ritonavir

Research Excerpts

Overview

Ritonavir is a BCS class II antiretroviral agent which shows poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. It has been proposed as a suitable alternative to ketoconazole.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ritonavir (RTV) is a first generation HIV-1 protease inhibitor with rapidly emerging drug resistance. "	( Insights into the mechanism of drug resistance: X-ray structure analysis of multi-drug resistant HIV-1 protease ritonavir complex. Brunzelle, JS; Dewdney, TG; Kovari, IA; Kovari, LC; Liu, Z; Reiter, SJ; Wang, Y; Yedidi, RS, 2013)	2.04
"Ritonavir is a BCS class II antiretroviral agent which shows poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. "	( Improved pharmaceutical properties of ritonavir through co-crystallization approach with liquid-assisted grinding method. Chaudhari, KR; Savjani, JK; Savjani, KT; Shah, H, 2021)	2.34
"Ritonavir-boosting is a promising strategy to reduce erlotinib treatment costs and provides a rationale for other expensive therapies metabolized by CYP3A4."	( Ritonavir-Boosted Exposure of Kinase Inhibitors: an Open Label, Cross-over Pharmacokinetic Proof-of-Concept Trial with Erlotinib. Baas, P; Beijnen, JH; Boosman, RJ; Burgers, JA; de Gooijer, CJ; Groenland, SL; Huitema, ADR; Steeghs, N; van der Noort, V, 2022)	2.89
"Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor for CYP3A4/5-mediated DDIs and has been proposed as a suitable alternative to ketoconazole."	( A Mechanistic Absorption and Disposition Model of Ritonavir to Predict Exposure and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of CYP3A4/5 and CYP2D6 Substrates. Arora, S; Gardner, I; Jamei, M; Kilford, PJ; Pansari, A; Turner, DB, 2022)	1.7
"Ritonavir is a well-known protease inhibitor with low aqueous solubility belonging to BCS class II category."	( Recent advances in nanoformulation development of Ritonavir, a key protease inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV-AIDS. Bhaskaran, NA; Jitta, SR; Kumar, L; Marques, SM, 2022)	1.7
"Ritonavir (RIT) is a well-known case where the most stable polymorph II emerged after being marketed, leading to a loss of $250 million."	( Ritonavir Revisited: Melt Crystallization Can Easily Find the Late-Appearing Polymorph II and Unexpectedly Discover a New Polymorph III. Chen, Z; Li, S; Liu, B; Lu, M; Ou, X; Rong, H, 2023)	3.07
"Ritonavir is a well-known CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 enzyme inhibitor, frequently used to assess the drug-drug interaction (DDI) liability of susceptible drugs. "	( Biopharmaceutic Arora, S; Gardner, I; Jamei, M; Kilford, P; Pansari, A; Turner, DB, 2020)	2
"Ritonavir (RTV) is a weakly basic drug with a pH-dependent solubility. "	( In Vitro Characterization of Ritonavir Drug Products and Correlation to Human in Vivo Performance. Gao, P; Marroum, P; Shi, Y; Vela, S; Xu, H, 2017)	2.19
"Ritonavir is a powerful inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) isoenzyme. "	( Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency Due to the Co-Administration of Ritonavir and Inhaled Fluticasone Propionate: Case report. Al-Maqbali, A; Al-Qassabi, S; Elgalib, A; Kamble, B, 2017)	2.14
"Ritonavir (RTV) is a weakly basic drug with a pH-dependent solubility. "	( In vitro characterization of ritonavir formulations and correlation to in vivo performance in dogs. Gao, P; Krakow, S; Rosenberg, J; Shi, Y; Xu, H, 2018)	2.21
"Ritonavir (RTV) is a potent mechanism-based and reversible CYP3A inhibitor and moderate inducer that is used as a pharmacokinetic enhancer in several antiviral treatment regimens."	( Guiding dose adjustment of amlodipine after co-administration with ritonavir containing regimens using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Menon, RM; Mukherjee, D; Shebley, M; Zha, J, 2018)	1.44
"Ritonavir (RIT) is a widely used antiviral drug that acts as an HIV protease inhibitor with emerging potential in anticancer therapies. "	( Nanotherapeutics with suitable properties for advanced anticancer therapy based on HPMA copolymer-bound ritonavir via pH-sensitive spacers. Chytil, P; Etrych, T; Janoušková, O; Koziolová, E; Machová, D; Venclíková, K, 2018)	2.14
"Ritonavir (RIT) is a human immune deficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor (PI) active against HIV-1 and HIV-2. "	( Formononetin and biochanin A protects against ritonavir induced hepatotoxicity via modulation of NfκB/pAkt signaling molecules. Agarwal, NK; Azmi, L; Chaturvedi, S; Malik, MY; Naseem, Z; Rao, C; Shukla, I, 2018)	2.18
"Ritonavir (RTV) is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor (PI) with activity against HIV, practically insoluble in water and recommended to co-administer as a booster along with other HIV-PI to enhance their bioavailability. "	( Solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of ritonavir. Deshmukh, A; Kulkarni, S, 2014)	2.1
"Ritonavir is a HIV protease inhibitor. "	( Cardioprotective effect of ritonavir, an antiviral drug, in isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis: a new therapeutic implication. Banerjee, SK; Bulani, Y; Gupta, P; Kanwal, A; Khatua, TN; Kuncha, M; Putcha, UK; Sojitra, B, 2013)	2.13
"Ritonavir is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor and an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4, the major human hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme. "	( Characterization of ritonavir-mediated inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4. Hengel, SM; Kunze, KL; Rock, BM; Rock, DA; Wienkers, LC, 2014)	2.17
"Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor utilized primarily as a pharmaco-enhancer with concomitantly administered antiviral drugs including other protease inhibitors. "	( Augmented Inhibition of CYP3A4 in Human Primary Hepatocytes by Ritonavir Solid Drug Nanoparticles. Giardiello, M; Martin, P; McDonald, TO; Owen, A; Rannard, SP; Siccardi, M; Smith, D, 2015)	2.1
"Ritonavir is an antiretroviral drug to treat HIV AIDS and inhibits cytochrome P450 3A4. "	( Altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide by ritonavir in rats with healthy, diabetic and impaired hepatic function. Goud, T; Maddi, S; Nayakanti, D; Thatipamula, RP, 2016)	2.12
"Ritonavir is a well-known inhibitor of the metabolism of numerous medications that are substrates of the CYP3A and CYP2D6 pathways. "	( Induction effects of ritonavir: implications for drug interactions. Foisy, MM; Hughes, CA; Yakiwchuk, EM, 2008)	2.11
"Ritonavir is a powerful inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) that metabolizes many antiretrovirals. "	( Ritonavir greatly impairs CYP3A activity in HIV infection with chronic viral hepatitis. Greenblatt, DJ; Kaufman, RC; Knox, TA; Oleson, L; von Moltke, LL; Wanke, CA, 2008)	3.23
"Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A5 isoenzyme and P-gp inhibitor."	( Paralytic ileus possibly associated with interaction between ritonavir/lopinavir and vincristine. Bergerat, JP; Herbrecht, R; Levêque, D; Pavillet, J; Santucci, R, 2009)	1.32
"Ritonavir is an antiretroviral drug characterized by low solubility and high permeability which corresponds to BCS class II drug. "	( Solid dispersion as an approach for bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drug ritonavir. Ahuja, A; Ali, J; Ali, M; Baboota, S; Kumar, A; Sinha, S, 2010)	2.02
"Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor associated with metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. "	( Investigation of low-dose ritonavir on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using gene expression whole genome microarrays. Back, D; Boffito, M; Collot-Teixeira, S; De Lorenzo, F; Fletcher, C; Gazzard, B; McGregor, JL; Pozniak, A; Waters, L; Yilmaz, S, 2010)	2.1
"Ritonavir (RTV) is a commonly used antiretroviral associated with bone loss. "	( Effects of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy with ritonavir on induction of osteoclast-like cells in postmenopausal women. Cremers, S; Ferris, DC; Laurence, J; McMahon, DJ; Modarresi, R; Santiago, F; Shane, E; Yin, MT; Zhang, CA, 2011)	2.06
"Ritonavir is a synthetic peptidomimetic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor employed in the treatment of AIDS since 1996. "	( Micellar electrokinetic chromatography method development for determination of impurities in ritonavir. Carvalho, AZ; Duppen, JV; El-Attug, MN; Hoogmartens, J; Hove, EV; Schepdael, AV; Zayed, SE, 2010)	2.02
"Ritonavir is a HIV protease inhibitor routinely prescribed to HIV patients that also potently inactivates cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4), the major human drug-metabolizing enzyme. "	( Structure and mechanism of the complex between cytochrome P4503A4 and ritonavir. Poulos, TL; Sevrioukova, IF, 2010)	2.04
"Ritonavir is a potential therapeutic agent in lung cancer, but its targets in lung adenocarcinoma are unknown, as are candidate biomarkers for its activity."	( The human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir inhibits lung cancer cells, in part, by inhibition of survivin. Fukuda, S; Guo, Z; Kathuria, H; Milani, M; Mitra, R; Pelus, LM; Potter, DA; Rizzardi, A; Rodriguez, M; Schmechel, S; Skalnik, DG; Srirangam, A, 2011)	2.06
"Ritonavir (RTV), which is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor, can induce atherosclerosis in a PKC-dependent manner."	( Ritonavir stimulates foam cell formation by activating PKC. Ding, H; Liu, H; Liu, Y; Mu, Y; Sun, G; Xiang, J; Xu, J; Yang, F, 2011)	2.53
"Ritonavir (RTV) is a known inhibitor of both P-gp and CYP3A and is co-administered with LPV in anti-HIV therapy."	( Effect of grapefruit juice and ritonavir on pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in Wistar rats. Aditya, N; Ravi, PR; Srivani, S; Thakur, R; Vats, R, 2012)	1.39
"Ritonavir is a HIV protease inhibitor that also potently inactivates cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), a major human drug-metabolizing enzyme. "	( Interaction of human cytochrome P4503A4 with ritonavir analogs. Poulos, TL; Sevrioukova, IF, 2012)	2.08
"Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor (PI) frequently prescribed with highly active antiretroviral therapy. "	( Ritonavir and epidural triamcinolone as a cause of iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. Albert, NE; Dougherty, R; Kazi, S; Santoro, J, 2012)	3.26
"Ritonavir is a potent CYP3A inhibitor and was shown in vitro as a CYP2B6 inhibitor."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between prasugrel and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Ancrenaz, V; Daali, Y; Dayer, P; Déglon, J; Desmeules, J; Samer, C; Staub, C, 2013)	1.36
"Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor whose potent cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition is exploited for pharmacologic boosting in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection."	( Iatrogenic hypercortisolism complicating triamcinolone acetonide injections in patients with HIV on ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors. Beach, J; Fessler, D; Keel, J; Stead, W, )	1.07
"Ritonavir is an extremely strong inhibitor of P450 cytochrome 3A, which is the main metabolizing enzyme of tacrolimus. "	( Pretransplantation pharmacokinetic curves of tacrolimus in HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-containing cART: a pilot study. Crommelin, HA; Mudrikova, T; van den Broek, MP; van Maarseveen, EM; van Zuilen, AD, 2013)	2.06
"Ritonavir is an HIV protease inhibitor used in the therapy of HIV infection. "	( Antitumor effect of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir: induction of tumor-cell apoptosis associated with perturbation of proteasomal proteolysis. Constantiniu, O; Firat-Geier, E; Freudenberg, M; Gaedicke, S; Galanos, C; Lucchiari-Hartz, M; Niedermann, G, 2002)	1.99
"Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor, used in combination therapy (often as a pharmacoenhancer) to treat HIV."	( The distribution of the HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir, to the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and choroid plexuses of the guinea pig. Anthonypillai, C; Gibbs, JE; Sanderson, RN; Thomas, SA, 2004)	1.3
"Ritonavir is a large, lipophilic molecule that is practically insoluble in aqueous media and exhibits an exceedingly slow intrinsic dissolution rate. "	( Ritonavir-PEG 8000 amorphous solid dispersions: in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Everitt, EA; Fort, JJ; Krill, SL; Law, D; Marsh, KC; Qiu, Y; Schmitt, EA; Wang, W, 2004)	3.21
"Ritonavir is a potent in vitro inhibitor of several cytochrome P450 isozymes and ABC transporters including the efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp). "	( Substantial pharmacokinetic interaction between digoxin and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Burhenne, J; Ding, R; Haefeli, WE; Mikus, G; Riedel, KD; Tayrouz, Y; Weiss, J, 2004)	2.01
"Ritonavir is an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease with potent in vitro anti-HIV properties and good oral bioavailability."	( A short-term study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. European-Australian Collaborative Ritonavir Study Group. Bouza, E; Carr, A; Danner, SA; Gonzales, J; Gudiol, F; Lehman, LM; Leonard, JM; Pintado, V; Raventos, A; Rubio, R, 1995)	1.25
"Ritonavir is a potent inhibitor in vitro of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease, which is needed for virions to mature and become infective. "	( A preliminary study of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease, to treat HIV-1 infection. Henry, D; Hsu, A; Hurley, AM; La Marca, A; Leonard, JM; Markowitz, M; Powderly, WG; Saag, M; Sattler, F; Valdes, JM, 1995)	2.04
"Ritonavir was found to be a potent inhibitor of CYP3A-mediated biotransformations (nifedipine oxidation, IC50) = 0.07 microM; 17alpha-ethynylestradiol 2-hydroxylation, IC50 = 2 microM; terfenadine hydroxylation, IC50 = 0.14 microM)."	( Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir (ABT-538) in human liver microsomes. Buko, AM; Denissen, JF; Kumar, GN; Rodrigues, AD, 1996)	1.25
"Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor with an HIV-1 resistance profile similar to that of indinavir, but different from that of saquinavir. "	( Ritonavir. Faulds, D; Lea, AP, 1996)	3.18
"Ritonavir (RIT) is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and inhibits saquinavir (SQV) metabolism in healthy volunteers."	( Saquinavir pharmacokinetics alone and in combination with ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Back, DJ; Barry, MG; Breckenridge, AM; Gibbons, SE; Heavey, J; Merry, C; Mulcahy, F; Ryan, M; Tjia, JF, 1997)	1.26
"Ritonavir is a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. "	( Randomised placebo-controlled trial of ritonavir in advanced HIV-1 disease. The Advanced HIV Disease Ritonavir Study Group. Cameron, DW; Cohen, C; Danner, S; Heath-Chiozzi, M; Henry, D; Kravcik, S; Leonard, J; Maurath, C; Potthoff, A; Rode, R; Sun, E, 1998)	2.01
"Ritonavir is a potent, orally bioavailable HIV protease inhibitor with demonstrated impact on surrogate endpoints, AIDS-defining disease, and mortality."	( A randomized trial of the effect of ritonavir in maintaining quality of life in advanced HIV disease. Advanced HIV Disease Ritonavir Study Group. Cohen, C; Jiang, P; Nabulsi, A; Revicki, DA; Sarocco, PW, 1998)	1.3
"Ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P4503A4 that strongly increases saquinavir bioavailability. "	( Safety and efficacy of ritonavir and saquinavir in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine. Arvieux, C; Bazin, C; Bellissant, E; Cartier, F; Chauvin, JP; Delfraissy, JF; Dohin, E; Michelet, C; Raffi, F; Renard, I; Ruffault, A; Sébille, V, 1999)	2.06
"Ritonavir is a reversible effector of proteasome activity that protected the subunits MB-1 (X) and/or LMP7 from covalent active site modification with the vinyl sulfone inhibitor(125)I-NLVS, suggesting that they are the prime targets for competitive inhibition by Ritonavir."	( How an inhibitor of the HIV-I protease modulates proteasome activity. Bogyo, M; de Giuli, R; Emch, S; Groettrup, M; Groll, M; Holzhütter, HG; Kairies, N; Schmidtke, G, 1999)	1.02
"Ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of hepatic cytochrome P450, mainly the CYP3A4 isoform."	( Protease inhibitor-induced carbamazepine toxicity. Berbel Garcia, A; Latorre Ibarra, A; Martinez Salio, A; Perez Martinez, D; Porta Etessam, J; Siaz Diaz, R; Toledo Heras, M, )	0.85
"Ritonavir (RTV) is a powerful inhibitor of P450 3A4 cytochorme. "	( [Indinavir-ritonavir combination: pharmacologic results and tolerance in patients infected by HIV]. Bani-Sadr, F; Bernard, L; de Truchis, P; Melchior, JC; Perré, P; Perronne, C; Peytavin, G, 2001)	2.14
"Ritonavir is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor that is often used to improve the systemic availability of concurrently administered protease inhibitors by impairing their metabolism through cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. "	( Rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ritonavir in human plasma. Gubbins, PO; Lawhorn, WD; Penzak, SR, 2001)	1.97

Effects

Ritonavir has been shown to inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of isolated 20S proteasomes. It inhibits betaPDGFR activation and PDGF-dependent proliferation and migration of VSMCs.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ritonavir has a double-boosting function for both lopinavir and saquinavir, and in terms of pharmacokinetics, the drug doses selected seemed appropriate for combining these agents in a dual protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral regimen for patients with several prior virologic failures."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of a double-boosting regimen of saquinavir soft gel plus lopinavir plus minidose ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Azuaje, C; Clotet, B; Crespo, M; Diaz, M; Falcó, V; Lopez, RM; Ocaña, I; Pahissa, A; Pou, L; Ribera, E; Ruiz, I; Ruiz, L, 2004)	1.26
"Ritonavir and metformin have been administered in humans for the treatment of diabetes in patients with HIV, demonstrating the tolerance to this combination in humans."	( Investigating and targeting chronic lymphocytic leukemia metabolism with the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir and metformin. Adekola, KU; Dalva Aydemir, S; Ma, S; Rosen, ST; Shanmugam, M; Zhou, Z, 2015)	1.34
"Ritonavir has been evaluated at boosting doses of 50–800 mg daily with seven protease inhibitors: amprenavir, atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, lopinavir,saquinavir and tipranavir. "	( How much ritonavir is needed to boost protease inhibitors? Systematic review of 17 dose-ranging pharmacokinetic trials. Boffito, M; Hill, A; Sawyer, W; van der Lugt, J, 2009)	2.21
"Ritonavir has also been shown to inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of isolated 20S proteasomes."	( Antitumor effect of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir: induction of tumor-cell apoptosis associated with perturbation of proteasomal proteolysis. Constantiniu, O; Firat-Geier, E; Freudenberg, M; Gaedicke, S; Galanos, C; Lucchiari-Hartz, M; Niedermann, G, 2002)	1.27
"Ritonavir has direct effects on VSMCs at clinically relevant concentrations in vitro, as it inhibits betaPDGFR activation and PDGF-dependent proliferation and migration of VSMCs. "	( Ritonavir exhibits anti-atherogenic properties on vascular smooth muscle cells. Bäumer, AT; Caglayan, E; Fätkenheuer, G; Kappert, K; Rosenkranz, S; Südkamp, M, 2004)	3.21
"Ritonavir has a double-boosting function for both lopinavir and saquinavir, and in terms of pharmacokinetics, the drug doses selected seemed appropriate for combining these agents in a dual protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral regimen for patients with several prior virologic failures."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of a double-boosting regimen of saquinavir soft gel plus lopinavir plus minidose ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Azuaje, C; Clotet, B; Crespo, M; Diaz, M; Falcó, V; Lopez, RM; Ocaña, I; Pahissa, A; Pou, L; Ribera, E; Ruiz, I; Ruiz, L, 2004)	1.26
"Ritonavir has been repeatedly shown to be the most common protease inhibitor to induce these metabolic abnormalities."	( Tuberous and tendinous xanthomata secondary to ritonavir-associated hyperlipidemia. Brown, CA; Lesher, JL; Peterson, CM, 2005)	1.31
"Ritonavir has good oral bioavailability, and may increase the bioavailability of other protease inhibitors including saquinavir, nelfinavir, indinavir and VX-478."	( Ritonavir. Faulds, D; Lea, AP, 1996)	2.46
"Ritonavir has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, an enzyme responsible for warfarin metabolism."	( Potential interaction involving warfarin and ritonavir. Cousins, ES; Knoell, KR; Young, TM, 1998)	1.28
"Ritonavir has the severest side effects, including nausea, diarrhea, and initially, tingling feeling of the mouth, arms, or legs."	( A patient's guide to protease inhibitors. Elperin, A; Sax, P, 1996)	1.02

Actions

Ritonavir was found to inhibit in a concentration dependent manner the intrinsic clearance of docetaxel, which was described by an inhibition constant of 0.028 microg ml(-1) (CV 36%). RitonavIR is known to inhibit several drug transporters.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ritonavir is known to inhibit several drug transporters; therefore, we have examined these compounds together, in relevant concentrations and ratios."	( Interactions of the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir/Paxlovid with Human Drug Transporters. Bakos, É; Gáborik, Z; Özvegy-Laczka, C; Sarkadi, B; Telbisz, Á; Temesszentandrási-Ambrus, C, 2023)	1.63
"Ritonavir was found to inhibit in a concentration dependent manner the intrinsic clearance of docetaxel, which was described by an inhibition constant of 0.028 microg ml(-1) (CV 36%)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered docetaxel with or without co-administration of ritonavir in patients with advanced cancer. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Koolen, SL; Oostendorp, RL; Schellens, JH, 2010)	1.29
"Ritonavir can inhibit the metabolism of fentanyl significantly, so caution should be exercised if fentanyl is given to patients receiving ritonavir medication."	( Ritonavir's role in reducing fentanyl clearance and prolonging its half-life. Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Palkama, VJ, 1999)	3.19

Treatment

Ritonavir treatment initially triggered ER stress during the early hours of treatment. Maraviroc downregulated the local expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. The drug significantly reduced calpain activity in the hippocampus, protected hippocampal neurons from death, preserved cognitive performance.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ritonavir treatment initially triggered ER stress during the early hours of treatment. "	( Endoplasmic reticulum stress leads to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in cells treated with anti-HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir. Chaubey, B; Ganta, KK, 2019)	2.16
"In ritonavir-treated mice, maraviroc reduced plaque areas and macrophage infiltration; downregulated the local expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interleukin-17A; and reduced tumor necrosis factor-α and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed, and secreted)."	( Efficacy of the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc in reducing early, ritonavir-induced atherogenesis and advanced plaque progression in mice. Baldelli, F; Cipriani, S; D'Amore, C; Fiorucci, S; Francisci, D; Mencarelli, A; Renga, B; Schiaroli, E, 2013)	1.15
"Ritonavir-treated multiple myeloma cells exhibited increased reliance on glutamine metabolism. "	( Targeting the metabolic plasticity of multiple myeloma with FDA-approved ritonavir and metformin. Adekola, KU; Bajpai, R; Dalva-Aydemir, S; Kandela, I; Koblinski, JE; Martinez, M; Raje, NS; Rosen, ST; Shanmugam, M; Singhal, S; Wei, C, 2015)	2.09
"Ritonavir treatment alone did not significantly affect the median time of survival (14 vs."	( Ritonavir inhibits intratumoral docetaxel metabolism and enhances docetaxel antitumor activity in an immunocompetent mouse breast cancer model. Beijnen, JH; Hendrikx, JJ; Lagas, JS; Rosing, H; Rottenberg, S; Schellens, JH; Schinkel, AH; Song, JY, 2016)	2.6
"Ritonavir treatment significantly reduced calpain activity in the hippocampus, protected hippocampal neurons from death, preserved cognitive performance, and suppressed seizure escalation, even when therapy was initiated 36 hours after disease onset."	( Neuroprotection mediated by inhibition of calpain during acute viral encephalitis. Buenz, EJ; Howe, CL; LaFrance-Corey, RG; McGovern, RM; Mirchia, K; Reid, JM; Sauer, BM, 2016)	1.16
"Ritonavir-treated cells had increased FA efflux, uptake, and incorporation into TAG (all P < 0.01)."	( Long-term ritonavir exposure increases fatty acid and glycerol recycling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes as compensatory mechanisms for increased triacylglycerol hydrolysis. Adler-Wailes, DC; Guiney, EL; Wolins, NE; Yanovski, JA, 2010)	1.48
"Ritonavir treatment was then continued for an additional 13 days."	( Renal insufficiency has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of vicriviroc in a ritonavir-containing regimen. Assaf, M; Kasserra, C; Keung, A; Marbury, T; O'Mara, E; Sansone-Parsons, A; Tetteh, E, 2010)	1.31
"In ritonavir-treated cells, protein expression of the lipid droplet-protective protein, perilipin, was significantly decreased, whereas there was no change in hormone-sensitive lipase."	( Effects of the human immunodeficiency virus-protease inhibitor, ritonavir, on basal and catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis. Adler-Wailes, DC; Ahmad, F; Feng, N; Liu, H; Londos, C; Manganiello, V; Yanovski, JA, 2005)	1.08
"Ritonavir treatment significantly decreased baseline insulin release and glucose-stimulated insulin release in a dose-dependent manner (r=-0.861, -0.839, both P<0.01). "	( [Effects of various HIV protease inhibitors on function of rat insulinoma cells]. Li, WP; Schutt, M; Xiang, Z; Zhou, JQ, 2006)	1.78
"Ritonavir treatment resulted in increased kaolin intake or severe pica, the intensity of which was reduced significantly with S."	( Scutellaria baicalensis and a constituent flavonoid, baicalein, attenuate ritonavir-induced gastrointestinal side-effects. Aung, H; Foo, A; Mehendale, S; Tong, R; Wang, CZ; Xie, JT; Yuan, CS, 2007)	1.29
"Ritonavir treatment alone initially suppressed plasma viremia, but the viremia recurred with the appearance of ritonavir-resistant HIV isolates."	( thy/liv-SCID-hu mice: a system for investigating the in vivo effects of multidrug therapy on plasma viremia and human immunodeficiency virus replication in lymphoid tissues. Goldstein, H; Katopodis, NF; Kim, A; Kollmann, TR; Pettoello-Mantovani, M; Raker, C; Wiltshire, H; Yurasov, S, 1998)	1.02
"Ritonavir-treated patients reported fewer fever symptoms and neurologic symptoms than the placebo group after 6 months of treatment (P < 0.005)."	( A randomized trial of the effect of ritonavir in maintaining quality of life in advanced HIV disease. Advanced HIV Disease Ritonavir Study Group. Cohen, C; Jiang, P; Nabulsi, A; Revicki, DA; Sarocco, PW, 1998)	1.3
"In ritonavir-treated samples derived from HIV-infected individuals, the number of cells expressing ICE also decreased."	( Protease inhibitors stimulate hematopoiesis and decrease apoptosis and ICE expression in CD34(+) cells. Chaudhuri, A; Kim, S; Kumar, P; Maciejewski, J; Sloand, EM; Young, N, 2000)	0.82
"Ritonavir treatment increased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels through increased fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis in adipose and liver."	( HIV protease inhibitor induces fatty acid and sterol biosynthesis in liver and adipose tissues due to the accumulation of activated sterol regulatory element-binding proteins in the nucleus. Fichtenbaum, CJ; Hui, DY; Kuhel, DG; Riddle, TM; Woollett, LA, 2001)	1.03
"Treatment of ritonavir marginally declined simulated S-warfarin concentrations, but substantially elevated that of R-warfarin, resulting in a decrease in the international normalized ratio (INR)."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling-Guided Dose Management of Oral Anticoagulants when Initiating Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (Paxlovid) for COVID-19 Treatment. Chan, ECY; Wang, Z, 2022)	1.28
"Treatment with ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir or molnupiravir."	( Nirmatrelvir or Molnupiravir Use and Severe Outcomes From Omicron Infections. Abi Fadel, F; Bartley, P; Duggal, A; Huang, S; Lin, DY; Milinovich, AT; Sacha, GL; Wang, X, 2023)	1.26
"Treatment with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors or efavirenz and nucleoside analogues leads to rises in lipids, which might contribute to cardiovascular risk."	( Effects of first-line use of nucleoside analogues, efavirenz, and ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors on lipid levels. Gazzard, B; Hill, A; Sawyer, W, )	0.72
"Treatment with ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir can produce a durable response."	( Fosamprenavir calcium plus ritonavir for HIV infection. Arduino, RC; Torres, HA, 2007)	0.98
"Treatment with ritonavir produced alterations in the immune system that included changes in T cell subset distribution and increases in CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte numbers and of lymphocyte function."	( Alterations in the immune response of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects treated with an HIV-specific protease inhibitor, ritonavir. Carr, A; Cooper, DA; Kelleher, AD; Zaunders, J, 1996)	0.84
"Treatment with ritonavir in the absence of HIV infection or changes in body composition results in hypertriglyceridemia that is apparently not mediated by impaired LpL activity or the defective removal of remnant lipoproteins, but could be caused by enhanced formation of VLDL. "	( Effect of ritonavir on lipids and post-heparin lipase activities in normal subjects. Achari, R; Brunzell, JD; Knopp, RH; Leonard, JM; Locke, C; Pizzuti, DJ; Purnell, JQ; Zambon, A, 2000)	1.06

