentanyl boluses combined with a low dose propofol infusion. Blanc, I; Brauer, P; Burmeister, MA; Graefen, M; Standl, TG; Wintruff, M, 2002)	0.7
"To investigate the effects of intraperitoneal CO2 insufflation on the hemodynamics, oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) during intravenous anesthesia with propofol in combination with epidural block."	( [Effects of intraperitoneal CO2 insufflation on hemodynamics and oxygen consumption during intravenous propofol anesthesia combined with epidural block]. Gu, MN; Liang, SW; Lin, CS; Xiao, JF, 2002)	0.72
"Intravenous propofol anesthesia combined with epidural block assisted by well-managed excessive ventilation before insufflation can alleviate the adverse effects of CO2 insufflation on respiratory and circulatory systems."	( [Effects of intraperitoneal CO2 insufflation on hemodynamics and oxygen consumption during intravenous propofol anesthesia combined with epidural block]. Gu, MN; Liang, SW; Lin, CS; Xiao, JF, 2002)	0.91
" A target-controlled infusion of propofol was compared with patient-controlled propofol for sedation, combined with a small dose of midazolam to improve amnesia."	( A comparison of target-controlled therapy with patient-controlled administration of propofol combined with midazolam for sedation during dental surgery. Burns, R; McCrae, AF; Tiplady, B, 2003)	0.82
"To determine the minimum infusion rate (MIR50) for propofol alone and in combination with ketamine required to attenuate reflexes commonly used in the assessment of anesthetic depth in cats."	( Effect of variable-dose propofol alone and in combination with two fixed doses of ketamine for total intravenous anesthesia in cats. Ilkiw, JE; Pascoe, PJ; Tripp, LD, 2003)	0.88
"Propofol alone or combined with ketamine may be used for total IV anesthesia in healthy cats at the infusion rates determined in this study for attenuation of specific reflex activity."	( Effect of variable-dose propofol alone and in combination with two fixed doses of ketamine for total intravenous anesthesia in cats. Ilkiw, JE; Pascoe, PJ; Tripp, LD, 2003)	2.07
"To compare cardiovascular effects of equipotent infusion doses of propofol alone and in combination with ketamine administered with and without noxious stimulation in cats."	( Cardiovascular effects of propofol alone and in combination with ketamine for total intravenous anesthesia in cats. Ilkiw, JE; Pascoe, PJ, 2003)	0.86
" In this study we examined midazolam and clonidine for premedication in combination with target controlled infusion anaesthesia (TCI) in patients undergoing orthopaedic shoulder surgery and analysed the effects on the peri- and postoperative course."	( [Comparison of premedication with clonidine and midazolam combined with TCI for orthopaedic shoulder surgery]. Dietrich, PJ; Grottke, O; Krause, TH; Müller, J; Wappler, F, 2003)	0.32
"Premedication with the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine is as good as with benzodiazepines in combination with TCI."	( [Comparison of premedication with clonidine and midazolam combined with TCI for orthopaedic shoulder surgery]. Dietrich, PJ; Grottke, O; Krause, TH; Müller, J; Wappler, F, 2003)	0.32
"0 mg/kg per hour alone and combined with dexamethasone 8 mg for reducing postdelivery emetic episodes in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery."	( Randomized, double-blind comparison of subhypnotic-dose propofol alone and combined with dexamethasone for emesis in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery. Fujii, Y; Numazaki, M, 2004)	0.57
"To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of anesthesia with intravenous propofol combined with fentanyl for ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval."	( [Intravenous propofol combined with fentanyl for anesthesia during ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval]. Chen, SL; Chen, Y; Liu, GW; Shi, YS; Xu, JS, 2004)	0.92
"Anesthesia with propofol combined with fentanyl may reduce the maintenance dosage of propofol, shorten the time of consciousness recovery during oocyte retrieval with ultrasound guidance, and can be helpful for the patients' early recovery and discharge from hospital."	( [Intravenous propofol combined with fentanyl for anesthesia during ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval]. Chen, SL; Chen, Y; Liu, GW; Shi, YS; Xu, JS, 2004)	1.04
"To observe the effects of propofol combined with misoprostol for painless induced abortion."	( [Clinical observation of propofol combined with misoprostol for painless induced abortion]. Fan, GS; Jin, L; Li, H; Xi, S, 2005)	0.93
"Intravenous injection of propofol combined with misoprostol administered intravaginally is effective in anesthesia and cervical dilatation with less bleeding and absence of abortion syndrome."	( [Clinical observation of propofol combined with misoprostol for painless induced abortion]. Fan, GS; Jin, L; Li, H; Xi, S, 2005)	0.94
"Our results show that although both techniques proved effective for sedation in patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy, ketamine is superior to alfentanil when used in combination with propofol because of the high patient satisfaction and amnesia."	( Comparison of alfetanil and ketamine in combination with propofol for patient-controlled sedation during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Hwang, J; Jeon, Y; Lim, YJ; Oh, YS; Park, HP, 2005)	0.76
" In this clinical study we investigated the performance of propofol TCI in combination with remifentanil."	( The performance of a target-controlled infusion of propofol in combination with remifentanil: a clinical investigation with two propofol formulations. Brauer, U; Frenkel, C; Hoeft, A; Kiefer, N; Knüfermann, P; Scholz, M; Wietasch, JK; Zinserling, J, 2006)	0.83
"This study compared the efficacy and safety profile of remifentanil and sufentanil in combination with propofol for anesthesia in adult patients undergoing nonemergency intracranial surgery."	( Comparison of the time to extubation after use of remifentanil or sufentanil in combination with propofol as anesthesia in adults undergoing nonemergency intracranial surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Blanchet, B; Coste, J; Disdet, M; Djian, MC; Gury, C; Joly, LM; Pesce, F; Raggueneau, JL; Roux, FX; Sermet, A; Vazquez, V, 2006)	0.77
"In these adults undergoing nonemergency intracranial surgery, there was no significant difference in extubation time between those receiving remifentanil and sufentanil infusions adjusted based on hemodynamic parameters in combination with propofol administered by TCI."	( Comparison of the time to extubation after use of remifentanil or sufentanil in combination with propofol as anesthesia in adults undergoing nonemergency intracranial surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Blanchet, B; Coste, J; Disdet, M; Djian, MC; Gury, C; Joly, LM; Pesce, F; Raggueneau, JL; Roux, FX; Sermet, A; Vazquez, V, 2006)	0.73
"To observe the impacts of doxapram on anesthetic efficacy and respiratory and circulatory functions during anesthesia with remifentanil given by target-controlled infusion (TCI) combined with propofol in painless artificial abortion."	( [Clinical observation of target-controlled remifentanil infusion combined with propofol and doxapram in painless artificial abortion]. Dong, T; Li, JX; Liu, JH; Tan, ZM, 2006)	0.75
"Doxapram may attenuate respiratory and circulatory depression during anesthesia with remifentanil given by TCI combined with propofol in painless artificial abortion, and provide comparable anesthetic efficacy."	( [Clinical observation of target-controlled remifentanil infusion combined with propofol and doxapram in painless artificial abortion]. Dong, T; Li, JX; Liu, JH; Tan, ZM, 2006)	0.77
" Propofol in combination with opioids and/or benzodiazepines can be titrated to moderate sedation, which might be safer."	( Propofol alone titrated to deep sedation versus propofol in combination with opioids and/or benzodiazepines and titrated to moderate sedation for colonoscopy. Rex, DK; VanNatta, ME, 2006)	2.69
"Propofol in combination with fentanyl and/or midazolam can be titrated to moderate levels of sedation without substantial loss of satisfaction and with shorter recovery times compared with propofol titrated to deep sedation throughout the procedure."	( Propofol alone titrated to deep sedation versus propofol in combination with opioids and/or benzodiazepines and titrated to moderate sedation for colonoscopy. Rex, DK; VanNatta, ME, 2006)	3.22
"To observe the effect of propofol combined with flurbiprofen axetil for abortion anesthesia."	( [Clinical observation of propofol combined with flurbiprofen axetil for induced abortion anesthesia]. Guo, QL; Xie, YQ; Yang, HW, 2006)	0.94
"Propofol combined with flurbiprofen axetil gives more efficient anesthesia for induced abortion patients in gynecology department."	( [Clinical observation of propofol combined with flurbiprofen axetil for induced abortion anesthesia]. Guo, QL; Xie, YQ; Yang, HW, 2006)	2.08
"We did a prospective, randomised, double-blind study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a small dose of propofol alone, and propofol combined with dexamethasone, for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in adult Japanese patients listed for third molars extractions."	( Propofol alone and combined with dexamethasone for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in adult Japanese patients having third molars extracted. Fujii, Y; Nakano, M; Nakayama, M, 2008)	2
" To achieve quality anesthesia and successful, fast recovery with minimal morbidity without the use of volatile anesthetic, the choice of drug combination has to be centered on one rapid- and short-acting hypnotic, opioid and non-depolarizing muscle relaxant."	( The optimal pediatric induction dose of propofol in combination with reduced-dose rocuronium and alfentanil for day-case tonsillectomy in children. Bartolek, D; Bartolek, F; Cavrić, G; Jakobović, J; Lajtman, Z; Zdravcević-Sakić, K, 2007)	0.61
"5 mg/kg combined with dexamethasone 8 mg is more effective than propofol alone for the prevention of PONV during the first 24 hours after anesthesia in patients undergoing LC."	( Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting with a small dose of propofol alone and combined with dexamethasone in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Fujii, Y; Nakayama, M, 2008)	0.82
"There is currently a vast experience reported in the literature with respect to Propofol utilization as a single agent and in combination with narcotics and/or benzodiazepines in endoscopic procedures, without the presence of an anesthesiologist in the endoscopy suite."	( [Propofol in combination with meperidine and midazolam in colonoscopy and upper endoscopy: first prospective study in private practice in Peru]. Ramos, M; Siu, H; Tagle, M, )	1.27
"To report the experience in a private endoscopy center in Lima utilizing propofol in combination with Meperidine and Midazolam in colonoscopies and upper endoscopies, administered by a nurse supervised by a trained gastroenterologist without the presence of an anesthesiologist."	( [Propofol in combination with meperidine and midazolam in colonoscopy and upper endoscopy: first prospective study in private practice in Peru]. Ramos, M; Siu, H; Tagle, M, )	1.27
"Propofol combined with Meperine and Midazolam in endoscopic procedures is a safe agent administered by a trained gastroenterologist and nurse."	( [Propofol in combination with meperidine and midazolam in colonoscopy and upper endoscopy: first prospective study in private practice in Peru]. Ramos, M; Siu, H; Tagle, M, )	2.48
"To observe analgesic effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with target-controlled infusion (TCI) in general anesthesia and effects on cardiovascular system."	( [Analgesic effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with target-controlled infusion in general anesthesia and effects on cardiovascular system]. He, BM; Yang, B, 2008)	0.35
"To investigate the effect of flurbiprofen preemptive analgesia combined with intravenous propofol anesthesia in induced abortion."	( [Application of flurbiprofen preemptive analgesia combined with intravenous propofol anesthesia in induced abortion]. Lao, JX; Liu, WX; Tan, SX; Zhang, YF, 2008)	0.8
"Flurbiprofen preemptive analgesia combined with intravenous propofol is safe and effective for anesthesia during induced abortion."	( [Application of flurbiprofen preemptive analgesia combined with intravenous propofol anesthesia in induced abortion]. Lao, JX; Liu, WX; Tan, SX; Zhang, YF, 2008)	0.82
" When combined with reserpine (40 micromol/L), different concentrations of propofol (12."	( [Protective effects of propofol combined with reserpine on cultured PC12 cells impaired by ischemia and reperfusion]. Cao, JB; Li, YF; Mi, WD; Wang, HL, 2008)	0.89
" Both propofol alone and propofol in combination with meperidine are frequently used during colonoscopy, but the impact of adding meperidine has not been evaluated."	( Propofol alone versus propofol in combination with meperidine for sedation during colonoscopy. Chang, YL; Chen, BS; Chen, IC; Chou, AL; Hsieh, YH; Lai, YY; Lin, HJ; Sia, SL, 2009)	2.28
"For sedated colonoscopy, propofol in combination with meperidine is better than propofol alone in improving patients' tolerance and recovery."	( Propofol alone versus propofol in combination with meperidine for sedation during colonoscopy. Chang, YL; Chen, BS; Chen, IC; Chou, AL; Hsieh, YH; Lai, YY; Lin, HJ; Sia, SL, 2009)	2.1
"To investigate the best concentration ratio of propofol controlled-infusion combined with sevoflurane in anesthesia for patients undergoing laparoscopy."	( [The best concentration ratio of propofol controlled-infusion combined with sevoflurane in anesthesia for patients undergoing laparoscopy]. Hu, MP; Sun, DX; Zheng, YH; Zhou, AX, 2008)	0.88
" The best concentration ratio of propofol controlled-infusion combined with sevoflurane with the definition as the highest ETsevo without PONV decrease along with the increase of propofol concentration."	( [The best concentration ratio of propofol controlled-infusion combined with sevoflurane in anesthesia for patients undergoing laparoscopy]. Hu, MP; Sun, DX; Zheng, YH; Zhou, AX, 2008)	0.91
" The best concentration ratio of propofol controlled-infusion combined with sevoflurane was propofol controlled-infusion at the concentration of 1 microg/ml with ETsevo at the concentration as 1 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC)."	( [The best concentration ratio of propofol controlled-infusion combined with sevoflurane in anesthesia for patients undergoing laparoscopy]. Hu, MP; Sun, DX; Zheng, YH; Zhou, AX, 2008)	0.91
"To compare the hemodynamics and post-anesthetic recovery of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with remifentanil or fentanyl combined with propofol administered by target controlled infusion (TCI) in neurosurgery."	( [Remifentanil and fentanyl combined with propofol administered by target controlled infusion in neurosurgery]. Bai, N; Cheng, Z; Guo, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, S, 2009)	0.82
"TIVA with remifentanil or fentanyl combined with propofol administered by TCI in neurosurgical operation can provided steadible hemodynamics."	( [Remifentanil and fentanyl combined with propofol administered by target controlled infusion in neurosurgery]. Bai, N; Cheng, Z; Guo, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, S, 2009)	0.87
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of either desflurane or propofol, both combined with remifentanil, in patients with MG undergoing a video-assisted thoracoscopic-extended thymectomy (VATET)."	( The use of desflurane or propofol in combination with remifentanil in myasthenic patients undergoing a video-assisted thoracoscopic-extended thymectomy. Benigni, A; Bortolotti, G; Carrara, B; Giardini, D; Gritti, P; Khotcholava, M; Lanterna, LA; Sonzogni, V, 2009)	0.89
" The time-to-awakening, post-operatory pH and base excess were significantly different in the two groups, with a decreasing mean arterial pressure in the group administered with desflurane."	( The use of desflurane or propofol in combination with remifentanil in myasthenic patients undergoing a video-assisted thoracoscopic-extended thymectomy. Benigni, A; Bortolotti, G; Carrara, B; Giardini, D; Gritti, P; Khotcholava, M; Lanterna, LA; Sonzogni, V, 2009)	0.66
"As a novel and effective approach, response surface model is used in the study of drug-drug interactions."	( [Progress in the study of response surface modeling in investigation of drug-drug interaction in anesthetic drugs]. Bi, SS; Guan, Z; Lu, W; Yang, L; Zhang, LP; Zhou, TY, 2008)	0.35
"To explore the application of propofol combined with midazolam intravenous anesthesia in pediatric upper gastrointestinal endoscopy."	( [Propofol combined with midazolam intravenous sedation anesthesia in pediatric upper gastrointestinal endoscopy]. Ouyang, W; Shen, S; Tang, W; Wang, F; Wang, X; Xiao, D, 2009)	1.55
"It is safe and effective to use propofol combined with midazolam intravenous sedation anesthesia in pediatric upper gastrointestinal endoscopy."	( [Propofol combined with midazolam intravenous sedation anesthesia in pediatric upper gastrointestinal endoscopy]. Ouyang, W; Shen, S; Tang, W; Wang, F; Wang, X; Xiao, D, 2009)	1.55
" Compared with standard practice, targeting an Entropy or BIS value of 50 did not result in a reduction of propofol consumption during general anaesthesia combined with regional anaesthesia as performed by an experienced anaesthesiologist in orthopaedic patients."	( The Entropy Module and Bispectral Index as guidance for propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia in combination with regional anaesthesia compared with a standard clinical practice group. Bruhn, J; Ellerkmann, RK; Hoeft, A; Riese, G; Soehle, M; Wirz, S; Zinserling, J, 2010)	0.82
"To evaluate the value of propofol target-controlled infusion combined with dribbled and nebulized lidocaine in tracheal intubation under spontaneous breathing."	( [Application of propofol target controlled infusion combined with dribbled and nebulized lidocaine in tracheal intubation under spontaneous respiration]. Huang, YG; Luo, AL; Xu, JQ; Ye, TH, 2010)	1.01
"Application of propofol target-controlled infusion combined with dribbled and nebulized lidocaine provides a good condition for tracheal intubation under unconsciousness and spontaneous breathing."	( [Application of propofol target controlled infusion combined with dribbled and nebulized lidocaine in tracheal intubation under spontaneous respiration]. Huang, YG; Luo, AL; Xu, JQ; Ye, TH, 2010)	1.06
" We report a case of a 45-year-old woman with DM who underwent laparotomy for uterine cancer under general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia."	( [Successful management of a patient with myotonic dystrophy under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, remifentnil and rocuronium bromide, combined with epidural anesthesia]. Hirai, A; Nakanishi, T; Nishihama, M; Shimosaka, M; Uchikado, M; Uehara, A, 2010)	0.58
" The aim of our retrospective study was to investigate the cardioprotective effects of two different minimized ECC systems in combination with two different anesthetic concepts and to determine the impact on oxygen consumption during aortic cross-clamping (ACC)."	( Myocardial protection in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery using minimized extracorporeal circulation in combination with volatile anesthetic. Diez, C; Haneya, A; Hirt, S; Kobuch, R; Lehle, K; Philipp, A; Puehler, T; Ried, M; Schmid, C; Zausig, Y; Zink, W, )	0.13
"001), with the combination with propofol giving more favorable results."	( Sedation, analgesia, and cardiorespiratory function in colonoscopy using midazolam combined with fentanyl or propofol. Shen, SR; Tang, WL; Wang, F; Xiao, DH; Xu, CX, 2011)	0.87
" The combination with fentanyl had a significantly lower effect on pulse rate and blood pressure."	( Sedation, analgesia, and cardiorespiratory function in colonoscopy using midazolam combined with fentanyl or propofol. Shen, SR; Tang, WL; Wang, F; Xiao, DH; Xu, CX, 2011)	0.58
"We gave general anesthesia to a patient with scoliosis combined with central core disease (CCD)."	( [Anesthetic management for a patient with scoliosis combined with central core disease]. Ishikawa, K; Nagata, H; Ookawa, H; Suzuki, T; Tamura, Y; Yamada, N, 2011)	0.37
" Anesthesia was maintained with either propofol or etomidate combined with remifentanil."	( Comparison of the effects of etomidate and propofol combined with remifentanil and guided by comparable BIS on transcranial electrical motor-evoked potentials during spinal surgery. Cheng, H; Han, RQ; Liu, HY; Qiao, H; Wang, MR; Zeng, HY, 2012)	0.91
" In addition, etomidate in combination with fentanyl had a shorter induction time and ensured haemodynamic stability."	( Anaesthesia for cardioversion: a prospective randomised comparison of propofol and etomidate combined with fentanyl. Askitopoulou, H; Kalogridaki, M; Kanoupakis, EM; Kasotaki, S; Mavrakis, HE; Panteli, A; Souvatzis, X; Vardas, P, )	0.37
"When combined with femoral and sciatic nerve blocks, procedural sedation has the potential of being an alternative to general anesthesia for orthopedic surgery involving the stifle and structures distal to it in the dog."	( Procedural sedation combined with locoregional anesthesia for orthopedic surgery of the pelvic limb in 10 dogs: case series. Campoy, L; Gleed, RD; Ludders, JW; Martin-Flores, M, 2012)	0.38
"The use of topical pharyngeal anesthesia in combination with target-controlled infusion with propofol in the performance of diagnostic gastroscopy might be eliminated without adversely affecting patient care or outcomes."	( The questionable efficacy of topical pharyngeal anesthesia in combination with propofol sedation in gastroscopy. Chang, CJ; Lin, CC; Liou, SC; Su, MY; Tsai, HI; Tsai, YF; Yu, HP, 2012)	0.83
"To assess the efficacy and safety of sedation of propofol combined with traditional sedative agents (PTSA) for gastrointestinal endoscopy, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing PTSA with propofol-alone sedation."	( Propofol combined with traditional sedative agents versus propofol- alone sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Chen, C; Chen, J; Deng, D; Liu, J; Long, A; Tang, D; Wang, D; Wang, L; Wang, S; Xu, Y; Zhu, Z, 2013)	2.09
"0 mg/kg) combination with (n = 7) or without (8) dexmedetomidine (0."	( Evaluation of a ketamine-propofol drug combination with or without dexmedetomidine for intravenous anesthesia in cats undergoing ovariectomy. Beccaglia, M; Bronzo, V; Comazzi, S; Fonda, D; Gallo, M; Gelain, ME; Ravasio, G; Zonca, A, 2012)	0.68
" We designed this study to investigate whether epidural anaesthesia with a goal-directed approach, when combined with general anaesthesia, improved haemodynamic stability in elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery."	( Epidural anaesthesia with goal-directed administration of ropivacaine improves haemodynamic stability when combined with general anaesthesia in elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Xiao, WP; Yun, X; Zhou, QH, 2013)	0.39
" We applied adaptive-servo ventilation (ASV) and examined the effects of ASV combined with deep propofol sedation on PVI using a NavX."	( Adaptive-servo ventilation combined with deep sedation is an effective strategy during pulmonary vein isolation. Higashiya, S; Hina, K; Hirohata, S; Kamikawa, S; Kawamura, H; Kusachi, S; Murakami, M; Murakami, T; Numa, K; Yamaji, H, 2013)	0.61
"We analysed 75 paroxysmal AF (PAF) patients (62 ± 11 years; 53 men and 22 women) who underwent PVI for treatment of PAF using an ASV system combined with deep sedation (ASV group)."	( Adaptive-servo ventilation combined with deep sedation is an effective strategy during pulmonary vein isolation. Higashiya, S; Hina, K; Hirohata, S; Kamikawa, S; Kawamura, H; Kusachi, S; Murakami, M; Murakami, T; Numa, K; Yamaji, H, 2013)	0.39
"ASV combined with deep sedation is an effective strategy during PVI using the NavX in patients with PAF."	( Adaptive-servo ventilation combined with deep sedation is an effective strategy during pulmonary vein isolation. Higashiya, S; Hina, K; Hirohata, S; Kamikawa, S; Kawamura, H; Kusachi, S; Murakami, M; Murakami, T; Numa, K; Yamaji, H, 2013)	0.39
"We evaluated the potential for QT/corrected QT (QTc) interval prolongation after sugammadex given with propofol or sevoflurane anaesthesia."	( Effect of sugammadex on QT/QTc interval prolongation when combined with QTc-prolonging sevoflurane or propofol anaesthesia. Berg, RJ; Cammu, G; de Kam, PJ; Dennie, J; Grobara, P; Jagt-Smook, ML; Peeters, PA; Ramael, S; van den Heuvel, MW, 2013)	0.82
" The primary variable was the time-matched mean difference in the Fridericia-corrected QT interval (QTcF) change from baseline for sugammadex versus placebo when combined with propofol or sevoflurane."	( Effect of sugammadex on QT/QTc interval prolongation when combined with QTc-prolonging sevoflurane or propofol anaesthesia. Berg, RJ; Cammu, G; de Kam, PJ; Dennie, J; Grobara, P; Jagt-Smook, ML; Peeters, PA; Ramael, S; van den Heuvel, MW, 2013)	0.8
"6 ms when combined with either anaesthetic."	( Effect of sugammadex on QT/QTc interval prolongation when combined with QTc-prolonging sevoflurane or propofol anaesthesia. Berg, RJ; Cammu, G; de Kam, PJ; Dennie, J; Grobara, P; Jagt-Smook, ML; Peeters, PA; Ramael, S; van den Heuvel, MW, 2013)	0.61
"Sugammadex 4 mg/kg does not cause clinically relevant QTc interval prolongation versus placebo when combined with propofol or sevoflurane."	( Effect of sugammadex on QT/QTc interval prolongation when combined with QTc-prolonging sevoflurane or propofol anaesthesia. Berg, RJ; Cammu, G; de Kam, PJ; Dennie, J; Grobara, P; Jagt-Smook, ML; Peeters, PA; Ramael, S; van den Heuvel, MW, 2013)	0.82
"The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the safety, recovery time, and side effects of general anesthesia with different doses of etomidate emulsion combined with remifentanil."	( Clinical study of etomidate emulsion combined with remifentanil in general anesthesia. Huang, M; Jiang, R; Weng, D; Yang, C; Zhan, R, 2013)	0.39
"Continuous infusion of etomidate emulsion at 10 μg · kg(-1) · minute(-1) combined with remifentanil during anesthesia has the advantages of hemodynamic stability, quick wake-up, and few adverse reactions."	( Clinical study of etomidate emulsion combined with remifentanil in general anesthesia. Huang, M; Jiang, R; Weng, D; Yang, C; Zhan, R, 2013)	0.39
"To observe the effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TAES) combined with target controlled infusion of Propofol on the doses of Propofol and adjuvant drugs, and on the resuscitation time of general anesthesia for craniotomy patients."	( [Effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation combined with target controlled infusion of propofol on efficacy of general anesthesia for craniotomy]. Dai, QX; Mo, YC; Wang, DD; Wang, JL; Wang, LL; Wu, Q; Zhang, MX, 2013)	0.81
"TAES combined with target controlled infusion of Propofol can reduce the dosage of Propofol and Nicardipine, and shorten the resuscitation time and tracheal catheter indwelling time in craniotomy patients."	( [Effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation combined with target controlled infusion of propofol on efficacy of general anesthesia for craniotomy]. Dai, QX; Mo, YC; Wang, DD; Wang, JL; Wang, LL; Wu, Q; Zhang, MX, 2013)	0.86
"To determine the safety and effectiveness of electroacupuncture (EA) intervention combined with general anesthesia (GA) for craniocerebral tumor-removal surgery involving cerebral eloquent areas."	( [Electroacupuncture intervention combined with general anesthesia for craniocerebral operations]. Cai, PH; Chen, L; Fei, ZM; Gong, L; Gu, GS; Kong, LJ; Qiu, F; Shu, GW; Wang, JY; Xu, LY; Zhang, J, 2014)	0.4
" In addition, all the patients were given with controlled hypotension by intravenous injection of Propofol and Fentanyl."	( [Electroacupuncture intervention combined with general anesthesia for craniocerebral operations]. Cai, PH; Chen, L; Fei, ZM; Gong, L; Gu, GS; Kong, LJ; Qiu, F; Shu, GW; Wang, JY; Xu, LY; Zhang, J, 2014)	0.62
"EA combined with general anesthesia is safe and effective for patients with craniocerebral tumor-removal operations involving cerebral eloquent areas."	( [Electroacupuncture intervention combined with general anesthesia for craniocerebral operations]. Cai, PH; Chen, L; Fei, ZM; Gong, L; Gu, GS; Kong, LJ; Qiu, F; Shu, GW; Wang, JY; Xu, LY; Zhang, J, 2014)	0.4
" In children and neonates, it is commonly used alone or in combination with thiopental or propofol."	( Sevoflurane in combination with propofol, not thiopental, induces a more robust neuroapoptosis than sevoflurane alone in the neonatal mouse brain. Kimura, K; Mizoguchi, A; Sakuraba, S; Tagawa, T, 2014)	0.91
"To investigate the effects of low-dose ketamine combined with propofol on the antidepressant efficacy in stressed rats undergoing electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and its impact on phosphorylation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor subunit glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) and γ-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit A (GABAAR)."	( Effects of low-dose ketamine combined with propofol on phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit and GABAA receptor in hippocampus of stressed rats receiving electroconvulsive shock. Ao, L; Chen, J; Hao, XC; Li, P; Liu, L; Luo, J; Lv, F; Min, S; Peng, LH, 2015)	0.92
"Low-dose ketamine combined with propofol may play a role in enhancing the antidepressant efficacy of ECS in stressed rats, ameliorating the cognitive impairment associated with ECS by balancing the expression of p-GluR1 and p-GABAAR in the hippocampus of stressed rats."	( Effects of low-dose ketamine combined with propofol on phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit and GABAA receptor in hippocampus of stressed rats receiving electroconvulsive shock. Ao, L; Chen, J; Hao, XC; Li, P; Liu, L; Luo, J; Lv, F; Min, S; Peng, LH, 2015)	0.96
"To explore the clinical anesthesia value of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TAES) combined with general intravenous anesthesia in endoscopic bilateral thyroidectomy patients."	( [The anesthesiologic value of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation combined with general intravenous anesthesia in endoscopic thyroidectomy patients: a clinical study]. Li, YL; Wang, MX; Wu, XY; Yan, YN, 2014)	0.4
"To explore the effectiveness and safety of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) combined with infusion of propofol in anodynia bronchoscopy."	( [Application of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with infusion of propofol in anodynia bronchoscopy]. Lu, XB; Qi, S; Wu, XQ, 2014)	0.83
"In the transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with infusion of propofol in anodynia bronchoscopy, the physical sign of patient is stable with less adverse reactions."	( [Application of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with infusion of propofol in anodynia bronchoscopy]. Lu, XB; Qi, S; Wu, XQ, 2014)	0.85
" Each dog went through all three anaesthetic protocols, which were propofol alone (group P) and propofol combined with dexmedetomidine (3 µg/kg/h, group PD) or remifentanil (18 µg/kg/h, group PR)."	( [Evaluation of heart rate variability for monitoring the depth of anaesthesia in dogs. Investigations based on total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine or remifentanil]. Bergfeld, C; Beyerbach, M; Kästner, SB; Voigt, AM, 2015)	0.85
" This study evaluated the sedative efficacy of intranasal dexmedetomidine in combination with patient-controlled sedation (PCS) for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy."	( Intranasal dexmedetomidine in combination with patient-controlled sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a randomised trial. Cheung, CW; Chu, KM; Irwin, MG; Liu, J; Qiu, Q, 2015)	0.42
"The results of this study suggest that nitrous oxide inhalation combined with propofol sedation attenuates the hypotensive effect and pain associated with propofol injections, along with potentiating the amnesic effect."	( A prospective, randomized controlled trial of conscious sedation using propofol combined with inhaled nitrous oxide for dental treatment. Hanamoto, H; Kudo, C; Morimoto, Y; Niwa, H; Sugimura, M; Yokoe, C, 2015)	0.88
"We compared the effect of propofol and sevoflurane combined with remifentanil under comparable bispectral index (BIS) levels on transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials (TceMEPs) and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs) during brainstem surgery."	( Comparison of the Effects of Propofol and Sevoflurane Combined With Remifentanil on Transcranial Electric Motor-evoked and Somatosensory-evoked Potential Monitoring During Brainstem Surgery. Doménech-Asensi, P; Falcón-Araña, L; Fuentes-García, D; Hernández-Palazón, J; Izura, V; Piqueras-Pérez, C, 2015)	1.01
"Both sevoflurane and propofol at low dosages combined with remifentanil under comparable BIS values and partial muscle relaxation can be used when monitoring of TceMEPs and SSEPs is required for brainstem surgery."	( Comparison of the Effects of Propofol and Sevoflurane Combined With Remifentanil on Transcranial Electric Motor-evoked and Somatosensory-evoked Potential Monitoring During Brainstem Surgery. Doménech-Asensi, P; Falcón-Araña, L; Fuentes-García, D; Hernández-Palazón, J; Izura, V; Piqueras-Pérez, C, 2015)	1.03
"This clinical study was conducted to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) combined with propofol on vital signs and anaesthetic depth in patients."	( [Application of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol in patients undergoing painless colonoscopy for colonic polyps resection under Narcotrend monitoring]. Ji, J; Sun, K; Wang, G; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhou, G, 2015)	0.89
"Under Narcotrend monitoring, the value of DEX combined with low dose of propofol in colonoscopy for colonic polyps resection is to reach more reasonable depth of anesthesia to reduce adverse responses and the dose of propofol."	( [Application of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol in patients undergoing painless colonoscopy for colonic polyps resection under Narcotrend monitoring]. Ji, J; Sun, K; Wang, G; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhou, G, 2015)	0.91
"To investigate cardiorespiratory effects and serum concentration of ropivacaine combined with morphine at different doses."	( Effects of ropivacaine combined with morphine at 0.15 and 0.2 mg kg(-1) in bitches undergoing epidural anesthesia. Albuquerque, VB; Araújo, MA; Arruda, AM; Ferreira, GT; Fonseca, MW; Oliva, VN; ShiChen, L, 2015)	0.42
"This study explored the sedative and analgesic effects of fentanyl combined with propofol via an intrathecal chemotherapy injection for acute leukemia (acute lymphocytic leukemia or acute myelocytic leukemia) among children, to relieve pain and difficulty during intrathecal injection, improve treatment compliance, increase the success rate of single puncture, and reduce procedure failure, with the aim of developing a painless procedure for children with acute leukemia."	( Rapid sedation induced by fentanyl combined with propofol via an intrathecal chemotherapy injection for leukemia in children. Lao, JQ; Tian, X; Tian, YY; Wang, HP; Wei, HY; Yang, YH, 2015)	0.9
"To compare the respective effects of propofol and emulsified isoflurane administered alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine on the quality of induction of anesthesia, physiological variables and recovery in dogs."	( Comparison of the effects of propofol and emulsified isoflurane alone or combined with dexmedetomidine on induction of anesthesia in dogs. Diao, HX; Fan, HG; Gao, PY; Jiang, S; Li, JN; Liu, HY, 2016)	1
"To determine the effects of diazepam combined with ketamine hydrochloride or propofol for induction of anesthesia (IOA) following premedication with sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride (SRB) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in sheep."	( Effects of premedication with sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride and anesthetic induction with ketamine hydrochloride or propofol in combination with diazepam on intraocular pressure in healthy sheep. Gatson, BJ; Granone, TD; Pablo, L; Plummer, CE, 2015)	0.85
"01 mg/kg, SC); after > 4 weeks, each sheep received the other induction combination with no premedication."	( Effects of premedication with sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride and anesthetic induction with ketamine hydrochloride or propofol in combination with diazepam on intraocular pressure in healthy sheep. Gatson, BJ; Granone, TD; Pablo, L; Plummer, CE, 2015)	0.62
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol alone or in combination with a constant-rate infusion (CRI) of remifentanil."	( Hemodynamic effects of target-controlled infusion of propofol alone or in combination with a constant-rate infusion of remifentanil in dogs. Aguiar, AJ; Beier, SL; Massone, F; Mattoso, CR; Vianna, PT, 2015)	0.88
" Therefore, we aim to explore new anaesthetic protocols to be used in zebrafish by studying the quality of anaesthesia and recovery induced by different concentrations of propofol alone and in combination with different concentrations of lidocaine."	( A New Anaesthetic Protocol for Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Propofol Combined with Lidocaine. Antunes, LM; Carvalho, L; Diniz, E; Félix, LM; Valentim, AM, 2016)	0.87
"5 μg/ml of propofol combined with 50, (P/50L), 100 (P/100L) or 150 μg/ml (P/150L) of lidocaine."	( A New Anaesthetic Protocol for Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Propofol Combined with Lidocaine. Antunes, LM; Carvalho, L; Diniz, E; Félix, LM; Valentim, AM, 2016)	1.06
"The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in combination with methadone, midazolam, or both, and (2) the propofol dose required to achieve endotracheal intubation in healthy dogs."	( Comparison of sedation scores and propofol induction doses in dogs after intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with methadone, midazolam, or methadone plus midazolam. Bustamante, R; Canfrán, S; Cediel, R; de Segura, IA; González, P; Re, M, 2016)	0.91
"Propofol is routinely combined with opioid analgesics to ensure adequate anesthesia during surgery."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol and fentanyl in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery - a study of pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions. Bieda, K; Bienert, A; Borsuk, A; Grześkowiak, E; Hartmann-Sobczyńska, R; Kokot, ZJ; Matysiak, J; Przybyłowski, K; Sobczyński, P; Wiczling, P, 2016)	2.14
"To assess the use of dezocine combined with propofol for the anesthetization of patients undergoing indolent colonoscopy."	( Clinical study of anesthetization by dezocine combined with propofol for indolent colonoscopy. Xu, BB; Xu, GP; Zhao, XL, 2016)	0.94
"This study revealed that dezocine combined with propofol can be successfully used for the anesthetization of indolent colonoscopy patients without pain and should be widely used."	( Clinical study of anesthetization by dezocine combined with propofol for indolent colonoscopy. Xu, BB; Xu, GP; Zhao, XL, 2016)	0.93
"To evaluate the effect of dezocine combined with propofol on painless gastroscopy in patients with suspect gastric carcinoma."	( Effect of dezocine combined with propofol on painless gastroscopy in patients with suspect gastric carcinoma. Chen, Z; Ma, C; Ma, J; Xin, W; Zhang, D; Zhang, P; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.97
"Dezocine combined with propofol on painless gastroscopy can reduce the respiratory depression and body movement without interference of hemodynamics."	( Effect of dezocine combined with propofol on painless gastroscopy in patients with suspect gastric carcinoma. Chen, Z; Ma, C; Ma, J; Xin, W; Zhang, D; Zhang, P; Zhang, Y, 2016)	1.03
"To investigate the effects of propofol combined with indomethacin on the contractile function of isolated human pulmonary arteries."	( [Effects of propofol combined with indomethacin on contraction of isolated human pulmonary arteries]. Cui, JX; Deng, CY; Hao, N; Kuang, SJ; Ma, J; Zhang, GY, 2017)	1.12
" The intrapulmonary arteries were dissected and cut into rings under microscope for treatment with propofol or propofol combined with indomethacin."	( [Effects of propofol combined with indomethacin on contraction of isolated human pulmonary arteries]. Cui, JX; Deng, CY; Hao, N; Kuang, SJ; Ma, J; Zhang, GY, 2017)	1.05
"This study aims to describe the administration of propofol in combination with remifentanil for the induction of general anesthesia during cesarean section (CS)."	( Propofol in combination with remifentanil for cesarean section: Placental transfer and effect on mothers and newborns at different induction to delivery intervals. He, K; Hu, L; Pan, J; Shu, S; Wang, R; Yu, J; Zhang, S, 2017)	2.15
"It is safe to administer propofol in combination with remifentanil by continuous infusion after the bolus dose for the induction of anesthesia during cesarean section."	( Propofol in combination with remifentanil for cesarean section: Placental transfer and effect on mothers and newborns at different induction to delivery intervals. He, K; Hu, L; Pan, J; Shu, S; Wang, R; Yu, J; Zhang, S, 2017)	2.2
" This trial will evaluate the effects of propofol combined with small doses of dezocine, oxycodone, sufentanil or fentanyl for gastroscopy."	( Effect of propofol combined with opioids on cough reflex suppression in gastroscopy: study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Cao, YZ; Lu, X; Xia, J; Xie, J; Yin, N; Yuan, J, 2017)	1.12