Toxicity

Preliminary data suggest that the protease inhibitor combination ritonavir/indinavir plus double nucleoside therapy appears to be effective and safe in short-term treatment. Treatment-related gastrointestinal adverse events were greater in patients taking lopinavir/ritonavir.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Adverse events included nausea, circumoral paresthesia, elevated hepatic aminotransferase levels, and elevated triglyceride levels."	( A short-term study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. European-Australian Collaborative Ritonavir Study Group. Bouza, E; Carr, A; Danner, SA; Gonzales, J; Gudiol, F; Lehman, LM; Leonard, JM; Pintado, V; Raventos, A; Rubio, R, 1995)	0.53
"7%) patients because of adverse events and three (3."	( Efficacy and safety of twice daily first-line ritonavir/indinavir plus double nucleoside combination therapy in HIV-infected individuals. German Ritonavir/Indinavir Study Group. Bergmann, F; Carls, H; Fätkenheuer, G; Fenske, S; Knechten, H; Nadler, M; Oette, M; Rieke, A; Rockstroh, JK; Thiesen, A; Wiesel, W, 2000)	0.57
"Our preliminary data suggest that the protease inhibitor combination ritonavir/indinavir plus double nucleoside therapy appears to be effective and safe in short-term treatment (up to 24 weeks)."	( Efficacy and safety of twice daily first-line ritonavir/indinavir plus double nucleoside combination therapy in HIV-infected individuals. German Ritonavir/Indinavir Study Group. Bergmann, F; Carls, H; Fätkenheuer, G; Fenske, S; Knechten, H; Nadler, M; Oette, M; Rieke, A; Rockstroh, JK; Thiesen, A; Wiesel, W, 2000)	0.8
" In this study, it appeared safe to continue ARVT during LEE; however, more data from larger studies are required to confirm this finding."	( Risk factors for hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected patients receiving ritonavir and saquinavir with or without stavudine. Prometheus Study Group. Danner, SA; Dreezen, C; Gisolf, EH; Weel, JL; Weverling, GJ, 2000)	0.54
" The side-effects of this new therapeutic family are quite well known but we wanted to evaluate the attitude of the clinician: can these adverse effects be corrected by symptomatic treatment, do they regress spontaneously or do they lead to an alternative PI therapy? We therefore carried out a retrospective survey in the Infectious Diseases Department of Poitiers Hospital consisting in research on files of patients (n = 70) treated in this department (hospitalization and consultation) for any clinical or biological abnormality attributable to the PI."	( [Attitude of the clinican toward adverse effects of protease inhibitors]. Breux, JP; Champagne, X; Nicol, B; Pasdeloup, T; Pérault, MC; Remblier, C; Vandel, B, )	0.13
"Demographics, dosage regimens, genotype data, viral RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts, adverse drug events (ADEs), laboratory tests, and compliance were evaluated over 3 years."	( The safety and antiviral effect of protease inhibitors in children. Koranyi, KI; Nahata, MC; Temple, ME, 2001)	0.31
" Safety was monitored as clinical adverse events (AEs) and laboratory abnormalities."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of amprenavir and ritonavir following multiple-dose, co-administration to healthy volunteers. Lloyd, PP; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Sadler, BM; Stein, DS, 2001)	0.57
" Three patients discontinued therapy for drug-related adverse events."	( Safety and antiviral activity at 48 weeks of lopinavir/ritonavir plus nevirapine and 2 nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected protease inhibitor-experienced patients. Benson, CA; Brun, SC; Deeks, SG; Eron, JJ; Feinberg, J; Gulick, RM; Hicks, C; Hsu, A; Japour, AJ; Kempf, D; Kessler, HA; King, M; Murphy, RL; Real, K; Riddler, S; Sax, PE; Stryker, R; Sun, E; Thompson, M; Wheeler, D, 2002)	0.56
" Apart from diarrhoea and nausea, serum lipid abnormalities were identified as the most prominent adverse reaction."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of ritonavir/indinavir at 400/400 mg twice a day in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as first line antiretroviral therapy. Bergmann, F; Carls, H; Fätkenheuer, G; Fenske, S; Knechten, H; Lichterfeld, M; Nadler, M; Nischalke, HD; Oette, M; Rieke, A; Rockstroh, JK; Theisen, A; Wasmuth, JC; Wiesel, W, 2002)	0.6
"Our results demonstrate that quadruple therapy with RTV/IDV and two NRTIs induces potent, durable and safe HIV suppression and might be particularly beneficial as a first line therapy for patients with a high baseline viral load."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of ritonavir/indinavir at 400/400 mg twice a day in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as first line antiretroviral therapy. Bergmann, F; Carls, H; Fätkenheuer, G; Fenske, S; Knechten, H; Lichterfeld, M; Nadler, M; Nischalke, HD; Oette, M; Rieke, A; Rockstroh, JK; Theisen, A; Wasmuth, JC; Wiesel, W, 2002)	0.6
" Thus short-term low-dose administration of ritonavir impairs oral clearance of trazodone and increases the occurrence of adverse reactions."	( Short-term exposure to low-dose ritonavir impairs clearance and enhances adverse effects of trazodone. Byron, S; Chen, G; Culm, KE; Daily, JP; Fogelman, SM; Graf, JA; Granda, BW; Greenblatt, DJ; Harmatz, JS; Mertzanis, P; Shader, RI; von Moltke, LL, 2003)	0.86
"The A/S/D regimen had a low efficacy and a high frequency of adverse events and cannot be recommended."	( Low efficacy and high frequency of adverse events in a randomized trial of the triple nucleoside regimen abacavir, stavudine and didanosine. Gerstoft, J; Katzenstein, TL; Kirk, O; Lundgren, JD; Mathiesen, L; Nielsen, H; Obel, N; Pedersen, C, 2003)	0.32
" This is a potent, safe combination for the treatment of HIV-1."	( The safety and efficacy of indinavir and ritonavir (400/400 mg BID) in HIV-1-infected individuals from an inner-city minority population: a pilot study. Asthana, D; Campo, R; Jayaweera, DT; Kolber, MA; Robinson, M; Rode, R; Rodriguez, A; Scerpella, E; Tanner, T, 2003)	0.58
" Ten patients discontinued the study treatment before W48: adverse events (eight), patient's will (one) and simplification of therapy (one)."	( Efficacy and safety of ritonavir/indinavir 100/400 mg twice daily in combination with two nucleoside analogues in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals. Agher, R; Ait-Mohand, H; Bricaire, F; Calvez, V; Costagliola, D; Duvivier, C; Ghosn, J; Katlama, C; Marcelin, AG; Myrto, A; Peytavin, G; Schneider, L, 2003)	0.63
"IDV/RTV 400/100 mg twice daily is an effective and safe first-line antiretroviral therapy."	( Efficacy and safety of ritonavir/indinavir 100/400 mg twice daily in combination with two nucleoside analogues in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals. Agher, R; Ait-Mohand, H; Bricaire, F; Calvez, V; Costagliola, D; Duvivier, C; Ghosn, J; Katlama, C; Marcelin, AG; Myrto, A; Peytavin, G; Schneider, L, 2003)	0.63
" In our clinical setting IDV/r showed to be less effective and more toxic than LPV/RTV as first-line HAART."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir vs. indinavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral naive HIV-infected patients: immunovirological outcome and side effects. Adorni, F; Bini, T; Bongiovanni, M; Chiesa, E; Cicconi, P; Monforte d'Arminio, A, 2004)	0.73
" Discontinuation due to adverse events is infrequent."	( Safety, efficacy and development of resistance under the new protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir: 48-week results. Kaiser, R; Mauss, S; Rockstroh, JK; Schmutz, G; Vogel, M; Voigt, E; Wasmuth, JC, 2004)	0.54
" Adverse events were consistent with prior data for each of the separate agents."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of GW433908 and ritonavir, with and without efavirenz, in healthy volunteers. Ballow, C; Hendrix, CW; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Stein, DS; Wire, MB, 2004)	0.58
" Twenty-eight patients discontinued therapy prior to week 204 because of adverse events (n = 10), lost to follow-up (n = 9), or other reasons (n = 9)."	( Long-term safety and durable antiretroviral activity of lopinavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive patients: 4 year follow-up study. Benson, C; Brun, SC; Eron, JJ; Gulick, RM; Hicks, C; Kessler, HA; King, KR; King, MS; Murphy, RL; White, AC, 2004)	0.56
" There were no significant differences across treatment arms with regard to drug-related adverse events."	( A 14-day dose-response study of the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of the nonpeptidic protease inhibitor tipranavir in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients. Borin, M; Curry, K; Freimuth, W; MacGregor, T; Mayers, DL; McCallister, S; Valdez, H; Wang, Y, 2004)	0.32
"ATV treatment of HIV-infected patients with or without a RTV booster was safe and effective in clinical routine."	( Atazanavir for treatment of HIV infection in clinical routine: efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety. Feldt, T; Göbels, K; Häussinger, D; Kroidl, A; Kuschak, D; Leidel, R; Oette, M; Sagir, A, 2005)	0.33
" Parameters studied were HIV RNA, CD4+ cell counts, metabolic parameters and drug-related adverse events."	( Predictive factors of lopinavir/ritonavir discontinuation for drug-related toxicity: results from a cohort of 416 multi-experienced HIV-infected individuals. Bini, T; Bongiovanni, M; Chiesa, E; Cicconi, P; Di Biagio, A; Landonio, S; Meraviglia, P; Monforte, Ad; Testa, L; Tordato, F, 2005)	0.61
"The SCOLTA project (Surveillance Cohort Long-term Toxicity Antiretrovirals) is a system for online surveying of adverse reactions to recently commercialized antiretroviral drugs and a "sentinel" for unexpected and late adverse reactions arising during any antiretroviral treatment (available at: http://www."	( An Italian approach to postmarketing monitoring: preliminary results from the SCOLTA (Surveillance Cohort Long-Term Toxicity Antiretrovirals) project on the safety of lopinavir/ritonavir. Armignacco, O; Bonfanti, P; Carradori, S; Magnani, C; Martinelli, C; Parruti, G; Quirino, T; Ricci, E, 2005)	0.52
" No significant changes or differences in the concentration of fasting total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or total triglycerides or in the occurrence of adverse events were observed within or between the two groups."	( The long-term pharmacokinetics and safety of adding low-dose ritonavir to a nelfinavir 1,250 mg twice-daily regimen in HIV-infected patients. Andersen, AB; Black, FT; Gerstoft, J; Hansen, IM; Justesen, US; Klitgaard, NA; Mathiesen, LR; Pedersen, C, 2005)	0.57
" The combination seems to be safe and the nelfinavir/ritonavir regimen could be an option in patients with low nelfinavir+M 8 concentrations."	( The long-term pharmacokinetics and safety of adding low-dose ritonavir to a nelfinavir 1,250 mg twice-daily regimen in HIV-infected patients. Andersen, AB; Black, FT; Gerstoft, J; Hansen, IM; Justesen, US; Klitgaard, NA; Mathiesen, LR; Pedersen, C, 2005)	0.82
" Adverse events were described in 18 children."	( Safety and antiviral response at 12 months of lopinavir/ritonavir therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children experienced with three classes of antiretrovirals. Cabrero, E; De José, MI; Dueñas, J; Fortuny, C; González-Montero, R; Mellado, MJ; Muñoz-Fernández, MA; Mur, A; Navarro, M; Otero, C; Pocheville, I; Ramos, JT, 2005)	0.57
" Treatment was stopped in 18 patients; two from intolerance, two switched therapy, four as a result of serious adverse event-related death, and ten were lost to follow-up."	( Efficacy and safety of indinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily plus two nucleoside analogues in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients with CD4+ T-cell counts <200 cells/mm3: 96-week outcomes. Anunnatsiri, S; Boonyaprawit, P; Chetchotisakd, P; Mootsikapun, P, 2005)	0.61
"Our study demonstrates that indinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg plus stavudine and lamivudine twice daily, the least expensive boosted protease inhibitor, appears to be effective and safe up to 96 weeks despite high baseline viraemia and low CD4+ cell count in antiretroviral-naive patients."	( Efficacy and safety of indinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily plus two nucleoside analogues in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients with CD4+ T-cell counts <200 cells/mm3: 96-week outcomes. Anunnatsiri, S; Boonyaprawit, P; Chetchotisakd, P; Mootsikapun, P, 2005)	0.88
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
" Decrease in viral load of HIV (VC) has been assessed as primary endpoint and as secondary one, the increase of the numbers of CD4 lymphocytes, percentage of disease progression, adverse reactions and adherence."	( [Clinical trial comparing efficacy and safety of four highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in antiretroviral-naive treatment with advanced HIV infection]. Barberá Farré, JR; Beato Pérez, JL; Cuadra García-Tenorio, F; Geijo Martínez, MP; Maciá Martínez, MA; Marcos Sánchez, F; Martínez Alfaro, E; Moreno Mendaña, JM; Rodríguez Zapata, M; Sanz Moreno, J; Sanz Sanz, J; Solera Santos, J, 2006)	0.33
" Treatment was discontinued due to adverse reactions: 24% in regimen 1, 48% in regimen 2, 26% in regimen 3 and 32% in regimen 4, without significant difference."	( [Clinical trial comparing efficacy and safety of four highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in antiretroviral-naive treatment with advanced HIV infection]. Barberá Farré, JR; Beato Pérez, JL; Cuadra García-Tenorio, F; Geijo Martínez, MP; Maciá Martínez, MA; Marcos Sánchez, F; Martínez Alfaro, E; Moreno Mendaña, JM; Rodríguez Zapata, M; Sanz Moreno, J; Sanz Sanz, J; Solera Santos, J, 2006)	0.33
"In the HIV positive patients with advanced infection, efficacy between the four regimens of HAART is similar, but there is a tendency to require more withdrawal due to adverse effects in the RTV group than in those of IDV, the two used as single PI."	( [Clinical trial comparing efficacy and safety of four highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in antiretroviral-naive treatment with advanced HIV infection]. Barberá Farré, JR; Beato Pérez, JL; Cuadra García-Tenorio, F; Geijo Martínez, MP; Maciá Martínez, MA; Marcos Sánchez, F; Martínez Alfaro, E; Moreno Mendaña, JM; Rodríguez Zapata, M; Sanz Moreno, J; Sanz Sanz, J; Solera Santos, J, 2006)	0.33
" Treatment was not discontinued in any patient because of adverse effects."	( Atazanavir and lopinavir/ritonavir: pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of a promising double-boosted protease inhibitor regimen. Azuaje, C; Crespo, M; Curran, A; Diaz, M; Feijoo, M; Lopez, RM; Ocaña, I; Pahissa, A; Pou, L; Ribera, E, 2006)	0.64
" Subsequently, the patient developed a possible adverse skin reaction to his antiretrovirals and was hospitalized."	( Carbamazepine toxicity induced by lopinavir/ritonavir and nelfinavir. Bates, DE; Herman, RJ, 2006)	0.59
" There were no severe adverse events (SAEs), and no subject was withdrawn due to BCV."	( Single-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of brecanavir, a novel human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor. Anderson, MT; Fernandez, P; Ford, SL; Johnson, MA; Murray, SC; Reddy, YS; Stein, DS, 2006)	0.33
" Both regimens were reasonably well tolerated, although more gastrointestinal adverse events were reported with saquinavir-SGC/ritonavir."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir soft-gelatin capsule/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-infected patients. Burnside, AF; Jayaweera, DT; Montaner, JS; Saag, MS; Schutz, M; Schwartz, R; Walmsley, S, 2006)	0.76
" Gastrointestinal adverse effects were commonly associated with treatment failure in the saquinavir-SGC/ritonavir arm of the study."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir soft-gelatin capsule/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-infected patients. Burnside, AF; Jayaweera, DT; Montaner, JS; Saag, MS; Schutz, M; Schwartz, R; Walmsley, S, 2006)	0.77
" Together, these in vitro results indicate that combination with other antiretrovirals does not significantly increase the toxic potential of TFV in RPTECs."	( In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells. Alvarez, ML; Cihlar, T; Cordobilla, B; Domingo, JC; Domingo, P; Giralt, M; Guallar, J; López-Dupla, M; Sánchez de la Rosa, R; Saumoy, M; Torres, F; Vidal, F; Villarroya, F, 2006)	0.33
" Secondary endpoints were presence of grade 3 and serious adverse events, clinical improvement, CD4 count and genotypic resistance to ritonavir/saquinavir."	( Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ritonavir 400mg/saquinavir 400mg twice daily plus rifampicin combined therapy in HIV patients with tuberculosis. da Silva Vieira, MA; de Jesus, Cda S; Ferreira Filho, M; Gonçalves Morgado, M; Lourenço, MC; Pereira Pinto, D; Rolla, VC; Werneck-Barroso, E, 2006)	0.8
" During the antiretroviral therapy, 15 patients dropped out, 14 because of adverse events."	( Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ritonavir 400mg/saquinavir 400mg twice daily plus rifampicin combined therapy in HIV patients with tuberculosis. da Silva Vieira, MA; de Jesus, Cda S; Ferreira Filho, M; Gonçalves Morgado, M; Lourenço, MC; Pereira Pinto, D; Rolla, VC; Werneck-Barroso, E, 2006)	0.6
"Therapeutic concentrations of the studied drugs and reduction of viral load were achieved; adverse events are the main limitation of use of a ritonavir/saquinavir regimen in treatment-naive patients, but its clinical benefits were evident."	( Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ritonavir 400mg/saquinavir 400mg twice daily plus rifampicin combined therapy in HIV patients with tuberculosis. da Silva Vieira, MA; de Jesus, Cda S; Ferreira Filho, M; Gonçalves Morgado, M; Lourenço, MC; Pereira Pinto, D; Rolla, VC; Werneck-Barroso, E, 2006)	0.8
" BCV alone or in combination with RTV was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of brecanavir, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor, following repeat administration with and without ritonavir in healthy adult subjects. Anderson, MT; Ford, SL; Johnson, MA; Murray, SC; Ng-Cashin, J; Reddy, YS, 2007)	0.54
" The most frequently reported adverse events (AEs) were diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and headache."	( Efficacy and safety of three doses of tipranavir boosted with ritonavir in treatment-experienced HIV type-1 infected patients. Arasteh, K; Cooper, D; Dohnanyi, C; Gathe, JC; Kohlbrenner, VM; Lalonde, RG; Lazzarin, A; Mayers, D; Pierone, G; Piliero, P; Rubio, R; Sabo, J, 2007)	0.58
" Adverse event incidence was similar between treatments; headache and diarrhoea were more common with CPI(s)."	( Efficacy and safety of TMC114/ritonavir in treatment-experienced HIV patients: 24-week results of POWER 1. Esposito, R; Gatell, JM; Goffard, JC; Grinsztejn, B; Katlama, C; Parys, W; Pozniak, A; Rockstroh, J; Stoehr, A; Vangeneugden, T; Vetter, N; Yeni, P, 2007)	0.63
" Although delayed autoinduction is not well established as a reason for adverse events in saquinavir therapy, this observation may be confirmed in the near future by increased use."	( Dose reduction effective in alleviating symptoms of saquinavir toxicity. Carlebach, A; Dauer, B; Haberl, A; Kurowski, M; Rottmann, C; Staszewski, S; Stephan, C; von Hentig, N, 2007)	0.34
" Overall adverse event rates were similar in both arms, without significant differences among TMC114/r groups."	( Week 24 efficacy and safety of TMC114/ritonavir in treatment-experienced HIV patients. Berger, D; Chiliade, P; Colson, A; Conant, M; Gallant, J; Haubrich, R; Lefebvre, E; Nadler, J; Pierone, G; Saag, M; van Baelen, B; Wilkin, T, 2007)	0.61
" In the darunavir-ritonavir group, rates of adverse events were mostly lower than or similar to those in the control group when corrected for treatment exposure."	( Efficacy and safety of darunavir-ritonavir at week 48 in treatment-experienced patients with HIV-1 infection in POWER 1 and 2: a pooled subgroup analysis of data from two randomised trials. Bellos, N; Clotet, B; Cohen, C; Cooper, D; Farthing, C; Goffard, JC; Haubrich, R; Jayaweera, D; Katlama, C; Lazzarin, A; Lefebvre, E; Markowitz, M; Molina, JM; Ruane, P; Spinosa-Guzman, S; Wilkin, T; Wöhrmann, A, 2007)	0.95
" Seven infant adverse events were possibly treatment related (anemia, neutropenia, and hyperbilirubinemia)."	( Clinical response and tolerability to and safety of saquinavir with low-dose ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected mothers and their infants. Acosta, EP; Bardeguez, A; Heckman, B; Huang, S; Hughes, MD; Jiménez, E; McSherry, G; Mofenson, L; Smith, B; Van Dyke, R; Watts, DH; Zorrilla, CD, 2007)	0.57
"Of 25 subjects enrolled, scleral icterus was the most common adverse event (3 patients [12."	( The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profile of a switch in antiretroviral therapy to saquinavir, ritonavir, and atazanavir alone for 48 weeks and a switch in the saquinavir formulation. Cooper, DA; Emery, S; Law, M; MacRae, K; Mallon, PW; Satchell, C; Schutz, M; Williams, KM; Winston, A, 2007)	0.55
" Brecanavir/ritonavir was well tolerated with no serious adverse events or clinically concerning changes in laboratory parameters."	( Preliminary safety and efficacy data of brecanavir, a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor: 24 week data from study HPR10006. Garges, HP; Lalezari, JP; Tomkins, SA; Ward, DJ, 2007)	0.72
" The US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System was searched for reports of nephrolithiasis in HIV-infected patients taking an atazanavir-based regimen."	( Atazanavir-associated nephrolithiasis: cases from the US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System. Birnkrant, DB; Chan-Tack, KM; Struble, KA; Truffa, MM, 2007)	0.34
" Safety was evaluated by adverse events (AEs), grade 3/4 abnormalities, and serious AEs."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of tipranavir boosted with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients failing multiple protease inhibitor regimens: 80-week data from a phase 2 study. Goldman, M; Hathaway, B; Kazanjian, PH; Markowitz, M; Mayers, D; McCallister, S; Neubacher, D; Schwartz, R; Slater, LN; Valdez, H; Wheeler, D, 2007)	0.58
" Grade 3/4 adverse events were similar across groups."	( Phase 2 study of the safety and efficacy of vicriviroc, a CCR5 inhibitor, in HIV-1-Infected, treatment-experienced patients: AIDS clinical trials group 5211. Coakley, E; Flexner, C; Godfrey, C; Greaves, WL; Gross, R; Gulick, RM; Hirsch, M; Hughes, MD; Krambrink, A; Kuritzkes, DR; Reichman, R; Skolnik, PR; Su, Z; Wilkin, TJ; Zolopa, A, 2007)	0.34
" Safety data were generally similar between the groups; grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred in 80 (27%) darunavir-ritonavir and 89 (30%) lopinavir-ritonavir patients."	( Efficacy and safety of darunavir-ritonavir compared with that of lopinavir-ritonavir at 48 weeks in treatment-experienced, HIV-infected patients in TITAN: a randomised controlled phase III trial. Banhegyi, D; Berger, D; de Béthune, MP; De Pauw, M; Lefebvre, E; Madruga, JV; McMurchie, M; Norris, D; Ruxrungtham, K; Spinosa-Guzman, S; Suter, F; Tomaka, F; Vangeneugden, T, 2007)	0.83
" The most common adverse events (AEs) were diarrhea (14%), nasopharyngitis (11%), and nausea (10%)."	( Safety and efficacy of darunavir (TMC114) with low-dose ritonavir in treatment-experienced patients: 24-week results of POWER 3. Cohen, C; Grinsztejn, B; Katlama, C; Lefebvre, E; Meyer, SD; Miralles, D; Molina, JM; Parys, W; Pedro, Rde J; Timerman, A; Vangeneugden, T, 2007)	0.59
" In this larger set of treatment-experienced patients, darunavir/r at a dose of 600/100 mg twice daily provided substantial virologic and immunologic responses and was generally safe and well tolerated."	( Safety and efficacy of darunavir (TMC114) with low-dose ritonavir in treatment-experienced patients: 24-week results of POWER 3. Cohen, C; Grinsztejn, B; Katlama, C; Lefebvre, E; Meyer, SD; Miralles, D; Molina, JM; Parys, W; Pedro, Rde J; Timerman, A; Vangeneugden, T, 2007)	0.59
"Treatment with indinavir/ritonavir (IDV/RTV) is very effective but hampered by frequent development of IDV-associated adverse events (mainly nephrotoxicity and skin changes)."	( Maintenance of indinavir by dose adjustment in HIV-1-infected patients with indinavir-related toxicity. Burger, D; Hoffmann, C; Lambertz, I; Rockstroh, JK; Vogel, M; Voigt, E; Wasmuth, JC, 2007)	0.64
"HIV-infected patients with any IDV/RTV regimen who suffer from IDV-related adverse events were included."	( Maintenance of indinavir by dose adjustment in HIV-1-infected patients with indinavir-related toxicity. Burger, D; Hoffmann, C; Lambertz, I; Rockstroh, JK; Vogel, M; Voigt, E; Wasmuth, JC, 2007)	0.34
" Overall tolerability improved with respect to incidence and severity of adverse events."	( Maintenance of indinavir by dose adjustment in HIV-1-infected patients with indinavir-related toxicity. Burger, D; Hoffmann, C; Lambertz, I; Rockstroh, JK; Vogel, M; Voigt, E; Wasmuth, JC, 2007)	0.34
" No statistically significant differences in adverse event incidence occurred between treatment groups, except for a higher vomiting rate in the 400/300 mg dose group."	( High-dose lopinavir/ritonavir in highly treatment-experienced HIV-1 patients: efficacy, safety, and predictors of response. Bernstein, B; Brun, SC; Eron, JJ; Flexner, C; Havlir, DV; Katlama, C; King, MS; Klein, CE; Letendre, SL; Podzamczer, D, )	0.45
" In both groups, more patients with active co-infection than without co-infection had liver-related adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of darunavir (TMC114) with low-dose ritonavir in treatment-experienced, hepatitis B or C co-infected patients in POWER 1 and 3. Baxter, J; Clotet, B; Lefebvre, E; Murphy, R; Rachlis, A, )	0.36
" A saquinavir C(min) > 2000 ng/ml was associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal grade 3 or 4 adverse events and higher total cholesterol."	( Pharmacokinetics of two randomized trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of indinavir, saquinavir and lopinavir in combination with low-dose ritonavir: the MaxCmin1 and 2 trials. Cahn, P; Castagna, A; Clumeck, N; Dragsted, UB; Fox, Z; Gerstoft, J; Justesen, US; Losso, M; Lundgren, JD; Obel, N; Pedersen, C; Peters, B, 2007)	0.54
" Adverse event-related discontinuations were 8% among ATV300/RTV-treated patients and <1% among ATV400-treated patients."	( Efficacy and safety of atazanavir, with or without ritonavir, as part of once-daily highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens in antiretroviral-naive patients. David, N; Hammond, J; Krantz, E; Malan, DR; McGrath, D; Wirtz, V, 2008)	0.6
" Three infants (14%) had transient adverse events of grade 3 or more that were possibly related to study treatment but did not require permanent treatment discontinuation."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir in infants less than 6 months of age: 24 week results. Capparelli, EV; Chadwick, EG; Chen, J; Hughes, M; Palumbo, P; Pinto, JA; Robbins, B; Rodman, JH; Serchuck, L; Smith, E; Yogev, R, 2008)	0.6
" Data regarding demographics, clinical disease and antiretroviral treatment history, HIV-1 RNA copies/mL, CD4 T-cell counts [absolute (cells/microL) and percentages (%)], adverse events, clinical laboratory values, reasons for discontinuation of PIs, and concomitant medications were extracted from the database for PI-naive (first-line) and PI-experienced (second- or higher-line) PI use."	( Long-term safety and effectiveness of ritonavir, nelfinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected children. Burri, M; Nadal, D; Rode, R; Rudin, C; Shen, Y, 2008)	0.62
"Long-term PI-based therapy seems to be safe and to result in durable virologic and immunologic effectiveness in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-experienced children."	( Long-term safety and effectiveness of ritonavir, nelfinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected children. Burri, M; Nadal, D; Rode, R; Rudin, C; Shen, Y, 2008)	0.62
"The study showed a high incidence of adverse events when a higher than standard dose of the new lopinavir/ritonavir tablets was combined with rifampicin."	( High incidence of adverse events in healthy volunteers receiving rifampicin and adjusted doses of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Koopmans, PP; L'homme, RF; Nijland, HM; Rongen, GA; van Crevel, R; van Uden, P, 2008)	0.77
" DRV/r had a lower incidence of possibly treatment-related grade 2-4 gastrointestinal-related adverse events (7 versus 14%) and treatment-related moderate-to-severe diarrhea (4 versus 10%) than LPV/r."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients at week 48. Andrade-Villanueva, J; De Meyer, S; De Pauw, M; Dejesus, E; Fourie, J; Khanlou, H; Lefebvre, E; Ortiz, R; Spinosa-Guzman, S; van Lunzen, J; Vangeneugden, T; Voronin, E, 2008)	0.61
" Serious adverse events were noted in 51 (12%) of 441 patients in the atazanavir/ritonavir group and in 42 (10%) of 437 patients in the lopinavir/ritonavir group."	( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 48 week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Thiry, A; Yang, R, 2008)	0.89
"100 patients were evaluated; 17 patients discontinued early including 6 for adverse events."	( Evaluation of efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and adherence in HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral-naïve patients treated with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir plus fixed-dose tenofovir DF/emtricitabine given once daily. Cohen, C; Ebrahimi, R; Elion, R; Fisher, A; Flaherty, J; Kearney, B; McColl, D; Ortiz, R; Reddy, YS; Ruane, P; Ward, D, )	0.34
" Vomiting, cough and diarrhea were the most frequent adverse events."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of tipranavir coadministered with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children and adolescents. Cahn, P; Castelli-Gattinara, G; Flynn, PM; Fortuny, C; Giaquinto, C; Jelaska, A; Mikl, J; Negra, MD; Ruan, PK; Salazar, JC; Smith, ME; Yogev, R, 2008)	0.58
" In both studies, BILR 355 appeared to be safe and well tolerated in healthy volunteers when the outcomes in the treated volunteers were compared with those in the placebo group."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of BILR 355, a second-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. Hattox, S; Huang, F; Koenen-Bergmann, M; Macgregor, TR; Ring, A; Robinson, P, 2008)	0.35
" A box warning is a labeling statement about serious adverse events leading to significant injury and/or death."	( Intracranial hemorrhage and liver-associated deaths associated with tipranavir/ritonavir: review of cases from the FDA's Adverse Event Reporting System. Birnkrant, DB; Chan-Tack, KM; Struble, KA, 2008)	0.57
" Twenty-five patients (62%) experienced at least one adverse event."	( Three-year outcome data of second-line antiretroviral therapy in Ugandan adults: good virological response but high rate of toxicity. Bates, M; Castelnuovo, B; Colebunders, R; John, L; Kamya, MR; Lutwama, F; Ronald, A; Spacek, LA, )	0.13
" In the studies performed to date, darunavir has been well tolerated, with a better profile than that of the PIs used in control groups in terms of adverse effects such as diarrhea, gastrointestinal tolerability and lipid alterations."	( [Safety and tolerability of darunavir]. Antela López, A, 2008)	0.35
" Common clinical adverse events (AEs) were diarrhoea, nausea, fatigue and headache."	( Antiviral activity and safety of aplaviroc, a CCR5 antagonist, in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected, therapy-naïve patients: results of the EPIC study (CCR100136). Adkison, KK; Berger, D; Bonny, T; Cimoch, P; Lamarca, A; Lazzarin, A; Madison, SJ; McCarty, D; Millard, J; Nichols, WG; Salvato, P; Smaill, FM; Teofilo, E; Yeni, P, 2009)	0.57
"Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir is associated with greater virologic control and immune response through 52 weeks compared to non-boosted atazanavir, without greater risk of adverse events except elevated bilirubin."	( Efficacy and safety of ritonavir-boosted and unboosted atazanavir among antiretroviral-naïve patients. Antoniskis, D; Blake, W; Dobrinich, R; Dodge, W; Horberg, M; Hurley, L; Klein, D; Kovach, D; Mogyoros, M; Silverberg, M; Towner, W, )	1.88
" Adverse events were limited to transient grade 3 neutropenia in 3 subjects."	( Early initiation of lopinavir/ritonavir in infants less than 6 weeks of age: pharmacokinetics and 24-week safety and efficacy. Alvero, CG; Browning, R; Capparelli, E; Chadwick, EG; Hazra, R; Heckman, BE; Hughes, MD; Luzuriaga, K; Palumbo, P; Pinto, J; Purdue, L; Robbins, B; Rodman, J; Serchuck, L; Yogev, R, 2009)	0.64
" Adverse events (AEs) associated with the study medication occurred in 21% of patients."	( Fosamprenavir (GW433908)/ritonavir in HIV-infected patients: efficacy and safety results from the Spanish Expanded Access Program. Luque, I; Mallolas, J; Pérez-Elias, MJ; Rodríguez-Alcántara, F; Sánchez-Conde, M; Soriano, V, 2009)	0.66
"Ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir as part of antiretroviral therapy is a potent, safe treatment in real-life clinical circumstances."	( Fosamprenavir (GW433908)/ritonavir in HIV-infected patients: efficacy and safety results from the Spanish Expanded Access Program. Luque, I; Mallolas, J; Pérez-Elias, MJ; Rodríguez-Alcántara, F; Sánchez-Conde, M; Soriano, V, 2009)	2.1
" Rates of discontinuation and adverse events, including diarrhea, were similar between arms."	( A once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimen is noninferior to twice-daily dosing and results in similar safety and tolerability in antiretroviral-naive subjects through 48 weeks. Bernstein, B; Cohen, DE; da Silva, BA; Fredrick, L; Gathe, J; Gibbs, S; Loutfy, MR; Marsh, T; Naylor, C; Podzamczer, D; Rubio, R, 2009)	0.66
" There is a complex, combined effect of HIV infection plus antiretroviral treatment on the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms, and, for some trials, the majority of gastrointestinal adverse events may not be related to antiretroviral treatment."	( Risk factors for gastrointestinal adverse events in HIV treated and untreated patients. Balkin, A; Hill, A, )	0.13
" There were no laboratory or QTc interval changes reportable as adverse events."	( A phase I study to explore the activity and safety of SCH532706, a small molecule chemokine receptor-5 antagonist in HIV type-1-infected patients. Cooper, DA; Emery, S; MacRae, K; McCarthy, MC; Norris, R; Pett, SL; Strizki, JM; Tendolkar, A; Williams, KM, 2009)	0.35
"Double-boosted SQV+LPV/r was an effective and safe alternative for a second-line regimen in children."	( Safety and efficacy of a double-boosted protease inhibitor combination, saquinavir and lopinavir/ritonavir, in pretreated children at 96 weeks. Ananworanich, J; Boonrak, P; Bunupuradah, T; Burger, D; Engchanil, C; Kosalaraksa, P; Lumbiganon, P; Mahanontharit, A; Mengthaisong, T; Puthanakit, T; Ruxrungtham, K; Tompkins, E; van der Lugt, J, 2009)	0.57
"Saquinavir exposure in the new tablet formulation generates adequate saquinavir concentrations throughout the course of pregnancy and is safe to use; therefore, no dose adjustment during pregnancy is needed."	( The pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of boosted saquinavir tablets in HIV type-1-infected pregnant women. Burger, D; Colbers, A; Hawkins, D; Koopmans, P; Molto, J; Richter, C; Ruxrungtham, K; Schutz, M; van der Ende, M; van der Lugt, J; Vogel, M; Wyen, C, 2009)	0.35
" Diarrhea was the most frequently reported adverse event."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of fosamprenavir plus ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in combination with abacavir/lamivudine over 144 weeks. Baril, JG; Duiculescu, D; Estrada, V; Lim, ML; Logue, K; Pharo, C; Plettenberg, A; Pulido, F; Schewe, K; Vavro, C; Yau, L, )	0.38
" Data on CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, metabolic parameters and adverse events of grade 3-4 are collected through an on-line system every six months."	( Efficacy and safety of boosted and unboosted atazanavir-containing antiretroviral regimens in real life: results from a multicentre cohort study. Abeli, C; Bonfanti, P; Gianelli, E; Giuntini, R; Grosso, C; Madeddu, G; Marconi, P; Martinelli, C; Palvarini, L; Pellicano, G; Penco, G; Quirino, T; Ricci, E; Vichi, F, 2010)	0.36
"Our results suggest that, in unselected clinical settings, ATV-containing antiretroviral therapy is durable and safe in both its formulations."	( Efficacy and safety of boosted and unboosted atazanavir-containing antiretroviral regimens in real life: results from a multicentre cohort study. Abeli, C; Bonfanti, P; Gianelli, E; Giuntini, R; Grosso, C; Madeddu, G; Marconi, P; Martinelli, C; Palvarini, L; Pellicano, G; Penco, G; Quirino, T; Ricci, E; Vichi, F, 2010)	0.36
" Grade 2-4 treatment-emergent adverse events at least possibly related to DRV/r (>or=2% incidence, excluding laboratory abnormalities) were diarrhoea (3%), vomiting (3%), nausea (2%) and headache (2%)."	( Efficacy and safety of darunavir/ritonavir in treatment-experienced HIV type-1 patients in the POWER 1, 2 and 3 trials at week 96. Arastéh, K; De Meyer, S; Grinsztejn, B; Hoy, J; Jayaweera, D; Pozniak, A; Roberts, A; Tomaka, F; Vangeneugden, T; Yeni, P, 2009)	0.63
" We describe two patients who experienced serious quetiapine adverse effects potentially mediated through an interaction with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir."	( Clinically significant adverse events from a drug interaction between quetiapine and atazanavir-ritonavir in two patients. McCoy, C; Pollack, TM; Stead, W, 2009)	0.78
" Treatment-related gastrointestinal adverse events were greater in patients taking lopinavir/ritonavir."	( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. Absalon, J; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Lataillade, M; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2010)	0.89
" Atazanavir/ritonavir had a better lipid profile and fewer gastrointestinal adverse events than lopinavir/ritonavir."	( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. Absalon, J; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Lataillade, M; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2010)	1.05
" Adverse event-related discontinuations occurred among 8% receiving ATV300/r and 3% receiving ATV400."	( 96-week efficacy and safety of atazanavir, with and without ritonavir, in a HAART regimen in treatment-naive patients. David, N; Iloeje, UH; Krantz, E; Malan, DR; Mathew, M; McGrath, D, )	0.37
" The occurrence of treatment-related moderate/severe adverse events was comparable for all events except nausea, which was reported more frequently among BID-treated subjects."	( Similar safety and efficacy of once- and twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir tablets in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected subjects at 48 weeks. Andrade-Villanueva, J; Badal-Faesen, S; Bernstein, BM; Fredrick, LM; Gathe, J; Gaultier, IA; Mingrone, H; Podsadecki, TJ; Woodward, WC; Zajdenverg, R, 2010)	0.6
" Furthermore, etravirine was shown to be safe and well-tolerated over this period."	( Etravirine in combination with darunavir/ritonavir and optimized background regimen results in suppression of HIV replication in treatment-experienced patients. Evaluation of Katlama C, Haubrich R, Lalezari J, et al. Efficacy and safety of etravirine in t Hull, MW; Montaner, JS, 2010)	0.63
"Long-term treatment with LPV/r-based cART is safe and effective in HIV-1-infected children."	( Long-term safety and effectiveness of lopinavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-experienced HIV-1-infected children. Bucher, HC; Nadal, D; Rickenbach, M; Rudin, C; Wolbers, M, 2010)	0.62
" Hyperbilirubinemia (13%), diarrhea (4%), nausea (2%), and rash (2%) were the most frequent drug-related Grade 2-4 adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of a 36-week induction regimen of abacavir/lamivudine and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected patients. Bellos, N; DeJesus, E; Murphy, D; Patel, LG; Ross, LL; Shaefer, MS; Squires, KE; Sutherland-Phillips, DH; Wannamaker, PG; Young, B; Zhao, HH, )	0.36
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)	0.36
" Through 96 weeks, 77 subjects from each group discontinued prematurely; adverse or HIV-related events contributed to discontinuation of 36 subjects overall, with no significant differences between treatment groups."	( Short communication: Comparable safety and efficacy with once-daily versus twice-daily dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets with emtricitabine + tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-naïve, HIV type 1-infected subjects: 96 week final results of the randomized t Bernstein, B; Cohen, D; da Silva, B; Fredrick, L; González-García, J; Johnson, M; Naylor, C; Sloan, L, 2010)	0.57
"Darunavir/ritonavir at 900/100 mg once daily is highly effective, safe and well tolerated in treatment-experienced patients with no darunavir resistance, both in early salvage and switch strategies."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of 900/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir once daily in treatment-experienced patients. Crespo, M; Curran, A; Deig, E; Domingo, P; Gutirerrez, M; Imaz, A; Lopez, RM; Mateo, G; Ocaña, I; Ribera, E, 2010)	1
"Of 256 subjects enrolled, clinician-reported grade 1-4 adverse events of the nervous system (all cause) were seen in 16% of patients in each treatment arm."	( Neuropsychiatric adverse events with ritonavir-boosted darunavir monotherapy in HIV-infected individuals: a randomised prospective study. Arribas, J; Fätkenheuer, G; Hill, A; Moecklinghoff, C; van Delft, Y; Winston, A, )	0.4
"In this exploratory analysis, no differences in the evolution of neuropsychiatric adverse events over 48 weeks are observed in HIV-infected subjects randomised to switch antiretroviral therapy to darunavir/ritonavir with or without nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors."	( Neuropsychiatric adverse events with ritonavir-boosted darunavir monotherapy in HIV-infected individuals: a randomised prospective study. Arribas, J; Fätkenheuer, G; Hill, A; Moecklinghoff, C; van Delft, Y; Winston, A, )	0.59
"Ritonavir-related adverse events have been reported in patients taking tipranavir/ritonavir at the licensed dosage of 500/200 mg twice daily (bid)."	( Efficacy and safety of ritonavir dose reduction based on the tipranavir inhibitory quotient in HIV-infected patients on salvage antiretroviral therapy with tipranavir/ritonavir. Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Negredo, E; Santos, JR; Valle, M; Videla, S; Yritia, M, 2010)	2.11
" Atazanavir (ATV) was well tolerated with no unanticipated adverse events."	( Safety and exposure of once-daily ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected pregnant women. Bertz, R; Botes, M; Child, M; Conradie, F; Eley, T; Hu, W; Josipovic, D; McGrath, D; Osiyemi, O; Vandeloise, E; Wirtz, V; Zorrilla, C, 2011)	0.65
" The most frequently reported adverse event was increased bilirubin (16."	( Treatment durability, effectiveness, and safety with atazanavir/ritonavir-based HAART regimen in treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients. Baril, JG; Boulerice, F; Lalonde, R; Loutfy, M; Rachlis, A; Sampalis, JS; Tremblay, C; Trottier, B, )	0.37
" Thus, ART regimens containing FPV/r QD may be considered safe in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, including those with cirrhosis."	( Liver toxicity of antiretroviral combinations including fosamprenavir plus ritonavir 1400/100 mg once daily in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. Delgado-Fernández, M; García-Figueras, C; López-Cortés, LF; Macías, J; Márquez-Solero, M; Martínez-Pérez, MA; Mata, R; Merchante, N; Merino, D; Omar, M; Pasquau, J; Pineda, JA; Ríos-Villegas, MJ; Rivero, A, 2011)	0.6
" Safety was assessed with the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (AE)."	( Pilot, randomized study assessing safety, tolerability and efficacy of simplified LPV/r maintenance therapy in HIV patients on the 1 PI-based regimen. Ackad, N; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Bortolozzi, R; Cahn, P; Casiró, AD; Cassetti, I; Junod, P; Krolewiecki, A; Longo, N; Lupo, SH; Montaner, J; Patterson, P; Rampakakis, E; Sampalis, JS; Sierra-Madero, J, 2011)	0.37
"5%) subjects discontinued ART due to this adverse event."	( Liver toxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy including efavirenz or ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in a cohort of HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infected patients. Camacho, A; Collado, A; de Los Santos-Gil, I; González-Serrano, M; Macías, J; Merino, D; Mira, JA; Neukam, K; Parra-García, G; Pineda, JA; Rivero, A; Ruiz-Morales, J; Torres-Cornejo, A, 2011)	0.6
" Frequency of adverse events (AEs) was similar between arms, with 88."	( A randomised comparison of safety and efficacy of nevirapine vs. atazanavir/ritonavir combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naïve patients. Bhatti, L; Conner, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, A; Storfer, S, 2011)	0.6
" Three patients allocated elvitegravir had serious adverse events related to study drugs compared with seven assigned raltegravir; two and eight patients died, respectively."	( Efficacy and safety of once daily elvitegravir versus twice daily raltegravir in treatment-experienced patients with HIV-1 receiving a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor: randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Andrade-Villanueva, J; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SL; Clotet, B; Clumeck, N; Lamarca, A; Liu, YP; Margot, N; Molina, JM; Zhong, L, 2012)	0.58
" The occurrence of treatment-related, moderate/severe adverse events was similar between treatment groups through 48 weeks of treatment."	( Examination of noninferiority, safety, and tolerability of lopinavir/ritonavir and raltegravir compared with lopinavir/ritonavir and tenofovir/ emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naïve subjects: the progress study, 48-week results. Fredrick, LM; Gathe, J; Lawal, A; Nilius, AM; Podsadecki, TJ; Pulido, F; Reynes, J; Soto-Malave, R; Tian, M, )	0.37
" The incidence of treatment-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and laboratory abnormalities were comparable across gender, age, and race subgroups."	( Effect of baseline characteristics on the efficacy and safety of once-daily darunavir/ ritonavir in HIV-1-infected, treatment-naïve ARTEMIS patients at week 96. Ballesteros, J; DeMasi, R; Domingo, P; Flamm, J; Fourie, J; Kilby, D; Lavreys, L; Lazzarin, A; Rodriguez-French, A; Sosa, N; Spinosa-Guzman, S; Van De Casteele, T, )	0.35
"0%) men discontinued ETR due to adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety outcomes among treatment-experienced women and men treated with etravirine in gender, race and clinical experience. Hodder, S; Jayaweera, D; Mrus, J; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2012)	0.38
" Three patients discontinued antiretroviral therapy due to mild adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily ritonavir-boosted darunavir and abacavir/lamivudine for treatment-naïve patients: a pilot study. Gatanaga, H; Kikuchi, Y; Nishijima, T; Oka, S; Teruya, K; Tsukada, K, 2012)	0.66
" There were no serious adverse events (AEs) in either arm."	( A switch in therapy to a reverse transcriptase inhibitor sparing combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and raltegravir in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients: a pilot randomized trial to assess efficacy and safety profile: the KITE study. Del Rio, C; Easley, KA; Eaton, ME; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Sanford, SE; Shenvi, N; Sheth, AN; White, K, 2012)	0.6
"Regimens including EFV, NVP, or PI/r are generally safe in treatment-naïve HIV/HCV-coinfected patients."	( Liver toxicity of initial antiretroviral drug regimens including two nucleoside analogs plus one non-nucleoside analog or one ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Cartón, JA; Clotet, B; Crespo, M; de Los Santos, I; Domingo, P; Iribarren, JA; Jiménez-Expósito, MJ; Knobel, H; López-Cortés, LF; Macías, J; Mallolas, J; Moreno, S; Neukam, K; Ortega, E; Pineda, JA, )	0.34
"Treatment simplification with DRV/r monotherapy seems safe and effective in routine clinical practice."	( Antiretroviral simplification with darunavir/ritonavir monotherapy in routine clinical practice: safety, effectiveness, and impact on lipid profile. Bravo, I; Clotet, B; Llibre, JM; Moltó, J; Negredo, E; Ornelas, A; Paredes, R; Santos, JR, 2012)	0.64
" None of 9 severe adverse events were LPV/r- or liver-related."	( A pilot, prospective, open-label simplification study to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of once-daily lopinavir-ritonavir monotherapy in HIV-HCV coinfected patients: the MONOCO study. Ackad, N; Conway, B; Cooper, C; la Porte, C; Sampalis, J; Tossonian, H, )	0.34
"Once-daily LPV/r monotherapy in HIV-HCV coinfected individuals offers a safe and effective approach to the management of the HIV infection, with a predictable pharmacokinetic profile."	( A pilot, prospective, open-label simplification study to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of once-daily lopinavir-ritonavir monotherapy in HIV-HCV coinfected patients: the MONOCO study. Ackad, N; Conway, B; Cooper, C; la Porte, C; Sampalis, J; Tossonian, H, )	0.34
"During the study no serious adverse events were reported."	( Efficacy and safety of a dual boosted protease inhibitor-based regimen, atazanavir and fosamprenavir/ritonavir, against HIV: experience in a pediatric population. Adorni, F; Galli, M; Giacomet, V; Mameli, C; Rusconi, S; Viganò, A; Viganò, O; Zuccotti, GV, 2012)	0.59
" Four grade 3 and no grade 4 adverse events were reported."	( Pharmacokinetics and 48-week safety and efficacy of generic lopinavir/ritonavir in Thai HIV-infected patients. Ananworanich, J; Avihingsanon, A; Burger, DM; Gorowara, M; Lange, JM; Phanuphak, P; Ramautarsing, RA; Ruxthungtham, K; Sophonphan, J; van der Lugt, J, 2013)	0.62
" Only one severe adverse event occurred due to saquinavir (maternal grade 3 hepatotoxicity)."	( Effectiveness and safety of saquinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected pregnant women: INEMA cohort. Brunet, C; Bui, E; De Saint Martin, L; Jovelin, T; Le Moal, G; Perfezou, P; Raffi, F; Reliquet, V; Venisse, N; Winer, N, 2012)	0.65
"SQV/r 1000/100mg twice daily seems to be effective and safe in HIV-infected pregnant women with adequate saquinavir C(min)."	( Effectiveness and safety of saquinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected pregnant women: INEMA cohort. Brunet, C; Bui, E; De Saint Martin, L; Jovelin, T; Le Moal, G; Perfezou, P; Raffi, F; Reliquet, V; Venisse, N; Winer, N, 2012)	0.65
" Although adverse events (AEs) were the main known reason for discontinuation, no unexpected AEs were observed."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of atazanavir/ritonavir treatment in a real-life cohort of treatment-experienced patients with HIV type 1 infection. Brockmeyer, N; Dupke, S; Eychenne, JL; Jansen, K; Jimenez-Exposito, MJ; Nakonz, T; Pugliese, P; Sönnerborg, A; Svedhem, V; Thalme, A, 2013)	0.65
" Significantly fewer discontinuations because of adverse events were observed with DRV/r (4."	( Final 192-week efficacy and safety of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir compared with lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected treatment-naïve patients in the ARTEMIS trial. DeJesus, E; Khanlou, H; Lathouwers, E; Lefebvre, E; Opsomer, M; Orkin, C; Stoehr, A; Supparatpinyo, K; Tomaka, F; Van de Casteele, T, 2013)	0.63
" Efficacy (HIV-1 RNA levels, CD4+ T-cell counts) and safety and tolerability (treatment discontinuation, treatment-related adverse events [AE], and clinical laboratory abnormalities) at 48 weeks were assessed for total women, women by age (≥50, <50 years) and body mass index (BMI; <25, ≥25 to <30, ≥30 kg/m2), and sex."	( Meta-analysis of the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir-containing antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected women. Fredrick, L; Hermes, A; Martinez, M; Norton, M; Pasley, M; Squires, K; Trinh, R, )	0.37
" The drug combination appears to be generally safe and well tolerated."	( Abacavir/lamivudine fixed-dose combination with ritonavir-boosted darunavir: a safe and efficacious regimen for HIV therapy. Boissonnault, M; Dion, H; Gallant, S; Lavoie, S; Legault, D; Longpré, D; Machouf, N; Nguyen, VK; Thomas, R; Trottier, B; Vézina, S, )	0.39
" Seven moderate to severe adverse events were recorded (including four renal colics, possibly treatment-related) in six patients."	( Safety and feasibility of treatment simplification to atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine in HIV-infected patients on stable treatment with two nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors + atazanavir/ritonavir with virological suppression (Atazanavir an Cauda, R; Ciccarelli, N; Cingolani, A; Colafigli, M; D'Avino, A; De Luca, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Fabbiani, M; Farina, S; Mondi, A; Murri, R; Navarra, P; Sidella, L; Tamburrini, E, 2013)	0.63
"Simplification to atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine was apparently safe and associated with rare virological failure, without resistance selection."	( Safety and feasibility of treatment simplification to atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine in HIV-infected patients on stable treatment with two nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors + atazanavir/ritonavir with virological suppression (Atazanavir an Cauda, R; Ciccarelli, N; Cingolani, A; Colafigli, M; D'Avino, A; De Luca, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Fabbiani, M; Farina, S; Mondi, A; Murri, R; Navarra, P; Sidella, L; Tamburrini, E, 2013)	0.92
"The Surveillance Cohort Long-Term Toxicity Antiretrovirals (SCOLTA) project is a prospective, observational, multicenter cohort created to assess the incidence of adverse events in patients receiving new antiretroviral drugs."	( Safety and durability in a cohort of HIV-1 positive patients treated with once and twice daily darunavir-based therapy (SCOLTA Project). Bonfanti, P; Carenzi, L; Celesia, BM; Corsi, P; De Socio, G; Di Biagio, A; Franzetti, M; Grosso, C; Guastavigna, M; Madeddu, G; Maggi, P; Martinelli, C; Menzaghi, B; Molteni, C; Orofino, G; Parruti, G; Penco, G; Quirino, T; Ricci, E; Vichi, F, 2013)	0.39
"Our study showed that DRV/r administrated both once daily or twice daily was safe and well tolerated with few discontinuations due to adverse events."	( Safety and durability in a cohort of HIV-1 positive patients treated with once and twice daily darunavir-based therapy (SCOLTA Project). Bonfanti, P; Carenzi, L; Celesia, BM; Corsi, P; De Socio, G; Di Biagio, A; Franzetti, M; Grosso, C; Guastavigna, M; Madeddu, G; Maggi, P; Martinelli, C; Menzaghi, B; Molteni, C; Orofino, G; Parruti, G; Penco, G; Quirino, T; Ricci, E; Vichi, F, 2013)	0.39
"Once-daily DRV/r (900/100 mg) was efficacious in pretreated patients, with safe responses."	( Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of once-daily boosted darunavir in pretreated HIV-infected patients. Benalycherif, A; De Truchis, P; Delassus, JL; Descamps, D; Duvivier, C; Landman, R; Peytavin, G; Tegna, L; Weiss, L; Zucman, D, 2013)	0.39
" These findings suggest that HIV-infected cancer patients receiving nelfinavir might experience both enhanced antitumor efficacy and unexpected adverse toxicity given the role of MRP4/ABCC4 in exporting nucleoside-based antiretroviral medications and cancer chemotherapeutics."	( Human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors interact with ATP binding cassette transporter 4/multidrug resistance protein 4: a basis for unanticipated enhanced cytotoxicity. Ambudkar, SV; Cheepala, SB; Ekins, S; Fukuda, Y; Schuetz, JD; Sparreboom, A; Takenaka, K; Wu, CP, 2013)	0.39
" The most common adverse events were diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infection, gastroenteritis and otitis media."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir/ritonavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected children aged 4 weeks to 2 years-48-week study data. Cassim, H; Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Ford, SL; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Pavía-Ruz, N; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.64
" The most common adverse events were vomiting, cough, and diarrhea; 18 subjects experienced serious adverse events, including 9 with suspected abacavir hypersensitivity."	( Pharmacokinetics and 48-week safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected 2- to 18-year-old children. Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Duiculescu, D; Ford, SL; Fortuny, C; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Tamarirt, DP; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.4
" Drug-related adverse events (investigator defined) were similar across all age groups (55-65%)."	( Efficacy and safety of tipranavir coadministered with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children and adolescents: 5 years of experience. Cahn, P; De Aquino, MZ; Della Negra, M; Jelaska, A; Mikl, J; Robinson, PA; Salazar, JC, 2014)	0.65
" The most common (≥ 10%) treatment-emergent adverse events were fatigue (27."	( Antiviral activity, pharmacokinetics, and safety of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor TMC310911, coadministered with ritonavir, in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients. Arastéh, K; Dierynck, I; Hoetelmans, RM; Jacquemyn, B; Mariën, K; Meyvisch, P; Schürmann, D; Simmen, K; Smyej, I; Stellbrink, HJ; Stephan, C; Truyers, C; Verloes, R, 2014)	0.61
"5 log10 copies/mL decrease in plasma HIV-1 RNA) at all evaluated doses, and treatment was generally safe and well tolerated."	( Antiviral activity, pharmacokinetics, and safety of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor TMC310911, coadministered with ritonavir, in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients. Arastéh, K; Dierynck, I; Hoetelmans, RM; Jacquemyn, B; Mariën, K; Meyvisch, P; Schürmann, D; Simmen, K; Smyej, I; Stellbrink, HJ; Stephan, C; Truyers, C; Verloes, R, 2014)	0.61
" In both studies, most treatment-emergent adverse events were related to gastrointestinal system."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor TMC310911 coadministered with ritonavir in healthy participants: results from 2 phase 1 studies. Dierynck, I; Hoetelmans, RM; Jacquemyn, B; Marien, K; Meyvisch, P; Simmen, K; Smyej, I; Verloes, R, 2014)	0.62
" TMC310911 was generally safe and tolerable when administered with or without ritonavir."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor TMC310911 coadministered with ritonavir in healthy participants: results from 2 phase 1 studies. Dierynck, I; Hoetelmans, RM; Jacquemyn, B; Marien, K; Meyvisch, P; Simmen, K; Smyej, I; Verloes, R, 2014)	0.85
"2% receiving the increased dose, discontinued treatment because of adverse events (p=0."	( A randomized controlled trial to assess safety, tolerability, and antepartum viral load with increased lopinavir/ritonavir dosage in pregnancy. Bonafe, SM; Castelo, A; Costa, DA; Machado, RH; Pott-Junior, H; Senise, JF; Vaz, MJ, 2013)	0.6
" Two patients withdrew prematurely from study medications due to adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of danoprevir-ritonavir plus peginterferon alfa-2a-ribavirin in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 prior null responders. Brennan, BJ; Gane, EJ; Kulkarni, R; Larrey, DG; Le Pogam, S; Morcos, PN; Nájera, I; Petric, R; Rouzier, R; Shulman, NS; Smith, P; Tran, JQ; Wiercinska-Drapalo, A; Yetzer, ES; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.68
" The frequency of serious adverse effects was investigated."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily maraviroc plus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in pretreated HIV-infected patients in a real-life setting. Bancalero, P; Chueca, N; García, C; Jiménez, P; Macías, J; Márquez, M; Merino, D; Muñoz, L; Ojeda, G; Pasquau, J; Pineda, JA; Recio, E, 2014)	0.66
" Reasons for starting MVC plus DRV/r were: adverse effects in 38 individuals (63%), simplification in 15 (25%) and virological failure in seven (12%)."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily maraviroc plus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in pretreated HIV-infected patients in a real-life setting. Bancalero, P; Chueca, N; García, C; Jiménez, P; Macías, J; Márquez, M; Merino, D; Muñoz, L; Ojeda, G; Pasquau, J; Pineda, JA; Recio, E, 2014)	0.66
"Most individuals starting MVC plus DRV/r qd because of simplification or adverse effects maintained HIV suppression after 48 weeks of follow-up."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily maraviroc plus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in pretreated HIV-infected patients in a real-life setting. Bancalero, P; Chueca, N; García, C; Jiménez, P; Macías, J; Márquez, M; Merino, D; Muñoz, L; Ojeda, G; Pasquau, J; Pineda, JA; Recio, E, 2014)	0.66
" Both ACT regimens were safe and well tolerated."	( Artemisinin-based combination therapies are efficacious and safe for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in HIV-infected Ugandan children. Achan, J; Arinaitwe, E; Charlebois, E; Clark, TD; Dorsey, G; Havlir, D; Ikilezi, G; Kakuru, A; Kamya, MR; Muhindo, MK; Mwangwa, F; Rosenthal, PJ; Ruel, T; Tappero, JW, 2014)	0.4
"Treatment of uncomplicated malaria with AL or DP was efficacious and safe in HIV-infected children taking ART."	( Artemisinin-based combination therapies are efficacious and safe for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in HIV-infected Ugandan children. Achan, J; Arinaitwe, E; Charlebois, E; Clark, TD; Dorsey, G; Havlir, D; Ikilezi, G; Kakuru, A; Kamya, MR; Muhindo, MK; Mwangwa, F; Rosenthal, PJ; Ruel, T; Tappero, JW, 2014)	0.4
"Protease inhibitor (PI) monotherapy for treatment could avoid the adverse events, drug resistance, and additional costs associated with other antiretrovirals that are normally used, particularly the nucleoside analogues."	( Is there a higher risk of CNS adverse events for PI monotherapy versus triple therapy? A review of results from randomized clinical trials. Hill, A; Moecklinghoff, C; Powderly, W, )	0.13
"There was no clear difference in the risk of central nervous system (CNS) adverse events between PI monotherapy (either DRV/r or LPV/r) and standard triple drug treatment."	( Is there a higher risk of CNS adverse events for PI monotherapy versus triple therapy? A review of results from randomized clinical trials. Hill, A; Moecklinghoff, C; Powderly, W, )	0.13
" However, the information on CNS adverse events has not been reported using standardized definitions in the studies."	( Is there a higher risk of CNS adverse events for PI monotherapy versus triple therapy? A review of results from randomized clinical trials. Hill, A; Moecklinghoff, C; Powderly, W, )	0.13
"There is an urgent need for new antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs, including agents that are safe and effective with concomitant antiretrovirals (ARV) and first-line TB drugs."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenetics study of the antituberculosis drug PA-824 with concomitant lopinavir-ritonavir, efavirenz, or rifampin. Allen, R; Aweeka, F; Bao, J; Cramer, Y; Dooley, KE; Haas, DW; Koletar, SL; Luetkemeyer, AF; Marzan, F; Murray, S; Park, JG; Savic, R; Sutherland, D, 2014)	0.61
"The most frequent clinical side effect was fatigue (in 23 cases, 88."	( Side effects and tolerability of post-exposure prophylaxis with zidovudine, lamivudine, and lopinavir/ritonavir: a comparative study with HIV/AIDS patients. Cai, J; Xiao, J; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.62
"027) adverse events were less frequent in ATV/r arm."	( Simplification to atazanavir/ritonavir monotherapy for HIV-1 treated individuals on virological suppression: 48-week efficacy and safety results. Antinori, A; Carini, E; Castagna, A; D'Arminio Monforte, A; Di Biagio, A; Galli, L; Lazzarin, A; Montella, F; Nozza, S; Rusconi, S; Spagnuolo, V; Vinci, C, 2014)	0.69
" Bayesian fixed-effect network meta-analysis models adjusting for the type of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine [TDF/FTC] or abacavir/lamivudine [ABC/3TC]) were used to evaluate week 48 efficacy (HIV-RNA suppression to <50 copies/mL and change in CD4+ cells/µL) and safety (lipid changes, adverse events, and discontinuations due to adverse events) of DTG relative to all other treatments."	( 48-week efficacy and safety of dolutegravir relative to commonly used third agents in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Camejo, RR; Cuffe, R; Gilchrist, KA; Lim, JW; Nichols, G; Patel, DA; Pulgar, S; Snedecor, SJ; Stephens, J; Sudharshan, L; Tang, WY, 2014)	0.4
" Dolutegravir had better or equivalent changes in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and lower odds of adverse events and discontinuation due to adverse events compared to all treatments."	( 48-week efficacy and safety of dolutegravir relative to commonly used third agents in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Camejo, RR; Cuffe, R; Gilchrist, KA; Lim, JW; Nichols, G; Patel, DA; Pulgar, S; Snedecor, SJ; Stephens, J; Sudharshan, L; Tang, WY, 2014)	0.4
" Overall, 12 (31%) patients stopped dual therapy: 7 patients because of adverse events, mostly clinical myositis (n = 3)."	( Efficacy and safety of switching to raltegravir plus atazanavir dual therapy in pretreated HIV-1-infected patients over 144 weeks: a cohort study. Batard, ML; Bernard-Henry, C; Cheneau, C; De Mautort, E; Fafi-Kremer, S; Gantner, P; Koeppel, C; Muret, P; Partisani, M; Priester, M; Rey, D; Sueur, C, 2014)	0.4
" The Division of AIDS 2004, clarification 2009, table for grading severity of adverse events was used to classify drug toxicities."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of rifabutin in young HIV-infected children receiving rifabutin and lopinavir/ritonavir. Gous, H; Kellermann, T; Kindra, G; McIlleron, H; Moultrie, H; Sawry, S; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L, 2015)	0.63
" It remains unclear whether a safe and effective rifabutin dose exists for treatment of TB in children receiving lopinavir/ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of rifabutin in young HIV-infected children receiving rifabutin and lopinavir/ritonavir. Gous, H; Kellermann, T; Kindra, G; McIlleron, H; Moultrie, H; Sawry, S; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L, 2015)	0.84
" Eleven patients (92%) reported ≥1 adverse event (AE), considered in 2 patients to be at least possibly related to darunavir (gastrointestinal-related events and dizziness)."	( Efficacy and safety of darunavir/ritonavir at 48 weeks in treatment-naïve, HIV-1-infected adolescents: results from a phase 2 open-label trial (DIONE). Blanche, S; Flynn, P; Giaquinto, C; Kakuda, TN; Komar, S; Lathouwers, E; Noguera-Julian, A; Opsomer, M; Van de Casteele, T; Welch, S, 2014)	0.68
" Grade 1 or 2 gastrointestinal adverse events were higher among women on lopinavir/ritonavir versus efavirenz."	( Efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir versus efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected pregnant Ugandan women. Achan, J; Ades, V; Charlebois, ED; Clark, TD; Cohan, D; Gandhi, M; Havlir, DV; Kamya, MR; Koss, CA; Luwedde, F; Mwesigwa, J; Natureeba, P; Nzarubara, B; Plenty, A; Ruel, T, 2015)	0.92
" Tolerance was good with one case of maternal grade 3 hyperbilirubinaemia, no cases in neonates at delivery and no clinically relevant adverse event."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (300/100 mg once daily) in HIV-1-infected pregnant women. Bourgeois-Moine, A; Bourse, P; Calvez, V; Damond, F; Descamps, D; Dommergues, M; Duro, D; Faucher, P; Ichou, H; Landman, R; Lariven, S; Lê, MP; Legac, S; Mandelbrot, L; Matheron, S; Meier, F; Mortier, E; Peytavin, G; Soulié, C; Tubiana, R; Valantin, MA, 2015)	0.68
" Concerning safety, 10 moderate to severe adverse events were recorded in eight patients; overall seven cases of renal colic (possibly treatment related) were observed, leading to a discontinuation of treatment in two patients."	( Efficacy and safety of treatment simplification to atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine in HIV-infected patients with virological suppression: 144 week follow-up of the AtLaS pilot study. Borghetti, A; Cauda, R; Ciccarelli, N; Colafigli, M; D'Avino, A; De Luca, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Fabbiani, M; Gagliardini, R; Mondi, A, 2015)	0.66
"9%) discontinued due to adverse events (AEs); and 11 patients (19."	( PRINCE-1: safety and efficacy of atazanavir powder and ritonavir liquid in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-naïve and -experienced infants and children aged ≥3 months to <6 years. Arce, PM; Biguenet, S; Cambilargiu, D; Correll, T; Donati, AP; Hardy, H; Lissens, J; Strehlau, R; Yang, R, 2015)	0.66
" Adverse events included eye stye, insomnia, and pain from an infiltrated intravenous line."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of co-administered paritaprevir plus ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir in hepatic impairment. Awni, WM; Bernstein, BM; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Lawitz, EJ; Marbury, TC; Menon, RM; Mullally, VM; Podsadecki, TJ, 2015)	0.65
" Common adverse events included headache, asthenia, pruritus, and diarrhea."	( Efficacy and Safety of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, and Ritonavir in an Open-Label Study of Patients With Genotype 1b Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection With and Without Cirrhosis. Akarca, US; Hall, C; Hézode, C; Lawitz, E; Makara, M; Mobashery, N; Morillas, RM; Pilot-Matias, T; Preotescu, LL; Redman, R; Thuluvath, PJ; Varunok, P; Vilchez, RA, 2015)	0.67
" We also found no significant differences between the two groups for adverse events and death."	( Efficacy and safety of abacavir-containing combination antiretroviral therapy as first-line treatment of HIV infected children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adetokunboh, OO; Balogun, TA; Schoonees, A; Wiysonge, CS, 2015)	0.42
"0% discontinued treatment due to adverse events."	( Short Communication: Efficacy and Safety of Treatment Simplification to Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Darunavir/Ritonavir Monotherapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Bravo, I; Cañadas, MP; Clotet, B; García-Rosado, D; Llibre, JM; Moltó, J; Paredes, R; Pérez-Álvarez, N; Santos, JR, 2016)	0.66
"To review adverse events (AEs) uniquely associated with DAA therapy across a broad spectrum of patient populations."	( Review article: safety and tolerability of direct-acting anti-viral agents in the new era of hepatitis C therapy. Banerjee, D; Reddy, KR, 2016)	0.43
" Principal reasons for discontinuation were adverse events (15."	( Long-Term Efficacy, Tolerability, and Renal Safety of Atazanavir/Ritonavir-based Antiretroviral Therapy in a Cohort of Treatment-Naïve Patients with HIV-1 Infection: the REMAIN Study. Antela, A; Jiménez-Expósito, MJ; Knechten, H; Kuhlmann, B; Rocha-Pereira, N; Santos, J; Teófilo, E, 2016)	0.67
" Drug-related adverse events leading to discontinuation were 3 (6%) in the atazanavir/ritonavir monotherapy arm and 11 (21."	( Atazanavir/ritonavir monotherapy: 96 week efficacy, safety and bone mineral density from the MODAt randomized trial. Antinori, A; Bigoloni, A; Borderi, M; Caramatti, G; Castagna, A; D'Arminio Monforte, A; Di Biagio, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Galli, L; Gibellini, D; Guaraldi, G; Lazzarin, A; Montella, F; Rusconi, S; Spagnuolo, V, 2016)	1.05
" In the atazanavir/ritonavir monotherapy arm, reintroduction of nucleosides, as needed, was always effective with no new resistance mutation; monotherapy was also associated with a lower incidence of adverse events and improvement in femur BMD."	( Atazanavir/ritonavir monotherapy: 96 week efficacy, safety and bone mineral density from the MODAt randomized trial. Antinori, A; Bigoloni, A; Borderi, M; Caramatti, G; Castagna, A; D'Arminio Monforte, A; Di Biagio, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Galli, L; Gibellini, D; Guaraldi, G; Lazzarin, A; Montella, F; Rusconi, S; Spagnuolo, V, 2016)	1.15
" Regarding safety, adverse events and serious adverse events were more frequently reported in patients taking concomitant ARAs, though baseline population differences may have played a role."	( Safety and Efficacy of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir Plus Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin in HCV-Infected Patients Taking Concomitant Acid-Reducing Agents. Asselah, T; Bennett, M; Forns, X; Liu, L; Moller, J; Pedrosa, M; Planas Vila, R; Reau, N; Rustgi, V; Shiffman, ML, 2016)	0.69
" Adverse events occurred in 23 and 18 patients, respectively."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily ritonavir-boosted atazanavir or darunavir in combination with a dual nucleos(t)ide analogue backbone in HIV-1-infected combined ART (cART)-naive patients with severe immunosuppression: a 48 week, non-comparative, randomiz Assoumou, L; Benalycherif, A; Cabié, A; Costagliola, D; Duvivier, C; Girard, PM; Joly, V; Lambert-Niclot, S; Landman, R; Marcelin, AG; Peytavin, G; Pialoux, G; Samri, A; Slama, L; Valin, N, 2016)	0.71
" To investigate safety, we compared adverse events (AE) among infants exposed to different maternal cART regimens."	( Maternal Lopinavir/Ritonavir Is Associated with Fewer Adverse Events in Infants than Nelfinavir or Atazanavir. Barr, E; Davies, J; Forster, JE; Kinzie, K; Levin, MJ; McFarland, EJ; Pappas, J; Paul, S; Smith, C; Weinberg, A, 2016)	0.76
" DRV/r was well tolerated, with few discontinuations due to study-emergent nonfatal adverse events (3."	( Effectiveness, durability, and safety of darunavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients in routine clinical practice in Italy: a postauthorization noninterventional study. Airoldi, G; Antinori, A; Bini, T; Castagna, A; Colella, E; Gianotti, N; Mancusi, D; Meraviglia, P; Monforte, Ad; Mussini, C; Rusconi, S; Termini, R, 2016)	0.69
" The frequency of adverse events was similar in the two arms; however, one patient in the monotherapy arm was hospitalized with HIV encephalitis and elevated cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 RNA."	( Week 96 efficacy and safety of darunavir/ritonavir monotherapy vs. darunavir/ritonavir with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the PROTEA trial. Antinori, A; Arribas, JR; Bicer, C; Girard, PM; Hadacek, B; Moecklinghoff, C; Netzle-Sveine, B; Ripamonti, D, 2017)	0.72
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."	( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships. Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Safety outcomes were presented by the incidence of adverse events."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin for HCV Genotype 1 Infection for 12 Weeks Under Routine Clinical Practice. Chamorro-de-Vega, E; Collado Borrell, R; Escudero-Vilaplana, V; Fernandez-Llamazares, CM; Gimenez-Manzorro, A; Herranz, A; Ibañez-Garcia, S; Lallana Sainz, E; Lobato Matilla, E; Lorenzo-Pinto, A; Manrique-Rodriguez, S; Marzal-Alfaro, M; Ribed, A; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, CG; Romero Jimenez, RM; Sanjurjo, M; Sarobe Gonzalez, C, 2016)	0.68
" Adverse events occurred in 91."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin for HCV Genotype 1 Infection for 12 Weeks Under Routine Clinical Practice. Chamorro-de-Vega, E; Collado Borrell, R; Escudero-Vilaplana, V; Fernandez-Llamazares, CM; Gimenez-Manzorro, A; Herranz, A; Ibañez-Garcia, S; Lallana Sainz, E; Lobato Matilla, E; Lorenzo-Pinto, A; Manrique-Rodriguez, S; Marzal-Alfaro, M; Ribed, A; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, CG; Romero Jimenez, RM; Sanjurjo, M; Sarobe Gonzalez, C, 2016)	0.68
" Adverse events occurred in 151 (72."	( Real-world effectiveness and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir ± ribavirin in hepatitis C: AMBER study. Berak, H; Bialkowska, J; Bolewska, B; Fleischer-Stępniewska, K; Flisiak, R; Garlicki, A; Halota, W; Horban, A; Jabłkowski, M; Janczewska, E; Jaroszewicz, J; Karpińska, E; Karwowska, K; Knysz, B; Kryczka, W; Lucejko, M; Madej, G; Mozer-Lisewska, I; Nazzal, K; Piekarska, A; Pisula, A; Rostkowska, K; Simon, K; Tomasiewicz, K; Tronina, O; Tudrujek, M; Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska, M; Wiercińska-Drapało, A; Zarębska-Michaluk, D, 2016)	0.67
" Before week 96, dual therapy was discontinued in 44 patients (16%) because of various adverse events, with no difference between the two groups."	( Switch to Ritonavir-Boosted versus Unboosted Atazanavir plus Raltegravir Dual-Drug Therapy Leads to Similar Efficacy and Safety Outcomes in Clinical Practice. Bani-Sadr, F; Gantner, P; Garraffo, R; Jovelin, T; Pugliese, P; Rey, D; Roger, PM; Treger, M, 2016)	0.84
"Emerging RAL-resistance and discontinuations for adverse events resulted in moderate efficacy rates of ATV and RAL dual therapy in heavily pretreated patients."	( Switch to Ritonavir-Boosted versus Unboosted Atazanavir plus Raltegravir Dual-Drug Therapy Leads to Similar Efficacy and Safety Outcomes in Clinical Practice. Bani-Sadr, F; Gantner, P; Garraffo, R; Jovelin, T; Pugliese, P; Rey, D; Roger, PM; Treger, M, 2016)	0.84
"Paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin is effective and safe in patients with genotype 1 HCV infection in real-life clinical setting in Hong Kong."	( Real-life efficacy and safety of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir in chronic hepatitis C patients in Hong Kong. But, DY; Chan, CK; Chan, HL; Chan, KH; Fung, J; Hui, YT; Lai, CL; Lai, MS; Lam, YS; Lao, WC; Li, C; Lui, GC; Seto, WK; Tsang, OT; Wong, GL; Wong, VW; Yuen, MF, 2017)	1.08
" No deaths, serious adverse events (AEs), Grade 4 AEs or AEs leading to treatment discontinuation occurred."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of simeprevir and TMC647055/ritonavir with or without ribavirin and JNJ-56914845 in HCV genotype 1 infection. Arastéh, K; Bourgeois, S; Buggisch, P; Francque, S; Hoeben, E; Horsmans, Y; Jacquemyn, B; Kakuda, TN; Luo, D; Moreno, C; Nevens, F; Orlent, H; Schattenberg, JM; Van Remoortere, P; Van Vlierberghe, H; Vandebosch, A; Verloes, R; Vijgen, L, 2017)	0.69
" Details of serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded."	( Effectiveness, safety and clinical outcomes of direct-acting antiviral therapy in HCV genotype 1 infection: Results from a Spanish real-world cohort. Albillos, A; Ampuero, J; Arenas, J; Bañares, R; Calleja, JL; Crespo, J; Diago, M; Fernandez, I; García-Eliz, M; García-Samaniego, J; Gea, F; Jorquera, F; Lens, S; Llaneras, J; Llerena, S; Mariño, Z; Morillas, RM; Muñoz, R; Navascues, CA; Pascasio, JM; Perelló, C; Rincón, D; Rodriguez, CF; Ruiz-Antorán, B; Sacristán, B; Serra, MA; Simon, MA; Torras, X; Turnes, J, 2017)	0.46
" There were no deaths, adverse events leading to discontinuation, or serious adverse events."	( Antiviral Activity, Safety, and Exposure-Response Relationships of GSK3532795, a Second-Generation Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Maturation Inhibitor, Administered as Monotherapy or in Combination With Atazanavir With or Without Ritonavir in a Phase Boffito, M; Dicker, IB; Grasela, D; Hüser, A; Hwang, C; Keicher, C; Krystal, M; Lataillade, M; Ravindran, P; Ray, N; Schürmann, D; Sevinsky, H; Sobotha, C; Xiao, H, 2017)	0.64
" Other correlates with adverse events of clinical importance included concomitant ribavirin treatment, sex, race, and presence of cirrhosis, consistent with previous observations."	( Exposure-Safety Response Relationship for Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, Dasabuvir, and Ribavirin in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Infection: Analysis of Data from Five Phase II and Six Phase III Studies. Awni, W; DaSilva-Tillmann, B; Dutta, S; Lin, CW; Liu, W; Menon, R; Podsadecki, T; Shulman, N, 2017)	0.69
" Clinical and laboratory adverse events (AEs) were recorded from baseline to FU12."	( Real-World Safety and Efficacy of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir/+Dasabuvir±Ribavirin (OBV/PTV/r/+DSV±RBV) Therapy in Recurrent Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Genotype 1 Infection Post-Liver Transplant: AMBER-CEE Study. Bolewska, B; Buivydiene, A; Durlik, M; Flisiak, R; Jabłkowski, M; Jakutiene, J; Karpińska, E; Karwowska, KM; Katzarov, K; Kupcinskas, L; Pisula, A; Rostkowska, K; Simonova, M; Tolmane, I; Tronina, O; Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska, M, 2017)	0.7
" The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of PrOD-based therapy in hepatitis C genotype 1 patients with and without cirrhosis, and to explore pre-treatment factors predictive of sustained viral response (SVR) and serious adverse events (SAEs) on treatment."	( Real-world efficacy and safety of ritonavir-boosted paritaprevir, ombitasvir, dasabuvir ± ribavirin for hepatitis C genotype 1 - final results of the REV1TAL study. Bollipo, S; Cheng, W; Chivers, S; Dore, G; Fragomeli, V; Galhenage, S; Gazzola, A; George, J; Gow, P; Iser, D; Jones, T; Levy, M; Lubel, J; MacQuillan, G; Mitchell, JL; Nazareth, S; Pianko, S; Roberts, SK; Sasadeusz, J; Strasser, S; Stuart, KA; Thompson, A; Tse, E; Wade, A; Weltman, M; Wigg, A; Zekry, A, 2017)	0.73
" Baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory information, on-treatment biochemical, virological and haematological indices and details on serious adverse events were collected locally."	( Real-world efficacy and safety of ritonavir-boosted paritaprevir, ombitasvir, dasabuvir ± ribavirin for hepatitis C genotype 1 - final results of the REV1TAL study. Bollipo, S; Cheng, W; Chivers, S; Dore, G; Fragomeli, V; Galhenage, S; Gazzola, A; George, J; Gow, P; Iser, D; Jones, T; Levy, M; Lubel, J; MacQuillan, G; Mitchell, JL; Nazareth, S; Pianko, S; Roberts, SK; Sasadeusz, J; Strasser, S; Stuart, KA; Thompson, A; Tse, E; Wade, A; Weltman, M; Wigg, A; Zekry, A, 2017)	0.73
" The number and percentage of patients with treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), serious TEAEs, and TEAEs consistent with hepatic decompensation were reported."	( Safety of the 2D/3D direct-acting antiviral regimen in HCV-induced Child-Pugh A cirrhosis - A pooled analysis. Cohen, DE; Cohen, E; Feld, JJ; Foster, GR; Fried, MW; Larsen, L; Mobashery, N; Nelson, DR; Poordad, F; Tatsch, F; Wedemeyer, H, 2017)	0.46
" Data were analyzed to assess the on-treatment and off-therapy HCV viral load and on-treatment adverse events."	( Real-world effectiveness and safety of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection in Taiwan. Chen, DS; Chen, PJ; Hong, CM; Kao, JH; Liu, CH; Liu, CJ; Su, TH; Tseng, TC; Yang, HC, 2018)	0.73
" Outcomes of interest were viral suppression, mortality, AIDS-defining illnesses or WHO stage 3-4 disease, discontinuations, discontinuations due to adverse events, and serious adverse events."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of second-line antiretroviral therapy for treatment of HIV/AIDS: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ayers, D; Calmy, A; Chan, K; Cooper, DA; Doherty, M; Ford, N; Kanters, S; Mills, EJ; Nsanzimana, S; Paton, NI; Popoff, E; Socias, ME; Vitoria, M; Wiens, MO, 2017)	0.46
"02), while it increased the risk of serious adverse events (p = 0."	( Safety and Efficacy of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir with or without Ribavirin for Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Abdel-Daim, MM; Abushouk, AI; Ahmed, H; Loutfy, SA; Menshawy, A; Mohamed, A; Negida, A, 2017)	0.71
" No patients from the G/P Arm prematurely discontinued the study drug or experienced a treatment-emergent serious adverse event (TESAE)."	( Efficacy and safety of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in Japanese patients with chronic genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection with and without cirrhosis. Alves, K; Atarashi, T; Burroughs, M; Chayama, K; Eguchi, Y; Karino, Y; Kato, K; Kawakami, Y; Krishnan, P; Kumada, H; Naganuma, A; Oberoi, RK; Pilot-Matias, TJ; Pugatch, DL; Redman, R; Sato, K; Seike, M; Suzuki, F; Takei, Y; Watanabe, T; Xie, W; Yoshiji, H, 2018)	0.48
" Through 48 weeks, the most common adverse events were upper respiratory tract infections (33."	( Safety and Efficacy of Atazanavir Powder and Ritonavir in HIV-1-Infected Infants and Children From 3 Months to <11 Years of Age: The PRINCE-2 Study. Cambilargiu, D; Correll, TA; Cotton, MF; Gonzalez-Tome, MI; Klauck, I; Liberty, A; Lissens, J; Pikora, C; Torres-Escobar, I; Zaru, L, 2018)	0.74
" Safety outcomes were based on the incidence of adverse events."	( Twelve weeks of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/r and dasabuvir without ribavirin is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with HCV genotype 1b infection and compensated cirrhosis: results from a real-world cohort study. Chamorro-de-Vega, E; De Lorenzo-Pinto, A; Escudero-Vilaplana, V; Gimenez-Manzorro, A; Herranz-Alonso, A; Iglesias-Peinado, I; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, CG; Sanjurjo Saez, M, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events were recorded in 78."	( Twelve weeks of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/r and dasabuvir without ribavirin is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with HCV genotype 1b infection and compensated cirrhosis: results from a real-world cohort study. Chamorro-de-Vega, E; De Lorenzo-Pinto, A; Escudero-Vilaplana, V; Gimenez-Manzorro, A; Herranz-Alonso, A; Iglesias-Peinado, I; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, CG; Sanjurjo Saez, M, 2018)	0.48
"The simplified regimen of OBV/PTV/r+DSV administered for 12 weeks is effective and safe in patients with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection and compensated cirrhosis."	( Twelve weeks of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/r and dasabuvir without ribavirin is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with HCV genotype 1b infection and compensated cirrhosis: results from a real-world cohort study. Chamorro-de-Vega, E; De Lorenzo-Pinto, A; Escudero-Vilaplana, V; Gimenez-Manzorro, A; Herranz-Alonso, A; Iglesias-Peinado, I; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, CG; Sanjurjo Saez, M, 2018)	0.48
" Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drug regimens are safe and highly effective, allowing administration of treatment also in elderly."	( Efficacy and safety of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir with ribavirin for the treatment of HCV genotype 1b compensated cirrhosis in patients aged 70 years or older. Bataga, S; Brisc, C; Caruntu, FA; Chiriac, S; Cijevschi Prelipcean, C; Curescu, M; Gheorghe, L; Girleanu, I; Goldis, A; Iacob, S; Miftode, E; Mihai, C; Preda, C; Rogoveanu, I; Singeap, AM; Sporea, I; Stanciu, C; Stefanescu, G; Trifan, A, 2017)	0.73
" Our aim was to analyze the characteristics associated with the presence of adverse events in patients receiving this antiviral regimen, with ribavirin in cirrhotic patients."	( Safety assessment in Child A cirrhotic patients treated with Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir with Ribavirin. Calina, OC; Hristea, A; Jipa, RE; Manea, ED; Olariu, C; Stefan, I, )	0.36
" We recorded 201 adverse events in 98 (71."	( Safety assessment in Child A cirrhotic patients treated with Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir with Ribavirin. Calina, OC; Hristea, A; Jipa, RE; Manea, ED; Olariu, C; Stefan, I, )	0.36
"We found a high number of adverse events, but most of them were mild or moderate and only one quarter of them required medical intervention."	( Safety assessment in Child A cirrhotic patients treated with Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir with Ribavirin. Calina, OC; Hristea, A; Jipa, RE; Manea, ED; Olariu, C; Stefan, I, )	0.36
" Secondary endpoints included treatment adherence, patient satisfaction, incidence of adverse events and differences in plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load (VL) and CD4 cell counts."	( High quality of life, treatment tolerability, safety and efficacy in HIV patients switching from triple therapy to lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy: A randomized clinical trial. Aguirrebengoa, K; de Jesus, SE; de Los Santos, I; Fariñas, MC; Flores, J; Galindo, MJ; García-Mercé, I; García-Vallecillos, C; Hernández-Quero, J; Hidalgo-Tenorio, C; Imaz, A; Lozano, F; Montes, ML; Orihuela, F; Pasquau, J; Ríos-Villegas, MJ; Romero-Palacios, A; Sanjoaquín, I; Vázquez, P; Vergas, J, 2018)	0.69
" There were also no differences in the incidence and severity of adverse events, even though 22."	( High quality of life, treatment tolerability, safety and efficacy in HIV patients switching from triple therapy to lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy: A randomized clinical trial. Aguirrebengoa, K; de Jesus, SE; de Los Santos, I; Fariñas, MC; Flores, J; Galindo, MJ; García-Mercé, I; García-Vallecillos, C; Hernández-Quero, J; Hidalgo-Tenorio, C; Imaz, A; Lozano, F; Montes, ML; Orihuela, F; Pasquau, J; Ríos-Villegas, MJ; Romero-Palacios, A; Sanjoaquín, I; Vázquez, P; Vergas, J, 2018)	0.69
"Patients who suffered any adverse event (AE) were 74/240 (30."	( Safety and efficacy of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir/dasabuvir plus ribavirin in patients over 65 years with HCV genotype 1 cirrhosis. Aghemo, A; Ascione, A; Bruno, S; Craxì, A; De Luca, M; Fontanella, L; Gasbarrini, A; Giannini, EG; Izzi, A; Marzioni, M; Melazzini, M; Messina, V; Montilla, S; Orlandini, A; Petta, S; Puoti, M; Sangiovanni, V; Trotta, MP; Villa, E; Zignego, AL, 2018)	0.74
"Our findings suggest that OBV/PTV/r + DSV + RBV is safe and effective in real-life use in patients with compensated cirrhosis, HCV-GT1 infection, and age over 65."	( Safety and efficacy of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir/dasabuvir plus ribavirin in patients over 65 years with HCV genotype 1 cirrhosis. Aghemo, A; Ascione, A; Bruno, S; Craxì, A; De Luca, M; Fontanella, L; Gasbarrini, A; Giannini, EG; Izzi, A; Marzioni, M; Melazzini, M; Messina, V; Montilla, S; Orlandini, A; Petta, S; Puoti, M; Sangiovanni, V; Trotta, MP; Villa, E; Zignego, AL, 2018)	0.74
" GSK2838232 administration (up to 250 mg) to 124 subjects across four studies resulted in few mild adverse events (AEs) with similar frequencies to placebo."	( The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profile of GSK2838232, a novel 2nd generation HIV maturation inhibitor, as assessed in healthy subjects. Baldwin, S; Burke, M; Davies, M; Gould, E; Jeffrey, J; Jewell, RC; Johns, BA; Johnson, M; Lou, Y; Peppercorn, A; Tenorio, AR; Xu, J, 2018)	0.48
" The other two patients reported only grade 1 adverse effects."	( Concomitant use of sorafenib with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir: Effectiveness and safety in clinical practice. Giménez-Manzorro, A; Herranz-Alonso, A; Matilla-Peña, A; Revuelta-Herrero, JL; Sanjurjo-Sáez, M, 2018)	0.73
"The concurrent use of OBV/PTV/r+DSV with sorafenib was considered safe and effective."	( Concomitant use of sorafenib with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir: Effectiveness and safety in clinical practice. Giménez-Manzorro, A; Herranz-Alonso, A; Matilla-Peña, A; Revuelta-Herrero, JL; Sanjurjo-Sáez, M, 2018)	0.73
" However, information about the rate of adverse events (AEs) across different DAA regimens is limited."	( Outcome and adverse events in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with direct-acting antivirals: a clinical randomized study. Andersen, ES; Bukh, J; Christensen, PB; Fahnøe, U; Gerstoft, J; Kjær, MS; Laursen, AL; Mössner, B; Pedersen, MS; Røge, BT; Schønning, K; Sølund, C; Weis, N, 2018)	0.48
"BZF961 was safe and well tolerated in the patients studied with no serious adverse events."	( The Safety and Antiviral Activity of BZF961 with or without Ritonavir in Patients Infected with Hepatitis C Virus: A Randomized, Multicenter Trial. Barkan, DT; Barve, A; Bidair, M; Bodendorf, U; Bracken, K; Canino, E; Chen, D; Colvin, RA; Dabovic, K; Heimbach, T; Ison, M; Jones, CL; Jones, CT; Kovacs, SJ; Lakshman, JP; Lawitz, E; Li, B; Magnusson, B; Marbury, T; Raman, P; Steiner-Swiat, R; Thohan, S; Wong, KA; Zhong, W, 2018)	0.72
" Among various adverse effects of PIs, hepatotoxicity is a very common adverse reaction of RIT which is concentration dependent."	( Formononetin and biochanin A protects against ritonavir induced hepatotoxicity via modulation of NfκB/pAkt signaling molecules. Agarwal, NK; Azmi, L; Chaturvedi, S; Malik, MY; Naseem, Z; Rao, C; Shukla, I, 2018)	0.74
"Five groups of animals were subjected to treatment as control, toxic control (RIT), third group (RIT + FMN), fourth group (RIT + BCA), the fifth group (RIT + FMN + BCA) and sixth group (FMN + BCA) for 14 days."	( Formononetin and biochanin A protects against ritonavir induced hepatotoxicity via modulation of NfκB/pAkt signaling molecules. Agarwal, NK; Azmi, L; Chaturvedi, S; Malik, MY; Naseem, Z; Rao, C; Shukla, I, 2018)	0.74
" Sustained virologic response at post-treatment Week 12 (SVR12), adverse events (AEs) and comedication management were assessed for patients initiating treatment before 1 June 2017."	( Real-world safety and effectiveness of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir ± ribavirin in hepatitis C virus genotype 1- and 4-infected patients with diverse comorbidities and comedications: A pooled analysis of post-marketing observational studi Back, D; Bondin, M; Bourgeois, S; Buggisch, P; Charafeddine, M; Crown, E; Curescu, M; Dorr, P; Ferenci, P; Flisiak, R; Kleine, H; Larrey, D; Marra, F; Norris, S, 2019)	0.75
" However, ribavirin is associated with adverse events that can limit its use."	( Efficacy and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir with low-dose ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1a infection without cirrhosis. Bank, L; Bernstein, D; Epstein, M; Krishnan, P; Lucey, MR; Martinez, M; Nelson, DR; Pockros, PJ; Polepally, AR; Poordad, F; Ravendhran, N; Reindollar, R; Sedghi, S; Trinh, R; Unnebrink, K, 2019)	0.77
" In summary, the current work demonstrated the essential roles of human PXR and CYP3A4 in RTV hepatotoxicity, which can be applied to guide the safe use of RTV-containing regimens in the clinic."	( Pregnane X receptor activation potentiates ritonavir hepatotoxicity. Gonzalez, FJ; Lu, J; Ma, X; McMahon, D; Shehu, AI; Wang, P; Wang, Y; Xie, W; Yang, D; Zhu, J, 2019)	0.78
"Ritonavir retinal toxicity seems to be an uncommon adverse event that can cause decreased visual function."	( Case Report: Retinal Toxicity Secondary to Ritonavir. Jones, HN; Louie, AK, 2019)	2.22
" The patients were evaluated in respect of demographic, clinical and virological data, sustained virologic response (SVR) and adverse events."	( [EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF OMBITASVIR/PARITAPREVIR/RITONAVIR AND DASABUVIR IN PATIENTS WITH HCV 1B GENOTYPE INFECTION: REAL WORLD DATA]. Skorokhodova, N; Tsarova, O; Zhyvytsia, D, 2019)	0.77
" Adverse events (grade 1-4) were more common at baseline (27%) than during rifabutin treatment (15%) (P = 0."	( Safety and efficacy of rifabutin among HIV/TB-coinfected children on lopinavir/ritonavir-based ART. Akanmu, S; Brown, B; Chang, C; Darin, KM; David, N; Kanki, PJ; Ogunbosi, B; Okonkwo, P; Oladokun, R; Olaitan, O; Rawizza, HE; Scarsi, KK, 2019)	0.74
"With clinical and laboratory monitoring, our data suggest that rifabutin is a safe option for TB therapy among children on PI-based ART."	( Safety and efficacy of rifabutin among HIV/TB-coinfected children on lopinavir/ritonavir-based ART. Akanmu, S; Brown, B; Chang, C; Darin, KM; David, N; Kanki, PJ; Ogunbosi, B; Okonkwo, P; Oladokun, R; Olaitan, O; Rawizza, HE; Scarsi, KK, 2019)	0.74
" We collected data on on-treatment adverse events (AEs), severe AEs, and laboratory abnormalities."	( Efficacy and safety of direct-acting antiviral agents for HCV in mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease. Aoufi-Rabih, S; Dixit, V; Fabrizi, F; Garcia-Agudo, R; Mendizabal, M; Ridruejo, E; Silva, M, )	0.13
"7%): 4 due to severe adverse events (including 3 deaths) and 1 patient´s decision."	( Effectiveness, safety/tolerability of OBV/PTV/r ± DSV in patients with HCV genotype 1 or 4 with/without HIV-1 co-infection, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage IIIb-V and dialysis in Spanish clinical practice - Vie-KinD study. Ahumada, A; Aldamiz-Echevarría, T; Baliellas, C; Barril, G; Benlloch, S; Bonet, L; Carmona, I; Castaño, MA; Castro, Á; de Álvaro, C; de Los Santos, I; Delgado, M; Devesa-Medina, MJ; García-Buey, L; García-Samaniego, J; Gea-Rodríguez, F; González-Parra, E; Gutiérrez, ML; Jiménez-Pérez, M; Laguno, M; Londoño, MC; Losa, JE; Mallolas, J; Manzanares, A; Martín-Granizo, I; Montero-Alonso, M; Montes, ML; Morán-Sánchez, S; Morano, L; Muñoz-Gómez, R; Navascués, CA; Polo-Lorduy, B; Riveiro-Barciela, M; Rivero, A; Roget, M; Serra, MÁ, 2019)	0.51
" Direct-acting antiviral therapy is efficacious and safe even in patients with advanced liver disease and/ or previous virological failure; Model-for-End-Liver-Disease <10 and alanine aminotransferase reduction during therapy were found to be reliable predicting markers of sustained-virological-response."	( Efficacy, Safety, and Predictors of Direct-acting antivirals in Hepatitis C Virus Patients with Heterogeneous Liver Diseases. Cescon, M; De Pace, V; Galli, S; Maggi, F; Morelli, MC; Pistello, M; Ravaioli, M; Re, MC; Vero, V, 2019)	0.51
" However, there are several reasons as to why patients may discontinue their antiretroviral therapy, with adverse events being one of the main reasons reported in the literature."	( Factors associated to modification of first-line antiretroviral therapy due to adverse events in people living with HIV/AIDS. Azevedo, LN; Miranda-Filho, DB; Montarroyos, UR; Monteiro, P; Ximenes, RAA, )	0.13
" Rates of adverse events (AEs) in the patients was 59."	( Real-world efficacy, safety, and clinical outcomes of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir ± ribavirin combination therapy in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 or 4 infection: The Turkey experience experience. Asan, A; Aygen, B; Barut, Ş; Batırel, A; Bilgin, H; Çelen, MK; Çelik, İ; Demirtürk, N; Ersöz, G; Karakeçili, F; Kınıklı, S; Mıstık, R; Şimşek, F; Türker, N; Turkish Society Of Clinical Microbiology And Infectious Diseases, TSGFVHOT; Ural, O; Yıldız, O; Zararsız, G, 2020)	0.79
" Adverse events (AEs) were found in less than one half of patients (45 patients, or 42."	( [Efficacy and safety of narlaprevir/ritonavir and daclatasvir non interferon combination in population of Russian patients with chronic hepatitis C]. Batskikh, SN; Burnevich, EZ; Chulanov, VP; Gusev, DA; Kizlo, SN; Klimova, EA; Krasavina, EN; Mamonova, NA; Samsonov, MY; Tarkhova, EP; Yushchuk, ND; Znoyko, OO, 2019)	0.79
" This combination was found to be safe and well - tolerated."	( [Efficacy and safety of narlaprevir/ritonavir and daclatasvir non interferon combination in population of Russian patients with chronic hepatitis C]. Batskikh, SN; Burnevich, EZ; Chulanov, VP; Gusev, DA; Kizlo, SN; Klimova, EA; Krasavina, EN; Mamonova, NA; Samsonov, MY; Tarkhova, EP; Yushchuk, ND; Znoyko, OO, 2019)	0.79
" Secondary outcomes were duration of hospital stay, length of intensive care unit stay, 28-day mortality, effect of early or late administration of IFN on mortality, adverse effects, and complications during the hospitalization."	( A Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Interferon β-1a in Treatment of Severe COVID-19. Abbasian, L; Davoudi-Monfared, E; Hajiabdolbaghi, M; Kazemzadeh, H; Khalili, H; Rahmani, H; Salehi, M; Yekaninejad, MS, 2020)	0.56
"3%) in the arbidol group experienced adverse events during the follow-up period."	( Efficacy and Safety of Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Arbidol in Adult Patients with Mild/Moderate COVID-19: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial. Cai, W; Chen, X; Deng, X; Guan, Y; Hong, W; Hu, F; Li, F; Li, L; Li, Y; Lin, W; Liu, J; Mo, X; Peng, P; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Wen, C; Xiao, G; Xie, Z; Zhang, F; Zhang, L, 2020)	0.84
" There were no clinically relevant toxicities nor adverse events in both control and test arms."	( Effect of nevirapine, efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir on the therapeutic concentration and toxicity of lumefantrine in people living with HIV at Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Abideen, G; Adeniji, H; Adeuja, O; Agbaje, EO; Akanmu, AS; Akinleye, MO; Akinyede, AA; Busari, AW; Hassan, OO; Ken-Owotor, C; Kogbe, S; Ogunfowokan, T; Onwujuobi, AG; Oreagba, IA; Owolabi, ET; Usman, SO, 2020)	0.82
"To find effective and safe treatments for COVID-19, the WHO recommended to systemically evaluate experimental therapeutics in collaborative randomised clinical trials."	( Protocol for the DisCoVeRy trial: multicentre, adaptive, randomised trial of the safety and efficacy of treatments for COVID-19 in hospitalised adults. Ader, F, 2020)	0.56
" In this context, intensive pharmacovigilance allows early detection of adverse events, and thereby infer the safety profile of the indication."	( [Adverse effects of lopinavir/ritonavir in critically ill patients with COVID-19]. Carboni Bisso, I; Catanzariti, A; Las Heras, M; Vecchio, G; Zapico, V, 2020)	0.85
" Its empirical use has been associated with multiple cardiac adverse reactions pertaining to its ancillary multi-channel blocking properties, vaguely characterized until now."	( Spontaneous reported cardiotoxicity induced by lopinavir/ritonavir in COVID-19. An alleged past-resolved problem. Drici, MD; Fresse, A; Gérard, A; Lepelley, M; Rocher, F; Romani, S; Salem, JE; Viard, D, 2021)	0.87
" Regarding adverse effects, except occurrence of diarrhea (higher in the L/R group), safety was comparable to SOC."	( Safety and efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir combination in COVID-19: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis. Avti, P; Bansal, S; Bhattacharyya, A; Hazarika, M; Kaur, H; Kumar, S; Mahendru, D; Medhi, B; Prajapat, M; Prakash, A; Sarma, P; Sharma, S; Shekhar, N, )	0.41
" It was associated with high risk IFN-related adverse reactions due to reduced renal clearance of IFN."	( Efficacy and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir/ribavirin in management of Egyptian chronic hepatitis C virus patients with chronic kidney disease: A real-life experience. Abd-Elsalam, S; Abo-Amer, YE; Ahmed, R; Badawi, R; El-Abgeegy, M; Elguindy, AMA; Elkadeem, M; Elsergany, HF; Elshweikh, SA; Hawash, N; Mansour, L; Mohmed, AA; Soliman, MY; Soliman, S, 2020)	0.82
" Secondary Endpoints: All causes mortality, Frequency of respiratory progression (defined as SPO2≤ 94% on room air or PaO2/FiO2 <300mmHg and requirement for supplemental oxygen or more advanced ventilator support), time to defervescence (in those with fever at enrolment), frequency of requirement for supplemental oxygen or non-invasive ventilation, frequency of requirement for mechanical ventilation, frequency of serious adverse events as per DAIDS table grade of severity."	( Safety and efficacy of antiviral combination therapy in symptomatic patients of Covid-19 infection - a randomised controlled trial (SEV-COVID Trial): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Bahurupi, YA; Bandyopadhyay, A; Chikara, G; Moirangthem, B; Panda, PK; Saha, S; Singh, BC, 2020)	0.56
"Lopinavir plasma concentrations in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 were higher than expected, and they were associated with the occurrence of hepatic or gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions."	( Plasma Concentrations and Safety of Lopinavir/Ritonavir in COVID-19 Patients. Azoulay, C; Batista, R; Benaboud, S; Boujaafar, S; Canouï, E; Carlier, N; Chouchana, L; Gana, I; Kernéis, S; Legendre, P; Preta, LH; Regard, L; Terrier, B; Treluyer, JM; Zerbit, J; Zheng, Y, 2021)	0.88
" The frequency of grade 3 to 4 adverse events was similar in the two groups; the most common adverse events were diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infections, and grade 3 to 4 increases in triglyceride concentration."	( Efficacy and safety of the long-acting fusion inhibitor albuvirtide in antiretroviral-experienced adults with human immunodeficiency virus-1: interim analysis of the randomized, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority TALENT study. Cai, WP; Chen, JF; Chen, YY; Dai, LL; He, Y; Hu, JH; Jiang, TY; Li, LH; Liu, L; Lu, HZ; Lu, RJ; Lun, WH; Peng, HY; Shao, YM; Su, B; Sun, LJ; Sun, YT; Wang, H; Wang, M; Wang, MX; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Xia, W; Xie, D; Xing, H; Yao, C; Yu, JH; Zhang, FJ; Zhang, T; Zhao, M; Zhao, QX; Zheng, QS; Zheng, YH; Zhu, B, 2020)	0.56
" Reportable adverse events (AEs) included AEs considered at least possibly related to treatment with DRV/r, AEs leading to discontinuation or treatment interruption, and serious AEs (SAEs)."	( The DIANA Study: Continued Access to Darunavir/Ritonavir (DRV/r) and Long-Term Safety Follow-Up in HIV-1-Infected Pediatric Patients Aged 3 to < 18 Years. Blanche, S; Chetty, P; Hufkens, V; Masenya, M; Opsomer, M; Vanveggel, S; Violari, A, 2021)	0.88
" The secondary outcome is the incidence of serious adverse drug reactions within seven days of randomization."	( The efficacy and safety of Ivermectin in patients with mild and moderate COVID-19: A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Dadvand, H; Davoodian, P; Fathalipour, M; Ghazizadeh, S; Hassaniazad, M; Hassanipour, S; Hosseini, FS; Kahoori, S; Malektojari, A; Nikoofal-Sahlabadi, S; Nikpoor, AR; Sepandi, M, 2021)	0.62
" Grade ≥3 adverse events were compared between cohorts."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Lopinavir/Ritonavir in HIV-infected Children With Severe Acute Malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: IMPAACT Protocol P1092. Aweeka, F; Bradford, S; Browning, R; Coletti, A; Costello, D; Graham, B; Hughes, E; Kamthunzi, P; Kawalazira, R; Mmbaga, BT; Moye, J; Musoke, P; Nathoo, K; Norman, J; Owor, M; Purdue, L; Reding, C; Tierney, C; Whalen, ME; Wiesner, L; Ziemba, L, 2021)	0.86
"For children with mild COVID-19, LPR is inferior to conventional treatment in reducing virus shedding time and hospitalization duration and is associated with increased adverse reactions."	( Safety and efficacy of oral lopinavir/ritonavir in pediatric patients with coronavirus disease: a nationwide comparative analysis. Chen, RJ; Cui, YX; He, YL; Li, XY; Li, ZP; Lu, JM; Ma, SL; Shang, FN; Wang, XF; Xu, H; Ye, QF; Zhai, XW; Zhang, XB; Zhou, AF, 2021)	0.89
" The most common adverse events were fatigue (12."	( Real-world efficacy and safety of Ledipasvir + Sofosbuvir and Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir ± Dasabuvir combination therapies for chronic hepatitis C: A Turkish experience. Akarca, US; Akarsu, M; Akbulut, S; Akın, M; Aladağ, M; Albayrak, B; Alkım, H; Atalay, R; Balkan, A; Balkan, Y; Çoban, M; Coşar, AM; Danış, N; Değertekin, B; Demir, M; Demircan, M; Dinçer, D; Doğanay, L; Dursun, H; Erarslan, E; Göktürk, HS; Gündüz, F; Güneş, Ş; Gürel, S; Güzelbulut, F; Harputluoğlu, M; İnci, İ; Irak, K; Kaçar, S; Kani, HT; Kartal, A; Kefeli, A; Koklu, H; Mert, A; Nuriyev, K; Özakyol, A; Özdoğan, O; Öztaşkın, S; Sen, İ; Şimşek, H; Soylu, A; Sümer, H; Temel, T; Üçbilek, E; Uğurlu, ÇB; Uyanıkoğlu, A; Vatansever, S; Yalçın, K; Yaras, S; Yıldırım, E, 2020)	0.78
" The scientific community is studying and testing numerous compounds that can be effective and safe for treating people with covid-19."	( [The praise of uncertainty: a systematic living review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of drug treatments for patients with covid-19.] Amato, L; Cruciani, F; Davoli, M; De Crescenzo, F; Mitrova, Z; Saulle, R; Vecchi, S, 2021)	0.62
" No differences for the risk of any adverse events are observed between convalescent plasma and remdesivir compared to standard treatment."	( [The praise of uncertainty: a systematic living review to evaluate the efficacy and safety of drug treatments for patients with covid-19.] Amato, L; Cruciani, F; Davoli, M; De Crescenzo, F; Mitrova, Z; Saulle, R; Vecchi, S, 2021)	0.62
"08) or incidence of adverse events (P=0."	( Comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of LPV/r drugs in the treatment of SARS and MERS to provide potential treatment options for COVID-19. Li, X; Liu, J; Luo, R; Wu, D; Wu, L; Xu, P; Zheng, Y, 2021)	0.62
" The virological cure, radiological improvement and adverse events were pooled as risk ratio (RR) with 95% CI."	( Efficacy and safety of lopinavir-ritonavir in COVID-19: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Barvaliya, M; Bhalla, HL; Khosla, PP; Patel, PB; Patel, TK; Saurabh, MK, 2021)	0.9
" Virological response (VR) was measured, as well as the biochemical parameters related to treatment efficacy and adverse events at baseline and after treatment, at 4 (VR4) and 12 (VR12) weeks post-treatment."	( Efficacy and Safety of Ombitasvir plus Paritaprevir, Ritonavir and Ribavirin in Non-cirrhotic Treatment-naïve and Treatment-experienced Egyptians with Chronic HCV Genotype-4 Infection. Ahmed, M; Gomaa, AA; Mansey, AE; Rabea, HM; Wahsh, EA, 2021)	0.87
" Methods We conducted a disproportionality analysis of US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) between 2020Q1 and 2021Q1 to evaluate the association between lopinavir-ritonavir and risk of drug-induced liver injury (or severe drug-induced liver injury) and calculated their reporting odds ratios (RORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)."	( Drug-induced liver injury associated with lopinavir-ritonavir in patients with COVID-19: a disproportionality analysis of U.S. food and drug administration adverse event reporting system (FAERS) data. Barnes, EL; Kinlaw, AC; Li, X; Moon, AM; Tang, H; Wang, T; Yang, JY; Zhou, L, 2021)	1.06
"The aim of the study is to provide an overview of Drug-drug Interactions (DDIs) and adverse effects caused by drugs used in SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first epidemic wave."	( [Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A retrospective study of drug-drug interactions and safety]. Benomar, A; Clou, E; Debrix, I; Dubois, A; Fansi Ndengoue, D; Féral, A; Michot, J; Pain, JB, 2022)	0.72
" A review of adverse events and DDI-risky drug association on medical record was conducted for each patient."	( [Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A retrospective study of drug-drug interactions and safety]. Benomar, A; Clou, E; Debrix, I; Dubois, A; Fansi Ndengoue, D; Féral, A; Michot, J; Pain, JB, 2022)	0.72
" Causality assessment by CRPV concluded that 10 (35,7 %) adverse effects were possibly related to SARS-CoV-2 drugs with only 2 (7,1 %) related to DDIs."	( [Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A retrospective study of drug-drug interactions and safety]. Benomar, A; Clou, E; Debrix, I; Dubois, A; Fansi Ndengoue, D; Féral, A; Michot, J; Pain, JB, 2022)	0.72
"Despite risk of adverse drug reactions and DDIs related to drugs used in SARS-CoV-2 infection, few iatrogenics diseases were found."	( [Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A retrospective study of drug-drug interactions and safety]. Benomar, A; Clou, E; Debrix, I; Dubois, A; Fansi Ndengoue, D; Féral, A; Michot, J; Pain, JB, 2022)	0.72
" No adverse events were related to study drugs."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of the Abacavir/Lamivudine/Lopinavir/Ritonavir Fixed-Dose Granule Formulation (4-in-1) in Neonates: PETITE Study. Andrieux-Meyer, I; Bekker, A; Capparelli, E; Cotton, MF; Cressey, R; Cressey, TR; du Toit, S; Groenewald, M; Kumar, M; Lallemant, M; Nielsen, J; Rabie, H; Salvadori, N; Than-In-At, K, 2022)	0.96
" In addition to the ongoing research and development of vaccines, there is still a dire need for safe and effective drugs for the control and treatment against the SARS-CoV-2 virus infection."	( Safety profile of COVID-19 drugs in a real clinical setting. Bhardwaj, M; Chiu, MN; Sah, SP, 2022)	0.72
"Through a literature search conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar database, various adverse events suspected to be induced by eight drugs, including dexamethasone, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopinavir/ritonavir, ivermectin, and tocilizumab, administered in COVID-19 patients in clinical practice and studies were identified in 30 case reports, 3 case series, and 10 randomized clinical trials."	( Safety profile of COVID-19 drugs in a real clinical setting. Bhardwaj, M; Chiu, MN; Sah, SP, 2022)	0.9
"Mild, moderate, or severe adverse events of numerous repurposed and investigational drugs caused by various factors and mechanisms were observed."	( Safety profile of COVID-19 drugs in a real clinical setting. Bhardwaj, M; Chiu, MN; Sah, SP, 2022)	0.72
" We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the improvement in mortality or hospitalization rates and adverse events among COVID-19 patients with three new oral antivirals (including molnupiravir, fluvoxamine and Paxlovid)."	( Efficacy and safety of three new oral antiviral treatment (molnupiravir, fluvoxamine and Paxlovid) for COVID-19：a meta-analysis. Chen, C; Cheng, Y; Feng, Z; Mao, Q; Tang, J; Wang, C; Wang, M; Wen, W; Wu, Q; Zhang, X; Zhou, M; Zhou, X, 2022)	0.72
" In addition, the three oral drugs did not increase the occurrence of adverse events, thus exhibiting good overall safety."	( Efficacy and safety of three new oral antiviral treatment (molnupiravir, fluvoxamine and Paxlovid) for COVID-19：a meta-analysis. Chen, C; Cheng, Y; Feng, Z; Mao, Q; Tang, J; Wang, C; Wang, M; Wen, W; Wu, Q; Zhang, X; Zhou, M; Zhou, X, 2022)	0.72
"To summarise specific adverse effects of remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir in patients with COVID-19."	( Adverse effects of remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir when used for COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Agoritsas, T; Bartoszko, JJ; Brignardello-Petersen, R; Chu, DK; Ge, L; Izcovich, A; Khamis, AM; Kum, E; McLeod, SL; Mustafa, RA; Qasim, A; Rochwerg, B; Siemieniuk, RA; Vandvik, P; Zeraatkar, D, 2022)	1.18
" For most interventions and outcomes the certainty of the evidence was very low to low except for gastrointestinal adverse effects from hydroxychloroquine, which was moderate certainty."	( Adverse effects of remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir when used for COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Agoritsas, T; Bartoszko, JJ; Brignardello-Petersen, R; Chu, DK; Ge, L; Izcovich, A; Khamis, AM; Kum, E; McLeod, SL; Mustafa, RA; Qasim, A; Rochwerg, B; Siemieniuk, RA; Vandvik, P; Zeraatkar, D, 2022)	0.96
" ICU admission, length of stay (LOS) in hospital, in-hospital mortality, and the incidence of adverse events were also measured."	( Efficacy and safety of favipiravir plus interferon-beta versus lopinavir/ritonavir plus interferon-beta in moderately ill patients with COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. Bazram, A; Farshidi, H; Fathalipour, M; Gharibzadeh, A; Hassaniazad, M; Khalili, E; Noormandi, A, 2022)	0.95
" The proportions of participants with any grade 3-4 adverse event were similar between the dolutegravir (26 [11%]) and darunavir (28 [12%]) groups and between the tenofovir (22 [9%]) and zidovudine (32 [14%]) groups."	( Efficacy and safety of dolutegravir or darunavir in combination with lamivudine plus either zidovudine or tenofovir for second-line treatment of HIV infection (NADIA): week 96 results from a prospective, multicentre, open-label, factorial, randomised, non Asienzo, J; Ategeka, G; Balyegisawa, A; Borok, M; Castelnuovo, B; Hoppe, A; Kaimal, A; Kambugu, A; Kiragga, A; Kityo, C; Lugemwa, A; Mirembe, G; Mugerwa, H; Musaazi, J; Odongpiny, ELA; Paton, NI; Siika, A; Walimbwa, S, 2022)	0.72
" In terms of safety, we monitored the development of adverse reactions, liver cytolysis, cholestasis, and hematologic disorders."	( A Real-World Study to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of Paritaprevir/Ombitasvir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir, with or without Ribavirin, in 587 Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C at the Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania. Bacinschi, X; Gales, L; Haineala, B; Iliescu, L; Mercan, A; Popescu, GC; Rodica, A; Serban, D; Toma, L; Zgura, A, 2022)	0.95
" However, previous studies have shown that RTV has toxic effects on various cell types."	( Reproductive toxicity of ritonavir in male: Insight into mouse sperm capacitation. Bae, JW; Hwang, JM; Jung, EJ; Kwon, WS; Lee, WJ, 2022)	1.02
" The primary endpoints here considered were any adverse events observed or reported during the treatment cycle with estimates of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), until November 6, 2021."	( A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis for comparative safety assessment of favipiravir interventions in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Chen, M; Dai, W; Yang, F; Yang, K; Zeng, J, 2022)	0.72
" We extracted data on trials and patient characteristics, and the following primary outcomes: all-cause mortality (ACM), and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for severe COVID-19 patients: An updated network meta-analysis of 48 randomized controlled trials. Chen, J; Cheng, Q; Fang, Z; Jia, Q; Zhao, G, 2022)	0.72
" We found that most medications were safe in treating severe COVID-19."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for severe COVID-19 patients: An updated network meta-analysis of 48 randomized controlled trials. Chen, J; Cheng, Q; Fang, Z; Jia, Q; Zhao, G, 2022)	0.72
"01), and adverse events (OR = 2."	( Efficacy and safety of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) for COVID-19: A rapid review and meta-analysis. Amani, B, 2023)	1.19
" The results of the cytotoxicity assay and drug uptake study showed that PPG4ER was safe and biocompatible up to 12."	( Effect of PEGylation on drug uptake, biodistribution, and tissue toxicity of efavirenz-ritonavir loaded PAMAM G4 dendrimers. Dhobley, A; Kharwade, R; Mahajan, N; Mendhi, S; More, S; Palve, D; Warokar, A, 2023)	1.13
" Moreover, adverse events were more frequent in the fed state, but all were mild."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Bioequivalence of 2 Lopinavir/Ritonavir (200/50 mg) Tablets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers: Effect of Food on Absorption. Bao, D; Fu, W; Hu, W; Lin, L; Liu, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhang, W; Zheng, L, 2023)	1.15
"Molnupiravir (MOL) and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NIR) were recently approved for the early treatment of COVID-19, but real-life data on tolerability, safety, and adverse events (AEs) are still scarce."	( Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir: Tolerability, Safety, and Adherence in a Retrospective Cohort Study. Bonadiman, N; Calandrino, L; Cattelan, AM; Cavinato, S; Ferrari, A; Gardin, S; Mazzitelli, M; Mengato, D; Sasset, L; Scaglione, V; Trivellato, S; Venturini, F, 2023)	1.47
"6%) patients experienced any AEs following antivirals intake: 98/124 (79%) patients reporting adverse events presented grade 1 AEs, 23/124 (18."	( Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir: Tolerability, Safety, and Adherence in a Retrospective Cohort Study. Bonadiman, N; Calandrino, L; Cattelan, AM; Cavinato, S; Ferrari, A; Gardin, S; Mazzitelli, M; Mengato, D; Sasset, L; Scaglione, V; Trivellato, S; Venturini, F, 2023)	1.2
" However, a comprehensive review of the adverse event (AE) profile of the DAAs is lacking."	( Evaluation of the Safety Profile of Direct-Acting Antivirals on Patients with Hepatitis C Virus: A Pharmacovigilance Study. El-Marakby, MG; Sabri, NA; Solayman, MH, 2023)	0.91
" In terms of safety, although the incidence of any adverse events was higher in the nirmatrelvir/ritonavir group (OR = 2."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Akbarzadeh, A; Amani, B; Kardanmoghadam, V; Khorramnia, S; Navidi, Z; Rajabkhah, K; Shabestan, R, 2023)	1.38
" For adverse events (AEs) outcome, the OR was >1 and p < 0."	( Efficacy and safety of paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) in the treatment of COVID-19: An updated meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Song, T; Tang, L; Tian, H; Tian, Y; Wen, L; Xu, W; Yang, C; Zhang, X; Zhou, K, 2023)	1.17
" Dysgeusia with a bitter or metallic taste is a common side effect of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir."	( Neurological side effects and drug interactions of antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2. Akhvlediani, T; Bernard-Valnet, R; Dias, SP; Eikeland, R; Pfausler, B; Sellner, J, 2023)	1.14
" Further studies are required to better evaluate their efficacy and adverse events in patients with concomitant neurological diseases."	( Neurological side effects and drug interactions of antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2. Akhvlediani, T; Bernard-Valnet, R; Dias, SP; Eikeland, R; Pfausler, B; Sellner, J, 2023)	0.91
" The secondary outcome included hospital discharging conditions, severe conversion of symptom, and adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of Huashi Baidu granule plus Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir combination therapy in patients with high-risk factors infected with Omicron (B.1.1.529): A multi-arm single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Chen, B; Cong, J; Feng, H; Gao, Y; Li, D; Lv, J; Qv, W; Shang, B; Tao, R; Wu, H; Xv, C; Xv, Y; Yang, Y; Yu, Z; Yuan, W; Zhang, X; Zheng, Y; Zhu, X, 2023)	1.15
" No severe adverse events occurred among combination therapy and monotherapies in the trial."	( Efficacy and safety of Huashi Baidu granule plus Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir combination therapy in patients with high-risk factors infected with Omicron (B.1.1.529): A multi-arm single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Chen, B; Cong, J; Feng, H; Gao, Y; Li, D; Lv, J; Qv, W; Shang, B; Tao, R; Wu, H; Xv, C; Xv, Y; Yang, Y; Yu, Z; Yuan, W; Zhang, X; Zheng, Y; Zhu, X, 2023)	1.15
"For patients with severe COVID-19, HSBD exhibits similar efficacy to Paxlovid, while combination therapy is more likely to increase the curative efficacy of Omicron variant than monotherapies, with few serious adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of Huashi Baidu granule plus Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir combination therapy in patients with high-risk factors infected with Omicron (B.1.1.529): A multi-arm single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Chen, B; Cong, J; Feng, H; Gao, Y; Li, D; Lv, J; Qv, W; Shang, B; Tao, R; Wu, H; Xv, C; Xv, Y; Yang, Y; Yu, Z; Yuan, W; Zhang, X; Zheng, Y; Zhu, X, 2023)	1.15
"Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an independent risk factor associated with adverse outcomes in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)."	( The efficacy and safety of direct-acting antiviral regimens for end-stage renal disease patients with HCV infection: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Chen, R; Wang, X; Xiao, Y; Xiong, Y; Zeng, Y; Zheng, Y, 2023)	0.91
" Study data that contained patient characteristics, study design, treatment regimens, intention-to-treat sustained virologic response (SVR), and adverse event (AE) data per regimen were extracted into a structured electronic database and analyzed."	( The efficacy and safety of direct-acting antiviral regimens for end-stage renal disease patients with HCV infection: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Chen, R; Wang, X; Xiao, Y; Xiong, Y; Zeng, Y; Zheng, Y, 2023)	0.91