" Deep sedation by intravenous propofol combined with an opioid has recently become the preferred sedation technique."	( Sedation with propofol during ERCP: is the combination with esketamine more effective and safer than with alfentanil? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. de Jong, E; Eberl, S; Hollmann, MW; Koers, L; Preckel, B; Schneider, T; van Hooft, JE, 2017)	1.1
" The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a loading dose of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol or sevoflurane on hemodynamics during anesthesia maintenance."	( Comparison of a loading dose of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol or sevoflurane for hemodynamic changes during anesthesia maintenance: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Cao, J; Ding, K; Dong, M; Han, L; Han, Y; Sun, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2018)	0.94
"Intraoperative administration of a loading dose of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol in anesthesia maintenance proceeded a significant increase in blood pressure."	( Comparison of a loading dose of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol or sevoflurane for hemodynamic changes during anesthesia maintenance: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Cao, J; Ding, K; Dong, M; Han, L; Han, Y; Sun, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2018)	0.95
"To compare the effects of sevoflurane or propofol combined with remifentanil anesthesia on the clinical efficacy and stress response of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIHS) in cesarean section."	( Effects of sevoflurane or propofol combined with remifentanil anesthesia on clinical efficacy and stress response in pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Guan, Y; Ren, LQ; Sun, XX, 2018)	1.05
"The clinical efficacy of sevoflurane combined with remifentanil anesthesia is better than that of propofol combined with remifentanil, and it can effectively reduce the stress of pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension treated with cesarean section."	( Effects of sevoflurane or propofol combined with remifentanil anesthesia on clinical efficacy and stress response in pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Guan, Y; Ren, LQ; Sun, XX, 2018)	1
"OBJECTIVE To determine global and peripheral perfusion and oxygenation during anesthesia with equipotent doses of desflurane and propofol combined with a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine in horses."	( Comparison of desflurane and propofol at equipotent doses in combination with a constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine on global and peripheral perfusion and oxygenation in horses. Hopster, K; Kästner, SBR; Neudeck, S; Rohn, K; Wittenberg-Voges, L, 2018)	0.98
"To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine combined with sevoflurane for general anesthesia during dental treatment in pediatric patients."	( [Effect of dexmedetomidine combined with sevoflurane for general anesthesia during dental treatment in pediatric patients]. Chai, DD; Ji, J, 2018)	0.48
"Dexmedetomidine combined with sevoflurane not only stabilize hemodynamic parameters, but also reduce the impact on respiration during dental treatment in pediatric patients."	( [Effect of dexmedetomidine combined with sevoflurane for general anesthesia during dental treatment in pediatric patients]. Chai, DD; Ji, J, 2018)	0.48
"The aim of this study was to investigate the sedative effects of medetomidine in combination with midazolam or butorphanol for routine imaging procedures in dogs."	( Randomised clinical trial comparing clinically relevant sedation outcome measures in dogs after intramuscular administration of medetomidine in combination with midazolam or butorphanol for routine diagnostic imaging procedures. Le Chevallier, D; Murrell, JC; Slingsby, L, 2018)	0.48
"The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical efficacy of constant rate infusions (CRIs) of medetomidine-propofol combined with sevoflurane anesthesia in Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing arthroscopic surgery."	( Clinical effects of constant rate infusions of medetomidine-propofol combined with sevoflurane anesthesia in Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing arthroscopic surgery. Arima, D; Ito, H; Kambayashi, Y; Minamijima, Y; Ohta, M; Okano, A; Tokushige, H, 2018)	0.93
"To investigate the effects of propofol combined with hypoxia on cognitive function of immature rats and the possible role of p38 pathway and tau protein in mediating such effects."	( [Propofol combined with hypoxia induces cognitive dysfunction in immature rats Liu, H; Liu, Y; Sun, M; Tian, Q; Tu, S; Yu, Q; Zhang, J, 2018)	1.68
"Propofol combined with hypoxia can affect the expression of tau protein through p38 pathway to impair the cognitive function of immature rats, in which oxygen plays a protective role."	( [Propofol combined with hypoxia induces cognitive dysfunction in immature rats Liu, H; Liu, Y; Sun, M; Tian, Q; Tu, S; Yu, Q; Zhang, J, 2018)	2.83
"To evaluate the effect of postoperative intravenous (IV) acetaminophen (paracetamol) vs placebo combined with IV propofol vs dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium among older patients undergoing cardiac surgery."	( Effect of Intravenous Acetaminophen vs Placebo Combined With Propofol or Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Delirium Among Older Patients Following Cardiac Surgery: The DEXACET Randomized Clinical Trial. Banner-Goodspeed, V; Eikermann, M; Gallagher, J; Gasangwa, D; Marcantonio, ER; Mathur, P; Mueller, A; O'Gara, B; Packiasabapathy, S; Patxot, M; Shaefi, S; Shankar, P; Subramaniam, B; Talmor, D, 2019)	0.97
"Among older patients undergoing cardiac surgery, postoperative scheduled IV acetaminophen, combined with IV propofol or dexmedetomidine, reduced in-hospital delirium vs placebo."	( Effect of Intravenous Acetaminophen vs Placebo Combined With Propofol or Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Delirium Among Older Patients Following Cardiac Surgery: The DEXACET Randomized Clinical Trial. Banner-Goodspeed, V; Eikermann, M; Gallagher, J; Gasangwa, D; Marcantonio, ER; Mathur, P; Mueller, A; O'Gara, B; Packiasabapathy, S; Patxot, M; Shaefi, S; Shankar, P; Subramaniam, B; Talmor, D, 2019)	0.97
" Statistically significant differences were observed for remifentanil in comparison to fentanyl when combined with propofol: Propofol dose (in mg) -76."	( Comparison of Fentanyl, Remifentanil, Sufentanil and Alfentanil in Combination with Propofol for General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sivaramakrishnan, G; Sridharan, K, 2019)	0.95
"To conclude, we found that remifentanil has a statistically significant anesthetic profile than fentanyl when combined with propofol."	( Comparison of Fentanyl, Remifentanil, Sufentanil and Alfentanil in Combination with Propofol for General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sivaramakrishnan, G; Sridharan, K, 2019)	0.95
" This study was designed to find the median effective dose of propofol for intravenous anaesthesia when combined with low-dose sufentanil."	( ED50 of propofol in combination with low-dose sufentanil for intravenous anaesthesia in hysteroscopy. Chen, H; Li, Y; Liu, C; Song, Y; Xiang, B; Yu, J, 2019)	1.19
" Disease-free survival increases with the use of propofol in combination with epidural anesthesia in patients who undergo surgery for infiltrating bladder cancer."	( Anesthesia in Combination with Propofol Increases Disease-Free Survival in Bladder Cancer Patients Who Undergo Radical Tumor Cystectomy as Compared to Inhalational Anesthetics and Opiate-Based Analgesia. Cruz Mañas, J; Diaz Crespo, J; Dominguez Recio, ME; Escalona Belmonte, JJ; Fontaneda Heredia, A; Guerrero Orriach, JL; Herrera Imbroda, B; Malo Manso, A; Raigon Ponferrada, A; Ramirez Aliaga, M; Ramirez Fernandez, A; Rubio Navarro, M; Soriano Perez, AM, 2020)	1.1
" This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of subarachnoid anesthesia combined with propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI) on blood loss and transfusion for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in elderly patients in comparison with combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSEA) or GA."	( Effect of subarachnoid anesthesia combined with propofol target-controlled infusion on blood loss and transfusion for posterior total hip arthroplasty in elderly patients. Qu, XD; Qu, ZJ; Wang, G; Wang, HJ; Xu, CS, 2020)	1.04
"Single subarachnoid anesthesia combined with propofol TCI seems to perform better than CSEA and GA for posterior THA in elderly patients, with less blood loss and peri-operative transfusion, higher patient satisfaction degree and fewer complications."	( Effect of subarachnoid anesthesia combined with propofol target-controlled infusion on blood loss and transfusion for posterior total hip arthroplasty in elderly patients. Qu, XD; Qu, ZJ; Wang, G; Wang, HJ; Xu, CS, 2020)	1.07
"To compare the propofol infusion rate and cardiopulmonary effects during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol alone and propofol combined with methadone, fentanyl or nalbuphine in domestic chickens undergoing ulna osteotomy."	( Total intravenous anesthesia in domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) with propofol alone or in combination with methadone, nalbuphine or fentanyl for ulna osteotomy. Alievi, MM; Boos, MZ; Gutierrez, LG; Herrera, JR; Mombach, VS; Monteiro, ER; Santos, EA, 2020)	1.14
" We performed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) and Google Scholar databases to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before November 2019, and compared the effect of traditional sedative agents (TA) with the effect of propofol/propofol combined with TAs for routine colonoscopy."	( Safety and efficacy of propofol alone or in combination with other agents for sedation of patients undergoing colonoscopy: an updated meta-analysis. Li, HT; Xu, H; Zhang, K, 2020)	1.04
" Sevoflurane or propofol combined with remifentanil are widely used general anesthetic regimens for craniotomy, with neither regimen shown to be superior to the other in terms of neuroprotective efficacy and anesthesia quality."	( Sevoflurane versus PRopofol combined with Remifentanil anesthesia Impact on postoperative Neurologic function in supratentorial Gliomas (SPRING): protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Bebawy, JF; Dong, J; Han, R; Li, J; Li, Y; Lin, N; Liu, X; Nie, L; Peng, Y; Xing, Y; Zeng, M; Zhang, M, 2020)	1.23
" This study explored the safety and satisfaction of patients who received egg retrieval under vaginal topical tetracaine anesthesia combined with intravenous propofol anesthesia."	( Tetracaine combined with propofol for painless oocyte retrieval: from a single center study. Cheng, J; Cheng, Z; Guo, L; Li, C; Lu, Y; Qin, J; Shao, X; Zhou, L, 2020)	1.06
"Results showed that tetracaine combined with propofol anesthesia could effectively reduce the dose of propofol during surgery, ensure the quality of follicles, effectively reduce the postoperative pain and improve the operational satisfaction without affecting the prognosis."	( Tetracaine combined with propofol for painless oocyte retrieval: from a single center study. Cheng, J; Cheng, Z; Guo, L; Li, C; Lu, Y; Qin, J; Shao, X; Zhou, L, 2020)	1.12
"To systematically evaluate the anesthetic effect and safety of sevoflurane combined with propofol in removing tracheal foreign bodies in children."	( Anesthetic effect and safety of sevoflurane combined with propofol in removing tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children. Fan, TL; Hao, YB; Liu, WW; Song, YS; Wang, P; Yang, ZZ; Zhang, SS; Zhang, Y, 2020)	1.02
" Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of sevoflurane combined with propofol for anesthesia during tracheal foreign body extraction in children were collected."	( Anesthetic effect and safety of sevoflurane combined with propofol in removing tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children. Fan, TL; Hao, YB; Liu, WW; Song, YS; Wang, P; Yang, ZZ; Zhang, SS; Zhang, Y, 2020)	1.04
"00001) in the sevoflurane combined with propofol group compared with the control group."	( Anesthetic effect and safety of sevoflurane combined with propofol in removing tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children. Fan, TL; Hao, YB; Liu, WW; Song, YS; Wang, P; Yang, ZZ; Zhang, SS; Zhang, Y, 2020)	1.07
"Sevoflurane combined with propofol is worth popularizing because of its high anesthetic effect and safety in the removal of tracheal foreign bodies in children."	( Anesthetic effect and safety of sevoflurane combined with propofol in removing tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children. Fan, TL; Hao, YB; Liu, WW; Song, YS; Wang, P; Yang, ZZ; Zhang, SS; Zhang, Y, 2020)	1.1
" Nonetheless, only few studies have evaluated the clinical therapeutic effects of lidocaine combination with flurbiprofen axetil to prevent pain on injection of propofol."	( Clinical therapeutic effects of lidocaine combination with flurbiprofen axetil for reducing propofol-induced pain in adults: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Fu, J; Lu, G; Sun, W; Ye, X; Yu, J, 2020)	0.97
"This study will provide high-quality evidence for the clinical therapeutic effects of lidocaine combination with flurbiprofen axetil for reducing pain on injection of propofol in adult patients."	( Clinical therapeutic effects of lidocaine combination with flurbiprofen axetil for reducing propofol-induced pain in adults: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Fu, J; Lu, G; Sun, W; Ye, X; Yu, J, 2020)	0.97
"To compare dexmedetomidine with acepromazine for premedication combined with methadone in dogs undergoing brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) surgery."	( Comparison between dexmedetomidine and acepromazine in combination with methadone for premedication in brachycephalic dogs undergoing surgery for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Auckburally, A; Flaherty, D; Murison, PJ; Petruccione, I, 2021)	0.62
" Thus, Polymyxin B (PMB) in combination with other antimicrobials may be a better choice in clinic."	( In vitro bacteriostatic effects of Polymyxin B combined with Propofol medium and long chain fat emulsion injection against Escherichia coli. Chen, B; Huang, Z; Jiang, H; Liang, G; Liu, W; Mao, G; Qi, L; Ren, Y; Sun, K; Wang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2021)	0.86
"The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration of Polymyxin B combined with Propofol medium and long chain fat emulsion injection and two drugs used alone against Escherichia coli were detected with the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion (K-B) method, and the diameter of the inhibition zone was calculated to evaluate bacteriostatic effects."	( In vitro bacteriostatic effects of Polymyxin B combined with Propofol medium and long chain fat emulsion injection against Escherichia coli. Chen, B; Huang, Z; Jiang, H; Liang, G; Liu, W; Mao, G; Qi, L; Ren, Y; Sun, K; Wang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2021)	1.1
"PMB combined with Propofol medium and long chain fat emulsion injection can improve the bacteriostatic effect for Escherichia coli in vitro."	( In vitro bacteriostatic effects of Polymyxin B combined with Propofol medium and long chain fat emulsion injection against Escherichia coli. Chen, B; Huang, Z; Jiang, H; Liang, G; Liu, W; Mao, G; Qi, L; Ren, Y; Sun, K; Wang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2021)	1.2
" The purpose of this study was to identify the factors and procedure time associated with the use of intravenous sedation with propofol alone or propofol combined with midazolam in dental patients with special needs."	( A comparative study of propofol alone and propofol combined with midazolam for dental treatments in special needs patients. Chen, SL; Chong, SY; Huang, MS; Huang, TS; Lin, IH; Tsai, HH; Wang, PY, 2021)	1.14
"This study attempted to investigate the effect of intravenous anesthesia with dexmedetomidine and propofol combined with seaweed polysaccharides on painless induced abortion."	( Analysis on the effect of intravenous anesthesia with dexmedetomidine and propofol combined with seaweed polysaccharides on hemodynamics and analgesia in pregnant females undergoing painless induced abortion. Han, Y; Liu, Z; Wu, J; Yang, L, 2021)	1.07
" The objective was to determine whether administering remifentanil-propofol combined with dexmedetomidine during general anesthesia would decrease the incidence and severity of postoperative emergence agitation, anxiety, and depression without affecting cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients."	( The effects of remifentanil-propofol combined with dexmedetomidine on cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Gao, XP; Wang, F; Wu, L; Xie, D; Xu, H; Ye, Q, 2022)	1.25
" The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a single loading dose of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol for deep sedation of ERCP in elderly patients."	( Effectiveness of single loading dose of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol for deep sedation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in elderly patients: a prospective randomized study. Chen, M; Gu, C; Huang, X; Li, X; Sun, Y; Xu, Y; Zhang, C, 2022)	1.16
"The single loading dose of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol can reduce propofol consumption and artificial airway intervention and provide better hemodynamic stability than propofol for deep sedation in elderly patients during ERCP."	( Effectiveness of single loading dose of dexmedetomidine combined with propofol for deep sedation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in elderly patients: a prospective randomized study. Chen, M; Gu, C; Huang, X; Li, X; Sun, Y; Xu, Y; Zhang, C, 2022)	1.2
"To compare the sedation regimen Dexmedetomidine alone and its combination with low dose Ketamine through intravenous route in terms of safety, efficacy and recovery profile in uncooperative paediatric dental patients requiring pulpectomy."	( A double-blind randomized controlled trial to compare the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with ketamine in uncooperative and anxious paediatric dental patients requiring pulpectomy. Gupta, N; Haider, K; Mittal, N; Srivastava, B, 2022)	0.72
"Dexmedetomidine either alone or in combination with ketamine proved to be a safe and efficacious agent for paediatric dental sedation."	( A double-blind randomized controlled trial to compare the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with ketamine in uncooperative and anxious paediatric dental patients requiring pulpectomy. Gupta, N; Haider, K; Mittal, N; Srivastava, B, 2022)	0.72
"To observe the effect of Ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine prior administration on hemodynamics and postoperative sedation in patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair."	( Effect of ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine prior administration on hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair. Cai, Z; Fu, B; Kang, Y; Li, Y; Wang, J; Wu, Y, 2022)	0.72
"100 male patients aged 60 to 80 years old, a line to elective laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair, were randomly divided into four groups: control group (Group A) and dezocine group (Group B), ketorolac tromethamine group (Group C), ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine group (Group D)."	( Effect of ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine prior administration on hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair. Cai, Z; Fu, B; Kang, Y; Li, Y; Wang, J; Wu, Y, 2022)	0.72
" The objective was to observe the effect of etomidate combined with dexmedetomidine on adrenocortical function in elderly patients."	( Effects of etomidate combined with dexmedetomidine on adrenocortical function in elderly patients: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Gao, L; Li, J; Wang, F; Wang, N; Yang, Z; Zeng, S, 2022)	0.72
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of propofol anesthesia combined with remifentanil on inflammation, stress response, and immune function in children undergoing tonsil and adenoid surgery."	( Effects of Propofol anesthesia combined with remifentanil on inflammation, stress response and immune function in children undergoing tonsil and adenoid surgery. Huang, S; Qin, B; Wang, Z; Wu, X; Yang, X; Zhu, X, 2022)	1.35
"In order to investigate the effect of remifentanil combined with propofol on awakening of craniotomy for tumor, a retrospective analysis is conducted."	( The Efficacy of Remifentanil Combined with Propofol in Craniotomy for Tumor Was Evaluated by Wake Quality, Hemodynamics, and Adverse Reactions. Chen, J; Han, Y; Zhou, Q, 2022)	1.22
" Our study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of remimazolam combined with alfentanil in colonoscopic polypectomy."	( Sedative effect of remimazolam combined with alfentanil in colonoscopic polypectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Chu, T; Wang, J; Xin, Y; Xu, A, 2022)	0.72
"Remimazolam combined with alfentanil have a non-inferior sedative effect than propofol during the colonoscopic polypectomy."	( Sedative effect of remimazolam combined with alfentanil in colonoscopic polypectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Chu, T; Wang, J; Xin, Y; Xu, A, 2022)	0.95
"Propofol intravenous anesthesia combined with press-needle therapy can ameliorate the analgesic impacts during painless abortion, reduce postoperative uterine contraction pain, inhibit the release of postoperative pain mediators, and improve the stress state of the body."	( Effect of Propofol Intravenous Anesthesia Combined with Press-Needle Therapy on Analgesic Effect during Painless Abortion. Chen, C; Fan, B; He, X; Liu, J; Wang, H; Wu, S; Zhu, X, 2022)	2.57
" Studies have shown that the application of propofol combined with ketamine in painless gastrointestinal endoscopy is beneficial to reduce the dosage of propofol and the incidence of related complications."	( Efficacy and safety of subanesthetic doses of esketamine combined with propofol in painless gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Li, J; Li, S; Li, Y; Liang, S; Liang, Z; Luo, Q; Yang, Z; Zhan, Y, 2022)	1.22
"It was aimed at the therapeutic value of loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) under propofol intravenous anesthesia combined with nano-silver gel in chronic cervicitis."	( Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure under Propofol Intravenous Anesthesia Combined with Nano-Silver Gel in the Treatment of Cervicitis. Fan, W; Liu, Z; Sun, X; Zou, X, 2022)	1.2
"In order to explore more ideal intravenous anesthesia drug in clinical practice, the analgesic effect of remazolam combined with etomidate in painless gastroenteroscopy and its effect on stress response is investigated."	( Analysis of Stress Response and Analgesic Effect of Remazolam Combined with Etomidate in Painless Gastroenteroscopy. Liu, G; Xiong, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Propofol combined with remifentanil is the most common anesthesia method in laparoscopic hysteromyomectomy."	( Effect of Parecoxib Sodium Combined with Dexmedetomidine on Analgesia and Postoperative Pain of Patients Undergoing Hysteromyomectomy. Chen, Y; Hou, J; Liu, F; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y, 2022)	2.16
"To determine the effect of parecoxib sodium combined with dexmedetomidine on analgesia and postoperative pain of patients undergoing hysteromyomectomy."	( Effect of Parecoxib Sodium Combined with Dexmedetomidine on Analgesia and Postoperative Pain of Patients Undergoing Hysteromyomectomy. Chen, Y; Hou, J; Liu, F; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Among them, 35 patients treated with parecoxib sodium were assigned to the control group, while the rest 37 patients treated with parecoxib sodium combined with dexmedetomidine were assigned to the research group."	( Effect of Parecoxib Sodium Combined with Dexmedetomidine on Analgesia and Postoperative Pain of Patients Undergoing Hysteromyomectomy. Chen, Y; Hou, J; Liu, F; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Parecoxib sodium combined with dexmedetomidine can effectively control the postoperative pain of patients undergoing hysteromyomectomy, reduce the incidence of agitation, and effectively control serum cortisol and melatonin in them."	( Effect of Parecoxib Sodium Combined with Dexmedetomidine on Analgesia and Postoperative Pain of Patients Undergoing Hysteromyomectomy. Chen, Y; Hou, J; Liu, F; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y, 2022)	0.72
"To investigate the effect of applying remimazolam combined with esketamine for anesthesia in painless gastroenteroscopy on patients' circulatory and respiratory function."	( Effects of Remimazolam Combined with Esketamine Anesthesia on Circulatory and Respiratory Function during Painless Gastroenteroscopy. Guo, X; Lu, C; Qian, J; Ren, J, 2022)	0.72
"Remimazolam combined with esketamine anesthesia has the same advantages of rapid awakening compared with propofol anesthesia."	( Effects of Remimazolam Combined with Esketamine Anesthesia on Circulatory and Respiratory Function during Painless Gastroenteroscopy. Guo, X; Lu, C; Qian, J; Ren, J, 2022)	0.94
" However, the effects and safety of remimazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine have not been investigated."	( Clinical effects of remimazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine in patients receiving bronchoscopy and influences on postoperative cognitive function: a randomized-controlled trial. Cao, L; Gao, S; Li, L; Wang, T; Yang, S, 2023)	0.91
"We sought to investigate the clinical effects of remimazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine in bronchoscopy, and their influence on cognitive function."	( Clinical effects of remimazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine in patients receiving bronchoscopy and influences on postoperative cognitive function: a randomized-controlled trial. Cao, L; Gao, S; Li, L; Wang, T; Yang, S, 2023)	0.91
"Propofol combined with opioids can reduce the dosage of propofol and improve the safety of endoscopy."	( Sedative effect and safety of different doses of S-ketamine in combination with propofol during gastro-duodenoscopy in school-aged children: a prospective, randomized study. Hu, W; Huang, X; Ren, W; Wang, J; Zhang, B; Zhao, X, 2022)	2.39
" Here this study is to investigate whether remimazolam combined with low-dose propofol can improve the sedation effect and safety of hysteroscopy."	( Remimazolam Tosylate Combined with Low-Dose Propofol Improves Sedation and Safety in Hysteroscopy. Chang, H; Liao, Q; Qing, W; Tong, J; Yu, R; Zhang, F, 2022)	1.21
"Remimazolam tosylate combined with low dose of propofol improved sedation and safety in hysteroscopy, and may be a more ideal sedative method for hysteroscopy."	( Remimazolam Tosylate Combined with Low-Dose Propofol Improves Sedation and Safety in Hysteroscopy. Chang, H; Liao, Q; Qing, W; Tong, J; Yu, R; Zhang, F, 2022)	1.24
"Propofol can be used alone or in combination with opioids during gastroscopy."	( A comparative study on the efficacy and safety of propofol combined with different doses of alfentanil in gastroscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Guan, ZY; Wang, CM; Wang, LL; Zhang, J; Zhang, YW; Zhao, P, 2023)	2.61
"5 mg/kg propofol combined with 3 μg/kg alfentanil is more suitable for patients undergoing gastroscopy, and the dose of alfentanil can be reduced according to the patient's actual physical condition."	( A comparative study on the efficacy and safety of propofol combined with different doses of alfentanil in gastroscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Guan, ZY; Wang, CM; Wang, LL; Zhang, J; Zhang, YW; Zhao, P, 2023)	1.6
"To explore the effects and safety of low dose of esketamine combined with propofol in elderly patients undergoing fibronchoscopy."	( Low dose of esketamine combined with propofol in painless fibronchoscopy in elderly patients. Chen, Z; Du, T; Feng, Y; Wang, J, 2022)	1.23
"The aim of this study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of different doses of oxycodone in combination with propofol during painless gastroscopy."	( Differential dosing of oxycodone in combination with propofol in diagnostic painless gastroscopy in elderly patients: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Li, YP; Zhou, Y, 2022)	1.18
"05 mg/kg oxycodone in combination with propofol can be used safely and effectively for painless gastroscopy, with the advantages of a low propofol dose, maintenance of hemodynamic stability and few adverse effects."	( Differential dosing of oxycodone in combination with propofol in diagnostic painless gastroscopy in elderly patients: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Li, YP; Zhou, Y, 2022)	1.24
" We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial to compare etomidate alone with etomidate combined with oxycodone in elderly patients undergoing painless gastroscopy."	( Safety and efficacy of etomidate in combination with oxycodone in painless gastroscopic procedures in the elderly: A prospective randomized controlled trial study. Li, YP; Zhou, Y, 2023)	0.91
"Etomidate in combination with oxycodone for painless gastroscopic operation in the elderly is a safe and effective anesthetic strategy."	( Safety and efficacy of etomidate in combination with oxycodone in painless gastroscopic procedures in the elderly: A prospective randomized controlled trial study. Li, YP; Zhou, Y, 2023)	0.91
"To evaluate the adverse effects and particularly the anesthetic effect of low-dose etomidate combined with oxycodone and midazolam in endoscopic injection sclerotherapy."	( Application of low-dose etomidate combined with oxycodone and midazolam in endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. Cao, Y; Hao, S; Quan, Z; Yao, J; Zhou, C, 2023)	0.91
"Low-dose etomidate combined with oxycodone and midazolam for endoscopic injection sclerotherapy could reduce the incidence of hypoxia without increasing the incidence of complications."	( Application of low-dose etomidate combined with oxycodone and midazolam in endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. Cao, Y; Hao, S; Quan, Z; Yao, J; Zhou, C, 2023)	0.91
"This study aims to observe the safety and effectiveness of remimazolam benzenesulfonate combined with alfentanil for painless and comfort anesthesia in plastic surgery."	( Use of Remimazolam Combined With Alfentanil for Plastic Surgery Anesthesia Cases: A Clinical Trial. Huang, Y; Sun, H; Tan, X; Xu, K, 2023)	0.91
"Remimazolam benzenesulfonate combined with alfentanil can be used as a comfort anesthesia and painless anesthesia protocol in plastic surgery, which has the advantages of rapid onset of action, safety and comfort for patients, rapid recovery, and good cooperation."	( Use of Remimazolam Combined With Alfentanil for Plastic Surgery Anesthesia Cases: A Clinical Trial. Huang, Y; Sun, H; Tan, X; Xu, K, 2023)	0.91
" The objective of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy profiles of the remimazolam and propofol when combined with alfentanil for sedation during ERCP procedures."	( A randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing remimazolam to propofol when combined with alfentanil for sedation during ERCP procedures. Chen, HR; Dong, SA; Guo, Y; Li, HX; Li, WZ; Liu, SS; Song, K; Wang, JH; Wu, LL; Wu, LN; Yu, JB; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.36
"During elective ERCP, patients administered with remimazolam showed fewer respiratory depression events under deep sedation with hemodynamic advantages over propofol when administered in combination with alfentanil."	( A randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing remimazolam to propofol when combined with alfentanil for sedation during ERCP procedures. Chen, HR; Dong, SA; Guo, Y; Li, HX; Li, WZ; Liu, SS; Song, K; Wang, JH; Wu, LL; Wu, LN; Yu, JB; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.35
" Owing to the lag of knowledge in the above said facts, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of propofol combined with sufentanil on the expression of Bax, BCL-2, and caspase-3 genes in spontaneously hypertensive rats suffering with cerebral hemorrhage."	( Effects of Propofol Combined with Sufentanil Target-Controlled Intravenous Anesthesia on Expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 Genes in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats with Cerebral Hemorrhage: a Prospective Case-Controlled Study. Ke, Y; Lei, L; Qiao, X; Siqi, Y, 2023)	1.51
"To observe the effect of low-dose propofol combined with dexamethasone on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in gynaecological day surgery under remimazolam-based general anesthesia."	( Effect of low-dose propofol combined with dexamethasone on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynaecological day surgery under remimazolam-based general anesthesia. Ji, F; Liu, M; Man, Y; Wei, Y; Xiao, H, 2023)	1.52
"The effect of low-dose propofol combined with dexamethasone to prevent PONV under remimazolam-based general anesthesia was similar to that of droperidol combined with dexamethasone, both of which significantly reduced the incidence of PONV in the PACU compared to dexamethasone alone."	( Effect of low-dose propofol combined with dexamethasone on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynaecological day surgery under remimazolam-based general anesthesia. Ji, F; Liu, M; Man, Y; Wei, Y; Xiao, H, 2023)	1.55
"To test the effectiveness of low-dose midazolam combined with verbal sedation during TEE."	( Efficacy of Low Doses of Midazolam in Combination with Verbal Sedation during Transesophageal Echocardiography. Haitov, Z; Leitman, M; Pilcha, I; Tyomkin, V, 2023)	0.91
" All patients received local pharyngeal anesthesia and low doses of midazolam combined with verbal sedation."	( Efficacy of Low Doses of Midazolam in Combination with Verbal Sedation during Transesophageal Echocardiography. Haitov, Z; Leitman, M; Pilcha, I; Tyomkin, V, 2023)	0.91
" In 6% of the patients, low dose midazolam in combination with verbal sedation was insufficient and propofol was administrated."	( Efficacy of Low Doses of Midazolam in Combination with Verbal Sedation during Transesophageal Echocardiography. Haitov, Z; Leitman, M; Pilcha, I; Tyomkin, V, 2023)	1.13
"In most patients, TEE can be conducted easily using low-dose midazolam combined with verbal sedation."	( Efficacy of Low Doses of Midazolam in Combination with Verbal Sedation during Transesophageal Echocardiography. Haitov, Z; Leitman, M; Pilcha, I; Tyomkin, V, 2023)	0.91
" Propofol is a commonly used sedative, frequently combined with an opioid or low-dose ketamine as an analgesic."	( Low-dose ketamine or opioids combined with propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department: a systematic review. De Vries, LJ; Lameijer, H; Van Roon, EN; Veeger, NJGM, 2023)	2.08
"This study examined how etomidate combined with propofol affected cognitive function, inflammation, and immunity in patients undergoing gastric cancer surgery."	( Influences of Etomidate Combined with Propofol on Cognitive Function, Inflammation and Immunity in Patients Undergoing Gastric Cancer Surgery. Tian, X, 2023)	1.44
" Low dose of remimazolam when combined with esketamine has favorable profiles with rapid onset and recovery, but mild hemodynamic side effects and adverse events."	( Remimazolam versus propofol in combination with esketamine for surgical abortion: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Chen, J; Li, N; Ma, X; Wan, Z; Wang, J; Yang, L; Yue, L, 2023)	1.24
" The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil in patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy with preserved spontaneous breathing."	( Effectiveness of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil for fiberoptic bronchoscopy with preserved spontaneous breathing: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Chen, ZJ; Li, JY; Wang, JF; Xu, L; Yu, L; Zhang, L, 2023)	0.91
"Remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil for painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy can better preserve the patient's spontaneous breathing and reduce the incidence of respiratory depression during the inspection than propofol."	( Effectiveness of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil for fiberoptic bronchoscopy with preserved spontaneous breathing: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Chen, ZJ; Li, JY; Wang, JF; Xu, L; Yu, L; Zhang, L, 2023)	1.1
" The effect of esketamine combined with other common anesthetics on IOP has been underinvestigated."	( Effect of intravenous induction with different doses of Esketamine combined with propofol and sufentanil on intraocular pressure among pediatric strabismus surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Luo, J; Sun, R; Yin, K; Zhang, Z; Zhao, D, 2023)	1.14
"Propofol combined with sufentanil significantly decreased IOP during the induction of general anesthesia."	( Effect of intravenous induction with different doses of Esketamine combined with propofol and sufentanil on intraocular pressure among pediatric strabismus surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Luo, J; Sun, R; Yin, K; Zhang, Z; Zhao, D, 2023)	2.58
" In this study, we studied the efficacy and safety of remazolam combined with propofol for painless gastroscopy."	( The study of different dosages of remazolam combined with sufentanil and propofol on painless gastroscopy: A randomized controlled trial. Dong, S; Tian, Y; Wu, W; Wu, X; Zeng, L; Zhang, T, 2023)	1.37
"Remazolam 3mg combined with sufentanil and propofol have less effect on hemodynamics in painless gastroscopy, and the patients have shorter awakening time."	( The study of different dosages of remazolam combined with sufentanil and propofol on painless gastroscopy: A randomized controlled trial. Dong, S; Tian, Y; Wu, W; Wu, X; Zeng, L; Zhang, T, 2023)	1.4
"Remimazolam combined with sufentanil for general anesthesia induction has the advantages of small hemodynamic fluctuations, stable circulation, and few adverse reactions, making it suitable for elderly patients with mild hypertension."	( Effects of remimazolam combined with sufentanil on hemodynamics during anesthetic induction in elderly patients with mild hypertension undergoing orthopedic surgery of the lower limbs: a randomized controlled trial. Duan, G; Lan, H; Shan, W; Wu, J; Xu, Q, 2023)	0.91
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the anesthetic effect of different doses of alfentanil combined with ciprofol in elderly patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)."	( Comparison of anesthetic effects of different doses of alfentanil combined with ciprofol in elderly patients undergoing ERCP: a randomized controlled trial. Gu, X; Hu, J; Ji, F; Liu, N; Luo, Y; Zhu, W; Zhu, X, 2023)	0.91
"25μg/kg/min combined with ciprofol were low, and the anesthetic effect was the best."	( Comparison of anesthetic effects of different doses of alfentanil combined with ciprofol in elderly patients undergoing ERCP: a randomized controlled trial. Gu, X; Hu, J; Ji, F; Liu, N; Luo, Y; Zhu, W; Zhu, X, 2023)	0.91

Bioavailability

We hypothesized that propofol increases nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation by enhancing its bioavailability in the aged adult vasculature. This was evaluated in anesthetised and conscious rats and mini-pigs. We examined whether ARG1 and ARG2 genotypes and haplotypes affect the changes in blood pressure and NO bioavailability.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The mean bioavailability by the rectal route was low."	( A comparative study of intravenous and rectal administration of propofol in piglets. Cozanitis, DA; Levonen, K; Marvola, M; Rosenberg, PH; Sandholm, M, 1991)	0.52
" Diazepam, which produces good tranquilization, is well absorbed when given orally though absorption is influenced by other drugs given at the same time."	( New drugs--boon or bane? Premedication and intravenous induction agents. Clarke, RS, 1983)	0.27
"A postoperative decrease in the gastric emptying (GE) rate may delay the early start of oral feeding and alter the bioavailability of orally administered drugs."	( The effect of anesthetic technique on early postoperative gastric emptying: comparison of propofol-remifentanil and opioid-free sevoflurane anesthesia. Lövqvist, A; Thörn, SE; Walldén, J; Wattwil, L; Wattwil, M, 2006)	0.55
" We hypothesized that propofol increases nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation by enhancing its bioavailability in the aged adult vasculature, leading to greater vasodilation than in the young adult."	( The effects of propofol on vascular function in mesenteric arteries of the aging rat. Davidge, ST; Gragasin, FS, 2009)	1.02
" This was evaluated in anesthetised and conscious rats and mini-pigs, to measure the relative bioavailability of propofol following buccal administration, but also partly to evaluate the animal models used for this investigation."	( Buccal absorption of propofol when dosed in 1-perfluorobutylpentane to anaesthetised and conscious Wistar rats and Göttingen mini-pigs. Holm, P; Holm, R; Quintel, M; Theisinger, S; Thiel, M; Tsagogiorgas, C, 2013)	0.92
" Bioavailability after oral administration vs."	( Drug Pharmacokinetics Determined by Real-Time Analysis of Mouse Breath. Bregy, L; Brown, SA; Dallmann, R; Detmar, M; Hollmén, M; Kohler, M; Li, X; Martinez-Lozano Sinues, P; Proulx, S; Zenobi, R, 2015)	0.42
" The purpose of the studies described here was to evaluate, in both animals and human volunteers, whether fospropofol (a water soluble phosphate ester prodrug of propofol) would provide higher propofol bioavailability through non-intravenous routes."	( Gastrointestinal delivery of propofol from fospropofol: its bioavailability and activity in rodents and human volunteers. Mistry, BM; Rais, R; Slusher, BS; Vornov, JJ; Wozniak, KM; Wu, Y, 2015)	0.92