Pharmacokinetics

Lopinavir/ritonavir dose of 500/125 mg bid administered with efavirenz most closely approximates the pharmacokinetic exposure of lopinavIR/rit onavir 400/100 mg alone.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These results indicate that ritonavir can favorably alter the pharmacokinetic profiles of other protease inhibitors."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancement of inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus protease by coadministration with ritonavir. Baroldi, PA; Denissen, JF; Granneman, GR; Hsu, A; Kempf, DJ; Kukulka, MJ; Kumar, G; Leonard, JM; Marsh, KC; McDonald, E; Norbeck, DW; Pizzuti, D; Plattner, JJ; Rodrigues, AD; Sun, E, 1997)	0.8
"For subjects receiving rifabutin and placebo who completed the study (n = 11), there were small but statistically significant differences (< or = 32%) in several rifabutin and 25-O-desacetylrifabutin pharmacokinetic parameters between the regimens of rifabutin alone and rifabutin with placebo."	( The effect of multiple doses of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of rifabutin. Cato, A; Cavanaugh, J; Granneman, R; Hsu, A; Leonard, J; Shi, H, 1998)	0.58
"To assess the pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and saquinavir."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between two human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors, ritonavir and saquinavir. Baroldi, P; Brown, F; Cao, G; Carothers, L; el-Shourbagy, T; Erdman, K; Granneman, GR; Hsu, A; Leonard, JM; Sun, E, 1998)	0.77
"Coadministration of ritonavir markedly increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and peak concentration of saquinavir (> 50-fold and 22-fold, respectively)."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between two human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors, ritonavir and saquinavir. Baroldi, P; Brown, F; Cao, G; Carothers, L; el-Shourbagy, T; Erdman, K; Granneman, GR; Hsu, A; Leonard, JM; Sun, E, 1998)	0.84
"Statistically significant decreases in ethinyl oestradiol mean Cmax (-32%) and mean AUC (-41%), and a statistically significant increase in the mean terminal elimination rate constant (+31%) were observed during concomitant ritonavir."	( Effect of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl oestradiol in healthy female volunteers. Cavanaugh, JH; Eason, CJ; Granneman, GR; Hsu, A; Leonard, JM; Locke, CS; Ouellet, D; Qian, J, 1998)	0.89
" After administration of a single dose of OC, serum ethinyl estradiol concentrations peaked at 4 hours and declined thereafter, with a typical half-life of 17 hours."	( Effect of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl oestradiol in healthy female volunteers. Cavanaugh, JH; Eason, CJ; Granneman, GR; Hsu, A; Leonard, JM; Locke, CS; Ouellet, D; Qian, J, 1998)	0.7
"The pharmacokinetic interaction between indinavir and ritonavir was evaluated in five groups of healthy adult volunteers to explore the potential for twice-daily (b."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and indinavir in healthy volunteers. Berg, J; Cao, G; Carothers, L; Dennis, S; El-Shourbagy, T; Erdman, K; Granneman, GR; Hsu, A; Japour, A; Leonard, JM; Sun, E, 1998)	0.82
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic effects of concomitant administration of multiple doses of ritonavir and clarithromycin."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and clarithromycin. Carlson, G; Cavanaugh, J; Granneman, GR; Guenther, H; Hsu, A; Leonard, JM; Ouellet, D, 1998)	0.8
" The mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for clarithromycin increased by 77% with concomitant ritonavir, and the harmonic mean terminal half-life increased from 5 hours to 14 hours."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and clarithromycin. Carlson, G; Cavanaugh, J; Granneman, GR; Guenther, H; Hsu, A; Leonard, JM; Ouellet, D, 1998)	0.78
"Observational pharmacokinetic study."	( The steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone and in combination with a low dose of ritonavir in twice daily dosing regimens in HIV-1-infected individuals. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Hsu, A; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Schreij, G; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 1999)	0.52
"028), and for the mean plasma elimination half-life (1."	( The steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone and in combination with a low dose of ritonavir in twice daily dosing regimens in HIV-1-infected individuals. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Hsu, A; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Schreij, G; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 1999)	0.52
"Combination of indinavir and 100 mg ritonavir in twice daily dosing regimens significantly affects the pharmacokinetic profile of indinavir."	( The steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone and in combination with a low dose of ritonavir in twice daily dosing regimens in HIV-1-infected individuals. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Hsu, A; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Schreij, G; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 1999)	0.8
"Open-label, crossover, pharmacokinetic study."	( The effect of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of meperidine and normeperidine. Bertz, RJ; Davey, R; Kress, DR; Pau, A; Piscitelli, SC, 2000)	0.67
"Our data show that there are no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of daunorubicin in patients receiving DaunoXome in combination with indinavir and ritonavir compared with those in patients not receiving PIs."	( The pharmacokinetics of liposomal encapsulated daunorubicin are not modified by HAART in patients with HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Careddu, A; D'Incalci, M; Fumagalli, L; Lazzarin, A; Parisi, I; Viganò, MG; Zecca, B; Zucchetti, M, 2000)	0.5
"Open-label, multi-dose, pharmacokinetic pilot study."	( Once-daily dosing of saquinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals: a pharmacokinetic pilot study. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 2000)	0.57
" A non-compartmental pharmacokinetic method was used to calculate the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC[0-24h]), the maximum and trough plasma concentrations (Cmax and Cmin), the time to reach Cmax (Tmax), the elimination half-life (t1/2), the apparent clearance (Cl/F), and the apparent volume of distribution (V/F)."	( Once-daily dosing of saquinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals: a pharmacokinetic pilot study. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 2000)	0.57
"This pharmacokinetic study indicates that the combination of 1600 mg of saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules) and 200 mg of ritonavir (liquid formulation) in a once-daily dosing regimen generally results in therapeutic plasma concentrations of saquinavir."	( Once-daily dosing of saquinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals: a pharmacokinetic pilot study. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 2000)	0.77
"To investigate the effect of the antiretroviral protease inhibitors saquinavir (soft gelatin capsule) and ritonavir on the pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of sildenafil and to investigate the effect of sildenafil on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of saquinavir and ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between sildenafil and saquinavir/ritonavir. Buss, N; Fielding, A; Kleinermans, D; Muirhead, GJ; Wulff, MB, 2000)	0.76
"Both protease inhibitors significantly increased Cmax, AUC, tmax and t(1/2) values for both sildenafil and UK-103, 320."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between sildenafil and saquinavir/ritonavir. Buss, N; Fielding, A; Kleinermans, D; Muirhead, GJ; Wulff, MB, 2000)	0.55
"005), prolonged elimination half-life (41 versus 3 hours; p < ."	( Differential impairment of triazolam and zolpidem clearance by ritonavir. Daily, JP; Durol, AL; Graf, JA; Greenblatt, DJ; Harmatz, JS; Hoffman, JL; Mertzanis, P; Shader, RI; von Moltke, LL, 2000)	0.55
" Addition of ritonavir (100 mg) to saquinavir-SGC (1,200 to 1,800 mg/day) increased the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for saquinavir severalfold, and the intersubject peak concentration in plasma and AUC variability were reduced compared to those achieved with saquinavir-SGC alone (3,600 mg/day), while trough saquinavir levels (24 h post-dose) were substantially higher than the 90% inhibitory concentration calculated from HIV-1 clinical isolates."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of once-daily regimens of soft-gel capsule saquinavir plus minidose ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-negative adults. Buss, N; Ehrensing, E; Gizzi, N; Kilby, JM; Oo, C; Saag, MS; Sfakianos, G; Siemon-Hryczyk, P, 2000)	0.89
"Indinavir + ritonavir regimens show improved pharmacokinetic properties, allowing twice-daily dosing with food."	( A retrospective, cohort-based survey of patients using twice-daily indinavir + ritonavir combinations: pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy. Aarnoutse, RE; Blok, WL; Burger, DM; Dieleman, JP; Hugen, PW; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Prins, JM; Reiss, P; ten Veen, JH; van der Meer, JT; van der Poll, T, 2001)	0.92
"To evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir (APV) and ritonavir (RTV)."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of amprenavir and ritonavir following multiple-dose, co-administration to healthy volunteers. Lloyd, PP; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Sadler, BM; Stein, DS, 2001)	0.79
"Three open-label, randomized, two-sequence, multiple-dose studies having the same design (7 days of APV or RTV alone followed by 7 days of both drugs together) used 450 or 900 mg APV with 100 or 300 mg RTV every 12 h with pharmacokinetic assessments on days 7 and 14."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of amprenavir and ritonavir following multiple-dose, co-administration to healthy volunteers. Lloyd, PP; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Sadler, BM; Stein, DS, 2001)	0.57
"A 24-hour methadone pharmacokinetic study was performed before antiretroviral therapy was begun and after 15 days of therapy."	( Effect of ritonavir/saquinavir on stereoselective pharmacokinetics of methadone: results of AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) 401. Aberg, J; Aweeka, F; D'Amico, R; Flexner, C; Gal, J; Gerber, JG; Gulick, R; Hsu, A; Hughes, V; Mildvan, D; Rosenkranz, S; Segal, Y, 2001)	0.71
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and mefloquine."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between mefloquine and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Carignan, G; Cooper, C; Gallicano, K; Khaliq, Y; McCarthy, A; Tisdale, C, 2001)	0.81
"Healthy volunteers participated in two separate, nonfasted, three-treatment, three-period, longitudinal pharmacokinetic studies."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between mefloquine and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Carignan, G; Cooper, C; Gallicano, K; Khaliq, Y; McCarthy, A; Tisdale, C, 2001)	0.56
"Study 1: Ritonavir caused less than 7% changes with high precision (90% CIs: -12% to 11%) in overall plasma exposure (AUC(0,168 h)) and peak concentration (Cmax) of mefloquine, its two enantiomers, and carboxylic acid metabolite, and in the metabolite/mefloquine and enantiomeric AUC ratios."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between mefloquine and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Carignan, G; Cooper, C; Gallicano, K; Khaliq, Y; McCarthy, A; Tisdale, C, 2001)	0.98
" In general, this series of heterocyclic inhibitors displayed good activity (in both enzymatic and cellular tests) and low cellular toxicity; furthermore, several analogues exhibited improved pharmacokinetic parameters in animal models."	( 4-Hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrones as inhibitors of HIV protease: the effect of heterocyclic substituents at C-6 on antiviral potency and pharmacokinetic parameters. Brodfuehrer, J; Domagala, J; Gajda, C; Gracheck, SJ; Hagen, SE; Holler, T; Hupe, D; Lovdahl, M; Lunney, EA; Nouhan, C; Pavlovsky, A; Saunders, J; Tait, BD; Urumov, A; VanderRoest, S; Wise, E; Zeikus, E; Zeikus, G, 2001)	0.31
"Open-label, crossover, steady-state pharmacokinetic study."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of twice-daily dosing of saquinavir plus ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Schreij, G; van der Geest, S; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 2001)	0.54
" After 14 days, the patients came to the hospital for assessment of a pharmacokinetic profile during 12 hours."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of twice-daily dosing of saquinavir plus ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Schreij, G; van der Geest, S; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 2001)	0.54
"The median values of the pharmacokinetic parameters for SQV SGC (1000 mg twice daily, normal breakfast) were: AUC0-12h, 18."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of twice-daily dosing of saquinavir plus ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Schreij, G; van der Geest, S; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 2001)	0.54
" From a pharmacokinetic perspective, the combination of 1000 mg of SQV SGC twice daily and 100 mg of RTV twice daily seems to be a good option for further clinical evaluation."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of twice-daily dosing of saquinavir plus ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Schreij, G; van der Geest, S; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 2001)	0.54
"The authors assessed the impact of protease and reverse transcription (RT) mutations and individual pharmacokinetic parameters on virologic response to a four-drug regimen including ritonavir/saquinavir."	( Pharmacokinetics and resistance mutations affect virologic response to ritonavir/saquinavir-containing regimens. Birac, V; Breilh, D; Deneyrolles, M; Fleury, HJ; Mercié, P; Neau, D; Pellegrin, I; Pellegrin, JL; Saux, MC; Trylesinski, A, 2001)	0.74
"Twenty-four patients without mycobacterial infection who were human immunodeficiency virus seropositive and who were receiving 400 mg each of ritonavir and saquinavir twice daily participated in a 3-period, 2-group longitudinal pharmacokinetic study."	( A pharmacokinetic study of intermittent rifabutin dosing with a combination of ritonavir and saquinavir in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Cameron, DW; Carignan, G; Gallicano, K; Khaliq, Y; Tseng, A; Walmsley, S, 2001)	0.74
"This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-uninfected healthy subjects to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between indinavir (IDV) and ritonavir (RTV)."	( Pharmacokinetic profile and tolerability of indinavir-ritonavir combinations in healthy volunteers. Deutsch, PJ; Nessly, ML; Rhodes, RR; Saah, AJ; Seniuk, MA; Winchell, GA, 2001)	0.74
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of saquinavir and ritonavir were determined and adverse events, vital signs, and clinical laboratory variables recorded."	( Saquinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics following combined ritonavir and saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules) administration. Bock, J; Buss, N; Hsu, A; Jorga, K; Snell, P, 2001)	0.92
" Pharmacokinetic and safety profiles obtained in the current study indicate that the use of a combination with a lower dose of RTV and a higher dose of SQV than the 400 : 400 mg combination frequently used in clinical practice should be further explored."	( Saquinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics following combined ritonavir and saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules) administration. Bock, J; Buss, N; Hsu, A; Jorga, K; Snell, P, 2001)	0.66
"Data from three pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies of amprenavir and ritonavir were used to develop a pharmacokinetic interaction model using NONMEM (nonlinear mixed-effect model)."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling and simulations of interaction of amprenavir and ritonavir. Sadler, BM; Sale, M; Stein, DS, 2002)	0.78
"Fifty-six subjects completed both pharmacokinetic study days."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between protease inhibitors and statins in HIV seronegative volunteers: ACTG Study A5047. Aberg, JA; Alston, B; Aweeka, F; Blaschke, T; Fang, F; Fichtenbaum, CJ; Gerber, JG; Kosel, B; Rosenkranz, SL; Segal, Y, 2002)	0.31
" This observation may, at least in part, be attributed to the poor pharmacokinetic characteristics of the PIs."	( Combination of protease inhibitors for the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients: a review of pharmacokinetics and clinical experience. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, A, 2001)	0.31
"To examine the use of low-dose ritonavir as a pharmacokinetic enhancer for HIV protease inhibitors."	( Low-dose ritonavir for protease inhibitor pharmacokinetic enhancement. Rathbun, RC; Rossi, DR, 2002)	1.02
"Combined analysis of pharmacokinetic data at steady state obtained from two open-label, randomized, parallel-group, multiple-dose, single-centre studies involving healthy volunteers."	( The effect of ritonavir on saquinavir plasma concentration is independent of ritonavir dosage: combined analysis of pharmacokinetic data from 97 subjects. Buss, N; Hill, A; Kilby, JM, 2002)	0.68
"RTV enhances SQV concentrations to increase Cmax and Cmin."	( The effect of ritonavir on saquinavir plasma concentration is independent of ritonavir dosage: combined analysis of pharmacokinetic data from 97 subjects. Buss, N; Hill, A; Kilby, JM, 2002)	0.68
" We compared olanzapine noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameter values before and after ritonavir with a paired Student t test."	( Influence of ritonavir on olanzapine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Hon, YY; Jann, MW; Lawhorn, WD; Penzak, SR; Shirley, KL; Spratlin, V, 2002)	0.9
"The response to regimens including lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r) in patients who have received multiple protease (PR) inhibitors (PI) can be analyzed in terms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genotypic and pharmacokinetic (pK) determinants."	( Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genotypic and pharmacokinetic determinants of the virological response to lopinavir-ritonavir-containing therapy in protease inhibitor-experienced patients. Breilh, D; Dabis, F; Dupon, M; Fleury, H; Lavignolle, V; Lawson-Ayayi, S; Masquelier, B; Morlat, P; Neau, D; Ragnaud, JM, 2002)	0.78
"Eighteen healthy human immunodeficiency virus-negative subjects participated in an open-label, six-period, incomplete Latin-square crossover pharmacokinetic study."	( Model-based analysis of the pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir after simultaneous and staggered oral administration. Blaschke, TF; Flexner, C; Lu, JF; Rosenkranz, SL; Sheiner, LB, 2002)	0.55
"Low doses of ritonavir, a strong inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4, enhances the pharmacokinetic profile of indinavir with increased serum levels."	( Experience of a combination including indinavir 400 mg plus ritonavir 200 mg twice daily in HIV-infected patients: pharmacokinetic data. Durand, A; Gastaut, JA; Lacarelle, B; Orticoni, M; Petit, N; Solas, C, 2002)	0.93
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for nelfinavir and its active metabolite M8 were assessed on study days 15 and 16, after administration of the regimens with a full (610 kcal) or light (271 kcal) breakfast, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics, food intake requirements and tolerability of once-daily combinations of nelfinavir and low-dose ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Aarnoutse, RE; Burger, DM; Droste, JA; Hekster, YA; Koopmans, PP; Popescu, M; Reiss, P; van Oosterhout, JJ, 2003)	0.53
"The mechanisms of pharmacokinetic interactions of a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV-1) antagonist of chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) [2-(R)-[N-methyl-N-(1-(R)-3-(S)-((4-(3-benzyl-1-ethyl-(1H)-pyrazol-5-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-4-(S)-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclopent-1-yl)amino]-3-methylbutanoic acid (MRK-1)] with ritonavir were evaluated in rats and monkeys."	( Pharmacokinetics and interactions of a novel antagonist of chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) with ritonavir in rats and monkeys: role of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. Baillie, TA; Chen, Q; Chiu, SH; Didolkar, V; Franklin, RB; Iliff, SA; Kumar, S; Kwei, GY; Lin, JH; Pearson, PG; Poon, GK; Wang, RW; Wang, Y; Yamazaki, M, 2003)	0.71
"We evaluated 13 randomly selected HIV-1-infected subjects taking once-daily SQV SGC/RTV, 1600/100 mg, plus dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in this pharmacokinetic (PK) substudy."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir hard-gelatin capsules and saquinavir soft-gelatin capsules boosted with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected subjects. Burger, D; Cardiello, PG; Cooper, DA; Hill, A; Lange, JM; Mahanontharit, A; Monhaphol, T; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; van Heeswijk, RP, 2003)	0.53
" Five HIV-infected patients on steady-state nelfinavir-containing therapy were subject to pharmacokinetic sampling for nelfinavir concentration twice: without sildenafil and with sildenafil 25 mg as a single dose."	( Sildenafil does not alter nelfinavir pharmacokinetics. Bratt, G; Ståhle, L, 2003)	0.32
" Intensive steady-state pharmacokinetic sampling from baseline to 8 hours revealed very low plasma concentrations of nelfinavir: area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-24)) <10% of adult population values for 750 mg every 8 hours and nonquantifiable concentrations of nelfinavir's principal metabolite (M8)."	( Ritonavir-enhanced pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir/M8 during rifampin use. Bergshoeff, AS; Burger, DM; Geelen, SP; Wolfs, TF, 2003)	1.76
" Ritonavir resolved the pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and nelfinavir by boosting nelfinavir and, especially, M8 concentrations."	( Ritonavir-enhanced pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir/M8 during rifampin use. Bergshoeff, AS; Burger, DM; Geelen, SP; Wolfs, TF, 2003)	2.67
"Thirty-six HIV-1-infected patients who participated in HIV-NAT 005 study gave informed consent to record a pharmacokinetic curve 4 weeks after starting a regimen containing either indinavir 800 mg every 8 h (n = 19) or indinavir 800 mg + ritonavir 100 mg every 12 h (n = 17)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of indinavir with or without low-dose ritonavir in HIV-infected Thai patients. Boyd, M; Burger, D; Cooper, D; Duncombe, C; Felderhof, M; Lange, J; Mahanontharit, A; Phanupak, P; Reiss, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Stek, M; Ubolyam, S, 2003)	0.73
" Median and IQR values for indinavir AUC, Cmax and Cmin were 20."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of indinavir with or without low-dose ritonavir in HIV-infected Thai patients. Boyd, M; Burger, D; Cooper, D; Duncombe, C; Felderhof, M; Lange, J; Mahanontharit, A; Phanupak, P; Reiss, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Stek, M; Ubolyam, S, 2003)	0.55
" The pharmacokinetic profile of SQV was determined on day 10."	( Pharmacokinetic and tolerability profile of twice-daily saquinavir hard gelatin capsules and saquinavir soft gelatin capsules boosted with ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Hill, A; Kurowski, M; Möcklinghoff, C; Sawyer, A; Sternfeld, T, 2003)	0.52
"There was a statistically significant increase in the geometric means of all the pharmacokinetic variables evaluated for SQV-HGC/RTV compared with SQV-SGC/RTV."	( Pharmacokinetic and tolerability profile of twice-daily saquinavir hard gelatin capsules and saquinavir soft gelatin capsules boosted with ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Hill, A; Kurowski, M; Möcklinghoff, C; Sawyer, A; Sternfeld, T, 2003)	0.52
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic effect of adding delavirdine mesylate to the antiretroviral regimens of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients stabilized on a full dosage of ritonavir (600 mg every 12 h), 12 HIV-1-infected subjects had delavirdine mesylate (400 mg every 8 h) added to their current antiretroviral regimens for 21 days."	( Pharmacokinetics of ritonavir and delavirdine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Adams, J; Cox, S; Della-Coletta, A; Hewitt, RG; Morse, GD; Shelton, MJ, 2003)	0.83
"001), prolonged elimination half-life (6."	( Short-term exposure to low-dose ritonavir impairs clearance and enhances adverse effects of trazodone. Byron, S; Chen, G; Culm, KE; Daily, JP; Fogelman, SM; Graf, JA; Granda, BW; Greenblatt, DJ; Harmatz, JS; Mertzanis, P; Shader, RI; von Moltke, LL, 2003)	0.6
"The aim of this study was to determine whether pharmacokinetic interactions between the protease inhibitors saquinavir soft gel, nelfinavir, and ritonavir are affected by the timing of administration."	( Effect of simultaneous versus staggered dosing on pharmacokinetic interactions of protease inhibitors. Aberg, JA; Blaschke, TF; Flexner, C; Rosenkranz, SL; Segal, Y; Sheiner, LB; Washington, CB, 2003)	0.52
" We measured protease inhibitor concentrations over a 24-hour period by HPLC and estimated pharmacokinetic parameters by noncompartmental methods."	( Effect of simultaneous versus staggered dosing on pharmacokinetic interactions of protease inhibitors. Aberg, JA; Blaschke, TF; Flexner, C; Rosenkranz, SL; Segal, Y; Sheiner, LB; Washington, CB, 2003)	0.32
"The aim of this study was to investigate the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between escitalopram and ritonavir after concomitant administration of a single dose of each in healthy young subjects."	( An evaluation of the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between escitalopram and the cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor ritonavir. Abramowitz, W; Gutierrez, MM; Rosenberg, J, 2003)	0.74
" Blood was collected and plasma was analyzed for the pharmacokinetic parameters (maximum plasma concentration [C(max)], time to C(max) [T(max)], area under the plasma concentration-time curve, plasma elimination half-life, oral clearance, and apparent volume of distribution) of escitalopram, S-DCT, and ritonavir."	( An evaluation of the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between escitalopram and the cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor ritonavir. Abramowitz, W; Gutierrez, MM; Rosenberg, J, 2003)	0.7
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of ritonavir were also unaffected by coadministration of escitalopram."	( An evaluation of the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between escitalopram and the cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor ritonavir. Abramowitz, W; Gutierrez, MM; Rosenberg, J, 2003)	0.8
"In general, no pharmacokinetic interaction was observed between escitalopram and ritonavir in the present study."	( An evaluation of the potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between escitalopram and the cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor ritonavir. Abramowitz, W; Gutierrez, MM; Rosenberg, J, 2003)	0.75
" Pharmacokinetic curves were obtained for lopinavir and saquinavir."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir plus saquinavir in salvage therapy; pharmacokinetics, tolerability and efficacy. Burger, DM; la Porte, CJ; Rockstroh, JK; Schneider, K; Wasmuth, JC, 2003)	0.72
"The study was retrospective with a prospective pharmacokinetic study at a single centre."	( Low-dose indinavir in combination with low-dose ritonavir: steady-state pharmacokinetics and long-term clinical outcome follow-up. Justesen, US; Levring, AM; Lindberg, JA; Pedersen, C; Tauris, P; Thomsen, A, 2003)	0.57
" The median IDV morning and evening Cmin were 434 ng/mL and 220 ng/mL, respectively."	( Low-dose indinavir in combination with low-dose ritonavir: steady-state pharmacokinetics and long-term clinical outcome follow-up. Justesen, US; Levring, AM; Lindberg, JA; Pedersen, C; Tauris, P; Thomsen, A, 2003)	0.57
" However, rather low IDV Cmin suggests that the regimen should be evaluated further before its widespread use and that the regimen probably should be guided by pharmacokinetic evaluation."	( Low-dose indinavir in combination with low-dose ritonavir: steady-state pharmacokinetics and long-term clinical outcome follow-up. Justesen, US; Levring, AM; Lindberg, JA; Pedersen, C; Tauris, P; Thomsen, A, 2003)	0.57
" High indinavir Cmax values have been associated with indinavir-related nephrotoxicity."	( Administration of indinavir and low-dose ritonavir (800/100 mg twice daily) with food reduces nephrotoxic peak plasma levels of indinavir. Aarnoutse, RE; Burger, DM; de Boo, TM; Fätkenheuer, G; Hekster, YA; Reiss, P; Rockstroh, JK; Schmitz, K; Schneider, K; Wasmuth, JC, 2003)	0.58
"This was an open-label, randomized, two-treatment, two-period, cross-over pharmacokinetic study performed at steady state."	( Administration of indinavir and low-dose ritonavir (800/100 mg twice daily) with food reduces nephrotoxic peak plasma levels of indinavir. Aarnoutse, RE; Burger, DM; de Boo, TM; Fätkenheuer, G; Hekster, YA; Reiss, P; Rockstroh, JK; Schmitz, K; Schneider, K; Wasmuth, JC, 2003)	0.58
"Administration of indinavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg on an empty stomach results in a higher indinavir Cmax compared to ingestion with a light meal."	( Administration of indinavir and low-dose ritonavir (800/100 mg twice daily) with food reduces nephrotoxic peak plasma levels of indinavir. Aarnoutse, RE; Burger, DM; de Boo, TM; Fätkenheuer, G; Hekster, YA; Reiss, P; Rockstroh, JK; Schmitz, K; Schneider, K; Wasmuth, JC, 2003)	0.88
"At week 4 of the study, 12-hour pharmacokinetic profiles for indinavir/ritonavir were obtained for 20 HIV-infected subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of indinavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg) in combination with efavirenz (600 mg) in HIV-1-infected subjects. Aarnoutse, RE; Boyd, MA; Burger, DM; Cooper, DA; Lange, JM; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Stek, M; van Heeswijk, RP, 2003)	0.84
" A >10-fold variation in indinavir Cmin was observed."	( Pharmacokinetics of indinavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg) in combination with efavirenz (600 mg) in HIV-1-infected subjects. Aarnoutse, RE; Boyd, MA; Burger, DM; Cooper, DA; Lange, JM; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Stek, M; van Heeswijk, RP, 2003)	0.61
"Despite the known pharmacokinetic interaction between efavirenz and indinavir/ritonavir, the combination of indinavir/ritonavir at 800/100 mg bid and efavirenz at 600 mg qd results in adequate minimum concentrations of both indinavir and efavirenz for treatment-naive patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of indinavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg) in combination with efavirenz (600 mg) in HIV-1-infected subjects. Aarnoutse, RE; Boyd, MA; Burger, DM; Cooper, DA; Lange, JM; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Stek, M; van Heeswijk, RP, 2003)	0.84
" This study confirmed the pharmacokinetic profiles of SQV during ethanol intake in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic characterization of a human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor, saquinavir, during ethanol intake in rats. Kageyama, M; Kimura, K; Kishida, T; Kuwahara, T; Shibata, N; Shirasaka, T; Takada, K; Toh, J; Yoshikawa, Y, 2003)	0.32
" A two compartment pharmacokinetic model is employed to determine the time evolution of the intracellular concentrations of the active forms of drugs, and thereby drug efficacy."	( Complex patterns of viral load decay under antiretroviral therapy: influence of pharmacokinetics and intracellular delay. Dixit, NM; Perelson, AS, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic evaluations of steady-state concentrations of indinavir and ritonavir were performed before and after administration of rifampin (300 mg every day for 4 days)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and the combination of indinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Andersen, AB; Brøsen, K; Gerstoft, J; Justesen, US; Klitgaard, NA; Pedersen, C, 2004)	0.77
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of lopinavir (LPV) were examined by administering Kaletra (LPV+ritonavir) to 8 healthy Japanese volunteers both in the fasting and postprandial conditions."	( Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir after administration of Kaletra in healthy Japanese volunteers. Ito, H; Kaneda, T; Mamiya, N; Nagaoka, K; Nakai, M; Oki, T; Sagisaka, M; Usami, Y; Utsumi, M; Yamanaka, K, 2004)	0.54
" Pharmacokinetic evaluations of total and unbound methadone enantiomers (R and S) were conducted before and after SQV/rtv."	( The effects of once-daily saquinavir/minidose ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of methadone. Berenson, CS; Buggé, CJ; Cloen, D; de Caprariis, PJ; DiFrancesco, R; Esch, A; Espinosa, O; Hewitt, RG; Ljungqvist, A; Palic, B; Schur, JL; Shelton, MJ, 2004)	0.58
"To evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic interaction between GW433908, ritonavir (RTV), and efavirenz (EFV)."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of GW433908 and ritonavir, with and without efavirenz, in healthy volunteers. Ballow, C; Hendrix, CW; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Stein, DS; Wire, MB, 2004)	0.82
" Amprenavir (APV) pharmacokinetic sampling and safety assessments were performed on the last day of each period."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of GW433908 and ritonavir, with and without efavirenz, in healthy volunteers. Ballow, C; Hendrix, CW; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Stein, DS; Wire, MB, 2004)	0.58
" Patients receiving the same doses of lopinavir/ritonavir (n = 10) or amprenavir with ritonavir (n = 8) were chosen as controls for pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Deep salvage with amprenavir and lopinavir/ritonavir: correlation of pharmacokinetics and drug resistance with pharmacodynamics. Baldini, F; Cauda, R; Cingolani, A; De Luca, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Hoetelmans, RM, 2004)	0.84
" Concentrations of the agents were quantitated at steady state after observed doses, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of ritonavir, zidovudine, lamivudine, and stavudine in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Fletcher, CV; McIntosh, K; Nachman, SA; Pelton, S; Stanley, K; Wiznia, A; Yogev, R, 2004)	0.6
"Therapy for HIV is complex, and pharmacodynamic data indicate that relationships exist between systemic concentrations of antiretroviral drugs and virologic response."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of ritonavir, zidovudine, lamivudine, and stavudine in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Fletcher, CV; McIntosh, K; Nachman, SA; Pelton, S; Stanley, K; Wiznia, A; Yogev, R, 2004)	0.6
"Coadministration of lopinavir-ritonavir, an antiretroviral protease inhibitor, at the standard dose (400/100 mg twice a day [BID]) with the antituberculous agent rifampin is contraindicated because of a significant pharmacokinetic interaction due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A by rifampin."	( Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose lopinavir-ritonavir combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers. Bertz, R; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Colbers, EP; Hekster, YA; Koopmans, PP; la Porte, CJ; Voncken, DS; Wikstrom, K, 2004)	0.87
"Single-center, open-label, pharmacokinetic study."	( Sex-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir soft-gelatin capsules boosted with low-dose ritonavir in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Diaz-Linares, M; Novak, RM; Pai, MP; Rodvold, KA; Schriever, CA, 2004)	0.53
" Standard noncompartmental methods were used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Sex-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir soft-gelatin capsules boosted with low-dose ritonavir in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Diaz-Linares, M; Novak, RM; Pai, MP; Rodvold, KA; Schriever, CA, 2004)	0.53
" Digoxin pharmacokinetic parameter values were determined using noncompartmental methods."	( Ritonavir decreases the nonrenal clearance of digoxin in healthy volunteers with known MDR1 genotypes. Alfaro, RM; Falloon, J; Natarajan, V; Penzak, SR; Remaley, AT; Shen, JM, 2004)	1.77
" After 12-hour pharmacokinetic sampling, the third protease inhibitor (PI) was added, and pharmacokinetics sampling was repeated 14 days later."	( The pharmacokinetics, safety, and initial virologic response of a triple-protease inhibitor salvage regimen containing amprenavir, saquinavir, and ritonavir. Corbett, AH; Eron, JJ; Fiscus, SA; Kashuba, AD; Rezk, NL, 2004)	0.52
"Eighteen HIV-infected adults treated with the standard twice-daily SQV/RTV 1000/100 mg regimen were enrolled in this open-label, two-phase, crossover pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected subjects: comparison with the standard twice-daily regimen. Back, D; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Fletcher, C; Gazzard, B; Higgs, C; Hill, A; Mandalia, S; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A, 2004)	0.59
"Compared with SQV 1000 mg twice daily, the Cmax of SQV following a 1600 mg and 2000 mg dose increased in a dose-proportional manner [geometric mean (95% CI) 1915 (1656-2850) ng/ml for 1000 mg, 2782 (2249-4330) ng/ml for 1600 mg and 4179 (3429-6105) ng/ml for 2000 mg doses, respectively]."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected subjects: comparison with the standard twice-daily regimen. Back, D; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Fletcher, C; Gazzard, B; Higgs, C; Hill, A; Mandalia, S; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A, 2004)	0.59
"A pharmacokinetic comparison of three dosing regimens of saquinavir/ritonavir was carried out: 1600/100 mg once-daily with 1000/100 mg twice-daily, and 1600/100 mg once-daily with 2000/100 mg once-daily."	( Pharmacokinetic study of saquinavir hard gel caps/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients: 1600/100 mg once-daily compared with 2000/100 mg once-daily and 1000/100 mg twice-daily. Ananworanich, J; Apateerapong, W; Autar, RS; Burger, D; Cooper, D; Hill, A; Hirschel, B; Lange, J; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Sankote, J, 2004)	0.81
" Two pharmacokinetic curves were plotted, at baseline (day 0) and 7 days after the switch."	( Pharmacokinetic study of saquinavir hard gel caps/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients: 1600/100 mg once-daily compared with 2000/100 mg once-daily and 1000/100 mg twice-daily. Ananworanich, J; Apateerapong, W; Autar, RS; Burger, D; Cooper, D; Hill, A; Hirschel, B; Lange, J; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Sankote, J, 2004)	0.58
"Compared with saquinavir/ritonavir 1600/100 mg once-daily dosing, the saquinavir AUC and Cmin improved significantly when dosed as 1000/100 mg twice-daily (53% and 299%, respectively), and as 2000/100 mg once-daily (71% and 65%, respectively)."	( Pharmacokinetic study of saquinavir hard gel caps/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients: 1600/100 mg once-daily compared with 2000/100 mg once-daily and 1000/100 mg twice-daily. Ananworanich, J; Apateerapong, W; Autar, RS; Burger, D; Cooper, D; Hill, A; Hirschel, B; Lange, J; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Sankote, J, 2004)	0.88
"On day 1, 12-hour pharmacokinetic profiles for saquinavir/ritonavir (1000/100 mg bid) were obtained for 18 subjects."	( Steady-State pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard-gel/ritonavir/fosamprenavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Back, D; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Fletcher, C; Gazzard, B; Higgs, C; Hill, A; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A, 2004)	0.82
" The median pharmacokinetic parameters of lopinavir were as follows: area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC(0-12)), 85."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of a double-boosting regimen of saquinavir soft gel plus lopinavir plus minidose ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults. Azuaje, C; Clotet, B; Crespo, M; Diaz, M; Falcó, V; Lopez, RM; Ocaña, I; Pahissa, A; Pou, L; Ribera, E; Ruiz, I; Ruiz, L, 2004)	0.54
" The main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods."	( Effect of efavirenz treatment on the pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir boosted by ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Burger, DM; Colbers, EP; de Graaff-Teulen, MJ; Hekster, YA; Ibanez, SM; Koopmans, PP; la Porte, CJ; Voncken, DS, 2004)	0.55
"On day 1, 12 h pharmacokinetic profiles for saquinavir/ritonavir (1000/100 mg given twice daily) were obtained for 18 subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard gel/ritonavir (1000/100 mg twice daily) when administered with tenofovir diproxil fumarate in HIV-1-infected subjects. Back, D; Boffito, M; Di Perri, G; Gazzard, B; Hill, A; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A; Stainsby-Tron, M; Tomkins, J, 2005)	0.84
"The aim of this study was to develop and validate a population pharmacokinetic model of ritonavir, used as an antiviral agent or as a booster, in a large patient population and to identify factors influencing its pharmacokinetics."	( Development and validation of a population pharmacokinetic model for ritonavir used as a booster or as an antiviral agent in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Mairuhu, AT; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.79
" Furthermore, complete pharmacokinetic curves were available in some patients."	( Development and validation of a population pharmacokinetic model for ritonavir used as a booster or as an antiviral agent in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Mairuhu, AT; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.56
"From 186 patients 505 ritonavir plasma concentrations at a single time-point and 55 full pharmacokinetic profiles were available, resulting in a database of 1228 plasma ritonavir concentrations."	( Development and validation of a population pharmacokinetic model for ritonavir used as a booster or as an antiviral agent in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Mairuhu, AT; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.88
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of ritonavir were adequately described by our population pharmacokinetic model."	( Development and validation of a population pharmacokinetic model for ritonavir used as a booster or as an antiviral agent in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Mairuhu, AT; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.84
"To characterize the steady-state pharmacokinetic combination of the nonpeptidic protease inhibitor tipranavir (TPV) with ritonavir (RTV) in 95 healthy adult volunteers, a phase 1, single-center, open-label, randomized, parallel-group trial was conducted."	( Pharmacokinetic characterization of different dose combinations of coadministered tipranavir and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Galitz, L; Johnson, P; MacGregor, TR; McCallister, S; Norris, SH; Sabo, JP, )	0.56
" Trough concentration of >80 ng/ml and peak concentration of 2000-6000 ng/ml were regarded as sufficient."	( Atazanavir for treatment of HIV infection in clinical routine: efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety. Feldt, T; Göbels, K; Häussinger, D; Kroidl, A; Kuschak, D; Leidel, R; Oette, M; Sagir, A, 2005)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic data are available for 32 patients, all patients had sufficient trough levels."	( Atazanavir for treatment of HIV infection in clinical routine: efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety. Feldt, T; Göbels, K; Häussinger, D; Kroidl, A; Kuschak, D; Leidel, R; Oette, M; Sagir, A, 2005)	0.33
" The variability of pharmacokinetic results in our sample supports therapeutic drug monitoring in patients treated with ATV."	( Atazanavir for treatment of HIV infection in clinical routine: efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety. Feldt, T; Göbels, K; Häussinger, D; Kroidl, A; Kuschak, D; Leidel, R; Oette, M; Sagir, A, 2005)	0.33
" LPV/r concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS, and the data were analyzed by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Absence of circadian variation in the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir given as a once daily dosing regimen in HIV-1-infected patients. Bourbeau, M; Cameron, DW; Garber, GE; Giguere, P; Seguin, I; van Heeswijk, RP, 2005)	0.56
"This was a steady-state, open-label pharmacokinetic study of 19 patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of reduced-dose indinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily in HIV-1-infected Thai patients. Boyd, M; Bunyaprawit, P; Burger, D; Chuenyam, T; Cooper, D; Horsakulchai, M; Lange, J; Mahanontharit, A; Mootsikapun, P; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Sangkote, J; Ubolyam, S, 2005)	0.59
" The median (interquartile ranges) for indinavir AUC, Cmax and Cmin were 18."	( Pharmacokinetics of reduced-dose indinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily in HIV-1-infected Thai patients. Boyd, M; Bunyaprawit, P; Burger, D; Chuenyam, T; Cooper, D; Horsakulchai, M; Lange, J; Mahanontharit, A; Mootsikapun, P; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Sangkote, J; Ubolyam, S, 2005)	0.59
" Therapeutic Cmin levels of indinavir were achieved in >80% of the subjects and short-term virological response was satisfactory in this cohort of patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy at an advanced disease stage with high baseline viral loads."	( Pharmacokinetics of reduced-dose indinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily in HIV-1-infected Thai patients. Boyd, M; Bunyaprawit, P; Burger, D; Chuenyam, T; Cooper, D; Horsakulchai, M; Lange, J; Mahanontharit, A; Mootsikapun, P; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Sangkote, J; Ubolyam, S, 2005)	0.59
" Indinavir plasma levels were determined by HPLC and pharmacokinetic parameters by non-compartmental analysis."	( Low-doses of indinavir boosted with ritonavir in HIV-infected Thai patients: pharmacokinetics, efficacy and tolerability. Cressey, TR; Jourdain, G; Kunkeaw, S; Lallemant, M; Leenasirimakul, P; Puttimit, C; Sukrakanchana, PO; Tod, M, 2005)	0.6
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of pharmacokinetic interaction between cetirizine and ritonavir, the most potent cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interaction between cetirizine and ritonavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Cremieux, AC; Delatour, F; Farinotti, R; Gautran, C; Melac, M; Moulaert, B; Otoul, C; Peytavin, G; Strolin-Benedetti, M, 2005)	0.78
"An open-label, single-center, one-sequence crossover pharmacokinetic study was conducted in three running periods: cetirizine (CTZ) alone, ritonavir (RTV) alone and then CTZ plus RTV."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interaction between cetirizine and ritonavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Cremieux, AC; Delatour, F; Farinotti, R; Gautran, C; Melac, M; Moulaert, B; Otoul, C; Peytavin, G; Strolin-Benedetti, M, 2005)	0.77
" The RTV pharmacokinetic parameter values were not affected by CTZ co-treatment."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interaction between cetirizine and ritonavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Cremieux, AC; Delatour, F; Farinotti, R; Gautran, C; Melac, M; Moulaert, B; Otoul, C; Peytavin, G; Strolin-Benedetti, M, 2005)	0.57
"CTZ does not significantly affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of RTV, and the association does not, thus, require a modification of the dosage of the protease inhibitor."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interaction between cetirizine and ritonavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Cremieux, AC; Delatour, F; Farinotti, R; Gautran, C; Melac, M; Moulaert, B; Otoul, C; Peytavin, G; Strolin-Benedetti, M, 2005)	0.57
" We evaluated potential bidirectional pharmacokinetic interactions between calcium channel blockers and coadministered indinavir and ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between indinavir plus ritonavir and calcium channel blockers. Aberg, JA; Fichtenbaum, CJ; Gerber, JG; Glesby, MJ; Grosskopf, N; Hafner, R; Hall, S; Kendall, MA; Zolopa, AR, 2005)	0.78
" Twenty-four-hour pharmacokinetic collection was performed on days 7 and 26, with 12-hour collection on day 19."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between indinavir plus ritonavir and calcium channel blockers. Aberg, JA; Fichtenbaum, CJ; Gerber, JG; Glesby, MJ; Grosskopf, N; Hafner, R; Hall, S; Kendall, MA; Zolopa, AR, 2005)	0.58
" Full pharmacokinetic curves were available from 45 patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone and in combination with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Prins, JM; Sankatsing, SU; Van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.56
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of indinavir were adequately described by our population model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone and in combination with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Prins, JM; Sankatsing, SU; Van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.56
" Patients who were randomized to have ritonavir added (n=9) participated in three 12-h pharmacokinetic evaluations at baseline, week 4 and week 24."	( The long-term pharmacokinetics and safety of adding low-dose ritonavir to a nelfinavir 1,250 mg twice-daily regimen in HIV-infected patients. Andersen, AB; Black, FT; Gerstoft, J; Hansen, IM; Justesen, US; Klitgaard, NA; Mathiesen, LR; Pedersen, C, 2005)	0.84
" There were no differences between the nelfinavir or M 8 pharmacokinetic parameters at weeks 4 and 24."	( The long-term pharmacokinetics and safety of adding low-dose ritonavir to a nelfinavir 1,250 mg twice-daily regimen in HIV-infected patients. Andersen, AB; Black, FT; Gerstoft, J; Hansen, IM; Justesen, US; Klitgaard, NA; Mathiesen, LR; Pedersen, C, 2005)	0.57
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic model for lopinavir in combination with ritonavir, in which the interaction between both drugs was characterized, and in which relationships between patient characteristics and pharmacokinetics were identified."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Mairuhu, AT; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.8
" First, ritonavir data were fitted to a previously developed model to obtain individual Bayesian estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Mairuhu, AT; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Gorp, EC, 2005)	1
"We have developed a model that has defined a time-independent inverse relationship between the exposure to ritonavir and the CL/F of lopinavir, and provided an adequate description of the pharmacokinetic parameters for the latter."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Mairuhu, AT; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.78
"Saquinavir/ritonavir data, dosed as 1600/100 mg once daily, from three separate pharmacokinetic studies, in 45 patients from Thailand and the UK, were pooled."	( Interindividual variability of once-daily ritonavir boosted saquinavir pharmacokinetics in Thai and UK patients. Ananworanich, J; Autar, RS; Boffito, M; Burger, DM; Cooper, DA; Hassink, E; Lange, JM; Phanuphak, P; Pozniak, A; Ruxrungtham, K; Siangphoe, U; Wit, FW, 2005)	0.98
"Samples were collected for a 12-hour pharmacokinetic profile in all children."	( Pharmacokinetics and 24-week efficacy/safety of dual boosted saquinavir/lopinavir/ritonavir in nucleoside-pretreated children. Ananworanich, J; Bergshoeff, A; Burger, D; Engchanil, C; Hill, A; Kosalaraksa, P; Pancharoen, C; Ruxrungtham, K; Siangphoe, U, 2005)	0.55
" Median area under the concentration curve at 0-12 hours and Cmin were 39."	( Pharmacokinetics and 24-week efficacy/safety of dual boosted saquinavir/lopinavir/ritonavir in nucleoside-pretreated children. Ananworanich, J; Bergshoeff, A; Burger, D; Engchanil, C; Hill, A; Kosalaraksa, P; Pancharoen, C; Ruxrungtham, K; Siangphoe, U, 2005)	0.55
" Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling occurred after 4 weeks of therapy."	( Efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of two nelfinavir-based regimens in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children and adolescents: pediatric AIDS clinical trials group protocol 403. Acosta, EP; Aldrovandi, G; Chen, J; Damle, B; Hodge, J; Hughes, MD; King, JR; Nachman, S; Wiznia, A; Yogev, R, 2005)	0.33
" NFV pharmacokinetic measurements were not statistically different between the treatment groups, yet exposure to the NFV metabolite, M8, was significantly higher in subjects receiving RTV."	( Efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of two nelfinavir-based regimens in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children and adolescents: pediatric AIDS clinical trials group protocol 403. Acosta, EP; Aldrovandi, G; Chen, J; Damle, B; Hodge, J; Hughes, MD; King, JR; Nachman, S; Wiznia, A; Yogev, R, 2005)	0.33
"Corticosteroid therapy has been associated with bone toxicities (eg, osteonecrosis) and Cushing syndrome in HIV-infected patients; this may be partially attributable to a pharmacokinetic drug interaction between HIV protease inhibitors and corticosteroids."	( Prednisolone pharmacokinetics in the presence and absence of ritonavir after oral prednisone administration to healthy volunteers. Alfaro, RM; Formentini, E; Kovacs, J; Long, M; Natarajan, V; Penzak, SR, 2005)	0.57
"The influence of saquinavir hard-gel capsules on lopinavir pharmacokinetic parameters was investigated using a population approach."	( No significant influence of saquinavir hard-gel capsule administration on pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir: a population approach. Allavena, C; Dailly, E; Gagnieu, MC; Jolliet, P; Raffi, F, 2005)	0.54
"In this prospective trial, blood samples were drawn during a 6-hour time interval between two doses at enrolment to assess protease inhibitor (PI) pharmacokinetic parameters, and 4 months later to assess plasma trough and peak concentrations."	( High variability of indinavir and nelfinavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients with a sustained virological response on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Bonnet, B; Diquet, B; Duval, X; Goujard, C; Katlama, C; Legrand, M; Leport, C; Mentré, F; Panhard, X; Peytavin, G; Salmon-Céron, D; Taburet, AM; Vincent, I, 2005)	0.33
" Ritonavir significantly increased indinavir elimination half-life and plasma exposure."	( High variability of indinavir and nelfinavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients with a sustained virological response on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Bonnet, B; Diquet, B; Duval, X; Goujard, C; Katlama, C; Legrand, M; Leport, C; Mentré, F; Panhard, X; Peytavin, G; Salmon-Céron, D; Taburet, AM; Vincent, I, 2005)	1.24
" When the 2 hepatic impairment groups were combined, lopinavir Cmax and AUC12 were increased 20% to 30% compared to the controls."	( Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected subjects with hepatic impairment. Arribas, J; Brun, SC; Causemaker, SJ; Cepeda, C; DaSilva, B; García Cabanillas, JA; Li, J; Lorenzo, A; Peng, JZ; Pulido, F, 2006)	0.62
" FPV 1,400 mg BID plus RTV 200 mg BID is not recommended due to an increased rate of marked hepatic transaminase elevations and lack of pharmacokinetic advantage."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of high-dose combinations of fosamprenavir and ritonavir. Adamkiewicz, B; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB, 2006)	0.56
"To assess potential pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions between atazanavir (ATV, 300 mg, once daily) and lopinavir (LPV, 400 mg, twice daily), both boosted by ritonavir (RTV, 100 mg)."	( Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir-lopinavir combination: a pharmacokinetic interaction study of total, unbound plasma and cellular exposures. Biollaz, J; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Colombo, S; Decosterd, LA; Franc, C; Guignard, N; Khonkarly, M; Rochat, B; Tarr, PE; Telenti, A, 2006)	1.97
" Steady-state RTV AUCtau and Cmax levels were not significantly altered, whereas Ctau was 23% higher upon coadministration of SQV/RTV and TDF."	( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted saquinavir mesylate administered alone or in combination at steady state. Adda, N; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Kearney, BP; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2006)	0.58
" An intensive pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluation was performed on day 14 and multiple trough concentrations were subsequently collected."	( Pharmacodynamics of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1 infected patients: using viral dynamic models that incorporate drug susceptibility and adherence. Acosta, EP; Eron, JJ; Gerber, JG; Huang, Y; Kuritzkes, DR; Park, JG; Perelson, AS; Rosenkranz, SL; Wu, H; Yu, S, 2006)	0.33
"A drug-drug interaction study was conducted to determine whether ritonavir (200 mg; 4 doses over 2 days) alters the pharmacokinetic disposition of bupropion (75 mg; once) coadministered to 7 healthy volunteers in a placebo-controlled 2-way crossover study."	( Ritonavir has minimal impact on the pharmacokinetic disposition of a single dose of bupropion administered to human volunteers. Court, MH; Greenblatt, DJ; Hesse, LM; von Moltke, LL, 2006)	2.01
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was conducted on the last day of each treatment."	( Coadministration of esomeprazole with fosamprenavir has no impact on steady-state plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics. Borland, J; Ford, SL; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB; Xue, ZG; Yuen, G, 2006)	0.33
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in the context of therapeutic drug monitoring (87 patients, 121 samples)."	( Influence of tenofovir, nevirapine and efavirenz on ritonavir-boosted atazanavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients. Arvieux, C; Dailly, E; Jolliet, P; Perré, P; Raffi, F; Tattevin, P; Tribut, O, 2006)	0.58
" Serial plasma samples were collected for 12-h pharmacokinetic profiles of saquinavir and ritonavir on days 10 and 15 and safety analysis on days 1, 4, 10, 15 and 29."	( Effect of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir-500 mg formulation with ritonavir in healthy male and female volunteers. Back, D; Boffito, M; Fletcher, C; Gazzard, B; Pozniak, AL; Robinson, L; Schutz, M; Tolowinska, I; Unsworth, J; Winston, A, 2006)	0.78
" No significant changes were observed in saquinavir elimination half life, ritonavir pharmacokinetic parameters or in safety laboratory tests."	( Effect of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir-500 mg formulation with ritonavir in healthy male and female volunteers. Back, D; Boffito, M; Fletcher, C; Gazzard, B; Pozniak, AL; Robinson, L; Schutz, M; Tolowinska, I; Unsworth, J; Winston, A, 2006)	0.79
" Minimum and maximum concentrations (C subsetmin, C subsetmax), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC subset0-12h), total clearance (CL subsettot) and half-life (t1/2) were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a combination of indinavir, lopinavir and ritonavir in multiply pretreated HIV-1 infected adults. Harder, S; Klauke, S; Kurowski, M; Lutz, T; Müller, A; Rottmann, C; Staszewski, S; von Hentig, N, 2006)	0.56
" 3,467 ng*h/mL; Cmin 220 ng/mL vs."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a combination of indinavir, lopinavir and ritonavir in multiply pretreated HIV-1 infected adults. Harder, S; Klauke, S; Kurowski, M; Lutz, T; Müller, A; Rottmann, C; Staszewski, S; von Hentig, N, 2006)	0.56
"To assess the impact of baseline HIV-1 substitutions, individual pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters (Cmin, Cmax, area under the curve [AUC0-->24 h]) and genotype-inhibitory quotient (GIQ) on virological responses (VR) to atazanavir-ritonavir (300 mg/100 mg)-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 71 antiretroviral-experienced, atazanavir-naive patients in virological failure (VF) on HAART."	( Virological responses to atazanavir-ritonavir-based regimens: resistance-substitutions score and pharmacokinetic parameters (Reyaphar study). Boucher, S; Breilh, D; Fleury, H; Lazaro, E; Neau, D; Pellegrin, I; Pellegrin, JL; Ragnaud, JM; Saux, MC; Schrive, MH; Vray, M, 2006)	0.79
" Respective steady-state Cmin, Cmax and AUC0-->24 h were 300 (200; 700) ng/ml, 620 (430; 750) ng/ml and 78,000 (61,000; 94,000) ng."	( Virological responses to atazanavir-ritonavir-based regimens: resistance-substitutions score and pharmacokinetic parameters (Reyaphar study). Boucher, S; Breilh, D; Fleury, H; Lazaro, E; Neau, D; Pellegrin, I; Pellegrin, JL; Ragnaud, JM; Saux, MC; Schrive, MH; Vray, M, 2006)	0.61
" The mean (standard deviation) AUC0-24, Cmax and Cmin of lopinavir were 149."	( Pharmacokinetics of a once-daily regimen of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children. Burger, D; de Groot, R; van der Lee, M; Verweel, G, 2006)	0.58
"Our findings indicate that 460/115 mg/m2 lopinavir/ritonavir once daily leads to mean pharmacokinetic parameters comparable to data of 800/200 mg lopinavir/ritonavir once daily in adults, although the variability observed in the trough levels is much higher in children."	( Pharmacokinetics of a once-daily regimen of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children. Burger, D; de Groot, R; van der Lee, M; Verweel, G, 2006)	0.83
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on day 8 of each treatment, and samples were analyzed for FPV, amprenavir (APV), LPV, and RTV concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry."	( Dose separation does not overcome the pharmacokinetic interaction between fosamprenavir and lopinavir/ritonavir. Corbett, AH; Eron, JJ; Kalvass, LA; Kashuba, AD; Lim, ML; Ngo, LT; Patterson, KB; Tien, HC, 2006)	0.55
" Atazanavir was increased to 200 mg and pharmacokinetic assessment repeated (day 30)."	( Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir hard-gel/ritonavir and atazanavir when combined once daily in HIV Type 1-infected individuals administered different atazanavir doses. Back, D; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Fletcher, C; Gazzard, B; Hill, A; Maitland, D; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A, 2006)	0.6
" The pharmacokinetic profile of saquinavir-SGC was analyzed in a subset of randomly selected patients."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir soft-gelatin capsule/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-infected patients. Burnside, AF; Jayaweera, DT; Montaner, JS; Saag, MS; Schutz, M; Schwartz, R; Walmsley, S, 2006)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic profiles in 6 patients showed an observed median Cmin at 24 hours of 429 ng/mL (range, 68-1750 ng/mL)."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir soft-gelatin capsule/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-infected patients. Burnside, AF; Jayaweera, DT; Montaner, JS; Saag, MS; Schutz, M; Schwartz, R; Walmsley, S, 2006)	0.56
" This study aimed to assess the ATV pharmacokinetic profile in a target population of HIV patients, to characterize interpatient and intrapatient variability, and to identify covariates that might influence ATV disposition."	( Population pharmacokinetics of atazanavir in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Biollaz, J; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Colombo, S; Csajka, C; Décosterd, LA; Telenti, A, 2006)	0.33
" When comparing pharmacokinetic values in the nine patients receiving saquinavir/ritonavir with and without atazanavir, the median cellular saquinavir AUC0-24 was significantly increased (34."	( Influence of atazanavir 200 mg on the intracellular and plasma pharmacokinetics of saquinavir and ritonavir 1600/100 mg administered once daily in HIV-infected patients. Back, D; Boffito, M; Ford, J; Gazzard, B; Hill, A; Khoo, S; Maitland, D; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A, 2006)	0.78
"The aim of this study is to investigate in vivo the oral bioavailability of ritonavir and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic model that best describes the plasma concentration behavior after oral and intravenous administration."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic model for ritonavir in the rat. Casabó, VG; Lledó-García, R; Merino-Sanjuán, M; Nácher, A; Prats-García, L, 2007)	0.83
" A pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers was conducted to assess the potential for a drug interaction between these agents."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on coadministration with lopinavir/ritonavir. Cheng, AK; Ebrahimi, R; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; Mittan, A; Sayre, J, 2006)	0.55
" Pharmacokinetic assessments were performed over 24 hours on days 7, 21, and 35."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on coadministration with lopinavir/ritonavir. Cheng, AK; Ebrahimi, R; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; Mittan, A; Sayre, J, 2006)	0.55
" This randomized, two 14-day-period, crossover pharmacokinetic study compared the steady-state plasma APV concentrations, safety, and tolerability of FPV at 1,400 mg QD boosted with either 100 mg or 200 mg of RTV QD in 36 healthy volunteers."	( Plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics and tolerability following administration of 1,400 milligrams of fosamprenavir once daily in combination with either 100 or 200 milligrams of ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Lancaster, CT; Lou, Y; Luber, AD; Pappa, KA; Ruane, PJ; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB, 2007)	0.53
" Thus, for ritonavir AUC12, Cmax and Cmin in HCV+/FIB+patients were 63%, 86% and 100% higher, respectively, when compared with those parameters in HCV-patients (p=0."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in HIV and hepatitis C virus co-infected patients without liver function impairment: influence of liver fibrosis. Barbanoj, MJ; Blanco, A; Clotet, B; Costa, J; DelaVarga, M; Domingo, P; Miranda, C; Miranda, J; Moltó, J; Negredo, E; Tural, C; Valle, M; Vilaró, J, 2007)	1.13
"Darunavir (DRV; TMC114; Prezista) is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor used in combination with low-dose ritonavir (RTV) (DRV/r) as a pharmacokinetic enhancer."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between darunavir boosted with ritonavir and omeprazole or ranitidine in human immunodeficiency virus-negative healthy volunteers. De Marez, T; De Paepe, E; De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Parys, W; Sekar, VJ, 2007)	0.79
" Treatments were separated by 10 days, and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed on days 11, 32, and 53."	( Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir with atazanavir or low-dose ritonavir administered once daily (ASPIRE I) or twice daily (ASPIRE II) in seronegative volunteers. Acosta, EP; Becker, SL; Kakuda, TN; King, JR; Paul, S; Tse, MM, 2007)	0.58
"This study evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir-boosted saquinavir and nelfinavir."	( Saquinavir, nelfinavir and M8 pharmacokinetics following combined saquinavir, ritonavir and nelfinavir administration. Arastéh, K; Becker, M; Berger, M; Breske, A; Herzmann, C; Hill, A; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Schulbin, H; Steinmüller, J; Stocker, H, 2007)	0.8
" Pharmacokinetic assessments were performed before and 7 days after the start of combined treatment with nelfinavir/saquinavir/ritonavir."	( Saquinavir, nelfinavir and M8 pharmacokinetics following combined saquinavir, ritonavir and nelfinavir administration. Arastéh, K; Becker, M; Berger, M; Breske, A; Herzmann, C; Hill, A; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Schulbin, H; Steinmüller, J; Stocker, H, 2007)	0.77
" The pharmacokinetic and safety profile of BCV-RTV supports continued investigation in HIV-1-infected subjects."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of brecanavir, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor, following repeat administration with and without ritonavir in healthy adult subjects. Anderson, MT; Ford, SL; Johnson, MA; Murray, SC; Ng-Cashin, J; Reddy, YS, 2007)	0.54
" Patients were given a 12/24-h pharmacokinetic assessment at steady state."	( Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir, atazanavir, and ritonavir in a twice-daily boosted double-protease inhibitor regimen. Dauer, B; Harder, S; Klauke, S; Kurowski, M; Lutz, T; Müller, A; Oertel, B; Rottmann, C; Staszewski, S; von Hentig, N; Wolf, T, 2007)	0.6
" The impact of baseline HIV type 1 (HIV-1) mutations, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, and genotype inhibitory quotient (GIQ) on the virological response at week 12 (W12) was assessed."	( Interpretation of genotype and pharmacokinetics for resistance to fosamprenavir-ritonavir-based regimens in antiretroviral-experienced patients. Boucher, S; Breilh, D; Coureau, G; Dabis, F; Fleury, H; Lacoste, D; Lazaro, E; Merel, P; Neau, D; Pellegrin, I; Pellegrin, JL; Saux, MC; Thiébaut, R, 2007)	0.57
" A complete pharmacokinetic evaluation of the steady-state concentrations of atazanavir and ritonavir was performed."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampicin and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected patients. Blanco, JL; Gatell, JM; López-Púa, Y; Mallolas, J; Martínez, E; Nomdedeu, M; Sarasa, M; Soriano, A, 2007)	0.81
"In all three cases, more than 50% of the time the atazanavir level was below the minimum recommended trough plasma level (150 ng/mL according to current pharmacokinetic guidelines) to inhibit HIV wild-type replication."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampicin and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected patients. Blanco, JL; Gatell, JM; López-Púa, Y; Mallolas, J; Martínez, E; Nomdedeu, M; Sarasa, M; Soriano, A, 2007)	0.59
" In conclusion, given the pharmacokinetic profile, efficacy, and tolerability of this regimen, once-daily low-dose SQVr may be considered a treatment option in treatment-naive or limited PI-experienced HIV-infected patients, with the additional benefit of being currently the least-expensive PI-based regimen available."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic data support once-daily low-dose boosted saquinavir (1,200 milligrams saquinavir with 100 milligrams ritonavir) in treatment-naive or limited protease inhibitor-experienced human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Gutierrez, A; Lopez-Cortes, LF; Marin-Niebla, A; Mata, R; Pascual, R; Rodriguez, M; Ruiz-Valderas, R; Viciana, P, 2007)	0.54
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for darunavir and ritonavir were determined under fasted conditions and following a standard breakfast, a high-fat breakfast, a nutritional protein-rich drink, or a croissant with coffee."	( The effect of different meal types on the pharmacokinetics of darunavir (TMC114)/ritonavir in HIV-negative healthy volunteers. De Paepe, E; De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Kestens, D; Lefebvre, E; Sekar, V; Spinosa-Guzman, S; Vangeneugden, T, 2007)	0.82
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) blood draws were performed on days 7, 17, and 27."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, tenofovir, and GS-9137 following coadministration of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted GS-9137. Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G, 2007)	0.54
" Lopinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated."	( Lack of effect of gastric acid-reducing agents on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Awni, W; Brun, S; Chiu, YL; King, KR; Klein, CE; Naylor, C; Woodward, WC, 2007)	0.92
" Ritonavir-boosted double-protease inhibitor (PI)-only regimens are such an option but are prone to pharmacokinetic interactions."	( The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profile of a switch in antiretroviral therapy to saquinavir, ritonavir, and atazanavir alone for 48 weeks and a switch in the saquinavir formulation. Cooper, DA; Emery, S; Law, M; MacRae, K; Mallon, PW; Satchell, C; Schutz, M; Williams, KM; Winston, A, 2007)	1.46
" The study also assessed the pharmacokinetic profile of a change in the SQV formulation, from 200 mg to 500 mg, in 2 regimens (SQV-RTV twice per day plus NRTIs [arm 1] and SQV-RTV-ATV once per day without NRTIs [arm 2]) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected subjects (plasma human immunodeficiency virus RNA level, <50 copies/mL)."	( The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profile of a switch in antiretroviral therapy to saquinavir, ritonavir, and atazanavir alone for 48 weeks and a switch in the saquinavir formulation. Cooper, DA; Emery, S; Law, M; MacRae, K; Mallon, PW; Satchell, C; Schutz, M; Williams, KM; Winston, A, 2007)	0.55
"The protease inhibitor indinavir is characterized by an important interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, which results from the actions of the metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and the multidrug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by MDR1."	( Minimal effect of MDR1 and CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in HIV-infected patients. Bourgarel-Rey, V; Brunet, C; Drogoul, MP; Durand, A; Frixon-Marin, V; Gastaut, JA; Lacarelle, B; Poizot-Martin, I; Quaranta, S; Simon, N; Solas, C, 2007)	0.34
"The MDR1 C3435T genotype affects the absorption constant of indinavir suggesting that P-gp may be implicated in its pharmacokinetic variability."	( Minimal effect of MDR1 and CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in HIV-infected patients. Bourgarel-Rey, V; Brunet, C; Drogoul, MP; Durand, A; Frixon-Marin, V; Gastaut, JA; Lacarelle, B; Poizot-Martin, I; Quaranta, S; Simon, N; Solas, C, 2007)	0.34
"The effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in combination with two boosted fosamprenavir regimens on amprenavir pharmacokinetic parameters was assessed in this prospective phase I crossover study with 30 healthy volunteers."	( Fosamprenavir/ritonavir plus tenofovir does not affect amprenavir pharmacokinetics: no effect of tenofovir. Banik, N; Breske, A; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Mazur, D; Richter, H; Stocker, H; Walli, RK, 2007)	0.7
"To assess the pharmacokinetic profile, safety and virological response of two novel investigational antiretroviral agents when used in combination in HIV-1-infected subjects with multidrug-resistant virus."	( Pharmacokinetics and antiretroviral response to darunavir/ritonavir and etravirine combination in patients with high-level viral resistance. Boffito, M; Fletcher, C; Gazzard, B; Hoetelmans, R; Jackson, A; Miralles, D; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A; Tolowinska, I; Winston, A, 2007)	0.58
" Detailed pharmacokinetic assessments of darunavir and etravirine were determined on days 7 and 28."	( Pharmacokinetics and antiretroviral response to darunavir/ritonavir and etravirine combination in patients with high-level viral resistance. Boffito, M; Fletcher, C; Gazzard, B; Hoetelmans, R; Jackson, A; Miralles, D; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A; Tolowinska, I; Winston, A, 2007)	0.58
"This first study to assess the use of etravirine and darunavir in HIV-1-infected subjects with no treatment options showed highly effective virological and immunological responses over 24 weeks of therapy with no new safety concerns or unexpected pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Pharmacokinetics and antiretroviral response to darunavir/ritonavir and etravirine combination in patients with high-level viral resistance. Boffito, M; Fletcher, C; Gazzard, B; Hoetelmans, R; Jackson, A; Miralles, D; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A; Tolowinska, I; Winston, A, 2007)	0.58
"TMC114 is a new HIV protease inhibitor, used in combination with low-dose ritonavir (TMC114/r) as a pharmacokinetic enhancer."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between TMC114/ritonavir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers. De Doncker, P; De Pauw, M; Hill, A; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Mariën, K; Peeters, M; Sekar, V; Woodfall, B, 2007)	0.83
" Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated by noncompartmental method were reported as 90% confidence intervals (CIs) about the geometric mean ratio (GMR)."	( Lopinavir/Ritonavir pharmacokinetic profile: impact of sex and other covariates following a change from twice-daily to once-daily therapy. Acosta, EP; Binongo, JN; Chuck, SK; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Palau, M, 2007)	0.74
" A human pharmacokinetic model of VX-950 co-administered with low-dose ritonavir suggested that improved efficacy and/or dosing convenience may be feasible by pharmacokinetic enhancement with ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancement of the hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors VX-950 and SCH 503034 by co-dosing with ritonavir. Chen, HJ; Chovan, LE; Dandliker, PJ; Guan, Z; Hernandez, L; Kempf, DJ; Klein, C; Klein, LL; Lau, YY; Marsh, KC; Randolph, JT; Turner, TM; Yeung, C, 2007)	0.78
"Atazanavir/ritonavir plasma concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and the geometric means of minimum and maximum concentrations (C(min), C(max)), the area under the time-concentration curve (AUC), half-life (t(1/2)) and total clearance (CL(tot)) were subject to a matched pairs-analysis."	( Tenofovir comedication does not impair the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected adults. Dauer, B; Haberl, A; Harder, S; Klauke, S; Lutz, T; Staszewski, S; von Hentig, N, 2007)	0.96
"The coadministration of tenofovir-DF did not impair the plasma concentrations of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in a pharmacokinetic analysis of patient pairs matched for gender, ethnicity, weight and CDC status."	( Tenofovir comedication does not impair the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected adults. Dauer, B; Haberl, A; Harder, S; Klauke, S; Lutz, T; Staszewski, S; von Hentig, N, 2007)	0.8
"This open-label, crossover study investigated the pharmacokinetic interaction between TMC114 (darunavir [Prezista]), administered with low-dose ritonavir (TMC114/r) and efavirenz (EFV) in HIV-negative, healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between TMC114/r and efavirenz in healthy volunteers. De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Mariën, K; Peeters, M; Sekar, VJ, 2007)	0.54
" TMC114/r and EFV coadministration resulted in TMC114 Cmin, Cmax and AUC12h decreases of 31%, 15% and 13%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between TMC114/r and efavirenz in healthy volunteers. De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Mariën, K; Peeters, M; Sekar, VJ, 2007)	0.34
"The clinical significance of the changes in AUC and Cmin seen with TMC114/r and EFV coadministration has not been established; this combination should be used with caution."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between TMC114/r and efavirenz in healthy volunteers. De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Mariën, K; Peeters, M; Sekar, VJ, 2007)	0.34
" For TMC125 200 mg twice daily coadministered with DRV/r, AUC12h, Cmax and Cmin of TMC125 were 80%, 81% and 67% greater, respectively, versus TMC125 100 mg twice daily alone."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir and TMC125 alone and coadministered in HIV-negative volunteers. De Smedt, G; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Lefebvre, E; Peeters, M; Schöller-Gyüre, M; Sekar, V; Woodfall, B, 2007)	0.63