"In rats, bioavailability of propofol from fospropofol delivered orally was found to be appreciable, in the order of around 20-70%, depending on dose."	( Gastrointestinal delivery of propofol from fospropofol: its bioavailability and activity in rodents and human volunteers. Mistry, BM; Rais, R; Slusher, BS; Vornov, JJ; Wozniak, KM; Wu, Y, 2015)	1
" On the basis of plasma concentrations of compound 1 and SN38 (14), the oral bioavailability of compound 3a and 15 in beagle dogs was found to be 97."	( Oral Delivery of Propofol with Methoxymethylphosphonic Acid as the Delivery Vehicle. Chu, H; Gao, Q; Gong, A; Huang, Q; Huang, X; Lei, B; Li, P; Li, Y; Liao, P; Liu, J; Lu, Y; Luo, X; Ni, J; Qian, G; Qin, L; Qiu, G; Tang, P; Wei, Y; Yan, P; Yu, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, X; Zheng, S; Zhou, Y; Zhu, G, 2017)	0.79
" These findings suggest that increased NO bioavailability may account for the enhanced hypotensive effects of propofol in ACEi-treated patients."	( Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors enhance the hypotensive effects of propofol by increasing nitric oxide production. Ferreira, GC; Garcia, LV; Garcia, WNP; Lacchini, R; Oliveira-Paula, GH; Pinheiro, LC; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2018)	0.92
" We examined here whether NOS3 polymorphisms (rs2070744, 4b/4a VNTR, rs3918226 and rs1799983) and haplotypes affect the changes in blood pressure and NO bioavailability induced by propofol."	( Endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms affect the changes in blood pressure and nitric oxide bioavailability induced by propofol. Ferreira, GC; Garcia, LV; Garcia, WNP; Lacchini, R; Luizon, MR; Oliveira-Paula, GH; Pinheiro, LC; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2018)	0.88
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" At the same time, using nanoemulsion as a carrier in a drug delivery system can improve the solubility and loading capacity of poorly soluble drugs, and increase the absorption rate and bioavailability of fat-soluble drugs in the body."	( Effect of Compound Propofol Nanoemulsion on Immune Function in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer. Wang, Z; Zhou, S, 2021)	0.95
" We examined here whether ARG1 and ARG2 genotypes and haplotypes affect the changes in blood pressure and NO bioavailability in response to propofol."	( Arginase II polymorphisms modify the hypotensive responses to propofol by affecting nitric oxide bioavailability. Coeli-Lacchini, FB; Ferezin, LP; Ferreira, GC; Garcia, LV; Lacchini, R; Oliveira-Paula, GH; Paula-Garcia, WN; Pinheiro, LC; Tanus-Santos, JE, 2021)	1.06

Dosage Studied

The dose-response curve for the effect of volatile anesthetics on the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) is well described, but for propofol, the large dose segment of the curve is undefined. The primary objective of the present study was to compare the dosage of intravenous Propofol required in patients being sedated with propofols alone with the dosage needed in patients who also received an oral dose of midazolam.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Dose-response curves were monophasic and linear over this range."	( Propofol and barbiturate depression of spinal nociceptive neurotransmission. Gibbs, LM; Jewett, BA; Kendig, JJ; Tarasiuk, A, 1992)	1.73
" Quantal dose-response curves were determined in 400 female patients for the drugs individually and in combination."	( Hypnotic and anaesthetic interactions between midazolam, propofol and alfentanil. Chui, PT; Plummer, JL; Short, TG, 1992)	0.53
" The postoperative peridural dosage of 5 mg morphine (three times in 24 h) was very effective."	( [Continuous peridural anesthesia in abdominal surgery. An alternative for elderly patients]. Fuchs, C, 1992)	0.28
" Cardiovascular effects did not differ significantly between dosage groups or with the use of additional propofol."	( Propofol induction for laryngeal mask airway insertion: dose requirement and cardiorespiratory effects. Bjorksten, A; Blake, DW; Dawson, P; Donnan, G, 1992)	1.94
" Log-probit dose-response curves for these end-points were determined 30, 60 and 90 s after induction in 96 unpremedicated ASA group I patients."	( Induction dose-responses studies with propofol and thiopentone. el-Gammal, M; Gomma, M; Naguib, M; Sari-Kouzel, A; Seraj, M, 1992)	0.55
" The present study was designed to find the best dosage regimen for short operations and rapid changes."	( [The use of propofol during diskectomy in neurosurgery]. Abbushi, W; Egbert, R; Entholzner, E; Hargasser, S; Hipp, R; Petrowicz, O; Trappe, AE, 1992)	0.66
" Although the propofol dosage requirements to maintain comparable levels of sedation were similar in both groups, midazolam decreased patients' recall of intraoperative events (e."	( Midazolam in combination with propofol for sedation during local anesthesia. Ghouri, AF; Taylor, E; White, PF, )	0.78
" Using end-points of "hypnosis" (loss of response to verbal command) and "anaesthesia" (loss of response to a 5-s transcutaneous tetanic stimulus), we determined dose-response curves for propofol and midazolam alone and in combination."	( Propofol and midazolam act synergistically in combination. Chui, PT; Short, TG, 1991)	1.91
" Dosage depends particularly on age, injection speed and premedication."	( [Propofol in pediatric anesthesia]. Saint-Maurice, C, 1991)	1.19
" The findings indicate that with the dosage forms used here, propofol would be clinically ineffective if given rectally to human infants and children."	( A comparative study of intravenous and rectal administration of propofol in piglets. Cozanitis, DA; Levonen, K; Marvola, M; Rosenberg, PH; Sandholm, M, 1991)	0.76
" The intraoperative dosage is low (50-100 micrograms."	( [Clinical use of propofol in neuroanesthesia]. Chiolero, R; Ravussin, P; Revelly, JP, 1991)	0.62
" The dose-response curves were determined by probit analysis."	( Thiopentone-propofol hypnotic synergism in patients. Naguib, M; Sari-Kouzel, A, 1991)	0.66
" During a 60 minutes period the patients were first anaesthesized with an ED50 and then titrated to a dosage correlating with an ED95."	( [O2 uptake and CO2 production during total intravenous propofol-alfentanil anesthesia under steady-state conditions. Is O2 uptake a parameter for assessing the depth of anesthesia?]. Hausmann, D; Krajewski, W; Schüttler, J; Stoeckel, H, 1991)	0.53
" These data contrast with other studies in which dosage was based on total body mass where a decrease in dose requirement with age was demonstrated."	( Lean tissue mass is a useful predictor of induction dose requirements for propofol. Crankshaw, DP; Leslie, K, 1991)	0.51
" In each patient the dosage of the drugs was adjusted to obtain the optimum responses during induction and maintenance."	( [Propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia during heart surgery. Results of pharmacological studies in man]. Haverich, A; Kirchner, E; Lübbe, N; Schaps, D; Seitz, W, 1991)	1.19
"Three different dosage schemes of propofol infusions combined with a fixed-rate alfentanil infusion were investigated in total intravenous anaesthesia."	( Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol, alfentanil, and oxygen-air: three different dosage schemes. Deen, L; Helmers, HJ; van Leeuwen, L; Zuurmond, WW, 1990)	0.84
" From the dose-response study of propofol, we can get the ED50 and induction dose of propofol and compare those with other anesthetics."	( [Dose-response relationships of propofol in Chinese]. Ho, ST; Ho, W; Hwang, JJ; Liu, HS; Liu, YC, 1990)	0.84
" The average anaesthetic dosage and the neuromuscular recovery time have been valued, keeping constant the dose of analgesic."	( [Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol vs. propofol/N2O anesthesia]. Cervi, R; D'Angelo, C; Perin, S; Pincelli, D; Vacca, F, 1990)	0.56
" Consequently, drug accumulation may occur with repeated dosing or infusion of propofol."	( Hepatic and extrahepatic disposition of propofol in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Bircher, J; Kellermann, M; Lange, H; Rieke, H; Sonntag, H; Stephan, H, 1990)	0.77
" An increase in dosage would be necessary in children above 8 years old."	( [Pediatric anesthesia and pharmacokinetics of propofol administered at a constant rate]. Barale, F; Clément, G; Kantelip, JP; Lassauge, F; Magnin, P; Pequegnot, C; Stimmesse, B; Succi, C; Than, TT, 1990)	0.54
"A dose-response curve for loss of consciousness after administration of propofol was obtained using 56 unselected, premedicated patients presenting for surgery."	( Potency of propofol for loss of consciousness after a single dose. Crankshaw, DP; Leslie, K, 1990)	0.9
" Inadequate dosage produces the extremely unpleasant phenomenon of intra-operative awareness."	( Computer applications in intravenous anaesthetic administration. Heining, MP; Jaklitch, RR; Jordan, WS, 1986)	0.27
" Used as an induction and maintenance agent, its anaesthetic properties, dosage requirements and side-effects were compared with those of thiopentone in 40 American Society of Anesthesiologists class I and II patients scheduled for routine oesophagoscopy."	( The use of propofol in a group of older patients undergoing oesophagoscopy. Foster, PA; Steegers, PA, 1988)	0.66
" The mean duration of anaesthesia was 12 minutes 12 seconds and the mean dosage of propofol was 10."	( Multicentre study of propofol in day case surgery. Blades, JF; Sanderson, JH, 1988)	0.82
"The induction characteristics, dosage requirements, cardiovascular and respiratory effects of propofol with added lignocaine were compared with those of thiopentone and halothane inhalational induction in two groups of children aged 1-5 years and 5-10 years."	( Propofol for induction of anaesthesia in children. A comparison with thiopentone and halothane inhalational induction. Christie, G; Grant, IS; Gray, IG; Morton, NS; Wee, M, 1988)	1.94
" Pharmacokinetic data were fully evaluated in 5 patients whose dosing and sampling regimen did not differ from the methods described above."	( An investigation of the pharmacokinetic profile of propofol ('Diprivan') after administration for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia by repeat bolus doses in patients having spinal anaesthetic block. Knell, PJ; McKean, JF, 1985)	0.52
" and an infusion (150 micrograms kg-1 min-1 for 30 min and 75 micrograms kg-1 min-1 thereafter) on the pharmacodynamics and dose-response curves of atracurium and vecuronium were studied in 52 healthy (ASA I or II) patients."	( Some effects of diisopropyl phenol (ICI 35 868) on the pharmacodynamics of atracurium and vecuronium in anaesthetized man. Booij, LH; Crul, JF; Fragen, RJ; Robertson, EN; van Egmond, J, 1983)	0.27
" Maintenance dosage of 200 micrograms/kg/minute provided good operating conditions and rapid uncomplicated recovery in spontaneously breathing patients, while 150 micrograms/kg/minute proved inadequate to prevent patient movement."	( Disoprofol and fentanyl for total intravenous anaesthesia. Major, E; Verniquet, AJ; Waddell, TK; Yate, PM, 1982)	0.26
"90 for propofol), number of times dosage had to be changed (2."	( [Isoflurane versus propofol for sedation after heart surgery]. Cóbreces, MJ; Cortejoso, J; Gómez, JI; Tamayo, E, )	0.91
" Analysis of statistical significance was based on the log-probit lines of the quantal dose-response for the respective control and test groups, calculated 50% effective doses (ED50), the potency ratios (ED50higher/ED50lower) and their 95% confidence limits."	( Propofol modulates the effects of chemoconvulsants acting at GABAergic, glycinergic, and glutamate receptor subtypes. Bansinath, M; Shukla, VK; Turndorf, H, 1995)	1.73
" Patients were randomly assigned to one of four propofol dosage groups."	( Propofol infusion during regional anesthesia: sedative, amnestic, and anxiolytic properties. Ding, Y; Monk, TG; Smith, I; White, PF, 1994)	1.99
" Ketamine-fentanyl-propofol combination at a dosage of 30-0."	( Comparison of anesthesia induced by ketamine-fentanyl combination and maintained by propofol or etomidate in New Zealand white rabbits. Griffith, JW; Lang, CM; Luo, Y; Russell, GB, 1995)	0.84
" Morphine, pethidine and fentanyl, which showed a biphasic dose-response relationship with respect to seizure modulation, abolished the anticonvulsant activity of propofol to exhibit their own intrinsic activity in proconvulsant doses."	( Interactions between opioid drugs and propofol in laboratory models of seizures. Ahmad, I; Pleuvry, BJ, 1995)	0.76
" This synergism varies considerably according to the different drugs, the different endpoints of anaesthesia and the differently combined dosage of both agents."	( [The art of reasonable combining drugs in anesthesia]. Glass, PS, 1994)	0.29
" All users were anaesthetists, so that experience of administration and dosage was extremely helpful."	( [Propofol in emergency care--areas of application and initial experiences]. Kaloud, H; Prause, G; Ratzenhofer-Komenda, B, 1994)	1.2
" It was the aim of our study to investigate the onset of action, the intubation conditions and the course of relaxation using two different dosage regimes."	( [Mechanomyographic and electromyographic studies of endotracheal intubation with 2 different rocuronium dosages]. Benad, G; Hofmockel, R; Kabott, A, 1994)	0.29
" Propofol dosage must be titrated to each patient's needs."	( [Diprivan and liver]. Servin, F, 1994)	1.2
" In practice it is more important to titrate the dose according to the clinical response (or lack of response), rather than to blindly follow the various dosage regimens proposed and, with which it is theoretically possible to rapidly reach and then maintain the desired propofol concentration."	( [Diprivan: efficient concentrations in relation to physiological parameters and associated drugs]. Maitre, PO, 1994)	0.47
"The dosage regimen to maintain propofol anaesthesia should ensure adequate depth of anaesthesia for the procedure, and allow a swift recovery."	( [Duration of anesthesia and mode of administration of Diprivan]. Castot, M, 1994)	0.57
" This computer-aided infusion will be based on a blood concentration criterion, and no longer on a dosage regimen given to the patient."	( [Modes of administration of Diprivan]. Viviand, X, 1994)	0.29
"Quantal dose-response curves were determined in 180 female patients to whom the drugs were administered individually and in combination."	( Additive interactions between propofol and ketamine when used for anesthesia induction in female patients. Gin, T; Hong, W; Hui, TW; Plummer, J; Short, TG; Suen, T, 1995)	0.58
"86 micrograms ml-1) or induction of anaesthesia a cumulative dose-response curve of vecuronium was established to achieve a 95% depression of the twitch response."	( The effect of epidural bupivacaine on vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in children. Meretoja, OA; Rosenberg, PH; Taivainen, T, 1994)	0.29
" Propofol evoked current responses (EC50 = 61 microM) and shifted the dose-response curve of GABA-activated current to the left without altering the maximum of the GABA response."	( Propofol modulates activation and desensitization of GABAA receptors in cultured murine hippocampal neurons. MacDonald, JF; Orser, BA; Pennefather, PS; Wang, LY, 1994)	2.64
" Inadequate doses or dosing regimens should be avoided."	( Pharmacology of intravenous sedatives and opioids in critically ill patients. Levine, RL, 1994)	0.29
" In both groups the dose-response curves for suppression of proprioception, finger counting and perception of light touch in conscious patients were shifted to the left of the curves for loss of consciousness and eyelash reflex."	( Propofol infusion and the suppression of consciousness: dose requirements to induce loss of consciousness and to suppress response to noxious and non-noxious stimuli. Browne, BL; Dunnet, JM; Holland, DE; Prys-Roberts, C, 1994)	1.73
" Under this treatment the patients' ability to cooperate and communicate was maintained and allowed a patient-controlled readjustment of pyridostigmine dosage and weaning from the respirator."	( [A new method of pain sedation following thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. 2 cases]. Engler, J; Hiotakis, K, 1994)	0.29
" The statistical evaluation of the results do not indicate differences in onset, duration and maximum of action between the two dosage forms."	( Preparation and central action of propofol/hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complexes in rabbits. Reiter, S; Spiegl, P; Stumpf, C; Viernstein, H, 1993)	0.57
"Accurate dosing of propofol in children requires accurate knowledge of propofol pharmacokinetics in this population."	( The pharmacokinetics of propofol in children using three different data analysis approaches. Dubois, MY; Hoy, GR; Kataria, BK; Lea, D; Mandema, JW; Nicodemus, HF; Shafer, SL; Ved, SA, 1994)	0.92
" Dose-response curves for the three drugs given separately and in combination were determined with a probit procedure and the ED50 values were compared with an isobolographic analysis."	( Triple anesthetic combination: propofol-midazolam-alfentanil. Bradley, EL; Kissin, I; Vinik, HR, 1994)	0.57
" The blood propofol concentrations achieved using this standard dosing regimen showed wide variation among individuals."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol administered by infusion in dogs undergoing surgery. Nolan, A; Reid, J, 1993)	1
" After a stable baseline was obtained, dose-response curves to histamine (50, 100, or 200 micrograms intravenous bolus) or hypocapnia (0% CO2 for 2 min with 100, 200, or 400 ml/min collateral flow) were constructed."	( Effects of halothane, propofol, and thiopental on peripheral airway reactivity. Lindeman, KS; Mehr, EH, 1993)	0.6
" The dosage schedule for propofol was 2 mg/kg (with supplemental 1 mg/kg boluses) followed by continuous infusion of 6 mg/kg per hour."	( Intravenous sedation for MR imaging of the brain and spine in children: pentobarbital versus propofol. Bloomfield, EL; Caplin, A; Ebrahim, ZY; Goske, MJ; Hayden, J; Masaryk, TJ; Obuchowski, NA; Ross, JS; Ruggieri, PM; Schubert, A, 1993)	0.81
" The dose-response curves for each group were determined by a logistic regression procedure while isobolographic analysis compared the actions of both agents separately and together."	( [Synergism of midazolam and propofol in the induction of anesthesia]. Caba, F; Echevarría, M; Guerrero, JA; Morales, R; Rodríguez, R, )	0.43
"The induction dose-response of propofol was compared with the dose-response of its combination with fentanyl and with that of fentanyl alone in three groups of 60 women undergoing minor gynaecological surgery."	( Propofol and fentanyl act additively for induction of anaesthesia. Bar-Av, E; Ben-Shlomo, I; Etchin, A; Finger, J; Perl, AZ; Tverskoy, M, 1993)	2.01
"Results from this study confirm the absence of propofol accumulation in morbidly obese patients when the current dosing scheme is used."	( Propofol infusion for maintenance of anesthesia in morbidly obese patients receiving nitrous oxide. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Desmonts, JM; Farinotti, R; Haberer, JP; Servin, F, 1993)	1.99
" Like other intravenous agents, propofol is both a cardiovascular and a respiratory depressant; however, the risk of these effects can be lessened by appropriate dosage adjustment or patient management."	( Propofol. An update of its use in anaesthesia and conscious sedation. Bryson, HM; Faulds, D; Fulton, BR, 1995)	2.02
" Analysis of the dose-response relation for whole cell NMDA-activated currents indicated that propofol caused no significant change in the apparent affinity of the receptor for NMDA."	( Inhibition by propofol (2,6 di-isopropylphenol) of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptor in cultured hippocampal neurones. Bertlik, M; MacDonald, JF; Orser, BA; Wang, LY, 1995)	0.87
" No difference in intubation scores or number of intubation attempts among the three dosage groups were found."	( Intubating conditions and neuromuscular effects of mivacurium during propofol-alfentanil anaesthesia. Crul, JF; Ory, JP; Van Aken, H; Vandermeersch, E; Vertommen, JD, 1995)	0.53
"Propofol infusion and supplemental fentanyl dosage requirements, oxygen saturation values, respiratory rates, recovery times, and postoperative side effects were recorded."	( Use of analgesics during propofol sedation: a comparison of ketorolac, dezocine, and fentanyl. Ramirez-Ruiz, M; Smith, I; White, PF, 1995)	2.04
" A cumulative log-probit dose-response curve of vecuronium was established."	( The neuromuscular blocking effects of vecuronium during sevoflurane, halothane and balanced anaesthesia in children. Meretoja, OA; Taivainen, T, 1995)	0.29
" We conclude that in this patient population: (1) both P and M achieved optimal sedation in a large fraction of patients when administered by specified dosing protocols; (2) P had a faster, more reliable, wake-up time; (3) assessments of time-to-awaken were objective and reproducible; (4) time to sedation was not significantly different; (5) V O2 decreased similarly with both."	( Sedation of critically ill patients during mechanical ventilation. A comparison of propofol and midazolam. Hall, JB; Kress, JP; Lavoie, A; O'Connor, MF; Olson, D; Pohlman, AS; Toledano, A, 1996)	0.52
" The 50% effective dose (ED50) values for the hypnotic and anesthetic actions of the drugs were determined with quantal dose-response curves, using probit analysis."	( Propofol and ethanol produce additive hypnotic and anesthetic effects in the mouse. Bukusoglu, C; Garfield, JM, 1996)	1.74
" Optimal length was determined, a dose-response curve to acetylcholine was established, and the 50% effective dose (ED50) of acetylcholine was calculated."	( Direct relaxant effects of intravenous anesthetics on airway smooth muscle. Bosnjak, ZJ; Cheng, EY; Coon, RL; Kampine, JP; Mazzeo, AJ, 1996)	0.29
" A threefold increase of sufentanil dosing did not significantly affect the induction times nor recovery times following propofol anesthesia."	( Influence of sufentanil on propofol anesthesia using a target controlled infusion system. Camu, F; Lauwers, MH; Los, GJ; Van Lersberghe, C, 1995)	0.8
" Because pharmacokinetic parameters vary among distinct patient populations, rational drug dosing in the cardiac surgery patient is dependent on characterization of the drug's pharmacokinetic parameters in patients actually undergoing cardiac procedures and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol in adult patients undergoing coronary revascularization. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Bailey, JM; Mora, CT; Shafer, SL, 1996)	0.62
" There were wide variations in the blood propofol concentrations reached in individual sheep by using this standard dosing regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol infusions, either alone or with ketamine, in sheep premedicated with acepromazine and papaveretum. Correia, D; Nolan, AM; Reid, J, 1996)	0.88
" For future long-term sedation and analgesia of ICU patients with propofol/alfentanil, this altered pharmacokinetic behaviour should be taken into consideration to allow a more individualized and safer dosing of this drug combination."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol/alfentanil infusions for sedation in ICU patients. Frenkel, C; Heye, H; Ihmsen, H; Rommelsheim, K; Schuttler, J, 1995)	0.79
"The hypnotic dose-response of propofol was compared with its combination with either bupivacaine-induced spinal block or intramuscular bupivacaine 12."	( Effect of bupivacaine-induced spinal block on the hypnotic requirement of propofol. Bachrak, L; Ben-Shlomo, I; Fleyshman, G; Tverskoy, M, 1996)	0.81
" Medetomidine significantly reduces propofol dosage requirements."	( Comparative responses to propofol anaesthesia alone and with alpha 2-adrenergic medications in a canine model. Bufalari, A; Giannoni, C; Short, CE; Vainio, O, 1996)	0.87
" The dose-response effects of etomidate, propofol and their respective vehicles on neutrophil function were tested by FMLP- and zymosan-induced chemiluminescence of neutrophils and, in addition, in a cell-free chemiluminescence system."	( Do etomidate and propofol influence oxygen radical production of neutrophils? Birkhahn, A; Krone, M; Schneider, EM; Weiss, M, 1996)	0.9
"We determined the dose-response curves and effective doses of propofol for insertion of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in 50 unpremedicated children and in 60 children premedicated with midazolam, aged 3-12 yr."	( Dose of propofol for laryngeal mask airway insertion in children: effect of premedication with midazolam. Baker, RD; Martlew, RA; Meakin, G; Sharples, A; Wadsworth, R, 1996)	0.97
" Another group (n = 12) were incubated in Ca(2+)-free Krebs buffer and after depolarization by 45 mM KCl, a dose-response curve to CaCl2 was obtained to compare the effect of propofol (5 micrograms/mL) and Intralipid on the influx of Ca2+."	( Propofol induces dilation and inhibits constriction in guinea pig basilar arteries. Gelb, AW; Hamilton, JT; Zhang, C, 1996)	1.93
" Propofol dosage for maintenance of anaesthesia was significantly higher in smaller children (Group A: 10."	( Propofol anaesthesia in spontaneously breathing paediatric patients during magnetic resonance imaging. Arosio, EM; Boselli, L; Colombo, N; Levati, A; Savoia, G; Scialfa, G; Tommasino, C, 1996)	2.65
" The propofol infusion rate was adjusted and repeat loading doses were administered, if needed, using a coordinated dosing scheme to maintain optimal sedation for a 4-hr steady-state period."	( A pharmacokinetically based propofol dosing strategy for sedation of the critically ill, mechanically ventilated pediatric patient. Blumer, JL; Marx, CM; Myers, CM; Reed, MD; Yamashita, TS, 1996)	1.1
" Eight patients were adequately sedated with the starting propofol dose regimen, whereas five patients required downward dose adjustment and 11 patients required dosage increases to achieve optimal sedation."	( A pharmacokinetically based propofol dosing strategy for sedation of the critically ill, mechanically ventilated pediatric patient. Blumer, JL; Marx, CM; Myers, CM; Reed, MD; Yamashita, TS, 1996)	0.83
"We conclude that a descending propofol dosing strategy, which maintains the propofol concentration constant in the central compartment (V1) while drug accumulates in V2 and V3 to intercompartmental steady-state, is necessary for effective propofol sedation in the pediatric ICU."	( A pharmacokinetically based propofol dosing strategy for sedation of the critically ill, mechanically ventilated pediatric patient. Blumer, JL; Marx, CM; Myers, CM; Reed, MD; Yamashita, TS, 1996)	0.88
" The dosage was calculated from the infusion time (time from start of infusion until specific clinical event)."	( [Age-related correlation between EEG parameters and depth of anesthesia under propofol. Effect of fentanyl]. Eckert, O; Lehmkuhl, P; Neulinger, A; Pichlmayr, I; Werry, C, 1996)	0.52
" To improve anesthesia control, microprocessor infusion pumps Ohmeda and Becton-Dickinson, allowing for prompt dosage correction, consistent with individual needs, are employed."	( [Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol/ketamine as an alternative for patients at risk in abdominal surgery]. Bochev, D; Gerzilova, L; Petrov, P; Vankov, I, 1996)	0.56
" The technique used and the dosage of drugs, introduced by infusion, are described."	( [Propofol (Diprivan) in emergency anesthesia]. Aluan, K; Badeva, B; Bochev, D; Giurova, Z; Petrov, P; Vankov, I, 1996)	1.2
" However, excessive dosage of these drugs may result in hazardous respiratory depression in this patient population."	( Propofol and alfentanil for sedation during placement of retrobulbar block for cataract surgery. Burns, TA; Crandall, AS; Mann, JM; Yee, JB, 1996)	1.74
" The results of this trial suggest that a propofol-based anesthetic, when compared to an enflurane-based anesthetic requiring additional dosing of fentanyl and midazolam for CPB, can lead to a significant reduction in time to extubation after CABG surgery, without adverse hemodynamic effects, increased risk of myocardial ischemia or infarction."	( Hemodynamic effects, myocardial ischemia, and timing of tracheal extubation with propofol-based anesthesia for cardiac surgery. Buckland, MR; Bujor, MA; Davis, BB; Hunt, JO; Langley, M; McRae, R; Moloney, JT; Myles, PS; Weeks, AM, 1997)	0.79
"At 3 to 60 minutes after either dosage of propofol, PaCO2 and heart rate increased in all llamas; at the same time, PaO2 and arterial pH decreased."	( Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol infusion in llamas. Duke, T; Egger, CM; Ferguson, JG; Frketic, MM, 1997)	0.86
" It is concluded that propofol in clinical dosage does not affect autoregulation in this pig model, although individual animals may display a different response pattern."	( Effects of propofol on cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and cerebral autoregulation in the anesthetized pig. Lagerkranser, M; Sollevi, A; Stånge, K, 1997)	1
"1 and 10 micro M of propofol significantly blocked the high-K evoked DA release, although the dosage of larger than 50 micro M of propofol potentiated DA release."	( [Effects of midazolam and propofol on dopamine release from rat striatal slice using a fast-cyclic voltammetry system]. Hotta, O; Isshiki, A, 1997)	0.92
"The dose-response and concentration-response relation of rocuronium infusion was studied in 20 adult surgical patients during propofol-nitrous oxide and isoflurane (1 MAC)-nitrous oxide anaesthesia."	( Dose-response and concentration-response relation of rocuronium infusion during propofol-nitrous oxide and isoflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. Kansanaho, M; Olkkola, KT; Wierda, JM, 1997)	0.73
" Our study indicates that if appropriate dosing of propofol and alfentanil are adhered to, and proper action is taken in case of haemodynamic alterations suggestive of inadequate anaesthesia, the incidence of conscious awareness in non-cardiac TIVA with neuromuscular blockade is low."	( Incidence of awareness in total i.v. anaesthesia based on propofol, alfentanil and neuromuscular blockade. Engström, AM; Nordström, O; Persson, S; Sandin, R, 1997)	0.79
" Antagonist dose-response curves were compared with those for suppression of intrathecal midazolam-induced antinociception."	( Antinociceptive properties of propofol: involvement of spinal cord gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptors. Goodchild, CS; Nadeson, R, 1997)	0.59
" Propofol dosage could not be decreased but a more consistent level of sedation could be maintained due to a more satisfactory titration of target effect-site concentration."	( Clinical usefulness of the bispectral index for titrating propofol target effect-site concentration. Byttebier, G; Moerman, A; Mortier, E; Rolly, G; Struys, M; Versichelen, L, 1998)	1.45
" Propofol but not ketamine, however, caused a leftward shift in the dose-response curve to extracellular Ca2+ for shortening, with no concomitant effect on peak [Ca2+]i."	( Propofol and ketamine only inhibit intracellular Ca2+ transients and contraction in rat ventricular myocytes at supraclinical concentrations. Damron, DS; Kanaya, N; Murray, PA, 1998)	2.65
" Single-drug therapy with propofol and inadequate benzodiazepine dosing were linked to patient recall."	( Patient recall of therapeutic paralysis in a surgical critical care unit. Hammond, JS; Palmeri, BA; Sweeney, JB; Wagner, BK; Zavotsky, KE, )	0.43
" Adequate dosing with benzodiazepines and narcotics is warranted to prevent recall and discomfort."	( Patient recall of therapeutic paralysis in a surgical critical care unit. Hammond, JS; Palmeri, BA; Sweeney, JB; Wagner, BK; Zavotsky, KE, )	0.13
" The tri-exponential drug concentration decay complicates the definition of therapeutic dosage regiments and prevents straightforward prediction of recovery from drug effects."	( Pharmacokinetic concepts for TCI anaesthesia. Gepts, E, 1998)	0.3
" Medetomidine was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 1000 micrograms/m2 body surface area 10 to 15 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia by the administration of propofol (n = 44) or ketamine (n = 40) dosed to effect."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of propofol or ketamine anaesthesia in dogs premedicated with medetomidine. Hellebrekers, LJ; Hird, JF; Rosenhagen, CU; Sap, R; Vainio, O; van Herpen, H, 1998)	0.78
" Following equi-effective dosing (T1 > 95%) the duration to 25% T1 recovery, recovery index (25/75), and TOF0."	( Neuromuscular blocking effects of rocuronium during desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane anaesthesia. Ledowski, T; Linstedt, U; Proppe, D; Sitzlack, D; Wulf, H, 1998)	0.3
" In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA."	( Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits. Chakrabarti, MK; Ma, D; Sapsed-Byrne, SM; Whitwam, JG, 1998)	0.89
" Bias, precision, blood concentrations and dosage of propofol were compared with patients receiving propofol via a manually controlled infusion device."	( [Predictability and precision of "target-controlled infusion" (TCI) of propofol with the "Disoprifusor TCI" system]. Albrecht, S; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Knoll, R; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 1998)	0.78
" Learning contamination may occur if a novel drug is dosed by clinical judgement, and if the allocation of patients into groups is markedly uneven during the different stages of the study."	( Effect of learning during an anaesthesiological multicentre trial. Honkavaara, P; Paloheimo, M, 1998)	0.3
" A cumulative dose-response curve for vecuronium was constructed, and pupillary changes in response to various noxious stimuli were evaluated with concomitant recording of the Spectral-Edge-Frequency 90% (SEF90; the frequency below which 90 percent of the EEG power is located)."	( Vecuronium dose requirement and pupillary response in a patient with olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). Fukura, H; Goto, F; Kuroda, M; Morita, T; Saruki, N; Yoshikawa, D, 1998)	0.3
"Patient-controlled sedation (PCS) enables titration of dosage to an individual's requirements and is potentially useful in colonoscopy."	( Patient-controlled sedation and analgesia, using propofol and alfentanil, during colonoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Criswell, J; Jones, C; Kimble, J; Patel, P; Roseveare, C; Seavell, C; Shepherd, H, 1998)	0.55
" In addition, demographics, primary and secondary diagnoses, clinical signs and symptoms, propofol dosage and duration, and concomitant use of analgesics and sedatives were determined."	( A post hoc descriptive study of patients receiving propofol. Kowalski, SD; Rayfield, CA, 1999)	0.78
" Dose-response curves for the drugs given separately and in combinations at three different dose ratios between the drugs were determined by using a probit procedure, and the 50% effective dose values were compared by using isobolographic and algebraic (fractional) analysis."	( Isobolographic analysis of propofol-thiopental hypnotic interaction in surgical patients. Bradley, EL; Kissin, I; Vinik, HR, 1999)	0.6
"kg-1 and construction of dose-response curves (n = 72)."	( Potency and time course of mivacurium block during sevoflurane, isoflurane and intravenous anesthesia. Carroll, MT; Hughes, DA; Lowry, DW; McCarthy, GJ; Mirakhur, RK; O'Hare, RA, 1999)	0.3
" The direct cost of methohexital was lower than that of propofol, based on the milligram dosage infused during the operation."	( The cost-effectiveness of methohexital versus propofol for sedation during monitored anesthesia care. Inagaki, Y; Sá Rêgo, MM; White, PF, 1999)	0.81
"Our results show that high doses of epidural clonidine potentiate general anesthetics and provide more efficient postoperative analgesia than the two bupivacaine dosage regimens investigated."	( Epidural clonidine or bupivacaine as the sole analgesic agent during and after abdominal surgery: a comparative study. De Kock, M; Gautier, P; Jonniaux, M; Lavand'homme, P; Pavlopoulou, A, 1999)	0.3
" So, we administered propofol to the patient, at the dosage of 1 mg."	( [The effect of propofol as an anticonvulsant]. Arai, K; Goto, F; Kanai, M; Nishikawa, K; Sudo, M; Yoshikawa, D, 1999)	0.98
" The authors compared the quantal dose-response curves for propofol in patients having large (> or = 30 mm, mass effect) brain tumor with those having smaller (< 30 mm) lesions and with control patients undergoing noncranial surgery."	( Propofol requirement is decreased in patients with large supratentorial brain tumor. Chan, MT; Gin, T; Poon, WS, 1999)	1.99
" Log dose-response curves for loss of response to verbal command and tetanic stimulus were calculated after logit transformation."	( Propofol requirement is decreased in patients with large supratentorial brain tumor. Chan, MT; Gin, T; Poon, WS, 1999)	1.75
" Early and late recovery variables were similar in the two treatment groups; however, 65% N2O produced a 19% decrease in the propofol maintenance dosage requirement."	( Use of propofol for office-based anesthesia: effect of nitrous oxide on recovery profile. Chen, L; Kariger, R; Naruse, R; Sloninsky, A; Tang, J; Wender, RH; White, PF, 1999)	0.96
" Each patient received a standard dosage of fentanyl and propofol, as determined on a kilogram basis."	( The combined use of propofol and fentanyl for outpatient intravenous conscious sedation. Abeles, G; Bisaccia, E; Scarborough, DA; Sequeira, M; Swensen, RD, 1999)	0.87
" However, the dose-response relationship, reproducibility and effect of anesthetic agents on induction are not well understood."	( Induction of atrial fibrillation and flutter in dogs using methacholine. Ross, DL; Thomas, SP, 1999)	0.3
" increased the percentage of loss of the righting reflex in a dose-dependent manner with an ED50 value of 140 (95% confidence limits 123-160) mg kg-1 (n = 40; eight animals per dose, five doses per dose-response curve)."	( Propofol anaesthesia in mice is potentiated by muscimol and reversed by bicuculline. Dohi, T; Irifune, M; Kawahara, M; Maeoka, K; Nishikawa, T; Shimizu, Y; Sugimura, M; Takarada, T, 1999)	1.75
" These results may help to explain observed clinical phenomena and raise important issues regarding drug dosing in ECMO patients."	( In vitro evaluation of sedative drug losses during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Burke, MD; Firmin, RK; Killer, H; Lawson, G; Mulla, H; Upton, DU; von Anrep, C, 2000)	0.31
" Under propofol anesthesia, the cumulative dose-response curves of vecuronium were shifted to the left when compared with control ED50 and the slope showed that propofol had potentiated the action of vecuronium."	( [Propofol potentiates the neuromuscular blocking effects of vecuronium in man]. Adachi, H; Ohmi, Y; Satoh, T; Watanabe, K, 2000)	1.67
" However, there was an increase in postoperative nausea and vomiting, psychomimetic side effects, and delay in discharge times with the largest ketamine dosage (Group 4)."	( The use of a ketamine-propofol combination during monitored anesthesia care. Avramov, MN; Badrinath, S; Ivankovich, AD; Shadrick, M; Witt, TR, 2000)	0.62
" Continued study of costs, side effects, and appropriate dosing strategies of all sedative agents is needed to answer questions not sufficiently addressed in the current literature."	( Sedation in the intensive care unit. Hilton, A; Knudsen, N; Reves, JG; Young, C, 2000)	0.31
"The influence of infusion rate on the induction dose-response relation has not been investigated over a wide range of infusion rates."	( Investigation of effective anesthesia induction doses using a wide range of infusion rates with undiluted and diluted propofol. Ikeda, K; Ikeda, T; Kazama, T; Kikura, M; Kurita, T; Morita, K; Sato, S, 2000)	0.52
" In the REM groups, the dosage of PRO (75 microg."	( Recovery after anesthesia with remifentanil combined with propofol, desflurane, or sevoflurane for otorhinolaryngeal surgery. Loop, T; Priebe, HJ, 2000)	0.55
" The intralipid vehicle for propofol had no effect on the acetylcholine dose-response relation."	( Propofol selectively attenuates endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation in chronically instrumented dogs. Kim, SO; Kondo, U; Murray, PA, 2000)	2.04
"Propofol caused a dose-dependent rightward shift in the acetylcholine dose-response relation, whereas it had no effect on the pulmonary vasorelaxant responses to bradykinin or SIN-1."	( Propofol attenuates acetylcholine-induced pulmonary vasorelaxation: role of nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors. Horibe, M; Murray, PA; Ogawa, K; Sohn, JT, 2000)	3.19
" We conclude that direct effects of propofol on the heart are unlikely to be of significance at the clinical dosage usually given."	( The concentration-dependent effects of propofol on rat ventricular myocytes. Boyett, MR; Davies, LA; Hamilton, DL; Harrison, SM; Hopkins, PM, 2000)	0.85
" The bispectral analysis (BIS) of the EEG correlates well with the clinical dose-response of hypnotic drugs during induction, but the effect on BIS of an opiate induction, as for coronary bypass surgery, is not known."	( Effects on the bispectral index during medium-high dose fentanyl induction with or without propofol supplement. Anderson, RE; Barr, G; Jakobsson, JG; Owall, A, 2000)	0.53
" The circulatory and metabolic conditions under induced hypotensive anesthesia were influenced by both vasodilators and anesthetics, and the dosage of vasodilator to decrease arterial blood pressure was dependent on the anesthetic used simultaneously."	( [Comparisons of vasodilators and anesthetics in their effects on the circulatory and metabolic conditions during hypotensive anesthesia]. Toi, T, 2000)	0.31
"A rigorous study of the dose-response relation of rapacuronium has, to our knowledge, yet to be performed."	( Dose-response and onset/offset characteristics of rapacuronium. Flores, F; Ghori, K; Klewicka, MM; Kopman, AF; Neuman, GG, 2000)	0.31