"HIV-infected subjects on abacavir (600 mg once daily) plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) (excluding tenofovir) underwent a 24 h pharmacokinetic assessment for plasma abacavir concentrations."	( Abacavir plasma pharmacokinetics in the absence and presence of atazanavir/ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir and vice versa in HIV-infected patients. Back, D; Boffito, M; Bonora, S; D'Avolio, A; Else, L; Gazzard, B; Mandalia, S; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A; Waters, LJ, 2007)	0.57
" The clinical consequences of these substantial pharmacokinetic changes should be investigated."	( Lopinavir-ritonavir dramatically affects the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan in HIV patients with Kaposi's sarcoma. Corona, G; Innocenti, F; Sandron, S; Sartor, I; Tirelli, U; Toffoli, G; Vaccher, E, 2008)	0.75
" Absorption is followed by a fast distribution/elimination phase and a subsequent slower elimination phase with a terminal elimination half-life of 15 hours in the presence of low-dose ritonavir."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of darunavir. Arastéh, K; Rittweger, M, 2007)	0.53
" Data originated from pre-defined pharmacokinetic substudies within two randomized 48-week trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of three protease inhibitor regimens."	( Pharmacokinetics of two randomized trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of indinavir, saquinavir and lopinavir in combination with low-dose ritonavir: the MaxCmin1 and 2 trials. Cahn, P; Castagna, A; Clumeck, N; Dragsted, UB; Fox, Z; Gerstoft, J; Justesen, US; Losso, M; Lundgren, JD; Obel, N; Pedersen, C; Peters, B, 2007)	0.54
"Fourteen patients participated in the study and seven participated in the intensified pharmacokinetic protocol."	( Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in hepatitis C virus and HIV co-infected liver transplant recipients in the ANRS HC-08 study. Abbara, C; Barrail, A; Boissonnas, A; Bonhomme-Faivre, L; Duclos-Vallée, JC; Samuel, D; Taburet, AM; Teicher, E; Vincent, I; Vittecoq, D, 2007)	0.34
" Coadministration of these drugs might result in complex pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions."	( Amprenavir and lopinavir pharmacokinetics following coadministration of amprenavir or fosamprenavir with lopinavir/ritonavir, with or without efavirenz. Barditch-Crovo, P; Carson, KA; Flexner, C; Hendrix, CW; Khan, W; Pakes, GE; Parish, M; Parsons, T; Pham, PA; Qaqish, R; Radebaugh, C, 2007)	0.55
"37) or Cmax (10."	( Amprenavir and lopinavir pharmacokinetics following coadministration of amprenavir or fosamprenavir with lopinavir/ritonavir, with or without efavirenz. Barditch-Crovo, P; Carson, KA; Flexner, C; Hendrix, CW; Khan, W; Pakes, GE; Parish, M; Parsons, T; Pham, PA; Qaqish, R; Radebaugh, C, 2007)	0.55
"EFV did not appear to significantly alter APV and LPV pharmacokinetic parameters in HIV-infected patients taking APV 750 mg twice daily + LPV 533/133 mg twice daily."	( Amprenavir and lopinavir pharmacokinetics following coadministration of amprenavir or fosamprenavir with lopinavir/ritonavir, with or without efavirenz. Barditch-Crovo, P; Carson, KA; Flexner, C; Hendrix, CW; Khan, W; Pakes, GE; Parish, M; Parsons, T; Pham, PA; Qaqish, R; Radebaugh, C, 2007)	0.55
" HIV-infected subjects > or =18 to <25 years old receiving (> or =28 days) 300/100 mg atazanavir-ritonavir plus 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) plus one or more other nucleoside analogs underwent intensive 24-h pharmacokinetic studies following a light meal."	( Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral regimens containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and atazanavir-ritonavir in adolescents and young adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Cunningham, CK; Fletcher, CV; Flynn, PM; Harris, DR; Havens, PL; Kapogiannis, BG; Kiser, JJ; Liu, NX; Major-Wilson, H; Muenz, LR; Viani, RM; Wilson, CM, 2008)	0.78
"An intensive steady-state 24-h pharmacokinetic profile of atazanavir was performed in the third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum."	( Atazanavir plus low-dose ritonavir in pregnancy: pharmacokinetics and placental transfer. Airoldi, M; Bertuletti, P; Cattaneo, D; Frigerio, L; Maggiolo, F; Ripamonti, D; Ruggeri, M; Suter, F, 2007)	0.64
"96, indicating equivalence, whereas Cmax values were slightly although not significantly lower."	( Atazanavir plus low-dose ritonavir in pregnancy: pharmacokinetics and placental transfer. Airoldi, M; Bertuletti, P; Cattaneo, D; Frigerio, L; Maggiolo, F; Ripamonti, D; Ruggeri, M; Suter, F, 2007)	0.64
"This was an open-label, crossover study to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between darunavir (TMC114), coadministered with low-dose ritonavir (darunavir/ritonavir), and the protease inhibitor saquinavir in HIV-negative healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between darunavir and saquinavir in HIV-negative volunteers. De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Mariën, K; Sekar, VJ; Vangeneugden, T, 2007)	0.54
" A randomized, open-label, two-period, two-sequence, balanced, crossover drug interaction study was conducted with 22 healthy adult subjects to compare steady-state plasma RFB pharmacokinetic parameters during concomitant administration of FPV-RTV (700/100 mg twice a day [BID]) with a 75%-reduced RFB dose (150 mg every other day [QOD]) to the standard RFB regimen (300 mg once per day [QD]) by geometric least-squares mean ratios."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between fosamprenavir-ritonavir and rifabutin in healthy subjects. Borland, J; Chen, YC; Ford, SL; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Yuen, GJ, 2008)	0.6
"This study investigated the steady-state pharmacokinetic interaction between the HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir (TMC114), administered with low-dose ritonavir (darunavir/ritonavir), and clarithromycin in HIV-negative healthy volunteers."	( Darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics following coadministration with clarithromycin in healthy volunteers. De Paepe, E; De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Sekar, VJ; Spinosa-Guzman, S; Vangeneugden, T, 2008)	0.95
" Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling was performed at 2 weeks and predose concentrations were collected every 8 weeks; safety and plasma HIV-1 RNA were monitored every 4-12 weeks for 24 weeks."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir in infants less than 6 months of age: 24 week results. Capparelli, EV; Chadwick, EG; Chen, J; Hughes, M; Palumbo, P; Pinto, JA; Robbins, B; Rodman, JH; Serchuck, L; Smith, E; Yogev, R, 2008)	0.6
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic compatibility of a ritonavir-boosted indinavir-fosamprenavir combination among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)."	( Pharmacokinetics of an indinavir-ritonavir-fosamprenavir regimen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Acosta, EP; Easley, KA; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Pan, Y, 2008)	0.88
"Single-center, nonrandomized, prospective, multiple-dose, two-phase pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetics of an indinavir-ritonavir-fosamprenavir regimen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Acosta, EP; Easley, KA; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Pan, Y, 2008)	0.63
" After 12-hour pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on all patients (period A), fosamprenavir (a prodrug of amprenavir) 700 mg twice/day was coadministered for 5 days, with a repeat 12-hour pharmacokinetic sampling performed on the fifth day (period B)."	( Pharmacokinetics of an indinavir-ritonavir-fosamprenavir regimen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Acosta, EP; Easley, KA; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Pan, Y, 2008)	0.63
" With the exception of indinavir C(max), the changes in indinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetic parameters observed after fosamprenavir coadministration were not statistically significant."	( Pharmacokinetics of an indinavir-ritonavir-fosamprenavir regimen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Acosta, EP; Easley, KA; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Pan, Y, 2008)	0.86
"51 examined the pharmacokinetic profile, safety, and efficacy of RTV-boosted tipranavir (TPV/r), alone and in combination with comparator PIs (CPIs) in 315 triple-class-experienced, HIV-infected patients."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of tipranavir boosted with ritonavir alone or in combination with other boosted protease inhibitors as part of optimized combination antiretroviral therapy in highly treatment-experienced patients (BI Study 1182.51). Arestéh, K; Blick, G; Johnson, M; Katlama, C; Lazzarin, A; Leith, JG; MacGregor, TR; Meier, U; Pierone, G; Walmsley, SL, 2008)	0.58
" Lopinavir pharmacokinetic measures (median [interquartile range]) for children with and without rifampicin, respectively, were maximum concentration (Cmax) of 10."	( Effect of rifampicin on lopinavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected children with tuberculosis. Egbers, C; Eley, BS; Maartens, G; McIlleron, HM; Meyers, TM; Nuttall, JJ; Ren, Y; Smith, PJ, 2008)	0.35
" Although the median Cmax and AUC0-12 were lowered by 26% and 31%."	( Effect of rifampicin on lopinavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected children with tuberculosis. Egbers, C; Eley, BS; Maartens, G; McIlleron, HM; Meyers, TM; Nuttall, JJ; Ren, Y; Smith, PJ, 2008)	0.35
"The influence of nevirapine or efavirenz co-administration on ritonavir-boosted amprenavir pharmacokinetics was investigated in HIV-infected patients with a population pharmacokinetic approach."	( Impact of nevirapine or efavirenz co-administration on ritonavir-boosted amprenavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients. Allavena, C; Biron, C; Dailly, E; Jolliet, P; Raffi, F, 2008)	0.83
" AMD070 alone had the following pharmacokinetic features, given as medians (ranges): 3 h (0."	( Effect of low-dose ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD070 in healthy volunteers. Becker, S; Cao, YJ; Conley, J; Dunaway, S; Flexner, CW; Hendrix, CW; Kashuba, AD; Klingman, K; MacFarland, R; Park, JG; Radebaugh, C; Wiggins, I, 2008)	0.67
"Studies on the pharmacokinetic interaction between atazanavir and lopinavir with ritonavir (lopinavir/ritonavir) report contradictory results."	( Atazanavir and lopinavir with ritonavir alone or in combination: analysis of pharmacokinetic interaction and predictors of drug exposure. Bacarelli, A; Cauda, R; De Luca, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Navarra, P; Ragazzoni, E; Regazzi, M; Villani, P, 2008)	0.86
"Seventy-seven pharmacokinetic profiles (saquinavir/ritonavir 1000/100 mg twice daily, n = 34; 1600/100 mg once daily, n = 26; 2000/100 mg once daily, n = 17) from five studies were combined, presented as twice- and once-daily percentiles (P10-P90) and compared."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis to assess forgiveness of boosted saquinavir regimens for missed or late dosing. Aarons, LJ; Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Khoo, SH; Pozniak, AL; Schutz, M, 2008)	0.6
" However, pharmacokinetic data can only ever be a guide to the impact on long-term efficacy."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis to assess forgiveness of boosted saquinavir regimens for missed or late dosing. Aarons, LJ; Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Khoo, SH; Pozniak, AL; Schutz, M, 2008)	0.35
" Cmax and AUC increases with gastric acid neutralization were greatest in those with the lowest absorption of DG17 alone."	( Phase 1 single dose studies to optimize the pharmacokinetics of DG17, a novel HIV-protease inhibitor pro-drug, using sodium bicarbonate and ritonavir. Cherry, CL; Hoy, JF; Krum, H; Lewin, SR; Mills, J; Rowe, JS, 2008)	0.55
" Rats received RTV-boosted ATV or ATV-SLS SD+G for 14 d in the pharmacokinetic study."	( Long-term pharmacokinetic efficacy and safety of low-dose ritonavir as a booster and atazanavir pharmaceutical formulation based on solid dispersion system in rats. Fukushima, K; Haraya, K; Ito, Y; Sugioka, N; Takada, K; Terasaka, S, 2008)	0.59
" Total (n = 56) and unbound (n = 36) LPV pharmacokinetic parameters were determined at steady-state using validated high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods, respectively."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with or without cirrhosis. Back, DJ; Cargnel, A; Cordier, L; Cusato, M; Dickinson, L; Duca, P; Khoo, SH; Meraviglia, P; Micheli, V; Orlando, G; Regazzi, M; Rizzardini, G; Viganò, P; Villani, P, 2008)	0.75
" The objective is to study the pharmacokinetic interaction of RSV with atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/RTV) or fosamprenavir/ritonavir (FPV/RTV)."	( Effects of atazanavir/ritonavir or fosamprenavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Bain, AM; Bedimo, RG; Busti, AJ; Hall, RG; Leff, RD; Meek, C; Mehvar, R, 2008)	0.89
"In a prospective pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, six HIV-seronegative, healthy adult volunteers received single 10-mg doses of RSV at baseline and after 6 days of ATV/RTV and FPV/RTV, with 6-day washout periods."	( Effects of atazanavir/ritonavir or fosamprenavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Bain, AM; Bedimo, RG; Busti, AJ; Hall, RG; Leff, RD; Meek, C; Mehvar, R, 2008)	0.66
"Compared to baseline, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC 0-24h) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of RSV increased by 213% and 600%, respectively, and the time to reach Cmax was shorter (1."	( Effects of atazanavir/ritonavir or fosamprenavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Bain, AM; Bedimo, RG; Busti, AJ; Hall, RG; Leff, RD; Meek, C; Mehvar, R, 2008)	0.66
" The potential for a pharmacokinetic drug interaction exists when sildenafil and DRV/r are co-administered, as these drugs are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, and darunavir and ritonavir are CYP3A inhibitors."	( Effect of repeated doses of darunavir plus low-dose ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in healthy male subjects: phase I randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study. De Marez, T; De Paepe, E; De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Sekar, V; Vangeneugden, T, 2008)	0.79
" Full pharmacokinetic profiles of sildenafil, N-desmethyl sildenafil, darunavir and ritonavir were determined."	( Effect of repeated doses of darunavir plus low-dose ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in healthy male subjects: phase I randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study. De Marez, T; De Paepe, E; De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Sekar, V; Vangeneugden, T, 2008)	0.82
" When sildenafil 25 mg was co-administered with DRV/r, the sildenafil maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 38% lower compared with Cmax after administration of sildenafil alone at a dose of 100 mg."	( Effect of repeated doses of darunavir plus low-dose ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in healthy male subjects: phase I randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study. De Marez, T; De Paepe, E; De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Sekar, V; Vangeneugden, T, 2008)	0.6
" Pharmacokinetic assessments were performed on day 14 for each session."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ethinyl estradiol, norethindrone and darunavir with low-dose ritonavir in healthy women. De Pauw, M; Felicione, E; Guzman, SS; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Sekar, VJ; Vangeneugden, T, 2008)	0.56
"The pharmacokinetic interaction observed here is considered to be clinically relevant as EE concentrations are considerably reduced when DRV/r is co-administered with EE and NE."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ethinyl estradiol, norethindrone and darunavir with low-dose ritonavir in healthy women. De Pauw, M; Felicione, E; Guzman, SS; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Sekar, VJ; Vangeneugden, T, 2008)	0.56
" Two studies evaluated pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions among EVG and RTV-boosted tipranavir (TPV/r) or darunavir (DRV/r)."	( Effect of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir or darunavir on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir. Enejosa, J; Hinkle, J; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Mathias, AA; Piliero, PJ; Sekar, V; Shen, G; Tomaka, F, 2008)	0.75
" Studies were powered to conclude lack of an interaction if the 90% confidence interval for the geometric mean ratios of the AUCtau and Cmax for EVG, TPV, and DRV were within predefined no-effect boundaries."	( Effect of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir or darunavir on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir. Enejosa, J; Hinkle, J; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Mathias, AA; Piliero, PJ; Sekar, V; Shen, G; Tomaka, F, 2008)	0.75
" On coadministration, AUCtau and Cmax of EVG and TPV and EVG and DRV were within prespecified no-effect boundaries versus treatment alone; trough concentrations were also not substantially altered."	( Effect of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir or darunavir on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir. Enejosa, J; Hinkle, J; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Mathias, AA; Piliero, PJ; Sekar, V; Shen, G; Tomaka, F, 2008)	0.75
" It is coformulated with low doses of ritonavir in order to enhance its pharmacokinetic profile."	( Simultaneous population pharmacokinetic model for lopinavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected adults. Barbanoj, MJ; Blanco, A; Clotet, B; Costa, J; Domingo, P; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Negredo, E; Santos, JR; Valle, M, 2008)	0.86
"To develop and validate a population pharmacokinetic model for lopinavir and ritonavir administered simultaneously in a population of HIV-infected adults."	( Simultaneous population pharmacokinetic model for lopinavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected adults. Barbanoj, MJ; Blanco, A; Clotet, B; Costa, J; Domingo, P; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Negredo, E; Santos, JR; Valle, M, 2008)	0.81
" First, a population pharmacokinetic model was developed for lopinavir and for ritonavir separately."	( Simultaneous population pharmacokinetic model for lopinavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected adults. Barbanoj, MJ; Blanco, A; Clotet, B; Costa, J; Domingo, P; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Negredo, E; Santos, JR; Valle, M, 2008)	0.81
" LPV Cmin was lower than expected in the hemodialysis group."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics of efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected persons requiring hemodialysis. Amorosa, V; Cramer, YS; Gupta, SK; Hall, SD; Koletar, SL; Rosenkranz, SL; Szczech, LA, 2008)	0.58
"The aim of this study was to develop and validate a population pharmacokinetic model in order to describe ritonavir-boosted saquinavir concentrations dosed twice and once daily in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients from the UK, Uganda and Thailand and to identify factors that may influence saquinavir pharmacokinetics."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted saquinavir regimens in HIV-infected individuals. Aarons, LJ; Autar, RS; Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Burger, DM; Dickinson, L; Khoo, SH; Merry, C; Mugyenyi, P; Pozniak, AL, 2008)	0.85
" Non-linear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM version V) was applied to determine the saquinavir pharmacokinetic parameters, interindividual/interoccasion variability (IIV/IOV) and residual error."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted saquinavir regimens in HIV-infected individuals. Aarons, LJ; Autar, RS; Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Burger, DM; Dickinson, L; Khoo, SH; Merry, C; Mugyenyi, P; Pozniak, AL, 2008)	0.63
" These cases provide a context in which to review pharmacokinetic data pertaining to the coadministration of DRV/r and an antiretroviral agent from the NNRTI class."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir-boosted darunavir and NNRTIs: a report of 3 cases. Rawizza, HE; Sax, PE, 2008)	0.62
" The pharmacokinetic behavior of elvucitabine was best described by a two-compartment linear model using two absorption rates and a first-order elimination rate."	( Effect of a single dose of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetic behavior of elvucitabine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, administered in healthy volunteers. Colucci, P; Ducharme, MP; Pottage, JC; Robison, H; Turgeon, J, 2009)	0.65
"This was an open-label, three-session, pharmacokinetic trial."	( Pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir once daily and lopinavir/ritonavir twice and once daily over 72 h following drug cessation. Back, D; Boffito, M; Else, L; Gazzard, B; Khoo, S; Moyle, G; Pozniak, A; Sousa, M; Taylor, J, 2008)	0.63
"This study investigated the pharmacokinetic forgiveness of two boosted protease inhibitors."	( Pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir once daily and lopinavir/ritonavir twice and once daily over 72 h following drug cessation. Back, D; Boffito, M; Else, L; Gazzard, B; Khoo, S; Moyle, G; Pozniak, A; Sousa, M; Taylor, J, 2008)	0.63
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed higher volume of distribution median values related to the C/C genotype in comparison with C/T or T/T genotypes for exon 26 (4."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the variability of indinavir drug levels when boosted with ritonavir in HIV-infected children. Bellusci, C; Bologna, R; Bramuglia, GF; Cáceres Guido, P; Curras, V; Hocht, C; Mangano, A; Mariño Hernández, E; Mecikovsky, D; Niselman, V; Rubio, MC; Sen, L, 2009)	0.58
"Several dose-finding studies of boosted protease inhibitors have demonstrated that doses lower than those recommended in Caucasian populations exhibit in the Thai population similar pharmacokinetic (PK) properties with sustained virological suppression but reduced toxicity."	( A low dose of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir provides adequate pharmacokinetic parameters in HIV-1-infected Thai adults. Avihingsanon, A; Burger, DM; Chanmano, S; Cooper, DA; Gorowara, M; Kerr, SJ; Lange, J; Ohata, P; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; van der Lugt, J, 2009)	0.71
" Lack of pharmacokinetic alteration bounds for 90% confidence intervals (CI) about the geometric mean ratio (GMR; coadministration versus alone) were 70-143% for elvitegravir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics (maximum concentration [C(max)], concentration at the end of the dosing interval [C(tau)] and area under the plasma concentration-time curve [AUC(tau); 0-24 h] and 80-125% for etravirine pharmacokinetics (AUC(tau) 0-12 h)."	( Pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir and etravirine following coadministration of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and etravirine. Kakuda, TN; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Ramanathan, S; West, S, 2008)	0.77
" Elvitegravir pharmacokinetic GMR was 6-7% higher following elvitegravir/r plus etravirine dosing versus elvitegravir/r."	( Pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir and etravirine following coadministration of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and etravirine. Kakuda, TN; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Ramanathan, S; West, S, 2008)	0.57
"Darunavir is a new protease inhibitor (PI) with in vitro activity against wild-type and PI-resistant HIV; it is used with the pharmacokinetic booster ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg once-daily in treatment-naïve and -experienced patients. Boffito, M; Hill, A; Miralles, D, )	0.58
" Statistical analyses were performed on pharmacokinetic parameters: the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 4 h (AUC(0-4)), the maximum concentration of the drug (C(max)), and the residual concentration of the drug at the end of the dosing interval (C(trough)) for plasma and the AUC(0-4) and C(trough) for intracellular data."	( Pilot pharmacokinetic study of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF): investigation of systemic and intracellular interactions between TDF and abacavir, lamivudine, or lopinavir-ritonavir. Ayen, R; Clotet, B; Grassi, J; Levi, M; Negredo, E; Pruvost, A; Puig, J; Théodoro, F, 2009)	0.54
"The aim of this study was to develop and validate a population pharmacokinetic model to: (i) describe ritonavir-boosted atazanavir concentrations (300/100 mg once daily) and identify important covariates; and (ii) evaluate the predictive performance of the model for lower, unlicensed atazanavir doses (150 and 200 mg once daily) boosted with ritonavir (100 mg once daily)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected patients and healthy volunteers. Aarons, L; Back, D; Boffito, M; Davies, G; Dickinson, L; Else, L; Khoo, S; Pozniak, A; Waters, L, 2009)	0.85
"Non-linear mixed effects modelling was applied to determine atazanavir pharmacokinetic parameters, inter-individual variability (IIV) and residual error."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected patients and healthy volunteers. Aarons, L; Back, D; Boffito, M; Davies, G; Dickinson, L; Else, L; Khoo, S; Pozniak, A; Waters, L, 2009)	0.64
"A population pharmacokinetic model for ritonavir-boosted atazanavir has been developed and validated."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected patients and healthy volunteers. Aarons, L; Back, D; Boffito, M; Davies, G; Dickinson, L; Else, L; Khoo, S; Pozniak, A; Waters, L, 2009)	0.91
" Pharmacokinetic studies of higher dosages of rifampin are urgently needed in children to assist in placing the dosage of rifampin used in childhood on a more scientific foundation."	( Rifampin pharmacokinetics in children, with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection, hospitalized for the management of severe forms of tuberculosis. Cilliers, K; Donald, PR; Hussey, GD; Labadarios, D; Maritz, JS; McIlleron, H; Schaaf, HS; Smith, P; Willemse, M, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic curves were recorded for 12 h in the second trimester (week 20 +/-2), the third trimester (week 33 +/-2) and post-partum (weeks 4-6)."	( The pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of boosted saquinavir tablets in HIV type-1-infected pregnant women. Burger, D; Colbers, A; Hawkins, D; Koopmans, P; Molto, J; Richter, C; Ruxrungtham, K; Schutz, M; van der Ende, M; van der Lugt, J; Vogel, M; Wyen, C, 2009)	0.35
" For artemether, trends toward Cmax and AUC decreases (Cmax 14."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir affects pharmacokinetic exposure of artemether/lumefantrine in HIV-uninfected healthy volunteers. Aweeka, FT; Charlebois, E; Dorsey, G; German, P; Hanpithakpong, W; Havlir, D; Lawrence, J; Lindegardh, N; Parikh, S; Rosenthal, PJ, 2009)	0.76
" We performed a population pharmacokinetic analysis with NONMEM and determined that the steady-state pharmacokinetics of saquinavir in 136 HIV type 1-infected adults was modulated by a decrease in saquinavir CL following coadministration of the cytochrome P450 3A inhibitors ritonavir and atazanavir."	( Cytochrome P450 3A inhibition by atazanavir and ritonavir, but not demography or drug formulation, influences saquinavir population pharmacokinetics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected adults. Lötsch, J; von Hentig, N, 2009)	0.79
" Low bioavailability and extensive first-pass metabolism make benzimidazoles prone to pharmacokinetic drug interactions."	( Effect of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of the benzimidazoles albendazole and mebendazole: an interaction study in healthy volunteers. Corti, N; Heck, A; Jetter, A; Pauli-Magnus, C; Rentsch, K; Stieger, B; Zingg, W, 2009)	0.76
"The AUC(0-24) of benzimidazoles decreased after long-term use of ritonavir, while no changes in pharmacokinetic profiles were observed under short-term administration."	( Effect of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of the benzimidazoles albendazole and mebendazole: an interaction study in healthy volunteers. Corti, N; Heck, A; Jetter, A; Pauli-Magnus, C; Rentsch, K; Stieger, B; Zingg, W, 2009)	0.99
" Full pharmacokinetic profiles were analysed for lopinavir and ritonavir with a validated HPLC tandem mass spectrometry assay."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of once- versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir treatment in HIV-1-infected children. la Porte, C; Mitchell, CD; Parker, J; Rongkavilit, C; van Heeswijk, R; Zhang, G, 2009)	0.82
"A phase 1, open-label, randomized, crossover, drug interaction study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetic effects of coadministration of posaconazole (400 mg twice daily), with atazanavir (ATV) (300 mg/d alone) and with ritonavir (100 mg/d) or with efavirenz (400 mg/d) in healthy volunteers."	( Effects of oral posaconazole on the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir alone and with ritonavir or with efavirenz in healthy adult volunteers. Krishna, G; Ma, L; Martinho, M; McLeod, J; Moton, A; Seiberling, M, 2009)	0.76
"Prospective, open-label, pharmacokinetic study in 12 HIV-infected patients stabilized on FPV/RTV 1400 mg/200 mg + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC) 300 mg/200 mg QD (TELEX II)."	( Steady-state amprenavir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine pharmacokinetics before and after reducing ritonavir boosting of a fosamprenavir/tenofovir/emtricitabine regimen from 200 mg to 100 mg once daily (TELEX II). Acosta, EP; Jennings, HC; Pakes, GE; Parks, DA; Taylor, C, )	0.35
" Four weeks after reducing RTV, changes in Cmin and AUC24h were: APV: +26%, +0."	( Steady-state amprenavir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine pharmacokinetics before and after reducing ritonavir boosting of a fosamprenavir/tenofovir/emtricitabine regimen from 200 mg to 100 mg once daily (TELEX II). Acosta, EP; Jennings, HC; Pakes, GE; Parks, DA; Taylor, C, )	0.35
"Subjects underwent 24-hour pharmacokinetic sampling at baseline and on day 14 of each treatment period."	( Pharmacokinetics of concurrent administration of fosamprenavir and atazanavir without ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-negative subjects. Anderson, PL; Clay, PG; Glaros, AG; McRae, M, 2009)	0.58
" Ritonavir coadministration improves the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of concomitant PIs, and represents a cornerstone of PI-containing regimens."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancers for HIV drugs. Desai, MC; Xu, L, 2009)	1.26
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) and nevirapine (NVP) in 19 HIV-infected patients."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and darunavir with low-dose ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients. De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Mariën, K; Pozniak, A; Sekar, V; Vangeneugden, T, 2009)	0.82
"To identify pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interactions between tipranavir-ritonavir (TPV/r) and rosuvastatin and atorvastatin, we conducted two prospective, open-label, single-arm, two-period studies."	( Differential effects of tipranavir plus ritonavir on atorvastatin or rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Barditch-Crovo, P; Cameron, DW; Elgadi, MM; Flexner, C; Fuchs, E; la Porte, CJ; Lee, LS; Pham, PA; Piliero, PJ; Sabo, JP; van Heeswijk, R, 2009)	0.85
" Participants received atazanavir 400 mg daily for 7 days followed by atazanavir/ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg daily for 7 days with pharmacokinetic studies on days 7 and 14."	( Atazanavir pharmacokinetics in genetically determined CYP3A5 expressors versus non-expressors. Anderson, PL; Aquilante, CL; Bushman, LR; Gardner, EM; MaWhinney, S; McDaneld, P; Predhomme, J; Ray, M; Zheng, JH, 2009)	0.58
" Intensive pharmacokinetic (PK) sampling was done on days 10 and 24."	( Lack of effect of efavirenz on the pharmacokinetics of tipranavir-ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Béïque, L; Cameron, DW; la Porte, CJ; Sabo, JP, 2009)	0.59
" (> or =40 kg); these gave an AUC24h, C0h and Cmax of 102, 114 and 112%, respectively, versus the corresponding mean adult pharmacokinetic parameter."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of darunavir/ritonavir in treatment-experienced children and adolescents. Blanche, S; Bologna, R; Cahn, P; Dierynck, I; Flynn, P; Fortuny, C; Rugina, S; Sekar, V; Spinosa-Guzman, S; van Baelen, B; Vis, P, 2009)	0.6
" Pharmacokinetic interactions between HIV therapy and opioid dependence treatment medications can occur."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and tipranavir/ritonavir in HIV-negative subjects chronically receiving buprenorphine/naloxone. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Conner, C; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Moody, DE; Piliero, PJ; Sabo, JP; Wruck, JM, 2009)	0.58
" A 12 h pharmacokinetic study was done at 4-6 weeks after starting treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics and 48 week efficacy of low-dose lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected children. Ananworanich, J; Boonrak, P; Bunupuradah, T; Burger, D; Gorowara, M; Jupimai, T; Pancharoen, C; Phasomsap, C; Puthanakit, T; Ruxrungtham, K; van der Lugt, J, 2009)	0.6
"Low-dose lopinavir displayed adequate pharmacokinetic parameters and good efficacy as compared with standard-dose lopinavir in Thai children."	( Pharmacokinetics and 48 week efficacy of low-dose lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected children. Ananworanich, J; Boonrak, P; Bunupuradah, T; Burger, D; Gorowara, M; Jupimai, T; Pancharoen, C; Phasomsap, C; Puthanakit, T; Ruxrungtham, K; van der Lugt, J, 2009)	0.6
" Noncompartmental and population pharmacokinetic analyses (2-compartment open model) were performed."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of rifabutin in combination with lopinavir-ritonavir in patients with HIV infection and active tuberculosis. Ashkin, D; Boulanger, C; Espinoza, LA; Farrell, K; Graham, JJ; Hollender, E; Maasen, D; Peloquin, CA; Rivero, RO; Stambaugh, JJ; Symes, S, 2009)	0.59
" For the five pharmacokinetic trials of lopinavir/ritonavir, a meta-analysis was used to estimate the effects of lopinavir dose versus ritonavir dose on lopinavir pharmacokinetics."	( How much ritonavir is needed to boost protease inhibitors? Systematic review of 17 dose-ranging pharmacokinetic trials. Boffito, M; Hill, A; Sawyer, W; van der Lugt, J, 2009)	1.02
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir (elvitegravir/r) and maraviroc was evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and maraviroc. Abel, S; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Tweedy, S; West, S, 2010)	0.91
" Lack of PK alteration was defined as 90% confidence intervals for ratio of geometric least squares means ratio (coadministration:alone) between 70% and 143% for elvitegravir and ritonavir Cmax (maximum concentration), Ctau (trough), and AUCtau (area under plasma concentration-time curve; 0-24 hours); for maraviroc, given a 100% increase in Cmax and AUCtau (0-12 hours); the predicted 90% confidence intervals were 162% to 247% and 136% to 295%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and maraviroc. Abel, S; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Tweedy, S; West, S, 2010)	0.84
"Objective An open-label, three-period pharmacokinetic study was conducted to investigate the drug interaction potential between fosamprenavir (FPV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)."	( Steady-state amprenavir and tenofovir pharmacokinetics after coadministration of unboosted or ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers. Andrews, M; Condoluci, DV; Luber, AD; Olson, K; Pakes, GE; Pappa, KA; Peloquin, CA; Slowinski, PD, 2010)	0.58
"* Short-term administration of low-dose ritonavir increases area under the plasma concentration curve following oral midazolam by a factor of 28."	( Inhibition of oral midazolam clearance by boosting doses of ritonavir, and by 4,4-dimethyl-benziso-(2H)-selenazine (ALT-2074), an experimental catalytic mimic of glutathione oxidase. Berkowitz, N; Court, MH; Greenblatt, DJ; Harmatz, JS; MacNab, MW; Oleson, LE; Peters, DE; Zinny, MA, 2009)	0.86
"We evaluated whether 'boosting' doses of ritonavir can serve as a positive control inhibitor for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies involving cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A)."	( Inhibition of oral midazolam clearance by boosting doses of ritonavir, and by 4,4-dimethyl-benziso-(2H)-selenazine (ALT-2074), an experimental catalytic mimic of glutathione oxidase. Berkowitz, N; Court, MH; Greenblatt, DJ; Harmatz, JS; MacNab, MW; Oleson, LE; Peters, DE; Zinny, MA, 2009)	0.86
"To determine the pharmacokinetic profiles of lopinavir and ritonavir in two newly developed generic co-formulations for HIV-infected children (Lopimune paediatric tablets and granules, 100/25 mg of lopinavir/ritonavir, Cipla Pharmaceuticals), and to compare these with the branded product (Kaletra)."	( Pharmacokinetics of two generic co-formulations of lopinavir/ritonavir for HIV-infected children: a pilot study of paediatric Lopimune versus the branded product in healthy adult volunteers. Burger, DM; Colbers, EP; de Kanter, CT; Fillekes, Q; Hoitsma, A, 2010)	0.85
" A 32 h pharmacokinetic curve was recorded."	( Pharmacokinetics of two generic co-formulations of lopinavir/ritonavir for HIV-infected children: a pilot study of paediatric Lopimune versus the branded product in healthy adult volunteers. Burger, DM; Colbers, EP; de Kanter, CT; Fillekes, Q; Hoitsma, A, 2010)	0.6
"Large differences in pharmacokinetic parameters can be excluded for Lopimune paediatric tablets when compared with the branded product and taken on an empty stomach, and also for Lopimune granules when these are taken with food."	( Pharmacokinetics of two generic co-formulations of lopinavir/ritonavir for HIV-infected children: a pilot study of paediatric Lopimune versus the branded product in healthy adult volunteers. Burger, DM; Colbers, EP; de Kanter, CT; Fillekes, Q; Hoitsma, A, 2010)	0.6
"To investigate the potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction between darunavir (DRV, TMC114, Prezista), indinavir (IDV, Crixivan) and low-dose ritonavir (RTV, Norvir)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between indinavir and darunavir with low-dose ritonavir in healthy volunteers. De Marez, T; De Paepe, E; De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Sekar, V; Vangeneugden, T, 2010)	0.79
" On day 7, full pharmacokinetic profiles of DRV, IDV and RTV were determined."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between indinavir and darunavir with low-dose ritonavir in healthy volunteers. De Marez, T; De Paepe, E; De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Sekar, V; Vangeneugden, T, 2010)	0.59
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir and quinine in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir and quinine in healthy volunteers following concurrent administration. Cook, JM; Omoruyi, SI; Onyeji, CO; Owolabi, AR; Sarma, PV; Soyinka, JO, 2010)	0.88
"Ten healthy volunteers were each given 600-mg single oral doses of quinine alone, ritonavir alone (200 mg every 12 h for 9 days), and quinine in combination with ritonavir, in a three-period pharmacokinetic nonrandomized sequential design study."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir and quinine in healthy volunteers following concurrent administration. Cook, JM; Omoruyi, SI; Onyeji, CO; Owolabi, AR; Sarma, PV; Soyinka, JO, 2010)	0.86
"01) in the elimination half-life (11."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir and quinine in healthy volunteers following concurrent administration. Cook, JM; Omoruyi, SI; Onyeji, CO; Owolabi, AR; Sarma, PV; Soyinka, JO, 2010)	0.63
"We aimed to investigate the extent of pharmacokinetic drug interactions between bosentan and a fixed combination of lopinavir/ritonavir."	( Mutual pharmacokinetic interactions between bosentan and lopinavir/ritonavir in healthy participants. Dingemanse, J; Nilsson, PN; Patat, A; van Giersbergen, PL, 2010)	0.8
"Nucleoside-sparing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens might be an attractive therapeutic option for HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients; however, the pharmacokinetic profiles of such regimens are frequently unknown."	( The effects of a nucleoside-sparing antiretroviral regimen on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted darunavir in HIV type-1-infected patients. Back, D; Dickinson, L; Erlwein, OW; Garvey, L; Latch, N; Mackie, NE; McClure, MO; Scullard, G; Walsh, J; Winston, A, 2010)	0.58
"Fourteen HIV-1-infected patients (age 21-55 years, 64% male) on stable cART with plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/ml entered this Phase I pharmacokinetic study."	( The effects of a nucleoside-sparing antiretroviral regimen on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted darunavir in HIV type-1-infected patients. Back, D; Dickinson, L; Erlwein, OW; Garvey, L; Latch, N; Mackie, NE; McClure, MO; Scullard, G; Walsh, J; Winston, A, 2010)	0.58
"This study characterized the pharmacokinetic effects, safety, and antiretroviral activity of three different doses of the nonpeptidic protease inhibitor tipranavir, in combination with ritonavir administered twice daily for 28 days, on a number of triple-combination regimens containing a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (efavirenz or nevirapine) plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (abacavir, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, and zidovudine) or a three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor combination (zidovudine, lamivudine, and abacavir)."	( Pharmacokinetic characterization of three doses of tipranavir boosted with ritonavir on highly active antiretroviral therapy in treatment-experienced HIV-1 patients. Castles, M; Goebel, FD; Johnson, PA; Legg, D; MacGregor, TR; McCallister, S; Sabo, JP, )	0.55
" The effects of twice-daily tipranavir and ritonavir combinations on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of the antiretrovirals were assessed by comparing pharmacokinetic parameters at baseline and after 3 weeks of coadministration."	( Pharmacokinetic characterization of three doses of tipranavir boosted with ritonavir on highly active antiretroviral therapy in treatment-experienced HIV-1 patients. Castles, M; Goebel, FD; Johnson, PA; Legg, D; MacGregor, TR; McCallister, S; Sabo, JP, )	0.62
" Six-point pharmacokinetic sampling (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h) was undertaken after observed intake with a standardized breakfast."	( Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir-ritonavir with and without nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in Ugandan HIV-infected adults. Dickinson, L; Gibb, DM; Gilks, CF; Kayiwa, J; Khoo, S; Kityo, C; Lutwama, F; Munderi, P; Nalumenya, R; Reid, A; Ssali, F; Tumukunde, D; Walker, AS, 2010)	0.65
" The aim of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model and to evaluate and quantify the influence of ritonavir on the PK of docetaxel."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered docetaxel with or without co-administration of ritonavir in patients with advanced cancer. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Koolen, SL; Oostendorp, RL; Schellens, JH, 2010)	0.78
" Drug concentrations were measured using a validated LC-MS/MS assay and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using non-linear mixed effect modelling."	( Intracellular and plasma steady-state pharmacokinetics of raltegravir, darunavir, etravirine and ritonavir in heavily pre-treated HIV-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Mulder, JW; Ter Heine, R; van Gorp, EC; Wagenaar, JF, 2010)	0.58
" LPV/r pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and virologic response of zidovudine/lopinavir/ritonavir initiated during the third trimester of pregnancy. Chirayus, S; Cressey, TR; Jourdain, G; Kongpanichkul, R; Lallemant, M; Ngo-Giang-Huong, N; Pattarakulwanich, S; Rawangban, B; Sabsanong, P; Varadisai, S; Voramongkol, N; Yuthavisuthi, P, 2010)	0.6
" Geometric mean (90% confidence interval) LPV AUC, Cmax and Cmin were 64."	( Pharmacokinetics and virologic response of zidovudine/lopinavir/ritonavir initiated during the third trimester of pregnancy. Chirayus, S; Cressey, TR; Jourdain, G; Kongpanichkul, R; Lallemant, M; Ngo-Giang-Huong, N; Pattarakulwanich, S; Rawangban, B; Sabsanong, P; Varadisai, S; Voramongkol, N; Yuthavisuthi, P, 2010)	0.6
" Full pharmacokinetic profiles were determined for DRV, ritonavir, and RFB and its active metabolite, 25-O-desacetylrifabutin (desRFB), on day 13."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir and rifabutin coadministered in HIV-negative healthy volunteers. Berckmans, C; De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, R; Lavreys, L; Sekar, V; Spinosa-Guzman, S; Van de Casteele, T; Vangeneugden, T, 2010)	0.9
"This study was conducted to examine the pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NLX) and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in HIV-seronegative subjects chronically maintained on BUP/NLX."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.79
"This study was an open labeled pharmacokinetic study in twelve HIV-seronegative subjects stabilized on at least 3 weeks of BUP/NLX therapy."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.58
"2 ng*hr/mL) and Cmax (6."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.58
" Pharmacodynamic responses indicate that the altered norbuprenorphine clearance did not lead to opioid withdrawal."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.58
"A pharmacokinetic trial was conducted to evaluate the potential for once-daily etravirine in antiretroviral regimens without and with darunavir/ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV type-1-infected adults. DeJesus, E; Kakuda, TN; Lalezari, JP; Osiyemi, OO; Ruane, PJ; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)	0.79
"Of 23 enrolled patients (male 87%, Caucasian 39%), pharmacokinetic profiles for etravirine were available for 21 and 20 patients on day 14 and 28, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV type-1-infected adults. DeJesus, E; Kakuda, TN; Lalezari, JP; Osiyemi, OO; Ruane, PJ; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)	0.59
" In a subgroup of patients, a complete 24 h pharmacokinetic study was performed by HPLC."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of 900/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir once daily in treatment-experienced patients. Crespo, M; Curran, A; Deig, E; Domingo, P; Gutirerrez, M; Imaz, A; Lopez, RM; Mateo, G; Ocaña, I; Ribera, E, 2010)	0.6
" Twenty-five patients were included in the pharmacokinetic study."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of 900/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir once daily in treatment-experienced patients. Crespo, M; Curran, A; Deig, E; Domingo, P; Gutirerrez, M; Imaz, A; Lopez, RM; Mateo, G; Ocaña, I; Ribera, E, 2010)	0.6
" Pharmacokinetic data were available in 577 patients randomized to receive etravirine."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor etravirine in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients. Corbett, C; De Smedt, G; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Leopold, L; Nijs, S; Peeters, MP; Schöller-Gyüre, M; Snoeck, E; Vingerhoets, J; Vis, P; Wade, JR; Woodfall, BJ, 2010)	0.36
" On day 10, a full pharmacokinetic profile was obtained for each participant."	( Plasma and intracellular (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) pharmacokinetics of once-daily raltegravir (800 milligrams) in HIV-infected patients. Back, D; Barbanoj, MJ; Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Egan, D; Liptrott, N; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Valle, M; Watson, V, 2011)	0.37
" All pharmacokinetic parameters appeared to be highly variable regardless to the addition of etravirine."	( Pharmacokinetics of etravirine, raltegravir and darunavir/ritonavir in treatment experienced patients. Barrail-Tran, A; Bollens, D; Chêne, G; Colin, C; Descamps, D; Fagard, C; Goldwirt, L; Katlama, C; Molina, JM; Piketty, C; Taburet, AM; Yazdanpanah, Y, 2010)	0.6
"The study was an open label, one-sequence cross-over pharmacokinetic study in HIV-negative adults."	( Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between steady-state tipranavir/ritonavir and single-dose valacyclovir in healthy volunteers. Castles, MA; Cong, XJ; Kraft, MF; MacGregor, TR; Mauss, S; Sabo, JP; Wallace, L, 2011)	0.6
" A semiphysiological pharmacokinetic model incorporating a population pharmacokinetic analysis [nonlinear mixed-effects model (NONMEM)] was developed to analyze plasma concentration-time profiles after administration via each of the three above-mentioned routes."	( A pharmacokinetic model for evaluating the impact of hepatic and intestinal first-pass loss of saquinavir in the rat. Casabó, VG; Lledó-García, R; Merino-Sanjuán, M; Nácher, A, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of this review is to discuss the effect of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in the antiretroviral treatment of HIV infection."	( Drug-drug interactions in the treatment of HIV infection: focus on pharmacokinetic enhancement through CYP3A inhibition. Josephson, F, 2010)	0.36
" It has shown promising in vitro anti-HIV-1 activities and favourable human pharmacokinetic properties after co-administration with ritonavir (RTV)."	( Evaluation of steady-state pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir-boosted BILR 355, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and lamivudine/zidovudine in healthy subjects. Allen, L; Castles, MA; Huang, DB; Huang, F; MacGregor, TR; Moy, F; Nguyen, T; Robinson, P; Rowland, L; Vinisko, R, 2012)	0.82
" Intensive blood samples were taken on days 7 and 14 for pharmacokinetic assessments."	( Evaluation of steady-state pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir-boosted BILR 355, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and lamivudine/zidovudine in healthy subjects. Allen, L; Castles, MA; Huang, DB; Huang, F; MacGregor, TR; Moy, F; Nguyen, T; Robinson, P; Rowland, L; Vinisko, R, 2012)	0.62
"After co-administration with BILR 355/r, the AUC(12,ss) and C(max,ss) of 3TC increased by 45% and 24%, respectively; the elimination half-life (t(1/2) ,ss) of 3TC was significantly increased."	( Evaluation of steady-state pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir-boosted BILR 355, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and lamivudine/zidovudine in healthy subjects. Allen, L; Castles, MA; Huang, DB; Huang, F; MacGregor, TR; Moy, F; Nguyen, T; Robinson, P; Rowland, L; Vinisko, R, 2012)	0.62
"The goal of this article is to review the ritonavir 100 mg heat-stable tablet formulation for the treatment of HIV, focusing on recent pharmacokinetic studies, safety and tolerability data, administration, and storage."	( Heat-stable ritonavir tablets: a new formulation of a pharmacokinetic enhancer for HIV. Sherman, EM; Steinberg, JG, 2011)	1.01
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared using the 400/100 mg twice daily dose as reference, by determining geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and 90% confidence intervals."	( Pharmacokinetics of plasma lopinavir/ritonavir following the administration of 400/100 mg, 200/150 mg and 200/50 mg twice daily in HIV-negative volunteers. Amin, J; Back, D; Boffito, M; Else, L; Emery, S; Gazzard, B; Hill, A; Jackson, A; Khoo, S; Lin, E; Morley, R; Puls, R, 2011)	0.64
"These pharmacokinetic data show that therapeutic plasma concentrations of lopinavir can be achieved with 200/150 mg of lopinavir/ritonavir twice daily (one Meltrex tablet and one 100 mg ritonavir capsule twice daily)."	( Pharmacokinetics of plasma lopinavir/ritonavir following the administration of 400/100 mg, 200/150 mg and 200/50 mg twice daily in HIV-negative volunteers. Amin, J; Back, D; Boffito, M; Else, L; Emery, S; Gazzard, B; Hill, A; Jackson, A; Khoo, S; Lin, E; Morley, R; Puls, R, 2011)	0.85
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in a noncompartmental analysis."	( Effect of tipranavir/ritonavir combination on the pharmacokinetics of tadalafil in healthy volunteers. Dellamonica, P; Durant, J; Ferrando, S; Garraffo, R; Lavrut, T; MacGregor, TR; Rouyrre, N; Sabo, JP, 2011)	0.69
" This 2-step, multicenter, pharmacokinetic study enrolled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults on lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) capsules (400/100 mg bid) plus 1 or more nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors."	( Sex differences in lopinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics among HIV-infected women and men. Cramer, Y; Currier, JS; Fletcher, CV; Hermes, AE; Park, JG; Umeh, OC, 2011)	0.86
"Intensive steady-state 24-hour pharmacokinetic profiles were performed during the third trimester and at 6-12 weeks postpartum."	( Atazanavir pharmacokinetics with and without tenofovir during pregnancy. Basar, M; Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Capparelli, EV; Hawkins, E; Hu, C; Mirochnick, M; Read, JS; Rossi, SS; Smith, E; Stek, AM, 2011)	0.37
"S/GSK1349572 is an unboosted, once daily, next generation integrase inhibitor with potent activity, low pharmacokinetic (PK) variability and a novel resistance profile."	( Effect of atazanavir and atazanavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of the next-generation HIV integrase inhibitor, S/GSK1349572. Borland, J; Chen, S; Lou, Y; Min, S; Peppercorn, A; Piscitelli, SC; Song, I; Wajima, T, 2011)	0.64
"The log-transformed data for vicriviroc primary pharmacokinetic parameters on appropriate days were statistically analysed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) model extracting the effects due to treatment."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of vicriviroc with other antiretroviral agents: results from a series of fixed-sequence and parallel-group clinical trials. Kasserra, C; O'Mara, E, 2011)	0.37
" Data were modeled first separately and then together by using individually predicted ritonavir pharmacokinetic parameters in the final lopinavir model."	( Sequential population pharmacokinetic modeling of lopinavir and ritonavir in healthy volunteers and assessment of different dosing strategies. Aarons, L; Back, D; Boffito, M; Davies, G; Dickinson, L; Else, L; Khoo, S; Moyle, G; Pozniak, A; von Hentig, N, 2011)	0.83
" There were no significant differences in the LPV area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC(0-12)), C(0), C(12), maximum concentration of drug in serum (C(max)), or half-life (t(1/2)) between the baseline and double-dose LPV/r time points."	( Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in HIV-infected adults receiving rifampin with adjusted doses of lopinavir-ritonavir tablets. Decloedt, EH; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Merry, C; Orrell, C; Smith, P, 2011)	0.58
" Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling occurred 7 days after starting ATV."	( Atazanavir and atazanavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected infants, children, and adolescents. Aldrovandi, G; Brundage, RC; Fenton, T; Fletcher, CV; Graham, B; Kiser, JJ; Mofenson, LM; Rutstein, RM; Samson, P; Schnittman, S; Smith, E, 2011)	0.67
"Cohorts satisfied protocol-defined pharmacokinetic criteria if the median ATV AUC0-24hr was 60 μg × h/ml or less, and AUC0-24hr and ATV concentrations 24-h postdose (C24) were more than 30 μg × h/ml and at least 60 ng/ml, respectively, in at least 80% of the children, with no individual AUC0-24hr less than 15 μg × h/ml."	( Atazanavir and atazanavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected infants, children, and adolescents. Aldrovandi, G; Brundage, RC; Fenton, T; Fletcher, CV; Graham, B; Kiser, JJ; Mofenson, LM; Rutstein, RM; Samson, P; Schnittman, S; Smith, E, 2011)	0.67
"Unboosted ATV capsules satisfied pharmacokinetic criteria at a dose of 520 mg/m for those aged more than 2 to 13 years or less and 620 mg/m for those aged more than 13 to 21 years or less."	( Atazanavir and atazanavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected infants, children, and adolescents. Aldrovandi, G; Brundage, RC; Fenton, T; Fletcher, CV; Graham, B; Kiser, JJ; Mofenson, LM; Rutstein, RM; Samson, P; Schnittman, S; Smith, E, 2011)	0.67
" A total of 151 ATV plasma concentrations were obtained, and a population pharmacokinetic model was developed with NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children and adolescents. Blanche, S; Dollfus, C; Firtion, G; Foissac, F; Hirt, D; Laurent, C; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)	0.63
" We report the pharmacokinetic parameters of tenofovir in combination with efavirenz, darunavir-ritonavir, or atazanavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected children."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of tenofovir-based regimens in HIV-infected pediatric patients. Acosta, EP; Britto, P; Carey, V; Graham, B; Hazra, R; Jean-Philippe, P; King, JR; Wiznia, A; Yogev, R, 2011)	0.59
" Full pharmacokinetic profiles were assessed for each phase for the 72 h following day 10."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily darunavir-ritonavir and atazanavir-ritonavir over 72 hours following drug cessation. Amara, A; Back, D; Boffito, M; Gazzard, B; Higgs, C; Jackson, A; Khoo, S; Moyle, G; Seymour, N, 2011)	0.64
" The lopinavir/ritonavir dose of 500/125 mg bid administered with efavirenz most closely approximates the pharmacokinetic exposure of lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg bid administered alone."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of the lopinavir/ritonavir tablet 500/125 mg twice daily coadministered with efavirenz in healthy adult participants. Awni, W; Bernstein, B; Causemaker, SJ; Chiu, YL; Klein, CE; Ng, J, 2012)	0.99
"Significant pharmacokinetic interactions can result between acid-suppressing agents and some protease inhibitors (PIs) in the management of HIV infection."	( Effects of the H2-receptor antagonist famotidine on the pharmacokinetics of atazanavir-ritonavir with or without tenofovir in HIV-infected patients. Bertz, R; Boffito, M; Child, M; Chung, E; Kashuba, A; Mahnke, L; Patterson, K; Tebas, P; Wang, X; Wu, Y; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2011)	0.59
" Each subject had 2 separate (within 30 days) steady-state 12-hour pharmacokinetic (PK) studies with crushed and whole 200/50 mg lopinavir/ritonavir tablets."	( Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir crushed versus whole tablets in children. Best, BM; Capparelli, EV; Diep, H; Farrell, MJ; Lee, G; Rakhmanina, N; Rossi, SS; van den Anker, JN; Williams, E, 2011)	0.86
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including AUC(0-24), C(max), and C(min), were calculated using noncompartmental methods, and drug interactions were evaluated using an ANOVA model by treatment group."	( Effect of vicriviroc with or without ritonavir on oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, fixed-sequence crossover trial in healthy women. Kasserra, C; Li, J; March, B; O'Mara, E, 2011)	0.64
" Twenty-one subjects completed the study and were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis; 4 discontinued for reasons unrelated to study drug and 2 discontinued because of adverse events."	( Effect of vicriviroc with or without ritonavir on oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, fixed-sequence crossover trial in healthy women. Kasserra, C; Li, J; March, B; O'Mara, E, 2011)	0.64
" At week 24, the geometric mean values for SQV area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0-12 hours (AUC₀₋₁₂), the maximum observed plasma concentration (C(max)), trough plasma concentration (C(min)), and the elimination half-life (t(1/2)) were 24."	( Pharmacokinetic study of saquinavir 500 mg plus ritonavir (1000/100 mg twice a day) in HIV-positive pregnant women. Blanco, JL; Brunet, M; Calvo, M; Coll, O; Gatell, JM; Hernandez, S; Laguno, M; Larrousse, M; Lonca, M; Mallolas, J; Martin, R; Martínez, E; Martinez-Rebollar, M; Milinkovic, A; Perez, I; Soy, D, 2011)	0.62
"HIV-infected subjects on abacavir (600 mg once daily) underwent steady-state pharmacokinetic assessments without and with darunavir/ritonavir or raltegravir."	( Pharmacokinetics of abacavir and its anabolite carbovir triphosphate without and with darunavir/ritonavir or raltegravir in HIV-infected subjects. Abongomera, G; Back, D; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Gazzard, B; Gedela, K; Jackson, A; Khoo, S; Moyle, G; Taylor, J, 2012)	0.8
" This study determined the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of a low-dose LPV/r tablet (70% of standard dose) in HIV-infected Thai adolescents."	( Low dose lopinavir/ritonavir tablet achieves adequate pharmacokinetic parameters in HIV-infected Thai adolescents. Ananworanich, J; Burger, D; Gorowara, M; Kerr, S; Klinklom, A; Pancharoen, C; Phasomsap, C; Puthanakit, T; Ruxrungtham, K; Sriheara, C, 2012)	0.71
" A mechanistic evaluation was undertaken using various in vitro and ex vivo studies to support the in vivo pharmacokinetic data."	( Effect of grapefruit juice and ritonavir on pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in Wistar rats. Aditya, N; Ravi, PR; Srivani, S; Thakur, R; Vats, R, 2012)	0.66
" The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis and pharmacogenetics of raltegravir in HIV-positive and healthy individuals. Aouri, M; Arab-Alameddine, M; Boffito, M; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; di Iulio, J; Fayet-Mello, A; Günthard, HF; Lubomirov, R; Neely, M; Owen, A; Rentsch, K; Rotger, M; Telenti, A, 2012)	0.38
" Individual darunavir pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis and compared between days 0 and 14 by means of the geometric mean ratio (GMR) and its 90% confidence interval (CI)."	( Effect of milk thistle on the pharmacokinetics of darunavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Negredo, E; Valle, M, 2012)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analyses were conducted using a 2-step approach: individual non-model-based PK parameters from observed sparse concentration data were determined, followed by statistical analysis of potential relationships between PK and efficacy response parameters after 48 weeks of treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of once-daily versus twice-daily raltegravir in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients. Campbell, H; Eron, JJ; Hang, Y; Luo, WL; Nguyen, BY; Rizk, ML; Sklar, P; Su, J; Wenning, L; Zhao, J, 2012)	0.38
" A phase I pharmacokinetic study was conducted to assess the impact of long-term use of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) on quinine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers."	( Effects of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir on the pharmacokinetics of quinine. El-Gasim, M; Hendrix, CW; Lu, Y; Nyunt, MM; Parsons, TL; Petty, BG, 2012)	0.99
" Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling was performed 7 days apart after LPV/r dosing under moderate fat, high fat, and fasted meal conditions."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of lopinavir plus ritonavir when administered under different meal conditions in HIV-infected Ugandan adults. Back, D; Boffito, M; Byakika-Kibwika, P; Khoo, S; Lamorde, M; Mayito, J; Merry, C; Nabukeera, L; Ogwal-Okeng, J; Ryan, M; Tjia, J, 2012)	0.63
"A pharmacokinetic (PK) study was performed in 12 HIV-negative men receiving 600 mg of darunavir, 100 mg of ritonavir, and 200 mg of etravirine orally, twice daily for 8 days."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of darunavir plus ritonavir and etravirine in semen and rectal tissue of HIV-negative men. Asher Prince, HM; Brown, KC; Cohen, MS; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Malone, SA; Patterson, KB; Shaheen, NJ; Spacek, M, 2012)	0.83
" Ritonavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PI) and potent CYP3A inhibitor, is used as a pharmacokinetic enhancer at subtherapeutic doses in combination with other HIV PIs."	( Impact of low-dose ritonavir on danoprevir pharmacokinetics: results of computer-based simulations and a clinical drug-drug interaction study. Blotner, S; Chen, Y; Fretland, J; Haznedar, JO; Reddy, MB; Smith, P; Tran, JQ, 2012)	1.62
" The clinical results demonstrate that low-dose ritonavir enhances the pharmacokinetic profile of low-dose danoprevir such that overall danoprevir exposures can be reduced while sustaining danoprevir trough concentrations."	( Impact of low-dose ritonavir on danoprevir pharmacokinetics: results of computer-based simulations and a clinical drug-drug interaction study. Blotner, S; Chen, Y; Fretland, J; Haznedar, JO; Reddy, MB; Smith, P; Tran, JQ, 2012)	0.96
" The primary objective was to investigate pharmacokinetic (PK) effects of lopinavir/ritonavir 400 mg/100 mg twice daily on pitavastatin 4 mg when coadministered."	( Effects of steady-state lopinavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of pitavastatin in healthy adult volunteers. Campbell, SE; Medlock, MM; Morgan, RE; Sponseller, CA; Suehira, K; Yu, CY, 2012)	0.88
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir in HIV-infected patients during rifabutin-based anti-mycobacterial therapy."	( Lopinavir pharmacokinetic profiles in HIV-infected patients during rifabutin-based anti-mycobacterial therapy. Apostoli, A; Bigoni, S; Calabresi, A; Carvalho, AC; Cusato, M; Dal Zoppo, S; El-Hamad, I; Marcantoni, C; Matteelli, A; Regazzi, M; Villani, P, 2012)	0.64
"A longitudinal, cross-over pharmacokinetic evaluation of lopinavir with and without rifabutin in HIV-infected subjects with mycobacterial disease was done."	( Lopinavir pharmacokinetic profiles in HIV-infected patients during rifabutin-based anti-mycobacterial therapy. Apostoli, A; Bigoni, S; Calabresi, A; Carvalho, AC; Cusato, M; Dal Zoppo, S; El-Hamad, I; Marcantoni, C; Matteelli, A; Regazzi, M; Villani, P, 2012)	0.38
"In 10 patients with complete lopinavir curves at T1, T2 and T3 pharmacokinetic values were, respectively: AUC(0-12), 187."	( Lopinavir pharmacokinetic profiles in HIV-infected patients during rifabutin-based anti-mycobacterial therapy. Apostoli, A; Bigoni, S; Calabresi, A; Carvalho, AC; Cusato, M; Dal Zoppo, S; El-Hamad, I; Marcantoni, C; Matteelli, A; Regazzi, M; Villani, P, 2012)	0.38
" These findings warrant further evaluation of their properties in an effort to identify valuable alternatives to Ritonavir as pharmacokinetic enhancers."	( Benzoxazole and benzothiazole amides as novel pharmacokinetic enhancers of HIV protease inhibitors. Baumeister, J; Haché, G; Hallenberger, S; Jonckers, TH; Rouan, MC; Sasaki, JC; Schepens, W, 2012)	0.59
"Once-daily LPV/r monotherapy in HIV-HCV coinfected individuals offers a safe and effective approach to the management of the HIV infection, with a predictable pharmacokinetic profile."	( A pilot, prospective, open-label simplification study to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of once-daily lopinavir-ritonavir monotherapy in HIV-HCV coinfected patients: the MONOCO study. Ackad, N; Conway, B; Cooper, C; la Porte, C; Sampalis, J; Tossonian, H, )	0.34
"The Asian population, in general, has higher antiretroviral concentrations than those who are not Asian, but there are limited pharmacokinetic data for darunavir/ritonavir in Asian children."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir in Asian HIV-1-infected children aged ≥7 years. Ananworanich, J; Burger, D; Chokephaibulkit, K; Gorowara, M; Kerr, SJ; Pasomsap, C; Phongsamart, W; Prasitsuebsai, W; Puthanakit, T; Sekar, V; Sophonphan, J; Suwanlerk, T; Vanprapar, N; Wittawatmongkol, O, 2012)	0.86
" The darunavir pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to those in non-Asian individuals from the DELPHI study, in which 13 of 20 with BW<40 kg used 50 or 60 mg ritonavir boosting."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir in Asian HIV-1-infected children aged ≥7 years. Ananworanich, J; Burger, D; Chokephaibulkit, K; Gorowara, M; Kerr, SJ; Pasomsap, C; Phongsamart, W; Prasitsuebsai, W; Puthanakit, T; Sekar, V; Sophonphan, J; Suwanlerk, T; Vanprapar, N; Wittawatmongkol, O, 2012)	0.86
"The objective of this study was to develop a simultaneous population pharmacokinetic (PK) model to describe atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/RTV) PK (300/100 mg) and to assess the effect of RTV dose reduction on ATV PK."	( Simultaneous population pharmacokinetic modelling of atazanavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected adults and assessment of different dose reduction strategies. Austin, R; Back, D; Boffito, M; Davies, G; Dickinson, L; Khoo, S; Owen, A; Schipani, A, 2013)	0.83
"Boceprevir represents a new treatment option for hepatitis C (HCV)-infected patients, including those with HCV/human immunodeficiency virus coinfection; however, little is known about pharmacokinetic interactions between boceprevir and antiretroviral drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between the hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor boceprevir and ritonavir-boosted HIV-1 protease inhibitors atazanavir, darunavir, and lopinavir. Butterton, JR; Feng, HP; Hughes, EA; Hulskotte, EG; O'Mara, E; Treitel, MA; van Zutven, MG; Wagner, JA; Xuan, F; Youngberg, SP, 2013)	0.61
"A randomized, open-label study to assess the pharmacokinetic interactions between boceprevir and ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (PI/r) was conducted in 39 healthy adults."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between the hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor boceprevir and ritonavir-boosted HIV-1 protease inhibitors atazanavir, darunavir, and lopinavir. Butterton, JR; Feng, HP; Hughes, EA; Hulskotte, EG; O'Mara, E; Treitel, MA; van Zutven, MG; Wagner, JA; Xuan, F; Youngberg, SP, 2013)	0.83
" Therefore, to prevent overexposure directly posttransplantation in HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-containing cART, the predictive value of a pretransplantation pharmacokinetic curve of tacrolimus was explored."	( Pretransplantation pharmacokinetic curves of tacrolimus in HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-containing cART: a pilot study. Crommelin, HA; Mudrikova, T; van den Broek, MP; van Maarseveen, EM; van Zuilen, AD, 2013)	0.83
"A pretransplantation pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in these patients was developed, and a posttransplantation dosing advice was established for each individual patient."	( Pretransplantation pharmacokinetic curves of tacrolimus in HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-containing cART: a pilot study. Crommelin, HA; Mudrikova, T; van den Broek, MP; van Maarseveen, EM; van Zuilen, AD, 2013)	0.61
" As the simulated pharmacokinetic curves lacked an absorption peak every 12 h, the mean 12 h-AUC was approximately 40 % lower compared with AUC's reported in HIV-negative recipients, when similar trough levels were targeted."	( Pretransplantation pharmacokinetic curves of tacrolimus in HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-containing cART: a pilot study. Crommelin, HA; Mudrikova, T; van den Broek, MP; van Maarseveen, EM; van Zuilen, AD, 2013)	0.61
" However, the pharmacokinetic profiles of such regimens are often not established."	( Pharmacokinetic profile and safety of 150 mg of maraviroc dosed with 800/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir all once daily, with and without nucleoside analogues, in HIV-infected subjects. Back, D; Croucher, A; Else, LJ; Khoo, S; Mora-Peris, B; Scullard, G; Vera, JH; Winston, A, 2013)	0.61
" At steady-state (days 10 and 20), intensive pharmacokinetic sampling was undertaken."	( Pharmacokinetic profile and safety of 150 mg of maraviroc dosed with 800/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir all once daily, with and without nucleoside analogues, in HIV-infected subjects. Back, D; Croucher, A; Else, LJ; Khoo, S; Mora-Peris, B; Scullard, G; Vera, JH; Winston, A, 2013)	0.61
" The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model describing the pharmacokinetic differences of lopinavir and ritonavir, with and without rifampicin, between children and adults."	( Model-based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin. Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)	0.81
"An integrated population pharmacokinetic model developed in nonmem 7 was used to describe the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir in 21 HIV infected adults, 39 HIV infected children and 35 HIV infected children with tuberculosis, who were established on lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy with and without rifampicin-containing antituberculosis therapy."	( Model-based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin. Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)	0.81
" In children, the absorption half-life of lopinavir and the mean transit time of ritonavir were lengthened, compared with those in adults."	( Model-based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin. Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)	0.83
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was used to estimate PK parameters [area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h (AUC0-24h ) and maximal concentration (Cmax )]."	( Pharmacokinetics of two common antiretroviral regimens in older HIV-infected patients: a pilot study. Adams, JL; Corbett, AH; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RL; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C; Wang, R; White, N, 2013)	0.39
" Compared with the general population, these elderly subjects had 8-13% decreased TFV AUC0-24h and Cmax , and 19-78% increased FTC and RTV AUC0-24h and Cmax ."	( Pharmacokinetics of two common antiretroviral regimens in older HIV-infected patients: a pilot study. Adams, JL; Corbett, AH; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RL; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C; Wang, R; White, N, 2013)	0.39
" The current study evaluated the pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine and the lopinavir/ritonavir melt extrusion formulation."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of etravirine and lopinavir/ritonavir melt extrusion formulation, alone and in combination, in healthy HIV-negative volunteers. Akuma, SH; De Smedt, G; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Schöller-Gyüre, M; Spittaels, K; Vyncke, V; Witek, J, 2013)	0.85
" Steady-state pharmacokinetics were assessed for all antiretrovirals alone and coadministered; pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by noncompartmental analysis."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of etravirine and lopinavir/ritonavir melt extrusion formulation, alone and in combination, in healthy HIV-negative volunteers. Akuma, SH; De Smedt, G; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Schöller-Gyüre, M; Spittaels, K; Vyncke, V; Witek, J, 2013)	0.63
" The objective was to investigate pharmacokinetic interactions between darunavir/ritonavir or etravirine and arthemether/lumefrantrine."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine or darunavir/ritonavir and artemether/lumefantrine in healthy volunteers: a two-panel, two-way, two-period, randomized trial. DeMasi, R; Kakuda, TN; Mohammed, P; van Delft, Y, 2013)	0.86
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-protease inhibitor atazanavir (ATV) in the presence and absence of the pharmacokinetic booster ritonavir, utilizing ATV plasma trough concentrations (Ctrough ) and clinical biomarkers of antiviral efficacy and safety over 48 weeks."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atazanavir-containing antiretroviral regimens, with or without ritonavir, in patients who are HIV-positive and treatment-naïve. Bertz, RJ; Chung, E; Grasela, D; McGrath, D; Persson, A; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2013)	0.79
" Pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction were simulated using the full physiologically based pharmacokinetic model implemented in the Simcyp™ ADME simulator."	( Prediction of drug-drug interactions between various antidepressants and efavirenz or boosted protease inhibitors using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling approach. Almond, L; Back, D; Khoo, S; Kirov, A; Marzolini, C; Owen, A; Seden, K; Siccardi, M, 2013)	0.39
" Although the simulated drug-drug interactions with antidepressants were overall weak to moderate according to the classification of the US FDA, fluoxetine and venlafaxine represent better candidates from a pharmacokinetic standpoint for patients on efavirenz and venlafaxine or citalopram for patients on boosted protease inhibitors."	( Prediction of drug-drug interactions between various antidepressants and efavirenz or boosted protease inhibitors using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling approach. Almond, L; Back, D; Khoo, S; Kirov, A; Marzolini, C; Owen, A; Seden, K; Siccardi, M, 2013)	0.39
" To enhance its pharmacokinetic profile, darunavir must be co-administered with ritonavir."	( Simultaneous pharmacogenetics-based population pharmacokinetic analysis of darunavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Owen, A; Pushpakom, S; Valle, M; Xinarianos, G, 2013)	0.84
"The aim of this study was to develop a semi-mechanistic population pharmacokinetic model for darunavir and ritonavir administered in HIV-infected adults."	( Simultaneous pharmacogenetics-based population pharmacokinetic analysis of darunavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Owen, A; Pushpakom, S; Valle, M; Xinarianos, G, 2013)	0.82
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with 705 plasma samples from 75 Caucasian individuals receiving darunavir/ritonavir (600/100 mg twice daily) for at least 4 weeks."	( Simultaneous pharmacogenetics-based population pharmacokinetic analysis of darunavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Owen, A; Pushpakom, S; Valle, M; Xinarianos, G, 2013)	0.82
"A population pharmacokinetic model to simultaneously describe the pharmacokinetics of darunavir and ritonavir was developed in HIV-infected patients."	( Simultaneous pharmacogenetics-based population pharmacokinetic analysis of darunavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Owen, A; Pushpakom, S; Valle, M; Xinarianos, G, 2013)	0.83
"Open-label, prospective, randomized pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in healthy volunteers."	( Influence of low-dose ritonavir with and without darunavir on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled beclomethasone. Alfaro, RM; Boyd, SD; Calderon, MM; Chairez, C; Hadigan, C; Kovacs, JA; McManus, M; Nieman, LK; Pau, AK; Penzak, SR, 2013)	0.7
" Pharmacokinetic sampling for 17-BMP was performed on days 14 and 28, and pharmacokinetic parameter values were compared within patients and between groups."	( Influence of low-dose ritonavir with and without darunavir on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled beclomethasone. Alfaro, RM; Boyd, SD; Calderon, MM; Chairez, C; Hadigan, C; Kovacs, JA; McManus, M; Nieman, LK; Pau, AK; Penzak, SR, 2013)	0.7
"The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir (RTV) and an anti-HIV agent 3-cyanomethyl-4-methyl-DCK (CMDCK)."	( Investigation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and CMDCK, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Li, H; Shen, GL; Yuan, M; Zhuang, XM, 2013)	0.86
" In this paper, we review and unite pharmacokinetic data, case reports and current research regarding this drug-drug interaction in order to suggest options for the clinical management of HIV-positive patients requiring treatment with protease inhibitors and inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids."	( Inhaled corticosteroid use in HIV-positive individuals taking protease inhibitors: a review of pharmacokinetics, case reports and clinical management. Nguyen, DP; Phengrasamy, T; Saberi, P, 2013)	0.39
" Although there were no significant changes in conjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin Cmax and AUC(0-24) of were lower (17 and 19%, phase 2; 20 and 23% during phase 3)."	( Coadministration of atazanavir-ritonavir and zinc sulfate: impact on hyperbilirubinemia and pharmacokinetics. Back, D; Boffito, M; Else, L; Gazzard, B; Jackson, A; Karolia, Z; Moyle, G; Ringner-Nackter, L; Seymour, N; Yapa, MH, 2013)	0.68
" Blood samples were collected serially with each dose for pharmacokinetic assessment."	( Pharmacokinetics of a three-way drug interaction between danoprevir, ritonavir and the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) inhibitor ciclosporin. Asthappan, J; Brennan, BJ; Goelzer, P; Morcos, PN; Moreira, SA; Navarro, MT; Smith, PF; Weigl, P, 2013)	0.62
" A pharmacokinetic interaction between tenofovir and ritonavir may have resulted in the toxicity."	( Tenofovir induced Fanconi syndrome: a possible pharmacokinetic interaction. Desai, C; Desai, M; Dikshit, RK; Kapadia, J; Patel, S; Shah, AN; Shah, S, )	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental analysis."	( Total and unbound darunavir pharmacokinetics in pregnant women infected with HIV-1: results of a study of darunavir/ritonavir 600/100 mg administered twice daily. Baugh, B; Brown, K; Coate, B; Falcon, R; Kakuda, TN; Mrus, J; Osiyemi, OO; Verboven, P; Wright, R; Yasin, S; Zorrilla, CD, 2014)	0.61
"To address the need for nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-sparing regimens, we explored the virologic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of maraviroc plus ritonavir-boosted darunavir in a single-arm, open-label, 96-week study."	( Virologic response, early HIV-1 decay, and maraviroc pharmacokinetics with the nucleos(t)ide-free regimen of maraviroc plus darunavir/ritonavir in a pilot study. Acosta, EP; Adeyemi, O; Berzins, B; Castro, J; Eron, JJ; Kuritzkes, DR; Lalezari, J; Lu, D; Ryscavage, P; Swindells, S; Taiwo, B; Tsibris, A, 2013)	0.79
"Results from intensive pharmacokinetic sampling of subjects enrolled in single dose visits was used to determine individualized dosing for the first 6-10 subjects in each of 2 cohorts (4 weeks to <6 months, 6 months to <2 years); steady state pharmacokinetic data were then used to select the dosage regimen for the remaining subjects recruited to the cohort."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir/ritonavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected children aged 4 weeks to 2 years-48-week study data. Cassim, H; Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Ford, SL; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Pavía-Ruz, N; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.64
" FPV 45 mg/kg boosted with RTV 7 to 10 mg/kg BID achieved average plasma amprenavir area under curve(0-τ) values 26% to 28% lower and Cmax similar to historical adult data for FPV/RTV 700/100 mg BID; amprenavir Cτ values were lower in the subjects <6 months of age."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir/ritonavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected children aged 4 weeks to 2 years-48-week study data. Cassim, H; Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Ford, SL; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Pavía-Ruz, N; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.64
"Serial pharmacokinetic samples were collected at week 2 and predose samples every 4-12 weeks."	( Pharmacokinetics and 48-week safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected 2- to 18-year-old children. Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Duiculescu, D; Ford, SL; Fortuny, C; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Tamarirt, DP; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.4
" However, data on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of these regimens are limited."	( Pharmacokinetic study of dual therapy with raltegravir 400 mg twice daily and Darunavir/Ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily in HIV-1-infected patients. Blanco, JL; Brunet, M; Calvo, M; Gatell, JM; González, A; Hidalgo, S; Laguno, M; Loncà, M; Mallolas, J; Martínez, E; Martínez-Rebollar, M; Muñoz, A; Pérez, I, 2013)	0.61
" The geometric mean values for DRV were AUC0-24 68,730 ng·h·mL [95% confidence interval (CI): 58,970-86,480], Ctrough 1330 ng/mL (95% CI: 1110-1760; IC-50 for wild-type and resistant HIV-1 strains was 55 and 550 ng/mL, respectively), Cmax 7630 ng/mL (95% CI: 6740-9000), and t1/2 10."	( Pharmacokinetic study of dual therapy with raltegravir 400 mg twice daily and Darunavir/Ritonavir 800/100 mg once daily in HIV-1-infected patients. Blanco, JL; Brunet, M; Calvo, M; Gatell, JM; González, A; Hidalgo, S; Laguno, M; Loncà, M; Mallolas, J; Martínez, E; Martínez-Rebollar, M; Muñoz, A; Pérez, I, 2013)	0.61
" The aim of this study was to investigate the potential pharmacokinetic interactions between Rh2 and the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir in vitro and in vivo. Aa, JY; Cao, B; Ge, C; Gu, RR; Li, MJ; Liu, CX; Liu, LS; Ma, T; Mao, Y; Shi, J; Sun, RB; Wang, GJ; Wang, XW; Wu, XL; Xia, WJ; Xiao, WJ; Yu, XY; Zha, WB; Zheng, T; Zhou, J, 2013)	0.82
"The mean Cmax and AUC0-24 of rifabutin in patients on rifabutin 150 mg every other day were 36% and 26% lower than on 300 mg/day rifabutin, while the mean Cmax and AUC0-24 of 25-O-desacetyl rifabutin were 186% and 152% higher, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifabutin in Japanese HIV-infected patients with or without antiretroviral therapy. Aoki, T; Gatanaga, H; Honda, H; Kikuchi, Y; Oka, S; Sano, K; Tanuma, J; Teruya, K; Tsukada, K; Watanabe, K; Yazaki, H, 2013)	0.39
"Open-label, two-period, single-sequence pharmacokinetic study."	( Effect of ritonavir-boosted danoprevir, a potent hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of methadone in healthy subjects undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. Bech, N; Brennan, BJ; Morcos, PN; Moreira, SA; Navarro, MT; Smith, PF, 2014)	0.8
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for the total concentrations of (R)- and (S)-methadone on Days -1 and 10 were determined using noncompartmental methods."	( Effect of ritonavir-boosted danoprevir, a potent hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of methadone in healthy subjects undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. Bech, N; Brennan, BJ; Morcos, PN; Moreira, SA; Navarro, MT; Smith, PF, 2014)	0.8
"Coadministration of DNVr with MMT resulted in no significant pharmacokinetic interactions or signs of methadone withdrawal."	( Effect of ritonavir-boosted danoprevir, a potent hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of methadone in healthy subjects undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. Bech, N; Brennan, BJ; Morcos, PN; Moreira, SA; Navarro, MT; Smith, PF, 2014)	0.8
"The pharmacokinetic data support coadministration of daclatasvir with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz and/or tenofovir."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic interactions of the HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir with antiretroviral agents: ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, efavirenz and tenofovir. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Grasela, D; Hartstra, J; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Oosterhuis, B; Sevinsky, H; Tiessen, R; Velinova-Donga, M, 2013)	0.82
"This open-label, fixed-sequence, phase 1 study evaluated the pharmacokinetic interaction between maraviroc (MVC) and ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir (FPV/r) in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between maraviroc and fosamprenavir-ritonavir: an open-label, fixed-sequence study in healthy subjects. Fang, A; Heera, J; Mendes da Costa, L; Plotka, A; Vourvahis, M, 2013)	0.84
" DNV AUC0-∞, Cmax and C12h GMR% (90% CI) with ranitidine: 81."	( Effect of meal and antisecretory agents on the pharmacokinetics of danoprevir/ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Bech, N; Brennan, BJ; Morcos, PN; Moreira, SA; Navarro, MT; Quatkemeyer, A; Smith, PF, 2014)	0.63
" The mean Cmax and area under plasma concentration-time curve values (single-dose: 1200 mg TMC310911) were higher under fasted conditions than in fed condition."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor TMC310911 coadministered with ritonavir in healthy participants: results from 2 phase 1 studies. Dierynck, I; Hoetelmans, RM; Jacquemyn, B; Marien, K; Meyvisch, P; Simmen, K; Smyej, I; Verloes, R, 2014)	0.62
"TMC310911 exhibited a linear pharmacokinetic profile after the single- (up to 2000 mg) and multiple-dose (up to 900 mg) administrations; ritonavir improved the pharmacokinetic profile of TMC310911."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor TMC310911 coadministered with ritonavir in healthy participants: results from 2 phase 1 studies. Dierynck, I; Hoetelmans, RM; Jacquemyn, B; Marien, K; Meyvisch, P; Simmen, K; Smyej, I; Verloes, R, 2014)	0.83
"Intensive pharmacokinetic studies of tenofovir in a large, diverse cohort of HIV-infected women over 24 h at steady state were performed and factors that influenced exposure [assessed by areas under the concentration-time curves (AUCs)] identified."	( Common clinical conditions - age, low BMI, ritonavir use, mild renal impairment - affect tenofovir pharmacokinetics in a large cohort of HIV-infected women. Anastos, K; Bacchetti, P; Baxi, SM; Cohen, M; Gandhi, M; Gange, SJ; Greenblatt, RM; Huang, Y; Minkoff, H; Scherzer, R; Shlipak, MG; Young, M, 2014)	0.67
"HIV-infected women (n = 101) on tenofovir-based therapy underwent intensive 24-h pharmacokinetic sampling."	( Common clinical conditions - age, low BMI, ritonavir use, mild renal impairment - affect tenofovir pharmacokinetics in a large cohort of HIV-infected women. Anastos, K; Bacchetti, P; Baxi, SM; Cohen, M; Gandhi, M; Gange, SJ; Greenblatt, RM; Huang, Y; Minkoff, H; Scherzer, R; Shlipak, MG; Young, M, 2014)	0.67
" The primary objective was to develop an integrated LPV population pharmacokinetic model to investigate the influence of α-1-acid glycoprotein and link total and free LPV exposure to pharmacodynamic changes in HIV-1 RNA and assess viral dynamic and drug efficacy parameters."	( Integrated population pharmacokinetic/viral dynamic modelling of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1 treatment-naïve patients. Acosta, EP; D'Argenio, DZ; Delille, C; Kerstner-Wood, C; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Sheth, AN; Wang, K, 2014)	0.63
" We used a pharmacokinetic model developed from published data to simulate the effect of sample patient-controlled epidural labor analgesic regimens on plasma fentanyl concentrations in the absence and presence of ritonavir-induced cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition."	( Effect of ritonavir-induced cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition on plasma fentanyl concentrations during patient-controlled epidural labor analgesia: a pharmacokinetic simulation. Avram, MJ; Cambic, CR; Gupta, DK; Wong, CA, 2014)	0.99
" Systemic fentanyl disposition was described using a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Effect of ritonavir-induced cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition on plasma fentanyl concentrations during patient-controlled epidural labor analgesia: a pharmacokinetic simulation. Avram, MJ; Cambic, CR; Gupta, DK; Wong, CA, 2014)	0.8
"For the total group, LPV geometric mean AUC0-12, Cmax and C12 were 106."	( Pharmacokinetics of pediatric lopinavir/ritonavir tablets in children when administered twice daily according to FDA weight bands. Bastiaans, DE; Burger, DM; Chalermpantmetagul, S; Colbers, AP; Compagnucci, A; Cressey, TR; Forcat, S; Giaquinto, C; Hansudewechakul, R; Harper, LM; Inshaw, JR; Kanjanavanit, S; Königs, C; Lyall, H; Noguera-Julian, A; Saïdi, Y, 2014)	0.67
"Sixteen and seventeen patients were respectively randomized to the two arms, and pharmacokinetic analysis carried out in 12 and 13 respectively."	( Randomised pharmacokinetic trial of rifabutin with lopinavir/ritonavir-antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis in Vietnam. Barrail-Tran, A; Borand, L; Connolly, C; Duc, NH; Dung, NH; Harries, AD; Lagarde, D; Lan, NN; Lan, NT; Laureillard, D; Lien, TT; Lienhardt, C; Pym, A; Quillet, C; Taburet, AM; Thu, NT, 2014)	0.64
" Use of ritonavir as a pharmacokinetic enhancer may have abrogated genetic associations with atazanavir pharmacokinetics."	( Genomewide association study of atazanavir pharmacokinetics and hyperbilirubinemia in AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol A5202. Daar, ES; Haas, DW; Johnson, DH; McLaren, PJ; Morse, GD; Ritchie, MD; Venuto, C, 2014)	0.84
"Steady-state 12-hour pharmacokinetic profiles of lopinavir/ritonavir were assessed in patients with (group 1, n = 20) or without (group 2, n = 36) hepatitis coinfection, taking lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice a day plus nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, measured by means of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety in HIV and hepatitis B or C coinfected adults without symptoms of hepatic impairment. Bickel, M; Brodt, R; Haberl, A; Khaykin, P; Kotzerke, P; Kurowski, M; Nisius, G; Stephan, C; Stürmer, M; von Hentig, N, 2014)	1.05
" Darunavir AUC24h following administration of the FDCs (G003: 74,780 ng ∙ h/mL and G004: 76,490 ng ∙ h/mL) was comparable to that following darunavir/ritonavir (78,410 ng ∙ h/mL), as was Cmax (6,666 and 6,917 ng/mL versus 6,973 ng/mL, respectively)."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir in fixed-dose combination with cobicistat compared with coadministration of darunavir and ritonavir as single agents in healthy volunteers. Hillewaert, V; Hoetelmans, RM; Iterbeke, K; Kakuda, TN; Opsomer, M; Petrovic, R; Timmers, M; Van De Casteele, T, 2014)	0.81
" Comparative oral pharmacokinetic studies and tissue distribution studies of optimized SLNs and LPV/RTV coformulation were done in Wistar rats."	( A hybrid design to optimize preparation of lopinavir loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation with marketed lopinavir/ritonavir coformulation. Dalal, V; Murthy, AN; Ravi, PR; Vats, R, 2014)	0.6
" We evaluated the effect of 2 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens (1 including efavirenz and the other ritonavir-boosted lopinavir) on the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of an ENG-releasing implant in HIV-positive women."	( Effect of antiretroviral therapy including lopinavir/ritonavir or efavirenz on etonogestrel-releasing implant pharmacokinetics in HIV-positive women. Amaral, E; Bahamondes, L; Bahamondes, MV; Brito, MB; de Souza, RM; Duarte, G; Ferriani, RA; Quintana, SM; Rocha Prandini, TR; Scaranari, C; Vieira, CS, 2014)	0.86
" A population pharmacokinetic approach was used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of both drugs and their interaction in a cohort of unselected patients and to compare darunavir exposure expected under alternative dosage regimens."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and evaluation of different dosage regimens for darunavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected individuals. Aouri, M; Arab-Alameddine, M; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Csajka, C; Décosterd, LA; Fayet-Mello, A; Gatri, M; Guidi, M; Ledergerber, B; Lubomirov, R; Panchaud, A; Rentsch, K; Rotger, M; Telenti, A; Widmer, N, 2014)	0.62
" Firstly, a population pharmacokinetic analysis for darunavir and ritonavir was conducted, with inclusion of patients' demographic, clinical and genetic characteristics as potential covariates (NONMEM(®))."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and evaluation of different dosage regimens for darunavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected individuals. Aouri, M; Arab-Alameddine, M; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Csajka, C; Décosterd, LA; Fayet-Mello, A; Gatri, M; Guidi, M; Ledergerber, B; Lubomirov, R; Panchaud, A; Rentsch, K; Rotger, M; Telenti, A; Widmer, N, 2014)	0.86
" The simulations predicted darunavir Cmin much higher than the IC50 thresholds for wild-type and protease inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 strains (55 and 550 ng/mL, respectively) under standard dosing in >98% of experienced and naive patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and evaluation of different dosage regimens for darunavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected individuals. Aouri, M; Arab-Alameddine, M; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Csajka, C; Décosterd, LA; Fayet-Mello, A; Gatri, M; Guidi, M; Ledergerber, B; Lubomirov, R; Panchaud, A; Rentsch, K; Rotger, M; Telenti, A; Widmer, N, 2014)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetic blood sampling was performed on days 5, 11 and 16."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir and pitavastatin when co-administered to healthy adult volunteers. Campbell, SE; Medlock, MM; Morgan, RE; Small, DS; Sponseller, CA; Yu, CY, 2014)	0.67
"5 years) were enrolled, and pharmacokinetic data were available for 27 subjects."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir and pitavastatin when co-administered to healthy adult volunteers. Campbell, SE; Medlock, MM; Morgan, RE; Small, DS; Sponseller, CA; Yu, CY, 2014)	0.67
" Twelve-hour intensive pharmacokinetic sampling after observed LPV/r intake (plus 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) following World Health Organization 2010 dosing with food was performed 4 weeks after enrollment."	( The pharmacokinetics and acceptability of lopinavir/ritonavir minitab sprinkles, tablets, and syrups in african HIV-infected children. Burger, D; Fillekes, Q; Gibb, DM; Keishanyu, R; Kekitiinwa, A; Kendall, L; Lallemant, M; Musiime, V; Namuddu, R; Opilo, W; Walker, AS; Young, N, 2014)	0.65
" Among 132 evaluable pharmacokinetic profiles, there were 13/21/25 within-child comparisons in cohort A/B/C."	( The pharmacokinetics and acceptability of lopinavir/ritonavir minitab sprinkles, tablets, and syrups in african HIV-infected children. Burger, D; Fillekes, Q; Gibb, DM; Keishanyu, R; Kekitiinwa, A; Kendall, L; Lallemant, M; Musiime, V; Namuddu, R; Opilo, W; Walker, AS; Young, N, 2014)	0.65
" Pharmacokinetic sampling occurred at the end of each dosing period."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenetics study of the antituberculosis drug PA-824 with concomitant lopinavir-ritonavir, efavirenz, or rifampin. Allen, R; Aweeka, F; Bao, J; Cramer, Y; Dooley, KE; Haas, DW; Koletar, SL; Luetkemeyer, AF; Marzan, F; Murray, S; Park, JG; Savic, R; Sutherland, D, 2014)	0.61
" The authors studied ATV pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters among children who received atazanavir/ritonavir co-administered with TDF."	( Pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir among HIV-infected Thai children concomitantly taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Ananworanich, J; Bunupuradah, T; Keadpudsa, S; Prasitsuebsai, W; Puthanakit, T; Sahakijpicharn, T; Srimuan, A; Techasaensiri, C; Thammajaruk, N, 2014)	0.91
"Single-sequence, open-label, single-center pharmacokinetic investigation."	( Influence of Panax ginseng on the steady state pharmacokinetic profile of lopinavir-ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Alfaro, RM; Calderón, MM; Chairez, CL; Gordon, LA; Kovacs, JA; Penzak, SR, 2014)	0.63
" Lopinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetic parameter values were determined using noncompartmental methods, and preadministration and postadministration ginseng values were compared using a Student t test, where p<0."	( Influence of Panax ginseng on the steady state pharmacokinetic profile of lopinavir-ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Alfaro, RM; Calderón, MM; Chairez, CL; Gordon, LA; Kovacs, JA; Penzak, SR, 2014)	0.98
" Co-administration with EFV resulted in decreases of 57, 39 and 75% in DTG AUC(0-τ), Cmax and Cτ, respectively."	( Effects of enzyme inducers efavirenz and tipranavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of the HIV integrase inhibitor dolutegravir. Borland, J; Castellino, S; Chen, S; Guta, P; Hosking, L; Lou, Y; Mosteller, M; Peppercorn, A; Piscitelli, SC; Rubio, JP; Savina, P; Song, I; Wagner, D; Wajima, T; Wilfret, D, 2014)	0.65
" Serial pharmacokinetic samples for DTG and amprenavir and safety assessments were obtained throughout the study."	( Effect of fosamprenavir-ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir in healthy subjects. Borland, J; Chen, S; Peppercorn, A; Piscitelli, SC; Song, I; Wajima, T, 2014)	0.71
" This is the basis of pharmacokinetic enhancement."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancers in HIV therapeutics. Acosta, EP; Delille, C; Larson, KB; Otofokun, I; Wang, K, 2014)	0.4
"The drug-drug interactions between pitavastatin and darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) as well as pitavastatin and efavirenz (EFV) were examined in an open-label, parallel-arm, pharmacokinetic (PK) study in HIV-uninfected healthy volunteers."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between pitavastatin and efavirenz or darunavir/ritonavir. Aberg, JA; Ma, Q; Malvestutto, CD; Morse, GD; Underberg, JA, 2014)	0.87
"In the EFV arm, the geometric mean area under the concentration time curve (AUC0-τ) and Cmax of pitavastatin were 85."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interactions between pitavastatin and efavirenz or darunavir/ritonavir. Aberg, JA; Ma, Q; Malvestutto, CD; Morse, GD; Underberg, JA, 2014)	0.63
" A pediatric population pharmacokinetic model for APV was developed and simulation was used to identify dosing regimens for pediatric patients receiving FPV in combination with ritonavir (RTV) which resulted in concentrations similar to those in adults receiving FPV/RTV 700/100 mg BID."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of amprenavir following fosamprenavir/ritonavir administration for dose optimization in HIV infected pediatric patients. Barbour, AM; Gibiansky, L; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.82
" Intensive steady-state pharmacokinetic sampling was conducted after six doses."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of rifabutin in young HIV-infected children receiving rifabutin and lopinavir/ritonavir. Gous, H; Kellermann, T; Kindra, G; McIlleron, H; Moultrie, H; Sawry, S; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L, 2015)	0.63
"Rifabutin dosed at 5 mg/kg three times per week resulted in lower AUC0-48, AUC0-24 and Cmax values for rifabutin and 25-O-desacetyl rifabutin compared with adults receiving 150 mg of rifabutin daily, the current recommended dose."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of rifabutin in young HIV-infected children receiving rifabutin and lopinavir/ritonavir. Gous, H; Kellermann, T; Kindra, G; McIlleron, H; Moultrie, H; Sawry, S; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L, 2015)	0.63
" Such formulations would serve to extend the drug half-life while improving the pharmacokinetic profile and biodistribution to reservoirs of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection."	( Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and toxicity of folic acid-coated antiretroviral nanoformulations. Alnouti, Y; Balkundi, S; Fox, HS; Gautam, N; Gendelman, HE; Liu, XM; McMillan, J; Puligujja, P; Thakare, R, 2014)	0.4
"5 h for 20 mg group; the mean Cmax of last dose was 498 ± 54 ng/mL for 10 mg group and 897 ± 136 ng/mL for 20 mg group."	( Pharmacokinetics of sifuvirtide in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients. Che, J; Chen, X; Cheng, Y; Dong, T; Meng, Q; Qian, X; Tong, B, 2014)	0.4
"Long-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) that targets monocyte-macrophages could improve the drug's half-life and protein-binding capacities while facilitating cell and tissue depots."	( Pharmacodynamics of long-acting folic acid-receptor targeted ritonavir-boosted atazanavir nanoformulations. Bade, AN; Baldridge, HM; Balkundi, SS; Dash, PK; Dimitrov, DS; Feng, Y; Gendelman, HE; Gorantla, S; Hilaire, JR; Kendrick, LM; Liu, XM; McMillan, JM; Poluektova, LY; Puligujja, P; Wang, Y; Ying, T; Zhang, G, 2015)	0.66
" A compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) model of LPV/r was developed, including a mechanistic description of competitive inhibition."	( A pharmacokinetic model of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir in human. Duangchaemkarn, K; Lohitnavy, M; Reisfeld, B, 2014)	0.65
"Inhibition of the cytochrome p450 3A4 enzyme system leads to increases in plasma concentrations of coadministered antiretroviral agents - a concept known as pharmacokinetic boosting."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancement in HIV antiretroviral therapy: a comparison of ritonavir and cobicistat. Bow, D; Ng, J; Norton, M; Renjifo, B; Salem, AH; van Wyk, J, )	0.36
" From the interaction between atazanavir and DTG via CYP3A4 and UGT1A1 and placental efflux transporter inhibition and considering the infant's probable enzymatic immaturity, the DTG elimination half-life was estimated to be 4-fold longer in neonates than in adults."	( Pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir in a premature neonate after HIV treatment intensification during pregnancy. Amiel, C; Caseris, M; Charpentier, C; Descamps, D; Desnoyer, A; Farnoux, C; Lassel, L; Lê, MP; Pain, JB; Peytavin, G; Pialoux, G, 2015)	0.42
" Similarly, coadministration of BMS-663068 with RTV increased the BMS-626529 Cmax and AUCtau by 53% and 45%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between BMS-626529, the active moiety of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug BMS-663068, and ritonavir or ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in healthy subjects. Bertz, R; Furlong, M; Hanna, GJ; Hruska, M; Hwang, C; Landry, IS; Shah, V; Zhu, L, 2015)	0.62
"Intensive steady-state 12- or 24-hour pharmacokinetic profiles were performed during the second trimester, third trimester, and postpartum."	( Pharmacokinetics of Once Versus Twice Daily Darunavir in Pregnant HIV-Infected Women. Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Capparelli, EV; Cressey, TR; Kreitchmann, R; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, LM; Rungruengthanakit, K; Shapiro, D; Smith, E; Stek, A; Wang, J, 2015)	0.42
" Finally the method was successfully applied for human pharmacokinetic study in eight healthy male volunteers after the oral administration of 600 mg darunavir along with 100 mg ritonavir and 100 mg tenofovir as boosters."	( Development and validation of a rapid ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of darunavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir in human plasma: Application to human pharmacokinetics. Aris, AB; Jaafar, J; Madhavi, G; Majid, ZA; Reddy, AV; Talib, J; Umar, K, 2015)	0.8
" Plasma samples were collected through 144 hours after administration for pharmacokinetic assessments."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of co-administered paritaprevir plus ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir in hepatic impairment. Awni, WM; Bernstein, BM; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Lawitz, EJ; Marbury, TC; Menon, RM; Mullally, VM; Podsadecki, TJ, 2015)	0.65
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of lopinavir (LPV) in Chinese HIV-infected patients."	( [Pharmacokinetic profiles of lopinavir (LPV) in Chinese HIV-infected patients]. Du, X; Fu, Q; Li, T; Liu, Z; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
"A total of 16 patients were enrolled in the LPV pharmacokinetic study."	( [Pharmacokinetic profiles of lopinavir (LPV) in Chinese HIV-infected patients]. Du, X; Fu, Q; Li, T; Liu, Z; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
"The non-compartment model pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were as follows: the peak time of LPV (T(max)) (3."	( [Pharmacokinetic profiles of lopinavir (LPV) in Chinese HIV-infected patients]. Du, X; Fu, Q; Li, T; Liu, Z; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of LPV in Chinese HIV-1 infected patients demonstrate lower C(min) than those of reported studies, while other parameters are similar."	( [Pharmacokinetic profiles of lopinavir (LPV) in Chinese HIV-infected patients]. Du, X; Fu, Q; Li, T; Liu, Z; Zhang, X, 2015)	0.42
"Tenofovir is an efficacious drug with a long half-life and high activity against both HIV and HBV."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in HIV/HBV co-infected patients. Avihingsanon, A; Burger, D; Lewin, SR; Matthews, G; Punyawudho, B; Ruxrungtham, K; Thammajaruk, N; Thongpeang, P, 2015)	0.42
" The population pharmacokinetic model of tenofovir was developed by a nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach (NONMEM®)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in HIV/HBV co-infected patients. Avihingsanon, A; Burger, D; Lewin, SR; Matthews, G; Punyawudho, B; Ruxrungtham, K; Thammajaruk, N; Thongpeang, P, 2015)	0.42
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling may provide a method to predict pharmacokinetics in pregnant women, without the need to perform extensive in vivo clinical trials."	( Physiologically Based Modelling of Darunavir/Ritonavir Pharmacokinetics During Pregnancy. Burger, D; Colbers, A; Greupink, R; Litjens, C; Russel, FG, 2016)	0.69
"This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic interactions between quinine and lopinavir boosted with ritonavir (LPV/r) in healthy Thai adults (8 males and 12 females)."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Quinine and Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Healthy Thai Adults. Cressey, TR; Kongjam, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Rattanapunya, S; Rueangweerayut, R; Tawon, Y, 2015)	0.87
" The aim of the study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between the anti-malarial drugs, artesunate-mefloquine and the antiretroviral drug, lopinavir boosted with ritonavir (LPV/r)."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between artesunate-mefloquine and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir in healthy Thai adults. Cressey, TR; Kongjam, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Rattanapunya, S; Rueangweerayut, R; Tawon, Y, 2015)	0.85
"The study was an open-label, three-way, sequential, cross-over, pharmacokinetic study in healthy Thai adults."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between artesunate-mefloquine and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir in healthy Thai adults. Cressey, TR; Kongjam, P; Na-Bangchang, K; Rattanapunya, S; Rueangweerayut, R; Tawon, Y, 2015)	0.66
" We studied the effect of INH on LPV concentrations by administering INH for 7 days and performing intensive pharmacokinetic sampling in 16 human immunodeficiency virus infected patients established on LPV/r-based ART."	( The pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir when given with isoniazid in South African HIV-infected individuals. Decloedt, EH; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; van der Walt, JS; Wiesner, L, 2015)	0.7
" We have compared non-compartmental analysis (NCA) and model-based predictions of DDIs for long half-life drugs by conducting simulation studies and reviewing published trials, using antituberculosis drug bedaquiline (BDQ) as a model compound."	( Pharmacokinetic Interactions for Drugs with a Long Half-Life—Evidence for the Need of Model-Based Analysis. Acharya, C; Clauson, B; Dooley, KE; Karlsson, MO; Svensson, EM, 2016)	0.43
" We conducted a population pharmacokinetic analysis of lopinavir and ritonavir concentrations collected from 84 pregnant and 595 nonpregnant treatment-naive and -experienced HIV-1-infected subjects enrolled in six clinical studies."	( No Need for Lopinavir Dose Adjustment during Pregnancy: a Population Pharmacokinetic and Exposure-Response Analysis in Pregnant and Nonpregnant HIV-Infected Subjects. Jones, AK; Klein, CE; Nilius, AM; Patterson, KB; Salem, AH; Santini-Oliveira, M; Taylor, GP, 2016)	0.67
" Co-administration with ritonavir increases paritaprevir exposure and half-life without adversely influencing tolerability."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of paritaprevir, a direct acting antiviral agent for hepatitis C virus treatment, with and without ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Awni, WM; Chiu, YL; Dutta, S; Klein, CE; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ, 2016)	0.95
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling was applied to investigate the interaction and generate alternative doses to inform clinical trial design."	( Simulation of the impact of rifampicin on once-daily darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics and dose adjustment strategies: a population pharmacokinetic approach. Back, D; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Khoo, S; Siccardi, M; Winston, A, 2016)	0.67
"Open-label, single-sequence pharmacokinetic study."	( Lack of an Effect of Ritonavir Alone and Lopinavir-Ritonavir on the Pharmacokinetics of Fenofibric Acid in Healthy Volunteers. Alfaro, RM; Calderón, MM; Gordon, LA; Hadigan, C; Kovacs, JA; Malati, CY; McLaughlin, M; Penzak, SR, 2016)	0.75
" Fenofibric acid pharmacokinetic parameter values were compared before and after concomitant ritonavir or lopinavir-ritonavir administration."	( Lack of an Effect of Ritonavir Alone and Lopinavir-Ritonavir on the Pharmacokinetics of Fenofibric Acid in Healthy Volunteers. Alfaro, RM; Calderón, MM; Gordon, LA; Hadigan, C; Kovacs, JA; Malati, CY; McLaughlin, M; Penzak, SR, 2016)	0.97
"Linear regression equations describing the relationships of lopinavir peak and trough concentrations to lopinavir AUC values were established using pharmacokinetic data from published studies of patients or healthy subjects receiving lopinavir and ritonavir at standard dosages."	( Prediction of area under the concentration-time curve for lopinavir from peak or trough lopinavir concentrations in patients receiving lopinavir-ritonavir therapy. Srinivas, NR, 2016)	0.82
" A population pharmacokinetic model for paritaprevir was developed using data from formulation, bioavailability, and drug-drug interaction studies that evaluated the pharmacokinetics of paritaprevir (coadministered with ritonavir to enhance exposure) with or without ombitasvir and/or dasabuvir at different paritaprevir dose levels."	( Dose- and Formulation-Dependent Non-Linear Pharmacokinetic Model of Paritaprevir, a Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Combined Analysis from 12 Phase I Studies. Awni, WM; Beck, D; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Liu, W; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Polepally, AR, 2016)	0.62
" Coadministration of dasabuvir increased paritaprevir bioavailability by 59 %; however, ombitasvir coadministration did not affect the pharmacokinetic profile of paritaprevir."	( Dose- and Formulation-Dependent Non-Linear Pharmacokinetic Model of Paritaprevir, a Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Combined Analysis from 12 Phase I Studies. Awni, WM; Beck, D; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Liu, W; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Polepally, AR, 2016)	0.43
" Here we present a population pharmacokinetic model to describe the longitudinal change of unbound lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV) PK parameters with gestational age, and to predict unbound LPV concentrations under different dosing regimens."	( Model-Based Analysis of Unbound Lopinavir Pharmacokinetics in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Supports Standard Dosing in the Third Trimester. Chen, J; Dumond, JB; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM, 2016)	0.65
" In part 1, 90% confidence intervals for darunavir Cmax and AUC were all within 80-125% for suspension (fed or fasted) versus tablets (fed)."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir after administration of an oral suspension with low-dose ritonavir and with or without food. De Paepe, E; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Lavreys, L; Sekar, V; Stevens, T; Vangeneugden, T; Vanstockem, M, 2014)	0.63
"Total exposure, measured by area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), was generated for the DAAs, ritonavir, and ribavirin using population pharmacokinetic modeling of data (N = 2093 patients) from 6 Phase 3 studies and 1 Phase 2 study."	( Effects of Mild and Moderate Renal Impairment on Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, Dasabuvir, and Ribavirin Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Chronic HCV Infection. Badri, PS; Eckert, D; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Polepally, AR, 2017)	0.9
"The pharmacokinetic parameters like peak plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration time profile (AUC) and elimination half life of repaglinide were significantly (p<0."	( Altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide by ritonavir in rats with healthy, diabetic and impaired hepatic function. Goud, T; Maddi, S; Nayakanti, D; Thatipamula, RP, 2016)	0.67
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected pregnant women. Baugh, B; Brown, K; Crauwels, HM; Hillewaert, V; Kakuda, TN; Osiyemi, OO; Ryan, B; Verboven, P; Yasin, S; Zorrilla, C, 2016)	0.7
" The success of these dosing recommendations was evaluated by analyzing pharmacokinetic data from liver transplant recipients in the CORAL-I study."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.43
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using tacrolimus dosing and Ctrough data before and during 3D treatment (n = 29)."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.43
"A one-compartment model with first-order absorption adequately described tacrolimus pharmacokinetic profiles during the first 4 weeks of 3D treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.43
"Using data from a phase III clinical trial (GIFT-I) that enrolled Japanese patients with HCV genotype 1b infection, population pharmacokinetic models were developed for the drugs that comprise the 2D regimen: paritaprevir, ombitasvir, and ritonavir."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Paritaprevir, Ombitasvir, and Ritonavir in Japanese Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1b Infection. Gopalakrishnan, SM; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Polepally, AR, 2017)	0.88
"Population pharmacokinetic modeling did not reveal any patient-related or clinical parameters that would require dose adjustment of the 2D regimen when used for the treatment of HCV genotype 1b infection in Japanese patients."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Paritaprevir, Ombitasvir, and Ritonavir in Japanese Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1b Infection. Gopalakrishnan, SM; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Polepally, AR, 2017)	0.7
"The population pharmacokinetic models for each component of the 3D ± ribavirin regimen (DAAs and ritonavir, n = 2348) and ribavirin (n = 1841) adequately described their respective plasma concentration-time data."	( Population pharmacokinetics of paritaprevir, ombitasvir, dasabuvir, ritonavir and ribavirin in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection: analysis of six phase III trials. Awni, WM; Dutta, S; Eckert, D; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Sharma, S, 2017)	0.91
" Here we aimed to quantify nevirapine and LPV/r drug-drug interaction effects on bedaquiline and M2 in patients co-infected with HIV and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) using population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis and compare these with model-based predictions from single-dose studies in subjects without TB."	( Confirming model-predicted pharmacokinetic interactions between bedaquiline and lopinavir/ritonavir or nevirapine in patients with HIV and drug-resistant tuberculosis. Brill, MJ; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; Pandie, M; Svensson, EM, 2017)	0.68
" Results from the five available pharmacokinetic studies show reductions in total darunavir plasma concentrations of between 20-50% during the third trimester of pregnancy."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Darunavir/Ritonavir in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women. Brown, K; Burger, D; Hadacek, MB; Hill, A; Khoo, S; La Porte, C; Moecklinghoff, C; Peytavin, G, )	0.4
"To our knowledge, there is no published data on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of antiretroviral (ART) drugs on patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy."	( The effect of veno-venous ECMO on the pharmacokinetics of Ritonavir, Darunavir, Tenofovir and Lamivudine. Ashworth, A; Barker, J; Davies, A; Feddy, L; Fedor, I; Ghazi Suliman, MA; Hayes, T; Kosmidis, C; Malagon, I; Ogungbenro, K; Stirling, S; Szabo-Barnes, A, 2017)	0.7
"The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic interaction between ivacaftor and ritonavir."	( The pharmacokinetic interaction between ivacaftor and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Barry, MG; D'Arcy, DM; Liddy, AM; McLaughlin, G; Schmitz, S, 2017)	0.92
" Three pharmacokinetic profiles were assessed for each volunteer: ivacaftor 150 mg alone (study A), ivacaftor 150 mg plus ritonavir 50 mg daily (study B), and ivacaftor 150 mg plus ritonavir 50 mg daily after two weeks of ritonavir 50 mg daily (study C)."	( The pharmacokinetic interaction between ivacaftor and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Barry, MG; D'Arcy, DM; Liddy, AM; McLaughlin, G; Schmitz, S, 2017)	0.91
" The overall objective of this project was to develop separate physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) substrate models for the protease inhibitors darunavir and lopinavir."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Predicting the Effect of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Darunavir or Lopinavir Exposure Coadministered With Ritonavir. Arya, V; Au, S; Mullick, C; Struble, K; Wagner, C; Zhao, P, 2017)	0.65
"Ethanol (20 mM) significantly decreased apparent half-life and increased degradation rate constant of RTV-boosted DRV but not for DRV alone."	( Influence of Ethanol on Darunavir Hepatic Clearance and Intracellular PK/PD in HIV-Infected Monocytes, and CYP3A4-Darunavir Interactions Using Inhibition and in Silico Binding Studies. Cory, TJ; Gong, Y; Kumar, S; Li, J; Li, W; Meibohm, B; Midde, NM, 2017)	0.46
"A literature search of MEDLINE was performed (1985 to April 2017) using the following search terms: cobicistat, ritonavir, pharmacokinetic, drug interactions, booster, pharmacokinetic enhancer, HIV, antiretrovirals."	( Cobicistat Versus Ritonavir: Similar Pharmacokinetic Enhancers But Some Important Differences. Hughes, CA; Phillips, EJ; Seet, J; Tseng, A; Wu, J, 2017)	1
" Pharmacokinetic properties of the boosted antiretroviral can also affect interaction outcome with comedications."	( Cobicistat Versus Ritonavir: Similar Pharmacokinetic Enhancers But Some Important Differences. Hughes, CA; Phillips, EJ; Seet, J; Tseng, A; Wu, J, 2017)	0.79
"The aim of this study was to incorporate placental transfer into a pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to simulate and evaluate fetal darunavir exposure at term."	( Prediction of Fetal Darunavir Exposure by Integrating Human Ex-Vivo Placental Transfer and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Buaben, AO; Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Freriksen, JJM; Greupink, R; Russel, FGM; Schalkwijk, S, 2018)	0.48
"An existing and validated pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of maternal darunavir/ritonavir exposure was extended with a feto-placental unit."	( Prediction of Fetal Darunavir Exposure by Integrating Human Ex-Vivo Placental Transfer and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Buaben, AO; Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Freriksen, JJM; Greupink, R; Russel, FGM; Schalkwijk, S, 2018)	0.7
" Scaled placental transfer was integrated into the pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic model."	( Prediction of Fetal Darunavir Exposure by Integrating Human Ex-Vivo Placental Transfer and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Buaben, AO; Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Freriksen, JJM; Greupink, R; Russel, FGM; Schalkwijk, S, 2018)	0.48
" The antiretroviral pharmacokinetic enhancers, ritonavir and cobicistat, inhibit both these transporters."	( Differential Influence of the Antiretroviral Pharmacokinetic Enhancers Ritonavir and Cobicistat on Intestinal P-Glycoprotein Transport and the Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Disposition of Dabigatran. Alfaro, RM; Brooks, KM; George, JM; Gordon, LA; Hadigan, C; Kellogg, A; Kumar, P; Lozier, J; McManus, M; Nghiem, K; Penzak, SR, 2017)	0.95
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic model and identify sources of variability, genetic and nongenetic factors, of tenofovir."	( Pharmacogenetics-based population pharmacokinetic analysis of tenofovir in Thai HIV-infected patients. Avihingsanon, A; Burger, DM; Mitruk, S; Punyawudho, B; Rungtivasuwan, K; Ruxrungtham, K; Sukasem, C; Thammajaruk, N, 2017)	0.46
" A nonlinear mixed effects model was used to develop the population pharmacokinetic model and investigate the influence of these polymorphisms and other patient specific covariates on the pharmacokinetics of tenofovir."	( Pharmacogenetics-based population pharmacokinetic analysis of tenofovir in Thai HIV-infected patients. Avihingsanon, A; Burger, DM; Mitruk, S; Punyawudho, B; Rungtivasuwan, K; Ruxrungtham, K; Sukasem, C; Thammajaruk, N, 2017)	0.46
" A combined population pharmacokinetic model was developed to jointly describe the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir in 32 HIV-infected children (16 with MDR-TB receiving treatment with combinations of high-dose isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, ethionamide, terizidone, a fluoroquinolone, and amikacin and 16 without TB) who were established on a lopinavir-ritonavir-containing antiretroviral regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Lopinavir-Ritonavir Administered with First- and Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in HIV-Infected Children Treated for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. de Kock, M; Denti, P; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Tikiso, T; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2018)	0.94
"Intensive 24-hour pharmacokinetic profiles at steady state compared ATV exposures (area under the concentration-time curve in one dosing interval) in 5 ATV + RTV baseline weight-band dosing categories, with historic data in adults receiving ATV + RTV 300/100 mg capsules."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Atazanavir in HIV-1-Infected Children Treated With Atazanavir Powder and Ritonavir: Combined Analysis of the PRINCE-1 and -2 Studies. Correll, TA; Eley, T; Pikora, C; Sevinsky, H; Wang, R; Xu, X; Zaru, L, 2018)	0.69
" Ritonavir (RTV) is a potent mechanism-based and reversible CYP3A inhibitor and moderate inducer that is used as a pharmacokinetic enhancer in several antiviral treatment regimens."	( Guiding dose adjustment of amlodipine after co-administration with ritonavir containing regimens using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Menon, RM; Mukherjee, D; Shebley, M; Zha, J, 2018)	1.63
" To provide insights into the complex mechanisms of absorption and disposition of TLC-ART101, we constructed novel mechanism-based pharmacokinetic (MBPK) models."	( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic (MBPK) models describe the complex plasma kinetics of three antiretrovirals delivered by a long-acting anti-HIV drug combination nanoparticle formulation. Collier, AC; Collins, C; Ho, RJY; Kinman, L; Koehn, J; Kraft, JC; McConnachie, LA; Shen, DD; Sun, J, 2018)	0.48
" The present study is to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict several scenarios in clinical practice."	( Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to the prediction of drug-drug and drug-disease interactions for rivaroxaban. Ge, W; Jiang, Q; Xu, R, 2018)	0.48
"In this multicenter pharmacokinetic study in HIV-infected children (6-12 years of age), we validated the approved once-daily darunavir/ritonavir dosing recommendations."	( Pharmacokinetics, Short-term Safety and Efficacy of the Approved Once-daily Darunavir/Ritonavir Dosing Regimen in HIV-infected Children. Bastiaans, DET; Burger, DM; Colbers, APH; Geelen, SPM; Roukens, M; van der Flier, M; van Rossum, AMC; Vermont, CL; Visser, EG, 2018)	0.91
" A 24 h intensive pharmacokinetic blood sampling and a trough seminal sampling were performed before (week 0) and after (week 12) dose reduction."	( Pharmacokinetic modelling of darunavir/ritonavir dose reduction (800/100 to 400/100 mg once daily) in a darunavir/ritonavir-containing regimen in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients: ANRS 165 DARULIGHT sub-study. Bertrand, J; Chaix, ML; Chevret, S; Delobel, P; El Abbassi, EMB; Gallien, S; Katlama, C; Lê, MP; Molina, JM; Peytavin, G; Raffi, F; Saillard, J; Yazdanpanah, Y, 2018)	0.75
"Fifteen patients completed the intensive pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetic modelling of darunavir/ritonavir dose reduction (800/100 to 400/100 mg once daily) in a darunavir/ritonavir-containing regimen in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients: ANRS 165 DARULIGHT sub-study. Bertrand, J; Chaix, ML; Chevret, S; Delobel, P; El Abbassi, EMB; Gallien, S; Katlama, C; Lê, MP; Molina, JM; Peytavin, G; Raffi, F; Saillard, J; Yazdanpanah, Y, 2018)	0.75
" Intensive or sparse pharmacokinetic sampling was performed for assessments of plasma drug concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir in Healthy Chinese Subjects and HCV GT1b-Infected Chinese, South Korean and Taiwanese Patients. Alves, K; Ding, B; Luo, Y; Menon, RM; Mobashery, N; Wang, H; Yu, C; Zha, J; Zhao, W, 2019)	0.77
"Collectively, the results of these pharmacokinetic analyses support the use of the same dose of the 3D regimen for Asian and Western patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir in Healthy Chinese Subjects and HCV GT1b-Infected Chinese, South Korean and Taiwanese Patients. Alves, K; Ding, B; Luo, Y; Menon, RM; Mobashery, N; Wang, H; Yu, C; Zha, J; Zhao, W, 2019)	0.77
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted based on data from 85 women."	( Evaluating darunavir/ritonavir dosing regimens for HIV-positive pregnant women using semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic modelling. Best, BM; Burger, DM; Capparelli, E; Colbers, A; Cressey, TR; Greupink, R; Karlsson, MO; Mirochnick, M; Moltó, J; Russel, FGM; Schalkwijk, S; Ter Heine, R, 2019)	0.83
"To evaluate the proportion of children with lopinavir Cmin ≥1 mg/L when receiving a novel 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir dosing strategy during rifampicin co-treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected children co-treated with rifampicin. McIlleron, H; Rabie, H; Rawizza, H; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, H; Zuidewind, P, 2019)	0.98
"HIV-infected children on lopinavir/ritonavir and rifampicin were enrolled in a prospective pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected children co-treated with rifampicin. McIlleron, H; Rabie, H; Rawizza, H; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, H; Zuidewind, P, 2019)	1.04
"A population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model for pretomanid was developed using data from 14 studies in the pretomanid development program: six phase 1 studies, six phase 2 studies, and two phase 3 studies."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of the Antituberculosis Agent Pretomanid. Everitt, D; Nedelman, JR; Salinger, DH; Subramoney, V, 2019)	0.51
"We did a parallel, three-group, pharmacokinetic evaluation at HIV clinics in Asia (two sites), South America (five), sub-Saharan Africa (three), and the USA (11) between Dec 30, 2014, and Sept 12, 2016."	( Antiretroviral therapy and vaginally administered contraceptive hormones: a three-arm, pharmacokinetic study. Akelo, V; Aweeka, F; Aziz, M; Berzins, B; Cohn, SE; Coombs, RW; Coughlin, K; Cramer, YS; Friedman, RK; Gingrich, D; Godfrey, C; Moran, LE; Rosenkranz, SL; Scarsi, KK; Swaminathan, S; Zorrilla, CD, 2019)	0.51
" Further studies designed to examine pharmacodynamic endpoints, such as ovulation, when intravaginal ring hormones are combined with efavirenz are warranted."	( Antiretroviral therapy and vaginally administered contraceptive hormones: a three-arm, pharmacokinetic study. Akelo, V; Aweeka, F; Aziz, M; Berzins, B; Cohn, SE; Coombs, RW; Coughlin, K; Cramer, YS; Friedman, RK; Gingrich, D; Godfrey, C; Moran, LE; Rosenkranz, SL; Scarsi, KK; Swaminathan, S; Zorrilla, CD, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of the current study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for docetaxel and ritonavir based on the phase 1 studies and to support drug development of this combination treatment."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Oral Docetaxel Coadministered With Ritonavir to Support Early Clinical Development. Beijnen, JH; de Weger, VA; Huitema, ADR; Janssen, JM; Nuijen, B; Sawicki, E; Schellens, JHM; van Hasselt, JGC; Yu, H, 2020)	1
" The objective of the study was to apply physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to predict optimal dosage regimens of quinine when coadministered with lopinavir/ritonavir in malaria and HIV coinfected patients with different conditions."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Optimal Dosage Prediction of Quinine Coadministered With Ritonavir-Boosted Lopinavir. Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Rajoli, RKR; Saeheng, T; Siccardi, M, 2020)	0.96
"The potential for clinically significant drug interactions (CSDIs) for patients taking ritonavir and cobicistat is high because of their powerful pharmacokinetic effect on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system, most notably their inhibitory effect on CYP3A4."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancers (cobicistat/ritonavir) and the potential for drug-drug interactions. de Barra, E; Hollywood, P; Lorigan, D; MacCann, R; McConkey, S, 2020)	1.05
"Two hundred individuals attending a regional specialist human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic between June and September 2014 who were receiving the pharmacokinetic enhancers ritonavir or cobicistat were interviewed to determine a medication history including medications prescribed by their general practitioner (GP), over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, herbal remedies and recreational drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancers (cobicistat/ritonavir) and the potential for drug-drug interactions. de Barra, E; Hollywood, P; Lorigan, D; MacCann, R; McConkey, S, 2020)	1.02
"3) were applied to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and assess demographic covariates and relationships with SNPs (SLCO3A1, SLCO1B1, NR1I2, NR1I3, CYP3A5*3, CYP3A4*22, ABCC2, ABCC10, ABCG2 and SCL47A1)."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of ritonavir-boosted darunavir in the presence of raltegravir or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine in HIV-infected adults and the relationship with virological response: a sub-study of the NEAT001 Boffito, M; Bonora, S; Cursley, A; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; Dickinson, L; Fäetkenheuer, G; Gurjar, R; Molina, JM; Owen, A; Pozniak, A; Raffi, F; Richert, L; Stöhr, W; Vandekerckhove, L, 2020)	0.81
"Darunavir (DRV) and ritonavir (RTV; r) intensive pharmacokinetic evaluations were performed at steady state during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (DRV/r 800/100 mg bid) and 2-3 weeks postpartum (DRV/r 600/100 mg twice daily)."	( Darunavir Pharmacokinetics With an Increased Dose During Pregnancy. Best, BM; Capparelli, EV; Chakhtoura, N; Eke, AC; Kreitchmann, R; Mirochnick, M; Shapiro, DE; Smith, E; Stek, AM; Wang, J, 2020)	0.88
"To evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of adjusted doses of darunavir/ritonavir with rifampicin."	( Pharmacokinetic profile and safety of adjusted doses of darunavir/ritonavir with rifampicin in people living with HIV. Ebrahim, I; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Orrell, C; Smythe, W; Wiesner, L, 2020)	1.02
" Therefore, an intravenous study of TLC-ART 101 in nonhuman primates was conducted to elucidate the degree of association of drugs in vivo, estimate subcutaneous bioavailability, and refine a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic (MBPK2) model."	( Integration of Computational and Experimental Approaches to Elucidate Mechanisms of First-Pass Lymphatic Drug Sequestration and Long-Acting Pharmacokinetics of the Injectable Triple-HIV Drug Combination TLC-ART 101. Collier, AC; Ho, RJY; Kinman, L; Koehn, J; Lane, S; Lee, W; McConnachie, LA; Perazzolo, S; Shen, DD; Shireman, LM, 2020)	0.56
" A population pharmacokinetic meta-analysis was conducted using individual participant data from 10 studies with 6,100 lumefantrine concentrations from 793 nonpregnant adult participants (41% HIV-malaria-coinfected, 36% malaria-infected, 20% HIV-infected, and 3% healthy volunteers)."	( An Individual Participant Data Population Pharmacokinetic Meta-analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions between Lumefantrine and Commonly Used Antiretroviral Treatment. Aweeka, FT; Barnes, KI; Byakika-Kibwika, P; Bygbjerg, IC; Chijioke-Nwauche, I; Denti, P; Francis, J; Hoglund, RM; Khoo, SH; Kredo, T; Lamorde, M; Lemnge, MM; Merry, C; Nyagonde, N; Parikh, S; Scarsi, KK; Sutherland, CJ; Tarning, J; Vestergaard, LS; Walimbwa, SI; Workman, L, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of current analysis was to develop a pharmacokinetic (PK)-toxicodynamic (TOX) model to quantify the relationship between docetaxel plasma exposure and DLTs."	( Quantification of the pharmacokinetic-toxicodynamic relationship of oral docetaxel co-administered with ritonavir. Beijnen, JH; de Weger, VA; Dorlo, TPC; Huitema, ADR; Janssen, JM; Marchetti, S; Nuijen, B; Schellens, JHM; Stuurman, RE; Yu, H, 2020)	0.77
" A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed integrating in vitro, preclinical, and clinical data of HVs and patients with cancer."	( Ribociclib Drug-Drug Interactions: Clinical Evaluations and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Guide Drug Labeling. Chakraborty, A; Dhuria, SV; Elmeliegy, M; He, H; Heimbach, T; Huth, F; Ji, Y; Miller, M; Samant, TS; Schiller, H; Umehara, K, 2020)	0.56
"This study aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of 150 mg rifabutin (RBT) taken every other day (every 48 h) versus 300 mg RBT taken every other day (E."	( Pharmacokinetic study of two different rifabutin doses co-administered with lopinavir/ritonavir in African HIV and tuberculosis co-infected adult patients. Cisse, K; Compaoré, TR; Diagbouga, S; Kouanda, S; Matteelli, A; Ouedraogo, HG; Regazzi, M; Roggi, A; Sangare, L; Simporé, J; Sulis, G; Tarnagda, G; Villani, P, 2020)	0.78
" Lopinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after an intensive pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir oral solution to treat COVID-19 in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Bouadma, L; de Montmollin, E; Descamps, D; Jaquet, P; Kauv, J; Laouénan, C; Le Hingrat, Q; Lê, MP; Patrier, J; Peytavin, G; Sonneville, R; Timsit, JF; Veyrier, M; Visseaux, B; Wicky, PH, 2020)	1.2
" After the dose reduction to 400/100 mg q24h, lopinavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed in nine patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir oral solution to treat COVID-19 in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Bouadma, L; de Montmollin, E; Descamps, D; Jaquet, P; Kauv, J; Laouénan, C; Le Hingrat, Q; Lê, MP; Patrier, J; Peytavin, G; Sonneville, R; Timsit, JF; Veyrier, M; Visseaux, B; Wicky, PH, 2020)	1.09
" However, it remains difficult to safely recommend its dose reduction without compromising the benefit of the antiviral strategy, and careful pharmacokinetic and toxicity monitoring are needed."	( Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir oral solution to treat COVID-19 in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Bouadma, L; de Montmollin, E; Descamps, D; Jaquet, P; Kauv, J; Laouénan, C; Le Hingrat, Q; Lê, MP; Patrier, J; Peytavin, G; Sonneville, R; Timsit, JF; Veyrier, M; Visseaux, B; Wicky, PH, 2020)	0.85
" However, darunavir displays a large, poorly characterized, inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability."	( Exploration of Reduced Doses and Short-Cycle Therapy for Darunavir/Cobicistat in Patients with HIV Using Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulations. Belkhir, L; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Stillemans, G; Vandercam, B; Vincent, A, 2021)	0.62
"Sparse pharmacokinetic samples were collected in 127 patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, then supplemented with rich sampling data from a subset of 12 individuals."	( Exploration of Reduced Doses and Short-Cycle Therapy for Darunavir/Cobicistat in Patients with HIV Using Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulations. Belkhir, L; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Stillemans, G; Vandercam, B; Vincent, A, 2021)	0.62
" However, the heterogeneity in pharmacokinetic response should be considered when assessing whether individual patients could benefit from a particular regimen, for instance through the use of population pharmacokinetic models."	( Exploration of Reduced Doses and Short-Cycle Therapy for Darunavir/Cobicistat in Patients with HIV Using Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulations. Belkhir, L; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Stillemans, G; Vandercam, B; Vincent, A, 2021)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetic modelling can explore utility of drug in hair."	( A population pharmacokinetic model is beneficial in quantifying hair concentrations of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir: a study of HIV-infected Zimbabwean adolescents. Chawana, TD; Ngara, B; Nhachi, CFB; Rusakaniko, S; Stray-Pedersen, B; Zvada, S, 2020)	0.78
" The use of boosted regimens in pregnant women living with HIV has been studied for a variety of ARVs; however, a recent recommendation by the US Food and Drug Administration advised against cobicistat-boosted regimens in pregnancy due to substantially lower drug exposures observed in clinical pharmacokinetic studies."	( Pharmacokinetic Enhancement of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy During Pregnancy. Best, BM; Eke, AC; Mirochnick, M; Momper, JD; Salama, E, 2020)	0.56
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was conducted until 48 h after both study drug administrations."	( Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of the Oral Docetaxel Tablet Formulation ModraDoc006 Combined with Ritonavir (ModraDoc006/r) in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumours. Beijnen, JH; de Weger, VA; Huitema, ADR; Janssen, JM; Keessen, M; Lopez-Yurda, MI; Marchetti, S; Rosing, H; Thijssen, B; Vermunt, MAC, 2021)	0.83
" We used physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to simulate DDI magnitudes of various scenarios to guide the clinical DDI management of bictegravir."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Support the Clinical Management of Drug-Drug Interactions With Bictegravir. Battegay, M; Marzolini, C; Stader, F, 2021)	0.62
"The anticancer drug docetaxel exhibits large interpatient pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability."	( Investigating the influence of relevant pharmacogenetic variants on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of orally administered docetaxel combined with ritonavir. Beijnen, JH; Dorlo, TPC; Huitema, ADR; Marchetti, S; Pluim, D; van Eijk, M, 2021)	0.82
" The aim of this study was to establish an insect model for pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction studies to develop sustainable endectocides for vector control."	( The pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of ivermectin in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Chaccour, C; Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Hofer, L; Krähenbühl, S; Maia, M; Müller, P; Weber, M, 2021)	0.62
" This study evaluated S-warfarin limited sampling strategy with a population pharmacokinetic (PK) approach to estimate CYP2C9 activity in healthy adults."	( S-warfarin limited sampling strategy with a population pharmacokinetic approach to estimate exposure and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 activity in healthy adults. Bertino, JS; Capparelli, EV; Kashuba, ADM; Ma, JD; Nafziger, AN; Nikanjam, M; Tran, L; Turpault, S, 2021)	0.62
" However, interaction of both drugs, with Cytochrome P 3A4 (CYP 3A4) isoenzyme, may spawn clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Evaluation of the effects of atazanavir-ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine in patients living with HIV in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, South-Western Nigeria. Abideen, G; Adewumi, OO; Agbaje, EO; Akanmu, AS; Akinleye, MO; Akinyede, A; Busari, AA; Hassan, OO; Kadri, MR; Oreagba, IA; Usman, SO, 2021)	0.89
" The concentration of lumefantrine in each sample was quantified with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and used to determine its pharmacokinetic parameters which were compared between the test and control groups."	( Evaluation of the effects of atazanavir-ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine in patients living with HIV in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, South-Western Nigeria. Abideen, G; Adewumi, OO; Agbaje, EO; Akanmu, AS; Akinleye, MO; Akinyede, A; Busari, AA; Hassan, OO; Kadri, MR; Oreagba, IA; Usman, SO, 2021)	0.89
" Ivacaftor concentrations were measured in all blood samples in order to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters for ivacaftor."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between ivacaftor and cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors in people with cystic fibrosis and healthy controls. Heijerman, HGM; Sturm, R; van der Meer, R; Wilms, EB, 2021)	0.62
"3) ADVAN 13, based on a previously established pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of atazanavir in hair among adolescents on antiretroviral treatment in Zimbabwe. Chawana, TD; Ngara, B; Nhachi, CFB; Rusakaniko, S; Zvada, S, 2021)	0.62
" A pooled population pharmacokinetic analysis with 744 plasma medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations from 138 women treated with depot medroxyprogesterone and antiretroviral/antituberculosis treatment across three clinical trials was performed."	( A Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic Model for Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Drug-Drug Interactions With Antiretroviral and Antituberculosis Treatment. Cohn, SE; Denti, P; Dooley, KE; Firnhaber, C; Francis, J; Godfrey, C; Kendall, MA; McIlleron, H; Mngqibisa, R; Wu, X, 2021)	0.62
" Pooled LPV AUC12 (157 203 hours × ng/mL) and Ctrough (9876 ng/mL) were similar to historical controls; RBT AUC24 (7374 hours × ng/mL) and Ctrough (208 ng/mL) were higher, although 3 participants in arm C had RBT Cmax <250 ng/mL."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Double-Dose Lopinavir/Ritonavir + Rifampin Versus Lopinavir/Ritonavir + Daily Rifabutin for Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tuberculosis Coinfection. Benson, CA; Cardoso, SW; Fletcher, CV; Ive, P; Kendall, MA; Lalloo, U; Podany, AT; Wu, X, 2021)	0.87
" Faster RBT clearance and low Cmax in 3 participants on RBT+RAL requires further study."	( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Double-Dose Lopinavir/Ritonavir + Rifampin Versus Lopinavir/Ritonavir + Daily Rifabutin for Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Tuberculosis Coinfection. Benson, CA; Cardoso, SW; Fletcher, CV; Ive, P; Kendall, MA; Lalloo, U; Podany, AT; Wu, X, 2021)	0.87
" We used physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to simulate the effect of inflammation on the pharmacokinetics of CYP3A metabolized drugs."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling to Investigate the Impact of the Cytokine Storm on CYP3A Drug Pharmacokinetics in COVID-19 Patients. Battegay, M; Marzolini, C; Sendi, P; Stader, F, 2022)	0.72
"This is an open-label, randomized, fixed sequence single intravenous dosing study to assess pharmacokinetic interactions between remdesivir and TDF/3TC (Study A, crossover design) or TDF/3TC plus ATV/r (Study B)."	( An open-label, randomized, single intravenous dosing study to investigate the effect of fixed-dose combinations of tenofovir/lamivudine or atazanavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of remdesivir in Ugandan healthy volunteers (RemTLAR). Byakika-Kibwika, P; D'Avolio, A; Kaboggoza, JP; Lamorde, M; Waitt, C; Walimbwa, SI, 2021)	0.82
" Furthermore, this study will deliver pharmacokinetic datasets for remdesivir drug concentrations and demographic characteristics which could support pharmacometric approaches for simulation of remdesivir treatment regimens in patients concurrently using tenofovir/lamivudine and/or atazanavir/ritonavir."	( An open-label, randomized, single intravenous dosing study to investigate the effect of fixed-dose combinations of tenofovir/lamivudine or atazanavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of remdesivir in Ugandan healthy volunteers (RemTLAR). Byakika-Kibwika, P; D'Avolio, A; Kaboggoza, JP; Lamorde, M; Waitt, C; Walimbwa, SI, 2021)	1
" In stage 1, term neonates exposed to HIV on standard antiretroviral prophylaxis (nevirapine ± zidovudine) received single dose(s) of the 4-in-1 formulation, followed by intensive pharmacokinetic sampling and safety assessments."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of the Abacavir/Lamivudine/Lopinavir/Ritonavir Fixed-Dose Granule Formulation (4-in-1) in Neonates: PETITE Study. Andrieux-Meyer, I; Bekker, A; Capparelli, E; Cotton, MF; Cressey, R; Cressey, TR; du Toit, S; Groenewald, M; Kumar, M; Lallemant, M; Nielsen, J; Rabie, H; Salvadori, N; Than-In-At, K, 2022)	0.96
"Sixteen neonates, with a median (range) birth weight of 3130 g (2790-3590 g), completed 24 pharmacokinetic visits."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of the Abacavir/Lamivudine/Lopinavir/Ritonavir Fixed-Dose Granule Formulation (4-in-1) in Neonates: PETITE Study. Andrieux-Meyer, I; Bekker, A; Capparelli, E; Cotton, MF; Cressey, R; Cressey, TR; du Toit, S; Groenewald, M; Kumar, M; Lallemant, M; Nielsen, J; Rabie, H; Salvadori, N; Than-In-At, K, 2022)	0.96
" CYP3A-mediated DDI of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor was evaluated using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling approach."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic-Led Guidance for Patients With Cystic Fibrosis Taking Elexacaftor-Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor With Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID-19. Almond, LM; Beringer, PM; Chung, PS; Hong, E; Rao, AP, 2022)	0.92
" Boosting pharmacokinetic exposure of KIs metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4 with ritonavir might result in lower doses needed and subsequently reduces treatment costs."	( Ritonavir-Boosted Exposure of Kinase Inhibitors: an Open Label, Cross-over Pharmacokinetic Proof-of-Concept Trial with Erlotinib. Baas, P; Beijnen, JH; Boosman, RJ; Burgers, JA; de Gooijer, CJ; Groenland, SL; Huitema, ADR; Steeghs, N; van der Noort, V, 2022)	2.39
" Complete pharmacokinetic profiles at steady-state were taken up to 24 h after erlotinib intake for both dosing strategies."	( Ritonavir-Boosted Exposure of Kinase Inhibitors: an Open Label, Cross-over Pharmacokinetic Proof-of-Concept Trial with Erlotinib. Baas, P; Beijnen, JH; Boosman, RJ; Burgers, JA; de Gooijer, CJ; Groenland, SL; Huitema, ADR; Steeghs, N; van der Noort, V, 2022)	2.16
" We aimed to apply physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to simulate the complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of ritonavir with two anticoagulants, rivaroxaban and racemic warfarin, to address this important clinical conundrum."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling-Guided Dose Management of Oral Anticoagulants when Initiating Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (Paxlovid) for COVID-19 Treatment. Chan, ECY; Wang, Z, 2022)	1.13
" We aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of different paclitaxel formulations, co-administered with ritonavir, and to investigate a pharmacodynamic relationship between low-dose metronomic (LDM) treatment with oral paclitaxel and the anti-angiogenic marker thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1)."	( Development of a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for various oral paclitaxel formulations co-administered with ritonavir and thrombospondin-1 based on data from early phase clinical studies. Beijnen, JH; de Weger, VA; Dorlo, TPC; Huitema, ADR; Nuijen, B; Sawicki, E; van Eijk, M; Yu, H, 2022)	1.14
"Fifty-eight patients treated with different oral paclitaxel formulations were included for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Development of a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for various oral paclitaxel formulations co-administered with ritonavir and thrombospondin-1 based on data from early phase clinical studies. Beijnen, JH; de Weger, VA; Dorlo, TPC; Huitema, ADR; Nuijen, B; Sawicki, E; van Eijk, M; Yu, H, 2022)	0.93
"The developed pharmacokinetic model adequately described the paclitaxel plasma concentrations for the different oral formulations co-administered with ritonavir."	( Development of a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for various oral paclitaxel formulations co-administered with ritonavir and thrombospondin-1 based on data from early phase clinical studies. Beijnen, JH; de Weger, VA; Dorlo, TPC; Huitema, ADR; Nuijen, B; Sawicki, E; van Eijk, M; Yu, H, 2022)	1.13
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have gained in popularity in the last decade in both drug development and regulatory science."	( A Comparative Analysis of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Infections. Jacobs, BA; Mtshali, S, 2022)	0.72
" Then, the established method was used for determining the pharmacokinetic profile of Paxlovid in healthy Chinese volunteers."	( Simultaneous determination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in human plasma using LC-MS/MS and its pharmacokinetic application in healthy Chinese volunteers. Boucetta, H; Cao, L; Hang, T; Liu, C; Lu, Y; Song, M; Zhu, M, 2022)	0.98
"Certain drugs inherently have unfavourable pharmacokinetic properties; for example, they are poorly absorbed or broken down too quickly in the liver."	( [CYP3A inhibitors as a pharmacokinetic enhancer: pros and cons of drug interactions]. Burger, DM; Ter Heine, R; van Erp, PH, 2022)	0.72
"Two separate, parallel, three-group, non-randomized, pharmacokinetic studies evaluated either etonogestrel or levonorgestrel in women receiving rilpivirine- or darunavir-based ART compared with women without HIV (control group)."	( Pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel and etonogestrel contraceptive implants over 48 weeks with rilpivirine- or darunavir-based antiretroviral therapy. Byakika-Kibwika, P; Chappell, CA; Fletcher, CV; Jeppson, J; Kaboggoza, J; Kyohairwe, I; Lamorde, M; Mbabazi, L; Musaazi, J; Nakalema, S; Nakijoba, R; Nassiwa, S; Pham, M; Scarsi, KK; Siccardi, M; Walimbwa, SI; Winchester, L, 2022)	0.72
"Therapy failure caused by complex population-drug-drug (PDDI) interactions including CYP3A4 can be predicted using mechanistic physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( The investigation of the complex population-drug-drug interaction between ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and chloroquine or ivermectin using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. Alsmadi, MM, 2023)	1.14
" This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of LPV/r and provide dosage optimization in Thai PLWH."	( Dose optimization with population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for Thai people living with HIV with and without active tuberculosis. Avihingsanon, A; Chaivichacharn, P; Gatechompol, S; Punyawudho, B; Ubolyam, S, 2022)	0.97
"The population pharmacokinetic model was developed by integrating the interaction between LPV and RTV."	( Dose optimization with population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for Thai people living with HIV with and without active tuberculosis. Avihingsanon, A; Chaivichacharn, P; Gatechompol, S; Punyawudho, B; Ubolyam, S, 2022)	0.97
" This study compared the bioequivalence and safety of 2 lopinavir/ritonavir (200/50 mg) formulations under fasted and fed conditions in healthy Chinese volunteers and compared the pharmacokinetic parameters of lopinavir and ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Bioequivalence of 2 Lopinavir/Ritonavir (200/50 mg) Tablets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers: Effect of Food on Absorption. Bao, D; Fu, W; Hu, W; Lin, L; Liu, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhang, W; Zheng, L, 2023)	1.39
" Within a nested pharmacokinetic (PK) substudy, we performed a population PK analysis to describe total and unbound dolutegravir plasma concentrations in children and adolescents receiving this dual therapy."	( Population pharmacokinetics of unbound and total dolutegravir concentrations in children aged 12 years and older: a PK substudy of the SMILE trial. Abdalla, S; Coelho, A; Compagnucci, A; Cressey, TR; Hirt, D; Ramos, JT; Riault, Y; Saidi, Y; Tréluyer, JM; Zheng, Y, 2023)	0.91
" This is the first disclosure of Paxlovid physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of PAXLOVID™ with First-Order Absorption Kinetics. Di, L; Jaini, R; Lin, J; Sagawa, K, 2023)	0.91
" At steady state, 8-9 blood samples were taken to construct pharmacokinetic curves."	( First Pharmacokinetic Data of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate and Tenofovir With Dolutegravir or Boosted Protease Inhibitors in African Children: A Substudy of the CHAPAS-4 Trial. Bamford, A; Burger, DM; Bwakura-Dangarembizi, M; Chabala, C; Colbers, A; Denti, P; Doerholt, K; Gibb, DM; Griffiths, AL; Makumbi, S; McIlleron, HM; Monkiewicz, LN; Mulenga, V; Mumbiro, V; Musiime, V; Nangiya, J; Szubert, AJ; Waalewijn, H; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L, 2023)	0.91
" For each combination, tenofovir GM (CV%) AUCtau and Cmax remained below reference values in adults taking 25 mg TAF with a boosted protease inhibitors."	( First Pharmacokinetic Data of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate and Tenofovir With Dolutegravir or Boosted Protease Inhibitors in African Children: A Substudy of the CHAPAS-4 Trial. Bamford, A; Burger, DM; Bwakura-Dangarembizi, M; Chabala, C; Colbers, A; Denti, P; Doerholt, K; Gibb, DM; Griffiths, AL; Makumbi, S; McIlleron, HM; Monkiewicz, LN; Mulenga, V; Mumbiro, V; Musiime, V; Nangiya, J; Szubert, AJ; Waalewijn, H; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L, 2023)	0.91
" To evaluate and quantify the DDIs between them and provide rational dose management strategies of BTK inhibitors, we conducted this study using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models."	( Drug-drug interactions and dose management of BTK inhibitors when initiating nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (paxlovid) based on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models. Chen, L; Chen, W; Li, C; Li, L, 2023)	1.13
"Physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters were acquired from the published literature and databases."	( Drug-drug interactions and dose management of BTK inhibitors when initiating nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (paxlovid) based on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models. Chen, L; Chen, W; Li, C; Li, L, 2023)	1.13