" This report suggests that, in extrapolating in vitro dose-response relationships to those from in vivo conditions, the effect of the concentration of extracellular protein can be estimated."	( Interaction of extracellular albumin and intravenous anaesthetics, etomidate and propofol, on calcium signalling in rat airway smooth muscle cells. Belouchi, NE; Marthan, R; Roux, E; Savineau, JP, )	0.36
" A lower propofol dosage was needed when a combination of drugs was given compared to propofol drug alone."	( Propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures in children. Blankenship, P; Elitsur, Y; Lawrence, Z, 2000)	2.17
" An individual dosage of premedication for EGD and colonoscopy was given by all gastroenterologists."	( [How safe is premedication in ambulatory endoscopy in Germany? A prospective study in gastroenterology specialty practices]. Hachmoeller-Eisenbach, U; Heisenbach, T; Sieg, A, 2000)	0.31
" Nevertheless, a major number of therapeutic failures were detected with 2% propofol because of the need for dosage increase."	( Midazolam and 2% propofol in long-term sedation of traumatized critically ill patients: efficacy and safety comparison. Alted Lopez, E; Peinado Rodriguez, J; Sa Borges, M; Sanchez-Izquierdo Riera, JA; Sandiumenge Camps, A; Toral Vazquez, D, 2000)	0.88
" The use of the LMA had no effect on this dose-response curve."	( Investigations using logistic regression models on the effect of the LMA on morphine induced vomiting after tonsillectomy. Anderson, BJ; Holford, NH; McGann, JE; Newson, AJ; Pearce, S, 2000)	0.31
"25 microgram/kg/min, or sufentanil (S-group) 1 microgram/kg before surgery with dosage adjustments according to haemodynamic parameters."	( [Endocrine stress parameters during TIVA with remifentanil or sufentanil]. Bastian, C; Brockmann, C; Raasch, W, 2000)	0.31
"Midazolam dosage varied between 5 and 14 mg."	( A sedation technique for implant and periodontal surgery. Boyle, CA; Craig, DC; Fleming, GJ; Palmer, P, 2000)	0.31
"The depth of sedation, as measured by the Modified Ramsay Sedation Scale, was similar in the 2 groups, when adjusted for dosing differences."	( Cation metabolism during propofol sedation with and without EDTA in patients with impaired renal function. Bandi, V; Barr, J; Haupt, MT; Murray, MJ; Teres, D; Weinmann, M; Zaloga, GP, 2000)	0.61
" At this time the volatile agent administration was stopped or propofol dosage reduced in half the patients in each group (n = 20 in each group)."	( Neostigmine antagonism of rocuronium block during anesthesia with sevoflurane, isoflurane or propofol. Breslin, DS; Hayes, AH; Mirakhur, RK; Reid, JE, 2001)	0.77
"63 microg x kg(-1) caused a reduction in the overall concentration and dose of propofol required to produce loss of consciousness, but no significant shift in the dose-response curve compared with other studies."	( The effect of intravenous dexmedetomidine premedication on the dose requirement of propofol to induce loss of consciousness in patients receiving alfentanil. Cloote, AH; Peden, CJ; Prys-Roberts, C; Stratford, N, 2001)	0.76
" Notably, the interaction isobole of the (clinically readily available) infusion rates provides a useful dosing recommendation for the coadministration of propofol and remifentanil during maintenance of anesthesia."	( Propofol and remifentanil pharmacodynamic interaction during orthopedic surgical procedures as measured by effects on bispectral index. Bouillon, T; Cuhls, M; Hoeft, A; Könen-Bergmann, M; Röpcke, H, 2001)	1.95
" In separate experiments, cumulative dose-response curves to alpha- (phenylephrine) and beta- (isoproterenol) adrenoreceptor agonists were generated in conscious and propofol-anesthetized dogs."	( Pulmonary vascular effects of propofol at baseline, during elevated vasomotor tone, and in response to sympathetic alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor activation. Kim, SO; Kondo, U; Murray, PA; Nakayama, M, 2001)	0.79
"Patient-controlled sedation (PCS) allows the patient to titrate the dosage of sedative drugs according to need."	( Patient-controlled sedation with propofol for colonoscopy. Kong, CF; Ng, JM; Nyam, D, 2001)	0.59
" The establishment of a dose-response effect could have important clinical applications; therefore, this study attempts to qualify and quantify the effect of propofol on appetite stimulation in healthy young adult dogs."	( The effect of propofol administered intravenously on appetite stimulation in dogs. Greco, SC; Long, JP, 2000)	0.86
" The variances of these three measurements were not significantly different, indicating that these dose-response relationships were similar."	( Loss of volition and pain response during induction of anaesthesia with propofol or sevoflurane. Drummond, GB; Thompson, S, 2001)	0.54
" The aim of the study was to develop propofol dosing guidelines for ICU sedation based on an integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of propofol infusions in ICU patients."	( Propofol dosing regimens for ICU sedation based upon an integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Barr, J; Cohane, C; Egan, TD; Gambus, PL; Sandoval, NF; Shafer, SL; Zomorodi, K, 2001)	2.03
" An integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model was used to construct dosing regimens for light and deep sedation with propofol in ICU patients."	( Propofol dosing regimens for ICU sedation based upon an integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Barr, J; Cohane, C; Egan, TD; Gambus, PL; Sandoval, NF; Shafer, SL; Zomorodi, K, 2001)	1.96
" We therefore investigated the dose-response relationship of propofol and cortical responses (mid-latency auditory evoked potentials, MLAEP)."	( Dose-response relationship of propofol on mid-latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEP) in cardiac surgery. Linstedt, U; Palm, S; Petry, A; Wulf, H, 2001)	0.84
" However, considering the selected dosing regimen, recovery times were significantly shorter for children after TIVA."	( [Propofol-remifentanil versus sevoflurane-remifentanil for anesthesia for pediatric procedures in infants, children and adolescents]. Albrecht, S; Carbon, R; Fechner, J; Fritsch, B; Rösch, W; Schmidt, J; Schmitz, B, 2001)	1.22
" There were no differences between both groups in propofol dosage for induction (3."	( [Less pain on injection by a new formulation of propofol? A comparison with propofol LCT]. Beerhalter, U; Biedler, A; Brandt, A; Brün, K; Doege, F; Erdkönig, R; Larsen, B; Larsen, R, 2001)	0.82
" We designed this dose-response study to determine minimal effective epinephrine doses and efficacies of hemodynamic and T-wave criteria for detecting intravascular injection of the epinephrine test dose in propofol-anesthetized adults."	( The efficacy of hemodynamic and T-wave criteria for detecting intravascular injection of epinephrine test dose in propofol-anesthetized adults. Takahashi, S; Tanaka, M; Toyooka, H, 2002)	0.71
" The ED50 for hypnosis and the LD50 were determined for each drug separately, and a dose-response curve was prepared for each drug, using combinations of propofol-lidocane and ketamine-lidocaine at three different dose ratios."	( Changes in effective and lethal doses of intravenous anesthetics and lidocaine when used in combination in mice. Barak, M; Ben-Shlomo, I; Katz, Y, 2001)	0.51
" The aim of this paper is to evaluate the correlation between BIS and Ramsay score and its fluctuations with the sedative dosage variations, as a possible utilization in ICU."	( BIS and Ramsay score in critically ill patient: what future? David, A; Floridia, D; Mondello, E; Panasiti, R; Siliotti, R; Trimarchi, G, )	0.13
"The short onset and offset of remifentanil may allow for accurate dosing of sedative effect with few side-effects and rapid recovery."	( Remifentanil sedation compared with propofol during regional anaesthesia. Aitkenhead, A; Hanson, AL; Lauwers, MH; Martisson, S; Marty, J; Merle, JC; Raeder, JC; Reite, K; Servin, FS; Wattwil, M; Wostyn, L, 2002)	0.59
"We studied the dose-response relationships for atropine-induced heart rate (HR) changes in 61 patients during propofol anesthesia."	( Heart rate response to intravenous atropine during propofol anesthesia. Horiguchi, T; Nishikawa, T, 2002)	0.78
" For 48 hrs, sedation was kept constant at a level according to Ramsay Scale 3 while we adjusted the dosage of propofol given per hour."	( Progressive electroencephalogram frequency deceleration despite constant depth of propofol-induced sedation. Adam, S; Albrecht, MD; Kuhlisch, E; Ragaller, M; Theilen, HJ, 2002)	0.75
"Twelve ASA I or II children, aged one to six years undergoing elective urological surgery were randomized to receive one of two propofol dosing regimens."	( Propofol decreases cerebral blood flow velocity in anesthetized children. Bissonnette, B; Farrar, M; Karsli, C; Luginbuehl, I, 2002)	1.96
" One-hundred and thirty-two patients were randomly assigned to one of the six groups according to concentration and dosage of lidocaine administered at the time of the initiation of propofol infusion."	( [Effects of concentration and dosage of lidocaine on preventing the pain on injection of propofol]. Adachi, H; Harada, T; Hirosawa, J; Inagaki, Y; Ishibe, Y; Otsuki, A; Tsubokura, H, 2002)	0.73
"As a result of the higher incidence of adverse respiratory effects with remifentanil and similar sedative effects, propofol is preferable for sedation during cervical plexus block in elderly patients with comorbid disease at the dosage used."	( Remifentanil or propofol for sedation during carotid endarterectomy under cervical plexus block. Deusch, E; Fitzgerald, RD; Jellinek, H; Krenn, H; Oczenski, W, 2002)	0.87
" The amount of propofol infused excluding the bolus dosage was divided by patient's body weight and total infusion time."	( Intravenous magnesium sulfate administration reduces propofol infusion requirements during maintenance of propofol-N2O anesthesia: part I: comparing propofol requirements according to hemodynamic responses: part II: comparing bispectral index in control a Choi, JC; Kim, C; Kim, JS; Lee, SG; Um, DJ; Yoon, KB, 2002)	0.92
"Electroencephalogram monitoring enables more effective titration of propofol dosage for sedation during endoscopy and is, therefore, associated with faster patient recovery."	( Electroencephalogram monitoring facilitates sedation with propofol for routine ERCP: a randomized, controlled trial. Grotkamp, J; Kluge, A; Lembcke, B; Riphaus, A; Schultz, A; Stergiou, N; Wehrmann, T, 2002)	0.79
"The time of induction and the propofol dosage in group M (2."	( [Effects of midazolam premedication on induction doses of propofol and hemodynamic changes during tumor patient induction]. Lin, WQ; Tan, HY; Wang, J; Xu, MX; Zeng, WA, 2002)	0.85
" In the first 10-15 patients of each centre the anaesthesiologist was blinded to the Narcotrend recordings and propofol was dosed according to clinical needs."	( [Narcotrend EEG monitoring during total intravenous anaesthesia in 4.630 patients]. Kreuer, S; Larsen, R; Wilhelm, W, 2002)	0.53
" The cumulation dosage of propofol, sedative effect, variation of BP and SaO2 were observed in all patient."	( [Associated sedation of propofol and midazolam in small dosage and gastroscopy]. Jiang, XW; Liu, SJ; Tang, WL, 2001)	0.92
"The cumulative dosage of propofol in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group [(73."	( [Associated sedation of propofol and midazolam in small dosage and gastroscopy]. Jiang, XW; Liu, SJ; Tang, WL, 2001)	0.92
"In such a rapid operation of gastroscopy, the dosage of propofol in the experimental group is obviously less than that in the control group, while it does not affect the effect of sedation, the diagnose and cure time in gastroscopy room, and has more security and less cost."	( [Associated sedation of propofol and midazolam in small dosage and gastroscopy]. Jiang, XW; Liu, SJ; Tang, WL, 2001)	0.86
"The anesthetic management of a 58 year-old-male suffering from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis associated with a previous experience of altered dose-response relationship to muscle relaxants is reported."	( [Tracheal intubation in a case of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using remifentanil and propofol without muscle relaxants]. Burrelli, R; Cafiero, T; Gargiulo, G; Mastronardi, P, 2002)	0.54
" The muscle relaxants were administered using bolus dosing in all groups but in the succinylcholine group."	( Does monitoring of post-tetanic count prevent alarms of airway pressure or visible muscle activity during intratracheal jet ventilation? A prospective study with five different neuromuscular blocking agents. Baer, GA; Laippala, P; Puura, AI; Rorarius, MG, 2000)	0.31
" bolus dosing in children undergoing ambulatory oncologic procedures in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)."	( Comparison of intermittent versus continuous infusion of propofol for elective oncology procedures in children. Anderson, BD; Dalton, HJ; Gootenberg, JE; Hauser, GJ; Hertzog, JH; Klein, SM; Shad, AT, 2003)	0.56
" This gives the freedom and need to select the appropriate dosing ratio of alfentanil and propofol by other considerations."	( Testing and modelling the interaction of alfentanil and propofol on the EEG. Albrecht, S; Fechner, J; Hering, W; Ihmsen, H; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2003)	0.79
"Knowledge of the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol is important to permit optimal dosage strategies."	( Modelling the pharmacodynamic interaction between remifentanil and propofol by EEG-controlled dosing. Albrecht, S; Fechner, J; Hering, W; Ihmsen, H; Palmaers, T; Schüttler, J, 2003)	0.79
" Both drugs were dosed and titrated based on computer-assisted pharmacokinetic models to maintain constant plasma concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetic-based total intravenous anaesthesia using remifentanil and propofol for surgical myocardial revascularization. De Cosmo, D; De Stefani, R; Guarracino, F; Penzo, D; Vardanega, A, 2003)	0.55
" An initial dose-response trial determined the efficacy of either propofol (3."	( Evaluation of propofol and medetomidine-ketamine for short-term immobilization of Gulf of Mexico sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus de soti). Fleming, GJ; Francis Floyd, R; Heard, DJ; Riggs, A, 2003)	0.92
" The changing of PL and IPL with time passing and anesthesia dosage was studied to discuss the feature of ABR in each anesthesia procedure as above."	( [Clinical study on applying brainstem auditory evoked potential to monitor anesthesia depth and awaken in children]. Chen, YQ; Hu, JQ; Li, NL; Liu, H; Wang, DZ, 2003)	0.32
"There is a significant positive correlation between PL and IPL of ABR waves as above and the dosage of propofol or the concentration of isoflurane."	( [Clinical study on applying brainstem auditory evoked potential to monitor anesthesia depth and awaken in children]. Chen, YQ; Hu, JQ; Li, NL; Liu, H; Wang, DZ, 2003)	0.53
" A minimal dosage of propofol (0."	( Potential inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 by propofol in human primary hepatocytes. Cao, YF; Chang, Q; Gong, B; Yang, GS; Yang, LQ; Yu, WF, 2003)	0.89
" propofol may thus induce drug interaction of cytochrome P450 3A4 activity at the dosage used clinically."	( Potential inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 by propofol in human primary hepatocytes. Cao, YF; Chang, Q; Gong, B; Yang, GS; Yang, LQ; Yu, WF, 2003)	1.49
" Because the interpatient variability is relatively large, pharmacokinetic data can only provide guidelines for the dosage of propofol."	( [Total intravenous anesthesia. On the way to standard practice in pediatrics]. Giest, J; Strauss, JM, 2003)	0.53
" For the first group, CBF measurement was carried out on three different occasions: (i) at a basal low drug dosage; (ii) having increased the drug dosage to a higher level; and (iii) having reduced the drug dosage to the basal low level again."	( Cochlear blood flow modifications induced by anaesthetic drugs in middle ear surgery: comparison between sevoflurane and propofol. Albera, R; Canale, A; De Siena, L; Ferrero, V; Pallavicino, F; Poli, L, 2003)	0.53
"For opioid-tolerant patients, conventional patient-controlled analgesia dosing may be ineffective."	( Preoperative fentanyl infusion with pharmacokinetic simulation for anesthetic and perioperative management of an opioid-tolerant patient. Davis, JJ; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Snell, TE; Swenson, JD; Vezina, DP, 2003)	0.32
"The dose-response curve for the effect of volatile anesthetics on the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) is well described, but for propofol, the large dose segment of the curve is undefined."	( Propofol suppresses the cortical somatosensory evoked potential in rats. Cronin, AJ; DiVittore, NA; Kreiser, S; Li, BH; Li, DP; Logginidou, HG; Lohmann, JS; Schuler, HG, 2003)	1.97
"To report on both the use and dosage of propofol, as a new intravenous (IV) conscious sedative agent, for anxious children referred to a specialist paediatric dentistry service."	( Propofol intravenous conscious sedation for anxious children in a specialist paediatric dentistry unit. Carruthers, M; Gilchrist, F; Hosey, MT; Jones, RM; Makin, A, 2004)	2.03
" Factors influencing dosage include age, ASA class, patient's height and procedure duration."	( The dawning of a new sedative: propofol in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Heuss, LT; Inauen, W, 2004)	0.61
" Fentanyl was similar, probably because the dosing algorithm demanded frequent monitoring and adjustment, thereby preventing over-sedation."	( Remifentanil versus fentanyl for analgesia based sedation to provide patient comfort in the intensive care unit: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial [ISRCTN43755713]. Bonome, C; Cross, MH; Kirkham, AJ; López, A; Morrison, L; Muellejans, B, 2004)	0.32
" Dose-response experiments were also performed in vitro with single agents."	( In vivo and in vitro effects of different anaesthetics on platelet function. Ardito, G; Bruno, MF; Ciabattoni, G; Crocchiolo, R; de Cristofaro, R; Dordoni, PL; Frassanito, L; Landolfi, R; Proietti, R; Rocca, B, 2004)	0.32
" The Narcotrend monitor can make a significant contribution to the improvement of the quality of anaesthesia by adjusting the dosage of hypnotics to individual patient needs."	( The Narcotrend Index: classification algorithm, correlation with propofol effect-site concentrations, and comparison with spectral parameters. Beger, FA; Grouven, U; Schultz, A; Schultz, B, 2004)	0.56
"There were no significant differences between Ampofol and Diprivan with respect to onset times, dosage requirements, Bispectral Index values, hemodynamic variables, recovery times, or patient satisfaction scores."	( Comparison of a lower-lipid propofol emulsion with the standard emulsion for sedation during monitored anesthesia care. Byerly, SI; Hamza, MA; Jones, SB; Macaluso, AD; Song, D; White, PF, 2004)	0.62
" However, a suitable dosage scheme for these age groups was not available."	( Dosage scheme for propofol in children under 3 years of age. De Lange, JJ; Perez, RS; Steur, RJ, 2004)	0.66
"A pilot study of 50 patients undergoing TIVA was performed to adapt the existing adult dosage scheme to the requirements of the younger population."	( Dosage scheme for propofol in children under 3 years of age. De Lange, JJ; Perez, RS; Steur, RJ, 2004)	0.66
"This dosage scheme provides safe and smooth anaesthesia in children less than 3 years of age and is therefore a useful tool for a TIVA technique in small children."	( Dosage scheme for propofol in children under 3 years of age. De Lange, JJ; Perez, RS; Steur, RJ, 2004)	0.66
" BIS scores, sedation scores, and propofol dosing were correlated."	( An initial investigation of bispectral monitoring as an adjunct to nurse-administered propofol sedation for colonoscopy. Chen, SC; Rex, DK, 2004)	0.83
"85 (maximum usefulness scored as 4) in guiding the dosing of propofol sedation during the maintenance phase of sedation."	( An initial investigation of bispectral monitoring as an adjunct to nurse-administered propofol sedation for colonoscopy. Chen, SC; Rex, DK, 2004)	0.79
" A controlled trial of whether BIS values can assist in avoiding unnecessary propofol dosing during the maintenance phase of sedation appears warranted."	( An initial investigation of bispectral monitoring as an adjunct to nurse-administered propofol sedation for colonoscopy. Chen, SC; Rex, DK, 2004)	0.78
"Forty-eight subjects were included in a within-subject logistic dose-response model analysis."	( Enhanced visual memory effect for negative versus positive emotional content is potentiated at sub-anaesthetic concentrations of thiopental. Feshchenko, VA; Pryor, KO; Reinsel, RA; Veselis, RA, 2004)	0.32
" Estimating the dosage of liquid GHB is especially difficult leading to unintentional intoxication because the exact concentration is not known."	( [gamma-Hydroxybutyrate intoxication]. Hahne, N; Nebel, BW; Weinmann, W, 2004)	0.32
"The dosage that was required to deeply sedate the patients, the duration of the ECT, and interval of time to full wakefulness and coherent response were measured."	( Increased propofol requirement during succeeding administrations for electroconvulsive therapy. Cohen, Y; Feldinger, E; Ogorek, D; Weinbroum, AA, 2004)	0.73
" Regular evaluation of the effect of these drugs and subsequent adaptation of dosage are more important than the choice of specific analgesics and hypnotics."	( Analgesia and sedation in critically ill patients. Tramèr, MR; Walder, B, 2004)	0.32
" At this time, sevoflurane or the propofol dosage was reduced in each group (n = 20 in each group)."	( Tactile assessment for the reversibility of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade during propofol or sevoflurane anesthesia. Cheong, MA; Kim, KS; Lee, HJ; Lee, JM, 2004)	0.82
" In conclusion, the duration of action of cisatracurium was prolonged in morbidly obese patients when dosed according to RBW compared with a control group of normal weight patients."	( The effects of cisatracurium on morbidly obese women. Gullo, A; Leykin, Y; Lomangino, G; Lucca, M; Marzano, B; Pellis, T, 2004)	0.32
" The difference in the total dosage of propofol was mainly due to higher rate of propofol administration in the first 30 min in the target controlled infusion group."	( Manual versus target-controlled infusions of propofol. Breslin, DS; Kyle, A; Mirakhur, RK; Reid, JE, 2004)	0.85
" The time when consciousness loss and recovery occurred, dosage of propofol for anesthesia maintenance, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded."	( [Intravenous propofol combined with fentanyl for anesthesia during ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval]. Chen, SL; Chen, Y; Liu, GW; Shi, YS; Xu, JS, 2004)	0.93
" The maintenance dosage of propofol in group B (0."	( [Intravenous propofol combined with fentanyl for anesthesia during ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval]. Chen, SL; Chen, Y; Liu, GW; Shi, YS; Xu, JS, 2004)	0.99
"Anesthesia with propofol combined with fentanyl may reduce the maintenance dosage of propofol, shorten the time of consciousness recovery during oocyte retrieval with ultrasound guidance, and can be helpful for the patients' early recovery and discharge from hospital."	( [Intravenous propofol combined with fentanyl for anesthesia during ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval]. Chen, SL; Chen, Y; Liu, GW; Shi, YS; Xu, JS, 2004)	1.04
" Significant depressions in cardiovascular effects with tested dosage of PP occurred, but the values were kept in physiological ranges."	( [Propofol suppresses the responses in hypoglossal nerve activity to hypercapnic-hypoxic stimulation]. Abe, T; Kusumoto, G; Miyata, Y; Mizumoto, H; Murakami, Y; Nagasaka, H; Nakamura, S; Narita, Y; Ohno, R; Suzuki, M; Tsuchiya, M, 2004)	1.23
" Our results thus suggest that individual titration to loss of consciousness is an alternative to dosing propofol on the basis of average population requirements."	( Individual effect-site concentrations of propofol are similar at loss of consciousness and at awakening. Iwakiri, H; Matsukawa, T; Nagata, O; Nishihara, N; Ozaki, M; Sessler, DI, 2005)	0.81
" After resection of the tumor, propofol dosage was reduced to 3-6 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1), keeping the BIS values around 60."	( [Anesthetic management with propofol during pheochromocytoma resection under bispectral index monitoring]. Ishida, K; Morimoto, Y; Nakamura, M; Sakabe, T; Utada, K; Yamashita, S, 2004)	0.9
" Patients above 61 years had smaller dosage of pentazocine compared with those in patients under 61 years."	( [Anesthetic management by total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, pentazocine and ketamine]. Abe, F; Imamura, M; Masamune, T; Nonaka, A; Suzuki, S, 2005)	0.57
" However, there were significant differences between the 2 groups in absolute or relative CO(2) reactivity at a propofol dosage of 5 mg/kg/h."	( Differential effects of propofol on cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity in elderly versus young subjects. Goto, F; Hinohara, H; Kadoi, Y; Saito, S; Takahashi, K, 2005)	0.85
"Cerebrovascular CO(2) reactivity in elderly patients was lower than that in young patients at a propofol dosage of 5 mg/kg/h."	( Differential effects of propofol on cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity in elderly versus young subjects. Goto, F; Hinohara, H; Kadoi, Y; Saito, S; Takahashi, K, 2005)	0.85
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of muscle relaxants are minimally affected by obesity, and their dosage is based on ideal rather than TBW."	( Anesthesia in the obese patient: pharmacokinetic considerations. Casati, A; Putzu, M, 2005)	0.33
" In a chart review of data for 154 children who underwent 212 procedures, propofol was found to be safe and effective, with consistent dosing among the intensivists administering the medication."	( Bispectral index as a guide for titration of propofol during procedural sedation among children. Kohli, SM; Nazarian, EB; Powers, KS; Rubenstein, JS; Sullivan, JS; Tapyrik, SA; van der Jagt, EW; Yin, H, 2005)	0.82
" Sedation levels of patients were maintained between scores 3 and 4 according to Ramsey sedation scores; when necessary, half of the starting drug dosage was administered for the maintenance of sedation."	( Comparison of propofol with propofol-ketamine combination in pediatric patients undergoing auditory brainstem response testing. Akin, A; Aydogan, H; Boyaci, A; Esmaoglu, A; Gulcu, N; Tosun, Z, 2005)	0.69
"Additional dosage was needed for 21 cases in group P and eight cases in group PK (p=0."	( Comparison of propofol with propofol-ketamine combination in pediatric patients undergoing auditory brainstem response testing. Akin, A; Aydogan, H; Boyaci, A; Esmaoglu, A; Gulcu, N; Tosun, Z, 2005)	0.69
" Furthermore, the use of the allometric equation between adults and children seems to be an adequate tool for the development of rational dosing schemes for children of varying body weights, and requires further study."	( Allometric relationships between the pharmacokinetics of propofol in rats, children and adults. Aarts, LP; Danhof, M; Knibbe, CA; Kuks, PF; Zuideveld, KP, 2005)	0.57
"Gender affects the dosing requirements for, and response to, many drugs used in anesthetic practice."	( The influence of gender on loss of consciousness with sevoflurane or propofol. Johansen, JW; Kodaka, M; Sebel, PS, 2005)	0.56
"The model may ultimately find a role in improving the fidelity of patient simulators currently used to train anesthetists and for clinical practice simulation to optimize dosing and management strategies."	( A physiologically based, recirculatory model of the kinetics and dynamics of propofol in man. Ludbrook, G; Upton, RN, 2005)	0.56
" The dosage of propofol, desflurane, and sevoflurane, obtained with a value of bispectral index (BIS) 40, was kept unchanged throughout the course, and remifentanil was titrated to maintain controlled hypotension: systolic arterial blood pressure 70 to 90 mmHg and mean arterial blood pressure 50 to 65 mmHg."	( Hypotensive anesthesia and recovery of cognitive function in long-term craniofacial surgery. Caverni, V; Favaro, R; Pinto, G; Rosa, G; Tordiglione, P, 2005)	0.68
"" Test propofol concentrations started from a dosage of 4 microg/mL."	( Propofol concentration requirement for laryngeal mask airway insertion was highest with the ProSeal, next highest with the Fastrach, and lowest with the Classic type, with target-controlled infusion. Handa-Tsutsui, F; Kodaka, M, 2005)	2.23
" Statistically significant multivariate predictors of hypotension 0-10 min after anesthetic induction included: ASA III-V, baseline MAP <70 mm Hg, age > or =50 yr, the use of propofol for induction of anesthesia, and increasing induction dosage of fentanyl."	( Predictors of hypotension after induction of general anesthesia. Baez, B; Bernstein, A; Bodian, CA; Hossain, S; Krol, M; Patel, P; Reich, DL, 2005)	0.52
" We report a case of a drug-induced acute pancreatitis that was most likely triggered by a single dosage of propofol."	( Acute pancreatitis induced by short-term propofol administration. Gottschling, S; Graf, N; Larsen, R; Meyer, S; Reinhard, H, 2005)	0.81
" We undertook this study to assess the sedative drug doses administered during bronchoscopy in lung transplant recipients and to assess if there is a change in the dosage requirements over time following lung transplantation."	( Sedative drug requirements during bronchoscopy are higher in cystic fibrosis after lung transplantation. Aboyoun, C; Chhajed, PN; Chhajed, TP; Glanville, AR; Harrison, GA; Leuppi, JD; Malouf, MA; Tamm, M, 2005)	0.33
"The high-anxiety group required more for the induction of sedation and a larger amount of total dosage of propofol for sedation, as compared with the low-anxiety group."	( Comparison of conscious sedation for oocyte retrieval between low-anxiety and high-anxiety patients. Hong, JY; Jee, YS; Luthardt, FW, 2005)	0.54
" Increasing magnesium dosage did not offer any advantages, but induced haemodynamic consequences."	( Effects of three different dose regimens of magnesium on propofol requirements, haemodynamic variables and postoperative pain relief in gynaecological surgery. Akpir, K; Kayacan, S; Pembeci, K; Seyhan, TO; Sungur, MO; Telci, L; Tugrul, M, 2006)	0.58
"We designed a randomized prospective study to investigate whether developmentally delayed children with cerebral palsy (CP) need a lower dosage of propofol for induction than normal children using bispectral index (BIS) monitoring criteria."	( The evaluation of propofol dosage for anesthesia induction in children with cerebral palsy with bispectral index (BIS) monitoring. Aypar, U; Celebi, N; Celik, M; Saricaoglu, F, 2005)	0.86
"Sinusoidal rhythms with waxing and waning amplitudes appeared after propofol-induced narcosis but no direct correlations could be determined between individual dosage and characteristic spindle attributes."	( Presence of 14Hz spindle oscillations in the human EEG during deep anesthesia. Böhler, K; Friedel, C; Hartmann, U; Hensel, M; Kox, WJ; Wolter, S, 2006)	0.57
"The short onset and offset of remifentanil may allow for accurate dosing of sedative effect with few side-effects and rapid recovery."	( Remifentanil versus propofol sedation for peribulbar anesthesia. Aypar, U; Dal, D; Demirtaş, M; Irkeç, M; Sahin, A, 2005)	0.65
" Reproducible shifts in the dose-response of skeletal muscle to caffeine and halothane are the basis of the current in vitro diagnostic caffeine-halothane contracture test."	( Effects of caffeine, halothane, and 4-chloro-m-cresol on skeletal muscle lactate and pyruvate in malignant hyperthermia-susceptible and normal swine as assessed by microdialysis. Bina, S; Bünger, R; Cowan, G; Karaian, J; Mongan, P; Muldoon, S, 2006)	0.33
" The dosage and pharmacokinetics of the analgesic should also be taken into consideration because an insufficient analgesia leads to a faster flattening of the depth of anaesthesia."	( [Depth of anaesthesia during intubation: comparison between propofol and thiopentone]. Bajorat, J; Beck, CE; Hofmockel, R; Janda, M; Pohl, B, 2006)	0.58
" Also gaboxadol dose-response curves followed the same sensitivity rank order, with EC50 values being 72 and 411 microM for alpha3beta1epsilon and alpha3beta1gamma2 subtypes, respectively."	( Impact of epsilon and theta subunits on pharmacological properties of alpha3beta1 GABAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Korpi, ER; Möykkynen, T; Ranna, M; Sinkkonen, ST; Uusi-Oukari, M, 2006)	0.33
" Until a safer dosage range has been determined, propofol infusion at rates higher than 5 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) should be discouraged for long-term sedation (> 48 h)."	( A lethal complication of propofol. Chavez, VM; Haake, RJ; Hayat, SA; Suen, HC, 2006)	0.89
" After resection of the tumor, propofol dosage was reduced keeping the BIS values around 60."	( [Anesthetic management with propofol for pheochromocytoma resection under monitoring of bispectral index and blood volume]. Ishida, K; Matsumoto, M; Morimoto, Y; Orita, H; Sakabe, T; Tsuruta, S; Utada, K, 2006)	0.91
" We investigated the dose-response relationship of SE and RE during propofol anesthesia in comparison with the Bispectral Indextrade mark (BIS)."	( Spectral entropy and bispectral index as measures of the electroencephalographic effects of propofol. Alves, TM; Bruhn, J; Ellerkmann, RK; Hoeft, A; Kreuer, S; Liermann, VM; Roepcke, H; Soehle, M; Wenningmann, I, 2006)	0.79
" Both sedatives were administered over 7 days and individual dosage was adapted according to clinical requirements."	( Effects of propofol vs methohexital on neutrophil function and immune status in critically ill patients. Hout, Nv; Huettemann, E; Jung, A; Sakka, SG; Vogelsang, H, 2006)	0.72
"Priapism experienced by this patient is considered to be drug-induced because of the temporal relationship, recurrence with rechallenge, and dose-response relationship."	( Propofol-induced priapism, a case confirmed with rechallenge. Kozlowski, EA; Martina, SD; Vesta, KS, 2006)	1.78
" The authors hypothesized that the anesthetic properties of propofol are preserved when reformulated as a transparent microemulsion rather than as a turbid macroemulsion and that the dose-response relation can be selectively modified by altering the microemulsion's surfactant type and concentration."	( Preparation and anesthetic properties of propofol microemulsions in rats. Dennis, DM; Grand, T; Gravenstein, N; McGorray, SP; Modell, JH; Morey, TE; Shah, DO; Shekhawat, D, 2006)	0.84
" The surfactant concentration and type markedly affect the spontaneous destabilization and anesthetic properties of microemulsions, a phenomenon suggesting a mechanism whereby dose-response relation can be selectively modified."	( Preparation and anesthetic properties of propofol microemulsions in rats. Dennis, DM; Grand, T; Gravenstein, N; McGorray, SP; Modell, JH; Morey, TE; Shah, DO; Shekhawat, D, 2006)	0.6
" The maintenance of continuous-burst suppression is difficult, and vigilant titrating of dosage of propofol is necessary under continuous EEG monitoring."	( Propofol in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Kälviäinen, R; Mervaala, E; Parviainen, I; Ruokonen, E; Uusaro, A, 2006)	1.99
"Short-acting agents for neuromuscular block (NMB) require frequent dosing adjustments for individual patient's needs."	( Model-based control of neuromuscular block using mivacurium: design and clinical verification. Leibundgut, D; Pfister, CA; Schumacher, PM; Stadler, KS; Wirz, R; Zbinden, AM, 2006)	0.33
" We studied the dose-response relationship by comparing the predicted effect-site concentration (Ce) and the level of hypnosis measured by a monitor of depth of anesthesia based on auditory evoked potentials."	( [Pharmacodynamics of propofol in children and adults: comparison based on the auditory evoked potentials index]. Cortínez, LI; López, R; Muñoz, HR, 2006)	0.65
"The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes associated with two differing right unilateral (RUL) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) dosing protocols: 2-3X seizure threshold (2-3X ST) and fixed high dose (FHD) at 353 mC."	( A naturalistic comparison of two right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy dosing protocols: 2-3X seizure threshold versus fixed high-dose. Frost, AD; Kelly, M; Lush, P; Ward, WK, 2006)	0.33
"The authors prospectively assessed intraindividual variability in propofol dosage for induction of sedation in repetitive procedures in children with malignancies."	( Intraindividual propofol dosage variability in children undergoing repetitive procedural sedations. Furtwängler, R; Gottschling, S; Graf, N; Klotz, D; Meyer, S; Reinhard, H, )	0.71
"We investigated if increasing propofol's dosage to augment its antioxidant capacity during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) could confer cardiac protection."	( Large-dose propofol during cardiopulmonary bypass decreases biochemical markers of myocardial injury in coronary surgery patients: a comparison with isoflurane. Ansley, DM; Huang, Z; Xia, Z, 2006)	1.01
" In conclusion AstraZeneca advocates good haemodynamic and oxygen delivery management, adequate glucose provision, adherence to recommended propofol dosing regimes together with active management of lipaemias to both prevent and treat 'propofol infusion syndrome'."	( The 'propofol infusion syndrome': the facts, their interpretation and implications for patient care. Ahlen, K; Buckley, CJ; Goodale, DB; Pulsford, AH, 2006)	1.05
" Propofol use was at the discretion of the ordering physician and dosed by predetermined infusion protocol."	( Propofol by infusion protocol for ED procedural sedation. Bigelow, SK; Fay, K; Frank, LR; Hauff, SR; Strote, J, 2006)	2.69
" In this study, the use of auditory-evoked potentials monitoring made it possible to determine the target plasma concentration of propofol that induces a narcosis sufficiently deep and strictly necessary for effectiveness, thus minimizing the anesthesiologic risk linked to the use and the dosing of the drug, reducing the hospitalization time, and decreasing the side effects for patients undergoing day surgery mammoplasty."	( Total intravenous anesthesia/target-controlled infusion and auditory-evoked potentials in day surgery mammoplasty. Corcione, A; D'Andrea, F; Ferraro, GA, )	0.34
" They were randomly assigned to five dosage groups: placebo or 5, 10, 15, or 20 microg/kg."	( Alfentanil dosage when inserting the classic laryngeal mask airway. Critchley, LA; Gin, T; Lee, A; Yu, AL, 2006)	0.33
" A noninvasive dosing line was placed in the duodenum by use of endoscopy, and 50% dextrose (3 ml/kg) was administered."	( Comparison of three anesthetic protocols for intraduodenal drug administration using endoscopy in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Authier, S; Breault, C; Chaurand, F; Legaspi, M; Troncy, E, 2006)	0.33
" We studied the effect of melatonin premedication on the propofol and thiopental dose-response curves for abolition of responses to verbal commands and eyelash stimulation."	( The effects of melatonin premedication on propofol and thiopental induction dose-response curves: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Al-Ayyaf, HA; Alharby, SW; Alshaer, AA; Fadin, A; Mansour, Eel-D; Moniem, MA; Naguib, M; Samarkandi, AH, 2006)	0.84
" Dose-response curves were determined by probit analysis."	( The effects of melatonin premedication on propofol and thiopental induction dose-response curves: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Al-Ayyaf, HA; Alharby, SW; Alshaer, AA; Fadin, A; Mansour, Eel-D; Moniem, MA; Naguib, M; Samarkandi, AH, 2006)	0.6
" Midazolam was administered by a titration dosage to achieve a sedation score of three (M group)."	( Amnesia for electric dental pulp stimulation and picture recall test under different levels of propofol or midazolam sedation. Ichinohe, T; Kaneko, Y; Matsuki, Y, 2007)	0.56
"To compare the effects of common carotid artery and femoral vein administration of propofol for electrocerebral silence (ES) on circulatory and respiratory function and the dosage of propofol required during ES in dogs."	( [Effects of carotid arterial and intravenous propofol administration for electrocerebral silence on circulation and respiration in dogs]. Ai, CL; Chen, WM; Gai, CL; Ran, DC; Sun, ZQ; Zheng, XC, 2006)	0.82
" The median dosage used for sedation was 5 mg midazolam (range 2-5 mg) and 160 mg propofol (range 70-320 mg)."	( The effect of sedation on the quality of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: an investigator-blinded, randomized study comparing propofol with midazolam. Bajbouj, M; Burzin, M; Frankenberger, U; Kassem, AM; Meining, A; Prinz, C; Reichenberger, J; Sander, R; Schmid, RM; Semmler, V, 2007)	0.77
" Primary end points were discontinuation or dosage reduction of other sedatives or fentanyl from the hour before to 6 hours after starting dexmedetomidine."	( Adjunctive dexmedetomidine therapy in the intensive care unit: a retrospective assessment of impact on sedative and analgesic requirements, levels of sedation and analgesia, and ventilatory and hemodynamic parameters. Forrest, LK; Kiser, TH; MacLaren, R, 2007)	0.34
"It is safe, reliable and feasible to regulate the sedative depth and the dosage of propofol infusion with the BIS monitor."	( [Impact of propofol on the optimal sedative depth in patients undergoing gastroscopy]. Li, SR; Tian, M; Zhang, Y, 2007)	0.95
" The repeated times and the total dosage of rocuronium in H group were significantly more than that in E group (P<0."	( Hyperthyroidism patients have shorter onset and duration time of rocuronium than euthyroidism patients. Feng, SW; Ge, YL; He, LL; Song, XJ; Wang, YG; Yang, JJ, 2007)	0.34