Compound-Compound Interactions

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir has a high potential to cause harm from drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with other drugs metabolized through this pathway. Danoprevir is a potent macrocyclic inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease, which is currently in development in combination with low-dose ritonavir.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In this study we investigated the kinetics of SQV when administered alone and in combination with RIT in HIV-infected patients."	( Saquinavir pharmacokinetics alone and in combination with ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Back, DJ; Barry, MG; Breckenridge, AM; Gibbons, SE; Heavey, J; Merry, C; Mulcahy, F; Ryan, M; Tjia, JF, 1997)	0.54
" Steady-state SQV profiles were obtained on two occasions following treatment with SQV 600 mg three times daily alone and when administered with RIT 300 mg twice daily."	( Saquinavir pharmacokinetics alone and in combination with ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Back, DJ; Barry, MG; Breckenridge, AM; Gibbons, SE; Heavey, J; Merry, C; Mulcahy, F; Ryan, M; Tjia, JF, 1997)	0.54
" Many of the drugs commonly taken by patients with HIV have a strong potential to interact with the protease inhibitors."	( Drug interactions of HIV protease inhibitors. Kuper, JJ; Malaty, LI, 1999)	0.3
"4 ng/ml, when combined with RTV and proved to be significantly higher (p <0."	( Single daily doses of saquinavir achieve HIV-inhibitory concentrations when combined with baby-dose ritonavir. Donath, F; Kurowski, M; Möcklinghoff, C; Mrozikiewicz, M; Müller, M, 1999)	0.52
"Due to changes in hepatic metabolism, protease inhibitors may interact with concurrent treatment."	( [HIV protease inhibitors: drug interactions]. Dubreuil, L; Gérard, Y; Maulin, L; Mouton, Y, 1999)	0.3
"0 microM) were marginal and are not likely to produce clinically significant drug-drug interactions."	( Potent inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 3A-mediated human liver microsomal metabolism of a novel HIV protease inhibitor by ritonavir: A positive drug-drug interaction. Dykstra, J; Granneman, GR; Hickman, D; Jayanti, VK; Kumar, GN; Roberts, EM; Surber, B; Thomas, S; Uchic, J; Yao, Y, 1999)	0.51
" Our results suggest that the response to SQV combined with RTV therapy is complicated by previous long-term treatment with PIs, probably owing to multiple PI resistance mutations."	( Anti-HIV effect of saquinavir combined with ritonavir is limited by previous long-term therapy with protease inhibitors. Aizawa, S; Gatanaga, H; Genka, I; Kikuchi, Y; Oka, S; Tachikawa, N; Yamamoto, Y; Yasuoka, A; Yoshizawa, S, 1999)	0.56
" Saquinavir (SQV) is used alone or in combination with ritonavir (RTV) or nelfinavir (NLF), respectively, in the context of the HAART drug regimen."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of saquinavir in patients during protease inhibitor therapy with saquinavir alone or in combination with ritonavir or nelfinavir. Klinker, H; Langmann, P; Richter, E; Schlör, C; Väth, T; Weissbrich, B; Zilly, M, 2000)	0.76
"A retrospective study of 76 patients was carried out using ritonavir in an antiretroviral regimen combined with two reverse transcriptase inhibitors to treat outpatients from July, 1996, to April, 1998, with the objective of evaluating clinical efficacy and tolerability."	( Clinical evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of ritonavir in combination with two reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Ary Duque, I; Gomes de Arruda, EA; Martins Maia, F; Pedrosa De Oliveira Júnior, FR, 2000)	0.8
" These drug-drug interactions were not expected, the mechanism(s) is (are) not clear, and additional studies are warranted."	( Competing drug-drug interactions among multidrug antiretroviral regimens used in the treatment of HIV- infected subjects: ACTG 884. Acosta, EP; Cheng, H; Fischl, M; Fletcher, CV; Gulick, RM; Haubrich, R; Hu, XJ; Katzenstein, D; Mills, C; Raasch, R; Remmel, RP, 2000)	0.31
" Therefore a number of drug-drug interactions are likely to occur."	( [Drug interactions with antiretroviral agents]. Furlan, V; Taburet, AM, )	0.13
"St John's Wort (SJW) is widely used in the treatment of depression but concerns have been raised about its potential to interact with other drugs."	( St Johns wort increases expression of P-glycoprotein: implications for drug interactions. Back, D; Barry, M; Feely, J; Hennessy, M; Kavanagh, P; Kelleher, D; Mulcahy, F; Spiers, JP, 2002)	0.31
"To determine the long-term antiretroviral efficacy and tolerability of dual protease inhibitor (PI) therapy with indinavir (IDV)/ritonavir (RTV) at 400/400 mg twice a day (BID) in combination with two nucleoside reverse trancriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of ritonavir/indinavir at 400/400 mg twice a day in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as first line antiretroviral therapy. Bergmann, F; Carls, H; Fätkenheuer, G; Fenske, S; Knechten, H; Lichterfeld, M; Nadler, M; Nischalke, HD; Oette, M; Rieke, A; Rockstroh, JK; Theisen, A; Wasmuth, JC; Wiesel, W, 2002)	0.8
"The steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two oral doses of lopinavir-ritonavir (lopinavir/r; 400/100 and 533/133 mg) twice daily (BID) when dosed in combination with efavirenz, plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, were assessed in a phase II, open-label, randomized, parallel arm study in 57 multiple protease inhibitor-experienced but non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of lopinavir-ritonavir in combination with efavirenz and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in extensively pretreated human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Bernstein, B; Bertz, R; Brun, S; Foit, C; Granneman, GR; Hsu, A; Isaacson, J; Kempf, DJ; King, M; Lam, W; Richards, B; Rode, R; Rynkiewicz, K; Sun, E, 2003)	0.79
"ESS40011 was a 24-week, multicenter, open-label, clinical trial in which antiretroviral therapy-naïve and -experienced HIV-1-infected adults were randomized 3:1 to receive either APV600/RTV BID or APV1200 BID, in combination with > or = 2 non-protease inhibitor antiretroviral drugs."	( Twice-daily amprenavir 1200 mg versus amprenavir 600 mg/ritonavir 100 mg, in combination with at least 2 other antiretroviral drugs, in HIV-1-infected patients. Gathe, JC; Griffith, S; Hernandez, JE; Lancaster, CT; Liao, Q; Nadler, JP; Pappa, KA; Pollard, RB; Richmond, GJ, 2003)	0.57
"To evaluate the long-term efficacy and pharmacokinetics of indinavir (IDV)/ritonavir (RTV) 400/100 mg twice a day in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors."	( Low-dose indinavir in combination with low-dose ritonavir: steady-state pharmacokinetics and long-term clinical outcome follow-up. Justesen, US; Levring, AM; Lindberg, JA; Pedersen, C; Tauris, P; Thomsen, A, 2003)	0.8
" When combined with ritonavir (RTV), plasma concentration of SQV is increased."	( [Comparison of pharmacokinetics of saquinavir soft-gel capsule (SQV-SGC) combined with ritonavir (RTV), SQV hard-gel capsule with RTV, and SQV-SGC alone]. Genka, I; Hirabayashi, Y; Imai, K; Kikuchi, Y; Kimura, S; Oka, S; Tachikawa, N; Teruya, K; Tsuchiya, K; Yasuoka, A, 2003)	0.87
" This study evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of indinavir/ritonavir at 800/100 mg twice daily (bid) in combination with efavirenz at 600 mg once daily (qd) in HIV-infected Thai subjects who used this nucleoside-sparing combination in The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration 009 study."	( Pharmacokinetics of indinavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg) in combination with efavirenz (600 mg) in HIV-1-infected subjects. Aarnoutse, RE; Boyd, MA; Burger, DM; Cooper, DA; Lange, JM; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Stek, M; van Heeswijk, RP, 2003)	0.84
"Randomized, controlled, open-label trial of 233 protease inhibitor- and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-naive HIV-infected patients allocated to a regimen of nelfinavir and nevirapine (1250/200 mg twice daily; n = 118) or ritonavir and saquinavir (400/400 mg twice daily; n = 115), both in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors."	( A randomized trial comparing initial HAART regimens of nelfinavir/nevirapine and ritonavir/saquinavir in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Gerstoft, J; Katzenstein, TL; Kirk, O; Lundgren, JD; Mathiesen, LR; Nielsen, H; Obel, N; Pedersen, C, 2003)	0.73
"A regimen of nelfinavir/nevirapine had a favourable virological effect and tolerability over a 48-week period compared with ritonavir/saquinavir, when administered in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors."	( A randomized trial comparing initial HAART regimens of nelfinavir/nevirapine and ritonavir/saquinavir in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Gerstoft, J; Katzenstein, TL; Kirk, O; Lundgren, JD; Mathiesen, LR; Nielsen, H; Obel, N; Pedersen, C, 2003)	0.75
"To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of indinavir/ritonavir (IDV/RTV) 400/100 mg twice daily in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in antiretroviral-naive patients."	( Efficacy and safety of ritonavir/indinavir 100/400 mg twice daily in combination with two nucleoside analogues in antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals. Agher, R; Ait-Mohand, H; Bricaire, F; Calvez, V; Costagliola, D; Duvivier, C; Ghosn, J; Katlama, C; Marcelin, AG; Myrto, A; Peytavin, G; Schneider, L, 2003)	0.88
"We describe a drug-drug interaction between coformulated lopinavir/ritonavir and itraconazole in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 who had disseminated histoplasmosis."	( Drug-drug interaction between itraconazole and the antiretroviral drug lopinavir/ritonavir in an HIV-1-infected patient with disseminated histoplasmosis. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Mulder, JW; Schellens, JH; Sparidans, RW, 2004)	0.79
" In the present study, two adjusted-dose regimens of lopinavir-ritonavir were tested in combination with rifampin."	( Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose lopinavir-ritonavir combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers. Bertz, R; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Colbers, EP; Hekster, YA; Koopmans, PP; la Porte, CJ; Voncken, DS; Wikstrom, K, 2004)	0.82
"So far, no pediatric doses for indinavir combined with ritonavir have been defined."	( Pharmacokinetics of indinavir combined with low-dose ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Bergshoeff, AS; Burger, DM; de Groot, R; Fraaij, PL; Leavitt, RY; Nguyen, BY; van Rossum, AM; Verweel, G; Winchell, GA; Wynne, LH, 2004)	0.82
" The tissue distribution of radioactivity was examined in rats dosed with [14C]lopinavir in combination with ritonavir."	( Metabolism and disposition of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor lopinavir (ABT-378) given in combination with ritonavir in rats, dogs, and humans. Denissen, JF; Grabowski, BA; Jayanti, VK; Johnson, MK; Kempf, DJ; Kumar, GN; Lee, RD; Marsh, KC; Roberts, SA; Sham, HL; Sun, E; Thomas, S; Uchic, J, 2004)	0.75
"The aim of the study was to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of indinavir, define the relationship between the pharmacokinetics of indinavir and ritonavir, and to identify the factors influencing the pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone or when given with ritonavir."	( Population pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone and in combination with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Prins, JM; Sankatsing, SU; Van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.76
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic model for lopinavir in combination with ritonavir, in which the interaction between both drugs was characterized, and in which relationships between patient characteristics and pharmacokinetics were identified."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Mairuhu, AT; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.8
"To compare the effect of ritonavir on plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics, healthy adults received either fosamprenavir (700 mg twice a day [BID]) or amprenavir (600 mg BID) alone and in combination with ritonavir (100 mg BID)."	( Ritonavir increases plasma amprenavir (APV) exposure to a similar extent when coadministered with either fosamprenavir or APV. Baker, KL; Berrey, MM; Jones, LS; Lou, Y; Shelton, MJ; Thomas, GJ; Wire, MB, 2006)	2.08
" Fosamprenavir-ritonavir has shown similar efficacy and safety to lopinavir-ritonavir when each is combined with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors."	( The KLEAN study of fosamprenavir-ritonavir versus lopinavir-ritonavir, each in combination with abacavir-lamivudine, for initial treatment of HIV infection over 48 weeks: a randomised non-inferiority trial. DeJesus, E; Eron, J; Estrada, V; Gathe, J; Katlama, C; Lackey, P; Patel, L; Shaefer, M; Staszewski, S; Sutherland-Phillips, D; Vavro, C; Wannamaker, P; Yau, L; Yeni, P; Yeo, J; Young, B, 2006)	0.97
"Fosamprenavir-ritonavir twice daily in treatment-naive patients provides similar antiviral efficacy, safety, tolerability, and emergence of resistance as lopinavir-ritonavir, each in combination with abacavir-lamivudine."	( The KLEAN study of fosamprenavir-ritonavir versus lopinavir-ritonavir, each in combination with abacavir-lamivudine, for initial treatment of HIV infection over 48 weeks: a randomised non-inferiority trial. DeJesus, E; Eron, J; Estrada, V; Gathe, J; Katlama, C; Lackey, P; Patel, L; Shaefer, M; Staszewski, S; Sutherland-Phillips, D; Vavro, C; Wannamaker, P; Yau, L; Yeni, P; Yeo, J; Young, B, 2006)	0.98
" Together, these in vitro results indicate that combination with other antiretrovirals does not significantly increase the toxic potential of TFV in RPTECs."	( In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells. Alvarez, ML; Cihlar, T; Cordobilla, B; Domingo, JC; Domingo, P; Giralt, M; Guallar, J; López-Dupla, M; Sánchez de la Rosa, R; Saumoy, M; Torres, F; Vidal, F; Villarroya, F, 2006)	0.33
" This unexpected drug-drug interaction warrants further investigation."	( Unexpected drug-drug interaction between tipranavir/ritonavir and enfuvirtide. Bargiacchi, O; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; González de Requena, D; Ladetto, L; Sciandra, M; Siccardi, M; Sinicco, A, 2006)	0.58
" No correlation was observed between the ABCB1 C3435T, G2677T/A, and C1236T polymorphisms, separately and in haplotypes, with saquinavir pharmacokinetics, administered with or without ritonavir and with PBMC P-gp expression and activity."	( The effect of ABCB1 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir alone and in combination with ritonavir. Béïque, L; Cameron, DW; Chauhan, B; Foster, BC; Garber, GE; la Porte, CJ; Li, Y; van Heeswijk, RP, 2007)	0.75
"The pharmacokinetic and metabolite profiles of the antiretroviral agent tipranavir (TPV), administered with ritonavir (RTV), in nine healthy male volunteers were characterized."	( Steady-state disposition of the nonpeptidic protease inhibitor tipranavir when coadministered with ritonavir. Brinkman, A; Castles, M; Chen, L; Garfinkel, S; MacGregor, TR; Mao, Y; Norris, SH; Philip, E; Sabo, JP; Valdez, H; Wruck, JM, 2007)	0.77
" Tipranavir is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and, when combined with ritonavir in vitro, causes inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A in addition to induction of glucuronidase and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein."	( Mechanisms of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions associated with ritonavir-enhanced tipranavir. Kashuba, AD; Vourvahis, M, 2007)	0.79
"Our objective was to identify possible differences in protease inhibitor plasma concentrations between and within three protease inhibitor regimens (indinavir, saquinavir and lopinavir all in combination with low-dose ritonavir) and to relate these differences to safety and efficacy."	( Pharmacokinetics of two randomized trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of indinavir, saquinavir and lopinavir in combination with low-dose ritonavir: the MaxCmin1 and 2 trials. Cahn, P; Castagna, A; Clumeck, N; Dragsted, UB; Fox, Z; Gerstoft, J; Justesen, US; Losso, M; Lundgren, JD; Obel, N; Pedersen, C; Peters, B, 2007)	0.73
"7-fold in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir."	( Drug/Drug interaction between lopinavir/ritonavir and rosuvastatin in healthy volunteers. Flynn, DM; Gerber, JG; Hoody, DW; Kiser, JJ; Predhomme, JA; Wolfe, P, 2008)	0.89
"51 examined the pharmacokinetic profile, safety, and efficacy of RTV-boosted tipranavir (TPV/r), alone and in combination with comparator PIs (CPIs) in 315 triple-class-experienced, HIV-infected patients."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of tipranavir boosted with ritonavir alone or in combination with other boosted protease inhibitors as part of optimized combination antiretroviral therapy in highly treatment-experienced patients (BI Study 1182.51). Arestéh, K; Blick, G; Johnson, M; Katlama, C; Lazzarin, A; Leith, JG; MacGregor, TR; Meier, U; Pierone, G; Walmsley, SL, 2008)	0.58
"The effects of omeprazole on indinavir when administered alone or in combination with ritonavir were evaluated."	( Effect of omeprazole on the plasma concentrations of indinavir when administered alone and in combination with ritonavir. Donovan, BJ; Hollowell, SB; Kashuba, AD; Min, SS; Raasch, RH; Rezk, NL; Rublein, JC; Smith, PC; Tallman, MN; Tappouni, HL; Theodore, D; Tien, HC, 2008)	0.78
" After seven days, the single-dose pharmacokinetic profile of an 800-mg dose of indinavir alone or in combination with 200 mg of ritonavir was evaluated."	( Effect of omeprazole on the plasma concentrations of indinavir when administered alone and in combination with ritonavir. Donovan, BJ; Hollowell, SB; Kashuba, AD; Min, SS; Raasch, RH; Rezk, NL; Rublein, JC; Smith, PC; Tallman, MN; Tappouni, HL; Theodore, D; Tien, HC, 2008)	0.76
" The addition of 200 mg of ritonavir to 800 mg of indinavir in combination with 40 mg of omeprazole significantly increased the mean indinavir AUC from 30."	( Effect of omeprazole on the plasma concentrations of indinavir when administered alone and in combination with ritonavir. Donovan, BJ; Hollowell, SB; Kashuba, AD; Min, SS; Raasch, RH; Rezk, NL; Rublein, JC; Smith, PC; Tallman, MN; Tappouni, HL; Theodore, D; Tien, HC, 2008)	0.85
"HIV-1-infected men enrolled in the Monark randomized trial were eligible for the present study after 48 weeks of a first-line lopinavir/ritonavir alone or in combination with zidovudine and lamivudine."	( Absence of HIV-1 shedding in male genital tract after 1 year of first-line lopinavir/ritonavir alone or in combination with zidovudine/lamivudine. Bresson, JL; Chaix, ML; Cohen-Codar, I; Delfraissy, JF; Galimand, J; Ghosn, J; Girard, PM; Peytavin, G; Raffi, F; Rouzioux, C, 2008)	0.77
"In vitro assessment of drug candidates' affinity for multi-drug resistance proteins is of crucial importance for the prediction of in vivo pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions."	( Characterization of substrates and inhibitors for the in vitro assessment of Bcrp mediated drug-drug interactions. Gnoth, MJ; Grieshop, B; Ickenroth, K; Muenster, U, 2008)	0.35
" In order to not overlook potential drug-drug interactions when testing drug candidates for inhibitory potential towards Bcrp, distinct Bcrp probe substrates should be used."	( Characterization of substrates and inhibitors for the in vitro assessment of Bcrp mediated drug-drug interactions. Gnoth, MJ; Grieshop, B; Ickenroth, K; Muenster, U, 2008)	0.35
" Patients with HIV may also have simultaneous chronic medical conditions, resulting in the possibility of complex drug-drug interactions."	( Possible antiretroviral therapy-warfarin drug interaction. Fulco, PP; Higginson, RT; Zingone, MM, 2008)	0.35
"To characterize the cytochrome P450 enzyme(s) responsible for the N-dealkylation of maraviroc in vitro, and predict the extent of clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Maraviroc: in vitro assessment of drug-drug interaction potential. Collins, C; Dickins, M; Hyland, R; Jones, B; Jones, H, 2008)	0.35
"In this open-label, international non-inferiority study, 883 antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected patients were randomly assigned to receive atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg once daily (n=440) or lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily (n=443), in combination with fixed-dose tenofovir/emtricitabine 300/200 mg once daily."	( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 48 week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Thiry, A; Yang, R, 2008)	0.86
" This prospective, open-label, 24-week, single-arm trial assessed the efficacy and safety of enfuvirtide (90 mg injected subcutaneously twice daily) in combination with darunavir-ritonavir (600/100 mg administered orally twice daily) in triple-antiretroviral-class-experienced adults failing their current regimen."	( Safety and efficacy of enfuvirtide in combination with darunavir-ritonavir and an optimized background regimen in treatment-experienced human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: the below the level of quantification study. DeJesus, E; Gathe, JC; Gottlieb, MS; Greenberg, ML; Guittari, CJ; Zolopa, AR, 2008)	0.78
" In study arm 1, 20 subjects received saquinavir/ritonavir treatment alone for 14 days, followed in combination with ketoconazole treatment for 14 days."	( Drug-drug interaction study of ketoconazole and ritonavir-boosted saquinavir. Bour, F; Kaeser, B; Schmitt, C; Zandt, H; Zhang, X; Zwanziger, E, 2009)	0.86
"A total of 191 patients were randomized 2:2:2:1 to one of three APL dosing regimens or to lamivudine (3TC)/zidovudine (ZDV) twice daily (bid), each in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) 400 mg/100 mg bid."	( Antiviral activity and safety of aplaviroc, a CCR5 antagonist, in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected, therapy-naïve patients: results of the EPIC study (CCR100136). Adkison, KK; Berger, D; Bonny, T; Cimoch, P; Lamarca, A; Lazzarin, A; Madison, SJ; McCarty, D; Millard, J; Nichols, WG; Salvato, P; Smaill, FM; Teofilo, E; Yeni, P, 2009)	0.77
"This 96-week, open-label, randomized study assessed changes in body composition in treatment-naive patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 who were treated with either atazanavir or ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, in combination with stavudine and lamivudine."	( Changes in body composition with ritonavir-boosted and unboosted atazanavir treatment in combination with Lamivudine and Stavudine: a 96-week randomized, controlled study. Mathew, M; McComsey, G; McGrath, D; Rightmire, A; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2009)	0.82
"Concomitant use of immunosuppressive agents and antiretroviral drugs may lead to complex drug-drug interactions."	( Drug-drug interaction in a kidney transplant recipient receiving HIV salvage therapy and tacrolimus. Battegay, M; Marzolini, C; Mayr, M; Mertz, D, 2009)	0.35
"The KLEAN study extension assessed the long-term efficacy and safety of fosamprenavir-ritonavir (FPV/r) and lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r), both administered with abacavir/lamivudine (ABC/3TC) fixed dose combination, over 144 weeks."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of fosamprenavir plus ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in combination with abacavir/lamivudine over 144 weeks. Baril, JG; Duiculescu, D; Estrada, V; Lim, ML; Logue, K; Pharo, C; Plettenberg, A; Pulido, F; Schewe, K; Vavro, C; Yau, L, )	0.61
"The findings of the KLEAN study extension (48 to 144 weeks) support durable viral suppression with both FPV/r and LPV/r treatment regimens when used in combination with ABC/3TC irrespective of viral load at baseline."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of fosamprenavir plus ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in combination with abacavir/lamivudine over 144 weeks. Baril, JG; Duiculescu, D; Estrada, V; Lim, ML; Logue, K; Pharo, C; Plettenberg, A; Pulido, F; Schewe, K; Vavro, C; Yau, L, )	0.38
"Clinicians caring for patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and diagnosed with psychiatric comorbidities must be aware of potential drug-drug interactions, particularly with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy."	( Clinically significant adverse events from a drug interaction between quetiapine and atazanavir-ritonavir in two patients. McCoy, C; Pollack, TM; Stead, W, 2009)	0.57
"Similar virological efficacy was observed for efavirenz and lopinavir/r, when administered with Kivexa in antiretroviral-naïve patients, while immunological improvement was slightly superior for efavirenz."	( Similar antiviral efficacy and tolerability between efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir, administered with abacavir/lamivudine (Kivexa), in antiretroviral-naïve patients: a 48-week, multicentre, randomized study (Lake Study). Bravo, I; Carosi, G; Clotet, B; del Arco, A; Echeverría, P; Gálvez, J; Gómez, JL; López, JC; López-Blazquez, R; Mariño, A; Moreno, A; Negredo, E; Ocampo, A; Pedrol, E; Pérez-Alvarez, N; Portilla, J; Prieto, A; Rubio, R; Viladés, C, 2010)	0.59
"International, multicenter, open-label, 96-week noninferiority randomized trial of atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg once daily vs lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily, each in combination with fixed-dose tenofovir/emtricitabine 300/200 mg once daily, in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected patients."	( Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir compared with twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 96-week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study. Absalon, J; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Chetchotisakd, P; Corral, J; David, N; Echevarria, J; Lataillade, M; Mancini, M; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Moyle, G; Percival, L; Wirtz, V; Yang, R, 2010)	0.89
" Because OATP2B1 exhibits an increasing number of drug substrates, including several statins, alterations of its function by PIs could result in clinically significant drug-drug interactions in the intestine."	( pH dependence of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 in Caco-2 cells: potential role in antiretroviral drug oral bioavailability and drug-drug interactions. Bendayan, R; Kis, O; Ramaswamy, M; Zastre, JA, 2010)	0.36
"Increasing the ritonavir dose to achieve a lopinavir/ritonavir ratio of 1:1 when given in combination with rifampicin-based TB treatment did not completely compensate for the enhancement of lopinavir CL/F caused by rifampicin."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with rifampicin-based antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected South African children. Elsherbiny, D; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Simonsson, US, 2010)	0.71
" In period 2, after a 4-week washout, the same dose and regimen of narlaprevir was administered in combination with PEG-IFN-α-2b for 14 days."	( Antiviral activity of narlaprevir combined with ritonavir and pegylated interferon in chronic hepatitis C patients. Bergmann, JF; de Bruijne, J; de Knegt, RJ; Hughes, EA; Janssen, HL; Li, J; Molenkamp, R; Reesink, HW; Schinkel, J; Tong, X; Treitel, MA; van Lier, JJ; van Vliet, AA; Weegink, CJ, 2010)	0.62
"The aim of this review is to discuss the effect of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in the antiretroviral treatment of HIV infection."	( Drug-drug interactions in the treatment of HIV infection: focus on pharmacokinetic enhancement through CYP3A inhibition. Josephson, F, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this open-label, fixed-sequence study was to investigate the potential of Echinacea purpurea, a commonly used botanical supplement, to interact with the boosted protease inhibitor darunavir-ritonavir."	( Herb-drug interaction between Echinacea purpurea and darunavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Barbanoj, MJ; Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Negredo, E; Valle, M, 2011)	0.8
" No adjustment of the saquinavir-ritonavir dose (1,000/100 mg) BID is required when the drugs are administered in combination with rifabutin."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study of ritonavir-boosted saquinavir in combination with rifabutin in healthy subjects. Fettner, S; Rowell, L; Salgo, M; Zhang, X; Zwanziger, E, 2011)	0.92
" It is by this mechanism that most HIV protease inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and maraviroc often interact with other medications."	( Approaches for understanding and predicting drug interactions in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Alvarez, E; de Andrés, S; Jiménez-Nácher, I; Morello, J; Rodriguez-Nóvoa, S; Soriano, V, 2011)	0.37
"Conflicting drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies with the HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) suggest net induction or inhibition of intestinal or hepatic CYP3A."	( Complex drug interactions of HIV protease inhibitors 1: inactivation, induction, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A by ritonavir or nelfinavir. Collier, AC; Kharasch, ED; Kirby, BJ; Thummel, KE; Unadkat, JD; Whittington, D, 2011)	0.58
" nevirapine on the same background, in naïve HIV-1-infected patients) study compared prospectively ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATZ/r) 300 mg/100 mg once daily (qd) with immediate release nevirapine (NVP) 200 mg twice daily or 400 mg qd, each combined with fixed-dose tenofovir 300 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg qd in 569 ARV-naïve HIV-1-infected patients."	( Lipid profiles for nevirapine vs. atazanavir/ritonavir, both combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine over 48 weeks, in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected patients (the ARTEN study). Andrade-Villanueva, J; Cairns, V; Clotet, B; de Rossi, L; Domingo, P; Gellermann, HJ; Podzamczer, D; Reiss, P; Rockstroh, JK; Soriano, V; Taylor, S, 2011)	0.85
" This finding suggests a potential significant drug-drug interaction between these two drugs."	( Ritonavir inhibits the two main prasugrel bioactivation pathways in vitro: a potential drug-drug interaction in HIV patients. Ancrenaz, V; Bosilkovska, M; Daali, Y; Dayer, P; Desmeules, J, 2011)	1.81
"ARTEN is a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial that compares nevirapine (NVP) 200 mg twice daily or 400 mg once daily to atazanavir/ritonavir (ATZ/r) 300 mg/100 mg once daily, each combined with fixed-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) 300 mg/emtricitabine (FTC) 200 mg once daily, in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients with CD4(+) T-cell counts <400 (men) and <250 cells/mm(3) (women)."	( Nevirapine versus atazanavir/ritonavir, each combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine, in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients: the ARTEN Trial. Andrade-Villanueva, J; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; de Rossi, L; Di Perri, G; Domingo, P; Gellermann, H; Lutz, T; Migrone, H; Opravil, M; Podzamczer, D; Soriano, V; Taylor, S, 2011)	0.86
"NVP demonstrated at week 48 non-inferior antiviral efficacy compared with ATZ/r when given along with TDF/FTC, despite more drug-related discontinuations with NVP than ATZ/r."	( Nevirapine versus atazanavir/ritonavir, each combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine, in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 patients: the ARTEN Trial. Andrade-Villanueva, J; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; de Rossi, L; Di Perri, G; Domingo, P; Gellermann, H; Lutz, T; Migrone, H; Opravil, M; Podzamczer, D; Soriano, V; Taylor, S, 2011)	0.66
"Treatment of HIV/tuberculosis (TB) co-infected patients is complex due to drug-drug interactions for these chronic diseases."	( Determination of rifabutin dosing regimen when administered in combination with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir. Arikan, D; Bertz, R; Coumbis, J; Farajallah, A; Stonier, M; Wu, Y; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2011)	0.6
" The study was stopped because subjects experienced more severe declines in neutrophil counts when rifabutin was given with atazanavir/ritonavir than alone."	( Determination of rifabutin dosing regimen when administered in combination with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir. Arikan, D; Bertz, R; Coumbis, J; Farajallah, A; Stonier, M; Wu, Y; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2011)	0.8
" The lopinavir/ritonavir dose of 500/125 mg bid administered with efavirenz most closely approximates the pharmacokinetic exposure of lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg bid administered alone."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of the lopinavir/ritonavir tablet 500/125 mg twice daily coadministered with efavirenz in healthy adult participants. Awni, W; Bernstein, B; Causemaker, SJ; Chiu, YL; Klein, CE; Ng, J, 2012)	0.99
"Efficacy results were consistent with the ARTEN study demonstrating that NVP was non-inferior to ATV/r when taken in combination with TDF/FTC."	( A randomised comparison of safety and efficacy of nevirapine vs. atazanavir/ritonavir combined with tenofovir/emtricitabine in treatment-naïve patients. Bhatti, L; Conner, C; Dejesus, E; Mills, A; Storfer, S, 2011)	0.6
" The aim of this study was to develop an integrated population pharmacokinetic model accounting for the drug-drug interactions between lopinavir, ritonavir and rifampicin, and to evaluate optimal doses of lopinavir/ritonavir when co-administered with rifampicin."	( Model-based approach to dose optimization of lopinavir/ritonavir when co-administered with rifampicin. Decloedt, E; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Simonsson, US; Zhang, C, 2012)	0.83
"The model describes the drug-drug interactions between lopinavir, ritonavir and rifampicin in adults."	( Model-based approach to dose optimization of lopinavir/ritonavir when co-administered with rifampicin. Decloedt, E; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Simonsson, US; Zhang, C, 2012)	0.86
"As part of a larger clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study aimed at in vitro to in vivo prediction of HIV protease inhibitor metabolic and transporter-based DDIs, we measured the inductive (staggered administration) and inductive plus inhibitory (simultaneously administered) effect of multiple dose ritonavir (RTV), nelfinavir (NFV), or rifampin (RIF) on the pharmacokinetics of the P-glycoprotein probe, digoxin (DIG), when administered simultaneously or staggered with the protease inhibitors or RIF."	( Complex drug interactions of the HIV protease inhibitors 3: effect of simultaneous or staggered dosing of digoxin and ritonavir, nelfinavir, rifampin, or bupropion. Collier, AC; Kharasch, ED; Kirby, BJ; Thummel, KE; Unadkat, JD; Whittington, D, 2012)	0.76
" Mean plasma concentration-time profiles for atazanavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC), darunavir (DRV, administered with ritonavir [RTV]), and drospirenone/ethinylestradiol were similar following co-administration of GSK2248761."	( Drug interaction profile for GSK2248761, a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. de Serres, M; Gould, E; Johnson, M; Kim, J; Lou, Y; Mayers, D; Pietropaolo, K; Piscitelli, S; White, S; Zhou, XJ, 2012)	0.58
"A multiple dose, parallel group study was conducted to assess for a drug-drug interaction between the pyronaridine/artesunate (PA) combination antimalarial and ritonavir."	( Drug-drug interaction analysis of pyronaridine/artesunate and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Borghini-Fuhrer, I; Duparc, S; Fleckenstein, L; Jung, D; Lopez-Lazaro, L; Methaneethorn, J; Morris, CA; Pokorny, R; Shin, CS, 2012)	0.82
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."	( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)	0.38
" Ritonavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PI) and potent CYP3A inhibitor, is used as a pharmacokinetic enhancer at subtherapeutic doses in combination with other HIV PIs."	( Impact of low-dose ritonavir on danoprevir pharmacokinetics: results of computer-based simulations and a clinical drug-drug interaction study. Blotner, S; Chen, Y; Fretland, J; Haznedar, JO; Reddy, MB; Smith, P; Tran, JQ, 2012)	1.62
" Following results from this drug-drug interaction (DDI) model, a crossover study was performed in healthy volunteers to investigate the effects of acute and repeat dosing of low-dose ritonavir on danoprevir single-dose pharmacokinetics."	( Impact of low-dose ritonavir on danoprevir pharmacokinetics: results of computer-based simulations and a clinical drug-drug interaction study. Blotner, S; Chen, Y; Fretland, J; Haznedar, JO; Reddy, MB; Smith, P; Tran, JQ, 2012)	0.9
"To explore the durability of three first-line tenofovir/emtricitabine-based regimens in combination with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients."	( Duration of first-line antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir and emtricitabine combined with atazanavir/ritonavir, efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir in the Italian ARCA cohort. Borghi, V; Capetti, A; Cicconi, P; Di Biagio, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Francisci, D; Giacometti, A; Giannarelli, D; Maggiolo, F; Monno, L; Penco, G; Prinapori, R; Sterrantino, G; Zoncada, A, 2013)	0.81
"Interspecies differences in drug metabolism have made it difficult to use preclinical animal testing data to predict the drug metabolites or potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) that will occur in humans."	( Using chimeric mice with humanized livers to predict human drug metabolism and a drug-drug interaction. Angus, P; Chen, Y; Elazar, M; Fitch, WL; Glenn, J; Hu, Y; Idilman, R; Liu, M; Murphy, B; Nakamura, M; Nishimura, T; Nomura, T; Peltz, G; Pham, E; Stedman, C; Suemizu, H; Wu, M; Yurdaydin, C; Zheng, M, 2013)	0.39
"We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the coformulation of ABC/3TC administered with DRV/r in treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients."	( Abacavir/lamivudine fixed-dose combination with ritonavir-boosted darunavir: a safe and efficacious regimen for HIV therapy. Boissonnault, M; Dion, H; Gallant, S; Lavoie, S; Legault, D; Longpré, D; Machouf, N; Nguyen, VK; Thomas, R; Trottier, B; Vézina, S, )	0.39
" The drug combination appears to be generally safe and well tolerated."	( Abacavir/lamivudine fixed-dose combination with ritonavir-boosted darunavir: a safe and efficacious regimen for HIV therapy. Boissonnault, M; Dion, H; Gallant, S; Lavoie, S; Legault, D; Longpré, D; Machouf, N; Nguyen, VK; Thomas, R; Trottier, B; Vézina, S, )	0.39
"Patients administered with atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100 mg, once daily), darunavir/ritonavir [600/100 mg, twice daily (darunavir-600) and 800/100 mg, once daily (darunavir-800)], lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg, twice daily) and tipranavir/ritonavir (500/200 mg, twice daily) were considered."	( Intracellular accumulation of ritonavir combined with different protease inhibitors and correlations between concentrations in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Agati, S; Baietto, L; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; Cusato, J; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; Larovere, G; Sciandra, M; Siccardi, M; Simiele, M; Tettoni, M; Trentini, L, 2013)	0.95
" Telaprevir is an NS3/4A protease inhibitor approved for the treatment of chronic HCV genotype 1 infection in adults in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin."	( Review of drug interactions with telaprevir and antiretrovirals. Beumont, M; Garg, V; Kauffman, RS; van Heeswijk, RP, 2013)	0.39
"Drugs most likely to interact with combined oral contraceptives, transdermal and implant contraceptives include protease inhibitors, the NNRTIs efavirenz and nevirapine, and cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir."	( Drug interactions between antiretrovirals and hormonal contraceptives. Hills-Nieminen, C; Tseng, A, 2013)	0.39
" As adult studies cannot reliably predict their magnitude in children, drug-drug interactions should be evaluated in paediatric patient populations."	( Model-based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin. Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)	0.6
" Although antidepressants are prescribed to a significant proportion of patients treated with antiretrovirals, there are limited clinical data on drug-drug interactions."	( Prediction of drug-drug interactions between various antidepressants and efavirenz or boosted protease inhibitors using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling approach. Almond, L; Back, D; Khoo, S; Kirov, A; Marzolini, C; Owen, A; Seden, K; Siccardi, M, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction were simulated using the full physiologically based pharmacokinetic model implemented in the Simcyp™ ADME simulator."	( Prediction of drug-drug interactions between various antidepressants and efavirenz or boosted protease inhibitors using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling approach. Almond, L; Back, D; Khoo, S; Kirov, A; Marzolini, C; Owen, A; Seden, K; Siccardi, M, 2013)	0.39
"Simulated pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions were in concordance with available clinical data."	( Prediction of drug-drug interactions between various antidepressants and efavirenz or boosted protease inhibitors using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling approach. Almond, L; Back, D; Khoo, S; Kirov, A; Marzolini, C; Owen, A; Seden, K; Siccardi, M, 2013)	0.39
" These findings indicate that IVIVE is a useful tool for predicting drug-drug interactions and designing prospective clinical trials, giving insight into the variability of exposure, sample size and time-dependent induction or inhibition."	( Prediction of drug-drug interactions between various antidepressants and efavirenz or boosted protease inhibitors using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling approach. Almond, L; Back, D; Khoo, S; Kirov, A; Marzolini, C; Owen, A; Seden, K; Siccardi, M, 2013)	0.39
"Danoprevir (RG7227) is a potent macrocyclic inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease, which is currently in development in combination with low-dose ritonavir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection."	( Pharmacokinetics of a three-way drug interaction between danoprevir, ritonavir and the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) inhibitor ciclosporin. Asthappan, J; Brennan, BJ; Goelzer, P; Morcos, PN; Moreira, SA; Navarro, MT; Smith, PF; Weigl, P, 2013)	0.82
" In the first period, subjects were randomized to receive either a single oral dose of danoprevir 100 mg in combination with ritonavir 100 mg or a single oral dose of ciclosporin 100 mg."	( Pharmacokinetics of a three-way drug interaction between danoprevir, ritonavir and the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) inhibitor ciclosporin. Asthappan, J; Brennan, BJ; Goelzer, P; Morcos, PN; Moreira, SA; Navarro, MT; Smith, PF; Weigl, P, 2013)	0.83
"A significant drug-drug interaction was observed between ciclosporin and danoprevir/ritonavir, leading to substantial increases in exposure to danoprevir and a lesser impact on exposure to ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetics of a three-way drug interaction between danoprevir, ritonavir and the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) inhibitor ciclosporin. Asthappan, J; Brennan, BJ; Goelzer, P; Morcos, PN; Moreira, SA; Navarro, MT; Smith, PF; Weigl, P, 2013)	0.85
"The present study aims to determine if an in vivo rat model of drug-drug interaction (DDI) could be useful to discriminate a sensitive (buspirone) from a 'non-sensitive' (verapamil) CYP3A substrate, using ketoconazole and ritonavir as perpetrator drugs."	( Assessment of CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interaction potential for victim drugs using an in vivo rat model. Bellavance, E; Bourg, S; Duan, J; Garneau, M; Ribadeneira, MD; Rioux, N, 2013)	0.57
" TMC310911 was generally safe and tolerable when administered with or without ritonavir."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor TMC310911 coadministered with ritonavir in healthy participants: results from 2 phase 1 studies. Dierynck, I; Hoetelmans, RM; Jacquemyn, B; Marien, K; Meyvisch, P; Simmen, K; Smyej, I; Verloes, R, 2014)	0.85
" As afatinib is not a relevant modulator or substrate of cytochrome P450 enzymes, the drug-drug interaction potential is considered to be low."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of afatinib with rifampicin and ritonavir. Bertulis, J; Brand, T; Gansser, D; Giessmann, T; Hocke, J; Jungnik, A; Marzin, K; Stopfer, P; Wind, S, 2014)	0.64
" Finally, observed/predicted drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals are summarized along with clinical recommendations."	( Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals. Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Patel, M; Paturi, DK; Vadlapatla, RK, 2014)	0.4
" Posaconazole is contraindicated in combination with either efavirenz or fosamprenavir."	( Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals and antifungals. Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Patel, M; Paturi, DK; Vadlapatla, RK, 2014)	0.4
" The objective of this study was to compare changes in body composition between ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) over 96 weeks using data from a substudy of CASTLE, which compared once-daily ATV/r with twice-daily LPV/r, both in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine in treatment-naïve patients with HIV-1 infection."	( Comparison of body composition changes between atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir each in combination with tenofovir/emtricitabine in antiretroviral-naïve patients with HIV-1 infection. DeGrosky, M; Farajallah, A; Hardy, H; McGrath, D; Moyle, GJ, 2014)	0.87
"We report an unusual case of pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with AIDS and we demonstrated the drug-drug interactions between voriconazole, darunavir/ritonavir and tenofovir/emtricitabine."	( Drug interactions between voriconazole, darunavir/ritonavir and tenofovir/emtricitabine in an HIV-infected patient treated for Aspergillus candidus lung abscess. Becker, A; Desprez, S; Froidure, M; Gagneux, M; Huguet, D; Leduc, D; Legout, L; Sifaoui, F; Vignoli, P, 2015)	0.87
"We conducted an open-label, steady-state pharmacokinetic (PK) study of drug-drug interactions between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and twice-daily lopinavir (LPV) plus low-dose ritonavir (RTV) (LPV/r) among 24 HIV-infected women and compared the results to those for HIV-infected women receiving DMPA while on no antiretroviral therapy or on nucleosides only (n = 14 subjects from the control arm of AIDS Clinical Trials Group [ACTG] study 5093)."	( Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in combination with a twice-daily lopinavir-ritonavir-based regimen in HIV-infected women showed effective contraception and a lack of clinically significant interactions, with good safety and tolerability: results of the Aweeka, F; Cohn, SE; Cramer, Y; Klingman, KL; Livingston, E; Luque, AE; Park, JG; Watts, DH; Weinberg, A, 2015)	0.84
" Thirteen studies were conducted to characterize drug-drug interactions for the 3D regimen of OBV, PTV/r, and DSV and various medications in healthy volunteers to inform dosing recommendations in HCV-infected patients."	( Drug-drug interaction profile of the all-oral anti-hepatitis C virus regimen of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Dutta, S; Hu, B; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Wang, H; Wang, T; Zha, J, 2015)	0.64
"Mechanism-based drug-drug interactions were evaluated for gemfibrozil, ketoconazole, carbamazepine, warfarin, omeprazole, digoxin, pravastatin, and rosuvastatin."	( Drug-drug interaction profile of the all-oral anti-hepatitis C virus regimen of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Dutta, S; Hu, B; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Wang, H; Wang, T; Zha, J, 2015)	0.64
"The regulatory prohibition of ketoconazole as a CYP3A index inhibitor in drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies has compelled consideration of alternative inhibitors."	( Ritonavir is the best alternative to ketoconazole as an index inhibitor of cytochrome P450-3A in drug-drug interaction studies. Greenblatt, DJ; Harmatz, JS, 2015)	1.86
" These predictions were in good agreement with clinical single dose drug-drug interaction studies, but not with reports of imatinib interactions at steady-state."	( Human hepatocyte assessment of imatinib drug-drug interactions - complexities in clinical translation. Beumer, JH; Christner, SM; Kiesel, BF; Parise, RA; Pillai, VC; Rudek, MA; Venkataramanan, R, 2015)	0.42
"International, randomized double-blind active-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of COBI vs ritonavir (RTV) as a pharmacoenhancer of atazanavir in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HIV treatment-naive patients followed through week 144."	( Brief Report: Cobicistat Compared With Ritonavir as a Pharmacoenhancer for Atazanavir in Combination With Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Week 144 Results. Abram, ME; Andrade-Villanueva, JF; Antunes, F; Arastéh, K; Cao, H; Chetchotisakd, P; DeJesus, E; Fehr, J; Gallant, JE; Koenig, E; Liu, HC; Rizzardini, G; Szwarcberg, J, 2015)	0.9
" Drug-drug interactions were evaluated in healthy volunteers to develop dosing recommendations for HCV-infected subjects."	( Drug Interactions with the Direct-Acting Antiviral Combination of Ombitasvir and Paritaprevir-Ritonavir. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Chiu, YL; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Wang, H; Zha, J, 2016)	0.65
" A drug-drug interaction (DDI) study was conducted to guide dosing recommendations for UDCA and GCR when coadministered with the 2D regimen."	( Drug Interactions Between Hepatoprotective Agents Ursodeoxycholic Acid or Glycyrrhizin and Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Alves, K; Badri, PS; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Redman, R; Rodrigues, L; Uchiyama, N; Zha, J, 2015)	0.63
" This phase 1, drug-drug interaction, open-label, multiple-dose study enrolled 32 healthy subjects to receive the 3D or 2D regimen in combination with sofosbuvir."	( Drug-Drug Interactions between Sofosbuvir and Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir with or without Dasabuvir. Awni, WM; Cohen, D; Ding, B; Dutta, S; King, JR; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ, 2016)	0.67
" However, evening atazanavir plus ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir regimens are not recommended in combination with the 3D regimen."	( Evaluation of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Hepatitis C Antiviral Agents Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir and HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. Awni, W; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Menon, R; Podsadecki, T; Trinh, R; Wang, H, 2016)	0.93
" Single-dose drug-drug interaction studies found no significant interactions with nevirapine or lopinavir/ritonavir, but these findings could be misleading, especially because of bedaquiline's long terminal t1/2."	( Drug-drug interactions between bedaquiline and the antiretrovirals lopinavir/ritonavir and nevirapine in HIV-infected patients with drug-resistant TB. Conradie, F; Hughes, J; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Pandie, M; Siwendu, S; Variava, E; Wiesner, L, 2016)	0.88
" Drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies of the 3D regimen and commonly used medications were conducted in healthy volunteers to provide information on coadministering these medications with or without dose adjustments."	( Drug-Drug Interactions Between the Anti-Hepatitis C Virus 3D Regimen of Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir and Eight Commonly Used Medications in Healthy Volunteers. Chiu, YL; Ding, B; Dumas, EO; Khatri, A; King, JR; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Shuster, DL, 2016)	0.65
" While studies have demonstrated that boosting with either cobicistat or ritonavir results in comparable plasma exposure of the target antiretroviral agent, a better understanding of drug-drug interactions between cobicistat- and ritonavir-boosted antiretrovirals and other medications will inform treatment decisions in HIV-infected patients."	( Drug Interactions with Cobicistat- or Ritonavir-Boosted Elvitegravir. Custodio, JM; McNicholl, I; Nguyen, T; Piontkowsky, D; Szwarcberg, J, )	0.63
" Drug-drug interactions between 2D (ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir) or 3D (ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir) regimens and omeprazole, a CYP2C19 substrate and acid-reducing agent, were evaluated in 24 healthy volunteers."	( Drug-Drug Interaction of Omeprazole With the HCV Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Ombitasvir With and Without Dasabuvir. Awni, WM; Dutta, S; Hu, B; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR, 2016)	0.9
" However, digoxin is rarely used in HIV patients; hence, digoxin toxicity due to drug-drug interaction is not widely recognised."	( Life-threatening digoxin toxicity due to drug-drug interactions in an HIV-positive man. Heatley, MK; Roberts, B; Yoganathan, K, 2017)	0.46
" These data indicate that the 3-direct-acting-antiviral regimen can be administered with dolutegravir or abacavir plus lamivudine without dose adjustment."	( Drug-Drug Interaction between the Direct-Acting Antiviral Regimen of Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir plus Dasabuvir and the HIV Antiretroviral Agent Dolutegravir or Abacavir plus Lamivudine. Khatri, A; Menon, R; Podsadecki, T; Trinh, R; Zhao, W, 2016)	0.65
"Ritonavir and cobicistat, used as pharmacokinetic enhancers in combination with some antiretrovirals (ARVs) for the treatment of HIV, are potent inhibitors of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme."	( Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome due to drug interaction between glucocorticoids and the ritonavir or cobicistat containing HIV therapies. Baldeweg, SE; Boffito, M; Elliot, ER; Jain, LR; Marshall, NJ; Theodoraki, A; Waters, LJ, 2016)	2.1
" Safe and efficacious antiviral regimens resulting in minimal to no drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with antiretrovirals are needed to ensure that patients coinfected with HCV and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) achieve 12-week sustained virologic response rates similar to HCV-monoinfected patients."	( Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir: Drug Interactions With Antiretroviral Agents and Drugs forSubstance Abuse. King, JR; Menon, RM, 2017)	0.76
" To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of severe hypokalemia and proximal tubular renal dysfunction as a result of a possible drug-drug interaction between vinblastine, tenofovir and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir."	( Severe hypokalemia due to a possible drug-drug interaction between vinblastine and antiretrovirals in a HIV-infected patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Arcondo, F; Cordova, E; Morganti, L; Odzak, A; Rodriguez, C; Silva, M; Zylberman, M, 2017)	0.64
" This commentary outlines the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) interdisciplinary review team's scientific perspective to address the potential for a significant drug-drug interaction (DDI) between clopidogrel and VIEKIRA PAK."	( Utilizing PBPK Modeling to Evaluate the Potential of a Significant Drug-Drug Interaction Between Clopidogrel and Dasabuvir: A Scientific Perspective. Arya, V; Mishra, P; Reynolds, KS; Younis, IR; Zhao, P, 2017)	0.46
"To assess drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential for the three direct-acting antiviral (3D) regimen of ombitasvir, dasabuvir, and paritaprevir, in vitro studies profiled drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter interactions."	( Mechanisms and Predictions of Drug-Drug Interactions of the Hepatitis C Virus Three Direct-Acting Antiviral Regimen: Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, Ombitasvir, and Dasabuvir. Bow, DAJ; de Morais, SM; Fischer, V; Kavetskaia, O; Liu, J; Nijsen, MJMA; Shebley, M; Sydor, J, 2017)	0.66
"No drug-drug interaction study has been conducted to date for the combination of ombitasvir, paritaprevir/ritonavir, dasabuvir (3D), and mycophenolic acid (MPA)."	( Managing Drug-Drug Interaction Between Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, Dasabuvir, and Mycophenolate Mofetil. Bellissant, E; Ben Ali, Z; Boglione-Kerrien, C; Guyader, D; Jezequel, C; Lemaitre, F; Tron, C; Verdier, MC, 2017)	0.91
" We describe the pharmacokinetics of and potential drug-drug interactions between lopinavir-ritonavir and drugs routinely used for MDR-TB treatment in HIV-infected children."	( Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Lopinavir-Ritonavir Administered with First- and Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in HIV-Infected Children Treated for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. de Kock, M; Denti, P; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Tikiso, T; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2018)	0.95
" DTG in combination with one to two NRTIs was as efficient as PI/r in individuals with pre-existing NRTI mutations in this setting."	( Effect of dolutegravir in combination with Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) on people living with HIV who have pre-existing NRTI mutations. Carlander, C; Flamholc, L; Gisslén, M; Hejdeman, B; Sönnerborg, A; Sörstedt, E; Svedhem, V; Yilmaz, A, 2018)	0.48
" A single subcutaneous (SC) injection of this first-generation formulation of drug combination nanoparticles (DcNPs), named TLC-ART101, provided persistent ARV levels in macaque lymph node mononuclear cells (LNMCs) for at least 1 week, and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma for at least 2 weeks, demonstrating long-acting pharmacokinetics for all three drugs."	( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic (MBPK) models describe the complex plasma kinetics of three antiretrovirals delivered by a long-acting anti-HIV drug combination nanoparticle formulation. Collier, AC; Collins, C; Ho, RJY; Kinman, L; Koehn, J; Kraft, JC; McConnachie, LA; Shen, DD; Sun, J, 2018)	0.48
"Ritonavir is one of several ketoconazole alternatives used to evaluate strong CYP3A4 inhibition potential in clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies."	( Verification of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of ritonavir to estimate drug-drug interaction potential of CYP3A4 substrates. He, H; Heimbach, T; Huth, F; Umehara, KI; Won, CS, 2018)	2.16
" Hepatic clearance and drug-drug interactions (DDI) were estimated by in vitro in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) based on parameters obtained from in vitro experiments."	( Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to the prediction of drug-drug and drug-disease interactions for rivaroxaban. Ge, W; Jiang, Q; Xu, R, 2018)	0.48
" When a combination therapy with interferon-free, direct-acting antivirals is used in patients post-transplantation, consideration of drug-drug interactions with and monitoring CyA are of vital importance."	( Ombitasvir-Paritaprevir-Ritonavir Therapy in a Kidney Transplant Recipient With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Infection: A Case Report on the Importance of Considering Drug-Drug Interactions and Monitoring Cyclosporine Levels. Hashimoto, S; Hayashi, K; Nakagawa, Y; Saito, K; Takahashi, K; Takamura, M; Takeuchi, S; Tanabe, Y; Tasaki, M; Terai, S; Tomita, Y; Yamagiwa, S; Yoshida, T, 2018)	0.79
"We present the case of a 58-year-old HIV-infected patient with adrenal insufficiency after local injection of triamcinolone, most likely due to drug-drug interaction with his ritonavir-boosted antiretroviral therapy (ART)."	( Adrenal insufficiency due to ritonavir-triamcinolone drug-drug interaction without preceding Cushing's syndrome. Heldwein, S; Jaeger, H; Noe, S, 2018)	0.97
" Treatment in the post-transplantation setting may be complicated by significant drug-drug interactions between antiviral agents and standard immune suppressive treatment regimens."	( Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir regimen may be used safely in combination with sirolimus for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Dolman, GE; Gelson, WT; Selby, P, 2018)	0.79
" This case presents the combination of tenofovir disoproxil in combination with a protease inhibitor as a new potential dual treatment regimen."	( Dual antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir (TDF) and darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/RTV) in an HIV-1 positive patient: a case report, review, and meta-analysis of the literature on dual treatment strategies using protease inhibitors in combination with an NRTI. Höring, S; Löffler, B; Pletz, MW; Rößler, S; Schleenvoigt, BT; Weis, S, 2018)	0.72
"The coformulated lopinavir/ritonavir significantly reduces quinine concentration in healthy volunteers due to potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Optimal Dosage Prediction of Quinine Coadministered With Ritonavir-Boosted Lopinavir. Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Rajoli, RKR; Saeheng, T; Siccardi, M, 2020)	1.07
"TLC-ART101 is a long-acting triple-HIV drug combination of lopinavir-ritonavir-tenofovir in one nanosuspension intended for subcutaneous injection."	( Integration of Computational and Experimental Approaches to Elucidate Mechanisms of First-Pass Lymphatic Drug Sequestration and Long-Acting Pharmacokinetics of the Injectable Triple-HIV Drug Combination TLC-ART 101. Collier, AC; Ho, RJY; Kinman, L; Koehn, J; Lane, S; Lee, W; McConnachie, LA; Perazzolo, S; Shen, DD; Shireman, LM, 2020)	0.79
"Treating malaria in HIV-coinfected individuals should consider potential drug-drug interactions."	( An Individual Participant Data Population Pharmacokinetic Meta-analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions between Lumefantrine and Commonly Used Antiretroviral Treatment. Aweeka, FT; Barnes, KI; Byakika-Kibwika, P; Bygbjerg, IC; Chijioke-Nwauche, I; Denti, P; Francis, J; Hoglund, RM; Khoo, SH; Kredo, T; Lamorde, M; Lemnge, MM; Merry, C; Nyagonde, N; Parikh, S; Scarsi, KK; Sutherland, CJ; Tarning, J; Vestergaard, LS; Walimbwa, SI; Workman, L, 2020)	0.56
"Ribociclib is approved in combination with endocrine therapy as initial endocrine-based therapy for HR-positive and HER2-negative advanced breast cancer."	( Ribociclib Drug-Drug Interactions: Clinical Evaluations and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Guide Drug Labeling. Chakraborty, A; Dhuria, SV; Elmeliegy, M; He, H; Heimbach, T; Huth, F; Ji, Y; Miller, M; Samant, TS; Schiller, H; Umehara, K, 2020)	0.56
"D), both in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), in adult patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) co-infection."	( Pharmacokinetic study of two different rifabutin doses co-administered with lopinavir/ritonavir in African HIV and tuberculosis co-infected adult patients. Cisse, K; Compaoré, TR; Diagbouga, S; Kouanda, S; Matteelli, A; Ouedraogo, HG; Regazzi, M; Roggi, A; Sangare, L; Simporé, J; Sulis, G; Tarnagda, G; Villani, P, 2020)	1.05
"This study confirmed that the 150 mg dose of rifabutin ingested EOD in combination with LPV/r is inadequate and could lead to selection of rifamycin-resistant mycobacteria."	( Pharmacokinetic study of two different rifabutin doses co-administered with lopinavir/ritonavir in African HIV and tuberculosis co-infected adult patients. Cisse, K; Compaoré, TR; Diagbouga, S; Kouanda, S; Matteelli, A; Ouedraogo, HG; Regazzi, M; Roggi, A; Sangare, L; Simporé, J; Sulis, G; Tarnagda, G; Villani, P, 2020)	0.78
" We confirmed that ATV inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication, alone or in combination with ritonavir (RTV) in Vero cells and a human pulmonary epithelial cell line."	( Atazanavir, Alone or in Combination with Ritonavir, Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Proinflammatory Cytokine Production. Alves, CR; Bozza, FA; Bozza, PT; Cardoso Soares, V; Carels, N; da Silva Gomes Dias, S; de Freitas, CS; Ferreira, AC; Fintelman-Rodrigues, N; Matos, AR; Mattos, M; Miranda, MD; Ribeiro Lima, C; Sacramento, CQ; Siqueira, MM; Souza da Silva, F; Souza, TML; Temerozo, JR, 2020)	1.05
" This potent, time-dependent interference of major hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes by ritonavir leads to several clinically important drug-drug interactions."	( Lopinavir-Ritonavir in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Drug-Drug Interactions with Cardioactive Medications. Agarwal, S; Agarwal, SK, 2021)	1.25
" In this study, 37 patients were treated with up to twice-daily 30-mg paclitaxel combined with twice-daily 100-mg ritonavir (MP5/r 30-30/100-100) in 9 dose levels."	( A Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Study of Low-Dose Metronomic Treatment With Novel Oral Paclitaxel Formulations in Combination With Ritonavir in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors. Beijnen, JH; Burylo, AM; Damoiseaux, D; de Weger, VA; Hendrikx, JJMA; Huitema, ADR; Marchetti, S; Mergui-Roelvink, M; Moes, JJ; Nuijen, B; Rosing, H; Sawicki, E; Stuurman, FE; Vermunt, MAC, 2021)	1.04
" Here, a scalable, gravity-driven microfluidic system featuring 3D microtissues (MTs) that represent different organs for the prediction of drug-drug interactions is used."	( Predicting Metabolism-Related Drug-Drug Interactions Using a Microphysiological Multitissue System. Bonanini, F; Frey, O; Hierlemann, A; Hoelting, L; Lohasz, C; Renggli, K, 2020)	0.56
"Patients hospitalised with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19)] infection are frequently older with co-morbidities and receiving polypharmacy, all of which are known risk factors for drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Drug-Drug Interactions and Prescription Appropriateness in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Analysis from a Reference Hospital in Northern Italy. Antinori, S; Bradanini, L; Cattaneo, D; Covizzi, A; Gervasoni, C; Giacomelli, A; Maggioni, AP; Oreni, L; Pasina, L; Ridolfo, A; Schiuma, M, 2020)	0.56
"The impact of drug-drug interactions (DDI) between ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV-r) to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and commonly used drugs in clinical practice is not well-known."	( High rate of major drug-drug interactions of lopinavir-ritonavir for COVID-19 treatment. Contreras-Macias, E; Corma, A; Fernández-Fuertes, M; González-Serna, A; Gutierrez-Pizarraya, A; Lao-Dominguez, FA; Macías, J; Morillo-Verdugo, R; Pineda, JA; Pinilla, A; Real, LM; Trigo, M, 2020)	1.06
" The objective of this study was to analyse the potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) derived from the medication used in COVID-19 patients in the first pandemic wave and to evaluate the real consequences of such interactions in clinical practice."	( Real-world prevalence and consequences of potential drug-drug interactions in the first-wave COVID-19 treatments. Álvarez-Payero, M; Casanova-Martínez, C; Castro-Núñez, I; García-Beloso, N; González-Costas, S; Inaraja-Bobo, MT; Leboreiro-Enríquez, B; López-López, A; Lorenzo-Lorenzo, K; Martínez-López-de-Castro, N; Martínez-Reglero, C; Otero-Millán, L; Paradela-Carreiro, A; Pérez-Landeiro, A; Piñeiro-Corrales, G; Regueira-Arcay, AM; Robles-Torres, D; Samartín-Ucha, M; Vázquez-López, C; Yaiza Romero-Ventosa, E, 2021)	0.62
"This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral efficacy of lopinavir-ritonavir alone or combined with arbidol in the treatment of hospitalized patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)."	( Lopinavir-ritonavir alone or combined with arbidol in the treatment of 73 hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A pilot retrospective study. Lan, X; Shao, C; Wu, Z; Xu, Y; Zeng, X, 2021)	1.26
"No benefit was observed in the antiviral effect of lopinavir-ritonavir combined with arbidol compared with lopinavir-ritonavir alone in the hospitalized patients with COVID-19."	( Lopinavir-ritonavir alone or combined with arbidol in the treatment of 73 hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A pilot retrospective study. Lan, X; Shao, C; Wu, Z; Xu, Y; Zeng, X, 2021)	1.27
" Drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies were only conducted for strong inhibitors and inducers, leading to some uncertainty whether moderate perpetrators or multiple drug associations can be safely coadministered with bictegravir."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Support the Clinical Management of Drug-Drug Interactions With Bictegravir. Battegay, M; Marzolini, C; Stader, F, 2021)	0.62
" Due to suspicion of a potential drug-drug interaction, both eplerenone and ARVs were interrupted."	( Severe hyperkalaemia due to a potential drug-drug interaction between eplerenone and antiretrovirals in a HIV-positive patient after a myocardial infarction. Bono, L; Cordova, E; Garibaldi, F; Rodriguez, C, 2021)	0.62
" The aim of this study was to establish an insect model for pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction studies to develop sustainable endectocides for vector control."	( The pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of ivermectin in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Chaccour, C; Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Hofer, L; Krähenbühl, S; Maia, M; Müller, P; Weber, M, 2021)	0.62
" However, management of acute seizures in patients with COVID-19 as well as management of PWE and COVID-19 needs to consider potential drug-drug interactions between antiseizure drugs and candidate drugs currently assessed as therapeutic options for COVID-19."	( Management of COVID-19 in patients with seizures: Mechanisms of action of potential COVID-19 drug treatments and consideration for potential drug-drug interactions with anti-seizure medications. Chandra, PP; Jain, S; Potschka, H; Tripathi, M; Vohora, D, 2021)	0.62
"Primary aim was to assess prevalence and severity of potential and real drug-drug interactions (DDIs) among therapies for COVID-19 and concomitant medications in hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection."	( Drug-drug interactions between treatment specific pharmacotherapy and concomitant medication in patients with COVID-19 in the first wave in Spain. Cantudo-Cuenca, MD; Contreras-Macías, E; Fernández-Fuertes, M; Gutiérrez-Pizarraya, A; Lao-Domínguez, FA; Macías, J; Morillo-Verdugo, R; Pineda, JA; Pinilla-Fernández, A; Rincón, P, 2021)	0.62
" As medroxyprogesterone acetate is a cytochrome P450 (CYP3A4) substrate, drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with antiretroviral or antituberculosis treatment may lead to subtherapeutic medroxyprogesterone acetate concentrations (< 0."	( A Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic Model for Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Drug-Drug Interactions With Antiretroviral and Antituberculosis Treatment. Cohn, SE; Denti, P; Dooley, KE; Firnhaber, C; Francis, J; Godfrey, C; Kendall, MA; McIlleron, H; Mngqibisa, R; Wu, X, 2021)	0.62
"The aim of this study was to simulate the drug-drug interaction (DDI) between ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) and rifampicin (RIF) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling, and to predict suitable dose adjustments for ATV/r for the treatment of people living with HIV (PLWH) co-infected with tuberculosis."	( Predicting Drug-Drug Interactions between Rifampicin and Ritonavir-Boosted Atazanavir Using PBPK Modelling. Bunglawala, F; Cottura, N; Denti, P; Fabrega, F; Howarth, A; Kinvig, H; Lloyd, A; Montanha, MC; Siccardi, M; Waitt, C, 2022)	1.19
"The aim of the study is to provide an overview of Drug-drug Interactions (DDIs) and adverse effects caused by drugs used in SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first epidemic wave."	( [Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A retrospective study of drug-drug interactions and safety]. Benomar, A; Clou, E; Debrix, I; Dubois, A; Fansi Ndengoue, D; Féral, A; Michot, J; Pain, JB, 2022)	0.72
" Potential drug-drug interactions may occur, leading to iatrogenic Cushing syndrome or adrenal insufficiency."	( Antiretroviral therapies and corticosteroids: Drug-drug interactions. Cadet, MJ, 2021)	0.62
"Although the combination with PrOD significantly affects the pharmacokinetics of CsA, it is effective and safe with regular monitoring of the CsA blood concentrations and appropriate CsA dose adjustment."	( Drug-Drug Interactions With Cyclosporine in the Anti-Hepatitis C Viral PrOD Combination Regimen of Paritaprevir/Ritonavir-Ombitasvir and Dasabuvir in Organ Transplant Recipients With Severe Hepatic Fibrosis or Cirrhosis. Chang, YL; Chou, YC; Hsu, CC; Huang, YH; Huang, YY; Loong, CC; Wu, TH, 2022)	0.93
" Following a 2 × 2 factorial design and stratified by site and screening HIV-1 RNA concentration, participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to receive a 96-week regimen containing either dolutegravir (50 mg once daily) or ritonavir-boosted darunavir (800 mg of darunavir plus 100 mg of ritonavir once daily) in combination with either tenofovir (300 mg once daily) plus lamivudine (300 mg once daily) or zidovudine (300 mg twice daily) plus lamivudine (150 mg twice daily)."	( Efficacy and safety of dolutegravir or darunavir in combination with lamivudine plus either zidovudine or tenofovir for second-line treatment of HIV infection (NADIA): week 96 results from a prospective, multicentre, open-label, factorial, randomised, non Asienzo, J; Ategeka, G; Balyegisawa, A; Borok, M; Castelnuovo, B; Hoppe, A; Kaimal, A; Kambugu, A; Kiragga, A; Kityo, C; Lugemwa, A; Mirembe, G; Mugerwa, H; Musaazi, J; Odongpiny, ELA; Paton, NI; Siika, A; Walimbwa, S, 2022)	0.91
"Although rifampin drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies are routinely conducted, there have been instances of liver function test (LFT) elevations, warranting further evaluation."	( A literature review of liver function test elevations in rifampin drug-drug interaction studies. Chen, J; Ibrahim, SM; Pithavala, YK; Vourvahis, M, 2022)	0.72
"Due to health authority warnings and the recommended limited use of ketoconazole as a model inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 in clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies, there is a need to search for alternatives."	( A Mechanistic Absorption and Disposition Model of Ritonavir to Predict Exposure and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of CYP3A4/5 and CYP2D6 Substrates. Arora, S; Gardner, I; Jamei, M; Kilford, PJ; Pansari, A; Turner, DB, 2022)	0.97
"The current model, which incorporates formulation characteristics and mechanistic disposition parameters, can be used to assess the DDI potential of CYP3A4/5 and CYP2D6 substrates administered with a twice-daily dose of 100 mg of ritonavir for 14 days."	( A Mechanistic Absorption and Disposition Model of Ritonavir to Predict Exposure and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of CYP3A4/5 and CYP2D6 Substrates. Arora, S; Gardner, I; Jamei, M; Kilford, PJ; Pansari, A; Turner, DB, 2022)	1.16
" Thus nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, even given as a short treatment course, has a high potential to cause harm from drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with other drugs metabolized through this pathway."	( Recommendations for the Management of Drug-Drug Interactions Between the COVID-19 Antiviral Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (Paxlovid) and Comedications. Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Boyle, A; Burger, D; Flexner, C; Gibbons, S; Khoo, S; Kuritzkes, DR; Marra, F; Marzolini, C; Pozniak, A; Waters, L, 2022)	1.26
" New antiviral medications against this disease have not been properly tested yet, and their efficiency, side effects, and drug-drug interactions are not entirely known."	( Paxlovid (Nirmatelvir/Ritonavir) and Tacrolimus Drug-Drug Interaction in a Kidney Transplant Patient with SARS-2-CoV infection: A Case Report. Cameron, A; Prikis, M, )	0.45
" This combination with a well-known pharmacokinetic enhancer leads to a high risk for drug-drug interactions in a polymedicated elected population for treatment."	( Management of drug-drug interactions with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in patients treated for Covid-19: Guidelines from the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (SFPT). Bouchet, S; Grégoire, M; Lemaitre, F; Monchaud, C; Polard, E; Saint-Salvi, B, )	0.38
" In complex situations, clinicians are advised to contact their pharmacology department to obtain specific recommendations on the management of drug-drug interactions with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir."	( Management of drug-drug interactions with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in patients treated for Covid-19: Guidelines from the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (SFPT). Bouchet, S; Grégoire, M; Lemaitre, F; Monchaud, C; Polard, E; Saint-Salvi, B, )	0.57
"These recommendations intend to be a help for clinicians willing to prescribe nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and to prevent drug-drug interactions leading to adverse drug reactions or loss of efficacy."	( Management of drug-drug interactions with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in patients treated for Covid-19: Guidelines from the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (SFPT). Bouchet, S; Grégoire, M; Lemaitre, F; Monchaud, C; Polard, E; Saint-Salvi, B, )	0.6
" Ritonavir, contained in NMV/r, is known to have significant drug-drug interactions (DDI) with several drugs frequently used by the elderly."	( Assessing the proportion of the Danish population at risk of clinically significant drug-drug interactions with new oral antivirals for early treatment of COVID-19. Larsen, CS, 2022)	1.63
"We estimated the size of the Danish population at risk of significant DDI with antiviral COVID-19 treatment using the number of claimed prescriptions for drugs predicted to interact with NMV/r in Denmark in 2020."	( Assessing the proportion of the Danish population at risk of clinically significant drug-drug interactions with new oral antivirals for early treatment of COVID-19. Larsen, CS, 2022)	0.72
"Danish prescription data demonstrate the extensive use of drugs likely to interact with NMV/r."	( Assessing the proportion of the Danish population at risk of clinically significant drug-drug interactions with new oral antivirals for early treatment of COVID-19. Larsen, CS, 2022)	0.72
" This combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir can mediate significant and complex drug-drug interactions (DDIs), primarily due to the ritonavir component."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Dosage Adjustments of Immunosuppressive Drugs When Combined With Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in Patients With COVID-19. Bergan, S; Brunet, M; Budde, K; De Winter, BCM; Elens, L; Hesselink, DA; Johnson-Davis, KL; Langman, LJ; Lawson, R; Lemaitre, F; Masuda, S; Moes, DJAR; Noceti, O; Pattanaik, S; Pawinski, T; Van Gelder, T; Venkataramanan, R, 2023)	1.39
" FTR was administered with and without ritonavir (RTV), a protease inhibitor previously shown to boost TMR exposures."	( Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and excretion of radiolabeled fostemsavir administered with or without ritonavir in healthy male subjects. Ackerman, P; Gorycki, P; Magee, M; Miao, X; Moore, K, 2022)	1.21
" Co-administration of NMVr with medications commonly used to manage cardiovascular conditions can potentially cause significant drug-drug interactions and may lead to severe adverse effects."	( Cardiovascular Drug Interactions With Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in Patients With COVID-19: JACC Review Topic of the Week. Abraham, GM; Abraham, S; Asnani, A; Dani, SS; Ganatra, S; Grossman, J; Lech, T; Martin, DT; McQuillen, DP; Neilan, TG; Nohria, A; Saji, AM; Sax, PE; Shah, J, 2022)	0.97
"This case highlights the strong and important drug-drug interaction between tacrolimus and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir leading to toxic levels of tacrolimus."	( Tacrolimus Drug-Drug Interaction with Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (Paxlovid™) Managed with Phenytoin. Carroll, E; McCabe, D; Sindelar, M, 2023)	1.38
" However, the use of NMV/r is complicated by significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with frequently prescribed medications."	( Drug interactions between common dermatological medications and the oral anti-COVID-19 agents nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and molnupiravir. Huang, X; Oon, HH; Quah, KSE; Renia, L, 2022)	0.93
"To review the drug-drug interactions between tacrolimus and lopinavir/ritonavir in 23 patients who received solid organ transplant during the first wave of COVID-19 and to determine the efficacy as well as safety of prednisone monotherapy."	( Drug-drug interactions of ritonavir-boosted SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors in solid organ transplant recipients: experience from the initial use of lopinavir-ritonavir. Ambrosioni, J; Arranz, N; Bodro, M; Brunet, M; Castel, MÁ; Cofan, F; Crespo, G; Diekmann, F; Farrero, M; Forner, A; Gonzalez-García, R; LLigoña, A; Marcos, MÁ; Miró, JM; Moreno, A; Rodríguez-García, M; Roma, JR; Ruiz, P; Soy, D; Tuset, M, 2023)	1.44
"This Teachable Moment discusses drug-drug interactions with nirmatrelvir and ritonavir (Paxlovid) treatment for COVID-19 and considerations when prescribing."	( Safely Prescribing Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir-Avoiding Drug-Drug Interactions. Culas, R; Nath, S, 2023)	1.41
"Previous use of a mechanistic static model to accurately quantify the increased rosuvastatin exposure due to drug-drug interaction (DDI) with coadministered atazanavir underpredicted the magnitude of area under the plasma concentration-time curve ratio (AUCR) based on inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1."	( Mechanistic in vitro studies indicate that the clinical drug-drug interactions between protease inhibitors and rosuvastatin are driven by inhibition of intestinal BCRP and hepatic OATP1B1 with minimal contribution from OATP1B3, NTCP and OAT3. Atkinson, H; Coghlan, H; Edgerton, J; Elsby, R; Hodgson, D; Outteridge, S, 2023)	0.91
"The evolving epidemiology and treatment landscape of COVID-19 necessitates research into potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) from the use of new treatments for COVID-19, particularly those that contain ritonavir, a potent inhibitor of the cytochrome P350 3A4 (CYP3A4) metabolic pathway."	( Prevalence of Potential Drug-drug Interactions With Ritonavir-containing COVID-19 Therapy in the United States: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Brown, J; Brzozowski, K; Igho-Osagie, E; Jin, H; Puenpatom, A; Williams, MG, 2023)	1.35
"Co-administration of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is challenging because of potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Drug-drug interactions and dose management of BTK inhibitors when initiating nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (paxlovid) based on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models. Chen, L; Chen, W; Li, C; Li, L, 2023)	1.36

Bioavailability

Coadministration of ritonavir significantly enhanced the apparent oral bioavailability of docetaxel. In HIV+ children on lopinavir/ritonavir, bioavailability was reduced by 32% [median (IQR) steady-state Cmax’s].