" Using a sigmoid E(max) model and a first-order rate constant k(e0), we characterized the dose-response relationships for BIS and area-R1."	( Multi-level approach to anaesthetic effects produced by sevoflurane or propofol in humans: 1. BIS and blink reflex. Booij, L; Lerou, J; Mourisse, J; Struys, M; Zwarts, M, 2007)	0.57
" Using a sigmoid E(max) model and a first-order rate constant k(e0), we characterized the dose-response relationships for BIS and TIWR."	( Multi-level approach to anaesthetic effects produced by sevoflurane or propofol in humans: 2. BIS and tetanic stimulus-induced withdrawal reflex. Booij, L; Lerou, J; Mourisse, J; Struys, M; Zwarts, M, 2007)	0.57
" Dose-response curves could only be drawn for swallowing and movement categories, and only the ED(50) could be predicted with certainty."	( Fentanyl dose-response curves when inserting the LMA Classic laryngeal mask airway. Critchley, LA; Khaw, KS; Lee, A; Ngan Kee, WD; Wong, CM, 2007)	0.34
"In this prospective, randomized clinical study, we compared the performance of six inexperienced anaesthesiologists with <1 yr of training when using target- or manually controlled infusion of propofol, combined with manual dosing of fentanyl."	( Use of a target-controlled infusion system for propofol does not improve subjective assessment of anaesthetic depth by inexperienced anaesthesiologists. Baars, J; Hadzidiakos, D; Rehberg, B; Ryll, C, 2007)	0.79
"As oversedation is still common and significant variability between and within critically ill patients makes empiric dosing difficult, the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol upon long-term use are characterized, particularly focused on the varying disease state as determinant of the effect."	( Disease severity is a major determinant for the pharmacodynamics of propofol in critically ill patients. Aarts, LP; Bras, LJ; Danhof, M; DeJongh, J; Knibbe, CA; Peeters, MY; Wesselink, RM, 2008)	0.77
"A total of 27,061 endoscopic procedures (14,856 EGDs and 12,205 colonoscopies) were prospectively assessed regarding patient characteristics, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status, dosage of propofol, fall of oxygen saturation below 90%, need to increase nasal oxygen administration above 2 L/min, and need for assisted ventilation."	( Propofol sedation during endoscopic procedures: how much staff and monitoring are necessary? Inauen, W; Külling, D; Orlandi, M, 2007)	1.97
" This appears to be true for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) as well as for dexamethasone and other antiemetics; assuming a sufficiently high, adequate and equipotent dosage which should be weight-adjusted in children."	( [Nausea and vomiting in the postoperative phase. Expert- and evidence-based recommendations for prophylaxis and therapy]. Apfel, CC; Biedler, A; Danner, K; Danzeisen, O; Gerber, H; Hohenhaus, M; Kerger, H; Kranke, P; Kretz, FJ; Möllhoff, T; Piper, S; Rüsch, D; Spahn, DR; Steinfath, M; Stöcklein, K; Zwissler, B, 2007)	0.34
" Dosage C in contrast had fewer side effects but less favourable cardiovascular results and a longer recovery period."	( A comparative clinical study of three different dosages of intramuscular midazolam-medetomidine-ketamine immobilization in cats. Busch, R; Ebner, J; Erhardt, W; Henke, J; Wehr, U, 2007)	0.34
"Group M: mean dosage of pethidine and midazolam 88."	( Midazolam and pethidine versus propofol and fentanyl patient controlled sedation/analgesia for upper gastrointestinal tract ultrasound endoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Agostoni, M; Arcidiacono, PG; Fanti, L; Gemma, M; Strini, G; Testoni, PA; Torri, G, 2007)	0.63
"To examine the effect of propofol dosing (total dose and number of doses) on patient sedation time and likelihood of resedation."	( Optimization of propofol dose shortens procedural sedation time, prevents resedation and removes the requirement for post-procedure physiologic monitoring. Bell, A; Cardwell, R; Chand, D; Schabort, WJ; Treston, G, 2007)	0.99
"Although BIS became considerably appreciated, growing experience and repeated education had no impact on drug dosing and BIS levels."	( Bispectral index monitoring: appreciated but does not affect drug dosing and hypnotic levels. Brudin, L; Lindholm, ML; Sandin, RH, 2008)	0.35
" Monitoring the AAI facilitates the titration of thiopental and propofol dosing during anesthetic induction."	( [Influence of inhaled nitrous oxide on the induction doses of propofol and thiopental assessed by auditory evoked potentials]. Bellolio, PC; Domínguez, VC, 2007)	0.82
" Dosing of fentanyl, lorazepam, and propofol was recorded."	( Clinical sedation scores as indicators of sedative and analgesic drug exposure in intensive care unit patients. Canonico, AE; Dunn, J; Ely, EW; Girard, TD; Light, RW; Masica, AL; Nair, UB; Pandharipande, P; Shintani, AK; Thomason, JW; Truman Pun, B; Wilkinson, GR, 2007)	0.61
"Compared to the empirical anaesthesia scheme, the proposed anaesthesia scheme can reduce the required propofol dosage by more than 18%."	( Simulation of propofol anaesthesia for intracranial decompression using brain hypothermia treatment. Gaohua, L; Kimura, H, 2007)	0.92
"The primary objective of the present study was to compare the dosage of intravenous propofol required in patients being sedated with propofol alone (group P) with the dosage of propofol required in patients who also received an oral dose of midazolam (group M + P) for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures."	( Deep sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: intravenous propofol alone versus intravenous propofol with oral midazolam premedication. Chlouverakis, G; Manolaraki, MM; Paspatis, GA; Theodoropoulou, A; Vardas, E, 2008)	0.8
"Our data suggest that synergistic sedation with an oral dose of midazolam combined with intravenous propofol can provide a significant benefit, with a reduction in the dosage of propofol required and in patient anxiety levels before ERCP."	( Deep sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: intravenous propofol alone versus intravenous propofol with oral midazolam premedication. Chlouverakis, G; Manolaraki, MM; Paspatis, GA; Theodoropoulou, A; Vardas, E, 2008)	0.79
" The dosage of anesthetic medications administered was also recorded for each patient."	( Metoclopramide does not influence the frequency of propofol-induced spontaneous movements. Ahmed, SA; Herazo, L; Iyer, C; Joshi, GP; Lenkovsky, F; Markin, V; Robertson, BD; Ross, L, 2007)	0.59
" Increases in calcium concentrations in response to propofol dosage were limited to doses at least 100-fold greater than those used in clinical settings."	( Propofol-induced changes in myoplasmic calcium concentrations in cultured human skeletal muscles from RYR1 mutation carriers. Kawamoto, M; Kobayashi, M; Migita, T; Mukaida, K; Nishino, I; Yuget, O, 2007)	2.03
"Anesthetized, open-chest New Zealand White rabbits were used to acquire dose-response curves with sevoflurane, desflurane, and propofol, followed by reduction to baseline infusion."	( Persistent depression of contractility and vasodilation with propofol but not with sevoflurane or desflurane in rabbits. Angus, JA; Liew, DF; Royse, AG; Royse, CF; Wright, CE, 2008)	0.79
"This study describes a pharmacodynamic model during general anaesthesia in children relating the bispectral index (BIS) response to the anaesthetic dosing of propofol, fentanyl, and remifentanil."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children. Ammon, C; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schmidt, J; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2008)	0.78
" The aim of this study was to clarify whether low-dose S(+)-ketamine used to prevent chronic pain similarly stimulates the cardiovascular system and to determine the impact of propofol dosage on this effect."	( [Sympathomimetic effects of low-dose S(+)-ketamine. Effect of propofol dosage]. Linstedt, U; Maier, C; Timm, C; Weiss, T; Zenz, M, 2008)	0.78
" In the presence of a propofol dosage >3 mg/kg BW/h the stimulatory cardiovascular effect could no longer be observed."	( [Sympathomimetic effects of low-dose S(+)-ketamine. Effect of propofol dosage]. Linstedt, U; Maier, C; Timm, C; Weiss, T; Zenz, M, 2008)	0.9
" This stimulatory effect is nullified in the presence of a continuous propofol infusion at a dosage of more than 3 mg/kg BW/h."	( [Sympathomimetic effects of low-dose S(+)-ketamine. Effect of propofol dosage]. Linstedt, U; Maier, C; Timm, C; Weiss, T; Zenz, M, 2008)	0.82
" Additionally, it was investigated whether the effect of a fixed dosage of propofol on the attained depth of hypnosis during induction of anaesthesia is different in male and female patients."	( Comparison of Narcotrend Index, Bispectral Index, spectral and entropy parameters during induction of propofol-remifentanil anaesthesia. Grouven, U; Kneif, T; Schultz, A; Schultz, B; Siedenberg, M, 2008)	0.79
"In children, as in adults, BIS values were highly correlated with the corresponding Ct or Cm of propofol following classical E(max) dose-response curves."	( The relationship between bispectral index and propofol during target-controlled infusion anesthesia: a comparative study between children and young adults. Constant, I; De-Smet, T; Girault, L; Louvet, N; Murat, I; Piat, V; Rigouzzo, A; Seeman, R; Servin, F, 2008)	0.82
" Furthermore, the safe dosage of propofol may need re-evaluation, and new studies are needed."	( Propofol infusion syndrome: an overview of a perplexing disease. Fodale, V; La Monaca, E, 2008)	2.07
" In the study group patients, the total dosage of anesthetics and the duration of inotropic support decreased intraoperatively and there was a reduction in the duration of postoperative artificial ventilation."	( [High epidural anesthesia as a component of anesthetic support for cardiosurgical interventions in infants]. Khabibullin, IM; Mironov, PI; Plechev, VV, )	0.13
" Neuroleptic drugs can produce severe side effects and need careful dosage and monitoring."	( [Delusion in the critical patient]. Palencia-Herrejón, E; Romera, MA; Silva, JA, 2008)	0.35
" It has been reported that remifentanil is suitable because of its wide dosage window with respect to recording MEP."	( [Anesthetic management of a case of craniotomy using TCI of remifentanil with intraoperative monitoring of motor evoked potential]. Ito, T; Iwasaki, H; Kunisawa, T; Nagashima, M; Omachi, H; Ozaki, Y; Suzuki, A; Takahata, O, 2008)	0.35
" The authors further evaluated the dose-response relations of isoflurane under different study conditions: (1) normalization of mean arterial pressure, or end-expiratory carbon dioxide; (2) bilateral lesion of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus; and (3) vagotomy."	( Differential effects of isoflurane and propofol on upper airway dilator muscle activity and breathing. Chamberlin, NL; Eikermann, M; Fassbender, P; Gautam, S; Jordan, AS; Malhotra, A; White, DP; Zaremba, S, 2008)	0.62
"The transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation has a certain analgesic effect in the operation and can reduce 17% Propofol dosage and 14% Fentany dosage, and it can decrease the skin-cutting-induced stress reaction of the cardiovascular system and accelerate waking."	( [Analgesic effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with target-controlled infusion in general anesthesia and effects on cardiovascular system]. He, BM; Yang, B, 2008)	0.55
" The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and SpO2 were monitored during the operation, and the induction time, recovery time, propofol dosage and adverse effect were recorded."	( [Application of flurbiprofen preemptive analgesia combined with intravenous propofol anesthesia in induced abortion]. Lao, JX; Liu, WX; Tan, SX; Zhang, YF, 2008)	0.78
"Tiagabine, in excess dosing scenarios, has been rarely documented to cause status epilepticus."	( Status epilepticus due to tiagabine ingestion. Benigno, J; Dubow, JS; Fisher, M; Leikin, JB, )	0.13
"Sedation level measured by modified observer's assessment of alertness/sedation (MOAA/S), recovery time measured from endoscope removal until Aldrete >/= 12, dosage of propofol, oxygen saturation, and safety assessments."	( An assessment of computer-assisted personalized sedation: a sedation delivery system to administer propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Martin, JF; Moerman, A; Pambianco, DJ; Struys, MM; Whitten, CJ, 2008)	0.76
" Mean propofol dosage was low and post-procedure recovery times were rapid."	( An assessment of computer-assisted personalized sedation: a sedation delivery system to administer propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Martin, JF; Moerman, A; Pambianco, DJ; Struys, MM; Whitten, CJ, 2008)	1.04
" The dose-response curve was determined for both groups; potency was calculated using log-probit analysis."	( Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol augments the potency of mivacurium. Bracco, D; Cousineau, J; Decarie, P; Hemmerling, TM; Le, N, 2008)	0.63
" The two groups were evaluated for time of alertness and extubation in the intensive care unit, total analgesic dosage administered during the 24 hours after operation, arterial blood gas and peripheral saturation of oxygen before and after extubation."	( Fast-track method in cardiac surgery: evaluation of risks and benefits of continuous administration technique. Najafi, M, 2008)	0.35
" There was no significant association between the use of propofol or the dosage of propofol and any risk factor, need for blood products, number of hours in the ICU, or survival."	( Use of propofol for anesthesia in cats with primary hepatic lipidosis: 44 cases (1995-2004). Asakawa, M; Erb, HN; Posner, LP, 2008)	1.05
"Combination of midazolam and propofol can not only ensure anterograde amnesia in critical patients, reduce drug dosage and adverse reactions, but also can help reduce the hospital expenses."	( [Effects of combination of midazolam and propofol on anterograde amnesia in critical patients]. Dai, TJ; Li, JQ; Li, L; Li, MQ; Liu, J; Lu, F; Mo, X; Xu, JY; Xu, YJ; Zhang, Z, 2008)	0.9
"This paper presents the application of predictive control to drug dosing during anesthesia in patients undergoing surgery."	( Robust predictive control strategy applied for propofol dosing using BIS as a controlled variable during anesthesia. De Keyser, R; De Smet, T; Ionescu, CM; Normey-Rico, JE; Struys, MM; Torrico, BC, 2008)	0.6
" In this randomized, double-blind, clinical study, we investigated the dose-response relationship between propofol, QTc, and Tp-e in a range of doses clinically relevant for surgical anesthesia."	( The effect of propofol concentration on dispersion of myocardial repolarization in children. Chau, A; Hume-Smith, HV; Lim, J; Sanatani, S; Whyte, SD, 2008)	0.92
" Endoscopic procedures, dosage used, respiratory depression, complications and 30-day mortality were evaluated."	( Propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures in patients 90 years of age and older. Horiuchi, A; Ichise, Y; Katsuyama, Y; Nakayama, Y; Ohmori, S; Tanaka, N, 2008)	1.79
" Human case reports have shown successful resuscitation with use of IVLE, using varying dosing regimens."	( Intravenous lipid emulsion for local anesthetic toxicity: a review of the literature. Felice, K; Schumann, H, 2008)	0.35
" propofol infusion, intracarotid infusion could reach and maintain the target anaesthetic depth with less dosage and without affecting MAP."	( Efficacy of intracarotid propofol infusion and impact of cerebral blood flow alteration. Fan, YY; Lao, N; Nie, H; Wang, BR; Xiong, LZ; Xu, LX; Zhang, H, 2009)	1.57
" Despite its utility, adverse effects may occur with high or prolonged propofol dosing regimens including delayed awakening."	( Effects of dexmedetomidine on propofol and remifentanil infusion rates during total intravenous anesthesia for spine surgery in adolescents. Anderson, J; Hoernschemeyer, DG; Ngwenyama, NE; Tobias, JD, 2008)	0.87
" Algorithm-based charge dosing was used."	( Comparison of propofol and thiopental as anesthetic agents for electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized, blinded comparison of seizure duration, stimulus charge, clinical effect, and cognitive side effects. Báez, A; Bauer, J; Bolwig, T; Dam, H; Hageman, I; Jørgensen, MB; Olsen, NV; Roed, J, 2009)	0.71
" There is a lower risk of propofol infusion exceeding manufacturer's recommended dosing guides in the BIS-augmentation group versus the Ramsay-alone group (0 vs."	( A randomized evaluation of bispectral index-augmented sedation assessment in neurological patients. Graffagnino, C; Olson, DM; Peterson, ED; Thoyre, SM, 2009)	0.65
" For each class, the dosing scheme and practical issues related to administration are described, based on evidence when available in the literature."	( [Drugs for status epilepticus treatment]. Mazoit, JX; Navarro, V, 2009)	0.35
"Neonatal drug dosing needs to be based on the physiological characteristics of the newborn, the pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug and has to take maturational aspects of drug disposition into account."	( Neonatal clinical pharmacology: recent observations of relevance for anaesthesiologists. Allegaert, K; de Hoon, J; Naulaers, G; Van De Velde, M, 2008)	0.35
"To evaluate the success and dosing requirements of propofol in children for prolonged procedural sedation by a nonanesthesiology-based sedation service."	( Pediatric procedural sedation by a dedicated nonanesthesiology pediatric sedation service using propofol. DeGuzman, MA; Patel, KN; Rigby, MR; Roerig, PL; Simon, HK; Stockwell, CA; Stockwell, JA, 2009)	0.82
" Patients were stratified into 4 cohorts based on age (<1 year [n = 16], 1-2 years [n = 85], 3-7 years [n = 54], and >7 years [n = 55]) and dosing patterns, success, and adverse effects were investigated."	( Pediatric procedural sedation by a dedicated nonanesthesiology pediatric sedation service using propofol. DeGuzman, MA; Patel, KN; Rigby, MR; Roerig, PL; Simon, HK; Stockwell, CA; Stockwell, JA, 2009)	0.57
" Although no differences were seen in maintenance rates by age, the greatest SD for dosing was seen in the oldest cohort."	( Pediatric procedural sedation by a dedicated nonanesthesiology pediatric sedation service using propofol. DeGuzman, MA; Patel, KN; Rigby, MR; Roerig, PL; Simon, HK; Stockwell, CA; Stockwell, JA, 2009)	0.57
"Although it seems that the mean dosing of propofol does not vary significantly with age, there is greater variability in induction dosage for those younger than 1 year and in maintenance dosing for those 7 years or older."	( Pediatric procedural sedation by a dedicated nonanesthesiology pediatric sedation service using propofol. DeGuzman, MA; Patel, KN; Rigby, MR; Roerig, PL; Simon, HK; Stockwell, CA; Stockwell, JA, 2009)	0.84
" An electroencephalographic burst-suppression should be targeted for about 24 hour, before progressive weaning of the dosage under EEG monitoring."	( [Drug treatment of refractory status epilepticus]. Rossetti, AO; Santoli, F, 2009)	0.35
" The propofol dosage for maintenance of anaesthesia at the EEG level D(2)/E(0) decreased with increasing age."	( Women need more propofol than men during EEG-monitored total intravenous anaesthesia / Frauen benötigen mehr Propofol als Männer während EEG-überwachter total-intravenöser Anästhesie. Grouven, U; Haensch, K; Krauss, T; Schultz, A; Schultz, B, 2009)	1.21
"To develop a transdermal dosage form of propofol (PF), in vitro skin permeability and in vivo absorbability of PF were investigated in rats, and the effectiveness of enhancers on the transdermal delivery of PF was estimated."	( Effect of penetration enhancers on transdermal delivery of propofol. Akiyama, H; Machida, Y; Onishi, H; Takahashi, Y; Tsuji, K; Yamato, K, 2009)	0.86
"To develop a predictive pharmacokinetic model for propofol that could inform development of a dosing strategy for the obese population."	( Encouraging the move towards predictive population models for the obese using propofol as a motivating example. Green, B; Kirkpatrick, CM; McLeay, SC; Morrish, GA, 2009)	0.83
" A dosing strategy was evaluated that normalized awakening time across a range of patient weights."	( Encouraging the move towards predictive population models for the obese using propofol as a motivating example. Green, B; Kirkpatrick, CM; McLeay, SC; Morrish, GA, 2009)	0.58
" Simulations in 70-160 kg subjects indicated that dosing linearly on TBW (label recommendation), in contrast to LBW, resulted in increased plasma concentrations in the larger weight groups."	( Encouraging the move towards predictive population models for the obese using propofol as a motivating example. Green, B; Kirkpatrick, CM; McLeay, SC; Morrish, GA, 2009)	0.58
"LBW as a covariate provides a plausible mechanistic explanation for an observed nonlinear increase in drug CL with TBW and may be suitable for developing dosing strategies that are appropriate for use in the obese population."	( Encouraging the move towards predictive population models for the obese using propofol as a motivating example. Green, B; Kirkpatrick, CM; McLeay, SC; Morrish, GA, 2009)	0.58
"In conclusion, addition of low dose ketamine to propofol-fentanyl combination decreased the risk of desaturation and it also decreased the need for supplemental propofol dosage in pediatric patients at interventional radiology procedures."	( Comparison of propofol-fentanyl with propofol-fentanyl-ketamine combination in pediatric patients undergoing interventional radiology procedures. Akinci, SB; Aypar, U; Erden, IA; Koseoglu, A; Pamuk, AG, 2009)	0.97
" We conclude firstly that propofol is safe for individuals with predisposition to malignant hyperthermia when it is used within the recommended clinical dosage range, and secondly that its mode of action upon ryanodine receptors is likely to be different from that of caffeine."	( Effects of propofol on calcium homeostasis in human skeletal muscle. Hamada, H; Kawamoto, M; Kobayashi, M; Migita, T; Mukaida, K; Nishino, I; Yuge, O, 2009)	1.04
"Because propofol is the sedative preferred by gastroenterologists, we focus this review on gastroenterologist-directed propofol sedation, provide simulations of the respiratory depressant effect of different dosing protocols and give a perspective on future developments in computer-assisted sedation techniques."	( Anesthesia or sedation for gastroenterologic endoscopies. Luginbühl, M; Schumacher, P; Stüber, F; Vuilleumier, P, 2009)	0.79
" Our simulations show that dosing protocols with small boluses administered at reasonable intervals induce less respiratory depression than large boluses."	( Anesthesia or sedation for gastroenterologic endoscopies. Luginbühl, M; Schumacher, P; Stüber, F; Vuilleumier, P, 2009)	0.35
"This study in swine assessed BIS stability in response to decreases and increases in cardiac output under two propofol/remifentanil dosage combinations, both producing the same depth of surgical anaesthesia."	( BIS response to tamponade and dobutamine in swine varies with hypnotic/opiate ratio. Beydon, L; Cailleux, A; Chazot, T; Desfontis, JC; Dussaussoy, C; Ferec, S; Fischler, M; Ganster, F; Gautier, F; Gogny, M; Liu, N; Petres, J, )	0.34
" Sedative dosing was determined by a certified registered nurse anesthetist with the goal of achieving deep sedation."	( Incidence of sedation-related complications with propofol use during advanced endoscopic procedures. Ansstas, MA; Azar, RR; Coté, GA; Early, DS; Edmundowicz, SA; Hovis, RM; Jonnalagadda, SS; Mullady, DK; Waldbaum, L, 2010)	0.62
" Propofol was used for a median of 63 hrs (range, 2-391) with a median cumulative dosage of 12,750 mg (range, 336-57,545)."	( Propofol infusion syndrome in patients with refractory status epilepticus: an 11-year clinical experience. Hoel, R; Iyer, VN; Rabinstein, AA, 2009)	2.71
"Twenty-one healthy volunteers aged 20-45 yr underwent propofol sedation using an effect-site target-controlled infusion system and two different dosing protocol schemes."	( Automated responsiveness monitor to titrate propofol sedation. Bjorksten, AR; Doufas, AG; Mahgoub, AN; Morioka, N; Sessler, DI; Shafer, SL, 2009)	0.86
"Pharmacokinetic studies in obese patients suggest that dosing of rocuronium should be based on ideal body weight (IBW)."	( Should dosing of rocuronium in obese patients be based on ideal or corrected body weight? Claudius, C; Jenstrup, MT; Lund, J; Meyhoff, CS; Rasmussen, LS; Sørensen, AM; Viby-Mogensen, J, 2009)	0.35
"In obese patients undergoing gastric banding or gastric bypass, rocuronium dosed according to IBW provided a shorter duration of action without a significantly prolonged onset time or compromised conditions for tracheal intubation."	( Should dosing of rocuronium in obese patients be based on ideal or corrected body weight? Claudius, C; Jenstrup, MT; Lund, J; Meyhoff, CS; Rasmussen, LS; Sørensen, AM; Viby-Mogensen, J, 2009)	0.35
" Therefore, we tested the dose-response direct cardiac effects of clinically available induction agents in an isolated septic rat heart model."	( Cardiac effects of induction agents in the septic rat heart. Busse, H; Graf, BM; Lunz, D; Sinner, B; Zausig, YA; Zink, W, 2009)	0.35
"With the growing use of pharmacokinetic (PK)-driven drug delivery and/or drug advisory displays, identifying the PK model that best characterizes propofol plasma concentration (Cp) across a variety of dosing conditions would be useful."	( The performance of compartmental and physiologically based recirculatory pharmacokinetic models for propofol: a comparison using bolus, continuous, and target-controlled infusion data. Coetzee, JF; Doufas, AG; Kazama, T; Masui, K; Mortier, EP; Struys, MM; Upton, RN, 2010)	0.78
" To test the accuracy of the models, we used published measured plasma concentration data that originated from studies of manual (bolus and short infusion) and computer-controlled (target-controlled infusion [TCI] and long infusion) propofol dosing schemes."	( The performance of compartmental and physiologically based recirculatory pharmacokinetic models for propofol: a comparison using bolus, continuous, and target-controlled infusion data. Coetzee, JF; Doufas, AG; Kazama, T; Masui, K; Mortier, EP; Struys, MM; Upton, RN, 2010)	0.76
"5-mg/kg dosing regimen was well tolerated and effective for sedation during colonoscopy and was associated with higher rates of sedation success, memory retention, and physician satisfaction than the fospropofol 2-mg/kg dose."	( A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study of fospropofol disodium for sedation during colonoscopy. Cattau, E; Cohen, LB; Goetsch, A; Kline, JM; Rex, DK; Shah, A; Weber, JR, )	0.57
" The onset depends on the dosage used."	( Rapid sequence intubation: a review of recent evidences. Di Filippo, A; Gonnelli, C, 2009)	0.35
" There was no difference in the dosage of fentanyl, VAS, or the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting between the two groups (P>0."	( [Application of a narcotrend-assisted anesthesia in-depth monitor in the microwave coagulation for liver cancer during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl]. Huang, W; Lai, JL; Lai, RC; Lu, YL; Wang, XD; Xie, JD; Xu, MX, 2010)	0.56
"For patients with liver cancer, monitoring the depth of anesthesia with Narcotrend on microwave coagulation can contribute to lower dosage of propofol and shorten duration of recovery during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl."	( [Application of a narcotrend-assisted anesthesia in-depth monitor in the microwave coagulation for liver cancer during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl]. Huang, W; Lai, JL; Lai, RC; Lu, YL; Wang, XD; Xie, JD; Xu, MX, 2010)	0.76
" Intravenous atropine could prevent a fall in HR, but not a fall in BP, during induction of intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil of our dosing regimen."	( Can intravenous atropine prevent bradycardia and hypotension during induction of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil? Ariyama, J; Hayashida, M; Kitamura, A; Maruyama, K; Nakagawa, H; Nishikawa, Y, 2010)	0.78
" In the era of anxiolytic dosing protocols adjusted to specific patient behaviors as defined by sedation scales in conjunction with daily interruption, midazolam is a reasonable option for long-term sedation."	( Optimizing sustained use of sedation in mechanically ventilated patients: focus on safety. Arnold, HM; Hollands, JM; Mice, ST; Skrupky, LP, 2010)	0.36
" However, the mean propofol dosage was higher in group 2 (33."	( Comparison of two ketamine-propofol dosing regimens for sedation during interventional radiology procedures. Akinci, SB; Aypar, U; Erden, IA; Koseoglu, A; Pamuk, AG, 2010)	0.99
" We reviewed our experience to determine the dose-response relationship and apparent perioperative safety profile of adenosine in intracranial aneurysm patients."	( Adenosine-induced flow arrest to facilitate intracranial aneurysm clip ligation: dose-response data and safety profile. Avram, MJ; Batjer, HH; Bebawy, JF; Bendok, BR; Gupta, DK; Hemmer, LB; Koht, A; Zeeni, C, 2010)	0.36
"Isoflurane provides protection against myocardial damage in a clinically used dosage as documented by lower levels of troponin-T in patients undergoing OPCAB surgery."	( Myocardial protection with isoflurane during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized trial. Dutta, D; Garg, M; Minhas, H; Tempe, DK; Tomar, A; Virmani, S, 2011)	0.37
" Two dose-response studies were then performed with and without surgical stimulation."	( Intravenous lidocaine infusion reduces bispectral index-guided requirements of propofol only during surgical stimulation. Bonhomme, V; Hans, GA; Hans, PC; Joris, JL; Kaba, A; Lamy, ML; Lauwick, SM; Struys, MM, 2010)	0.59
" Advantages and disadvantages of using propofol for sedation, as well as its pharmacokinetics, preparation for use, dosing for endoscopic sedation, auxiliary sedative and analgesic medication options, methods of administering, adverse effects with interventions, recovery, and patient-physician satisfaction are discussed."	( Review of propofol and auxiliary medications used for sedation. Ellett, ML, )	0.8
" General anaesthesia was effective in 100% of cases with a dosage of propofol, ranging between 20 mg to a maximum of 80 mg, after 5 mg of midazolam was administered."	( General anaesthesia for external electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: experience of an exclusively cardiological procedural management. Angheben, C; Bergamini, C; Cicoira, M; Lanza, D; Morani, G; Pozzani, L; Tomasi, L; Vassanelli, C, 2010)	0.6
" Moreover, the association of midazolam and a very small dosage of propofol, given their synergic action, is effective and safe in inducing anaesthesia."	( General anaesthesia for external electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: experience of an exclusively cardiological procedural management. Angheben, C; Bergamini, C; Cicoira, M; Lanza, D; Morani, G; Pozzani, L; Tomasi, L; Vassanelli, C, 2010)	0.6
" The time to loss of consciousness (LOC), intubation time, intubation score, anesthetic dosage and adverse effects were recorded."	( [Comparison of sevoflurane and propofol in combined anesthesia induction with remifentanil for tracheal intubation with fiberoptic bronchoscope]. Cao, LH; Huang, W; Lin, WQ; Tan, HY; Zeng, WA; Zhong, ZJ, 2010)	0.65
" We used the Fisher exact test for the difference in proportions across age groups and analysis of variance for the differences in dosing across age and ASA categories."	( ED procedural sedation of elderly patients: is it safe? Avery, S; Bassett, R; Perkins, AJ; Sandford, B; Swiler, W; Terrell, KM; Weaver, CS, 2011)	0.37
" There was a significant decrease in mean sedation dosing with increased age and ASA score."	( ED procedural sedation of elderly patients: is it safe? Avery, S; Bassett, R; Perkins, AJ; Sandford, B; Swiler, W; Terrell, KM; Weaver, CS, 2011)	0.37
" Although propofol is the induction drug most frequently used in these patients, the appropriate induction dosing scalar for propofol remains controversial in MO subjects."	( Lean body weight scalar for the anesthetic induction dose of propofol in morbidly obese subjects. Brodsky, JB; Ingrande, J; Lemmens, HJ, 2011)	1.01
" We aimed to establish whether the duration of preoperative abstinence from fluids independently contributed to arterial blood pressure changes and dosage requirements during propofol induction."	( The influence of duration of fluid abstinence on hypotension during propofol induction. Lewis, CM; Morley, AP; Nalla, BP; Natarajan, A; Prevost, AT; Strandvik, G; Vamadevan, S, 2010)	0.79
" This investigation aimed to increase the safety of propofol administration by developing a dosing schedule that would preserve spontaneous respiration in at least 95% of subjects."	( Slower administration of propofol preserves adequate respiration in children. Brant, R; Dosani, M; Dumont, G; Lim, J; Mark Ansermino, J; McCormack, J; Reimer, E, 2010)	0.91
" Detailed data concerning the dosage of PSA medications, adverse events, and ED times for patients requiring PSA for treatment of fractures, reductions of joint dislocations, and cardioversion for atrial fibrillation were collected."	( Procedural sedation and analgesia in a Canadian ED: a time-in-motion study. Anstett, D; Bawden, J; Bond, K; Boyko, D; Fabris, G; Fassbender, K; Rowe, BH; Singh, M; Villa-Roel, C, 2011)	0.37
" The dose-response relationship of propofol for the maintenance of adequate anesthesia based on BIS, movement and hemodynamic response was investigated using a fixed effect-site concentration of sufentanil (0."	( Predicted effect-site concentration of propofol and sufentanil for gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Cho, CK; Jeong, SJ; Jung, SM; Kang, PS; Kwon, HU; Lim, YS; Oh, JY; Yang, CW, 2011)	0.92
" A 1 mL/kg dosage of a 300 mg/mL solution of iohexol was administered at a rate of 3 mL/s during GFR measurement."	( Evaluation of the effects of thiopental, propofol, and etomidate on glomerular filtration rate measured by the use of dynamic computed tomography in dogs. Chang, D; Chang, J; Choi, M; Jung, J; Kim, S; Lee, H; Lee, I; Lee, Y; Yoon, J, 2011)	0.64
" In the dose-response analysis, the 50% and 95% effective doses were lower for sevoflurane than for propofol in both muscles, although this did not reach statistical significance."	( Neuromuscular blockade by vecuronium during induction with 5% sevoflurane or propofol. Higa, K; Iwashita, K; Kusumoto, G; Nitahara, K; Shono, S; Sugi, Y, 2010)	0.81
"An increased dosage of propofol is frequently administered to reduce responses to insertion of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA)."	( Increased dosage of propofol in anesthesia induction cannot control the patient's responses to insertion of a laryngeal mask airway. Kanazawa, M; Murata, T; Nitta, M; Suzuki, T, 2006)	0.97
"The two groups showed no significant differences in the analgesic effect, dosage of propofol, adverse effects, unconsciousness time, awake time, or hospital stay."	( [Application of subclinical doses of pentazocine and propofol in painless vaginal egg retrieval]. Ding, H; Gu, MN; Liang, FG; Shi, YS; Zhou, W, 2011)	0.84
" Pretreatment with Intralipid® shifted the dose-response to bupivacaine-induced asystole in rats."	( [Bupivacaine toxicity and propofol anesthesia : animal study on intravascular bupivacaine injection]. Bettschart-Wolfensberger, R; Frotzler, A; Kutter, AP; Martin Jurado, O; Mauch, J; Spielmann, N; Weiss, M, 2011)	0.67
" The total operative time, dosage of propofol, awake time and body movement during the procedure were recorded."	( [Anesthetic management of patients with mental retardation during autologous transplantation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells outside the operating room]. Hao, JH; Li, MM; Liu, YH; Liu, ZH; Yue, L; Zhang, QH, 2011)	0.64
"Compared with LMA and ETT groups, the MAC groups showed a significantly increased total dosage of propofol (66."	( [Anesthetic management of patients with mental retardation during autologous transplantation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells outside the operating room]. Hao, JH; Li, MM; Liu, YH; Liu, ZH; Yue, L; Zhang, QH, 2011)	0.59
" Patient characteristics, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, vital parameters and propofol dosage were registered on specially designed forms."	( [Procedural sedation with propofol in non-painful interventions in children]. Bruijnen, CJ; Dijkman, KP; Halbertsma, FJ; Mohns, T; van Ooyen, F, 2011)	0.88
" With the long term vision of an electrochemical sensor for in vivo monitoring and feedback controlled dosing of propofol in blood, different alternatives for the electrochemical quantification of propofol using diverse working electrodes and experimental conditions are presented in this contribution."	( Electrochemical quantification of 2,6-diisopropylphenol (propofol). Chaum, E; Garay, F; Kivlehan, F; Langmaier, J; Lindner, E, 2011)	0.83
"This investigation aimed to develop a pediatric pharmacodynamic model of propofol-induced tidal volume depression towards an ultimate goal of developing a dosing schedule that would preserve spontaneous breathing following a loading dose of propofol."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of propofol-induced tidal volume depression in children. Dosani, M; Dumont, GA; Hahn, JO; Khosravi, S; Mark Ansermino, J, 2011)	0.89
" Use of the combination requires the development of standardized protocols for drug preparation and dosage to minimize the potential for errors."	( Combination of ketamine and propofol versus either agent alone for procedural sedation in the emergency department. Jennett-Reznek, AM; Patanwala, AE; Thomas, MC, 2011)	0.66
" NMS is associated with administration of antipsychotic medications, anti-emetic medications, and changes in the dosage of anti-parkinsonian drugs."	( Anesthetic management of a pediatric patient with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Bhalla, T; Maxey, D; Sawardekar, A; Tobias, JD, 2012)	0.38
"In an effort to open up new opportunities in individualized anesthesia care, this paper presents a dynamic dose-response model of propofol that relates propofol dose (i."	( A direct dynamic dose-response model of propofol for individualized anesthesia care. Ansermino, JM; Dumont, GA; Hahn, JO, 2012)	0.85
" On the other hand, there is evidence that propofol pharmacokinetic parameters, scaled linearly to LBM, provide improved dosing in normal and obese adults."	( Allometric or lean body mass scaling of propofol pharmacokinetics: towards simplifying parameter sets for target-controlled infusions. Coetzee, JF, 2012)	0.91
" Sixty-five (46%) patients receiving ketofol and 93 (65%) patients receiving propofol required repeated medication dosing or progressed to a Ramsay Sedation Score of 4 or less during their procedure (difference 19%; 95% confidence interval 8% to 31%; P=."	( Ketamine-propofol combination (ketofol) versus propofol alone for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia: a randomized double-blind trial. Abu-Laban, RB; Andolfatto, G; Moadebi, S; Stackhouse, S; Staniforth, SM; Willman, E; Zed, PJ, 2012)	1.02
"Anesthesiologists face a dilemma in determining appropriate dosing of anesthetic drugs in obese children."	( The effect of obesity on the ED(95) of propofol for loss of consciousness in children and adolescents. Abrams, S; Andropoulos, DB; Coulter-Nava, C; East, DL; Garcia, PJ; Govindan, K; Kozinetz, CA; Needham, J; Olutoye, OA; Spearman, R; Tjia, IM; Watcha, MF; Yu, X, 2012)	0.65
" The propofol dosing was adjusted to keep BIS level between 40 and 60."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Bieda, K; Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Hartmann-Sobczyńska, R; Kaliszan, R; Malatyńska, M; Marcinkowska, A; Sobczyński, P; Wiczling, P, 2012)	1.16
" Propofol (1 µM) shifted the dose-response curve for the P2X4R currents to lower concentrations of ATP and increased the maximum amplitude."	( Effects of general anesthetics on P2X4 receptors in a mouse microglial cell line. Asada, A; Hasaka, M; Kuno, M; Matsuura, T; Mori, T; Narahashi, T; Nishikawa, K, 2012)	1.29
" As a result, it is anticipated that dosage of propofol for maintenance of anaesthesia in morbidly obese children and adolescents should be based on TBW using an allometric function."	( Propofol clearance in morbidly obese children and adolescents: influence of age and body size. Chidambaran, V; Cox, SL; Diepstraten, J; Esslinger, HR; Inge, TH; Knibbe, CA; Sadhasivam, S; Vinks, AA, 2012)	2.08
"Using models of respiratory compromise, loss of response to esophageal instrumentation, and loss of responsiveness, the authors explored through simulation published dosing schemes for endoscopy using propofol alone and in combination with selected opioids."	( A simulation study of common propofol and propofol-opioid dosing regimens for upper endoscopy: implications on the time course of recovery. Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; LaPierre, CD; Randall, BR, 2012)	0.86
"Four published dosing regimens of propofol alone or in combination with opioids were used to predict the probability of loss of response to esophageal instrumentation for a 10-min procedure and the probability of respiratory compromise and return of responsiveness once the procedure had ended."	( A simulation study of common propofol and propofol-opioid dosing regimens for upper endoscopy: implications on the time course of recovery. Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; LaPierre, CD; Randall, BR, 2012)	0.95
" While fatal PRIS can occur suddenly and rapidly, there is no sensitive test or early warning sign, and the only preventive measure is to limit propofol dosage and its duration."	( Propofol infusion syndrome heralded by ECG changes. Aslan, A; Jacobs, B; Mijzen, EJ; Rodgers, MG, 2012)	2.02
" However, the present case suggests using the lowest possible dosage in MDR1-deficient dogs and pet owners should be advised of potential complications."	( [Milbemycinoxime intoxication in a Miniature Australian Shepherd dog]. Baumstark, M; Burkhardt, W; Kook, P; Matos, J; Reusch, C, 2012)	0.38