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These findings demonstrate that high oral bioavailability can be achieved in humans with peptidomimetic inhibitors of HIV protease."	( ABT-538 is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease and has high oral bioavailability in humans. Denissen, JF; Fino, L; Flentge, CA; Green, BE; Kempf, DJ; Kong, XP; Marsh, KC; McDonald, E; Park, CH; Vasavanonda, S, 1995)	0.29
" Ritonavir has good oral bioavailability, and may increase the bioavailability of other protease inhibitors including saquinavir, nelfinavir, indinavir and VX-478."	( Ritonavir. Faulds, D; Lea, AP, 1996)	2.65
" Ritonavir was well absorbed at all dose levels, and plasma concentrations reached a peak 2 to 4 hours after a dose."	( A phase I/II study of the protease inhibitor ritonavir in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Aker, D; Balis, FM; Brouwers, P; Edgerly, M; Heath-Chiozzi, M; Higham, C; Hsu, A; Jarosinski, P; Katz, TT; Mueller, BU; Nelson, RP; Pizzo, PA; Pizzuti, D; Saulis, R; Sei, S; Serchuck, L; Sleasman, J; Steinberg, SM; Whitcup, SM; Wood, LV; Zeichner, S; Zuckerman, J, 1998)	1.47
" Beginning with the moderately potent and orally bioavailable inhibitor A-80987, systematic investigation of peripheral (P3 and P2') heterocyclic groups designed to decrease the rate of hepatic metabolism provided analogues with improved pharmacokinetic properties after oral dosing in rats."	( Discovery of ritonavir, a potent inhibitor of HIV protease with high oral bioavailability and clinical efficacy. Betebenner, D; Fino, L; Flentge, CA; Green, BE; Kati, WM; Kempf, DJ; Marsh, KC; McDonald, E; Molla, A; Norbeck, DW; Patterson, J; Plattner, JJ; Ruiz, L; Saldivar, A; Sham, HL; Vasavanonda, S; Wideburg, NE; Zhao, C, 1998)	0.67
"Ritonavir is a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of HIV-1 protease."	( Randomised placebo-controlled trial of ritonavir in advanced HIV-1 disease. The Advanced HIV Disease Ritonavir Study Group. Cameron, DW; Cohen, C; Danner, S; Heath-Chiozzi, M; Henry, D; Kravcik, S; Leonard, J; Maurath, C; Potthoff, A; Rode, R; Sun, E, 1998)	2.01
"To investigate in vitro the mechanisms involved in the gastro-intestinal absorption of the HIV protease inhibitor, saquinavir mesylate (Invirase), whose oral bioavailability is low, variable, and significantly increased by co-administration with ritonavir, also an HIV protease inhibitor but with higher oral bioavailability."	( Active apical secretory efflux of the HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir and ritonavir in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Alex, R; Alsenz, J; Steffen, H, 1998)	0.71
" Together with sensitivity to gutwall metabolism by cytochrome P-450 3A, this may partially account for the low and variable oral bioavailability of saquinavir in clinical studies and for its increased bioavailability after co-administration with ritonavir."	( Active apical secretory efflux of the HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir and ritonavir in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Alex, R; Alsenz, J; Steffen, H, 1998)	0.71
" Ritonavir may have enhanced rifabutin bioavailability by reducing either intestinal of hepatic metabolism of both."	( The effect of multiple doses of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of rifabutin. Cato, A; Cavanaugh, J; Granneman, R; Hsu, A; Leonard, J; Shi, H, 1998)	1.49
" Given the limited bioavailability of saquinavir given in the hard gelatin capsule formulation, this drug interaction is expected to have implications in the use of protease inhibitors in the management of human immunodeficiency virus infection."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between two human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors, ritonavir and saquinavir. Baroldi, P; Brown, F; Cao, G; Carothers, L; el-Shourbagy, T; Erdman, K; Granneman, GR; Hsu, A; Leonard, JM; Sun, E, 1998)	0.52
" Metabolic inactivation of CYP3A by ritonavir explains the improved bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ritonavir and the sustained elevation of blood levels of other, concomitantly administered, substrates of CYP3A."	( Metabolism of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors indinavir and ritonavir by human intestinal microsomes and expressed cytochrome P4503A4/3A5: mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P4503A by ritonavir. Gangl, E; Gerber, N; Iatsimirskaia, E; Koudriakova, T; Marinina, J; Orza, D; Storozhuk, E; Utkin, I; Vouros, P, 1998)	0.8
" Using this approach several very potent (IC90 11 nM) and orally bioavailable (F% 93-100%) compounds were discovered (21, 22)."	( Nonsymmetric P2/P2' cyclic urea HIV protease inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship, bioavailability, and resistance profile of monoindazole-substituted P2 analogues. Bacheler, LT; Cordova, B; De Lucca, GV; Erickson-Viitanen, S; Garber, S; Kim, UT; Klabe, RM; Ko, SS; Lam, GN; Liang, J; Logue, KA; Trainor, GL; Wright, MR, 1998)	0.3
" Ritonavir is a potent, orally bioavailable HIV protease inhibitor with demonstrated impact on surrogate endpoints, AIDS-defining disease, and mortality."	( A randomized trial of the effect of ritonavir in maintaining quality of life in advanced HIV disease. Advanced HIV Disease Ritonavir Study Group. Cohen, C; Jiang, P; Nabulsi, A; Revicki, DA; Sarocco, PW, 1998)	1.49
" The drug transporting protein, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which is highly expressed in the intestinal mucosa, could be responsible for the low oral bioavailability of these and other drugs which are substrates for this transporter."	( Interaction of anti-HIV protease inhibitors with the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in human cultured cells. Blaschke, TF; Duran, GE; Man, MC; Sikic, BI; Washington, CB, 1998)	0.3
" The ultimate success of DMP 850 and DMP 851 in clinical trials might depend on achieving or exceeding the oral bioavailability seen in dog."	( Design and selection of DMP 850 and DMP 851: the next generation of cyclic urea HIV protease inhibitors. Anderson, PS; Bacheler, LT; Chang, CH; Cordova, B; Erickson-Viitanen, S; Garber, S; Johnson, BL; Klabe, RM; Ko, SS; Lam, PY; Li, R; Reid, C; Rodgers, JD; Ru, Y; Seitz, SP; Trainor, GL; Wang, H; Wright, MR, 1998)	0.3
" The poor bioavailability of the current saquinavir formulation also leads to risk of interactions."	( The choice of HIV protease inhibitor: indinavir is currently the best option. , 1999)	0.3
"The low oral bioavailability of the HIV protease inhibitor (HPI) saquinavir is dramatically increased by coadministration of the HPI ritonavir."	( P-glycoprotein limits oral availability, brain, and fetal penetration of saquinavir even with high doses of ritonavir. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Huisman, MT; Schinkel, AH; Smit, JW; Wiltshire, HR, 2001)	0.73
" However, two pharmacokinetic problems have been identified: suboptimal oral bioavailability of peptidic inhibitors; and reduced cellular uptake of inhibitor that has become bound to alpha-acid glycoprotein."	( Update on HIV protease inhibitors. Vella, S, 1995)	0.29
"A study of patients taking ritonavir and methadone indicates that ritonavir lowers bioavailability of methadone by 30 to 40 percent."	( Ritonavir (Norvir) and methadone. , 1998)	2.04
" Toward this end, we previously identified a 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrone lead compound (CI-1029, 1) which possesses excellent activity against the protease enzyme, good antiviral efficacy in cellular assays, and promising bioavailability in several animal species."	( 4-Hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyrones as inhibitors of HIV protease: the effect of heterocyclic substituents at C-6 on antiviral potency and pharmacokinetic parameters. Brodfuehrer, J; Domagala, J; Gajda, C; Gracheck, SJ; Hagen, SE; Holler, T; Hupe, D; Lovdahl, M; Lunney, EA; Nouhan, C; Pavlovsky, A; Saunders, J; Tait, BD; Urumov, A; VanderRoest, S; Wise, E; Zeikus, E; Zeikus, G, 2001)	0.31
" The coadministration of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir increased the bioavailability of (R)-(-)-PPO464, having little effect on its plasma and brain elimination rates."	( The stereoselective targeting of a specific enzyme-substrate complex is the molecular mechanism for the synergic inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by (R)-(-)-PPO464: a novel generation of nonnucleoside inhibitors. Baldanti, F; Bergamini, A; Caccia, S; Campiani, G; Fiorini, I; Galletti, B; Giorgi, G; Guiso, G; Hubscher, U; Locatelli, GA; Maga, G; Muck, S; Nacci, V; Paolucci, S; Ramunno, A; Spadari, S; Zavattoni, M, 2001)	0.56
" The absence of marked central opioid effects has been attributed to its low bioavailability and its poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier, both of which might be altered by ritonavir, a potent P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P4503A inhibitor."	( Ritonavir increases loperamide plasma concentrations without evidence for P-glycoprotein involvement. Aderjan, R; Burhenne, J; Ding, R; Ganssmann, B; Haefeli, WE; Klingmann, A; Mikus, G; Tayrouz, Y, 2001)	1.95
" Chronic use of Saint John's wort (SJW) has been shown to lower the bioavailability for a variety of co-administered drugs including indinavir, cyclosporin, and digoxin."	( Saint John's wort: an in vitro analysis of P-glycoprotein induction due to extended exposure. Greenblatt, DJ; Perloff, MD; Shader, RI; Störmer, E; von Moltke, LL, 2001)	0.31
" Similar in vivo phenomena may occur during anti-HIV drug therapy, explaining potential decrements in therapeutic efficacy due to decreases in bioavailability or alterations in drug distribution."	( Ritonavir induces P-glycoprotein expression, multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) expression, and drug transporter-mediated activity in a human intestinal cell line. Greenblatt, DJ; Marchand, JE; Perloff, MD; Von Moltke, LL, 2001)	1.75
"The liver had a high intrinsic capacity for clearing VL because the absolute bioavailability (BA) of VL was 21."	( Differentiation of gut and hepatic first-pass effect of drugs: 1. Studies of verapamil in ported dogs. Kunta, JR; Lee, HS; Lee, YH; Perry, BA; Sinko, PJ; Sutyak, JP, 2001)	0.31
" Inhibitors of CYP3A4 such as other protease inhibitors will substantially increase the bioavailability of saquinavir."	( CYP3A4-mediated hepatic metabolism of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor saquinavir in vitro. Back, DJ; Eagling, VA; Whitcombe, IW; Wiltshire, H, 2002)	0.31
" After having recalled some thermodynamic considerations which characterize the polymorphism, we will illustrate succinctly the impact of these phenomena on some important aspects of the pharmaceutical development such as the dissolution, the bioavailability and the stability."	( [Crystallization and solid state properties of molecules of pharmaceutical interest]. Bauer, M, 2002)	0.31
"Emergence of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) genotypic drug resistance is generally attributed to noncompliance, poorly absorbed drugs, or drug-to-drug interaction."	( In vivo emergence of drug-resistant mutations at less than 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL that are maintained at viral rebound in longitudinal plasma samples from human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Benetti, MS; Bortolozzi, RL; Campodonico, ME; Chernoff, D; Dileanis, J; Elbeik, T; Fay, FF; Fay, OH; Hoo, BS; Marlowe, N; Ng, VL; Petrauskene, O; Smith, L, )	0.13
" We have now explored the mechanisms responsible for the low oral bioavailability of docetaxel, a structurally related taxane drug."	( Low systemic exposure of oral docetaxel in mice resulting from extensive first-pass metabolism is boosted by ritonavir. Bardelmeijer, HA; Beijnen, JH; Buckle, T; Huisman, MT; Ouwehand, M; Schellens, JH; van Tellingen, O, 2002)	0.53
" R given simultaneously with S decreases S hepatic intrinsic clearance almost 50-fold relative to that predicted for S given alone and increases its gut bioavailability 90% (but decreases its rate of absorption 40%) relative to when N is given simultaneously; 2)."	( Model-based analysis of the pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir after simultaneous and staggered oral administration. Blaschke, TF; Flexner, C; Lu, JF; Rosenkranz, SL; Sheiner, LB, 2002)	0.55
"Various drug transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family restrict the oral bioavailability and cellular, brain, testis, cerebrospinal fluid and fetal penetration of substrate drugs."	( Multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) transports HIV protease inhibitors, and transport can be enhanced by other drugs. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huisman, MT; Schinkel, AH; Smit, JW; Wiltshire, HR; Zelcer, N, 2002)	0.31
" Although the systemic pharmacokinetics of MRK-1 in rats and monkeys were linear, the oral bioavailability increased with an increase in dose from 2 to 10 mg/kg."	( Pharmacokinetics and interactions of a novel antagonist of chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) with ritonavir in rats and monkeys: role of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. Baillie, TA; Chen, Q; Chiu, SH; Didolkar, V; Franklin, RB; Iliff, SA; Kumar, S; Kwei, GY; Lin, JH; Pearson, PG; Poon, GK; Wang, RW; Wang, Y; Yamazaki, M, 2003)	0.54
" In 1998, a lower energy, more stable polymorph (form II) appeared, causing slowed dissolution of the marketed dosage form and compromising the oral bioavailability of the drug."	( Elucidation of crystal form diversity of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir by high-throughput crystallization. Almarsson, O; Cima, MJ; Levinson, D; Morissette, SL; Soukasene, S, 2003)	0.55
"The absolute bioavailability of lopinavir coformulated with ritonavir in humans has not yet been established."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Cvetkovic, RS; Goa, KL, 2003)	0.96
" As the oral bioavailability of both didanosine and lopinavir/ritonavir is significantly affected by concurrent food ingestion, didanosine should be administered 1 hour before or 2 hours after lopinavir/ritonavir has been taken with food."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Cvetkovic, RS; Goa, KL, 2003)	0.96
" As a potent inhibitor of this enzyme, ritonavir can increase the bioavailability and half-life of coadministered protease inhibitors."	( A review of low-dose ritonavir in protease inhibitor combination therapy. Cameron, DW; Cooper, CL; Gallicano, K; van Heeswijk, RP, 2003)	0.91
" The results of this study are in agreement with the clinical observation that a high-calorie protein meal significantly reduces the oral bioavailability of indinavir in man, accompanying a pH elevation in the stomach."	( In-vitro crystallization of indinavir in the presence of ritonavir and as a function of pH. Fleisher, D; Heimbach, T; Li, LY; Rodríguez-Hornedo, N, 2003)	0.56
" This study showed that ethanol-intake decreases the bioavailability of SQV after oral administration alone or with RTV."	( Pharmacokinetic characterization of a human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor, saquinavir, during ethanol intake in rats. Kageyama, M; Kimura, K; Kishida, T; Kuwahara, T; Shibata, N; Shirasaka, T; Takada, K; Toh, J; Yoshikawa, Y, 2003)	0.32
" As a result, the bioavailability of the boosted protease inhibitor is increased and improved penetration into HIV reservoirs may be achieved."	( Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor therapy in HIV-infected patients. Petruschke, RA; Zeldin, RK, 2004)	0.58
" A crossover design was used to evaluate the oral bioavailability of amorphous dispersions relative to crystalline drug in beagle dogs."	( Ritonavir-PEG 8000 amorphous solid dispersions: in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Everitt, EA; Fort, JJ; Krill, SL; Law, D; Marsh, KC; Qiu, Y; Schmitt, EA; Wang, W, 2004)	1.77
" This property of RTV is responsible for regulating the oral bioavailability of drugs that are mediated by CYP3A and Pgp."	( Effect of chronic administration of ritonavir on function of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein in rats. Fukushima, H; Ito, Y; Kageyama, M; Namiki, H; Shibata, N; Takada, K; Tanaka, A; Terasaka, S; Togawa, T, 2005)	0.6
" Clearance, volume of distribution and absorption rate constant were 10."	( Development and validation of a population pharmacokinetic model for ritonavir used as a booster or as an antiviral agent in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Mairuhu, AT; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.56
" The interindividual variability value of the Vm could explain, at least in part, the variability in absorption rate constants observed."	( Use of nonlinear mixed effect modeling for the intestinal absorption data: application to ritonavir in the rat. Casabó, VG; Lledó-García, R; Máñez-Castillejo, FJ; Merino-Sanjuán, M; Muñoz, MJ; Nácher, A, 2005)	0.55
" Values for the clearance, volume of distribution and the absorption rate constant were 46."	( Population pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone and in combination with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Prins, JM; Sankatsing, SU; Van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.56
" The model parameters volume of distribution and absorption rate constant were 61."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Kappelhoff, BS; Mairuhu, AT; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Gorp, EC, 2005)	0.57
"9 L), absorption rate constant (0."	( No significant influence of saquinavir hard-gel capsule administration on pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir: a population approach. Allavena, C; Dailly, E; Gagnieu, MC; Jolliet, P; Raffi, F, 2005)	0.54
" The relative bioavailability of FCT SOV versus HC SQV was calculated as the ratio of the respective estimated mean saquinavir AUC0-alpha and Cmax."	( Saquinavir 500 mg film-coated tablets demonstrate bioequivalence to saquinavir 200 mg hard capsules when boosted with twice-daily ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Bittner, B; Grange, S; Holmes, B; Riek, M, 2005)	0.53
" The fexofenadine AUC(infinity) was increased by lopinavir/ritonavir, likely due to increased bioavailability secondary to P-glycoprotein inhibition."	( Time-dependent interaction between lopinavir/ritonavir and fexofenadine. Bourbeau, M; Cameron, DW; Campbell, P; Chauhan, BM; Foster, BC; Seguin, I; van Heeswijk, RP, 2006)	0.84
"Cyclic ureas form a perspective class of non-peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors with major bioavailability problems."	( P-glycoprotein effects of cyclic urea HIV protease inhibitor DMP 323 in competitional absorption studies. Gyémánt, N; Hilgeroth, A; Molnár, J; Richter, M, 2006)	0.33
"The aim of this study is to investigate in vivo the oral bioavailability of ritonavir and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic model that best describes the plasma concentration behavior after oral and intravenous administration."	( Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic model for ritonavir in the rat. Casabó, VG; Lledó-García, R; Merino-Sanjuán, M; Nácher, A; Prats-García, L, 2007)	0.83
"Lopinavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, is coformulated with ritonavir to enhance the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of lopinavir."	( The tablet formulation of lopinavir/ritonavir provides similar bioavailability to the soft-gelatin capsule formulation with less pharmacokinetic variability and diminished food effect. Awni, W; Breitenbach, J; Brun, SC; Chiu, YL; Doan, T; Hanna, GJ; Heuser, RS; Klein, CE; Morris, JB; Zhu, T, 2007)	0.86
" Capravirine was well absorbed in rats but only moderately so in dogs."	( Evaluation of capravirine as a CYP3A probe substrate: in vitro and in vivo metabolism of capravirine in rats and dogs. Bu, HZ; Kang, P; Pool, WF; Shetty, BV; Wu, EY; Zhao, P, 2007)	0.34
" Coadministration with small doses of the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir results in an increase in darunavir bioavailability from 37% to 82%."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of darunavir. Arastéh, K; Rittweger, M, 2007)	0.58
" A population analysis done in NONMEM with a time-dependent covariate confirmed that ritonavir did not influence the clearance or bioavailability of imatinib."	( Influence of CYP3A4 inhibition on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of imatinib. Baker, SD; Gelderblom, H; Guchelaar, HJ; Karlsson, MO; Li, J; Nortier, JW; Ouwerkerk, J; Sparreboom, A; van Erp, NP; Zhao, M, 2007)	0.56
"This investigation was carried out to evaluate the bioavailability of a new single fixed-dose combination formulation of lopinavir and ritonavir, relative to reference product, Kaletra (133."	( A bioequivalence study comparing two formulations of lopinavir/ritonavir capsules. Gurule, S; Khuroo, AH; Lao, VK; Mishra, S; Monif, T; Raghuvanshi, R; Thudi, NR; Tippabhotla, SK, 2008)	0.79
" The results indicated that lopinavir bioavailability was not affected by the coadministration of omeprazole or ranitidine."	( Effects of acid-reducing agents on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir. Beck, K; Cai, Y; Causemaker, SJ; Chiu, YL; Doan, T; Esslinger, HU; Hanna, GJ; King, KR; Klein, CE; Podsadecki, TJ, 2008)	0.58
"Atazanavir (ATV) is clinically coadministered with low-dose ritonavir (RTV), which boosts the oral bioavailability (BA) of ATV by inhibiting cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, and P-glycoprotein (Pgp) via the same metabolic pathway; however, it is well known that in the chronic phase, the inhibition effect of RTV on Pgp and CYP3A becomes an induction effect."	( Long-term pharmacokinetic efficacy and safety of low-dose ritonavir as a booster and atazanavir pharmaceutical formulation based on solid dispersion system in rats. Fukushima, K; Haraya, K; Ito, Y; Sugioka, N; Takada, K; Terasaka, S, 2008)	0.83
" In conclusion, TAT-conjugated NPs enhanced the CNS bioavailability of the encapsulated PI and maintained therapeutic drug levels in the brain for a sustained period that could be effective in reducing the viral load in the CNS, which acts as a reservoir for the replicating HIV-1 virus."	( TAT-conjugated nanoparticles for the CNS delivery of anti-HIV drugs. Horning, JL; Labhasetwar, V; Rao, KS; Reddy, MK, 2008)	0.35
" This observed nonlinearity in CL/F resulted from the increased bioavailability attributed to a saturated absorption and/or elimination process at higher doses."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of BILR 355, a second-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. Hattox, S; Huang, F; Koenen-Bergmann, M; Macgregor, TR; Ring, A; Robinson, P, 2008)	0.35
" The decrease in elvucitabine bioavailability when elvucitabine was coadministered with ritonavir may be due to ritonavir's inhibiting influx gut transporters."	( Effect of a single dose of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetic behavior of elvucitabine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, administered in healthy volunteers. Colucci, P; Ducharme, MP; Pottage, JC; Robison, H; Turgeon, J, 2009)	0.87
" Consequently, the coadministration of elvitegravir with the protease inhibitor ritonavir (a substantial CYP3A4 inhibitor) results in significantly enhanced bioavailability and a longer half-life than with elvitegravir alone, allowing for the once-daily dosing of elvitegravir."	( Elvitegravir, an oral HIV integrase inhibitor, for the potential treatment of HIV infection. Klibanov, OM, 2009)	0.58
" Methadone bioavailability was unchanged, despite inhibition of gastrointestinal P-glycoprotein activity, suggesting that this transporter does not limit methadone intestinal absorption."	( Methadone pharmacokinetics are independent of cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) activity and gastrointestinal drug transport: insights from methadone interactions with ritonavir/indinavir. Bedynek, PS; Hoffer, C; Kharasch, ED; Walker, A; Whittington, D, 2009)	0.55
"In this study, we explored the bioavailability in dogs and chemical potency of generic ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir tablet products manufactured by various pharmaceutical companies."	( Bioavailability of generic ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir tablet products in a dog model. Garren, KW; Marsh, K; Morris, JB; Rahim, S, 2010)	0.88
" Bioavailability was unchanged despite significant inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein."	( Mechanism of ritonavir changes in methadone pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: I. Evidence against CYP3A mediation of methadone clearance. Bedynek, PS; Hoffer, C; Kharasch, ED; Park, S; Walker, A; Whittington, D, 2008)	0.72
"51 to 0); and increased bioavailability (from 37 to 95%)."	( Mechanism of ritonavir changes in methadone pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: II. Ritonavir effects on CYP3A and P-glycoprotein activities. Bedynek, PS; Hoffer, C; Kharasch, ED; Walker, A; Whittington, D, 2008)	0.72
" Modification of the core regiochemistry and stereochemistry significantly affected the potency, metabolic stability, and oral bioavailability of the inhibitors, as did the variation of a pendent arylmethyl P3 group."	( 2-Pyridyl P1'-substituted symmetry-based human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors (A-792611 and A-790742) with potential for convenient dosing and reduced side effects. Chen, HJ; Colletti, L; Degoey, DA; Dekhtyar, T; Flentge, CA; Flosi, WJ; Grampovnik, DJ; Kati, WM; Kempf, DJ; Klein, LL; Mamo, M; Marsh, KC; Mo, H; Molla, A; Morfitt, DC; Nguyen, B; Randolph, JT; Schmidt, JM; Stoll, V; Swanson, SJ; Yeung, CM, 2009)	0.35
" The apparent oral bioavailability of docetaxel combined with ritonavir simultaneously or ritonavir given 60 minutes before docetaxel was 131% +/- 90% and 161% +/- 91%, respectively."	( Coadministration of ritonavir strongly enhances the apparent oral bioavailability of docetaxel in patients with solid tumors. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, A; Jansen, RS; Keessen, M; Oostendorp, RL; Rosing, H; Schellens, JH; Ter Heine, R, 2009)	0.92
"Coadministration of ritonavir significantly enhanced the apparent oral bioavailability of docetaxel."	( Coadministration of ritonavir strongly enhances the apparent oral bioavailability of docetaxel in patients with solid tumors. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, A; Jansen, RS; Keessen, M; Oostendorp, RL; Rosing, H; Schellens, JH; Ter Heine, R, 2009)	1
" Low bioavailability and extensive first-pass metabolism make benzimidazoles prone to pharmacokinetic drug interactions."	( Effect of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of the benzimidazoles albendazole and mebendazole: an interaction study in healthy volunteers. Corti, N; Heck, A; Jetter, A; Pauli-Magnus, C; Rentsch, K; Stieger, B; Zingg, W, 2009)	0.76
" The ritonavir dose-dependence of boosting effects did not correlate with their bioavailability or their effects on ritonavir plasma levels."	( How much ritonavir is needed to boost protease inhibitors? Systematic review of 17 dose-ranging pharmacokinetic trials. Boffito, M; Hill, A; Sawyer, W; van der Lugt, J, 2009)	1.28
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."	( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination. Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)	0.36
" Oral bioavailability of 10 mg of ritonavir in solid dispersion prepared by solvent evaporation (SE1) and melt method (MM1) was compared with pure drug after oral administration of solid dispersion and pure drug to Albino Wistar rats of either sex."	( Solid dispersion as an approach for bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drug ritonavir. Ahuja, A; Ali, J; Ali, M; Baboota, S; Kumar, A; Sinha, S, 2010)	0.86
" The results indicated that incorporation of antioxidants in this new SMEDDS not only significantly reduced ritonavir-induced ER stress activation, ROS production and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, but also improved the solubility, stability and bioavailability of ritonavir, and significantly reduced ritonavir-induced disruption of intestinal barrier function in vivo."	( Development of a novel self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for reducing HIV protease inhibitor-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction. Jin, F; Lei, B; Studer, EJ; Wang, G; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wen, C; Zha, W; Zhang, L; Zhou, H, 2010)	0.57
" Meltrex) have proven to be a promising formulation tool for poorly water-soluble and poorly bioavailable drugs."	( In situ formation of nanoparticles upon dispersion of melt extrudate formulations in aqueous medium assessed by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Brandl, M; Fricker, G; Hölig, P; Hupfeld, S; Kanzer, J; Mägerlein, M; Tho, I; Vasskog, T, 2010)	0.36
"Docetaxel has a low oral bioavailability due to affinity for P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 enzymes."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered docetaxel with or without co-administration of ritonavir in patients with advanced cancer. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Koolen, SL; Oostendorp, RL; Schellens, JH, 2010)	0.57
"Gut bioavailability of docetaxel increased approximately two-fold from 19 to 39% (CV 13%) with ritonavir co-administration."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered docetaxel with or without co-administration of ritonavir in patients with advanced cancer. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Koolen, SL; Oostendorp, RL; Schellens, JH, 2010)	0.79
" Relative bioavailability of ritonavir was low, when compared with other ritonavir regimens."	( Intracellular and plasma steady-state pharmacokinetics of raltegravir, darunavir, etravirine and ritonavir in heavily pre-treated HIV-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Mulder, JW; Ter Heine, R; van Gorp, EC; Wagenaar, JF, 2010)	0.87
" We also evaluated whether ritonavir increases lopinavir oral bioavailability by inhibition of CYP3A, ABCB1 and/or ABCC2."	( Effects of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (MDR1/ABCB1) and MRP2 (ABCC2) on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Rooswinkel, RW; Schinkel, AH; ter Heine, R; van der Kruijssen, CM; van Waterschoot, RA; Wagenaar, E, 2010)	0.66
" Both intestinal and hepatic CYP3A activity contributed importantly to low oral bioavailability of lopinavir."	( Effects of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (MDR1/ABCB1) and MRP2 (ABCC2) on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Rooswinkel, RW; Schinkel, AH; ter Heine, R; van der Kruijssen, CM; van Waterschoot, RA; Wagenaar, E, 2010)	0.36
" Based on this study, coadministration of investigated compounds with garlic supplements could result in significant in vivo modification of hepatic transport-enzyme interplay, possibly leading to further bioavailability change."	( The influence of aged garlic extract on the uptake of saquinavir and darunavir into HepG2 cells and rat liver slices. Berginc, K; Kristl, A; Trontelj, J, 2010)	0.36
" It also demonstrated that low oral bioavailability of saquinavir is due mainly to intestinal rather than to hepatic first-pass metabolism."	( A pharmacokinetic model for evaluating the impact of hepatic and intestinal first-pass loss of saquinavir in the rat. Casabó, VG; Lledó-García, R; Merino-Sanjuán, M; Nácher, A, 2011)	0.37
" The selective CYP3A4 inhibitors, ketoconazole, troleandomycin and ritonavir demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on CMDCK intestinal metabolism, which suggested that co-administration of CMDCK with potent CYP3A inhibitors, such as ritonavir, might decrease its intestinal metabolic clearance and subsequently improve its bioavailability in body."	( [Metabolism of 3-cyanomethyl-4-methyl-DCK, a new anti-HIV candidate, in human intestinal microsomes]. Cui, SL; Deng, JT; Kong, WL; Li, H; Tian, XT; Wen, YY; Xie, L; Zhuang, XM, 2010)	0.6
"0%), and the apparent volume of distribution and absorption rate constant were 55."	( Sequential population pharmacokinetic modeling of lopinavir and ritonavir in healthy volunteers and assessment of different dosing strategies. Aarons, L; Back, D; Boffito, M; Davies, G; Dickinson, L; Else, L; Khoo, S; Moyle, G; Pozniak, A; von Hentig, N, 2011)	0.61
" Because docetaxel has a very low permeability and a very low aqueous solubility (biopharmaceutical classification system class IV), a pharmacokinetic booster was combined with a newly developed solid dispersion formulation to improve the oral bioavailability of docetaxel."	( Pharmaceutical development and preliminary clinical testing of an oral solid dispersion formulation of docetaxel (ModraDoc001). Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Koolen, SL; Moes, JJ; Nuijen, B; Schellens, JH, 2011)	0.37
" LPV alone suffers the poor bioavailability due to its rapid and extensive metabolism."	( CYP3A4-mediated lopinavir bioactivation and its inhibition by ritonavir. Li, F; Lu, J; Ma, X, 2012)	0.62
" Rifampicin reduced the oral bioavailability of lopinavir and ritonavir by 20% and 45% respectively, and it increased their clearance by 71% and 36% respectively."	( Model-based approach to dose optimization of lopinavir/ritonavir when co-administered with rifampicin. Decloedt, E; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Simonsson, US; Zhang, C, 2012)	0.87
" The higher trough concentrations observed in the morning were explained by both higher bioavailability with the evening meal and lower clearance overnight."	( Model-based approach to dose optimization of lopinavir/ritonavir when co-administered with rifampicin. Decloedt, E; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Simonsson, US; Zhang, C, 2012)	0.63
" Antitubercular treatment reduced the oral bioavailability of lopinavir by 77% in children receiving twice usual lopinavir/ritonavir doses and increased ritonavir clearance by 50%."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin-based antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected children. Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Simonsson, US; van der Walt, JS; Zhang, C, 2012)	0.85
"Lopinavir (LPV), a newer HIV protease inhibitor, has poor bioavailability being a substrate of both cytochrome P450 3A enzyme system (CYP3A) and permeability-glycoprotein (P-gp)."	( Effect of grapefruit juice and ritonavir on pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in Wistar rats. Aditya, N; Ravi, PR; Srivani, S; Thakur, R; Vats, R, 2012)	0.66
" Genetic association analysis was performed with PLINK using the relative bioavailability as the phenotype."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis and pharmacogenetics of raltegravir in HIV-positive and healthy individuals. Aouri, M; Arab-Alameddine, M; Boffito, M; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; di Iulio, J; Fayet-Mello, A; Günthard, HF; Lubomirov, R; Neely, M; Owen, A; Rentsch, K; Rotger, M; Telenti, A, 2012)	0.38
"Eltrombopag is an orally bioavailable thrombopoietin receptor agonist that is approved for the treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura."	( Assessment of the pharmacokinetic interaction between eltrombopag and lopinavir-ritonavir in healthy adult subjects. McLean, HB; Park, JW; Pendry, C; Peng, B; Theodore, D; Wire, MB, 2012)	0.61
" Their bioavailability may be impaired because they are substrates of CYP3A4 and several transporters, including P-glycoprotein."	( Boosting of HIV protease inhibitors by ritonavir in the intestine: the relative role of cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein inhibition based on Caco-2 monolayers versus in situ intestinal perfusion in mice. Annaert, P; Augustijns, P; Holmstock, N, 2012)	0.65
"  Ritonavir dramatically increases the bioavailability of a variety of concurrently administered drugs by inhibition of metabolic enzymes and drug transporters."	( Analysis of the pharmacokinetic boosting effects of ritonavir on oral bioavailability of drugs in mice. Banba, H; Takayama, K; Takeda-Morishita, M; Tomaru, A, 2013)	1.36
" Unlike paclitaxel, docetaxel is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 and its oral bioavailability can be enhanced in mice and humans by coadministration of the potent CYP3A inhibitor ritonavir."	( P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A act together in restricting the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel. Beijnen, JH; Hendrikx, JJ; Lagas, JS; Rosing, H; Schellens, JH; Schinkel, AH, 2013)	0.58
"The aim of the present study was to prepare surface-stabilized nanoparticles (NPs) for oral bioavailability enhancement of lopinavir (LPN), a Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II antiretroviral drug that possesses low oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility and extensive metabolism by liver microsomal enzymes."	( Surface-stabilized lopinavir nanoparticles enhance oral bioavailability without coadministration of ritonavir. Jain, AK; Jain, S; Mahajan, RR; Sharma, JM, 2013)	0.61
"11-fold enhancement in bioavailability in comparison to free LPN with ritonavir (conventional formulation)."	( Surface-stabilized lopinavir nanoparticles enhance oral bioavailability without coadministration of ritonavir. Jain, AK; Jain, S; Mahajan, RR; Sharma, JM, 2013)	0.84
"The bioavailability of lopinavir was reduced by 25% in adults whereas children on antituberculosis treatment experienced a 59% reduction, an effect that was moderated by the dose of ritonavir."	( Model-based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin. Decloedt, EH; Denti, P; Karlsson, MO; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)	0.8
" The present study is aimed to enhance the dissolution and oral bioavailability of water-insoluble RTV using the Solid Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System (S-SMEDDS)."	( Solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of ritonavir. Deshmukh, A; Kulkarni, S, 2014)	0.65
"To enhance the dissolution and oral bioavailability of water-insoluble RTV using the S-SMEDDS."	( Solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of ritonavir. Deshmukh, A; Kulkarni, S, 2014)	0.65
" Relative bioavailability of RTV was determined in male Wistar rats and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by the comparison of optimized S-SMEDDS versus aqueous suspension of RTV."	( Solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of ritonavir. Deshmukh, A; Kulkarni, S, 2014)	0.65
"S-SMEDDS tablet of RTV was formulated successfully by adsorbing optimized L-SMEDDS of RTV on Neusilin-US2(®) as a potential carrier with enhanced solubility and relative oral bioavailability compared to pure RTV by twofolds."	( Solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of ritonavir. Deshmukh, A; Kulkarni, S, 2014)	0.65
" The oral bioavailability of CMDCK was increased from 15% of the control group to 45% of the RTV concomitant group (2."	( Investigation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and CMDCK, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Li, H; Shen, GL; Yuan, M; Zhuang, XM, 2013)	0.64
" However, when this glucocorticoid agent is given to patients receiving the HIV protease inhibitor (PI) ritonavir (RTV),inhibition of their shared cytochrome P450 3A4 degradation pathway leads to an increased bioavailability of triamcinolone, with subsequent heightening and prolongation of the glucocorticoid serum levels."	( Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome and secondary adrenal insufficiency related to concomitant triamcinolone and ritonavir administration: a case report and review. Bush, LM; Schroeder, JR; Song, Y, )	0.56
"Danoprevir is a potent, highly selective, macrocyclic, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus protease, and a substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A."	( Two-way interaction study between ritonavir boosted danoprevir, a potent HCV protease inhibitor, and ketoconazole in healthy subjects. Brennan, BJ; Chang, L; Chung, D; Morcos, PN; Navarro, M; Smith, PF; Tran, JQ, 2014)	0.68
" The principal aim of this study was to compare bioavailability of two doses of rifabutin (150 mg three times per week and 150 mg daily) in patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis who initiated lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy in Vietnam."	( Randomised pharmacokinetic trial of rifabutin with lopinavir/ritonavir-antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis in Vietnam. Barrail-Tran, A; Borand, L; Connolly, C; Duc, NH; Dung, NH; Harries, AD; Lagarde, D; Lan, NN; Lan, NT; Laureillard, D; Lien, TT; Lienhardt, C; Pym, A; Quillet, C; Taburet, AM; Thu, NT, 2014)	0.83
" The objective of this animal study was to determine whether pre-treatment with antibiotics affects the intestinal bioavailability of Atazanavir (ATV) and Ritonavir (RTV)."	( Metronidazole or Cotrimoxazole therapy is associated with a decrease in intestinal bioavailability of common antiretroviral drugs. Desjeux, JF; Dossou-Yovo, F; Eto, B; Limas-Nzouzi, N; Mamadou, G; Miantezila, J; Soudy, ID, 2014)	0.6
"This study compared the bioavailability of two candidate fixed-dose combinations (FDCs: G003 and G004) of darunavir/cobicistat 800/150 mg with that of darunavir 800 mg and ritonavir 100 mg coadministered as single agents."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir in fixed-dose combination with cobicistat compared with coadministration of darunavir and ritonavir as single agents in healthy volunteers. Hillewaert, V; Hoetelmans, RM; Iterbeke, K; Kakuda, TN; Opsomer, M; Petrovic, R; Timmers, M; Van De Casteele, T, 2014)	0.8
" Significant increase in oral bioavailability of LPV from LPV SLNs (5 folds) and LPV/RTV coformulation (3."	( A hybrid design to optimize preparation of lopinavir loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation with marketed lopinavir/ritonavir coformulation. Dalal, V; Murthy, AN; Ravi, PR; Vats, R, 2014)	0.6
"SLNs enhanced oral bioavailability and improved distribution profile of LPV to HIV reservoirs and hence could be better alternative to LPV/RTV coformulation."	( A hybrid design to optimize preparation of lopinavir loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation with marketed lopinavir/ritonavir coformulation. Dalal, V; Murthy, AN; Ravi, PR; Vats, R, 2014)	0.6
" The resulting low oral bioavailability can be boosted by co-administration of P-gp or CYP3A4 inhibitors."	( Oral co-administration of elacridar and ritonavir enhances plasma levels of oral paclitaxel and docetaxel without affecting relative brain accumulation. Beijnen, JH; Hendrikx, JJ; Lagas, JS; Rosing, H; Schellens, JH; Schinkel, AH; Wagenaar, E, 2014)	0.67
"The EFV-based HAART regimen was associated with a reduction in the bioavailability of ENG, which showed decreases of 63."	( Effect of antiretroviral therapy including lopinavir/ritonavir or efavirenz on etonogestrel-releasing implant pharmacokinetics in HIV-positive women. Amaral, E; Bahamondes, L; Bahamondes, MV; Brito, MB; de Souza, RM; Duarte, G; Ferriani, RA; Quintana, SM; Rocha Prandini, TR; Scaranari, C; Vieira, CS, 2014)	0.65
"The coadministration of EFV decreased the bioavailability of ENG released from the implant, which could impair contraceptive efficacy."	( Effect of antiretroviral therapy including lopinavir/ritonavir or efavirenz on etonogestrel-releasing implant pharmacokinetics in HIV-positive women. Amaral, E; Bahamondes, L; Bahamondes, MV; Brito, MB; de Souza, RM; Duarte, G; Ferriani, RA; Quintana, SM; Rocha Prandini, TR; Scaranari, C; Vieira, CS, 2014)	0.65
"An open-label comparative bioavailability (randomized crossover) study compared a novel twice-daily minitab sprinkle formulation (40 mg/10 mg, Cipla Pharmaceuticals) versus innovator syrup in HIV-infected Ugandan infants aged 3 to <12 months (cohort A) and children aged 1-4 years (cohort B) and versus Cipla tablets (100/25 mg) in children aged 4 to <13 years (cohort C)."	( The pharmacokinetics and acceptability of lopinavir/ritonavir minitab sprinkles, tablets, and syrups in african HIV-infected children. Burger, D; Fillekes, Q; Gibb, DM; Keishanyu, R; Kekitiinwa, A; Kendall, L; Lallemant, M; Musiime, V; Namuddu, R; Opilo, W; Walker, AS; Young, N, 2014)	0.65
"To assess the relative oral bioavailability (NCT01052883) and bioequivalence (NCT01308658) of a darunavir 800-mg tablet vs."	( Bioavailability and bioequivalence of a darunavir 800-mg tablet formulation compared with the 400-mg tablet formulation. Hillewaert, V; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Leopold, L; Timmers, M; Tomaka, FL; Van De Casteele, T, 2014)	0.4
"00%, except bioavailability AUC(0-∞) (fed and fasted conditions)."	( Bioavailability and bioequivalence of a darunavir 800-mg tablet formulation compared with the 400-mg tablet formulation. Hillewaert, V; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Leopold, L; Timmers, M; Tomaka, FL; Van De Casteele, T, 2014)	0.4
" Protease inhibitors (PIs), an important component of the antiretroviral armada, were historically associated with poor oral bioavailability and high pill burden."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancers in HIV therapeutics. Acosta, EP; Delille, C; Larson, KB; Otofokun, I; Wang, K, 2014)	0.4
" Concentrations of Arga-L® at 12 h after intake were considerably lower than those of Kaletra®, revealing very low oral bioavailability of generic lopinavir and ritonavir (<10%) compared to the brand-name drug."	( [Lack of bioavailability of generic lopinavir/ritonavir not prequalified by WHO marketed in Africa (Congo Brazzaville)]. Camara, S; Goudjo, A; Guillard, E; Peytavin, G; Vasse, M; Zucman, D, 2015)	0.87
" Significant covariates in the model included RTV coadministration on clearance, fed status on bioavailability for the oral suspension, body weight on clearance and volume terms, black race on clearance, and age on clearance."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of amprenavir following fosamprenavir/ritonavir administration for dose optimization in HIV infected pediatric patients. Barbour, AM; Gibiansky, L; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.62
" Absolute bioavailability of danoprevir 100 mg was low (1."	( Characterization of the transmembrane transport and absolute bioavailability of the HCV protease inhibitor danoprevir. Asthappan, J; Brennan, BJ; Funk, C; Goelzer, P; Morcos, PN; Moreira, S; Poirier, A; Portmann, R; Smith, PF, 2015)	0.42
" However, when this glucocorticoid agent is given to patients receiving the HIV protease inhibitor (PI) ritonavir (RTV),inhibition of their shared cytochrome P450 3A4 degradation pathway leads to an increased bioavailability of triamcinolone, with subsequent heightening and prolongation of the glucocorticoid serum levels."	( Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome and secondary adrenal insufficiency related to concomitant triamcinolone and ritonavir administration: a case report and review. Bush, LM; Schroeder, JR; Song, Y, )	0.56
" FA receptor-targeted poloxamer 407 nanocrystals, containing ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r), significantly increased drug bioavailability and PD by five and 100 times, respectively."	( Pharmacodynamics of long-acting folic acid-receptor targeted ritonavir-boosted atazanavir nanoformulations. Bade, AN; Baldridge, HM; Balkundi, SS; Dash, PK; Dimitrov, DS; Feng, Y; Gendelman, HE; Gorantla, S; Hilaire, JR; Kendrick, LM; Liu, XM; McMillan, JM; Poluektova, LY; Puligujja, P; Wang, Y; Ying, T; Zhang, G, 2015)	0.9
" In vivo oral bioavailability study was conducted for 1:2 binary amorphous form by using pure RTV as a control."	( Fabrication, solid state characterization and bioavailability assessment of stable binary amorphous phases of Ritonavir with Quercetin. Bhat, K; Dengale, SJ; Gautham Shenoy, G; Hussen, SS; Krishna, BS; Musmade, PB, 2015)	0.63
" Bioavailability comparisons were assessed by the 90% CIs for the geometric least-squares mean ratios."	( A novel ritonavir paediatric powder formulation is bioequivalent to ritonavir oral solution with a similar food effect. Chiu, YL; Klein, CE; Nilius, AM; Salem, AH; Valdes, JM, 2015)	0.85
"To evaluate the effect of ritonavir (RTV) co-administration on the bioavailability of an amorphous dispersion of acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) and to develop a pharmaceutically acceptable AKBA-RTV combination tablet."	( Bioavailability enhancement of a BCS IV compound via an amorphous combination product containing ritonavir. Brough, C; Cisneros, M; Ellenberger, DJ; Keen, JM; McGinity, JW; Miller, DA; Williams, RO, 2016)	0.95
"A pharmacokinetic (PK) study in rats was conducted to evaluate the influence of RTV co-administration on the oral bioavailability of an AKBA amorphous dispersion."	( Bioavailability enhancement of a BCS IV compound via an amorphous combination product containing ritonavir. Brough, C; Cisneros, M; Ellenberger, DJ; Keen, JM; McGinity, JW; Miller, DA; Williams, RO, 2016)	0.65
" The AKBA-RTV combination tablets yielded a substantial increase in AKBA's bioavailability in dogs."	( Bioavailability enhancement of a BCS IV compound via an amorphous combination product containing ritonavir. Brough, C; Cisneros, M; Ellenberger, DJ; Keen, JM; McGinity, JW; Miller, DA; Williams, RO, 2016)	0.65
" Consequently, AKBA's oral bioavailability is maximized by administration from a supersaturating formulation in conjunction with a CYP3A inhibitor."	( Bioavailability enhancement of a BCS IV compound via an amorphous combination product containing ritonavir. Brough, C; Cisneros, M; Ellenberger, DJ; Keen, JM; McGinity, JW; Miller, DA; Williams, RO, 2016)	0.65
" LPV bioavailability is increased by co-formulated ritonavir (r), which may enhance the interaction of INH on LPV."	( The pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir when given with isoniazid in South African HIV-infected individuals. Decloedt, EH; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; van der Walt, JS; Wiesner, L, 2015)	0.95
" Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) was performed as unboosted DRV has a bioavailability of 37% and the virologic and immunologic response has only been demonstrated with ritonavirboosted DRV."	( The use of unboosted darunavir in the setting of ritonavir intolerance: three case reports. Fulco, PP; Gomes, D; Nixon, D; Smith, K, 2016)	0.88
" Simulations with apparent oral clearance increased by 71% and 36% and relative bioavailability decreased by 20% and 45% for darunavir and ritonavir, respectively, were performed for +rifampicin, 600 mg once daily (n = 1000)."	( Simulation of the impact of rifampicin on once-daily darunavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics and dose adjustment strategies: a population pharmacokinetic approach. Back, D; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Khoo, S; Siccardi, M; Winston, A, 2016)	0.88
"56-fold increase in bioavailability and significantly increased LPV concentrations in tested tissues, especially in HIV sanctuary sites, as compared to the commercial LPV/RTV tablet (Kaletra®) in rats."	( Development and in vivo evaluation of child-friendly lopinavir/ritonavir pediatric granules utilizing novel in situ self-assembly nanoparticles. Dong, X; Guo, S; Li, D; Penzak, S; Pham, K, 2016)	0.67
"Water-soluble prodrug strategy is a practical alternative for improving the drug bioavailability of sparingly-soluble drugs with reduced drug efficacy."	( Novel prodrugs with a spontaneous cleavable guanidine moiety. Hamada, Y, 2016)	0.43
" ombitasvir and dasabuvir) on paritaprevir bioavailability were included in the model."	( Dose- and Formulation-Dependent Non-Linear Pharmacokinetic Model of Paritaprevir, a Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Combined Analysis from 12 Phase I Studies. Awni, WM; Beck, D; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Liu, W; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Polepally, AR, 2016)	0.43
" Paritaprevir bioavailability was formulation- and dose-dependent, and increased supraproportionally."	( Dose- and Formulation-Dependent Non-Linear Pharmacokinetic Model of Paritaprevir, a Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Combined Analysis from 12 Phase I Studies. Awni, WM; Beck, D; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Liu, W; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Polepally, AR, 2016)	0.43
"Acid-reducing agents (ARAs) and proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) that increase gastric pH can alter the bioavailability of antiviral drugs, particularly relevant in patients with advanced liver disease caused by chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection seeking therapy."	( Safety and Efficacy of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir Plus Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin in HCV-Infected Patients Taking Concomitant Acid-Reducing Agents. Asselah, T; Bennett, M; Forns, X; Liu, L; Moller, J; Pedrosa, M; Planas Vila, R; Reau, N; Rustgi, V; Shiffman, ML, 2016)	0.69
" We also used rats to test the bioavailability of RTV ISNP granules."	( Novel in situ self-assembly nanoparticles for formulating a poorly water-soluble drug in oral solid granules, improving stability, palatability, and bioavailability. Dong, X; Guo, S; Li, D; Penzak, SR; Pham, K, 2016)	0.43
"Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is the dominant P450 enzyme involved in human drug metabolism, and its inhibition may result in adverse interactions or, conversely, favorably reduce the systemic elimination rates of poorly bioavailable drugs."	( N-Heterocyclic Carbene Capture by Cytochrome P450 3A4. Hackett, JC; Jennings, GK; Lyons, CE; Ritchie, CM; Shock, LS, 2016)	0.43
"This 2-part, phase 1, open-label, randomized, crossover study (NCT00752310) assessed ritonavir-boosted darunavir bioavailability (oral suspension vs."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir after administration of an oral suspension with low-dose ritonavir and with or without food. De Paepe, E; Hoetelmans, RM; Kakuda, TN; Lavreys, L; Sekar, V; Stevens, T; Vangeneugden, T; Vanstockem, M, 2014)	0.85
" Co-administration with some antiretroviral therapies (ART) changes the bioavailability of the etonogestrel (ENG)-releasing contraceptive implant, possibly affecting the bleeding pattern."	( Bleeding patterns of HIV-infected women using an etonogestrel-releasing contraceptive implant and efavirenz-based or lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy. Amaral, E; Bahamondes, L; Bahamondes, MV; Brito, MB; Duarte, G; Ferriani, RA; Prandini, TR; Quintana, SM; Ragazini, CS; Vieira, CS, 2016)	0.64
" Encasement of MABC into poloxamer nanoparticles extended drug bioavailability for 2 weeks."	( Development and characterization of a long-acting nanoformulated abacavir prodrug. Alnouti, Y; Edagwa, B; Gautam, N; Gendelman, HE; Hilaire, J; McMillan, J; Palandri, D; Singh, D, 2016)	0.43
" P-gp inhibitors could serve as helpful tools to enhance the oral bioavailability of those substances."	( The application of P-gp inhibiting phospholipids as novel oral bioavailability enhancers - An in vitro and in vivo comparison. Burhenne, J; Fricker, G; Mylius, P; Schubert, R; Weinheimer, M, 2017)	0.46
"Cell membrane permeability is an important determinant for oral absorption and bioavailability of a drug molecule."	( Highly predictive and interpretable models for PAMPA permeability. Jadhav, A; Kerns, E; Nguyen, K; Shah, P; Sun, H; Xu, X; Yan, Z; Yu, KR, 2017)	0.46
"Although the prevalence of alcohol consumption is higher in HIV+ people than general public, limited information is available on how alcohol affects the metabolism and bioavailability of darunavir (DRV)."	( Influence of Ethanol on Darunavir Hepatic Clearance and Intracellular PK/PD in HIV-Infected Monocytes, and CYP3A4-Darunavir Interactions Using Inhibition and in Silico Binding Studies. Cory, TJ; Gong, Y; Kumar, S; Li, J; Li, W; Meibohm, B; Midde, NM, 2017)	0.46
"The AUC for the liposomes were found to be much higher in the spleen and thymus compared to that in the plasma which indicated that the developed formulations enhance the bioavailability and target specificity compared to that of the pure drug thereby enhancing bioavailability at target site."	( Development and in vivo evaluation of functionalized ritonavir proliposomes for lymphatic targeting. Ahammed, V; Narayan, R; Nayak, UY; Nayak, Y; Paul, J; Roy, B; Shavi, GV, 2017)	0.7
"Lopinavir is a BCS Class IV drug exhibiting poor bioavailability due to P-gp efflux and limited permeation."	( Improvement of Oral Bioavailability of Lopinavir Without Co-administration of Ritonavir Using Microspheres of Thiolated Xyloglucan. Bhalekar, MR; Kadam, AA; Madgulkar, AR, 2018)	0.71
" We hypothesized that the presence of multiple drugs would reduce crystallization tendency, thereby providing stable, supersaturating formulations for bioavailability enhancement."	( Multidrug, Anti-HIV Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Nature and Mechanisms of Impacts of Drugs on Each Other's Solution Concentrations. Arca, HÇ; Dahal, D; Edgar, KJ; Mosquera-Giraldo, LI; Taylor, LS, 2017)	0.46
" MDR-TB treatment did not have a significant effect on the bioavailability, clearance, or absorption rate constants of lopinavir or ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Lopinavir-Ritonavir Administered with First- and Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs in HIV-Infected Children Treated for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. de Kock, M; Denti, P; Garcia-Prats, AJ; Hesseling, AC; McIlleron, H; Norman, J; Schaaf, HS; Tikiso, T; van der Laan, LE; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J, 2018)	0.93
"Objective Since the majority of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) that are used in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are mainly metabolized by CYP3A4, it is hypothesized that inter-individual differences in CYP3A4 activity may be associated with the bioavailability of these agents."	( Differences in the Serum 4β-hydroxycholesterol Levels of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection: A Possible Impact on the Efficacy and Safety of Interferon (IFN)-free Treatment. Hirayama, T; Honda, A; Ikegami, T; Kohjima, M; Matsuzaki, Y; Miyazaki, T; Nakamuta, M; Yara, SI, 2018)	0.48
" Agreement was also obtained between the RTV concentrations in octanol at 3 h from these generic drug products and their corresponding relative bioavailability in dogs."	( In vitro characterization of ritonavir formulations and correlation to in vivo performance in dogs. Gao, P; Krakow, S; Rosenberg, J; Shi, Y; Xu, H, 2018)	0.77
"Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are a promising formulation strategy to increase both the apparent aqueous solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( Mechanistic understanding of the phase behavior of supersaturated solutions of poorly water-soluble drugs. Hall, SD; Mohutsky, MA; Posada, MM; Taylor, LS; Tres, F, 2018)	0.48
"Nanonizationhas been extensively investigated to increase theoral bioavailability of hydrophobicdrugsin general andantiretrovirals(ARVs)used inthe therapy of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in particular."	( Nanoparticle-in-microparticle oral drug delivery system of a clinically relevant darunavir/ritonavir antiretroviral combination. Arzi, RS; Ashkenazi, DL; Augustine, R; Shofti, R; Sosnik, A; Zlobin, V, 2018)	0.7
"This work aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and relative bioavailability of GSK2838232, an investigational HIV maturation inhibitor."	( The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profile of GSK2838232, a novel 2nd generation HIV maturation inhibitor, as assessed in healthy subjects. Baldwin, S; Burke, M; Davies, M; Gould, E; Jeffrey, J; Jewell, RC; Johns, BA; Johnson, M; Lou, Y; Peppercorn, A; Tenorio, AR; Xu, J, 2018)	0.48
" The findings described herein are highly significant in aiding our understanding of ordered mesoporous silica as a supersaturating drug delivery system for bioavailability enhancement."	( Supersaturation Potential of Ordered Mesoporous Silica Delivery Systems. Part 1: Dissolution Performance and Drug Membrane Transport Rates. Dening, TJ; Taylor, LS, 2018)	0.48
" Furthermore, the in vitro release and the in vivo pharmacokinetics analyses both showed that RTV SD formulations using Span 20 or HSPC as plasticizer possessed better release profiles and bioavailability over RTV bulk powder but showed equal physicochemical characteristics compared to RTV SD formulations without plasticizer."	( Effect of plasticizers on manufacturing ritonavir/copovidone solid dispersions via hot-melt extrusion: Preformulation, physicochemical characterization, and pharmacokinetics in rats. Cai, C; Ding, Z; Fan, Z; Gao, Y; Han, J; Liu, M; Xie, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, Q; Zhao, Y, 2019)	0.78
" Pretomanid pharmacokinetic behavior was described by a one-compartment model that at a given dose was linear in its absorption and clearance processes but where the rate of absorption and extent of bioavailability changed with dose."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of the Antituberculosis Agent Pretomanid. Everitt, D; Nedelman, JR; Salinger, DH; Subramoney, V, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" The low bioavailability of docetaxel, however, hinders the application of oral docetaxel in the clinic."	( A Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Oral Docetaxel Coadministered With Ritonavir to Support Early Clinical Development. Beijnen, JH; de Weger, VA; Huitema, ADR; Janssen, JM; Nuijen, B; Sawicki, E; Schellens, JHM; van Hasselt, JGC; Yu, H, 2020)	0.79
" For all 3 drugs, we found a high association with the nanoparticles in plasma (>87% lopinavir-ritonavir, 97% tenofovir), and an incomplete subcutaneous bioavailability (<29% lopinavir-ritonavir, 85% tenofovir)."	( Integration of Computational and Experimental Approaches to Elucidate Mechanisms of First-Pass Lymphatic Drug Sequestration and Long-Acting Pharmacokinetics of the Injectable Triple-HIV Drug Combination TLC-ART 101. Collier, AC; Ho, RJY; Kinman, L; Koehn, J; Lane, S; Lee, W; McConnachie, LA; Perazzolo, S; Shen, DD; Shireman, LM, 2020)	0.78
" Extensive use of atazanavir (ATV) as antiretroviral and previous evidence suggesting its bioavailability within the respiratory tract prompted us to study this molecule against SARS-CoV-2."	( Atazanavir, Alone or in Combination with Ritonavir, Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Proinflammatory Cytokine Production. Alves, CR; Bozza, FA; Bozza, PT; Cardoso Soares, V; Carels, N; da Silva Gomes Dias, S; de Freitas, CS; Ferreira, AC; Fintelman-Rodrigues, N; Matos, AR; Mattos, M; Miranda, MD; Ribeiro Lima, C; Sacramento, CQ; Siqueira, MM; Souza da Silva, F; Souza, TML; Temerozo, JR, 2020)	0.82
"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a global health concern to which nanomedicine approaches provide opportunities to improve the bioavailability of existing drugs used to treat HIV."	( Optimization of the synthetic parameters of lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles dual loaded with darunavir and ritonavir for the treatment of HIV. Cauldbeck, H; Elkateb, H; McDonald, T; Niezabitowska, E; Owen, A; Rannard, S; Tatham, LM, 2020)	0.77
" The present research aims to develop a nanoparticle-based orodispersible pediatric drug delivery platform to improve oral bioavailability and taste of poorly water-soluble and unpalatable therapeutics."	( Development of nanoparticle-based orodispersible palatable pediatric formulations. Deng, Y; Shen, J; Shen, L; Yang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" None of the tested CYP3A, ABCB1, ABCC2, and SLCO1B3 genotypes and diplotypes showed a significant relation with an altered bioavailability or clearance of either docetaxel or ritonavir."	( Investigating the influence of relevant pharmacogenetic variants on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of orally administered docetaxel combined with ritonavir. Beijnen, JH; Dorlo, TPC; Huitema, ADR; Marchetti, S; Pluim, D; van Eijk, M, 2021)	1.01
"Application of multi-scale modelling workflows to characterise polymorphism in ritonavir with regard to its stability, bioavailability and processing."	( Molecular, Solid-State and Surface Structures of the Conformational Polymorphic Forms of Ritonavir in Relation to their Physicochemical Properties. Docherty, R; Laing, S; Maloney, AGP; Roberts, KJ; Rosbottom, I; Sheikh, AY; Turner, TD; Wang, C; Yin, Q, 2021)	1.07
" On the contrary, ritonavir co-administration given as pre-treatment significantly enhanced oral bioavailability of both the marketed and milk-based docetaxel formulations; an even more marked increase in drug exposure was observed when ritonavir was incorporated within the docetaxel milk-based formulation."	( Enhancement of Docetaxel Absorption Using Ritonavir in an Oral Milk-Based Formulation. Karampelas, T; Macheras, P; Soulele, K; Tamvakopoulos, C, 2021)	1.22
" There was a delayed onset of symptoms in many cases, most likely due to the relatively lower systemic bioavailability of intranasal fluticasone."	( Prescribing intranasal steroids in HIV-positive patients: systematic review of the literature. McGilligan, JA; Mohammed, H; Richardson, D; Robinson, M; Seymour, N; Williams, D, 2021)	0.62
" LPV/r-A tablets contain key excipients critical to ensuring acceptable bioavailability of lopinavir and ritonavir in humans."	( Comparative Bioavailability of Two Formulations of Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class IV Drugs: A Case Study of Lopinavir/Ritonavir. Jarvis, MF; Morris, JB; Mostafa, NM; Munasinghe, WP; Saeed, AM; Schmidt, JM; Vallabh, BK, 2021)	1.04
"Analytical characterizations of LPV/r-B tablets were performed and a clinical study was conducted to assess the relative bioavailability of Kalidavir® (LPV/r-B) 400/100 mg tablets relative to Kaletra® (LPV/r-A) 400/100 mg tablets under fasting conditions."	( Comparative Bioavailability of Two Formulations of Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class IV Drugs: A Case Study of Lopinavir/Ritonavir. Jarvis, MF; Morris, JB; Mostafa, NM; Munasinghe, WP; Saeed, AM; Schmidt, JM; Vallabh, BK, 2021)	0.82
" RTV SD exhibited enhanced dissolution manner, while the oral bioavailability of RTV SD was equivalent with the Reference Standard Norvir® but increased significantly compared to the ternary physical mixture."	( Cellulose derivatives as effective recrystallization inhibitor for ternary ritonavir solid dispersions: In vitro-in vivo evaluation. Guan, Q; Han, J; Jiang, X; Liu, M; Ma, Q; Wang, Z; Zhang, H; Zhao, Y, 2021)	0.85
"The objective of the present work was to optimize ritonavir (RTV)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to improve bioavailability using a quality by design (QbD)-based technique."	( Development of ritonavir-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers employing quality by design (QbD) as a tool: characterizations, permeability, and bioavailability studies. Bari, SB; Gurumukhi, VC, 2022)	1.33
" Here, we report the discovery and characterization of PF-07321332, an orally bioavailable SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor with in vitro pan-human coronavirus antiviral activity and excellent off-target selectivity and in vivo safety profiles."	( An oral SARS-CoV-2 M Allerton, CMN; Anderson, AS; Aschenbrenner, L; Avery, M; Berritt, S; Boras, B; Cardin, RD; Carlo, A; Coffman, KJ; Dantonio, A; Di, L; Eng, H; Ferre, R; Gajiwala, KS; Gibson, SA; Greasley, SE; Hurst, BL; Kadar, EP; Kalgutkar, AS; Lee, J; Lee, JC; Liu, W; Mason, SW; Noell, S; Novak, JJ; Obach, RS; Ogilvie, K; Owen, DR; Patel, NC; Pettersson, M; Rai, DK; Reese, MR; Sammons, MF; Sathish, JG; Singh, RSP; Steppan, CM; Stewart, AE; Tuttle, JB; Updyke, L; Verhoest, PR; Wei, L; Yang, Q; Zhu, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Molnupiravir is an orally bioavailable antiviral drug for use at home when a SARS-CoV-2 test is positive."	( Editorial: Current Status of Oral Antiviral Drug Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Non-Hospitalized Patients. Parums, DV, 2022)	0.72
" Additionally, an ∼85% correlation was obtained between PAMPA pH 5 permeability and in vivo oral bioavailability in mice and rats."	( Using in vitro ADME data for lead compound selection: An emphasis on PAMPA pH 5 permeability and oral bioavailability. Itkin, M; Kabir, M; Mathé, EA; Nguyễn, ÐT; Padilha, EC; Shah, P; Shinn, P; Siramshetty, V; Wang, AQ; Williams, J; Xu, X; Yu, KR; Zhao, T, 2022)	0.72
" The corresponding oral bioavailability was moderate in rats (34%-50%) and low in monkeys (8."	( Disposition of Nirmatrelvir, an Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 3C-Like Protease, across Animals and Humans. Boras, B; Dantonio, AL; Di, L; Eng, H; Kadar, EP; Kalgutkar, AS; Kimoto, E; Lin, J; Novak, JJ; Obach, RS; Patel, NC; Singh, RSP; Walker, GS, 2022)	0.72
" Because of its lower bioavailability and severe side effects, presently, ritonavir is not being used as a PI."	( Anti-oxidant Containing Nanostructured Lipid Carriers of Ritonavir: Development, Optimization, and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations. Bhaskaran, NA; Jitta, SR; Kumar, L, 2022)	1.2
" In HIV+ children on lopinavir/ritonavir, bioavailability was reduced by 32% [median (IQR) steady-state Cmax = 0."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in African children: a pooled analysis. Abdelwahab, MT; Andrieux-Meyer, I; Bekker, A; Chabala, C; Cotton, MF; Davies, G; Denti, P; Hesseling, A; Lee, J; McIlleron, H; Rabie, H; Tikiso, T; Wiesner, L; Zar, HJ, 2022)	1.01
" Oral bioavailability of CsA from liposomal formulations were almost comparable with that from a marketed product (Neoral)."	( Liposomal Formulation for Oral Delivery of Cyclosporine A: Usefulness as a Semisolid-Dispersion System. Asai, T; Kataoka, M; Minami, K; Oku, N; Takagi, T; Yamashita, S, 2022)	0.72
"Paxlovid is a promising, orally bioavailable novel drug for SARS-CoV-2 with excellent safety profiles."	( In Silico Evaluation of Paxlovid's Pharmacometrics for SARS-CoV-2: A Multiscale Approach. Bartha, FA; Han, R; Juhász, N; Marzban, S; Röst, G, 2022)	0.72
" The oral bioavailability of paclitaxel is improved through co-administration with ritonavir and application of a suitable pharmaceutical formulation, which addresses the dissolution-limited absorption of paclitaxel."	( Development of a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for various oral paclitaxel formulations co-administered with ritonavir and thrombospondin-1 based on data from early phase clinical studies. Beijnen, JH; de Weger, VA; Dorlo, TPC; Huitema, ADR; Nuijen, B; Sawicki, E; van Eijk, M; Yu, H, 2022)	1.15
"Controlled inhibition of drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is utilized to boost bioavailability of anti-viral and immunosuppressant pharmaceuticals."	( Interaction of CYP3A4 with Rationally Designed Ritonavir Analogues: Impact of Steric Constraints Imposed on the Heme-Ligating Group and the End-Pyridine Attachment. Samuels, ER; Sevrioukova, IF, 2022)	0.98
"Certain drugs inherently have unfavourable pharmacokinetic properties; for example, they are poorly absorbed or broken down too quickly in the liver."	( [CYP3A inhibitors as a pharmacokinetic enhancer: pros and cons of drug interactions]. Burger, DM; Ter Heine, R; van Erp, PH, 2022)	0.72
" However, several attempts were made by researchers in the past to enhance the oral bioavailability of Ritonavir."	( Recent advances in nanoformulation development of Ritonavir, a key protease inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV-AIDS. Bhaskaran, NA; Jitta, SR; Kumar, L; Marques, SM, 2022)	1.19
"Most research on nanoformulation development for Ritonavir is mainly focused on enhancing the solubility and oral bioavailability of the drug."	( Recent advances in nanoformulation development of Ritonavir, a key protease inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV-AIDS. Bhaskaran, NA; Jitta, SR; Kumar, L; Marques, SM, 2022)	1.23
"Ritonavir is the most potent cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitor in clinical use and is often applied as a booster for drugs with low oral bioavailability due to CYP3A4-mediated biotransformation, as in the treatment of HIV (e."	( The Mechanism-Based Inactivation of CYP3A4 by Ritonavir: What Mechanism? Beijnen, JH; Loos, NHC; Schinkel, AH, 2022)	2.42
" Nirmatrelvir, an orally bioavailable protease inhibitor that prevents SARS-CoV-2 replication by cleaving the two viral polyproteins, is packaged with ritonavir, a cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4 inhibitor and pharmacokinetic boosting agent that increases nirmatrelvir concentrations."	( Optimizing the use of Paxlovid in clinical practice. McCarthy, MW, 2022)	0.92
"Amorphous drugs are used to improve bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."	( Impact of Crystal Nuclei on Dissolution of Amorphous Drugs. Yao, X; Yu, L; Zhang, GGZ, 2023)	0.91
" The antiviral activity of lopinavir/ritonavir in vivo is mainly derived from lopinavir, while ritonavir improves the bioavailability of lopinavir."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Bioequivalence of 2 Lopinavir/Ritonavir (200/50 mg) Tablets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers: Effect of Food on Absorption. Bao, D; Fu, W; Hu, W; Lin, L; Liu, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhang, W; Zheng, L, 2023)	1.43
"VV116 is a chemically-modified version of the antiviral remdesivir with oral bioavailability and potent activity against SARS-CoV-2."	( VV116 as a potential treatment for COVID-19. McCarthy, MW, 2023)	0.91
"Solid lipid-based formulations (sLBFs) have the potential to increase the oral bioavailability of drugs with poor solubility in water, while counteracting some of the disadvantages of liquid LBFs."	( Exploring the use of modified in vitro digestion assays for the evaluation of ritonavir loaded solid lipid-based formulations. Andreadis, II; Bergström, CAS; Quodbach, J; Schulzen, A, 2023)	1.14
" Age affected the bioavailability of rifampicin and isoniazid; at birth, children had 48."	( Evaluating pediatric tuberculosis dosing guidelines: A model-based individual data pooled analysis. Aarnoutse, R; Chabala, C; Cotton, MF; Denti, P; Galileya, LT; Gibb, D; Hesseling, A; Lee, J; McIlleron, H; Njahira Mukui, I; Rabie, H; Turkova, A; Wasmann, RE; Zar, H, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