"Intra-operative dosing of sufentanil significantly influenced post-operative morphine consumption, pain and hyperalgesia."	( The impact of intra-operative sufentanil dosing on post-operative pain, hyperalgesia and morphine consumption after cardiac surgery. Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schüttler, J, 2013)	0.39
"Application of Narcotrend monitor in monitoring the depth of anesthesia in severely burned patients during perioperative period with TCI of remifentanil hydrochloride and propofol is beneficial to reducing dosage of narcotics and shortening duration of recovery from anesthesia, and it can accurately predict the level of consciousness of patients at the time of withdrawal of anesthesia."	( [Application of Narcotrend-assisted anesthesia in-depth monitor during escharectomy and skin transplantation in burn patients with target-controlled infusion of remifentanil hydrochloride and propofol]. Guo, ZG; Hao, JH; Lü, XL; Su, XJ; Wang, XY, 2012)	0.76
" The dosage of each drug was 10 mg/kg."	( Effects of propofol on ischemia-induced ventricular arrhythmias and mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Chen, R; Hong, J; Li, XY; Liu, Q; Liu, SW; Qian, C; Song, LS; Sun, BG; Yao, JY, 2012)	0.77
"For full compatibility groups (age, ASA status and anthropometric data, equal operation duration and the equipotential drug dosage adjustment is revealed, that in group of propofol-fentanyl TIVA in the early postoperative period in school age children postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is developing, which in case of absence of the corresponding correction is maintained after 1 month after operation (at least) in 80% of cases."	( [Correction of early cognitive disorders in school-age children operated under total intravenous anaesthesia]. Gus'kov, IE; Lobov, MA; Lugovoĭ, AV; Miatchin, PS; Ovezov, AM; Panteleeva, MV, )	0.33
" In the future, data obtained under these "extreme" clinical circumstances, may be used to modify the dosage algorithms of propofol TCI systems to match the clinical scenario."	( Potential pitfalls of propofol target controlled infusion delivery related to its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Bienert, A; Cywiński, JB; Grześkowiak, E; Kusza, K; Wiczling, P, 2012)	0.9
"Adjusting the remifentanil dosage according to the SPI in outpatient anaesthesia reduced the consumption of both remifentanil and propofol and resulted in faster recovery."	( Surgical pleth index-guided remifentanil administration reduces remifentanil and propofol consumption and shortens recovery times in outpatient anaesthesia. Bauer, M; Bergmann, I; Crozier, TA; Göhner, A; Hesjedal, B; Hinz, JM; Popov, AF; Wiese, CH, 2013)	0.82
" It also reviews the comparative pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and dosing of ketamine, propofol, and ketofol as agents for procedural sedation and analgesia."	( Ketamine, propofol, and ketofol use for pediatric sedation. Alletag, MJ; Auerbach, MA; Baum, CR, 2012)	1
" Algorithm-based charge dosing was used."	( Effect of propofol versus sodium thiopental on electroconvulsive therapy in major depressive disorder: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. Balkç, A; Deniz, S; Erdem, M; Özdemir, B; Öznur, T; Purtuloğlu, T; Ünlü, G, 2013)	0.79
"Eighty healthy people were randomly assigned to one of the 13 dosage groups."	( [Effect of single doses of HX0507 on QTc intervals in healthy people: a phase I safety and tolerability study]. Li, R; Liao, TZ; Liu, J; Xu, J; Yi, XQ; Zhang, WS, 2012)	0.38
"Prolongation of QT interval was induced by HX0507 administered at an anticipated clinical dosage (3 mg/kg) or at a stronger dosage (8 mg/kg) and above."	( [Effect of single doses of HX0507 on QTc intervals in healthy people: a phase I safety and tolerability study]. Li, R; Liao, TZ; Liu, J; Xu, J; Yi, XQ; Zhang, WS, 2012)	0.38
" The dosage of propofol recommended in these guidelines is, however, based on one single study."	( [Palliative sedation in a man with oral cancer; the Royal Dutch Medical Association guidelines not always sufficient]. Broekhoff, FJ; Dompeling, EC; Smelt, WL; Vos-Westerman, JH; Wulffraat, ET, 2013)	0.74
" Adequate symptom control was only achieved when propofol was administered in a high dosage of 150 mg/h and levomepromazine administration was reinitiated."	( [Palliative sedation in a man with oral cancer; the Royal Dutch Medical Association guidelines not always sufficient]. Broekhoff, FJ; Dompeling, EC; Smelt, WL; Vos-Westerman, JH; Wulffraat, ET, 2013)	0.64
"Closed-loop control of anesthesia is expected to decrease drug dosage and wake up time while increasing patient safety and decreasing the work load of the anesthesiologist."	( Quantification of the variability in response to propofol administration in children. Ansermino, JM; Dumont, GA; Khosravi, S; Soltesz, K; van Heusden, K; West, N, 2013)	0.64
" The former, on sale without prescription, presents a varied symptomatology, dosage and dependent metabolic action, ranging from euphoria to hallucinations."	( [Emergent drugs (II): the Pharming phenomenon]. Aldea-Perona, A; Burillo-Putze, G; Climent, B; Dueñas, A; García-Sáiz, MM; Hoffman, RS; Munné, P; Nogué, S; Rodríguez-Jiménez, C, )	0.13
"The objective was to assess the effect on stress biomarkers of supplemental opioid to a standard propofol dosing protocol for emergency department (ED) procedural sedation (PS)."	( Randomized clinical trial of the effect of supplemental opioids in procedural sedation with propofol on serum catecholamines. Gray, RO; Ho, JD; Miner, JR; Moore, JC; Patel, S; Plummer, D, 2013)	0.83
"5 mg/kg every 3 minutes as needed, or propofol only, dosed in similar fashion without supplemental alfentanil."	( Randomized clinical trial of the effect of supplemental opioids in procedural sedation with propofol on serum catecholamines. Gray, RO; Ho, JD; Miner, JR; Moore, JC; Patel, S; Plummer, D, 2013)	0.88
" The drug dosage in combination group was decreased significantly compared with propofol group and midazolam group (total dosage of propofol: 25."	( [Comparison of sedative effects of propofol and midazolam on emergency critical patients on mechanical ventilation]. Hong, GL; Lu, ZQ; Qiu, QM; Wu, B; Xu, AY; Zhao, GJ, 2013)	0.89
" Recorded data included patient signalment, sedation score, propofol dosage and any adverse reactions."	( A dose titration study into the effects of diazepam or midazolam on the propofol dose requirements for induction of general anaesthesia in client owned dogs, premedicated with methadone and acepromazine. Borer-Weir, K; Robinson, R, 2013)	0.86
" Furthermore there are other factors such as succinylcholines use when fast intubation is needed, the wrong myorelaxant and dosage choice."	( [Modern approach to the neuromuscular blocking agents use in pediatric patients]. Agavelyan, EG; Stepanenko, SM, )	0.13
"Compared with patients in non-CVVHDF group, the patients who received propofol in CVVHDF required higher total dosage and longer delivery time to maintain a good sedation."	( [Application of propofol sedation in patients undergoing continuous venous-venous haemodiafiltration]. Chen, ZJ; Cheng, SW; Fu, JW; Liang, JX; Lü, CZ; Peng, L; Wang, GY; Wu, GP; Zhang, HT, 2013)	0.97
" Blood samples were collected before dosing and at different time after dosing."	( Relative bioavailability study of a new medium/long-chain triglyceride emulsion of propofol in beagle dogs. Cai, YQ; Chen, W, 2013)	0.61
" However, the existing evidence for the dosage requirements and safety of propofol in emergency DCCV is limited."	( Procedural sedation with propofol for emergency DC cardioversion. Govier, M; Kaye, P, 2014)	0.94
" Nonlinear regression analysis was used to describe the dose-response relationships for the aepEX, the BIS, and propofol plasma concentrations (Cp)."	( Evaluation of the aepEX™ monitor of hypnotic depth in pediatric patients receiving propofol-remifentanil anesthesia. Cheung, YM; Hoeks, SE; Scoones, GP; Stolker, RJ; Weber, F, 2013)	0.83
" Additionally, propofol dosage and overall rate of adverse events in group Cs were lower than those in group Cc."	( Stepwise sedation for elderly patients with mild/moderate COPD during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Cao, K; Chen, X; Guo, Q; Jia, Y; Liu, XM; Shen, SR; Tong, LL; Wang, F; Wang, XY; Xiao, DH; Xu, CX; Zou, HF, 2013)	0.74
" Dosage of analgesic medication consumption was retrieved from patients' charts."	( Combined spinal and general anesthesia vs general anesthesia for robotic sacrocervicopexy: a randomized controlled trial. Awad, N; Lowenstein, L; Mustafa, S; Nasir, H; Segal, D, 2014)	0.4
" The satisfaction level, the complication, and the dosage of the administered propofol were compared."	( Efficacy of bispectral index monitoring during balanced propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Eun, CS; Han, DS; Kim, EK; Kim, HS; Ryu, S; Shin, WJ; Yoo, KS; Yu, YH, 2013)	0.86
" The dose-response relationships of sufentanil for providing adequate analgesia were evaluated by visual analog scales and Ramsay sedation scores."	( Prediction of effect-site concentration of sufentanil by dose-response target controlled infusion of sufentanil and propofol for analgesic and sedation maintenance in burn dressing changes. Cao, D; Chen, L; Lin, X; Wang, M; Xiang, H; Ye, L, 2014)	0.61
"TAES combined with target controlled infusion of Propofol can reduce the dosage of Propofol and Nicardipine, and shorten the resuscitation time and tracheal catheter indwelling time in craniotomy patients."	( [Effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation combined with target controlled infusion of propofol on efficacy of general anesthesia for craniotomy]. Dai, QX; Mo, YC; Wang, DD; Wang, JL; Wang, LL; Wu, Q; Zhang, MX, 2013)	0.86
" Additional bolus/es was/were administered in the dosage similar to induction dose in case of inadequate sedation."	( A double blind randomized trial of ketofol versus propofol for endodontic treatment of anxious pediatric patients. Gauba, K; Goyal, A; Jain, K; Kapur, A; Mittal, N, 2013)	0.64
" Depth of anesthesia was automatically guided by bispectral index and by a computerized closed-loop system for induction, thus avoiding dosing bias."	( Comparison of the potency of different propofol formulations: a randomized, double-blind trial using closed-loop administration. Alvarez, JC; Chazot, T; Cornet, C; Dardelle, D; Devillier, P; Dreyfus, JF; Fischler, M; Genty, A; Grassin-Delyle, S; Le Guen, M; Liu, N; Mazoit, JX; Sessler, DI, 2014)	0.67
" There are often patients who desire extensive liposuction on approximately 30% of total body surface area, which means the lidocaine total dose might be over the dosing recommendation."	( Safe extensive tumescent liposuction with segmental infiltration of lower concentration lidocaine under monitored anesthesia care. Cao, WG; Jiang, ZH; Li, SL; Liu, LN; Wang, G, 2015)	0.42
" The results indicate that the Linear model predicts a dosage profile that is faster in leading to an effect-site concentration closer to the desired target concentration."	( Individualizing propofol dosage: a multivariate linear model approach. Gambús, P; Mendonça, T; Rocha, C; Silva, ME, 2014)	0.75
"To examine the dose-response effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) and propofol (PROP) on airway morphology in children and adolescents with a history of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)."	( Effect of increasing depth of dexmedetomidine and propofol anesthesia on upper airway morphology in children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea. Donnelly, LF; Fleck, R; Gunter, J; Jung, D; Mahmoud, M; McAuliffe, J; Patio, M; Salisbury, S, 2013)	0.88
" As the dosage increased, average airway dimensions were typically unchanged or slightly increased with DEX compared with airway dimensions that were unchanged or slightly decreased with PROP."	( Effect of increasing depth of dexmedetomidine and propofol anesthesia on upper airway morphology in children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea. Donnelly, LF; Fleck, R; Gunter, J; Jung, D; Mahmoud, M; McAuliffe, J; Patio, M; Salisbury, S, 2013)	0.64
"Drug combination is frequently used in pain treatment, which can produce similar analgesia with reduced dosage and side effects."	( Synergistic antinociception of propofol-alfentanil combination in mice. Jia, N; Li, RL; Li, Y; Li, YW; Shi, XP; Wang, C; Wang, JW; Wen, AD; Wu, Y; Zhao, C, 2014)	0.69
"In this work, an application of an enzymatic reaction for the determination of the highly hydrophobic drug propofol in emulsion dosage form is presented."	( Fully automated analytical procedure for propofol determination by sequential injection technique with spectrophotometric and fluorimetric detections. Amorim, CG; Araújo, AN; Horstkotte, B; Montenegro, MC; Sklenářová, H; Solich, P; Šrámková, I, 2014)	0.88
" Clinical data imply a correlation between cumulative propofol dosage and diaphragm dysfunction, whereas laboratory investigations have revealed that propofol has some antioxidant properties."	( Sedation using propofol induces similar diaphragm dysfunction and atrophy during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation in rats. Bergs, I; Bleilevens, C; Bruells, CS; Cielen, N; Gayan-Ramirez, G; Maes, K; Rossaint, R; Thomas, D; Weis, J, 2014)	1
"Appropriate sedation benefits patients by reducing the stress response, but it requires an appropriate method of assessment to adjust the dosage of sedatives."	( Monitoring sedation for bronchoscopy in mechanically ventilated patients by using the Ramsay sedation scale versus auditory-evoked potentials. Chu, KA; Hsu, CW; Lee, DL; Sun, SF; Wong, KF, 2014)	0.4
" The propofol dosage was adjusted by the nursing staff during examination to maintain the Alaris AEP index (AAI) value between 25 and 40 in the AEP group and the RSS at 5 or 6 in the RSS group."	( Monitoring sedation for bronchoscopy in mechanically ventilated patients by using the Ramsay sedation scale versus auditory-evoked potentials. Chu, KA; Hsu, CW; Lee, DL; Sun, SF; Wong, KF, 2014)	0.92
"To evaluate the effect and safety of propofol target controlled infusion (TCI) with a small dosage of fentanyl intravenous sedation on the removal of the third impacted molar tooth."	( [Evaluation of propofol target controlled infusion with fentanyl intravenous sedation on the removal of impacted wisdom tooth]. Guan, M; Liu, Y; Wang, EB; Zhang, W, 2014)	1.03
"Propofol TCI with a small dosage of fentanyl intravenous sedation on the removal of impacted wisdom tooth is effective and safe."	( [Evaluation of propofol target controlled infusion with fentanyl intravenous sedation on the removal of impacted wisdom tooth]. Guan, M; Liu, Y; Wang, EB; Zhang, W, 2014)	2.2
"In this study we compared the effect of 2 enantiomers; namely racemic preparation of bupivacaine with pure formulation of its levorotatory form levobupivacaine on the dosage requirements for general anesthesia propofol in a series of 273 patients admitted to hospital of China for nephrectomy."	( The effect of L-bupivacaine on BIS levels in the maintenance doses of propofol and fentanyl during general anesthesia in Chinese people. Cai, M; Li, X, 2014)	0.82
" No significant difference was noted in the dosage of propofol used between the BIS and control groups (168."	( Prospective randomized trial of bispectral index monitoring of sedation depth during flexible bronchoscopy. Carmi, U; Fruchter, O; Kramer, MR; Rosengarten, D; Tirosh, M, 2014)	0.65
" The propofol dosage required for anesthetic maintenance was 29% (with a 95% confidence interval, 18-40) lower in patients given dexmedetomidine (2."	( Dexmedetomidine reduces propofol and remifentanil requirements during bispectral index-guided closed-loop anesthesia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Augé, M; Bonnet, F; Chazot, T; Dardelle, D; Fischler, M; Laloë, PA; Le Guen, M; Liu, N; Sessler, DI; Tounou, F; Tuil, O, 2014)	1.22
" Using the lowest effective anesthetic dosage minimizes its effect on seizure elicitation and duration."	( Propofol for ECT anesthesia a review of the literature. Rasmussen, KG, 2014)	1.85
"Continuous pump infusion of 1 mg/(kg x h) ketamine for TIVA in adults can reduce dosage of propofol and minimize adverse effects of ketamine."	( [Determination of dosage and effectiveness of propofol and ketamine for TIVA in adults]. Kang, Y; Li, XQ; Li, Y; Liu, J, 2014)	0.88
" It also reduce the dosage of anesthetics and improve the safety of anesthesia."	( [The anesthesiologic value of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation combined with general intravenous anesthesia in endoscopic thyroidectomy patients: a clinical study]. Li, YL; Wang, MX; Wu, XY; Yan, YN, 2014)	0.4
"020) in the TIVA group; moreover, the total dosage of norepinephrine was lower (0."	( Hemodynamic and biochemical changes in liver transplantation: A retrospective comparison of desflurane and total intravenous anesthesia by target-controlled infusion under auditory evoked potential guide. Cherng, CH; Hsieh, CB; Huang, YS; Lee, MS; Lu, CH; Wu, ZF; Yeh, CC, 2014)	0.4
" We recorded patient characteristics, hemodynamic profiles, effect-site propofol concentration upon LOC, total propofol dosage for colonoscopy, and colonoscopy outcomes."	( The hemodynamic effect of an intravenous antispasmodic on propofol requirements during colonoscopy: A randomized clinical trial. Chen, JP; Chung, KC; Hu, WH; Hung, KC; Juang, SE; Lee, KC; Lu, HF; Pao, YY; Tan, PH, 2014)	0.88
"261) nor total propofol dosage required for colonoscopy (3."	( The hemodynamic effect of an intravenous antispasmodic on propofol requirements during colonoscopy: A randomized clinical trial. Chen, JP; Chung, KC; Hu, WH; Hung, KC; Juang, SE; Lee, KC; Lu, HF; Pao, YY; Tan, PH, 2014)	1
"The hemodynamic responses to intravenous Buscopan neither affected the effect-site propofol concentration needed to induce LOC, nor the total propofol dosage required for colonoscopy in this study."	( The hemodynamic effect of an intravenous antispasmodic on propofol requirements during colonoscopy: A randomized clinical trial. Chen, JP; Chung, KC; Hu, WH; Hung, KC; Juang, SE; Lee, KC; Lu, HF; Pao, YY; Tan, PH, 2014)	0.87
" The induced dosage and total dosage of propofol, examination time, the awakening time and adverse reactions were observed in the patients of each group."	( [Application of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with infusion of propofol in anodynia bronchoscopy]. Lu, XB; Qi, S; Wu, XQ, 2014)	0.89
" The total dosage of propofol in group C was larger than those in group A and group B [(288."	( [Application of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with infusion of propofol in anodynia bronchoscopy]. Lu, XB; Qi, S; Wu, XQ, 2014)	0.94
" This method reduces anesthetic dosage and shortens the postoperative awakening time, which can be effectively applied in bronchoscopy."	( [Application of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with infusion of propofol in anodynia bronchoscopy]. Lu, XB; Qi, S; Wu, XQ, 2014)	0.62
" However, GMR, such as in the occipital, temporal, and frontal lobes, was obviously decreased at a sedative dosage of propofol, whereas, changes in the thalamus were not obvious."	( Anesthetic effects of propofol in the healthy human brain: functional imaging evidence. Song, XX; Yu, BW, 2015)	0.94
" The dosage of propofol needed for induction, consumption during maintenance and recovery time were recorded."	( Impact of malnutrition on propofol consumption and recovery time among patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery. Bu, H; Fan, Y; Gao, F; Manyande, A; Tian, X; Tian, Y; Xiang, Y; Yang, H, 2014)	1.06
"The present results indicate that the dosage and recovery time of propofol does change in malnourished individuals."	( Impact of malnutrition on propofol consumption and recovery time among patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery. Bu, H; Fan, Y; Gao, F; Manyande, A; Tian, X; Tian, Y; Xiang, Y; Yang, H, 2014)	0.94
" Implementation of DISE with propofol requires a dosing strategy that reliably and efficiently produces obstruction while minimizing oxygen desaturation."	( Safety and efficacy of drug-induced sleep endoscopy using a probability ramp propofol infusion system in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Atkins, JH; Mandel, JE; Rosanova, G, 2014)	0.92
"A propofol infusion strategy that requires limited experience with propofol dose selection and only 1 pump dosing change reliably produced airway obstruction in patients with severe sleep apnea."	( Safety and efficacy of drug-induced sleep endoscopy using a probability ramp propofol infusion system in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Atkins, JH; Mandel, JE; Rosanova, G, 2014)	1.35
" We aimed to determine a ketofol dosing regimen for short procedural sedation and analgesia of 5- to 20-minute duration in healthy patients (2-20 y)."	( Ketofol dosing simulations for procedural sedation. Anderson, BJ; Coulter, FL; Hannam, JA, 2014)	0.4
" We surveyed choice of sedative agent and dosage on the basis of accompanying diseases or conditions in patients receiving treatment at the Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College Chiba Hospital between 2010 and 2011."	( Survey on choice of intravenous sedative agent at department of dental anesthesiology, Tokyo Dental College Chiba Hospital between 2010 and 2011. Ichinohe, T; Kasahara, M; Matsuki, Y; Matsuura, N; Okamura, T; Shiozaki, K, 2014)	0.4
" We found no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in the rates of increased oxygen supplementation, assisted ventilation, bradycardia, hypotension, dosage of atropine, dosage of ephedrine or phenylephrine, and the amount of propofol consumed."	( Sidestream capnographic monitoring reduces the incidence of arterial oxygen desaturation during propofol ambulatory anesthesia for surgical abortion. Xiangming, F; Zhonghua, C; Zongming, J, 2014)	0.8
"Patients were randomized 1:1 to enteral acetaminophen 1 g every 6 hours for 3 days (n = 18) or placebo (n = 22) with the same dosing schedule and duration."	( Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of acetaminophen for the reduction of oxidative injury in severe sepsis: the Acetaminophen for the Reduction of Oxidative Injury in Severe Sepsis trial. Bastarache, JA; Bernard, GR; Janz, DR; Oates, JA; Rice, TW; Roberts, LJ; Sills, G; Ware, LB; Warren, MA; Wickersham, N, 2015)	0.42
" All patients in treatment group received anisodamine in small dosage 2 hours before extubation."	( [Investigation of adjuvant treatment for difficult weaning from mechanical ventilation]. Bai, Y; Jia, L; Li, H; Zhu, X, 2014)	0.4
"The amount of propofol-remifentanil administered by the controller is consistent with current knowledge, propofol is best dosed using TBW whereas remifentanil is best dosed using IBW."	( Feasibility of closed-loop co-administration of propofol and remifentanil guided by the bispectral index in obese patients: a prospective cohort comparison. Assenzo, V; Chazot, T; Cocard, V; Fischler, M; Journois, D; Le Guen, M; Liu, N; Lory, C; Sessler, DI, 2015)	1.03
" Therefore, we studied whether propofol dosage had to be increased during a course of ECT."	( No evidence for development of tolerance after repeated use of propofol for electroconvulsive therapy. Fischer, W; Soyka, M, 2015)	0.94
" Although the lack of a systematic dosing scheme in our study limits the conclusions that can be drawn, recent studies in animal models indicate that tolerance development is rather unlikely with propofol."	( No evidence for development of tolerance after repeated use of propofol for electroconvulsive therapy. Fischer, W; Soyka, M, 2015)	0.85
"To explore the neuromuscular effects of cisatracurium besylate in morbidly obese patients when dosed according to real body weight under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol."	( [Neuromuscular effects of cisatracurium besylate in obese patients]. Geng, Z; Wu, X, 2014)	0.6
"When dosed according to real body weight, onset time of cisatracurium is shorter while clinical duration and recovery index are prolonged in morbidly obese patients compared with normal weight counterparts."	( [Neuromuscular effects of cisatracurium besylate in obese patients]. Geng, Z; Wu, X, 2014)	0.4
" In the three models, dose-response curves were established and their respective ED50 (50% effective dose) values were determined separately for each agent."	( Synergistic antinociceptive interactions between fospropofol and alfentanil in mice. Cao, S; Cui, J; Jia, N; Li, R; Li, Y; Wang, C; Wang, L; Wen, A; Wu, Y; Zhao, C, 2015)	0.67
" It showed that exposure to propofol on P7 decreased hippocampal cell proliferation as indicated by BrdU and Sox2 immunostaining at P8 in propofol treatment at the dosage of 60 mg/kg but not at the dosage of 30 mg/kg."	( Propofol Administration During Early Postnatal Life Suppresses Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Bao, X; Chen, X; Du, Z; Fan, X; Huang, J; Jing, S; Li, H; Yang, T, 2016)	2.17
" The average Ramsay score, the frequency of propofol, the highest score of NRS, the total dosage of fentanyl and recovery time were compared."	( [Sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in post-operative elder patients on mechanical ventilation]. Huang, F; Jin, J; Kong, J; Liu, S; Wang, J; Xu, H; Yang, X, 2014)	0.66
"05), the total dosage of fentanyl significantly decreased (427."	( [Sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in post-operative elder patients on mechanical ventilation]. Huang, F; Jin, J; Kong, J; Liu, S; Wang, J; Xu, H; Yang, X, 2014)	0.4
" The modification of propofol dosage in the group of patients under study is not necessary when TCI-guided administration of propofol by means of the Schnider model is used."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in cancer patients undergoing major lung surgery. Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Kaliszan, R; Kut, K; Plenzler, E; Przybyłowski, K; Szczesny, D; Tyczka, J; Wiczling, P, 2015)	1
" Our goal was to determine the effect of a preinduction 20-mL/kg isotonic fluid bolus on propofol-induced hypotension, assess clinical signs of hypoperfusion during hypotension, and evaluate for age-related propofol dosing differences."	( A presedation fluid bolus does not decrease the incidence of propofol-induced hypotension in pediatric patients. Aldag, JC; Deshpande, GG; Jager, MD, 2015)	0.88
" Cardiovascular indices and clinical signs of hypoperfusion were compared between groups, and propofol dosing differences were compared between age groups."	( A presedation fluid bolus does not decrease the incidence of propofol-induced hypotension in pediatric patients. Aldag, JC; Deshpande, GG; Jager, MD, 2015)	0.88
" Patient signalment, sedation score, propofol dosage and adverse reactions were recorded."	( The effects of diazepam or midazolam on the dose of propofol required to induce anaesthesia in cats. Borer-Weir, K; Robinson, R, 2015)	0.94
" Except for benzodiazepines, which were dosed higher in women than men, equal doses of sedation were given to female and male patients."	( Practice patterns of sedation for colonoscopy. Childers, RE; Sonnenberg, A; Williams, JL, 2015)	0.42
" The dose-response relationship of rocuronium was determined with a single-bolus technique (0."	( Effects of single-shot and steady-state propofol anaesthesia on rocuronium dose-response relationship: a randomised trial. Blobner, M; Fink, H; Schaller, SJ; Stäuble, CG; Stäuble, RB; Unterbuchner, C, 2015)	0.68
"Optimal dosing of propofol to maintain appropriate anesthetic depth is challenging in severely obese (SO) adolescents."	( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and dosing simulation of propofol maintenance anesthesia in severely obese adolescents. Chidambaran, V; Cox, S; Diepstraten, J; Esslinger, H; Fukuda, T; Inge, T; Knibbe, CAJ; Sadhasivam, S; Venkatasubramanian, R; Vinks, AA, 2015)	0.98
" A propofol PK/PD model was developed using NONMEM and model-based simulations were performed to determine propofol dosing regimens targeting BIS of 50 ± 10."	( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and dosing simulation of propofol maintenance anesthesia in severely obese adolescents. Chidambaran, V; Cox, S; Diepstraten, J; Esslinger, H; Fukuda, T; Inge, T; Knibbe, CAJ; Sadhasivam, S; Venkatasubramanian, R; Vinks, AA, 2015)	1.27
" The proposed maintenance dosing regimen targeted to a BIS of 50 ± 10, based on our PK/PD model, was able to predict desired propofol concentrations and BIS in a representative obese teen when used in conjunction with accepted PK/PD models for children/obese adults (PK:Eleveld/PD: Cortinez), further supporting evidence for the dosing based on TBW."	( Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and dosing simulation of propofol maintenance anesthesia in severely obese adolescents. Chidambaran, V; Cox, S; Diepstraten, J; Esslinger, H; Fukuda, T; Inge, T; Knibbe, CAJ; Sadhasivam, S; Venkatasubramanian, R; Vinks, AA, 2015)	0.85
" 5 mg was used; during surgery, the anesthesia induction was followed with intravenous injection of fentanyl citrate, propofol and rocuronium bromide and the dosage was increased accordingly; after surgery, the analgesia pump was applied."	( [Clinical research of lung resection surgery with microinjection acupuncture and drug anesthesia instead of traditional acupuncture anesthesia]. Min, Y; Shi, L; Zhou, H; Zhu, Y, 2015)	0.63
"n The combined method of MIA and intravenous anesthesia significantly reduces the dosage of intravenous anesthetics during and after lung resection surgery as compared with ADA, presenting the similar analgesic effect as simple intravenous medication and the good safety."	( [Clinical research of lung resection surgery with microinjection acupuncture and drug anesthesia instead of traditional acupuncture anesthesia]. Min, Y; Shi, L; Zhou, H; Zhu, Y, 2015)	0.42
" A total of 24 (10 short-term dosage and 14 long-term dosage) miRNAs were significantly regulated, one of which was rno-miR-665."	( microRNA Expression Profiling of Propofol-Treated Developing Rat Hippocampal Astrocytes. Pei, L; Sun, W, 2015)	0.7
" Magnesium shows promise, although timing and dosing require clarification."	( Update on anesthetic neuroprotection. Absalom, A; Zwerus, R, 2015)	0.42
"To assess the effects of dexmedetomidine (Dex) on propofol dosage in target-controlled infusion (TCI) and hemodynamics in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia."	( [Effects of dexmedetomidine on propofol dosage in target-controlled infusion and hemodynamics during laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia]. Liang, FG; Ouyang, MW; Wang, HT, 2015)	0.96
"Dex can reduce hemodynamic abnormalities caused by extubation and decrease the dosage of propofol in TCI, and may serve as an ideal adjuvant drug for general anesthesia."	( [Effects of dexmedetomidine on propofol dosage in target-controlled infusion and hemodynamics during laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia]. Liang, FG; Ouyang, MW; Wang, HT, 2015)	0.92
" The extent to which clinicians follow established dosing guidelines has not been well described."	( Propofol Use in the Elderly Population: Prevalence of Overdose and Association With 30-Day Mortality. Andreopoulos, E; Deiner, S; Levin, MA; Mo Lin, H; Phillips, AT; Silverstein, J, 2015)	1.86
" Within one week of the preliminary tests where propofol dose-response was established, BOLD-fMRI was conducted to examine brain activation with the subject awake, and with propofol infusion at the sedation level."	( Propofol Affects Different Human Brain Regions Depending on Depth of Sedation(△). Lin, SF; Quan, X; Tian, SY; Ye, TH; Zou, L, 2015)	2.12
" The primary outcome parameter is the dosage of propofol necessary for an adequate level of sedation to tolerate the procedure (OAA/S < 4)."	( A randomised controlled trial: can acupuncture reduce drug requirement during analgosedation with propofol and alfentanil for colonoscopy? A study protocol. Eberl, S; Fockens, P; Hollmann, MW; Monteiro de Olivera, N; Preckel, B; Streitberger, K, 2015)	0.89
" At an epidural ropivacaine dose that blocks 20 segments, the propofol dosage or target concentration may be reduced by 30% compared with when no epidural blockade is present."	( Epidural Blockade Affects the Pharmacokinetics of Propofol in Surgical Patients. Dahan, A; Lesman, A; Olofsen, E; Sitsen, E; Vuyk, J, 2016)	0.93
" The model may be useful for identifying optimal dosing schedules for these drugs in a combination that provides adequate sedation but avoids respiratory depression."	( Modeling Respiratory Depression Induced by Remifentanil and Propofol during Sedation and Analgesia Using a Continuous Noninvasive Measurement of pCO2. Borrat, X; Castells, A; Castellví-Bel, S; Gambús, PL; Hannam, JA; Jensen, EW; Muñoz, J; Pedroso, A; Trocóniz, IF; Valencia, JF, 2016)	0.68
"Monitoring of drug concentrations in breathing gas is routinely being used to individualize drug dosing for the inhalation anesthetics."	( Propofol Breath Monitoring as a Potential Tool to Improve the Prediction of Intraoperative Plasma Concentrations. Apfel, CC; Colin, P; Eleveld, DJ; Hornuss, C; Schelling, G; Struys, MMRF; van den Berg, JP; Vereecke, HEM, 2016)	1.88
"Femoral nerve and sciatic nerve block applied in TKA can obviously inhibit the tourniquet reaction,keep hemodynamic stability,reduce the dosage of anesthetic drug,and relieve the postoperative pain."	( [Effect of Femoral and Sciatic Nerve Block on Tourniquet Reaction and Postoperative Pain during Total Knee Arthroplasty]. Dong, BH; Li, J; Wu, XC; Xu, P, 2015)	0.42
"Administration of sedatives according to simulating circadian time could decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation, extubation time, and the length of ICU stay, decrease the dosage of sedative drugs, and reduce the incidence of delirium."	( [Study of prevention and control of delirium in ventilated patients by simulating blockage of circadian rhythm with sedative in intensive care unit]. Dong, C; Feng, F; Li, J; Qi, Y; Song, R; Yang, J; Yang, Z; Zhang, H, 2016)	0.43
"Compared with the C group, mean remifentanil dosage was significantly higher in the T group (3."	( Effects of indexes of consciousness (IoC1 and IoC2) monitoring on remifentanil dosage in modified radical mastectomy: a randomized trial. Wang, X; Wu, G; Yu, A; Yu, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2016)	0.43
"IoC1-targeted propofol dosing does not seem to be significantly different to hemodynamic-based monitoring, whereas IoC2 monitoring can increase remifentanil dosage during modified radical mastectomy, but the anesthetic process is more controllable and total adverse events are reduced, which improves the controllability of anesthesia."	( Effects of indexes of consciousness (IoC1 and IoC2) monitoring on remifentanil dosage in modified radical mastectomy: a randomized trial. Wang, X; Wu, G; Yu, A; Yu, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2016)	0.79
"IoC1-targeted propofol dosing does not seem to be significantly different to hemodynamic-based monitoring, whereas IoC2 monitoring can increase remifentanil dosage during modified radical mastectomy, but the anesthetic process is more controllable and total adverse events are reduced, which improves the controllability of anesthesia."	( Effects of indexes of consciousness (IoC1 and IoC2) monitoring on remifentanil dosage in modified radical mastectomy: a randomized trial. Wang, X; Wu, G; Yu, A; Yu, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2016)	0.79
" So far, a dose-response relationship between sedation and collapsibility has not been demonstrated."	( Depth-dependent changes of obstruction patterns under increasing sedation during drug-induced sedation endoscopy: results of a German monocentric clinical trial. Herzog, B; Herzog, M; Kellner, P; Kühnel, T; Plontke, S; Plößl, S; Rohrmeier, C; Wanzek, R, 2016)	0.43
" The propofol self-administration model was established by a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) schedule of reinforced dosing over successive 14days in rats."	( Glucocorticoid receptor mediated the propofol self-administration by dopamine D1 receptor in nucleus accumbens. Chen, Z; Dong, Z; Ge, RS; Lian, Q; Liang, Y; Lin, W; Wang, B; Wang, S; Wu, B; Zhang, G, 2016)	1.22
" The total dosage of used propofol was also recorded."	( A comparison between the effects of propofol-fentanyl with propofol-ketamine for sedation in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography outside the operating room. Akhondzadeh, R; Ghomeishi, A; Nesioonpour, S; Nourizade, S, 2016)	1.01
" We aimed to evaluate the benefits of MEI in terms of reduction in propofol dosage in patients undergoing routine colonoscopy."	( Magnetic endoscope imaging for routine colonoscopy: impact on propofol dosage and patient safety - a randomized trial. Abdelhafez, M; Bajbouj, M; Einwächter, H; Geisler, F; Haller, B; Hartrampf, B; Klare, P; Schlag, C; Schmid, RM; von Delius, S, 2016)	0.91
" Median propofol dosage was significantly lower in the MEI arm compared with the standard arm (150 mg vs."	( Magnetic endoscope imaging for routine colonoscopy: impact on propofol dosage and patient safety - a randomized trial. Abdelhafez, M; Bajbouj, M; Einwächter, H; Geisler, F; Haller, B; Hartrampf, B; Klare, P; Schlag, C; Schmid, RM; von Delius, S, 2016)	1.11
"The use of MEI may be useful in reducing propofol dosage for colonoscopy and improving patient satisfaction."	( Magnetic endoscope imaging for routine colonoscopy: impact on propofol dosage and patient safety - a randomized trial. Abdelhafez, M; Bajbouj, M; Einwächter, H; Geisler, F; Haller, B; Hartrampf, B; Klare, P; Schlag, C; Schmid, RM; von Delius, S, 2016)	0.94
"Consenting patients requiring deep sedation were randomized to receive either ketofol or propofol in a double-blind fashion according to a weight-based dosing schedule."	( Propofol or Ketofol for Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in Emergency Medicine-The POKER Study: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Bell, A; Ding, M; Ferguson, I; Holdgate, A; New, L; Treston, G, 2016)	2.1
" Obese patients pose significant challenges to anesthesiologists with regard to accurate dosing of anesthetics due to potentially altered pharmacokinetics (PK)."	( Morbid Obesity Alters Both Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Propofol: Dosing Recommendation for Anesthesia Induction. Dong, D; Li, J; Liu, J; Peng, X; Qian, H; Wu, B, 2016)	0.67
" Propofol group (n = 25): propofol-remifentanil regimenand the dosage was adjusted to maintain the bispectral index (BIS) between 40 and 50."	( Effects of Dexmedetomidine on motor- and somatosensory-evoked potentials in patients with thoracic spinal cord tumor: a randomized controlled trial. Gelb, AW; Guo, L; Han, R; Li, Y; Meng, L; Peng, Y; Qiao, H, 2016)	1.34
" Multiple pairwise comparisons were conducted using Welch t tests for continuous variables to determine whether dosing was different for the older groups vs the younger group; separate analyses were performed within and across ASA-PS class."	( Does intravenous induction dosing among patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgical procedures follow current recommendations: a study of contemporary practice. Akhtar, S; Burg, MM; Dai, F; Heng, J; Liu, J; Schonberger, RB, 2016)	0.43
"No significant decrease in dosing between age groups was observed for fentanyl and midazolam."	( Does intravenous induction dosing among patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgical procedures follow current recommendations: a study of contemporary practice. Akhtar, S; Burg, MM; Dai, F; Heng, J; Liu, J; Schonberger, RB, 2016)	0.43
"Weight-adjusted anesthetic induction dosing, age-associated differences in dosing by ASA-PS (American Society of Anesthesiology-Physical Status), and hemodynamic outcomes between younger (18-64 years, n = 537) and older (≥65 years, n = 231) female patients were analyzed."	( A Retrospective Observational Study of Anesthetic Induction Dosing Practices in Female Elderly Surgical Patients: Are We Overdosing Older Patients? Akhtar, S; Burg, MM; Dai, F; Heng, J; Schonberger, RB, 2016)	0.43
" The dosage of midazolam was determined using the Dixon up-down method."	( Effective Dosage of Midazolam to Erase the Memory of Vascular Pain During Propofol Administration. Boku, A; Hanamoto, H; Inoue, M; Kudo, C; Niwa, H; Oyamaguchi, A; Sugimura, M, )	0.36
" Dosing for the next patient was determined using the up-and-down method."	( Propofol Dose-Finding to Reach Optimal Effect for (Semi-)Elective Intubation in Neonates. Allegaert, K; Caicedo, A; Naulaers, G; Smits, A; Thewissen, L, 2016)	1.88
"BIS monitoring of sedation in EBUS makes it possible to reduce the dosage of propofol, thereby shortening the waking time and reducing adverse events."	( Bispectral Index Monitoring Reduces the Dosage of Propofol and Adverse Events in Sedation for Endobronchial Ultrasound. Bello, S; Chacón, E; De Pablo, F; Júdez, D; Martínez Ubieto, J; Mincholé, E; Pascual, A; Quesada, N, 2016)	0.92
" Despite adequate dosing of both intravenous and inhalation anesthetics, our patient was resistant to induction of the state of general anesthesia."	( Hyperlipidemia sink for anesthetic agents. Eldesouki, E; Hobika, GG; Johnson, TJ; Nader, ND; Porhomayon, J; Smith, K, 2016)	0.43
"Bispectral index was used for quantifying the depth of sedation, and total dosage of the propofol was used for sedative requirements."	( Effects of music on sedation depth and sedative use during pediatric dental procedures. Araz, C; Cehreli, SB; Kayhan, Z; Ozkalayci, O; Tirali, RE, 2016)	0.66
" The risk of failure of PCS was increased, if systolic arterial pressure was <90 mmHg, dosage of PCS >17 ml, duration of procedure exceeded 23 min."	( How patient-controlled sedation is adopted in clinical practice of sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography? A prospective study of 1196 cases Halttunen, J; Jokelainen, J; Kylänpää, L; Lindström, O; Mustonen, H; Pöyhiä, R; Udd, M, 2017)	0.46
"In addition, the data were also gathered on the dosage of ephedrine and atropine were used, as well as the intraoperative awareness in the patients who were followed up on the first day after the operation."	( [Impact of dexmedetomidine-sevoflurane anesthesia on intraoperative wake-up test in children patients undergoing scoliosis surgery]. An, HX; Quan, LX; Wang, DX, 2016)	0.43
" Obesity is considered as one of the factors increasing the probability of intraoperative awareness due to problems with the dosing of anaesthetics."	( A comparison of BIS recordings during propofol-based total intravenous anaesthesia and sevoflurane-based inhalational anaesthesia in obese patients. Gaszyński, T; Wieczorek, A, 2016)	0.71
" This mechanism of HLPAH across the BBB featured high membrane permeability and specificity, rapid onset, short maintenance, rapid recovery, and lower dosage of drugs."	( Rapid and efficient crossing blood-brain barrier: Hydrophobic drug delivery system based on propionylated amylose helix nanoclusters. Gao, W; Jing, G; Li, K; Liu, Y; Sha, B; Wang, Q; Wu, D; Zhao, Y, 2017)	0.46
" Current guidelines for refractory status epilepticus (RSE) recommend initiating a continuous intravenous (CIV) anesthetic over bolus dosing with a different AED."	( Continuous Infusion Antiepileptic Medications for Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Review for Nurses. Jones, GM; Marler, J; Samarin, M; Wiss, AL, )	0.13
" We report the importance of the routine monitoring of this time interval in clinical settings, as an additional measure to interpret seizure quality outcomes at each ECT session, to further assist on ECT dosing decisions during the treatment course."	( Clinical Applicability of Monitoring the Time Interval Between Anesthesia and Electroconvulsive Therapy. Gálvez, V; Loo, CK, 2017)	0.46
" Patient satisfaction increased with an increasing dosage of propofol up until 4 mg/kg/hr, reaching a peak of 78."	( Optimal and safe standard doses of midazolam and propofol to achieve patient and doctor satisfaction with dental treatment: A prospective cohort study. Gotoh, K; Iijima, T; Masuda, R; Nishimura, A; Nonaka, M; Oka, S, 2017)	0.95
" Two models developed only using bolus dosing (Shangguan and Saint-Maurice models) and the Paedfusor of the remaining nine models had significant negative divergence PE (≤-6."	( Predictive performance of eleven pharmacokinetic models for propofol infusion in children for long-duration anaesthesia. Eleveld, DJ; Hara, M; Masui, K; Struys, MMRF; Uchida, O, 2017)	0.7
"Propofol dosing based on total body weight (TBW) can lead to overdosing in morbidly obese (MO) patients."	( Optimal propofol induction dose in morbidly obese patients: A randomized controlled trial comparing the bispectral index and lean body weight scalar. Chung, F; Riad, W; Subramani, Y; Wong, J, 2017)	2.33
" There was extensive variation in remifentanil dosing (0."	( Remifentanil for procedural sedation: a systematic review of the literature. Kisilewicz, M; Rosenberg, H; Vaillancourt, C, 2017)	0.46
" Physicians should exert caution when using remifentanil in the absence of published standardised dosing protocols in light of frequently reported paediatric respiratory depression."	( Remifentanil for procedural sedation: a systematic review of the literature. Kisilewicz, M; Rosenberg, H; Vaillancourt, C, 2017)	0.46
" The fetal-to-maternal (F/M) ratio of remifentanil concentration at various dosing regimens is useful to manage remifentanil effects."	( Influence of maternal remifentanil concentration on fetal-to-maternal ratio in pregnant ewes. Fukumori, R; Masui, K; Nagao, Y; Sago, H; Sarentonglaga, B; Sato, M; Sumikura, H; Yamaguchi, M, 2017)	0.46
" In particular, we compared the occurrence of complications and the dosage of administered sedative drugs between the groups."	( Analogosedation during flexible bronchoscopy using a combination of midazolam, propofol and fentanyl - A retrospective analysis. Cornelissen, CG; Dreher, M; Krüger, S; Müller, T; Thümmel, K, 2017)	0.68
" The dosage of midazolam was lower in the MFP compared to the MF or MP group (MFP vs."	( Analogosedation during flexible bronchoscopy using a combination of midazolam, propofol and fentanyl - A retrospective analysis. Cornelissen, CG; Dreher, M; Krüger, S; Müller, T; Thümmel, K, 2017)	0.68
"In summary we were able to demonstrate that triple sedation can safely be administered during flexible bronchoscopy and is associated with a reduced dosage of midazolam and propofol."	( Analogosedation during flexible bronchoscopy using a combination of midazolam, propofol and fentanyl - A retrospective analysis. Cornelissen, CG; Dreher, M; Krüger, S; Müller, T; Thümmel, K, 2017)	0.88
" Practitioners should be mindful of significantly higher dosing requirements and a higher incidence of airway events, which can be easily identified and managed by a team of experienced sedation providers."	( Experience with the use of propofol for radiologic imaging in infants younger than 6 months of age. Fortenberry, JD; Hebbar, KB; Hirsh, DA; Jenkins, E; Kamat, PP; Karaga, KK; Mallory, MD; McCracken, CE; Simoneaux, SF, 2017)	0.75
"A dosage of 40 mg lidocaine is an appropriate dosage to alleviate propofol injection pain within the same vein."	( Intravenous Lidocaine Alleviates the Pain of Propofol Injection by Local Anesthetic and Central Analgesic Effects. Cai, J; Hei, Z; Liang, L; Luo, C; Xing, J; Zhou, S, 2018)	0.98
"The dose-response relationship between propofol concentration and duration was studied in neural progenitor cells."	( Propofol Affects Neurodegeneration and Neurogenesis by Regulation of Autophagy via Effects on Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis. Fu, Z; King, A; Li, W; Li, Y; Qiao, H; Wang, Y; Wei, H; Xu, Z, 2017)	2.17
" Furthermore, as propofol dosage increased, its effect on reducing the incidence and severity of myoclonic movements induced by etomidate increased."	( Propofol decreases etomidate-related myoclonus in gastroscopy. Cai, Z; Dai, X; Deng, C; Liu, J; Liu, R; Meng, C; Zhang, J; Zhou, H, 2017)	2.24
"Closed-loop control of anesthesia based on continuous feedback from processed electroencephalography adjusts drug dosing to target a desired depth of hypnosis during dynamic clinical circumstances, freeing the anesthesiologist to focus on more complex tasks."	( Closed-Loop Control of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Significant Intraoperative Blood Loss: A Case Report. Ansermino, JM; Brodie, SM; Dumont, GA; Görges, M; Merchant, RN, 2017)	0.46
" The primary outcome was the dosage of propofol used."	( Electroacupuncture-reduced sedative and analgesic requirements for diagnostic EUS: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled study. Chan, SKC; Chong, CCN; Lai, PBS; Lau, JYW; Leung, WW; Ng, EKW; Teoh, AYB; Tse, YK; Wu, JCY, 2018)	0.75
" Each dosage entry for an infusion during a procedure was included."	( Alarm Limits for Intraoperative Drug Infusions: A Report From the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group. Berman, MF; Freudzon, L; Freundlich, RE; Housey, M; Iyer, N; Kheterpal, S; Wang, S, 2017)	0.46
" We therefore investigated the association of BMI with sedation dosing and adverse events in children across a range of BMIs."	( Association of BMI With Propofol Dosing and Adverse Events in Children With Cancer Undergoing Procedural Sedation. Abulebda, K; Hobson, MJ; Rogerson, CM, 2017)	0.76
" Dosing and adverse events (hypoxia, apnea, bradycardia, or hypotension) were reviewed."	( Association of BMI With Propofol Dosing and Adverse Events in Children With Cancer Undergoing Procedural Sedation. Abulebda, K; Hobson, MJ; Rogerson, CM, 2017)	0.76
"There were no differences in propofol dosing for procedural sedation between patients who were normal weight and underweight."	( Association of BMI With Propofol Dosing and Adverse Events in Children With Cancer Undergoing Procedural Sedation. Abulebda, K; Hobson, MJ; Rogerson, CM, 2017)	1.05
"Children who are overweight and children with obesity who require deep sedation can undergo successful sedation with lower propofol dosing relative to children of a normal weight."	( Association of BMI With Propofol Dosing and Adverse Events in Children With Cancer Undergoing Procedural Sedation. Abulebda, K; Hobson, MJ; Rogerson, CM, 2017)	0.97
" The propofol dosage was not significantly different, with some trend towards more propofol per kg body weight in women (3."	( Women awaken faster than men after electroencephalogram-monitored propofol sedation for colonoscopy: A prospective observational study. Bulla, J; Keil, C; Limbach, V; Mentzel, C; Riphaus, A; Schultz, B; Slottje, M; Unzicker, C, 2017)	1.21
" That includes adequate dosing for women as well as caution regarding potential overdosing of male patients."	( Women awaken faster than men after electroencephalogram-monitored propofol sedation for colonoscopy: A prospective observational study. Bulla, J; Keil, C; Limbach, V; Mentzel, C; Riphaus, A; Schultz, B; Slottje, M; Unzicker, C, 2017)	0.69
" Propofol was initially infused as a slow bolus of 2-4 mg/kg and then continuously during the entire procedure, at 4 mg/kg/hour, increasing the dosage to 6 mg/kg/hour if sedation was not achieved."	( Propofol and fentanyl sedation for laser treatment of retinopathy of prematurity to avoid intubation. Auriti, C; Bersani, I; Capolupo, I; Catena, G; Di Ciommo, V; Di Pede, A; Dotta, A; Lipreri, A; Lozzi, S; Piersigilli, F; Sgrò, S, 2019)	2.87
" Our assumption is that a combination of propofol with esketamine reduces the dosage of individual drugs, thereby minimizing sedation side effects while keeping the same satisfaction level of patients and endoscopists."	( Sedation with propofol during ERCP: is the combination with esketamine more effective and safer than with alfentanil? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. de Jong, E; Eberl, S; Hollmann, MW; Koers, L; Preckel, B; Schneider, T; van Hooft, JE, 2017)	1.08
" No significant association was found between propofol dosage and length of the procedure with lactate values."	( Short-Term Propofol Infusion and Associated Effects on Serum Lactate in Pediatric Patients. Haddad, H; Indra, S; OʼRiordan, MA, 2017)	1.1
" Techniques based on pharmacokinetic models of propofol are superior to empiric dosing with regard to risk of respiratory compromise and the reliability of dexmedetomidine to achieve adequate conditions for a complete DISE exam is questionable."	( Drug-induced sleep endoscopy: from obscure technique to diagnostic tool for assessment of obstructive sleep apnea for surgical interventions. Atkins, JH; Mandel, JE, 2018)	0.74
" However, a high dosage is related to hemodynamic abnormalities such as hypotension and bradycardia."	( Effects of remifentanil with or without midazolam pretreatment on the 95% effective dose of propofol for loss of consciousness during induction: A randomized, clinical trial. Han, DW; Kim, NY; Ko, SH; Koh, JC; Park, J; You, AH, 2017)	0.68
" Despite recommendations to reduce anesthetic drug dosing in the elderly, no significant trends in dose reduction with increasing age were noted."	( A Pilot Analysis of the Association Between Types of Monitored Anesthesia Care Drugs and Outcomes in Transfemoral Aortic Valve Replacement Performed Without General Anesthesia. Akhtar, S; Chen, EY; Dai, F; Schonberger, RB; Sukumar, N, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, we investigated the factors affecting propofol dosage for pediatric patients undergoing sedation for computed tomography (CT) simulation."	( Factors affecting propofol dosage for sedation in pediatric oncology. Eom, W; Kang, S; Lee, DE; Oh, TK; Park, B, 2018)	1.07
"American Society of Anesthesiologists class 3 or 4 is an independent indicator of decreased propofol dosage for pediatric oncology patients during sedation."	( Factors affecting propofol dosage for sedation in pediatric oncology. Eom, W; Kang, S; Lee, DE; Oh, TK; Park, B, 2018)	1.03
"Narcotrend Index guidance of propofol delivery for deep sedation in children aged 12-17 years, underdoing gastrointestinal endoscopy results in faster recovery, less drug consumption, and fewer episodes of oversedation than dosing propofol according to clinical surrogate parameters of depth of hypnosis."	( The impact of Narcotrend™ EEG-guided propofol administration on the speed of recovery from pediatric procedural sedation-A randomized controlled trial. Escher, JC; Walhout, LC; Weber, F, 2018)	1.05
" We retrieved the following: demographics; diagnosis; chemotherapy phase; use of corticosteroids; induction dosage of propofol, fentanyl and/or ketamine; and the type of procedure."	( Induction Dosage of Propofol for Repeated Sedations in Children With Hematological Disorders. Beltrama, V; Bosatra, M; Ciceri, V; Moretto, A; Pesenti, A; Rota, M; Scaravilli, V; Zanella, A, 2018)	1.01
" Intralipid (10%, 10 mL/kg) for vehicle control and different dosage of propofol for three treatment groups (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally."	( PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling pathway mediates propofol-induced long-term learning and memory impairment in hippocampus of rats. Chen, J; Jiang, Y; Li, L; Pan, S; Qin, Y; Wei, Y; Xie, Y; Zhong, Y, 2018)	0.98
" Involuntary muscle movements (IMM) were reported, which were more extensive with higher dosing regimens."	( Safety and clinical effect of i.v. infusion of cyclopropyl-methoxycarbonyl etomidate (ABP-700), a soft analogue of etomidate, in healthy subjects. Absalom, AR; Campagna, JA; den Daas, I; Meier, S; Meyer, P; Struys, MMRF; Sweeney, SP; Valk, BI; van Amsterdam, K, 2018)	0.48
" There are converging preclinical and clinical data that isoflurane (and perhaps propofol), dosed to burst suppression, has relatively rapid, robust and durable antidepressant effects and lacks the adverse effects associated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)."	( Emerging evidence for antidepressant actions of anesthetic agents. Mickey, BJ; Tadler, SC, 2018)	0.71
"Despite the increasing numbers of obese patients undergoing elective surgery, there is a lack of evidence-based dosing guidelines for peri-operative medications in obesity."	( Peri-operative Medication Dosing in Adult Obese Elective Surgical Patients: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies. Curtain, C; Hussain, Z; Mirkazemi, C; Zaidi, STR, 2018)	0.48
"The objective was to systematically review the dosing and outcomes of peri-operative medications used in obese elective surgical patients."	( Peri-operative Medication Dosing in Adult Obese Elective Surgical Patients: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies. Curtain, C; Hussain, Z; Mirkazemi, C; Zaidi, STR, 2018)	0.48
" Studies of medications in obese surgical patients were included if they had a non-obese control or comparative dosing scalar group."	( Peri-operative Medication Dosing in Adult Obese Elective Surgical Patients: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies. Curtain, C; Hussain, Z; Mirkazemi, C; Zaidi, STR, 2018)	0.48
" Ideal body weight was reported as an appropriate dosing scalar for non-depolarizing muscle relaxants and neuromuscular reversal agents."	( Peri-operative Medication Dosing in Adult Obese Elective Surgical Patients: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies. Curtain, C; Hussain, Z; Mirkazemi, C; Zaidi, STR, 2018)	0.48
" Aim of this study was to find out whether this improvement leads to decreased dosage of sedation drugs in order to improve patient's safety and satisfaction."	( Is CO2 insufflation an amelioration of routine colonoscopy? Feisthammel, J; Hoffmeister, A; Hollenbach, M; Mössner, J; Vu Trung, K, 2018)	0.48
" However, the dosage of remifentanil used in endoscopy is unclear."	( Effects of small-dose remifentanil combined with index of consciousness monitoring on gastroscopic polypectomy: a prospective, randomized, single-blinded trial. He, R; Li, F; Li, Z; Liu, M; Wang, S; Wu, H; Yang, D, 2018)	0.48
"With the increasing dosage of remifentanil, the propofol dosage and patients' awakening time decreased significantly, the morbidity of hypertension and body movements also declined, but the incidence of hypotension, bradycardia, and hypoxemia rose."	( Effects of small-dose remifentanil combined with index of consciousness monitoring on gastroscopic polypectomy: a prospective, randomized, single-blinded trial. He, R; Li, F; Li, Z; Liu, M; Wang, S; Wu, H; Yang, D, 2018)	0.74
" The patients were assessed for 12 h postoperatively, and dosing of the study drug was adjusted based on sedation assessment performed with the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS)."	( Sedation effects by dexmedetomidine versus propofol in decreasing duration of mechanical ventilation after open heart surgery. Elgebaly, AS; Sabry, M, )	0.39
" End-tidal concentrations require adjustment to balance the risks of accidental awareness and excessive dosing in elderly people."	( Intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Alderson, P; Lewis, SR; Miller, D; Pritchard, MW; Schofield-Robinson, OJ; Shelton, CL; Smith, AF, 2018)	0.48
" Multiple lineal regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders was employed to explore the effect of propofol dosage on values of bispectral index and on duration of seizure; bivariate correlation analyses were previously performed to identify variables fulfilling confounding criteria, specifically values of Spearman's rho >0."	( [Influence of propofol dose and blood components on duration of electrical seizures in electroconvulsive therapy]. Domato Lluch, M; Gerónimo Pardo, M; González Moral, ML; Lucas Pérez-Romero, M; Romero Rodenas, P; Selva Sevilla, C; Tolosa Pérez, MT, )	0.7
" Two propofol dosing tables (≥50 or <50 kg) were designed to estimate the volume of propofol infusion required for sedations spanning 15 to 180 minutes."	( Better Pairing Propofol Volume With Procedural Needs: A Propofol Waste Reduction Quality Improvement Project. Hill, HS; Kicker, JS; Matheson, CK, 2018)	1.35
" Propofol was dosed to strongly suppress electroencephalographic activity for 15 minutes."	( Propofol for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Pilot Study. Arp, AM; Beck, MM; Bushnell, LA; Jessop, JE; Kendrick, EJ; Larson, AL; Leonardi, K; Light, AR; Light, KC; Mickey, BJ; Odell, DH; Pierson, MD; Sakata, DJ; Solzbacher, D; Tadler, SC; Torres, MM; Weeks, HR; White, AT; Whittingham, SA, 2018)	2.83
"To analyse the effects of combined acupuncture anesthesia on surgical dosage and serum interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) of pneumonectomy patients."	( Effect of Combined Acupuncture Anesthesia on Surgical Dosage and Serum IL-4, IL-10 of Pneumonectomy Patients. Shi, X; Xie, D; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Dose-response curves were generated."	( Patterns of Hysteresis Between Induction and Emergence of Neuroanesthesia Are Present in Spinal and Intracranial Surgeries. Amorim, P; Correia, R; Ferreira, AD; Ferreira, AL; Kelz, MB; Mendes, JG; Nunes, CS; Vide, S, 2020)	0.56
" Midazolam was administered at a dosage of 5 mg to all patients, while propofol was administered at a dosage ranging from 20 to 80 mg (25."	( Safety and efficacy of a cardiologist-only approach to deep sedation for electrical cardioversion. Bolzan, B; Borio, G; Morani, G; Ribichini, FL, 2019)	0.75
"91) g/kg; in control group, dosage of narcotic drugs as (5."	( Pharmacological analysis of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in pediatric anesthesia during magnetic resonance imaging. Dang, X; Haijuan, G; Hu, W; Song, G; Yang, Z; Yu, J, 2018)	0.48
" The results showed that the dosage of sufentanil and propofol decreased significantly in the experimental group (P<0."	( Effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery. Xie, M; Xie, S, 2018)	0.73
"05), mean propofol dosage (8."	( Effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the depth of total intravenous anesthesia in patients with breast cancer undergoing unilateral modified radical mastectomy: A prospective observational study. Fu, G; Wang, X; Wu, G; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2018)	0.88
" Dosage of each anesthetic agent was tailored to yield unresponsiveness (Ramsay score = 6)."	( The spectral exponent of the resting EEG indexes the presence of consciousness during unresponsiveness induced by propofol, xenon, and ketamine. Boly, M; Boveroux, P; Brichant, JF; Casarotto, S; Chieregato, A; Colombo, MA; Gosseries, O; Laureys, S; Massimini, M; Napolitani, M; Rex, S; Rosanova, M; Sarasso, S, 2019)	0.72
" Furthermore, propofol can be combined with other sedatives to reduce the total dosage required to achieve the targeted sedation."	( Is propofol the optimal sedative in gastrointestinal endoscopy? Protopapas, A; Stogiannou, D; Tziomalos, K, )	1.11
" The proposed online integral reinforcement learning (IRL) algorithm is designed to provide optimal drug dosing for a given performance measure that iteratively updates the control solution with respect to the pharmacology of the patient while guaranteeing convergence to the optimal solution."	( Optimal adaptive control of drug dosing using integral reinforcement learning. Haddad, WM; Meskin, N; Padmanabhan, R, 2019)	0.51
" However, the duration of apnea increased with the increasing dosage of sufentanil."	( The optimal bolus dose of sufentanil for satisfactory laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion conditions in chinese pediatric patients: A prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial (CONSORT). Chen, Y; Li, G; Li, N; Li, T; Li, Y; Lin, G; Ouyang, B, 2019)	0.51
" With utility of these PK/PD models we created an algorithm to optimize the intraoperative dosing regimen."	( Optimizing intraoperative administration of propofol, remifentanil, and fentanyl through pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic simulations to increase the postoperative duration of analgesia. Johnson, K; Syroid, N; Tams, C; Vasilopoulos, T, 2019)	0.78
" Results demonstrated that increasing dosage of propofol (300‑600 µM) for 24 h significantly decreased cell viability in MA‑10 cells (P<0."	( Propofol may increase caspase and MAPK pathways, and suppress the Akt pathway to induce apoptosis in MA‑10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Chang, MM; Chen, YC; Cheng, KS; Huang, BM; Kang, FC; So, EC; Wang, SC; Wong, KL, 2019)	2.21
" Then, we found that a single injection of propofol with the sub-anesthetic dosage (50 mg/kg) but not the anesthetic dosage (250 mg/kg) could significantly alleviate the cisplatin-induced memory impairment."	( Propofol alleviates cisplatin-related cognitive impairment. Qiu, Y; Zhou, Y, 2019)	2.22
"In infants and young children, anesthetic dosing is based on population pharmacokinetics and patient hemodynamics not on patient-specific brain activity."	( Prevalence of Isoelectric Electroencephalography Events in Infants and Young Children Undergoing General Anesthesia. Abend, NS; Huh, JW; Kirschen, MP; Kurth, CD; Landis, WP; Lang, SS; Mensinger, JL; Topjian, AA; Yuan, I; Zhang, B, 2020)	0.56
" Although the clinical significance of these events remains uncertain, they suggest that dosing based on population pharmacokinetics and patient hemodynamics is often associated with unnecessary deep anesthesia during surgical procedures."	( Prevalence of Isoelectric Electroencephalography Events in Infants and Young Children Undergoing General Anesthesia. Abend, NS; Huh, JW; Kirschen, MP; Kurth, CD; Landis, WP; Lang, SS; Mensinger, JL; Topjian, AA; Yuan, I; Zhang, B, 2020)	0.56
" Predictors of poorer neurocognitive function were midazolam dosage >3 mg (P<0."	( Comparison of the Effects of Midazolam/Fentanyl, Midazolam/Propofol, and Midazolam/Fentanyl/Propofol on Cognitive Function After Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Riordan, S; Seck, V; Thompson, R; Wong, S, 2019)	0.76
" We encountered a case of a patient who received frequent sedation by propofol, which required escalation in the dosage of propofol required."	( Analysis of Dose Escalation of Propofol Associated With Frequent Sedation. Abe, S; Kawaai, H; Moriyama, H; Nakaike, Y; Sato, H; Sato, R; Yamazaki, S; Yoshida, K, 2019)	1.03
" However, the optimal dosage of propofol when it is co-administered with low-dose sufentanil has not yet been established."	( ED50 of propofol in combination with low-dose sufentanil for intravenous anaesthesia in hysteroscopy. Chen, H; Li, Y; Liu, C; Song, Y; Xiang, B; Yu, J, 2019)	1.23
" The initial and total dosage of propofol in Group A were significantly lower than those in Group B, but the incidence of respiratory depression in Group A (26."	( ED50 of propofol in combination with low-dose sufentanil for intravenous anaesthesia in hysteroscopy. Chen, H; Li, Y; Liu, C; Song, Y; Xiang, B; Yu, J, 2019)	1.23
" Functionally, the system delivers sedation analogous to a modern TCI pump, with the differences in propofol consumption and dosage within the tolerance of clinically approved devices."	( A Prototype Patient-Maintained Propofol Sedation System Using Target Controlled Infusion for Primary Lower-Limb Arthroplasty. Bedforth, N; Breedon, P; Hewson, D; Sprinks, J; Watts, P; Worcester, F, 2019)	1.02
" The recommended dosage was 3 mg of melatonin once to achieve an anesthetic depth index or a bispectral index of 40."	( Premedication effect of melatonin on propofol induction dose for anesthesia, anxiety, orientation and sedation after abdominal surgery: a double-blinded randomized trial. Akrami, L; Fateh, S; Kamali, A; Modir, H; Norouzi, A, )	0.4
"Sedation is considered as a prerequisite for the safe and effective conclusion of Bioenterics Intragastric Balloon (BIB) removal (our aim was to ascertain the most appropriate body size scalars for propofol dosing and assess the efficacy and safety of a sedative approach involving the infusion of propofol for BIB removal."	( Propofol Sedation for Intragastric Balloon Removal: Looking for the Optimal Body Weight Descriptor. Fyntanidou, B; Grosomanidis, V; Kotzampassi, K; Papakostas, P; Stavrou, G; Tsaousi, G, 2019)	2.15
" Our primary end-point was to delineate the relationship between propofol dosing and body size descriptors namely body mass index, total body weight, ideal body weight, lean body weight (LBW) and normalized LBW."	( Propofol Sedation for Intragastric Balloon Removal: Looking for the Optimal Body Weight Descriptor. Fyntanidou, B; Grosomanidis, V; Kotzampassi, K; Papakostas, P; Stavrou, G; Tsaousi, G, 2019)	2.19
"LBW could serve as relatively more accurate dosing scalar compared to actual or ideal body weight descriptors, in obese individuals undergoing BIB removal under propofol sedation."	( Propofol Sedation for Intragastric Balloon Removal: Looking for the Optimal Body Weight Descriptor. Fyntanidou, B; Grosomanidis, V; Kotzampassi, K; Papakostas, P; Stavrou, G; Tsaousi, G, 2019)	2.15
" Where performance was poor, we propose alternative dosing regimens."	( A manual propofol infusion regimen for neonates and infants. Allegaert, K; Anderson, BJ; Cortinez, LI; Hannam, JA; Morse, J, 2019)	0.93
"A manual dosing regimen predicted to achieve steady-state plasma concentration of 3 µg."	( A manual propofol infusion regimen for neonates and infants. Allegaert, K; Anderson, BJ; Cortinez, LI; Hannam, JA; Morse, J, 2019)	0.93
" However, we are aware of no prior reports exploring sedative dosing regimens."	( Undersedation During Total Hip Arthroplasty Reduction Results in Worse Patient Outcomes. Bolognesi, MP; Hopkins, TJ; Jiranek, WA; Ryan, SP; Seyler, TM; Wellman, SS, 2019)	0.51
" Prior work shows that brain monitoring using electroencephalography (EEG) to track sedation levels may help medical personnel to optimize drug dosing and avoid the adverse effects of oversedation and undersedation."	( Adaptive Sedation Monitoring From EEG in ICU Patients With Online Learning. Akeju, O; Sun, H; Westover, MB; Zheng, WL, 2020)	0.56
" The decreased recovery of mainly sufentanil and propofol could lead to suboptimal dosing of patients during cardiac surgery with CPB."	( In Vitro Recovery of Sufentanil, Midazolam, Propofol, and Methylprednisolone in Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass Systems. Bogers, AJJC; Kinzig, M; Koch, BCP; Sörgel, F; Stolker, RJ; Tibboel, D; van Hoeven, MPJ; van Rosmalen, J; van Saet, A; Wildschut, ED; Zeilmaker-Roest, GA, 2020)	1.07
"Propofol is an intravenous anaesthetic agent commonly utilised in general anaesthesia, however in sub-anaesthetic concentrations can be utilised to provide sedation through automated dosing of target-controlled infusion (TCI)."	( Acceptability of intravenous propofol sedation for adolescent dental care. Aspinall, A; Dixon, C; Rolfe, S; Stevens, C, 2020)	2.29
" Guiding propofol induction dose according to baseline frailty score should also be considered to estimate individualized dosage profiles."	( Bioelectrical impedance analysis of body composition for the anesthetic induction dose of propofol in older patients. Araújo, AM; Falcão, AC; Machado, HS; Soares-da-Silva, P, 2019)	1.15
" The manner in which it is dosed and administered in each environment varies, tailored to the specific task at hand."	( The Use of Propofol for Continuous Deep Sedation at the End of Life: A Definitive Guide. Bodnar, J, )	0.52
" All studies in adults reported propofol to be an effective therapy for migraine, but the strength of these results was limited by dosing variations, small sample sizes, and limited generalizability."	( Propofol for Treatment of Acute Migraine in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review. Beckett, RD; Piatka, C, 2020)	2.28
" Anesthesiologists should consider the dosage and timing of intravenous ketamine administration during MEP monitoring."	( A Bolus Dose of Ketamine Reduces the Amplitude of the Transcranial Electrical Motor-evoked Potential: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Study. Baba, H; Deguchi, H; Furutani, K; Kamiya, Y; Matsuhashi, M; Mitsuma, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and sedative dosing requirements were assessed from initiation to 72 hours after initiation."	( Adverse Hemodynamic Events Associated With Concomitant Dexmedetomidine and Propofol for Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated ICU Patients. Agarwal, SK; Buckley, MS; Kane-Gill, SL; MacLaren, R, 2020)	0.79
" The dosage of opioids during and 24 h after operation, the pain score at 2, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h after operation, and the concentrations of serum VEGF and TGF-β before and 24 h after operation were observed in the two groups."	( Effect of thoracic paraspinal block-propofol intravenous general anesthesia on VEGF and TGF-β in patients receiving radical resection of lung cancer. Sen, Y; Xiyang, H; Yu, H, 2019)	0.79
" Since a combination with atropine did not improve its efficacy, an increase in dosage will probably be necessary when propofol is used in victims suffering from organophosphorous intoxication."	( Impact of soman and acetylcholine on the effects of propofol in cultured cortical networks. Antkowiak, B; Drexler, B; Grasshoff, C; Seeger, T; Thiermann, H; Worek, F, 2020)	1.02
" The primary outcome parameter was the total dosage of propofol."	( Effect of electroacupuncture on sedation requirements during colonoscopy: a prospective placebo-controlled randomised trial. Bourne, D; Eberl, S; Fockens, P; Hollmann, MW; Monteiro de Olivera, N; Preckel, B; Streitberger, K, 2020)	0.81
"The dosage of propofol required (median [IQR]) was not significantly different between the three groups (EA group 147 μg/kg/min [109-193] vs SA group 141 μg/kg/min [123- 180] vs PA group 141 μg/kg/min [112-182]; P=0."	( Effect of electroacupuncture on sedation requirements during colonoscopy: a prospective placebo-controlled randomised trial. Bourne, D; Eberl, S; Fockens, P; Hollmann, MW; Monteiro de Olivera, N; Preckel, B; Streitberger, K, 2020)	0.92
" Probit regression analysis was further used to obtain the dose-response relationship, and IC05 and IC95 were calculated."	( Inhibitory concentration of propofol in combination with dexmedetomidine during microelectrode recording for deep brain stimulator insertion surgeries under general anesthesia. Chang, C; Chu, YC; Lin, YS; Liu, KD; Tsou, MY; Yang, HZ, 2020)	0.85
"Our data provided reference values of propofol for dosage adjustment to avoid interference on MER under GA when anesthetics have to be continuously infused during recording."	( Inhibitory concentration of propofol in combination with dexmedetomidine during microelectrode recording for deep brain stimulator insertion surgeries under general anesthesia. Chang, C; Chu, YC; Lin, YS; Liu, KD; Tsou, MY; Yang, HZ, 2020)	1.12
" Further studies are warranted using different sedation protocols and dosing regimens."	( Doxapram as an additive to propofol sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded study. Belozerskikh, A; Jokelainen, J; Kylänpää, L; Lindström, O; Mazanikov, M; Mustonen, H; Pöyhiä, R; Udd, M, 2020)	0.86
" This study has summarized the usage of propofol in total intravenous anesthesia under bispectral index (BIS) monitoring and determined the optimum dosage of propofol for elderly patients."	( Study of the rational dose of propofol in elderly patients under bispectral index monitoring during total intravenous anesthesia: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review. Fan, Y; Hao, M; Hou, J; Jia, L; Li, Y; Sun, L; Wang, X; Yang, T; Zheng, H, 2020)	1.11
" Further analysis showed that intraoperative propofol dosage was correlated with ALT, AST, and miR-148a-3p after hepatectomy."	( Diagnostic Value of Peripheral Blood miR-148a-3p in Patients with Liver Injury After Hepatectomy Under General Anesthesia with Propofol. Chen, Y; Duan, J, 2020)	1.02
" The mean dosage of propofol in group A was significantly higher (62."	( Pre-endoscopic tachycardia predicts increased sedation dose and lower adenoma detection rate in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures: a case control study. Ahmad, HS; Baker, FA; Kadah, A; Khoury, T; Mahajnah, M; Mahamid, M; Mari, A; Pellicano, R; Sbeit, W, 2020)	0.88
"Tachycardia prior to endoscopic procedures was associated with higher sedative dosage and lower adenoma detection rate, however no major complications were recorded."	( Pre-endoscopic tachycardia predicts increased sedation dose and lower adenoma detection rate in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures: a case control study. Ahmad, HS; Baker, FA; Kadah, A; Khoury, T; Mahajnah, M; Mahamid, M; Mari, A; Pellicano, R; Sbeit, W, 2020)	0.56
" Blood pressure in the 3 dosing groups was analysed in the first 60 minutes after start of propofol."	( Propofol in neonates causes a dose-dependent profound and protracted decrease in blood pressure. de Kort, EHM; Reiss, IKM; Simons, SHP; Twisk, JWR; van T Verlaat, EPG; van Weissenbruch, MM, 2020)	2.22
"Blood pressure declined after the start of propofol in all 3 dosing groups and was not restored 60 minutes after the start of propofol."	( Propofol in neonates causes a dose-dependent profound and protracted decrease in blood pressure. de Kort, EHM; Reiss, IKM; Simons, SHP; Twisk, JWR; van T Verlaat, EPG; van Weissenbruch, MM, 2020)	2.26
" Whilst monitoring LOC and anteriorization would be useful to improve propofol dosage and patient safety, the current devices for anesthetic depth monitoring are unable to detect these events."	( Predicting unconsciousness after propofol administration: qCON, BIS, and ALPHA band frequency power. Barriuso, EV; Cogollo, MG; Fernández-Candil, JL; Gallego, LG; García, LM; Terradas, SP, 2021)	1.14
"Patients with traumatic brain (TBI) injury often require a high dosage of propofol, which can provide an excessive caloric intake."	( Improvement in Protein Delivery for Critically Ill Patients Requiring High-Dose Propofol Therapy and Enteral Nutrition. Buckley, CT; Dickerson, RN; Fischer, PE; Minard, G; Van Matre, ET, 2021)	1.08
" According to this value, the hypnotic drug dosage can be adequately calculated."	( Modelling the PSI response in general anesthesia. Álvarez, ST; Fragoso, AML; Morales, JAR; Pérez, GA; Pérez, JAM, 2021)	0.62
"To investigate the optimal dose of propofol in patients with morbid obesity when the anesthetic induction dosage is calculated based on lean body weight (LBW)."	( The appropriate dose of propofol for anesthesia induction in morbidly obese patients. Chen, N; Pan, Y; Qiao, N; Simayi, A; Xu, G, 2020)	1.14
"To determine if adjunctive use of quetiapine reduces sedative dosage requirements among mechanically ventilated adults without delirium."	( Effectiveness of Quetiapine as a Sedative Adjunct in Mechanically Ventilated Adults Without Delirium. Cox, CE; Gilstrap, DL; Kram, BL; Kram, SJ; Ohman, KL; Schultheis, JM; Yang, Z, 2021)	0.62
" The primary outcome was the change in sedative dosage requirements over 24 hours following quetiapine initiation."	( Effectiveness of Quetiapine as a Sedative Adjunct in Mechanically Ventilated Adults Without Delirium. Cox, CE; Gilstrap, DL; Kram, BL; Kram, SJ; Ohman, KL; Schultheis, JM; Yang, Z, 2021)	0.62
"Adjunctive use of quetiapine was not associated with a significant reduction in sedative dosage requirements 24 or 48 hours following initiation among mechanically ventilated adults without delirium."	( Effectiveness of Quetiapine as a Sedative Adjunct in Mechanically Ventilated Adults Without Delirium. Cox, CE; Gilstrap, DL; Kram, BL; Kram, SJ; Ohman, KL; Schultheis, JM; Yang, Z, 2021)	0.62
" We attempted to arouse participants during constant dosing (return of responsiveness [ROR]), and the target concentration was then increased 50% to achieve presumed loss of consciousness."	( Alpha band frontal connectivity is a state-specific electroencephalographic correlate of unresponsiveness during exposure to dexmedetomidine and propofol. Kallionpää, RE; Långsjö, J; Li, D; Maksimow, A; Mashour, GA; Revonsuo, A; Scheinin, A; Scheinin, H; Vahlberg, T; Valli, K, 2020)	0.76
"Sevoflurane and propofol-based anesthetics are dosed according to vital signs, movement, and expired sevoflurane concentrations, which do not assess the anesthetic state of the brain and, therefore, risk underdose and overdose."	( Using Electroencephalography (EEG) to Guide Propofol and Sevoflurane Dosing in Pediatric Anesthesia. Kurth, CD; Xu, T; Yuan, I, 2020)	1.17
" This asynchrony can lead to conflicting information, making effective drug dosing challenging."	( Influence of an "Electroencephalogram-Based" Monitor Choice on the Delay Between the Predicted Propofol Effect-Site Concentration and the Measured Drug Effect. Agustí, M; Colin, PJ; Ferreiro, T; Gambus, PL; Jensen, EW; Sahinovic, MM; Struys, MMRF; van den Berg, JP, 2020)	0.78
" In this education article, we describe our approach to TIVA dosing in infants and toddlers (birth to 36 months) which combines the use of pharmacokinetic models with EEG multi-parameter analysis."	( An approach to using pharmacokinetics and electroencephalography for propofol anesthesia for surgery in infants. Kurth, CD; Vutskits, L; Xu, T; Yuan, I; Zhu, T, 2020)	0.79
"Closed-loop controlled drug dosing has the potential of revolutionizing clinical anesthesia."	( Individualized closed-loop anesthesia through patient model partitioning. Dumont, GA; Soltesz, K; van Heusden, K; Wahlquist, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Remifentanil delivery is inflexible and dosing cannot be adjusted to the clinical need and responses of individual patients."	( De-mystifying the "Mixifusor". Absalom, AR; Rigby-Jones, AE; Robert Sneyd, J; Rushton, AR, 2020)	0.56
"This nonrandomized dose-response clinical trial with concurrent control included EEG monitoring in 16 patients receiving slowly increasing doses of propofol."	( Electroencephalographic Alpha and Delta Oscillation Dynamics in Response to Increasing Doses of Propofol. Egaña, JI; Gutiérrez, R; Maldonado, F; Penna, A, 2022)	1.14
" The dosage of remifentanil in group L was lower than other two groups (adjP < 0."	( Intravenously injected lidocaine or magnesium improves the quality of early recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomised controlled trial. Cheng, W; Guo, CL; Lu, J; Qian, B; Wang, JF; Yin, Q, 2021)	0.62
" We proposed 5 different models consisting of different combinations of potential contributing factors associated with burst suppression: (1) a Base Model consisting of alpha power; (2) an Extended Mechanistic Model consisting of alpha power, age, and drug dosing information; (3) a Clinical Confounding Factors Model consisting of alpha power, hypotension, and other confounds; (4) a Simplified Model consisting only of alpha power and propofol bolus administration; and (5) a Full Model consisting of all of these variables to control for as much confounding as possible."	( Low Frontal Alpha Power Is Associated With the Propensity for Burst Suppression: An Electroencephalogram Phenotype for a "Vulnerable Brain". Brown, EN; Colvin, C; Deng, H; Dickerson, BC; Houle, TT; Kahali, P; Purdon, PL; Shao, YR, 2020)	0.72
"Develop a population pharmacokinetic model describing propofol pharmacokinetics in (pre)term neonates and infants, that can be used for precision dosing (e."	( Population pharmacokinetics of propofol in neonates and infants: Gestational and postnatal age to determine clearance maturation. Allegaert, K; Annaert, P; Bouillon, T; Nicolaï, J; Sandra, L; Smits, A, 2021)	1.16
" Dosing data were also stratified by age."	( Lower-Dose Propofol Use for MRI: A Retrospective Review of a Pediatric Sedation Team's Experience. Cochran, J; Johnson, KL; Webb, S, 2021)	1.01
" Propofol dosage for CF is poorly described, although it is of high importance for professionals."	( Should the dosage of propofol be higher and independent of immunosuppressive therapy in adult cystic fibrosis patients undergoing sedation during flexible video bronchoscopy? Batura-Gabryel, H; Brajer-Luftmann, B; Grabicki, M; Mardas, M; Piorunek, T; Stelmach-Mardas, M, 2020)	1.79
" Propofol and fentanyl dosage was calculated."	( Should the dosage of propofol be higher and independent of immunosuppressive therapy in adult cystic fibrosis patients undergoing sedation during flexible video bronchoscopy? Batura-Gabryel, H; Brajer-Luftmann, B; Grabicki, M; Mardas, M; Piorunek, T; Stelmach-Mardas, M, 2020)	1.79
" This study aimed to compare the dosage of propofol used by NAPS versus OAPS, cardiopulmonary adverse events and recovery time in low risk patients undergoing outpatient elective colonoscopy."	( Nurse Administered Propofol Sedation (NAPS) versus On-call Anesthesiologist Administered Propofol Sedation (OAPS) in Elective Colonoscopy. Gonlachanvit, S; Kongkam, P; Mekaroonkamol, P; Pittayanon, R; Rerknimitr, R; Tiankanon, K, 2020)	1.15
" Baseline characteristics, performing endoscopist, cecal intubation time, withdrawal time, propofol dosage per procedure, and adverse events were collected and analyzed using 3:1 (NAPS:OAPS) propensity score matching by age, performing endoscopist and difficulty of colonoscopy as co-variates with standardized mean deviation of <0."	( Nurse Administered Propofol Sedation (NAPS) versus On-call Anesthesiologist Administered Propofol Sedation (OAPS) in Elective Colonoscopy. Gonlachanvit, S; Kongkam, P; Mekaroonkamol, P; Pittayanon, R; Rerknimitr, R; Tiankanon, K, 2020)	1.11
"NAPS in elective colonoscopy in low-risk patients is as effective as OAPS but requires a significant lower dosage of propofol."	( Nurse Administered Propofol Sedation (NAPS) versus On-call Anesthesiologist Administered Propofol Sedation (OAPS) in Elective Colonoscopy. Gonlachanvit, S; Kongkam, P; Mekaroonkamol, P; Pittayanon, R; Rerknimitr, R; Tiankanon, K, 2020)	1.1
" Automatically recorded dosing and effect data from more than 9,000 patients was available for the analysis."	( The Drug Titration Paradox: Correlation of More Drug With Less Effect in Clinical Data. Filipovic, M; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW, 2021)	0.62
" The dose-response relationship between burst suppression, total time spent in maximal burst suppression, and their association with delirium warrants further evaluation."	( Inadvertent Burst Suppression During Total Intravenous Anesthesia in 112 Consecutive Patients Undergoing Spinal Instrumentation Surgery: A Retrospective Observational Quality Improvement Project. Furman, M; Hecker, J; Kinney, G; Lele, AV; Myers, J; Sharma, D, 2022)	0.72
"All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on reducing propofol dosage under closed-loop systems were collected, and the literature was screened out, the abstracts and full texts were carefully read, and the references were tracked, data extraction and quality evaluation were conducted on the included research, and the RevMan5."	( Bispectral index monitoring of the clinical effects of propofol closed-loop target-controlled infusion: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chen, P; Song, Z; Wang, D; Zhang, C, 2021)	1.12
" We compared locomotor behaviors; dose-response curves for tricaine, ketamine, and 2,6-diisopropylphenol (propofol); time to emergence from these anesthetics; and time to emergence from propofol after craniotomy in glyt1-/- mutants and their siblings."	( Elevated preoptic brain activity in zebrafish glial glycine transporter mutants is linked to lethargy-like behaviors and delayed emergence from anesthesia. Bindernagel, R; Buglo, E; Dallman, JE; Engert, F; Kelz, MB; Meng, QC; Randlett, O; Sloan, SA; Stark, MJ; Sumathipala, SH; Syed, S; Venincasa, MJ; Yan, Q; Züchner, S, 2021)	0.83
" Further study is required to confirm the finding that mean propofol dosing was higher in the ketamine group, and to investigate the implication that this dose of ketamine may have affected the WAVCNS."	( The Effect of Low-Dose Intraoperative Ketamine on Closed-Loop-Controlled General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Equivalence Trial. Ansermino, JM; Cooke, E; Dumont, GA; Görges, M; Merchant, RN; Napoleone, G; van Heusden, K; West, N, 2021)	0.86
" This is different from optimal dosing identified for other indications and dosing of remifentanil should be specific to the clinical context in which it is used."	( Study to evaluate the optimal dose of remifentanil required to ensure apnea during magnetic resonance imaging of the heart under general anesthesia. Arnold, P; Cowen, R; Davis, A; Hampson, LV; Jaki, T; Kaleem, M; Sanaulla, S; Tan, J; Wadsworth, I; Williams, A, 2021)	0.62
" The present study aimed to describe patterns of propofol dosing for induction of general anesthesia before endotracheal intubation in a nationwide sample of older adults presenting for surgery."	( Variation in propofol induction doses administered to surgical patients over age 65. Akhtar, S; Bardia, A; Burg, MM; Curtis, JP; Dai, F; Kheterpal, S; Mathis, M; Michel, G; Schonberger, RB; Shah, N; Vaughn, MT; Yanez, D, 2021)	1.24
"The present study of a large multicenter cohort demonstrates that prevalent propofol dosing commonly falls above the published typically required dose range for patients aged ≥65 in nationwide anesthetic practice."	( Variation in propofol induction doses administered to surgical patients over age 65. Akhtar, S; Bardia, A; Burg, MM; Curtis, JP; Dai, F; Kheterpal, S; Mathis, M; Michel, G; Schonberger, RB; Shah, N; Vaughn, MT; Yanez, D, 2021)	1.22
" There was a significant reduction in the etomidate induction dosage in both groups."	( Comparison of the influence of low dose etomidate and propofol as priming dose on the incidence of etomidate induced myoclonus: a randomised, double-blind clinical trial. Chikkala, R; Kulkarni, DK; Moningi, S; Nikhar, SA; Ramachandran, G; Reddy, GP, )	0.38
" Previous literature has described fixed-dose propofol boluses and continuous infusions to convert ventricular arrhythmias; however, to our knowledge, there are no reports of a weight-based dosing strategy for VT."	( Ventricular tachycardia converts to sinus rhythm after administration of propofol. Galletta, G; Li, I; Mokszycki, R; Saltzman, D; Shannon, K, 2021)	1.11
" Total dosage of propofol and remifentanil, intensity, latency and amplitude of motor-evoked potentials following transcranial electrical stimulation (tcMEPs) as well as somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP) were recorded at baseline, 15, 30, 45 minutes, and at the end of surgery."	( Effect of dexmedetomidine on evoked-potential monitoring in patients undergoing brain stem and supratentorial cranial surgery. Fernández-Candil, J; Fort, B; León, A; Lin, Y; Moltó, L; Pacreu, S; Vilà, E, 2021)	0.96
" In the minimally invasive extracorporeal circulation group, a lower propofol dosage titrated to a bispectral index of 40-45 was used during coronary artery bypass grafting, and an improvement of postoperative concentration of serum albumin was observed compared to the conventional extracorporeal circulation group."	( Propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics-a perspective in minimally invasive extracorporeal circulation. Condello, I; Di Bari, N; Fiore, F; Moscarelli, M; Nasso, G; Santarpino, G; Speziale, G, 2021)	2.3
"5 μg/kg butorphanol with propofol can be the optimal dosage for patients undergoing gastroscopy and colonoscopy."	( Anesthetic effect of different doses of butorphanol in patients undergoing gastroscopy and colonoscopy. Feng, Y; Li, J; Lv, S; Sun, D; Sun, Z; Yang, L, 2021)	0.92
" In the phase IIb trial, a 100% success rate was reconfirmed in all the dosage groups."	( Efficacy and safety of ciprofol for the sedation/anesthesia in patients undergoing colonoscopy: Phase IIa and IIb multi-center clinical trials. Li, J; Li, K; Liang, Y; Liu, B; Liu, J; Liu, X; Meng, J; Ou, M; Ouyang, W; Shangguan, W; Teng, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Weng, H; Yao, S; Zhang, W; Zhu, T; Zuo, Y, 2021)	0.62
"This study was aimed to investigate differences in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of propofol at two commonly used dosing schedules on morbidly obese patients."	( Reduced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of propofol at high-dose on morbidly obese patients. Li, J; Li, JY; Peng, X; Wu, Z, 2021)	1.09
" For induction, the initial dosage of propofol was 2 mg/kg in the AuraOnce group or 3 mg/kg in the AuraFlex group."	( Comparison of the ED50 propofol requirements during the insertion of laryngeal mask airway Ambu AuraFlex with Ambu AuraOnce in children undergoing strabismus surgery. Bai, J; Peng, ZZ; Shen, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, YT; Zhang, MZ; Zheng, JJ, 2021)	1.2
" The primary objectives are to compare the sedative dosage used and the sedation depth, while secondary objectives are to compare sedation failure rates, clinician intervention rates, and patient satisfaction."	( Patient-Controlled Sedation Versus Clinician-Administered Sedation for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: A Systematic Review. Hui, RW; Leung, CM, 2022)	0.72
"001) and both recovery time and the dosage of propofol in the study group were significantly lower than those in the reference group (P<0."	( Analysis on the effect of intravenous anesthesia with dexmedetomidine and propofol combined with seaweed polysaccharides on hemodynamics and analgesia in pregnant females undergoing painless induced abortion. Han, Y; Liu, Z; Wu, J; Yang, L, 2021)	1.11
" This study was aimed to investigate the physical and chemical stability of the mixture of etomidate and propofol in the dosage form of emulsion."	( Physical and Chemical Compatibility of Etomidate and Propofol Injectable Emulsions. Lei, L; Wang, C; Wang, DX; Wang, S; Wu, C; Zhang, Q, 2021)	1.08
" Some have suggested that propofol dosing in this setting should be adjusted in elderly patients; however, limited data exist supporting this recommendation."	( The Influence of Age on Propofol Dosing Requirements During Procedural Sedation in the Emergency Department. Barnes, RM; Caporossi, J; Weant, KA; Wells, ME, )	0.74
" lidocaine reduced propofol dosage required for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures (SMD=-0."	( Impact of intravenous and topical lidocaine on clinical outcomes in patients receiving propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Chang, YJ; Chang, YP; Chen, JY; Ho, CN; Hung, KC; Lan, KM; Lin, YT; Sun, CK; Wang, LK; Yew, M, 2022)	1.27
" Therefore, the influence of neuromuscular blockers essential for spinal anaesthesia on IONM is worthy of our attention, but no randomized study has evaluated the dose-response effect."	( Effects of rocuronium dosage on intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in patients undergoing spinal surgery. Hu, H; Li, T; Wang, W; Yan, R; Yang, W; Zhang, X, 2022)	0.72
" The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine in reducing propofol dosage during paediatric colonoscopy."	( Use of intravenous lidocaine for dose reduction of propofol in paediatric colonoscopy patients: a randomised placebo-controlled study. Chen, C; Chen, X; Lu, G; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Xiao, P; Yao, W; Zhang, L; Zhou, M, 2021)	1.09
" Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the optimal fentanyl dosage and timing of administration for the anesthetic management during PVI."	( Proper use of fentanyl facilitates anesthesia during pulmonary vein isolation. Banba, K; Hasui, Y; Ii, N; Matsumoto, K; Tachibana, M; Takamatsu, S, 2022)	0.72
"We expand on our prior work applying deep RL to automated anesthetic dosing by now using a continuous-action model based on the actor-critic RL paradigm."	( Continuous action deep reinforcement learning for propofol dosing during general anesthesia. Badgeley, M; Brown, EN; Kwon, O; Meschede-Krasa, B; Schamberg, G, 2022)	0.97
" Through careful analysis of the learned policies, techniques for interpreting dosing decisions, and testing on clinical data, we confirm that the agent's anesthetic dosing is consistent with our understanding of best-practices in anesthesia care."	( Continuous action deep reinforcement learning for propofol dosing during general anesthesia. Badgeley, M; Brown, EN; Kwon, O; Meschede-Krasa, B; Schamberg, G, 2022)	0.97
" The dosage of propofol (38±9 mg) in the RM group was significantly less than that (115±15 mg) in the PR group, meanwhile the anesthesia time (8."	( Gastroscopy sedation: clinical trial comparing propofol and sufentanil with or without remimazolam. Chen, H; He, X; Xiao, N; Xiao, X; Zeng, F; Zhang, L, 2022)	1.33
"Dexmedetomidine administration has no influence on postoperative cognitive dysfunction but could reduce both the dosage of remifentanil and propofol needed during ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy and the incidence and severity of postoperative emergence agitation, anxiety, and depression in elderly patients."	( The effects of remifentanil-propofol combined with dexmedetomidine on cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Gao, XP; Wang, F; Wu, L; Xie, D; Xu, H; Ye, Q, 2022)	1.22
" By incorporating population variability in the objective function, the resulting reference function defines an optimal dosing protocol for a specific outcome in the target population."	( Optimal BIS reference functions for closed-loop induction of anesthesia with propofol. Blair, JL; Jarrett, RT; Shotwell, MS, 2022)	0.95
"The adverse haemodynamic effects of the intravenous anaesthetic propofol are well known, yet few empirical models have explored the dose-response relationship."	( Mechanism-based pharmacodynamic model for propofol haemodynamic effects in healthy volunteers Colin, PJ; Eleveld, DJ; Struys, MMRF; Su, H, 2022)	1.22
"A total of 40 eligible patients were randomly assigned to HSK3486 (n = 30) or propofol (n = 10) dosage groups in a ratio of 3:1."	( Efficacy and safety of HSK3486 for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in elective surgical patients: a multicenter, randomized, open-label, propofol-controlled phase 2 clinical trial. Deng, J; Guan, YJ; Guo, QL; Lin, ZM; Liu, J; Liu, YF; Ma, EL; Wang, DX; Wei, XC; Yang, MC; Yu, XD; Zeng, Y; Zheng, H, 2022)	1.15
" In addition, the patients treated with ciprofol had a lesser increase in blood pressure and heart rate, and fewer cases with BIS > 60 within 15 min of intravenous administration, which indicated that ciprofol may provide a better ideal sedation level during the post-induction period under an equivalent dosing regimen to propofol."	( Effects of ciprofol for the induction of general anesthesia in patients scheduled for elective surgery compared to propofol: a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, comparative study. Ai, YQ; Guo, QL; Li, H; Li, YL; Liu, CM; Liu, J; Luo, AL; Wang, DX; Wang, GY; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wang, YT; Wei, XC; Xu, MJ; Zhang, FX; Zheng, H; Zhu, QM; Zhu, ZQ; Zou, XH; Zuo, YX, 2022)	1.1
" The dosage of anesthetic drugs, operation time, extubation time, and operation time of the two groups were statistically analyzed."	( Application of Intelligent Detection of Neural Signal in Depth Evaluation of Obstetrics and Gynecology Anesthesia. Cao, X; Che, X; Li, X; Xu, M; Zhang, X, 2022)	0.72
"The aim of this study was to find the optimum dosage of dexmedetomidine in Spinal Orthopedic Scoliosis Correction Surgery when used in combination with propofol and remifentanil in American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) III patients with severe scoliosis undergoing intraoperative wake-up test."	( Dexmedetomidine dosage in critically ill patients undergoing intraoperative wake-up test: A randomized controlled trial. Chen, T; Fu, Q; Jia, H; Liu, B; Mudabbar, MS; Yang, T, 2022)	0.92
" Dosage of propofol required in group E (1."	( The effectiveness of esketamine and propofol versus dezocine and propofol sedation during gastroscopy: A randomized controlled study. Chen, L; Tang, T; Xu, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z; Zheng, Y, 2022)	1.39
"To determine the effects of intravenous (IV) premedication with acepromazine, butorphanol or their combination, on the propofol anesthetic induction dosage in dogs."	( Effects of intravenous acepromazine and butorphanol on propofol dosage for induction of anesthesia in healthy Beagle dogs. Dantino, SC; Kleine, SA; Seddighi, R; Smith, CK; Smith, SM; Zhu, X, 2022)	1.18
"Although the largest decrease in propofol dosage required for intubation was after IV premedication with acepromazine and butorphanol, hypotension and apnea still occurred."	( Effects of intravenous acepromazine and butorphanol on propofol dosage for induction of anesthesia in healthy Beagle dogs. Dantino, SC; Kleine, SA; Seddighi, R; Smith, CK; Smith, SM; Zhu, X, 2022)	1.25
" Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate a potential dose-response relationship between ketamine and bilirubin levels."	( Long-term ketamine infusion-induced cholestatic liver injury in COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Andermatt, R; Bartussek, J; Buehler, PK; Camen, G; David, S; Erlebach, R; Hofmaenner, DA; Jüngst, C; Müllhaupt, B; Schuepbach, RA; Wendel-Garcia, PD, 2022)	0.72
" Operation time, awakening time (time from drug withdrawal to consciousness recovery), the dosage of propofol, sufentanil, remifentanil, and intraoperative vasoactive drug dosage were recorded to compare."	( Effect of ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine prior administration on hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair. Cai, Z; Fu, B; Kang, Y; Li, Y; Wang, J; Wu, Y, 2022)	0.94
" Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to assess the ap-propriate dosing strategy for ketamine to produce adequate analgesia when used as a primary analgesic in mechanically ventilated patients."	( Impact of ketamine versus fentanyl continuous infusion on opioid use in patients admitted to a surgical-trauma intensive care unit. Kataria, V; Mooney, J; Nguyen, HL; Pazhani, Y; Ramos, A; Roth, J, )	0.13
" Serological profiling of patients was performed by dosing the serum concentration of nucleotide-binding domain (NOD) and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-10 before and two hours after the surgical procedure."	( The perioperative effect of anesthetic drugs on the immune response in total intravenous anesthesia in patients undergoing minimally invasive gynecological surgery. Boldeanu, L; Boldeanu, MV; Dijmărescu, AL; Manolea, MM; Mirea, CS; Neamţu, SD; Niculescu, M; Novac, MB; Radu, L; Rotaru, LT; Şerbănescu, MS; Vîlcea, AM, )	0.13
" Recent work suggests that electroencephalogram (EEG) parameters can guide propofol dosing in the pediatric population."	( Implementation of an electroencephalogram-guided propofol anesthesia education program in an academic pediatric anesthesia practice. Babus, LW; Daly Guris, RJ; Garcia-Marcinkiewicz, AG; Iyer, RS; Johnson, G; Jones-Oguh, S; Kurth, CD; Massa, CB; McClung-Pasqualino, H; Missett, RM; Sequera-Ramos, L; Yuan, I, 2022)	1.21
" The key drivers included educational content development (lectures, articles, and hand-outs), training a cohort of EEG TIVA trainers, intraoperative teaching (teaching points and dosing tables), decision support tools (algorithms and anesthesia electronic record pop-ups), and knowledge tests (written exam and verbal quiz during cases)."	( Implementation of an electroencephalogram-guided propofol anesthesia education program in an academic pediatric anesthesia practice. Babus, LW; Daly Guris, RJ; Garcia-Marcinkiewicz, AG; Iyer, RS; Johnson, G; Jones-Oguh, S; Kurth, CD; Massa, CB; McClung-Pasqualino, H; Missett, RM; Sequera-Ramos, L; Yuan, I, 2022)	0.98
" This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of measuring the Bispectral Index (BIS) and the correlation to propofol dosage during the use of sedation in the early post-operative period."	( Predictive value of Bispectral Index (BIS) in emergency neurosurgical patients: Loss of BIS reactivity to propofol predicts poor functional outcomes. Chan, DYC; Leung, GKK; Li, LF; Lui, WM; Poon, CCM; Tsang, ACO, 2022)	1.15
" The primary outcome was the correlation between early post-operative BIS and the Propofol dosage with the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 3 months."	( Predictive value of Bispectral Index (BIS) in emergency neurosurgical patients: Loss of BIS reactivity to propofol predicts poor functional outcomes. Chan, DYC; Leung, GKK; Li, LF; Lui, WM; Poon, CCM; Tsang, ACO, 2022)	1.16
" The BIS readings were significantly correlated to the propofol dosage in patients with good function outcomes at 3 months (p < 0."	( Predictive value of Bispectral Index (BIS) in emergency neurosurgical patients: Loss of BIS reactivity to propofol predicts poor functional outcomes. Chan, DYC; Leung, GKK; Li, LF; Lui, WM; Poon, CCM; Tsang, ACO, 2022)	1.18
"For emergency neurosurgical patients whose BIS readings had lost correlation to the propofol dosage upon recovery, their functional outcomes at 3 months were poor."	( Predictive value of Bispectral Index (BIS) in emergency neurosurgical patients: Loss of BIS reactivity to propofol predicts poor functional outcomes. Chan, DYC; Leung, GKK; Li, LF; Lui, WM; Poon, CCM; Tsang, ACO, 2022)	1.16
" The secondary outcomes included injection pain score, vital signs, total dosage of vasoactive drugs used within 5 minutes after induction, and adverse events related to drugs."	( Pretreatment with Low-Dose Esketamine for Reduction of Propofol Injection Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Fu, D; Han, Y; Jia, J; Li, W; Wang, D, 2022)	0.97
" The amplitude and latency of MEP at T2 and T3, the total dosage of propofol after anesthesia induction, and adverse events before T3 were recorded."	( Effect of low-dose lidocaine on MEPs in patients undergoing intracranial tumor resection with propofol anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial. Jin, W; Liu, J; Liu, M; Wang, D; Wang, N; Zhou, X, 2022)	1.18
" The total dosage of propofol and the incidence of adverse events were significantly lower in group L than in group C before T3."	( Effect of low-dose lidocaine on MEPs in patients undergoing intracranial tumor resection with propofol anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial. Jin, W; Liu, J; Liu, M; Wang, D; Wang, N; Zhou, X, 2022)	1.26
" Subgroup analyses based on age and dosage were conducted."	( Outcomes of dexmedetomidine versus propofol sedation in critically ill adults requiring mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Ali, S; Deng, J; Heybati, K; Mohananey, D; Ramakrishna, H; Villablanca, P; Zhou, F, 2022)	1
" Studies have shown that the application of propofol combined with ketamine in painless gastrointestinal endoscopy is beneficial to reduce the dosage of propofol and the incidence of related complications."	( Efficacy and safety of subanesthetic doses of esketamine combined with propofol in painless gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Li, J; Li, S; Li, Y; Liang, S; Liang, Z; Luo, Q; Yang, Z; Zhan, Y, 2022)	1.22
" Our hypothesis was that intraoperative VR use reduces sedative dosing during elective hand surgery without detracting from patient satisfaction as compared to a usual care control."	( Virtual reality immersion compared to monitored anesthesia care for hand surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Banner-Goodspeed, V; Faruki, AA; Gasangwa, DV; Ip, V; Korsunsky, G; Levy, N; McGourty, M; Mueller, AL; Nguyen, TB; Novack, V; O'Gara, BP; Proeschel, S; Rozental, TD; Yu, J, 2022)	0.72
" However, a schedule for age-stratified propofol induction and maintenance dosage for PSA was not available and could be helpful to many anesthesiologists as a reference."	( Age-Stratified Propofol Dosage for Pediatric Procedural Sedation and Analgesia. Hendriks, MP; van Dijk, H; van Eck-Smaling, MM; van Loon, K; van Wolfswinkel, L, 2023)	1.53
" We studied whether the induction (mg·kg -1 ) and maintenance (mg·kg -1 ·h -1 ) dosage is age-dependent using linear regression models."	( Age-Stratified Propofol Dosage for Pediatric Procedural Sedation and Analgesia. Hendriks, MP; van Dijk, H; van Eck-Smaling, MM; van Loon, K; van Wolfswinkel, L, 2023)	1.26
"11) for age (years) from a multivariable linear regression model for propofol induction dosage (mg·kg -1 ) and a coefficient of -0."	( Age-Stratified Propofol Dosage for Pediatric Procedural Sedation and Analgesia. Hendriks, MP; van Dijk, H; van Eck-Smaling, MM; van Loon, K; van Wolfswinkel, L, 2023)	1.5
"We found a noteworthy inverse age-effect on propofol dosage for both induction and maintenance of pediatric procedural sedation."	( Age-Stratified Propofol Dosage for Pediatric Procedural Sedation and Analgesia. Hendriks, MP; van Dijk, H; van Eck-Smaling, MM; van Loon, K; van Wolfswinkel, L, 2023)	1.52
"Extending the potential of precision dosing requires evaluating methodologies offering more flexibility and higher degree of personalization."	( Model enhanced reinforcement learning to enable precision dosing: A theoretical case study with dosing of propofol. Baverel, PG; Bräm, DS; Peck, RW; Ribba, B, 2022)	0.93
" The intraoperative dosage of propofol and remifentanil, operation duration, postoperative PACU stay time, intraoperative consciousness occurrence, postoperative hospital stay and postoperative pulmonary inflammatory events were recorded."	( Effects of different depth of anesthesia on perioperative inflammatory reaction and hospital outcomes in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. Chen, ZH; Huang, LC; Jiang, ZM; Lao, WL; Lv, AQ; Song, QL; Zhou, QF, 2022)	1.01
" The intraoperative dosage of propofol in group H was lower than that in group L (P < 0."	( Effects of different depth of anesthesia on perioperative inflammatory reaction and hospital outcomes in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. Chen, ZH; Huang, LC; Jiang, ZM; Lao, WL; Lv, AQ; Song, QL; Zhou, QF, 2022)	1.01
"Propofol combined with opioids can reduce the dosage of propofol and improve the safety of endoscopy."	( Sedative effect and safety of different doses of S-ketamine in combination with propofol during gastro-duodenoscopy in school-aged children: a prospective, randomized study. Hu, W; Huang, X; Ren, W; Wang, J; Zhang, B; Zhao, X, 2022)	2.39
" Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are increasingly used to study PK and guide dosing decisions."	( Feasibility of a Pragmatic PBPK Modeling Approach: Towards Model-Informed Dosing in Pediatric Clinical Care. de Hoop-Sommen, MA; de Wildt, SN; Driessen, SHP; Freriksen, JJM; Greupink, R; Orlebeke, AEM; van Bussel, LPM; van der Heijden, JEM; Verscheijden, LFM, 2022)	0.72
"This study will determine the optimal dosage of remimazolam tosylate during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and will describe its efficacy and safety."	( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosylate for sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Chen, C; Huai, X; Su, D; Su, Z; Zhang, X; Zhou, J; Zhu, H, 2022)	0.72
" Compared with the control group, the total dosage of propofol in the experimental group was significantly lower, and the number of vasoactive drugs, the incidence of respiratory depression and bronchospasm were significantly lower (P < ."	( Low dose of esketamine combined with propofol in painless fibronchoscopy in elderly patients. Chen, Z; Du, T; Feng, Y; Wang, J, 2022)	1.24
" The intraoperative propofol dosage and the operative time of gastroscopy were recorded."	( Differential dosing of oxycodone in combination with propofol in diagnostic painless gastroscopy in elderly patients: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Li, YP; Zhou, Y, 2022)	1.29
" To eliminate the influence of dosing on volatile propofol concentration, exhalation rate was normalized to plasma concentration."	( Quantification of exhaled propofol is not feasible during single-lung ventilation using double-lumen tubes: A multicenter prospective observational trial. Feldmann, C; Freitag, D; Hüppe, T; Kirschbaum, A; Koch, T; Kreuer, S; Langer, F; Maurer, F; Seidel, M; Teucke, T; Volk, T; Wulf, H, 2023)	1.46
"We demonstrate the accurate prediction of a three-drug response surface model for moderate sedation and simulation suggests a rational dosing strategy for moderate sedation with midazolam, alfentanil and propofol."	( Pharmacodynamic modeling of moderate sedation and rationale for dosing using midazolam, propofol and alfentanil. Chang, WK; Kuo, IT; Liou, JY; Ting, CK; Tsou, MY, 2023)	1.32
"The theoretical basis for propofol dosing has recently been adapted."	( A new view on old problems in paediatric anaesthesia: premedication, postoperative agitation and dosing. Jöhr, M, 2023)	1.21
" New data will allow more precise age-adapted dosing of propofol."	( A new view on old problems in paediatric anaesthesia: premedication, postoperative agitation and dosing. Jöhr, M, 2023)	1.16
" The propofol infusion rate and cumulative propofol dosage (under 140 mg/kg) were well below levels associated with PRIS."	( Unusual case of propofol-related infusion syndrome complicating severe COVID-19 ARDS. Babu, VK; Garcia-Fernandez, A; Perez Del Nogal, G; Rojas, P, 2023)	1.77
" Any adverse reactions experienced by the patient, including choking and respiratory depression, and the total dosage of propofol required during each procedure were also documented."	( Application of topical pharyngeal anesthesia to reduce adverse reactions during painless gastroscopy: A prospective randomized study. Hu, S; Lin, X; Liu, Y; Song, C; Sun, H; Yu, Y, 2023)	1.12
"For the general anesthesia under preserving spontaneous breathing in thoracoscopic surgery, TEAS at Neiguan (PC 6) relieves stress response, reduces opioids dosage and promotes postoperative recovery."	( [Effect of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation at Neiguan (PC 6) on general anesthesia under preserving spontaneous breathing in thoracoscopic lobectomy]. Cai, YC; Ding, Y; Gao, SL; Lin, YL; Shi, JD; Su, SY; Wei, YT; Zhuo, JY, 2023)	0.91
"0035) and the dosage of propofol used during operation (198."	( Evaluation of clinical effects of Esketamine on depression in patients with missed miscarriage: A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. Feng, S; Jiang, M; Li, Q; Mao, M; Wen, Y; Xu, C; Yuan, H; Zhou, R, 2023)	1.22
" There was no significant difference in general data, anesthesia time, the recovery time of patients and dosage of remimazolam and alfentanil among the 3 groups (P > ."	( Effect of low-dose propofol combined with dexamethasone on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynaecological day surgery under remimazolam-based general anesthesia. Ji, F; Liu, M; Man, Y; Wei, Y; Xiao, H, 2023)	1.24
" In this study, we adapt the Eleveld model for use at deep anesthesia levels with a BSR endpoint, with the goal of aiding the estimation of the dosage of propofol needed to achieve 70-90% BSR for 15 min."	( Clinical validation of an adapted Eleveld Model for high-dose propofol treatments for depression. Huang, J; Jones, KG; Kuck, K; Lybbert, C; Mickey, BJ; Odell, D; Stanford, J; Tadler, S, 2023)	1.35
"To test the hypothesis that a pragmatic propofol-based sedation regimen with restricted polypharmacy (RP; ie, prohibits additional infusions unless a predefined propofol dosage threshold is exceeded) would increase coma-and ventilator-free days compared with usual care (UC), we performed a retrospective cohort study of adults admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) of a tertiary-level medical center who were mechanically ventilated, initiated on propofol infusion, and had >50% probability of need for continued ventilation for the next 24 hours."	( Restricted Polypharmacy Compared to Usual Care in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Bose, S; Lehman, LW; Shahn, Z; Talmor, D, 2023)	1.18
" The occurrence of hypotension, bradycardia, hypoxemia and the degree of body movement were secondary outcomes, as well as the moment at which consciousness was lost, the interval between the end of anesthesia and the operating room's release of the patient, and the overall dosage of alfentanil administered during the procedure."	( Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events of Remimazolam versus Propofol During Cervical Conization: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Huang, Z; Ma, L; Mu, X; Nie, H; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2023)	1.16
" The qCON group will adjust intraoperative propofol and remifentanil dosage according to qCON and qNOX values, while the BIS group will adjust according to BIS values and haemodynamic fluctuations."	( Effects of qCON and qNOX-guided general anaesthesia management on patient opioid use and prognosis: a study protocol. Fang, C; Kang, J; Li, Y; Niu, K; Wang, G; Yu, Y; Yuan, Y; Zheng, Y, 2023)	1.17
" The total propofol and fentanyl dosage requirements, a number of patients who required propofol and fentanyl, side effects, and satisfaction were not different between the groups."	( Popliteal sciatic nerve block for high-risk patients undergoing lower limb angioplasty: A prospective double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Jirativanont, T; Noikham, A; Pongraweewan, O; Puangpunngam, N; Suphathamwit, A; Tivirach, W, 2023)	1.3
"To observe the anti-anxiety effect of electroacupuncture at Baihui (GV 20) and Sishencong (EX-HN 1) in patients with gynecological laparoscopic surgery, and to explore its effect on the anesthetic dosage during anesthesia induction."	( [Effect of electroacupuncture at Baihui (GV 20) and Sishencong (EX-HN 1) on presurgical anxiety in patients with gynecological laparoscopic surgery]. Liu, H; Wang, HW; Zheng, AT; Zhou, W, 2022)	0.72
" At 10 min before anesthesia induction and 6 h after surgery, the scores of 6 item short form of state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI-S6) and visual analogue scale-anxiety (VAS-A) were observed; at 10 min before anesthesia induction (T1) and observer's assessment of alertness/sedation scale (OAA/S) grade 4 (T2), mean artery pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and value of bispectral index (BIS) were recorded; the dosage of propofol at T2 was recorded and the surgery related adverse reactions were compared among the 3 groups."	( [Effect of electroacupuncture at Baihui (GV 20) and Sishencong (EX-HN 1) on presurgical anxiety in patients with gynecological laparoscopic surgery]. Liu, H; Wang, HW; Zheng, AT; Zhou, W, 2022)	0.89
"Electroacupuncture at Baihui (GV 20) and Sishencong (EX-HN 1) can effectively relieve the presurgical anxiety in patients with gynecological laparoscopic surgery, and reduce the dosage of propofol, its effect is similar to traditional anti-anxiety drug."	( [Effect of electroacupuncture at Baihui (GV 20) and Sishencong (EX-HN 1) on presurgical anxiety in patients with gynecological laparoscopic surgery]. Liu, H; Wang, HW; Zheng, AT; Zhou, W, 2022)	0.91
"5mg/kg/h ~), and the dosage of sedation drug was according to the sedation target (BIS value 60-80)."	( Examination of ADRB2 gene expression and influence of Dexmedetomidine and Propofol on Hemodynamics after Abdominal Surgery. Bu, H; Huang, X; Lin, Z, 2023)	1.14
" Unfortunately, most drugs prescribed to patients on ECMO lack accurate dosing information."	( Micellar Encapsulation of Propofol Reduces its Adsorption on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator (ECMO) Circuit. Ghandehari, H; Hubbard, O; Imburgia, C; Khurana, N; Stoddard, GJ; Sünner, T; Watt, KM; Yellepeddi, V, 2023)	1.21
" The objective of this systematic review is to identify and present studies comparing low-dose ketamine to opioids when combined with propofol for procedural sedation in the ED and to describe the dosing regimen, observed efficacy, and side effects."	( Low-dose ketamine or opioids combined with propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department: a systematic review. De Vries, LJ; Lameijer, H; Van Roon, EN; Veeger, NJGM, 2023)	1.38
" The dosage of propofol and remifentanil in the Dex group was lower than those in the conventional group (P<0."	( Application of Dexmedetomidine in Surgical Anesthesia for Gastric Cancer and Its Effects on IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP. Fan, J; He, W; Jiang, X; Tian, X; Zheng, W, 2023)	1.26
" For propofol dosage, the administration of esketamine required a lower propofol dosage compared to the NS group and opioids group]."	( Efficacy and safety of esketamine for sedation among patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Guo, Y; Jing, Y; Lian, X; Lin, Y; Luo, T; Yuan, H, 2023)	1.42
" Therefore, MIDD can indeed provide supportive information for dosing decisions and facilitate the efficient and effective development of HSK3486."	( Model-informed drug development: The mechanistic HSK3486 physiologically based pharmacokinetic model informing dose decisions in clinical trials of specific populations. Li, H; Liu, D; Liu, H; Wang, X; Yao, X; Yu, Z; Zhang, M, 2023)	0.91
" Pharmacokinetic simulation or target-controlled infusion (TCI) using models that have been adapted to patients with obesity are necessary to select appropriate dosing regimens."	( How obesity affects the disposition of intravenous anesthetics. Inoue, S; Obara, S; Yoshida, K, 2023)	0.91
"Patients were randomly assigned evenly (20 per group) to one of five different dosage of remimazolam: group A (0."	( Determination of the 50% and 95% Effective Dose of Remimazolam Combined with Propofol for Intravenous Sedation During Day-Surgery Hysteroscopy. Chen, XZ; Lou, AF; Qian, XW; Tan, H; Wu, JE, 2023)	1.14
"The dose-response effects of remimazolam were evaluated for intravenous sedation during hysteroscopy."	( Determination of the 50% and 95% Effective Dose of Remimazolam Combined with Propofol for Intravenous Sedation During Day-Surgery Hysteroscopy. Chen, XZ; Lou, AF; Qian, XW; Tan, H; Wu, JE, 2023)	1.14
" A low dosage continuous propofol infusion provides patients with profound anxiolysis and relaxation while maintaining wakefulness."	( A Review of Novel Anesthetic Technique for Vitreoretinal Surgery. Dodson, S; Todorich, B; Wang, R, 2023)	1.21
" The dosage of propofol in the PR group was significantly higher than that in the PK group (144 ± 38 mg vs."	( Comparison of remifentanil and esketamine in combination with propofol for patient sedation during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Chen, W; Jia, Y; Nie, J; Wang, H; Zhang, Y, 2023)	1.5
"Compared with remifentanil, the combination of esketamine with propofol in fiberoptic bronchoscopy leaded to more stable intraoperative hemodynamics, lower dosage of propofol, lower transient hypoxia rate, fewer incidence of adverse events, and greater bronchoscopists satisfaction."	( Comparison of remifentanil and esketamine in combination with propofol for patient sedation during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Chen, W; Jia, Y; Nie, J; Wang, H; Zhang, Y, 2023)	1.39
" Although sub-hypnotic doses of propofol appear to have an antipruritic effect, replication of this finding and further investigation of optimal dosing are warranted."	( Pharmacological agents for prevention of pruritus in women undergoing Caesarean delivery with neuraxial morphine: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Blake, L; Carvalho, B; Monks, DT; O'Carroll, J; Singh, NP; Singh, PM; Sultan, P, 2023)	1.19
" In addition, compared with saline group, the dosage of sufentanil in lidocaine group decreased significantly during the test."	( Intravenous Lidocaine Decreased the Median Effective Concentration of Sufentanil for Tracheal Intubation in Obese Patients. He, C; Jia, D; Tu, F; Yuan, X, 2023)	0.91
"We provide additional evidence highlighting the importance of caution regarding lidocaine dosing due to the effect on seizure length in the ECT setting."	( Does Lidocaine Shorten Seizure Duration in Electroconvulsive Therapy? Enguita-Germán, M; Enriquez, ÁSR; Fábrega, AM; Gil, JL; López-Ilundain, J; Martinez de Zabarte Moraza, E; Maughan, AR; Prados, AB; Rosquil, EU; Yoldi-Murillo, J, 2023)	0.91
" The patient's general condition, vital signs at different times, the dosage of propofol (mg) and additional times, complications, duration of gastroscopy (minute), awakening time (minute), residence time in the resuscitation room (minute), and adverse reactions were recorded."	( The study of different dosages of remazolam combined with sufentanil and propofol on painless gastroscopy: A randomized controlled trial. Dong, S; Tian, Y; Wu, W; Wu, X; Zeng, L; Zhang, T, 2023)	1.37
" The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), numeric rating scales, dosage of propofol, dexmedetomidine and rocuronium, as well as the numeric rating scales score and analgesic complications were monitored in the 2 groups."	( Effect of esketamine on inflammatory factors in opioid-free anesthesia based on quadratus lumborum block: A randomized trial. Dai, J; Li, J; Li, S; Zheng, R, 2023)	1.11
" Critically, across-individual modular variability is oppositely associated with functional connectivity strength and cerebral metabolism, and with deepening dosage of anesthesia, becoming increasingly dependent on basal metabolism over functional connectivity."	( Alterations in rat brain modular organization during unconsciousness are dependent on communication efficiency and metabolic cost. Chen, Y; Li, S; Li, Z; Liang, X; Ren, P; Zhang, J, 2023)	0.91
" BP, pulse oxygen saturation, PETCO2, reactionentropy, stateentropy, and SPI values; Steward score; dosage of propofol, dexmedetomidine, rocuronium, and diltiazem; extubation time; and awake time were monitored in both groups."	( Application of surgical pleth index in the opioid-free anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial. Cui, X; Dai, J; Li, S; Wu, D; Xu, F, 2023)	1.12
" Adverse events(including respiratory depression, body movement and hypoxemia),the dosage of ciprofol, the time of operation time and awakening were recorded."	( Comparison of anesthetic effects of different doses of alfentanil combined with ciprofol in elderly patients undergoing ERCP: a randomized controlled trial. Gu, X; Hu, J; Ji, F; Liu, N; Luo, Y; Zhu, W; Zhu, X, 2023)	0.91