Combination of indinavir and 100 mg ritonavir in twice daily dosing regimens significantly affects the pharmacokinetic profile. A Bayesian approach is proposed to fit this model to clinical data.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"During the first 4 weeks, increases in CD4+ lymphocyte counts and reductions in the log number of copies of HIV-1 RNA per milliliter of plasma were similar among the four dosage groups, but in the three lower-dosage groups there was a return to base-line levels by 16 weeks."	( A short-term study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. European-Australian Collaborative Ritonavir Study Group. Bouza, E; Carr, A; Danner, SA; Gonzales, J; Gudiol, F; Lehman, LM; Leonard, JM; Pintado, V; Raventos, A; Rubio, R, 1995)	0.53
"18 log in the four dosage groups."	( A preliminary study of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease, to treat HIV-1 infection. Henry, D; Hsu, A; Hurley, AM; La Marca, A; Leonard, JM; Markowitz, M; Powderly, WG; Saag, M; Sattler, F; Valdes, JM, 1995)	0.6
" Selecting the initial PI must be individualized, and factors to consider include proven activity, possible toxicities, dosing regimens, drug interactions, and costs."	( HIV-1 protease inhibitors. A review for clinicians. Deeks, SG; Holodniy, M; Kahn, JO; Smith, M, 1997)	0.3
" After iv or oral dosing in either rats or dogs, > 92% of the dose was recovered in rat and dog feces and < or = 4% was recovered in the urine."	( Metabolism and disposition of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir (ABT-538) in rats, dogs, and humans. Buko, AM; Denissen, JF; Grabowski, BA; Johnson, MK; Kempf, DJ; Surber, BW; Thomas, SB, 1997)	0.54
" Concurrent therapy must be evaluated before treatment, as many agents are either contraindicated or require dosage modification."	( Drug interaction potential with inhibitors of HIV protease. Fisher, EJ; Polk, RE; Van Cleef, GF, )	0.13
" Furthermore, adverse effects, resistance, dosage and administration, clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships, and drug interactions are discussed."	( Clinical pharmacology of HIV protease inhibitors: focus on saquinavir, indinavir, and ritonavir. Beijnen, JH; Burger, DM; Hoetelmans, RM; Koks, CH; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW, 1997)	0.52
"The effects of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir were investigated after multiple dosing in an open-label study."	( Evaluation of the effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir. Cao, G; Cato, A; Cavanaugh, J; Granneman, R; Hsu, A; Leonard, J, 1997)	0.76
" Beginning with the moderately potent and orally bioavailable inhibitor A-80987, systematic investigation of peripheral (P3 and P2') heterocyclic groups designed to decrease the rate of hepatic metabolism provided analogues with improved pharmacokinetic properties after oral dosing in rats."	( Discovery of ritonavir, a potent inhibitor of HIV protease with high oral bioavailability and clinical efficacy. Betebenner, D; Fino, L; Flentge, CA; Green, BE; Kati, WM; Kempf, DJ; Marsh, KC; McDonald, E; Molla, A; Norbeck, DW; Patterson, J; Plattner, JJ; Ruiz, L; Saldivar, A; Sham, HL; Vasavanonda, S; Wideburg, NE; Zhao, C, 1998)	0.67
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of protease inhibitors are reviewed."	( Protease inhibitors for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Kakuda, TN; Piscitelli, SC; Struble, KA, 1998)	0.3
" Administration of ritonavir with a reduced rifabutin dosage regimen (150 mg every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) is being investigated."	( The effect of multiple doses of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of rifabutin. Cato, A; Cavanaugh, J; Granneman, R; Hsu, A; Leonard, J; Shi, H, 1998)	0.91
" The lack of change in ritonavir pharmacokinetics suggests that dosage adjustment of ritonavir is unnecessary when it is administered concurrently with ZDV."	( Multidose pharmacokinetics of ritonavir and zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Cato, A; Granneman, R; Hsu, A; Leonard, J; Levy, B; Qian, J, 1998)	0.9
" The relatively minor changes in ritonavir and ddI pharmacokinetics are probably not clinically relevant; therefore, dosage adjustment of either compound appears unnecessary when administered concurrently."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and didanosine when administered concurrently to HIV-infected patients. Cato, A; Granneman, R; Hsu, A; Leonard, J; Piergies, AA; Qian, J; Vomvouras, S, 1998)	0.86
") dosing of this combination."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between ritonavir and indinavir in healthy volunteers. Berg, J; Cao, G; Carothers, L; Dennis, S; El-Shourbagy, T; Erdman, K; Granneman, GR; Hsu, A; Japour, A; Leonard, JM; Sun, E, 1998)	0.58
" The warfarin dosage was almost doubled in order to maintain a therapeutic INR."	( Potential interaction involving warfarin and ritonavir. Cousins, ES; Knoell, KR; Young, TM, 1998)	0.56
" Potentiation of warfarin effect and subsequent decrease in the warfarin dosage requirement was anticipated following ritonavir administration; however, the opposite occurred."	( Potential interaction involving warfarin and ritonavir. Cousins, ES; Knoell, KR; Young, TM, 1998)	0.77
" Due to toxicity risks, co-administration is contraindicated for various interacting drugs, whereas dosage adjustments may only be required for others."	( [HIV protease inhibitors: drug interactions]. Dubreuil, L; Gérard, Y; Maulin, L; Mouton, Y, 1999)	0.3
"To explore the steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of indinavir in twice daily dosing regimens with and without the co-administration of 100 mg ritonavir."	( The steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone and in combination with a low dose of ritonavir in twice daily dosing regimens in HIV-1-infected individuals. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Hsu, A; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Schreij, G; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 1999)	0.72
"Significant differences were observed for indinavir pharmacokinetics between the dosing regimens indinavir 1200 mg twice daily alone and indinavir/ ritonavir 800/100 mg twice daily with respect to the mean trough concentration (0."	( The steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone and in combination with a low dose of ritonavir in twice daily dosing regimens in HIV-1-infected individuals. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Hsu, A; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Schreij, G; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 1999)	0.72
"Combination of indinavir and 100 mg ritonavir in twice daily dosing regimens significantly affects the pharmacokinetic profile of indinavir."	( The steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of indinavir alone and in combination with a low dose of ritonavir in twice daily dosing regimens in HIV-1-infected individuals. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Hsu, A; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Schreij, G; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 1999)	0.8
" Ritonavir was administered with the following escalation dosing scheme: 300, 400, 500 mg twice a day for 3, 4, and 5 days, respectively, then the full dose of 600 mg twice a day."	( The relationship between ritonavir plasma levels and side-effects: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Bassetti, D; Bassetti, M; Casazza, R; Cruciani, M; De Pascalis, C; Di Biagio, A; Gatti, G; Vella, S, 1999)	1.52
"To investigate the steady-state pharmacokinetics of a once-daily dosing regimen of saquinavir soft gelatin capsules in combination with a low dose of ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals."	( Once-daily dosing of saquinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals: a pharmacokinetic pilot study. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 2000)	0.77
"Steady-state pharmacokinetics of saquinavir and ritonavir were assessed during a 24 h dosing interval after 2 weeks of continued therapy (day 14)."	( Once-daily dosing of saquinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals: a pharmacokinetic pilot study. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 2000)	0.82
"This pharmacokinetic study indicates that the combination of 1600 mg of saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules) and 200 mg of ritonavir (liquid formulation) in a once-daily dosing regimen generally results in therapeutic plasma concentrations of saquinavir."	( Once-daily dosing of saquinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals: a pharmacokinetic pilot study. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 2000)	0.77
" After discontinuing RTV and reducing the dosage of CBZ, the serum concentration of CBZ returned to the optimal range, symptoms subsided, and liver function returned to baseline."	( Potential interaction between ritonavir and carbamazepine. Feldman, MD; Fujii, T; Kato, Y; Kayser, SR; Mizoguchi, N; Takata, N; Ueda, K, 2000)	0.6
"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors have dramatically improved treatment options for HIV infection, but frequent dosing may impact adherence to highly active antiretroviral treatment regimens (HAART)."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of once-daily regimens of soft-gel capsule saquinavir plus minidose ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-negative adults. Buss, N; Ehrensing, E; Gizzi, N; Kilby, JM; Oo, C; Saag, MS; Sfakianos, G; Siemon-Hryczyk, P, 2000)	0.53
" Trial designs include comparisons between the various licensed protease inhibitors, comparisons of protease inhibitors to other classes of potent antiretroviral drugs, investigations with new protease inhibitors, investigations of protease inhibitor-related toxicities and attempts at simplifying current dosing regimens."	( Ongoing trials in HIV protease inhibitors. Tavel, JA, 2000)	0.31
" All patients received RTV at a dosage of 400 mg twice daily."	( Safety, tolerability, and antiretroviral effects of ritonavir-nelfinavir combination therapy administered for 48 weeks. Apuzzo, L; Deetz, C; Eshleman, SH; Fields, C; Flexner, C; Gallant, JE; Heath-Chiozzi, M; Jackson, JB; Lewis, RH; Raines, CP; Sun, E, 2000)	0.56
" At 4-week intervals, plasma levels were measured and dosage of IND/RIT switched to 1000/100 mg daily and then 800/200 mg daily."	( Dose-finding study of once-daily indinavir/ritonavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine in HIV-infected patients. Arnaiz, JA; Blanco, JL; Carné, X; Codina, C; Cruceta, A; García-Viejo, MA; Gatell, JM; Giner, V; Mallolas, J; Martínez, E; Pumarola, T; Sarasa, M; Soriano, A; Soy, D; Tuset, M, 2000)	0.57
" The objective of our study was to find a once-daily dosing regimen of a HIV-protease inhibitor, indinavir (IDV), by combining it with ritonavir (RTV)."	( Dose-finding study of a once-daily indinavir/ritonavir regimen. Burger, DM; Hekster, YA; Hugen, PW; Koopmans, PP; Lange, JM; Reiss, P; Stek, M; ter Hofstede, HJ, 2000)	0.77
" However, since protease inhibitors are high clearance drugs, free drug concentration will likely remain unaffected in the presence of elevated AGP during chronic oral dosing although there will be an increase in total plasma drug concentration."	( Effect of alpha1-acid glycoprotein on the intracellular accumulation of the HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir, ritonavir and indinavir in vitro. Back, DJ; Hoggard, PG; Jones, K; Khoo, S; Maher, B, 2001)	0.52
" Plasma trough levels of nelfinavir (NFV) and saquinavir (SQV), in a twice daily dosing regimen, were above the protein-corrected IC(95) in most patients despite the addition of an enzymatic inducer such as nevirapine, and peak levels were 2- and 5-fold increased with respect to standard doses."	( Efficacy, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of the combination of stavudine, nevirapine, nelfinavir, and saquinavir as salvage regimen after ritonavir or indinavir failure. Antela, A; Casado, JL; Dehertogh, P; Dronda, F; Hertogs, K; Martí-Belda, P; Moreno, S; Sabido, R, 2001)	0.51
" Blood samples were collected over the daytime 12-hour dosing interval of the protease inhibitors at baseline (period 1, day 0) and after 10 days of coadministration of 200 mg (n = 6) or 400 mg (n = 6) of ketoconazole once daily (period 2, day 10)."	( Effect of ketoconazole on ritonavir and saquinavir concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Cameron, DW; Gallicano, K; Khaliq, Y; Kravcik, S; Venance, S, 2000)	0.61
"Indinavir + ritonavir regimens show improved pharmacokinetic properties, allowing twice-daily dosing with food."	( A retrospective, cohort-based survey of patients using twice-daily indinavir + ritonavir combinations: pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy. Aarnoutse, RE; Blok, WL; Burger, DM; Dieleman, JP; Hugen, PW; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Prins, JM; Reiss, P; ten Veen, JH; van der Meer, JT; van der Poll, T, 2001)	0.92
"Demographics, dosage regimens, genotype data, viral RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts, adverse drug events (ADEs), laboratory tests, and compliance were evaluated over 3 years."	( The safety and antiviral effect of protease inhibitors in children. Koranyi, KI; Nahata, MC; Temple, ME, 2001)	0.31
" In addition, preliminary data suggests the possibility of once daily dosing of ritonavir and saquinavir, which would be expected to increase compliance and allow for direct observed therapy."	( Pharmacology and clinical experience with saquinavir. Kravcik, S, 2001)	0.54
" When given in combination with indinavir (IDV) it increases the IDV trough concentrations (Cmin) allowing a lower IDV dosage in a twice a day regimen, independently of meals."	( [Indinavir-ritonavir combination: pharmacologic results and tolerance in patients infected by HIV]. Bani-Sadr, F; Bernard, L; de Truchis, P; Melchior, JC; Perré, P; Perronne, C; Peytavin, G, 2001)	0.7
" However, patients must continue taking the drugs once they begin therapy; stopping the treatment or reducing the dosage can lead to resistance."	( Freedom of choice. Vazquez, E, )	0.13
" Researchers are now attempting to find the proper dosing strategy--one that is strong enough to suppress viral replication and prevent resistance while being mild enough to be tolerated."	( Ritonavir plus saquinavir: two trials with different results. Mascolini, M, 1996)	1.74
" Several dosage variations were tested."	( Saquinavir plus ritonavir reduce viral load by 99.9 percent. Vazquez, E, )	0.48
" Dosage regimens are as follows: saquinavir, 3 capsules every 8 hours with food; ritonavir, 6 capsules every 12 hours with food; and indinavir, 2 capsules every 8 hours on an empty stomach."	( A patient's guide to protease inhibitors. Elperin, A; Sax, P, 1996)	0.52
" Several dosage combinations were studied, and some viral load analyses showed reductions of 99."	( Combined protease results continue to hold up. McGuire, S, )	0.13
" Situations to avoid include using dosing schedules that do not sufficiently suppress the virus, waiting for viral load to return to pre-treatment levels before switching drugs, and not switching drugs to at least two new potent compounds when changing combination therapy."	( Update on antivirals. , 1997)	0.3
" Addjusting the methadone dosage may be necessary when ritonavir is used."	( Ritonavir (Norvir) and methadone. , 1998)	1.99
" The Conference revealed two trends in protease inhibitor use: the increased simultaneous use of two protease inhibitors (PIs) and the switch to twice-daily dosing for some drugs."	( Combinations of protease inhibitors. , 1998)	0.3
" Delavirdine, the company's FDA-approved NNRTI, has suffered due to the lack of trial data demonstrating a solid anti-HIV effect and due to an inconvenient dosing schedule."	( Efavirenz's complications. , 1998)	0.3
" Studies suggest that if a woman is taking both antiretroviral drugs and birth control pills she should discuss increasing the birth control dosage and/or using other means of preventing pregnancy with her doctor."	( Pregnant pause. Heidere, C, 1998)	0.3
" The liquid formulation provides the same dosage as the capsules, but pharmacists may need to call the physician to authorize the change."	( Ritonavir capsule manufacturing problems will require switch to liquid formulation. James, JS, 1998)	1.74
" The liquid form comes with a precise dosing cup and with instructions to help patients adhere to their dosage requirements."	( Open your mouth and close your eyes.... , 1998)	0.3
" Dosing information is included, along with a hotline number for patients or physicians with questions."	( Warning: Norvir (Ritonavir) problems with capsule manufacturing. , )	0.47
" On recommendation from Federal guidelines, many treatment regimens approved for adults are being prescribed for children, but these have little information available about dosing and long-term effects."	( Antivirals and children. , 1998)	0.3
" Protease inhibitors may require strict dosing schedules and food restrictions; most are associated with lipodystrophy (thinning of the arms, legs and face with fat accumulation in the breasts, stomach, and sometimes the upper back)."	( What they say about protease inhibitors. , )	0.13
" Indinavir and ritonavir plasma concentrations remained above respective inhibitory and effective concentrations (IC95 and EC50) (uncorrected for protein binding) throughout the 24-hour dosing interval for 6 of 10 and 8 of 10 subjects, respectively."	( A pilot trial of indinavir, ritonavir, didanosine, and lamivudine in a once-daily four-drug regimen for HIV infection. Holodniy, M; Mole, L; Schmidgall, D, 2001)	0.96
"Our pilot study demonstrates excellent virologic suppression despite low minimum protease inhibitor concentrations during a dosing interval in some patients and is supportive of further study."	( A pilot trial of indinavir, ritonavir, didanosine, and lamivudine in a once-daily four-drug regimen for HIV infection. Holodniy, M; Mole, L; Schmidgall, D, 2001)	0.6
"To compare the steady state plasma pharmacokinetics of 1000 mg of saquinavir (SQV) in a soft-gel capsule (SGC) formulation in combination with 100 mg of ritonavir (RTV) (capsules) in a twice-daily dosing regimen in HIV-1-infected individuals with historical controls who used 400 mg of SQV in a hard-gel capsule (HGC) formulation in combination with 400 mg of RTV and to investigate the plasma pharmacokinetics of the 1000 mg/100 mg regimen after normal and high-fat breakfasts."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of twice-daily dosing of saquinavir plus ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Schreij, G; van der Geest, S; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 2001)	0.74
" The exposure to SQV in the dosing regimen of 1000 mg twice daily in combination with 100 mg of RTV twice daily was significantly higher than the exposure to SQV in a dosing regimen of 400 mg twice daily in combination with 400 mg of RTV twice daily."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of twice-daily dosing of saquinavir plus ritonavir in HIV-1-infected individuals. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; Schreij, G; van der Geest, S; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, AI, 2001)	0.54
"Our primary aim was to evaluate the plasma exposures and safety of rifabutin and its active 25-O-desacetyl metabolite during concomitant therapy of intermittent rifabutin dosing regimens with a combination of ritonavir and saquinavir."	( A pharmacokinetic study of intermittent rifabutin dosing with a combination of ritonavir and saquinavir in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Cameron, DW; Carignan, G; Gallicano, K; Khaliq, Y; Tseng, A; Walmsley, S, 2001)	0.73
" Blood samples were collected over the dosing intervals of the protease inhibitors at baseline (period 1) and of the 3 drugs after 4 weeks (period 2) and 8 weeks (period 3) for HPLC measurement of plasma concentrations of the 3 drugs and 25-O-desacetylrifabutin."	( A pharmacokinetic study of intermittent rifabutin dosing with a combination of ritonavir and saquinavir in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Cameron, DW; Carignan, G; Gallicano, K; Khaliq, Y; Tseng, A; Walmsley, S, 2001)	0.54
" Intermittent rifabutin dosing over 8 weeks provided a safe and manageable regimen for concurrent therapy with a combination of ritonavir and saquinavir."	( A pharmacokinetic study of intermittent rifabutin dosing with a combination of ritonavir and saquinavir in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Cameron, DW; Carignan, G; Gallicano, K; Khaliq, Y; Tseng, A; Walmsley, S, 2001)	0.74
" The concentrations at the end of the dosing interval were 10 to 25 times higher than that observed in the standard regimen of 800 mg of IDV q8h for IDV-RTV 800-100 and 800-200 mg regimens, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic profile and tolerability of indinavir-ritonavir combinations in healthy volunteers. Deutsch, PJ; Nessly, ML; Rhodes, RR; Saah, AJ; Seniuk, MA; Winchell, GA, 2001)	0.56
"To investigate the influence of combined ritonavir (RTV) and saquinavir (soft-gelatin capsule formulation; SQV) on systemic exposure to SQV with a view to optimizing the dosing regimen of combined RTV and SQV antiretroviral therapy."	( Saquinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics following combined ritonavir and saquinavir (soft gelatin capsules) administration. Bock, J; Buss, N; Hsu, A; Jorga, K; Snell, P, 2001)	0.93
"The purpose of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of indinavir (IDV) in a twice daily dosing regimen with coadministration of 100 mg ritonavir (RTV) and to explore the influence of plasma drug levels in the rate of virologic response."	( A clinical study of the combination of 100 mg ritonavir plus 800 mg indinavir as salvage therapy: influence of increased plasma drug levels in the rate of response. Antela, A; Casado, JL; Dronda, F; Martí-Belda, P; Moreno, A; Moreno, S; Perez-Elías, MJ; Sabido, R, )	0.59
"RTV/IDV 100/800 mg in a twice daily dosing regimen is associated with a significant virological response in patients with antiretroviral treatment failure."	( A clinical study of the combination of 100 mg ritonavir plus 800 mg indinavir as salvage therapy: influence of increased plasma drug levels in the rate of response. Antela, A; Casado, JL; Dronda, F; Martí-Belda, P; Moreno, A; Moreno, S; Perez-Elías, MJ; Sabido, R, )	0.39
" Monte Carlo simulation was then used to predict amprenavir concentrations for various combinations of amprenavir and ritonavir in twice-daily and once-daily dosing regimens."	( Pharmacokinetic modeling and simulations of interaction of amprenavir and ritonavir. Sadler, BM; Sale, M; Stein, DS, 2002)	0.75
" There was no statistically significant difference between the number of patients below an IDV plasma concentration of 150 ng/ml in the various dosage regimens."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of indinavir in HIV-infected patients undergoing HAART. Desch, S; Klinker, H; Langmann, P; Väth, T; Weissbrich, B; Zilly, M, 2002)	0.31
" Positive drug-drug interactions increase the exposure to the PIs, allowing administration of lower doses at reduced dosing frequencies with less dietary restrictions."	( Combination of protease inhibitors for the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients: a review of pharmacokinetics and clinical experience. Beijnen, JH; Hoetelmans, RM; Lange, JM; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Heeswijk, RP; Veldkamp, A, 2001)	0.31
" Among patients with indinavir trough concentration >500 ng/mL, 46 of 49 had a dosage adjustment and 17 have had more than two dosage adjustments."	( High indinavir Cmin is associated with higher toxicity in patients on indinavir-ritonavir 800/100 mg twice-daily regimen. Basso, S; Durand, A; Gallais, H; Gastaut, JA; Lacarelle, B; Poizot-Martin, I; Ravaux, I; Solas, C, 2002)	0.54
"The complexity of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), with multiple medications, formulations, and dosing intervals, makes adherence challenging."	( Reported adherence as a determinant of response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children who have human immunodeficiency virus infection. Johnson, GM; Krogstad, PA; Lee, S; Mohan, K; Morse, EV; Nachman, S; Stanley, K; Van Dyke, RB; Wiznia, A, 2002)	0.31
" On the same day, the patient increased the risperidone dosage to 3 mg twice daily."	( Extrapyramidal symptoms with ritonavir/indinavir plus risperidone. Béïque, LC; Bowmer, MI; Kelly, DV, 2002)	0.61
" Plasma samples for SQV assay were obtained from 97 healthy subjects following multiple dosing of a range of SQV (400-1800 mg) plus RTV (100-400 mg) dosages for 13-14 days."	( The effect of ritonavir on saquinavir plasma concentration is independent of ritonavir dosage: combined analysis of pharmacokinetic data from 97 subjects. Buss, N; Hill, A; Kilby, JM, 2002)	0.68
" Higher SQV dosage correlates linearly with higher Cmax (P=0."	( The effect of ritonavir on saquinavir plasma concentration is independent of ritonavir dosage: combined analysis of pharmacokinetic data from 97 subjects. Buss, N; Hill, A; Kilby, JM, 2002)	0.68
" Based on this concept of 'mini-dose' RTV, once-daily dosing of 1600 mg SQV/100 mg RTV and twice-daily 1000 mg SQV/100 mg RTV are currently being evaluated in clinical trials."	( The effect of ritonavir on saquinavir plasma concentration is independent of ritonavir dosage: combined analysis of pharmacokinetic data from 97 subjects. Buss, N; Hill, A; Kilby, JM, 2002)	0.68
" The purpose of the meeting was to achieve a consensus among panel members on the following issues: (i) validity of data suggesting the utility of TDM in HAART; (ii) patient categories and clinical settings in which TDM may be of most benefit; (iii) target levels of antiretroviral agents; (iv) influence of covariables on target levels of drugs; (v) blood sampling and dosage adjustment strategies; and (vi) future research steps needed to elucidate issues regarding the applicability of TDM in clinical practice."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV infection: current status and future directions. Back, D; Fletcher, C; Garaffo, R; Gatti, G; Haubrich, R; Hoetelmans, R; Kurowski, M; Luber, A; Merry, C; Perno, CF, 2002)	0.31
" In the pharmaceutical domain, the potential polymorphism of the active substances and the excipients could affect Since most of the pharmaceutical products consist of solid dosage forms administered by the oral route, it is not surprising that studies on polymorphism have become a mandatory chapter of any pharmaceutical dossier whether it concerns a new chemical entity or a generic."	( [Crystallization and solid state properties of molecules of pharmaceutical interest]. Bauer, M, 2002)	0.31
"In this randomized, open-label, one-sequence crossover study, nelfinavir 1250 mg twice a day was dosed for 17 days, followed by 14 days of nelfinavir 1250 mg twice a day plus low doses of ritonavir of either 100 mg or 200 mg orally."	( Low-dose ritonavir moderately enhances nelfinavir exposure. Kaeser, B; Kurowski, M; Mrozikiewicz, A; Popescu, M; Sawyer, A, 2002)	0.92
" Paired plasma and intracellular samples were collected over a full dosing interval from patients (13 on SQV, 6 on RTV, 8 on IDV, 16 on SQV plus RTV, 7 on IDV plus RTV) with a plasma viral load of <400 copies/ml."	( Intracellular accumulation of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors. Back, DJ; Beeching, N; Carey, P; Hoggard, PG; Jones, K; Khoo, SH; Lloyd, J; Meaden, ER; Newton, P; Peters, B; Smith, A; Tjia, JF; Wilkins, EG; Williams, I, 2002)	0.31
" Discontinuation of atenolol, and nifedipine dosage reduction by 50% were effective in managing his orthostatic changes."	( Symptomatic orthostasis with extended-release nifedipine and protease inhibitors. Rathbun, RC; Rossi, DR; Slater, LN, 2002)	0.31
" N given simultaneously with S decreases S hepatic intrinsic clearance 10-fold relative to that predicted for S given alone; and 3) R inhibits S hepatic intrinsic clearance even after R plasma levels have become undetectable (>48 h after dosing), implying that R, when used as a pharmacokinetic enhancer, can be dosed less frequently than might be predicted from the duration of detectable systemic concentrations."	( Model-based analysis of the pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir, nelfinavir, and saquinavir after simultaneous and staggered oral administration. Blaschke, TF; Flexner, C; Lu, JF; Rosenkranz, SL; Sheiner, LB, 2002)	0.55
" The use of rit-boosted PI allows the reduction of pill burden, improves dosing schedules and enhances drug exposure, all factors that have been associated with a greater benefit of antiretroviral therapy."	( Comparison of the efficacy, safety and predictive value of HIV genotyping using distinct ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors. Barreiro, P; Camino, N; de Mendoza, C; González-Lahoz, J; Martín-Carbonero, L; Núñez, M; Soriano, V; Valer, L, 2002)	0.54
"The protease inhibitor (PI) ritonavir is used as a strong inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4, which boosts the activities of coadministered PIs, resulting in augmented plasma PI levels, simplification of the dosage regimen, and better efficacy against resistant viruses."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of amprenavir coadministered with ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Bidault, R; Bollens, D; Choudet, N; Demarles, D; Gillotin, C; Goujard, C; Meynard, JL; Rousseau, C; Taburet, AM; Vincent, I, 2003)	0.85
"The steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two oral doses of lopinavir-ritonavir (lopinavir/r; 400/100 and 533/133 mg) twice daily (BID) when dosed in combination with efavirenz, plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, were assessed in a phase II, open-label, randomized, parallel arm study in 57 multiple protease inhibitor-experienced but non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of lopinavir-ritonavir in combination with efavirenz and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in extensively pretreated human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Bernstein, B; Bertz, R; Brun, S; Foit, C; Granneman, GR; Hsu, A; Isaacson, J; Kempf, DJ; King, M; Lam, W; Richards, B; Rode, R; Rynkiewicz, K; Sun, E, 2003)	0.79
" Including GF120918 in a multiple (twice daily) dosing regimen, we found continued accumulation of saquinavir in brain over several days, resulting in 10-fold higher levels compared with vehicle-treated mice."	( Assessing safety and efficacy of directed P-glycoprotein inhibition to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of saquinavir coadministered with ritonavir. Beijnen, JH; Huisman, MT; Schinkel, AH; Smit, JW; Wiltshire, HR, 2003)	0.52
"To evaluate the effect of acute dosing of garlic supplements on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of ritonavir."	( Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Choudhri, S; Foster, B; Gallicano, K, 2003)	0.77
"Acute dosing of the garlic capsules over 4 days did not significantly alter the single-dose pharmacokinetics of ritonavir in healthy volunteers."	( Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Choudhri, S; Foster, B; Gallicano, K, 2003)	0.76
" In 1998, a lower energy, more stable polymorph (form II) appeared, causing slowed dissolution of the marketed dosage form and compromising the oral bioavailability of the drug."	( Elucidation of crystal form diversity of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir by high-throughput crystallization. Almarsson, O; Cima, MJ; Levinson, D; Morissette, SL; Soukasene, S, 2003)	0.55
" The pharmacokinetics of lopinavir did not appear to be dependent on age when dosing was based on body surface area but were decreased on coadministration with nevirapine."	( Forty-eight-week evaluation of lopinavir/ritonavir, a new protease inhibitor, in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Allen, U; Arpadi, S; Bernstein, B; Bertz, RJ; Cahn, P; Castrejón, MM; Chadwick, E; Deetz, CO; Gomez, P; Handelsman, E; Heuser, RS; Hsu, AF; Kempf, DJ; Pelton, S; Ramilo, O; Renz, CL; Rode, RA; Sáez-Llorens, X; Sun, E; Violari, A, 2003)	0.58
" A number of clinically important drug interactions have been reported with lopinavir/ritonavir necessitating dosage adjustments of lopinavir/ritonavir and/or the interacting drugs, and several other drugs are contraindicated in patients receiving the coformulation."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Cvetkovic, RS; Goa, KL, 2003)	0.94
" However, a recent study in healthy volunteers suggests that adequate lopinavir concentrations may be achieved during rifampicin coadministration by increasing the twice-daily dosage of lopinavir/ritonavir in conjunction with therapeutic drug monitoring."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Cvetkovic, RS; Goa, KL, 2003)	0.91
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic effect of adding delavirdine mesylate to the antiretroviral regimens of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients stabilized on a full dosage of ritonavir (600 mg every 12 h), 12 HIV-1-infected subjects had delavirdine mesylate (400 mg every 8 h) added to their current antiretroviral regimens for 21 days."	( Pharmacokinetics of ritonavir and delavirdine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Adams, J; Cox, S; Della-Coletta, A; Hewitt, RG; Morse, GD; Shelton, MJ, 2003)	0.83
" The persistent effect of ritonavir suggests the possibility that lower doses and longer dosing intervals might be effective when ritonavir is used to boost concentrations of other protease inhibitors."	( Effect of simultaneous versus staggered dosing on pharmacokinetic interactions of protease inhibitors. Aberg, JA; Blaschke, TF; Flexner, C; Rosenkranz, SL; Segal, Y; Sheiner, LB; Washington, CB, 2003)	0.62
" Crystallization processes were studied for indinavir sulfate, indinavir free base and a commercial indinavir capsule dosage form, respectively."	( In-vitro crystallization of indinavir in the presence of ritonavir and as a function of pH. Fleisher, D; Heimbach, T; Li, LY; Rodríguez-Hornedo, N, 2003)	0.56
"This study examines the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interactions between (1) lopinavir-ritonavir (L/R), a fixed combination of protease inhibitors used for the treatment of HIV disease, and (2) ritonavir alone at the same dosage as that in the L/R formulation, with methadone, an opiate frequently used in substance abuse pharmacotherapy for opioid (heroin)-dependent injection drug users, many of whom are infected with HIV."	( The protease inhibitor lopinavir-ritonavir may produce opiate withdrawal in methadone-maintained patients. Friedland, G; Jatlow, P; McCance-Katz, EF; Rainey, PM, 2003)	0.82
" Great caution is required in the management of tacrolimus dosage when Kaletra is introduced or withdrawn in HIV-positive patients after liver transplantation, particularly in the presence of hepatic dysfunction."	( Effect of coadministered lopinavir and ritonavir (Kaletra) on tacrolimus blood concentration in liver transplantation patients. Eghtesad, B; Fung, JJ; Jain, AB; Marcos, A; Rafail, AB; Ragni, M; Shapiro, R; Venkataramanan, R, 2003)	0.59
" For efavirenz, the concentrations at 12 hours and 24 hours (Cmin) after dosing were assessed."	( Pharmacokinetics of indinavir/ritonavir (800/100 mg) in combination with efavirenz (600 mg) in HIV-1-infected subjects. Aarnoutse, RE; Boyd, MA; Burger, DM; Cooper, DA; Lange, JM; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Stek, M; van Heeswijk, RP, 2003)	0.61
" Maximal viral suppression (in vitro) was achieved when amprenavir free-drug concentrations remained greater than four times the 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) for 80% of the dosing interval."	( In vitro-in vivo model for evaluating the antiviral activity of amprenavir in combination with ritonavir administered at 600 and 100 milligrams, respectively, every 12 hours. Bilello, JA; Drusano, GL; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Stein, DS; Symonds, WT, 2003)	0.54
" In the latter study, drug-drug interactions, dosing errors, noncompliance and other important problems were identified and corrected."	( Clinical use of a simultaneous HPLC assay for indinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir and nelfinavir in children and adults. Brady, M; Cox, S; Crim, L; Gerber, N; Koranyi, K; Utkin, I; Walson, PD, 2003)	0.55
" The aim of the study was to measure unbound plasma concentrations of lopinavir (LPV) and to relate them to the total plasma concentrations to establish the unbound percentage in vivo during a full dosage interval."	( Lopinavir protein binding in vivo through the 12-hour dosing interval. Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Bonora, S; Di Perri, G; Hoggard, PG; Khoo, SH; Lindup, WE; Sinicco, A, 2004)	0.32
"The quality and performance of a solid oral dosage form depends on the choice of the solid phase, the formulation design, and the manufacturing process."	( Phase transformation considerations during process development and manufacture of solid oral dosage forms. Law, D; Qiu, Y; Schmitt, EA; Zhang, GG, 2004)	0.32
" As this SQVOD-based regimen had considerable short-term virologic activity in treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients, it may be a reasonable option when non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors cannot be administered and once-daily dosing is preferred by the patient."	( Once-daily saquinavir and ritonavir in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected individuals. Cernuschi, M; Gianotti, N; Lazzarin, A; Soria, A, 2004)	0.62
" For R-methadone (active isomer), C(max), AUC(0-24 h), and C(min) were unchanged, but percent unbound 4 hours after dosing was reduced by 12%."	( The effects of once-daily saquinavir/minidose ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of methadone. Berenson, CS; Buggé, CJ; Cloen, D; de Caprariis, PJ; DiFrancesco, R; Esch, A; Espinosa, O; Hewitt, RG; Ljungqvist, A; Palic, B; Schur, JL; Shelton, MJ, 2004)	0.58
" A retrospective study carried out of 72 probable SARS patients has shown that cases who received pulse methylprendisolone did not differ in cumulative steroid dosage or adverse reactions, although the former patients had less oxygen requirement, better radiographic outcome, and less likelihood of requiring rescue pulse steroid therapy than their counterparts."	( SARS: pharmacotherapy. Tsang, K; Zhong, NS, 2003)	0.32
"When EFV is coadministered with the GW433908 700 mg + RTV 100 mg BID regimen, no dosage adjustment is recommended."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of GW433908 and ritonavir, with and without efavirenz, in healthy volunteers. Ballow, C; Hendrix, CW; Lou, Y; Piliero, PJ; Preston, SL; Stein, DS; Wire, MB, 2004)	0.58
" After 48 weeks, LPV/r was dosed open-label at 400/100 mg every 12 hours with stavudine and lamivudine."	( Long-term safety and durable antiretroviral activity of lopinavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive patients: 4 year follow-up study. Benson, C; Brun, SC; Eron, JJ; Gulick, RM; Hicks, C; Kessler, HA; King, KR; King, MS; Murphy, RL; White, AC, 2004)	0.56
" The dosage of itraconazole was reduced when it was used in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir."	( Drug-drug interaction between itraconazole and the antiretroviral drug lopinavir/ritonavir in an HIV-1-infected patient with disseminated histoplasmosis. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Mulder, JW; Schellens, JH; Sparidans, RW, 2004)	0.77
" Each dosage was taken twice daily for 2 weeks before 12 h pharmacokinetics were obtained."	( Comparison of two reduced-dose regimens of indinavir (600 mg vs 400 mg twice daily) and ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) in healthy volunteers (COREDIR). Burger, DM; la Porte, CJ; Rockstroh, JK; Schneider, K; Wasmuth, JC, 2004)	0.55
" Thus, no dosage adjustments are warranted when enfuvirtide is coadministered with low-dose ritonavir or saquinavir boosted with a low dose of ritonavir."	( Lack of interaction between enfuvirtide and ritonavir or ritonavir-boosted saquinavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Bellibas, SE; Boyd, M; Buss, N; Dorr, A; Kinchelow, T; Kolis, S; Patel, IH; Ruxrungtham, K; Zhang, X, 2004)	0.8
" Reducing the pill burden with once-daily dosing may improve adherence."	( Intracellular and plasma pharmacokinetics of saquinavir-ritonavir, administered at 1,600/100 milligrams once daily in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Back, D; Boffito, M; Ford, J; Gazzard, B; Hill, A; Khoo, S; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A; Wildfire, A, 2004)	0.57
" Subsequent PI dosage adjustments were based on real-time pharmacokinetic assessment."	( The pharmacokinetics, safety, and initial virologic response of a triple-protease inhibitor salvage regimen containing amprenavir, saquinavir, and ritonavir. Corbett, AH; Eron, JJ; Fiscus, SA; Kashuba, AD; Rezk, NL, 2004)	0.52
" After studying 12-hour pharmacokinetic profiles in 3 HIV-positive patients after liver transplantation, we describe how dosing of cyclosporine A can be adjusted to maintain effective immunosuppressive drug levels on a daily dosing schedule when ritonavir-boosted indinavir or lopinavir-based antiretroviral therapy is given."	( Management of drug-to-drug interactions between cyclosporine A and the protease-inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir in liver-transplanted HIV-infected patients. Michaelis, HC; Rockstroh, JK; Sauerbruch, T; Spengler, U; Sudhop, T; Türler, A; Vogel, M; Voigt, E; Wolff, M, 2004)	0.72
" Management should be individualized to each patient; dosage or medication adjustments may be necessary."	( Coadministration of lopinavir/ritonavir and phenytoin results in two-way drug interaction through cytochrome P-450 induction. Bertz, RJ; Eron, JJ; Gaedigk, A; Kashuba, AD; Lim, ML; Min, SS; Robinson, M, 2004)	0.61
"A pharmacokinetic comparison of three dosing regimens of saquinavir/ritonavir was carried out: 1600/100 mg once-daily with 1000/100 mg twice-daily, and 1600/100 mg once-daily with 2000/100 mg once-daily."	( Pharmacokinetic study of saquinavir hard gel caps/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients: 1600/100 mg once-daily compared with 2000/100 mg once-daily and 1000/100 mg twice-daily. Ananworanich, J; Apateerapong, W; Autar, RS; Burger, D; Cooper, D; Hill, A; Hirschel, B; Lange, J; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Sankote, J, 2004)	0.81
"Compared with saquinavir/ritonavir 1600/100 mg once-daily dosing, the saquinavir AUC and Cmin improved significantly when dosed as 1000/100 mg twice-daily (53% and 299%, respectively), and as 2000/100 mg once-daily (71% and 65%, respectively)."	( Pharmacokinetic study of saquinavir hard gel caps/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients: 1600/100 mg once-daily compared with 2000/100 mg once-daily and 1000/100 mg twice-daily. Ananworanich, J; Apateerapong, W; Autar, RS; Burger, D; Cooper, D; Hill, A; Hirschel, B; Lange, J; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Sankote, J, 2004)	0.88
"Saquinavir/ritonavir when dosed as 2000/100 mg once-daily or 1000/100 mg twice-daily achieves higher saquinavir plasma levels compared with saquinavir/ritonavir 1600/100 mg once-daily."	( Pharmacokinetic study of saquinavir hard gel caps/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients: 1600/100 mg once-daily compared with 2000/100 mg once-daily and 1000/100 mg twice-daily. Ananworanich, J; Apateerapong, W; Autar, RS; Burger, D; Cooper, D; Hill, A; Hirschel, B; Lange, J; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Sankote, J, 2004)	0.97
"This is the largest formal pharmacokinetic evaluation of 2 dosage combinations of IDV/RTV in HIV-infected individuals."	( Comparison of two indinavir/ritonavir regimens in the treatment of HIV-infected individuals. Acosta, EP; Eron, JJ; Ferguson, E; Fichtenbaum, CJ; Gerber, JG; Hammer, SM; Kuritzkes, DR; Neath, D; Pettinelli, C; Saah, AJ; Walawander, A; Wu, H; Yu, S, 2004)	0.62
" The tissue distribution of radioactivity was examined in rats dosed with [14C]lopinavir in combination with ritonavir."	( Metabolism and disposition of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor lopinavir (ABT-378) given in combination with ritonavir in rats, dogs, and humans. Denissen, JF; Grabowski, BA; Jayanti, VK; Johnson, MK; Kempf, DJ; Kumar, GN; Lee, RD; Marsh, KC; Roberts, SA; Sham, HL; Sun, E; Thomas, S; Uchic, J, 2004)	0.75
" On oral dosing to rats, ritonavir was found to increase the exposure of lopinavir-derived radioactivity 13-fold."	( Metabolism and disposition of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor lopinavir (ABT-378) given in combination with ritonavir in rats, dogs, and humans. Denissen, JF; Grabowski, BA; Jayanti, VK; Johnson, MK; Kempf, DJ; Kumar, GN; Lee, RD; Marsh, KC; Roberts, SA; Sham, HL; Sun, E; Thomas, S; Uchic, J, 2004)	0.84
" Therefore, we studied the plasma and intracellular (cell-associated) steady-state pharmacokinetics of this PI combination in a dosage of 400/100 mg twice daily in a non-randomized cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals."	( The plasma and intracellular steady-state pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Crommentuyn, KM; Huitema, AD; Mairuhu, AT; Meenhorst, PL; Mulder, JW; van Gorp, EC, 2004)	0.56
" Blood samples were collected up to 24 h after dosing on days 10 (period 1) and 20 (period 2)."	( Effect of efavirenz treatment on the pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir boosted by ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Burger, DM; Colbers, EP; de Graaff-Teulen, MJ; Hekster, YA; Ibanez, SM; Koopmans, PP; la Porte, CJ; Voncken, DS, 2004)	0.55
"In antiretroviral-experienced subjects with sustained viral suppression, dual therapy with NVP plus LPV/rtv at standard dosage was as potent and safe as standard-of-care HAART at 48 weeks of follow-up."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir plus nevirapine as a nucleoside-sparing approach in antiretroviral-experienced patients (NEKA study). Burger, D; Clotet, B; Côté, H; López, S; Martínez, E; Miró, O; Moltó, J; Montaner, J; Negredo, E; Puig, J; Rey-Joly, C; Ribalta, J; Ruiz, L; Salazar, J, 2005)	0.73
" In this study, dosing didanosine enteric-coated 400 mg once daily + indinavir/ritonavir 1200/400 mg once daily with breakfast indicated no decrease in the amount of absorption for either didanosine and indinavir and that this regimen could be administered with food."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study of indinavir/ritonavir and the enteric-coated capsule formulation of didanosine in healthy volunteers. Aarnoutse, R; Burger, D; Hekster, Y; Koopmans, P; la Porte, C; Reiss, P; Stek, M; van Ewijk, N; Verweij-van Wissen, C, 2005)	0.81
" Switching from 800/100 to 400/100 mg dosage improved adverse events in 16 of 20 patients."	( Indinavir/ritonavir-based therapy in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive patients: comparison of 800/100 mg and 400/100 mg twice daily. Clumeck, N; Crommentuyn, K; De Wit, S; Huitema, A; Konopnicki, D; Poll, B, 2005)	0.73
" Reduced ritonavir dosing may help to reduce ritonavir-related side effects and costs."	( Boosted saquinavir hard gel formulation exposure in HIV-infected subjects: ritonavir 100 mg once daily versus twice daily. Back, D; Boffito, M; Dickinson, L; Fletcher, C; Gazzard, B; Hill, A; Maitland, D; Moyle, G; Nelson, M; Pozniak, A, 2005)	0.98
" This pharmacological effect, even at low doses (	( Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome with osteoporosis and secondary adrenal failure in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids and ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors: six cases. Cooper, DA; Gowers, A; McMurchie, M; Pett, S; Samaras, K, 2005)	0.52
" The median (interquartile range) LPV AUC(0,24 h), maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and concentration at the end of the dosing interval (C(24 h)) after am and pm dosing was, respectively, 143 (116-214) mg l(-1) h, 12."	( Absence of circadian variation in the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir given as a once daily dosing regimen in HIV-1-infected patients. Bourbeau, M; Cameron, DW; Garber, GE; Giguere, P; Seguin, I; van Heeswijk, RP, 2005)	0.56
"No differences were observed in the pharmacokinetics of LPV/r after am or pm dosing with food, which suggests that this once daily combination, can be taken in the morning or evening."	( Absence of circadian variation in the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir given as a once daily dosing regimen in HIV-1-infected patients. Bourbeau, M; Cameron, DW; Garber, GE; Giguere, P; Seguin, I; van Heeswijk, RP, 2005)	0.56
" Certain pharmacologic features of many PIs, such as their limited oral bioavailability, necessitate burdensome dosage schedules, creating a barrier to patient adherence."	( Simplifying the treatment of HIV infection with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in antiretroviral-experienced patients. Scott, JD, 2005)	0.58
" Indinavir dosing was then reduced to 400 mg (twice daily) and 1 week later an identical series of samples were drawn."	( Low-doses of indinavir boosted with ritonavir in HIV-infected Thai patients: pharmacokinetics, efficacy and tolerability. Cressey, TR; Jourdain, G; Kunkeaw, S; Lallemant, M; Leenasirimakul, P; Puttimit, C; Sukrakanchana, PO; Tod, M, 2005)	0.6
"CTZ does not significantly affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of RTV, and the association does not, thus, require a modification of the dosage of the protease inhibitor."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic interaction between cetirizine and ritonavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Cremieux, AC; Delatour, F; Farinotti, R; Gautran, C; Melac, M; Moulaert, B; Otoul, C; Peytavin, G; Strolin-Benedetti, M, 2005)	0.57
"As tolerance not only depends on protease inhibitors (PI) dosing but also on their trough concentrations, the enhanced exposure associated with PI boosting goes together with a reduced tolerance, especially at the biological level."	( [Therapeutic strategies for HIV infection: tolerance to boost antiproteases]. Viard, JP, 2004)	0.32
" However, many of the available agents in this class suffer shortcomings, including poor tolerability, difficult dosing regimens, and variable drug concentrations which may lead to generation of viral resistance."	( Safety and antiviral activity of lopinavir/ritonavir-based therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Hicks, CB; Kaplan, SS, 2005)	0.59
" It binds strongly and selectively, has a favourable resistance profile, and is administered orally twice daily with a subtherapeutic dosage of ritonavir in a 'boosted' regimen (TPV/r) in order to increase its bioavailability."	( Tipranavir: a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor. Croom, KF; Keam, SJ, 2005)	0.89
" However, many available agents suffer shortcomings that limit their clinical value, including adverse effects, difficult dosing requirements and rapid development of resistance."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Hicks, CB; Kaplan, SS, 2005)	0.73
"Few data are available regarding clinical outcomes or dosing requirements for the protease inhibitor ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children younger than under 24 months of age."	( Ritonavir-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected infants younger than 24 months of age. Abrams, EJ; Borkowsky, W; Britto, P; Chadwick, EG; Flynn, PM; Hughes, M; Luzuriaga, K; Palumbo, P; Powell, C; Rodman, JH; Yogev, R, 2005)	1.99
" Two sequential dosing cohorts were treated with 350 or 450 mg/m(2) ritonavir every 12 hours; this report includes results of pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability and efficacy through 104 weeks of follow-up of all subjects."	( Ritonavir-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected infants younger than 24 months of age. Abrams, EJ; Borkowsky, W; Britto, P; Chadwick, EG; Flynn, PM; Hughes, M; Luzuriaga, K; Palumbo, P; Powell, C; Rodman, JH; Yogev, R, 2005)	2.01
" When atazanavir 300 mg was coadministered with ritonavir 100 mg on a once-daily dosage regimen, atazanavir AUC from 0 to 24 hours and minimum plasma concentration were increased by 3- to 4-fold and approximately 10-fold, respectively, compared with atazanavir 300 mg alone."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and summary of efficacy and tolerability of atazanavir. Barrail, A; Goujard, C; Le Tiec, C; Taburet, AM, 2005)	0.58
"Saquinavir/ritonavir data, dosed as 1600/100 mg once daily, from three separate pharmacokinetic studies, in 45 patients from Thailand and the UK, were pooled."	( Interindividual variability of once-daily ritonavir boosted saquinavir pharmacokinetics in Thai and UK patients. Ananworanich, J; Autar, RS; Boffito, M; Burger, DM; Cooper, DA; Hassink, E; Lange, JM; Phanuphak, P; Pozniak, A; Ruxrungtham, K; Siangphoe, U; Wit, FW, 2005)	0.98
" The dosage was 50 mg/kg twice daily (bid) for saquinavir and 230/57."	( Pharmacokinetics and 24-week efficacy/safety of dual boosted saquinavir/lopinavir/ritonavir in nucleoside-pretreated children. Ananworanich, J; Bergshoeff, A; Burger, D; Engchanil, C; Hill, A; Kosalaraksa, P; Pancharoen, C; Ruxrungtham, K; Siangphoe, U, 2005)	0.55
"Ritonavir dosed at 100 mg bid significantly increased the concentration of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total/HDL cholesterol ratio and triglycerides and reduced HDL cholesterol concentration."	( The effect of low-dose ritonavir monotherapy on fasting serum lipid concentrations. Mashinter, LD; Roberts, SE; Shafran, SD, 2005)	2.08
"To improve the dosing frequency and pill burden of antiretroviral therapy, we compared two once-daily dosed regimens to a twice-daily dosed regimen."	( Comparison of two once-daily regimens with a regimen consisting of nelfinavir, didanosine, and stavudine in antiretroviral therapy-naïve adults: 48-week results from the Antiretroviral Regimen Evaluation Study (ARES). Borleffs, JC; Hassink, EA; Juttmann, JR; Koopmans, PP; Lange, JM; Lowe, SH; Richter, C; Schreij, G; ten Kate, RW; van der Tweel, I; Wensing, AM, )	0.13
"HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral drug-naïve adults were randomized to either twice-daily nelfinavir and stavudine and once-daily didanosine (regimen A) or simplified once-daily dosed antiretroviral regimens consisting of nevirapine, didanosine, and lamivudine (regimen B) or saquinavir, ritonavir, didanosine, and lamivudine (regimen C)."	( Comparison of two once-daily regimens with a regimen consisting of nelfinavir, didanosine, and stavudine in antiretroviral therapy-naïve adults: 48-week results from the Antiretroviral Regimen Evaluation Study (ARES). Borleffs, JC; Hassink, EA; Juttmann, JR; Koopmans, PP; Lange, JM; Lowe, SH; Richter, C; Schreij, G; ten Kate, RW; van der Tweel, I; Wensing, AM, )	0.31
"No statistically significant difference in efficacy was found between the two investigated once-daily dosed treatment regimens (B and C) and the reference (A)."	( Comparison of two once-daily regimens with a regimen consisting of nelfinavir, didanosine, and stavudine in antiretroviral therapy-naïve adults: 48-week results from the Antiretroviral Regimen Evaluation Study (ARES). Borleffs, JC; Hassink, EA; Juttmann, JR; Koopmans, PP; Lange, JM; Lowe, SH; Richter, C; Schreij, G; ten Kate, RW; van der Tweel, I; Wensing, AM, )	0.13
" No significant relationship was established between the presence or the daily dosage of saquinavir in the treatment and lopinavir population pharmacokinetic parameters."	( No significant influence of saquinavir hard-gel capsule administration on pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir: a population approach. Allavena, C; Dailly, E; Gagnieu, MC; Jolliet, P; Raffi, F, 2005)	0.54
"There is a need for new, clinically relevant interpretation algorithms for genotypic and phenotypic resistance for ritonavir-boosted saquinavir (SQV/r) at the current approved dosage [1000/100 mg twice a day (bid)]."	( Analysis of genotypic and phenotypic clinical cut-off levels for ritonavir-boosted saquinavir. Clotet, B; Hill, A; Molto, J; Walmsley, S, 2006)	0.78
" For FPV 1,400 mg BID plus RTV 100 mg BID, the values for plasma amprenavir (APV) area under the concentration-time profile over the dosing interval (tau) at steady state [AUC(0-tau)], maximum concentration of drug in plasma (C(max)), and plasma concentration at the end of tau at steady state (C(tau)) were 54, 81, and 26% higher, respectively, and the values for plasma RTV AUC(0-tau), C(max), and C(tau) were 49% higher, 71% higher, and 11% lower, respectively, than those for FPV 700 mg BID plus RTV 100 mg BID."	( Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of high-dose combinations of fosamprenavir and ritonavir. Adamkiewicz, B; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB, 2006)	0.56
" The Ccell/Ctot and Cu/Ctot ratio was unaffected by the addition of the second PI and remained stable throughout dosing interval."	( Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir-lopinavir combination: a pharmacokinetic interaction study of total, unbound plasma and cellular exposures. Biollaz, J; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Colombo, S; Decosterd, LA; Franc, C; Guignard, N; Khonkarly, M; Rochat, B; Tarr, PE; Telenti, A, 2006)	1.78
" The clinical significance of this decrease is unknown and warrants further investigation to determine the need for tailoring LPV dosage in selected cases."	( Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir-lopinavir combination: a pharmacokinetic interaction study of total, unbound plasma and cellular exposures. Biollaz, J; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Colombo, S; Decosterd, LA; Franc, C; Guignard, N; Khonkarly, M; Rochat, B; Tarr, PE; Telenti, A, 2006)	1.78
" Blood samples for tenofovir (TFV) and SQV/RTV PK were drawn over respective 24- and 12-h dosing intervals, and drug concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry."	( Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted saquinavir mesylate administered alone or in combination at steady state. Adda, N; Begley, JA; Blum, MR; Chittick, GE; Kearney, BP; Sorbel, JJ; Zong, J, 2006)	0.58
" A Bayesian approach is proposed to fit this model to clinical data from ACTG A5055, a study of two dosage regimens of indinavir (IDV) with ritonavir (RTV) in subjects failing their first protease inhibitor treatment."	( Pharmacodynamics of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1 infected patients: using viral dynamic models that incorporate drug susceptibility and adherence. Acosta, EP; Eron, JJ; Gerber, JG; Huang, Y; Kuritzkes, DR; Park, JG; Perelson, AS; Rosenkranz, SL; Wu, H; Yu, S, 2006)	0.54
"Lopinavir/ritonavir is approved for treatment of HIV-infected children at a dosage regimen of 230/57."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir exposure in treatment-naive HIV-infected children following twice or once daily administration. Bassetti, M; Dentone, C; Di Biagio, A; Gatti, G; Gattinara, GC; Giaquinto, C; Martino, AM; Merlo, M; Rampon, O; Rosso, R; Viganò, A; Viscoli, C, 2006)	1.14
"Atazanavir (ATV) is recommended to be dosed at 400 mg once daily or 300 mg daily coadministered with 100 mg ritonavir (RTV)."	( Atazanavir plasma concentrations vary significantly between patients and correlate with increased serum bilirubin concentrations. Jeganathan, S; Ray, J; Smith, DE, )	0.34
" These findings indicate that short-term ritonavir dosing has only minimal impact on the pharmacokinetic disposition of a single dose of bupropion in healthy volunteers."	( Ritonavir has minimal impact on the pharmacokinetic disposition of a single dose of bupropion administered to human volunteers. Court, MH; Greenblatt, DJ; Hesse, LM; von Moltke, LL, 2006)	2.04
" The only effect on plasma ESO exposure was a 55% increase in area under the plasma concentration-time curve during a dosing interval, tau[AUC0-tau], after coadministration of ESO 20 mg qd with FPV 1400 mg bid."	( Coadministration of esomeprazole with fosamprenavir has no impact on steady-state plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics. Borland, J; Ford, SL; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB; Xue, ZG; Yuen, G, 2006)	0.33
" In both instances, the carbamazepine dosage was decreased by 33%, which resulted in resolution of symptoms."	( Carbamazepine toxicity induced by lopinavir/ritonavir and nelfinavir. Bates, DE; Herman, RJ, 2006)	0.59
" Carbamazepine toxicity may be prevented by reducing the carbamazepine dosage by 25-50% when protease inhibitors are introduced."	( Carbamazepine toxicity induced by lopinavir/ritonavir and nelfinavir. Bates, DE; Herman, RJ, 2006)	0.59
" The medications, including their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and dosing are reviewed."	( Antiretroviral therapy 2006: pharmacology, applications, and special situations. Bettiker, R; Samuel, R; Suh, B, 2006)	0.33
" Once-daily dosing may offer an advantage to adherence."	( Pharmacokinetics of a once-daily regimen of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children. Burger, D; de Groot, R; van der Lee, M; Verweel, G, 2006)	0.58
" Further research, especially in young children, is necessary to determine whether a higher dosage of lopinavir/ritonavir once daily must be given to reach the target level for Cmin."	( Pharmacokinetics of a once-daily regimen of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children. Burger, D; de Groot, R; van der Lee, M; Verweel, G, 2006)	0.79
" Additional investigations are warranted to determine the optimal dosing of FPV with LPV/RTV."	( Dose separation does not overcome the pharmacokinetic interaction between fosamprenavir and lopinavir/ritonavir. Corbett, AH; Eron, JJ; Kalvass, LA; Kashuba, AD; Lim, ML; Ngo, LT; Patterson, KB; Tien, HC, 2006)	0.55
"When given alone, the apparent oral clearance of voriconazole after single oral dosing was 26%+/-16% (P > ."	( Potent cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype-related interaction between voriconazole and the cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor ritonavir. Burhenne, J; Ding, R; Drzewinska, M; Haefeli, WE; Mikus, G; Rengelshausen, J; Riedel, KD; Schöwel, V; Thomsen, T; Weiss, J, 2006)	0.54
" Since ATV plasma levels are highly variable and seem to be correlated with both viral response and toxicity, dosage individualization based on plasma concentration monitoring might be indicated."	( Population pharmacokinetics of atazanavir in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Biollaz, J; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Colombo, S; Csajka, C; Décosterd, LA; Telenti, A, 2006)	0.33
" The single daily dosing was expected to improve adherence to treatment."	( Change to a once-daily combination including boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected children. Blanche, S; Delaugerre, C; Jullien, V; Macassa, E; Rouzioux, C; Teglas, JP; Tréluyer, JM; Veber, F, 2006)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetics, safety, and effectiveness of increased LPV/r dosing during the third trimester of pregnancy should be investigated."	( Reduced lopinavir exposure during pregnancy. Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Capparelli, E; Cotter, A; Elgie, C; Holland, DT; Hu, C; Mirochnick, M; Read, JS; Smith, E; Stek, AM; Tuomala, R, 2006)	0.33
" Atazanavir (ATV) has clinical efficacy comparable to a standard of care regimen in naive patients and, when dosed with low-dose ritonavir (RTV), also in treatment-experienced patients."	( Effect of rifampin on steady-state pharmacokinetics of atazanavir with ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Agarwala, S; Been-Tiktak, A; Bertz, R; Burger, DM; Child, M; Wang, Y, 2006)	0.77
"Tenofovir measurements with an area under the concentration-time curve over the dosing interval, maximum concentration, and concentration at the end of the dosing interval (Ctau) were 32%, 15%, and 51% higher, respectively, when TDF was coadministered with LPV/r (n = 24)."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on coadministration with lopinavir/ritonavir. Cheng, AK; Ebrahimi, R; Kearney, BP; Mathias, A; Mittan, A; Sayre, J, 2006)	0.55
" Geometric least-square (GLS) mean ratios and the associated 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for plasma APV maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the dosing period (AUC0-tau), and trough concentrations (Ctau) during each dosing period."	( Plasma amprenavir pharmacokinetics and tolerability following administration of 1,400 milligrams of fosamprenavir once daily in combination with either 100 or 200 milligrams of ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Lancaster, CT; Lou, Y; Luber, AD; Pappa, KA; Ruane, PJ; Shelton, MJ; Wire, MB, 2007)	0.53
" After a regular oral dose of Kaletra (400 mg lopinavir, 100 mg ritonavir) analyte concentrations were detectable over a full dosing interval in plasma, ultrafiltrate, and PBMCs."	( Monitoring of lopinavir and ritonavir in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, plasma, and ultrafiltrate using a selective and highly sensitive LC/MS/MS assay. Burhenne, J; Ehrhardt, M; Haefeli, WE; Mikus, G; Möck, M, 2007)	0.87
" Melt extrusion technology was used to produce a tablet formulation reducing the number of dosage units administered per day and simplifying storage requirements."	( The tablet formulation of lopinavir/ritonavir provides similar bioavailability to the soft-gelatin capsule formulation with less pharmacokinetic variability and diminished food effect. Awni, W; Breitenbach, J; Brun, SC; Chiu, YL; Doan, T; Hanna, GJ; Heuser, RS; Klein, CE; Morris, JB; Zhu, T, 2007)	0.61
" SQV pharmacokinetics were significantly higher when dosed with RTV compared to ATV (P < ."	( Pharmacokinetics of saquinavir with atazanavir or low-dose ritonavir administered once daily (ASPIRE I) or twice daily (ASPIRE II) in seronegative volunteers. Acosta, EP; Becker, SL; Kakuda, TN; King, JR; Paul, S; Tse, MM, 2007)	0.58
" Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h after dosing for measurement of nelfinavir, the nelfinavir metabolite M8 and saquinavir using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)."	( Saquinavir, nelfinavir and M8 pharmacokinetics following combined saquinavir, ritonavir and nelfinavir administration. Arastéh, K; Becker, M; Berger, M; Breske, A; Herzmann, C; Hill, A; Kruse, G; Kurowski, M; Schulbin, H; Steinmüller, J; Stocker, H, 2007)	0.57
" Twice-daily dosing or higher saquinavir doses in once-daily administration should be tested to obtain more appropriate plasma levels."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampicin and the once-daily combination of saquinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Azuaje, C; Colomer, J; Crespo, M; Curran, A; Domingo, P; Falcó, V; Feijoo, M; Lopez, RM; Lopez-Colomes, JL; Ocaña, I; Pahissa, A; Pou, L; Ribera, E; Sambeat, MA; Sánchez, P, 2007)	0.55
"Most antiretrovirals are metabolized in the liver, and lower dosing could be advisable in patients with severe liver insufficiency."	( Influence of liver fibrosis stage on plasma levels of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C. Barreiro, P; Gonzalez-Lahoz, J; Jiménez-Nácher, I; Labarga, P; Martín-Carbonero, L; Rodríguez-Novoa, S; Ruiz, A; Soriano, V, 2007)	0.34
" Lack of PK alteration for FTC, tenofovir (TFV), and GS-9137 was defined as a 90% confidence interval (CI) for the estimated ratio of geometric least squares means (coadministration/alone) between 70% and 143% for the primary PK parameters: maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve over dosing interval (AUCtau), and trough concentration (Ctau)."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, tenofovir, and GS-9137 following coadministration of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted GS-9137. Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G, 2007)	0.54
" The ATV area under the concentration-time curve from dosing to 24 hours after the dose (AUC0-24; GM: 36."	( Beneficial pharmacokinetic interaction between atazanavir and lopinavir/ritonavir. Agarwala, S; Barditch-Crovo, P; Carson, K; Flexner, C; Fuchs, E; Parsons, T; Pham, PA; Vasist, L, 2007)	0.57
" The dosage was increased to 1600/100 mg in the remaining 3 episodes to achieve the target levels."	( Efficacy of low-dose boosted saquinavir once daily plus nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in pregnant HIV-1-infected women with a therapeutic drug monitoring strategy. Camacho, A; García-Lazaro, M; Lopez-Cortes, LF; Marquez-Solero, M; Ocampo, A; Rivero, A; Rodriguez-Baños, J; Ruiz-Valderas, R; Santos, J; Viciana, P, 2007)	0.34
" This coformulation was designed to overcome the problems of earlier agents of this class of drugs concerning unfavorable pharmacokinetics with a higher frequency of dosing and therapy failure."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir: appraisal of its use in HIV therapy. von Hentig, N, 2007)	0.74
" In clinical practice, it became common for clinicians to prescribe it with a ritonavir pharmacokinetic 'boost' to remove the food restriction, reduce the pill burden and enable a more convenient twice-daily dosing schedule."	( Indinavir: the forgotten HIV-protease inhibitor. Does it still have a role? Boyd, M, 2007)	0.57
" Comparisons between 2 ritonavir dosing schedules revealed significant improvement in phase 1/2 decay constants in favor of the higher dose."	( Virologic response to potent antiretroviral therapy and modeling of HIV dynamics in early pediatric infection. Chadwick, E; Luzuriaga, K; Palumbo, P; Rodman, J; Ruan, P; Wu, H; Yogev, R, 2007)	0.65
" Similar low dosing levels in children have also proven successful, but data in pregnant women remains limited."	( Indinavir/ritonavir remains an important component of HAART for the treatment of HIV/AIDS, particularly in resource-limited settings. Chokephaibulkit, K; Cressey, TR; Fregonese, F; Plipat, N, 2007)	0.74
" Upon co-dosing either VX-950 or SCH 503034 with ritonavir in rats, plasma exposure of the HCV protease inhibitors was increased by > 15-fold, and plasma concentrations 8 h after dosing were increased by > 50-fold."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancement of the hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors VX-950 and SCH 503034 by co-dosing with ritonavir. Chen, HJ; Chovan, LE; Dandliker, PJ; Guan, Z; Hernandez, L; Kempf, DJ; Klein, C; Klein, LL; Lau, YY; Marsh, KC; Randolph, JT; Turner, TM; Yeung, C, 2007)	0.8
" Tipranavir requires pharmacokinetic boosting by ritonavir (200 mg) to achieve therapeutic levels with twice-daily dosing and must be administered with food for optimal absorption."	( Tipranavir: a new option for the treatment of drug-resistant HIV infection. Feinberg, J; Temesgen, Z, 2007)	0.59
" The approved dosage of darunavir is 600 mg in combination with ritonavir 100mg twice daily."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of darunavir. Arastéh, K; Rittweger, M, 2007)	0.58
"0% (oral) of dosed radioactivity in males and females, respectively."	( Biotransformation and mass balance of tipranavir, a nonpeptidic protease inhibitor, when co-administered with ritonavir in Sprague-Dawley rats. Beers, W; Chen, L; Macha, S; Mao, Y; Norris, SH; Philip, E; Silverstein, H; Struble, C, 2007)	0.55
" When efavirenz (four patients) or a nucleoside analogue combination (one patient) was added, very little change in tacrolimus dosing was required."	( Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in hepatitis C virus and HIV co-infected liver transplant recipients in the ANRS HC-08 study. Abbara, C; Barrail, A; Boissonnas, A; Bonhomme-Faivre, L; Duclos-Vallée, JC; Samuel, D; Taburet, AM; Teicher, E; Vincent, I; Vittecoq, D, 2007)	0.34
" Tacrolimus dosing must be optimised according to therapeutic drug monitoring and the antiretroviral drug combination."	( Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in hepatitis C virus and HIV co-infected liver transplant recipients in the ANRS HC-08 study. Abbara, C; Barrail, A; Boissonnas, A; Bonhomme-Faivre, L; Duclos-Vallée, JC; Samuel, D; Taburet, AM; Teicher, E; Vincent, I; Vittecoq, D, 2007)	0.34
" Over the whole dosing interval, therapeutic drug concentrations well above the wild-type HIV 90% inhibitory concentration are maintained."	( Atazanavir plus low-dose ritonavir in pregnancy: pharmacokinetics and placental transfer. Airoldi, M; Bertuletti, P; Cattaneo, D; Frigerio, L; Maggiolo, F; Ripamonti, D; Ruggeri, M; Suter, F, 2007)	0.64
" Increased systemic exposure to RFB and its equipotent active metabolite, 25-O-desacetyl-RFB (dAc-RFB), has been reported during concomitant administration of CYP3A4 inhibitors, including ritonavir (RTV), lopinavir, and amprenavir (APV); therefore, a reduction in the RFB dosage is recommended when it is coadministered with these protease inhibitors."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between fosamprenavir-ritonavir and rifabutin in healthy subjects. Borland, J; Chen, YC; Ford, SL; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Shelton, MJ; Yuen, GJ, 2008)	0.79
"Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for indinavir, ritonavir, and amprenavir: area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to 12 hours after dosing (AUC(0-12)), maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), and 12-hour plasma concentration (C(12))."	( Pharmacokinetics of an indinavir-ritonavir-fosamprenavir regimen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Acosta, EP; Easley, KA; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Pan, Y, 2008)	0.87
"We assessed the safety and efficacy and evaluated the adherence to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) dosed QD or BID in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected subjects through 96 weeks of treatment."	( A lopinavir/ritonavir-based once-daily regimen results in better compliance and is non-inferior to a twice-daily regimen through 96 weeks. Domingo, P; Hairrell, JM; Hanna, GJ; Johnson, MA; King, MS; Molina, JM; Myers, R; Podsadecki, TJ; Rode, RA; Wilkin, A, 2007)	0.95
" Rosuvastatin and lopinavir/ritonavir should be used with caution until the safety, efficacy, and appropriate dosing of this combination have been demonstrated in larger populations."	( Drug/Drug interaction between lopinavir/ritonavir and rosuvastatin in healthy volunteers. Flynn, DM; Gerber, JG; Hoody, DW; Kiser, JJ; Predhomme, JA; Wolfe, P, 2008)	0.91
" Ritonavir (100 mg every 12 h) was dosed from day 3 to day 18."	( Effect of low-dose ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD070 in healthy volunteers. Becker, S; Cao, YJ; Conley, J; Dunaway, S; Flexner, CW; Hendrix, CW; Kashuba, AD; Klingman, K; MacFarland, R; Park, JG; Radebaugh, C; Wiggins, I, 2008)	1.58
" From days 6-15, volunteers were randomized to receive lopinavir/ritonavir tablets dosed as either 600/150 or 800/200 mg twice daily, both in addition to 600 mg rifampicin once daily."	( High incidence of adverse events in healthy volunteers receiving rifampicin and adjusted doses of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets. Aarnoutse, RE; Boeree, MJ; Burger, DM; Koopmans, PP; L'homme, RF; Nijland, HM; Rongen, GA; van Crevel, R; van Uden, P, 2008)	0.8
" In this study, we investigated the long-term efficacy and safety of RTV-boosted ATV in rats with a clinical relevant dosage of ATV and RTV, 7 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg, respectively, and drew a direct comparison with RTV-boosted ATV and the previously reported ATV pharmaceutical formulation based on a solid dispersion system (ATV-SLS SD+G)."	( Long-term pharmacokinetic efficacy and safety of low-dose ritonavir as a booster and atazanavir pharmaceutical formulation based on solid dispersion system in rats. Fukushima, K; Haraya, K; Ito, Y; Sugioka, N; Takada, K; Terasaka, S, 2008)	0.59
"Fifty children at 2 sites in Thailand were treated with standard dosing of SQV and LPV/r."	( Double boosted protease inhibitors, saquinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir, in nucleoside pretreated children at 48 weeks. Ananworanich, J; Boonrak, P; Bunupuradah, T; Burger, D; Engchanil, C; Intasan, J; Kosalaraksa, P; Lumbiganon, P; Ruxrungtham, K; Schutz, M, 2008)	0.59
" The subjects had 11 plasma samples drawn over a dosing interval on days 1, 15, and 30."	( Effects of minocycline and valproic acid coadministration on atazanavir plasma concentrations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults receiving atazanavir-ritonavir. Cruttenden, K; DiCenzo, R; Gelbard, H; Hochreiter, J; Mariuz, P; Peterson, DR; Rezk, NL; Schifitto, G, 2008)	0.54
" N-desmethyl sildenafil Cmax and AUC from the time of administration until the last time point with a measurable concentration after dosing (calculated by linear trapezoidal summation [AUClast]) values decreased by approximately 95% when sildenafil 25 mg was co-administered with DRV/r compared with sildenafil 100 mg alone."	( Effect of repeated doses of darunavir plus low-dose ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in healthy male subjects: phase I randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study. De Marez, T; De Paepe, E; De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, RM; Lefebvre, E; Sekar, V; Vangeneugden, T, 2008)	0.6
"The objective of this study was to examine the potential of once-daily dosing with darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg in a HIV-infected, treatment-experienced patient population with no baseline darunavir resistance-associated mutations (RAMs)."	( Efficacy of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg in HIV-infected, treatment-experienced patients with no baseline resistance-associated mutations to darunavir. de Béthune, MP; De Meyer, SM; Miralles, GD; Spinosa-Guzman, S; Vangeneugden, TJ, 2008)	0.85
"The pharmacokinetics of EFV and LPV/RTV in hemodialysis suggests that no dosing adjustments are necessary in treatment-naive patients."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics of efavirenz and lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected persons requiring hemodialysis. Amorosa, V; Cramer, YS; Gupta, SK; Hall, SD; Koletar, SL; Rosenkranz, SL; Szczech, LA, 2008)	0.58
" This study systematically evaluated the ritonavir dose-response relationship on presystemic and systemic CYP3A metabolism using the human immunodeficiency virus integrase inhibitor elvitegravir and midazolam as probe substrates."	( Dose-response of ritonavir on hepatic CYP3A activity and elvitegravir oral exposure. Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Mathias, AA; West, S, 2009)	0.96
" Further exploration of regimens and dosing of antiretrovirals for children in these settings is needed."	( Two-year outcomes of children on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and protease inhibitor regimens in a South African pediatric antiretroviral program. Berrisford, AE; Boulle, AM; Jaspan, HB, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this study was to develop and validate a population pharmacokinetic model in order to describe ritonavir-boosted saquinavir concentrations dosed twice and once daily in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients from the UK, Uganda and Thailand and to identify factors that may influence saquinavir pharmacokinetics."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted saquinavir regimens in HIV-infected individuals. Aarons, LJ; Autar, RS; Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Burger, DM; Dickinson, L; Khoo, SH; Merry, C; Mugyenyi, P; Pozniak, AL, 2008)	0.85
" The ritonavir area under the curve over the dosing interval was significantly associated with saquinavir CL/F and V/F."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted saquinavir regimens in HIV-infected individuals. Aarons, LJ; Autar, RS; Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Burger, DM; Dickinson, L; Khoo, SH; Merry, C; Mugyenyi, P; Pozniak, AL, 2008)	1.15
" The model could be used for dosage adaptation following therapeutic drug monitoring and to assess patients' suitability for once-daily boosted saquinavir therapy."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted saquinavir regimens in HIV-infected individuals. Aarons, LJ; Autar, RS; Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Burger, DM; Dickinson, L; Khoo, SH; Merry, C; Mugyenyi, P; Pozniak, AL, 2008)	0.63
"The pharmacokinetics and safety of BILR 355 following oral repeated dosing coadministered with low doses of ritonavir (RTV) were investigated in 12 cohorts of healthy male volunteers with a ratio of 6 to 2 for BILR 355 versus the placebo."	( Pharmacokinetics of BILR 355 after multiple oral doses coadministered with a low dose of ritonavir. Ballow, C; Castles, M; Drda, K; Huang, F; MacGregor, TR; Nguyen, T; Robinson, P; Rowland, L; Scherer, J, 2009)	0.79
"Use of standard adult lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV) dosing (400/100 mg) during the third trimester of pregnancy results in reduced LPV exposure."	( Lopinavir exposure with an increased dose during pregnancy. Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Capparelli, E; Gaddipati, S; Holland, DT; Hu, C; Mirochnick, M; Read, JS; Smith, E; Stek, AM, 2008)	0.63
" These data suggest that the higher LPV/RTV dose should be used in third trimester pregnant women; that it should be considered in second trimester pregnant women, especially those who are protease inhibitor experienced; and that postpartum LPV/RTV dosing can be reduced to standard dosing by 2 weeks after delivery."	( Lopinavir exposure with an increased dose during pregnancy. Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Capparelli, E; Gaddipati, S; Holland, DT; Hu, C; Mirochnick, M; Read, JS; Smith, E; Stek, AM, 2008)	0.35
" The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir/ritonavir and vice versa using the approved dosage regimens of saquinavir/ritonavir at 1,000/100 mg twice daily and ketoconazole at 200 mg once daily."	( Drug-drug interaction study of ketoconazole and ritonavir-boosted saquinavir. Bour, F; Kaeser, B; Schmitt, C; Zandt, H; Zhang, X; Zwanziger, E, 2009)	0.82
" Three different dosing regimens of elvucitabine were administered with lopinavir-ritonavir to 24 subjects with moderate levels of HIV."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetic behavior of elvucitabine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, administered over 21 days with lopinavir-ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected subjects. Colucci, P; Ducharme, MP; Hoepelman, IM; Pottage, JC; Robison, H; Schürmann, D; Turgeon, J, 2009)	0.78
" These values were lower compared with the half-life over the respective dosing intervals (7."	( Pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir once daily and lopinavir/ritonavir twice and once daily over 72 h following drug cessation. Back, D; Boffito, M; Else, L; Gazzard, B; Khoo, S; Moyle, G; Pozniak, A; Sousa, M; Taylor, J, 2008)	0.63
" The PK parameters of ATV/RTV at a dosage of 200/100 mg once daily, plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, were significantly lower than those associated with a dosage of 300/100 mg once daily in the same patients."	( A low dose of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir provides adequate pharmacokinetic parameters in HIV-1-infected Thai adults. Avihingsanon, A; Burger, DM; Chanmano, S; Cooper, DA; Gorowara, M; Kerr, SJ; Lange, J; Ohata, P; Phanuphak, P; Ruxrungtham, K; van der Lugt, J, 2009)	0.71
" No evidence is available to guide dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir in tablet formulation in this setting."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in a substitution of high-dose soft-gelatin capsule to tablet formulation. Guillemi, S; Harrigan, PR; Harris, M; Hull, MW; Lima, V; Montaner, JS, 2009)	1
" Group 1 (n = 20) followed a sequence of 10-day dosing of elvitegravir/r (150/100 mg once daily) and elvitegravir/r plus etravirine (200 mg twice daily) or the reverse (n = 10 per sequence)."	( Pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir and etravirine following coadministration of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and etravirine. Kakuda, TN; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Ramanathan, S; West, S, 2008)	0.57
" Elvitegravir pharmacokinetic GMR was 6-7% higher following elvitegravir/r plus etravirine dosing versus elvitegravir/r."	( Pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir and etravirine following coadministration of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and etravirine. Kakuda, TN; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Ramanathan, S; West, S, 2008)	0.57
" We have some theoretical and clinical data available that enables us to consider the possibility of administering DRV/r once a day in some patients with a few mutations in the protease and in those where this dosing regime is considered important."	( [Darunavir as first-line therapy. The TITAN study]. Curran, A; Ribera Pascuet, E, 2008)	0.35
" Consequently, the coadministration of elvitegravir with the protease inhibitor ritonavir (a substantial CYP3A4 inhibitor) results in significantly enhanced bioavailability and a longer half-life than with elvitegravir alone, allowing for the once-daily dosing of elvitegravir."	( Elvitegravir, an oral HIV integrase inhibitor, for the potential treatment of HIV infection. Klibanov, OM, 2009)	0.58
"A total of 191 patients were randomized 2:2:2:1 to one of three APL dosing regimens or to lamivudine (3TC)/zidovudine (ZDV) twice daily (bid), each in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) 400 mg/100 mg bid."	( Antiviral activity and safety of aplaviroc, a CCR5 antagonist, in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected, therapy-naïve patients: results of the EPIC study (CCR100136). Adkison, KK; Berger, D; Bonny, T; Cimoch, P; Lamarca, A; Lazzarin, A; Madison, SJ; McCarty, D; Millard, J; Nichols, WG; Salvato, P; Smaill, FM; Teofilo, E; Yeni, P, 2009)	0.77
" For the overall POWER trial population, with significant baseline resistance to PIs, the rates of HIV RNA suppression <50 copies/mL at Week 24 for darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg once-daily [DOSAGE ERROR CORRECTED] were lower than for the 600/100 mg twice-daily dosage (31% vs."	( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of darunavir/ritonavir 800/100 mg once-daily in treatment-naïve and -experienced patients. Boffito, M; Hill, A; Miralles, D, )	0.58
" Study M05-730 compared LPV/r tablets dosed once daily vs."	( A once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimen is noninferior to twice-daily dosing and results in similar safety and tolerability in antiretroviral-naive subjects through 48 weeks. Bernstein, B; Cohen, DE; da Silva, BA; Fredrick, L; Gathe, J; Gibbs, S; Loutfy, MR; Marsh, T; Naylor, C; Podzamczer, D; Rubio, R, 2009)	0.66
" Safety and tolerability of once-daily and twice-daily dosing was also comparable."	( A once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimen is noninferior to twice-daily dosing and results in similar safety and tolerability in antiretroviral-naive subjects through 48 weeks. Bernstein, B; Cohen, DE; da Silva, BA; Fredrick, L; Gathe, J; Gibbs, S; Loutfy, MR; Marsh, T; Naylor, C; Podzamczer, D; Rubio, R, 2009)	0.66
" We report the pharmacokinetics of standard LPV-ritonavir dosing (400/100 mg twice daily) in the immediate and early postpartum period when initiated during labor."	( Early postpartum pharmacokinetics of lopinavir initiated intrapartum in Thai women. Achalapong, J; Chotivanich, N; Cressey, TR; Jourdain, G; Maupin, R; Mirochnick, M; Prommas, S; Puthanakit, T; Roongpisuthipong, A; Shapiro, DE; Smith, E; Van Dyke, R; Yuthavisuthi, P, 2009)	0.61
" Statistical analyses were performed on pharmacokinetic parameters: the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 4 h (AUC(0-4)), the maximum concentration of the drug (C(max)), and the residual concentration of the drug at the end of the dosing interval (C(trough)) for plasma and the AUC(0-4) and C(trough) for intracellular data."	( Pilot pharmacokinetic study of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF): investigation of systemic and intracellular interactions between TDF and abacavir, lamivudine, or lopinavir-ritonavir. Ayen, R; Clotet, B; Grassi, J; Levi, M; Negredo, E; Pruvost, A; Puig, J; Théodoro, F, 2009)	0.54
" The availability of antiretrovirals that are coformulated and dosed once daily have reduced pill burden and have simplified dosing schedules, but have not lowered drug exposure or cost."	( Simplification strategies to reduce antiretroviral drug exposure: progress and prospects. McKinnon, JE; Mellors, JW; Swindells, S, 2009)	0.35
" The model was used to investigate other, particularly lower, ritonavir-boosted atazanavir dosing strategies."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected patients and healthy volunteers. Aarons, L; Back, D; Boffito, M; Davies, G; Dickinson, L; Else, L; Khoo, S; Pozniak, A; Waters, L, 2009)	0.88
" However, oxymethylphosphate (OMP) and oxyethylphosphate (OEP) prodrugs provided improved rates of cleavage, high levels of aqueous solubility, and high plasma levels of the parent drugs when dosed orally in rats and dogs."	( Water-soluble prodrugs of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir. DeGoey, DA; Flosi, WJ; Grampovnik, DJ; Kati, WM; Kempf, DJ; Klein, LL; Liu, Y; Long, MA; Marsh, KC; McDaniel, KF; Molla, A; Wang, XC, 2009)	0.57
" Although a few interactions can be managed with adequate drug dosing others preclude to use these medications in combination."	( Drug interactions of tipranavir, a new HIV protease inhibitor. Jimenez-Nacher, I; Morello, J; Rodriguez-Novoa, S; Soriano, V, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic studies of higher dosages of rifampin are urgently needed in children to assist in placing the dosage of rifampin used in childhood on a more scientific foundation."	( Rifampin pharmacokinetics in children, with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection, hospitalized for the management of severe forms of tuberculosis. Cilliers, K; Donald, PR; Hussey, GD; Labadarios, D; Maritz, JS; McIlleron, H; Schaaf, HS; Smith, P; Willemse, M, 2009)	0.35
" A few days later, typical secondary adrenal failure developed and was confirmed by dosage of cortisol and ACTH, both low."	( [Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome, diabetes mellitus and secondary adrenal failure in a human immunodeficiency virus patient treated with ritonavir boosted atazanavir and fluticasone]. Beressi, J-; Collet-Gaudillat, C; Desforges-Bullet, V; Doll, J; Petit-Aubert, G; Roussin-Bretagne, S, 2009)	0.56
"In total, 50 children from two sites in Thailand were treated with standard dosing of SQV and LPV/r."	( Safety and efficacy of a double-boosted protease inhibitor combination, saquinavir and lopinavir/ritonavir, in pretreated children at 96 weeks. Ananworanich, J; Boonrak, P; Bunupuradah, T; Burger, D; Engchanil, C; Kosalaraksa, P; Lumbiganon, P; Mahanontharit, A; Mengthaisong, T; Puthanakit, T; Ruxrungtham, K; Tompkins, E; van der Lugt, J, 2009)	0.57
"This study suggests that the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir after twice-daily and once-daily dosing are similar, with no observable difference in tolerability, in this group of patients between 5 and 15 years old."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of once- versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir treatment in HIV-1-infected children. la Porte, C; Mitchell, CD; Parker, J; Rongkavilit, C; van Heeswijk, R; Zhang, G, 2009)	0.59
"HIV-1-infected adults receiving a regimen containing ritonavir-boosted atazanavir or fosamprenavir were recruited into a prospective study of adherence and dosage timing of both agents."	( Occurrence of selective ritonavir nonadherence and dose-staggering in recipients of boosted HIV-1 protease inhibitor therapy. Rode, RA; Sarlo, JA; Shuter, J; Zingman, BS, )	0.69
"Atazanavir 400 mg/day plus fosamprenavir 1400 mg/day significantly decreased concentrations of atazanavir compared with standard dosing regimens of each drug alone."	( Pharmacokinetics of concurrent administration of fosamprenavir and atazanavir without ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-negative subjects. Anderson, PL; Clay, PG; Glaros, AG; McRae, M, 2009)	0.58
" Ritonavir is therefore able to enhance the effectiveness of PI treatment by reducing the pill burden, simplifying dosing regimens and improving therapy adherence."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancers for HIV drugs. Desai, MC; Xu, L, 2009)	1.26
" For subjects with mild hepatic impairment, the studied regimen of fosamprenavir 700 mg twice daily plus ritonavir 100 mg once daily delivered 17% higher values for the maximum plasma amprenavir concentration at the steady state (C(max)), 22% higher values for the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve over the dosing interval at the steady state [AUC(0-tau)], similar values for the concentration at the end of the dosing interval (C(tau)), and 114% higher unbound C(tau) values."	( Pharmacokinetics of fosamprenavir plus ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected adult subjects with hepatic impairment. Clotet, B; Felizarta, F; Gutiérrez, F; Hernández-Quero, J; Lou, Y; Morellon, ML; Nichols, G; Ortega, E; Pérez-Elías, MJ; Pineda, JA; Rodríguez-Torres, M; Wire, MB, 2009)	0.84
"A total of 136 antiretroviral-naïve patients, with a CD4 cell count above 100 cells/microL and a plasma HIV RNA below 100,000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL, were randomized and dosed with either lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy (n = 83) or lopinavir/ritonavir + zidovudine/lamivudine (n = 53)."	( Long-term (96-week) follow-up of antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected patients treated with first-line lopinavir/ritonavir monotherapy in the MONARK trial. Chaix, ML; Cohen-Codar, I; Delfraissy, JF; Dellamonica, P; Flandre, P; Ghosn, J; Girard, PM; Ngovan, P; Norton, M; Raffi, F, 2010)	0.76
" After dosing with TPV/r for 10 days, EFV 600 mg once a day was added to the regimen."	( Lack of effect of efavirenz on the pharmacokinetics of tipranavir-ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Béïque, L; Cameron, DW; la Porte, CJ; Sabo, JP, 2009)	0.59
" Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy were assessed following 2-week dosing (part I), which determined dosing for part II (evaluated 48-week safety and efficacy)."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of darunavir/ritonavir in treatment-experienced children and adolescents. Blanche, S; Bologna, R; Cahn, P; Dierynck, I; Flynn, P; Fortuny, C; Rugina, S; Sekar, V; Spinosa-Guzman, S; van Baelen, B; Vis, P, 2009)	0.6
" No dosage modification of BUP/NLX is required when co-administered with TPV/r."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and tipranavir/ritonavir in HIV-negative subjects chronically receiving buprenorphine/naloxone. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Conner, C; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Moody, DE; Piliero, PJ; Sabo, JP; Wruck, JM, 2009)	0.58
"Once-daily treatment with ritonavir-boosted saquinavir was well tolerated and resulted in similar saquinavir drug exposure despite much lower ritonavir concentrations when compared with a twice-daily dosing schedule."	( Once-daily treatment with saquinavir mesylate (2000 mg) and ritonavir (100 mg) together with a fixed-dose combination of abacavir/lamivudine (600/300 mg) or tenofovir/emtricitabine (245/200 mg) in HIV-1-infected patients. Bickel, M; Bodtländer, A; Gute, P; Klauke, S; Knecht, GK; Kurowski, M; Lutz, T; Stephan, C; von Hentig, N, 2009)	0.9
" No differences were noted in adverse events among dosing periods."	( Steady-state amprenavir and tenofovir pharmacokinetics after coadministration of unboosted or ritonavir-boosted fosamprenavir with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy volunteers. Andrews, M; Condoluci, DV; Luber, AD; Olson, K; Pakes, GE; Pappa, KA; Peloquin, CA; Slowinski, PD, 2010)	0.58
"Virologically controlled patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir were included in a 48 week pilot trial during which lopinavir/ritonavir dosage was reduced if lopinavir concentration was >5000 ng/mL at inclusion."	( Impact of reduced dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir in virologically controlled HIV-infected patients: the Kaledose trial. Girard, PM; Lacombe, K; Meynard, JL; Morand-Joubert, L; Poirier, JM; Slama, L; Valantin, MA, 2010)	0.88
"This pilot study evaluating the biochemical and virological impact of a reduced dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir suggests that lower exposure to lopinavir/ritonavir could be associated with a significant decrease in triglycerides during treatment, without occurrence of resistance mutations that might impact the virological response to treatment."	( Impact of reduced dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir in virologically controlled HIV-infected patients: the Kaledose trial. Girard, PM; Lacombe, K; Meynard, JL; Morand-Joubert, L; Poirier, JM; Slama, L; Valantin, MA, 2010)	0.85
" Each subject had 8 plasma lopinavir concentrations determined over a 12-hour dosing interval and 1 CSF lopinavir C(trough) value determined at the end of the study."	( Lopinavir cerebrospinal fluid steady-state trough concentrations in HIV-infected adults. Cruttenden, K; DiCenzo, R; DiFrancesco, R; Donnelly, J; Schifitto, G, 2009)	0.35
"In this case, dosing recommendations of itraconazole 200 mg daily with lopinavir/ritonavir were appropriate."	( Drug-drug interaction between itraconazole and the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir. Hills-Nieminen, C; Houston, S; Hughes, CA; Shafran, SD, 2009)	0.81
"The dose of itraconazole was reduced to 200 mg daily as recommended by current guidelines, and therapeutic drug monitoring of both itraconazole and lopinavir concentrations confirmed that no further dosage adjustments were necessary."	( Drug-drug interaction between itraconazole and the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir. Hills-Nieminen, C; Houston, S; Hughes, CA; Shafran, SD, 2009)	0.58
"Atazanavir (ATV) is a protease inhibitor (PI) in which its main qualities, compared to other PI are dosing convenience, good tolerability and excellent metabolic profile."	( [Clinical utility of atazanavir]. Curran, A; Ribera Pascuet, E, 2008)	0.35
"LPV/r dosed QD resulted in increased treatment adherence and was as efficacious as BID LPV/r while providing similar safety, tolerability, and limited resistance evolution."	( Similar safety and efficacy of once- and twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir tablets in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected subjects at 48 weeks. Andrade-Villanueva, J; Badal-Faesen, S; Bernstein, BM; Fredrick, LM; Gathe, J; Gaultier, IA; Mingrone, H; Podsadecki, TJ; Woodward, WC; Zajdenverg, R, 2010)	0.6
" There was no relationship between elvitegravir dosage and adverse events."	( Activity of elvitegravir, a once-daily integrase inhibitor, against resistant HIV Type 1: results of a phase 2, randomized, controlled, dose-ranging clinical trial. Berger, DS; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SL; Enejosa, JV; Kearney, BP; Lampiris, H; Zhong, L; Zolopa, AR, 2010)	0.36
" Multiple dosing produced weak induction of CYP1A2, moderate induction of CYP2C19, potent induction of intestinal P-gp, and potent inhibition of CYP2D6 and CYP3A, with no significant effects on CYP2C9 and hepatic P-gp."	( A phenotype-genotype approach to predicting CYP450 and P-glycoprotein drug interactions with the mixed inhibitor/inducer tipranavir/ritonavir. Castles, MA; Choi, SO; Drulak, M; Dumond, JB; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; La-Beck, NM; Li, J; Macgregor, TR; Patterson, KB; Rezk, NL; Sabo, JP; Tien, HC; Vourvahis, M; Wagner, MJ; White, N, 2010)	0.56
" To compare efficacy of once-daily (QD) versus twice-daily (BID) antiretroviral therapy, we randomized human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive, treatment-naive patients to lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r) administered at a dosage of 400 mg of lopinavir and 100 mg of ritonavir BID (n = 160) or 800 mg of lopinavir and 200 mg of ritonavir QD (n = 161), plus either emtricitabine 200 mg QD and extended-release stavudine at a dosage of 100 mg QD or tenofovir at a dosage of 300 mg QD."	( Comparison of once-daily versus twice-daily combination antiretroviral therapy in treatment-naive patients: results of AIDS clinical trials group (ACTG) A5073, a 48-week randomized controlled trial. Aberg, J; Andrade, A; Dehlinger, M; Eshleman, SH; Ferguson, E; Flexner, C; Gross, R; Kashuba, A; Kmack, A; Lalama, C; Mildvan, D; Parsons, T; Rosenkranz, SL; Sanne, I; Tierney, C, 2010)	0.55
" A total of 82% of subjects completed the study, and 71% continued to receive the initially assigned dosage schedule."	( Comparison of once-daily versus twice-daily combination antiretroviral therapy in treatment-naive patients: results of AIDS clinical trials group (ACTG) A5073, a 48-week randomized controlled trial. Aberg, J; Andrade, A; Dehlinger, M; Eshleman, SH; Ferguson, E; Flexner, C; Gross, R; Kashuba, A; Kmack, A; Lalama, C; Mildvan, D; Parsons, T; Rosenkranz, SL; Sanne, I; Tierney, C, 2010)	0.36
" A total of 10 patients receiving TPV/ritonavir (TPV/RTV) 500/200 for longer than 6 months were randomized to stay on the same dosing schedule or switch to TPV/RTV 500/100."	( The benefit of simplification from tipranavir/ritonavir 500/200 bid to 500/100 bid guided by therapeutic drug monitoring. Barreiro, P; Blanco, F; González-Lahoz, J; Gonzalez-Pardo, G; Jiménez-Nácher, I; Morello, J; Rodríguez-Novoa, S; Soriano, V; Vispo, E, 2010)	0.89
"Downward dosage adjustment of quinine appears necessary when concurrently administered with ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir and quinine in healthy volunteers following concurrent administration. Cook, JM; Omoruyi, SI; Onyeji, CO; Owolabi, AR; Sarma, PV; Soyinka, JO, 2010)	0.85
"5, the dosage was switched to 600/100 mg twice daily."	( Treatment simplification to once daily darunavir/ritonavir guided by the darunavir inhibitory quotient in heavily pretreated HIV-infected patients. Barbanoj, MJ; Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Mothe, B; Negredo, E; Santos, JR; Valle, M; Videla, S; Yritia, M, 2010)	0.62
" These data suggest that 2 tablets of lopinavir-ritonavir BD may be inadequate when dosed with NNRTIs in Ugandan adults, and the dosage should be increased by the addition of an additional adult tablet or a half-dose tablet (100/25 mg), where available."	( Pharmacokinetics of lopinavir-ritonavir with and without nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in Ugandan HIV-infected adults. Dickinson, L; Gibb, DM; Gilks, CF; Kayiwa, J; Khoo, S; Kityo, C; Lutwama, F; Munderi, P; Nalumenya, R; Reid, A; Ssali, F; Tumukunde, D; Walker, AS, 2010)	0.9
" Dosage adjustment of bupropion may be needed when administered with ritonavir."	( Dose-related reduction in bupropion plasma concentrations by ritonavir. Ascher, J; Brittain, C; Iavarone, L; McConn, DJ; Muir, KT; Park, J; Sutherland, SM; Vousden, M, 2010)	0.84
" No dosage adjustment for S/GSK1349572 is required when used with lopinavir/ritonavir or darunavir/ritonavir."	( The effect of lopinavir/ritonavir and darunavir/ritonavir on the HIV integrase inhibitor S/GSK1349572 in healthy participants. Borland, J; Chen, S; Ishibashi, T; Lou, Y; Min, SS; Patel, P; Piscitelli, SC; Song, I, 2011)	0.91
" Lopinavir CL/F increased linearly during the dosing interval."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with rifampicin-based antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected South African children. Elsherbiny, D; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Simonsson, US, 2010)	0.36
" The time-dependent lopinavir CL/F might be due to a time-dependent recovery from ritonavir inhibition of lopinavir metabolism during the dosing interval."	( Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir in combination with rifampicin-based antitubercular treatment in HIV-infected South African children. Elsherbiny, D; Maartens, G; McIlleron, H; Ren, Y; Simonsson, US, 2010)	0.59
" During a 12 h dosing interval plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected."	( Intracellular and plasma steady-state pharmacokinetics of raltegravir, darunavir, etravirine and ritonavir in heavily pre-treated HIV-infected patients. Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Mulder, JW; Ter Heine, R; van Gorp, EC; Wagenaar, JF, 2010)	0.58
" This strategy results in prolonged dosage intervals and reduced tablet intake due to a reduced overall dose that is needed."	( [Cushing syndrome after steroid-infiltration in two HIV-patients with antiretroviral therapy]. Günthard, HF; Herold, MA, 2010)	0.36
" The exposure (AUC within the dosage interval and at steady state [AUC(τ)]) to desRFB was considerably increased (by 881%) following treatment with DRV/r/RFB."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir and rifabutin coadministered in HIV-negative healthy volunteers. Berckmans, C; De Pauw, M; Hoetelmans, R; Lavreys, L; Sekar, V; Spinosa-Guzman, S; Van de Casteele, T; Vangeneugden, T, 2010)	0.65
" Moreover, an inverse correlation between dosage of ritonavir and mean nadir neutrophil count was found."	( Detrimental clinical interaction between ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors and vinblastine in HIV-infected patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cingolani, A; de Gaetano Donati, K; Larocca, LM; Murri, R; Pinnetti, C; Tacconelli, E; Teofili, L; Torti, L, 2010)	0.88
" Buprenorphine/naloxone and LPV/r can be safely coadministered without need for dosage modification."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.58
" Emergence of postbaseline resistance mutations occurred at similar low rates in each dosing group."	( Short communication: Comparable safety and efficacy with once-daily versus twice-daily dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets with emtricitabine + tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-naïve, HIV type 1-infected subjects: 96 week final results of the randomized t Bernstein, B; Cohen, D; da Silva, B; Fredrick, L; González-García, J; Johnson, M; Naylor, C; Sloan, L, 2010)	0.57
" Coadministration with LPV/r resulted in a 51% decrease in steady-state area under plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 hours (AUC(0-12,ss)) and steady-state maximum measured plasma concentration over a dosing interval (C(max,ss)) and a 50% decrease in steady-state plasma concentration 12 hours post last dosing (C(12,ss)) for BILR 355."	( Coadministration with lopinavir and ritonavir decreases exposure to BILR 355, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. Berger, F; Castles, MA; Huang, DB; Huang, F; MacGregor, TR; Robinson, P; Scholl, P; Vinisko, R, 2011)	0.64
"Addition of darunavir/ritonavir to etravirine, all dosed once daily, did not have a clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of etravirine."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-naive HIV type-1-infected adults. DeJesus, E; Kakuda, TN; Lalezari, JP; Osiyemi, OO; Ruane, PJ; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)	0.9
" Conclusions The above target concentrations achieved in the majority of women and similarities in the fu% suggest standard dosing of the LPV/r tablet is appropriate during pregnancy."	( Therapeutic drug monitoring of lopinavir/ritonavir in pregnancy. Back, DJ; Boyle, N; Breiden, J; Brennan, M; Connor, EO; Coulter-Smith, S; Dickinson, L; Else, LJ; Fleming, C; Gibbons, S; Jackson, V; Khoo, SH; Lambert, JS, 2011)	0.64
"Ritonavir-related adverse events have been reported in patients taking tipranavir/ritonavir at the licensed dosage of 500/200 mg twice daily (bid)."	( Efficacy and safety of ritonavir dose reduction based on the tipranavir inhibitory quotient in HIV-infected patients on salvage antiretroviral therapy with tipranavir/ritonavir. Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Negredo, E; Santos, JR; Valle, M; Videla, S; Yritia, M, 2010)	2.11
" The geometric mean raltegravir maximum concentration, the concentration at the end of the dosing interval, and the area under the concentration-time curve during the dose interval in plasma versus PBMCs were 2,640 ng/ml (range, 887 to 10,605 ng/ml) versus 199 ng/ml (range, 82 to 857 ng/ml) (geometric mean ratio [GMR], 13."	( Plasma and intracellular (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) pharmacokinetics of once-daily raltegravir (800 milligrams) in HIV-infected patients. Back, D; Barbanoj, MJ; Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Egan, D; Liptrott, N; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Valle, M; Watson, V, 2011)	0.37
"Administration of the HIV PI ritonavir to wild type mice increased plasma triacylglycerols and cholesterol levels and this effect was exacerbated by dosing ritonavir to mice harbouring a disrupted FXR."	( The bile acid sensor FXR protects against dyslipidemia and aortic plaques development induced by the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir in mice. Baldelli, F; Cipriani, S; Distrutti, E; Fiorucci, S; Francisci, D; Mencarelli, A; Palladino, G; Renga, B, 2010)	0.86
" A month after the aripiprazole dosage was increased to 50 mg daily, the patient developed confusion and loss of coordination."	( Increased aripiprazole concentrations in an HIV-positive male concurrently taking duloxetine, darunavir, and ritonavir. Aung, GL; Kawamoto, LS; O'Brien, JG; Tien, PG, 2010)	0.57
" However, ENF treatment is associated with injection site reactions and dosing fatigue."	( A 48-week pilot study switching suppressed patients to darunavir/ritonavir and etravirine from enfuvirtide, protease inhibitor(s), and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor(s). Alas, B; Perniciaro, A; Ruane, P; Ryan, R; Witek, J, 2010)	0.6
" In turn, ART commonly requires complex dosing schedules and leads to the emergence of viral resistance and treatment failures."	( Analyses of nanoformulated antiretroviral drug charge, size, shape and content for uptake, drug release and antiviral activities in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Balkundi, S; Bronich, T; Gendelman, HE; Kabanov, AV; Kanmogne, G; Martinez-Skinner, A; McMillan, J; Mosley, RL; Nowacek, AS; Roy, U, 2011)	0.37
" Rifabutin reduced the area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h postdose (AUC(0-12)), maximum observed concentration of drug in plasma (C(max)), and minimum observed concentration of drug in plasma at the end of the dosing interval (C(min)) for saquinavir by 13%, 15%, and 9%, respectively, for subjects receiving rifabutin (150 mg) every 3 days with saquinavir-ritonavir BID."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study of ritonavir-boosted saquinavir in combination with rifabutin in healthy subjects. Fettner, S; Rowell, L; Salgo, M; Zhang, X; Zwanziger, E, 2011)	0.81
" Healthy volunteer studies have demonstrated a decrease in glucose disposal associated with dosing with specific antiretrovirals."	( Effect of boosted fosamprenavir or lopinavir-based combinations on whole-body insulin sensitivity and lipids in treatment-naive HIV-type-1-positive men. Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Jackson, AG; Mandalia, S; Moyle, GJ; Randell, PA; Taylor, J; Tjia, JF, 2010)	0.36
" Seventeen healthy male volunteers received sequential dosing of the studied product: TAD (day 1) alone in a single dose for 7 days followed by TAD (day 8) in a single dose with TPV/r (500/200 mg twice daily, days 8-18)."	( Effect of tipranavir/ritonavir combination on the pharmacokinetics of tadalafil in healthy volunteers. Dellamonica, P; Durant, J; Ferrando, S; Garraffo, R; Lavrut, T; MacGregor, TR; Rouyrre, N; Sabo, JP, 2011)	0.69
"Indinavir boosted with ritonavir (IDV/r) dosing with 400/100 mg, twice daily, is preferred in Thai adults, but this dose can lead to concentrations close to the boundaries of its therapeutic window."	( Influence of body weight on achieving indinavir concentrations within its therapeutic window in HIV-infected Thai patients receiving indinavir boosted with ritonavir. Bowonwatanuwong, C; Cressey, TR; Halue, G; Hirt, D; Jourdain, G; Lallemant, M; Leenasirimakul, P; Techapornroong, M; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)	0.88
" Co-administration with ATV/RTV resulted in increased plasma S/GSK1349572 area under the concentration-time curve during a dosing interval (AUC(0,τ)), observed maximal concentration (C(max) ), and concentration at the end of dosing interval at steady state (C(τ) ) by 62%, 34% and 121%, respectively."	( Effect of atazanavir and atazanavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of the next-generation HIV integrase inhibitor, S/GSK1349572. Borland, J; Chen, S; Lou, Y; Min, S; Peppercorn, A; Piscitelli, SC; Song, I; Wajima, T, 2011)	0.64
"Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was applied to explore the relationship between lopinavir and ritonavir concentrations over 72 h following drug cessation and also to assess other lopinavir and ritonavir dosing strategies compared to the standard 400-mg-100-mg twice-daily dose."	( Sequential population pharmacokinetic modeling of lopinavir and ritonavir in healthy volunteers and assessment of different dosing strategies. Aarons, L; Back, D; Boffito, M; Davies, G; Dickinson, L; Else, L; Khoo, S; Moyle, G; Pozniak, A; von Hentig, N, 2011)	0.83
"ATV/RTV with dose-normalized EE/NGM resulted in geometric mean reductions of 16% in EE peak plasma concentration (C(max)), 19% in EE area under the concentration-time curve for a dosing interval (AUC([τ])) and 37% in EE lowest plasma concentration (C(min)), compared with EE 35 μg with NGM in the absence of ATV/RTV."	( The effect of atazanavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate in healthy women. Bertz, R; Chung, E; Eley, T; Mahnke, L; Persson, A; Xu, X; Yones, C; Zhang, J, 2011)	0.67
"Adequate plasma trough concentrations (Ctrough) of protease inhibitors are required to maintain antiviral activity throughout the dosing interval."	( Therapeutic monitoring and variability of atazanavir in HIV-infected patients, with and without HCV coinfection, receiving boosted or unboosted regimens. Barassi, A; Brandolini, M; Cusato, M; D'Arminio Monforte, A; Gulminetti, R; Maserati, R; Melzi D'Eril, GV; Regazzi, M; Sighinolfi, L; Tinelli, C; Villani, P, 2011)	0.37
" We aimed at determining the optimal dosing regimen in neonates and infants weighing 1 to 10."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir population pharmacokinetics in neonates and infants. Anderson, ST; Blanche, S; Faye, A; Firtion, G; Giraud, C; Hirt, D; Khoo, S; Leprevost, M; Lyall, H; Peytavin, G; Solas, C; Thuret, I; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)	0.77
" Based upon trough concentration limitations, suggested LPV/r dosing regimens were 40 mg 12 h(-1), 80 mg 12 h(-1) and 120 mg 12 h(-1) in the 1-2 kg, 2-6 kg and 6-10 kg group, respectively."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir population pharmacokinetics in neonates and infants. Anderson, ST; Blanche, S; Faye, A; Firtion, G; Giraud, C; Hirt, D; Khoo, S; Leprevost, M; Lyall, H; Peytavin, G; Solas, C; Thuret, I; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2011)	0.77
" The purpose of this study was to assess the safety, efficacy and appropriate dosing regimen for ritonavir (RTV)-boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected pregnant women."	( Safety and exposure of once-daily ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected pregnant women. Bertz, R; Botes, M; Child, M; Conradie, F; Eley, T; Hu, W; Josipovic, D; McGrath, D; Osiyemi, O; Vandeloise, E; Wirtz, V; Zorrilla, C, 2011)	0.87
"In this nonrandomized, open-label study, HIV-infected pregnant women were dosed with either 300/100 mg (n=20) or 400/100 mg (n=21) atazanavir/RTV once-daily (qd) in combination with zidovudine (300 mg) and lamivudine (150 mg) twice daily in the third trimester."	( Safety and exposure of once-daily ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-infected pregnant women. Bertz, R; Botes, M; Child, M; Conradie, F; Eley, T; Hu, W; Josipovic, D; McGrath, D; Osiyemi, O; Vandeloise, E; Wirtz, V; Zorrilla, C, 2011)	0.65
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."	( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)	0.37
"To describe laboratory abnormalities among HIV-infected women and their infants with standard and increased lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) dosing during the third trimester of pregnancy."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir dosing during pregnancy in Brazil and maternal/infant laboratory abnormalities. Ceriotto, M; João, EC; Kreitchmann, R; Melo, VH; Mussi-Pinhata, MM; Peixoto, MF; Pilotto, JH; Read, J; Souza, Rda S; Stoszek, SK, )	0.74
"164 women received LPV/r standard dosing [(798/198 or 800/200 mg/day) (Group 1)] and 70 increased dosing [(> 800/200 mg/day) (Group 2)]."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir dosing during pregnancy in Brazil and maternal/infant laboratory abnormalities. Ceriotto, M; João, EC; Kreitchmann, R; Melo, VH; Mussi-Pinhata, MM; Peixoto, MF; Pilotto, JH; Read, J; Souza, Rda S; Stoszek, SK, )	0.53
" Increased LPV/r dosing during the third trimester of pregnancy appears to be safe for HIV-infected women and their infants."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir dosing during pregnancy in Brazil and maternal/infant laboratory abnormalities. Ceriotto, M; João, EC; Kreitchmann, R; Melo, VH; Mussi-Pinhata, MM; Peixoto, MF; Pilotto, JH; Read, J; Souza, Rda S; Stoszek, SK, )	0.53
"The object of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of darunavir-ritonavir and atazanavir-ritonavir once-daily dosing over 72 h (h) following drug intake cessation."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily darunavir-ritonavir and atazanavir-ritonavir over 72 hours following drug cessation. Amara, A; Back, D; Boffito, M; Gazzard, B; Higgs, C; Jackson, A; Khoo, S; Moyle, G; Seymour, N, 2011)	0.86
" Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is occasionally used to guide chronic dosing to achieve target trough concentrations, but its clinical success assumes minimal intrasubject variability."	( Within-patient atazanavir trough concentration monitoring in HIV-1-infected patients. Crutchley, RD; Hochreitter, J; Ma, Q; Morse, GD; Sulaiman, A, 2011)	0.37
" This study evaluates an intermittent dosing regimen for rifabutin when it is co-administered with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir."	( Determination of rifabutin dosing regimen when administered in combination with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir. Arikan, D; Bertz, R; Coumbis, J; Farajallah, A; Stonier, M; Wu, Y; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2011)	0.81
" Lopinavir was active at levels well below those achieved with standard dosing of coformulated lopinavir-ritonavir."	( In vitro activity of antiretroviral drugs against Plasmodium falciparum. Nsanzabana, C; Rosenthal, PJ, 2011)	0.58
"For use in chronic oral chemotherapeutic regimens, the potent anticancer drug docetaxel needs a solid oral dosage form."	( Pharmaceutical development and preliminary clinical testing of an oral solid dispersion formulation of docetaxel (ModraDoc001). Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Koolen, SL; Moes, JJ; Nuijen, B; Schellens, JH, 2011)	0.37
" Dosing was separated by a wash-out period of 14 days."	( Bioequivalence study of two oral tablet formulations containing saquinavir mesylate boosted with ritonavir in healthy male subjects. Feleder, EC; Halabe, EK; Yerino, GA; Zini, E, 2011)	0.59
" Notably, this interaction was independent of the dosage of darunavir and not due to effects of raltegravir on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir."	( Co-administration of raltegravir reduces daily darunavir exposure in HIV-1 infected patients. Baldelli, S; Boreggio, G; Cattaneo, D; Clementi, E; Cozzi, V; Fucile, S; Gervasoni, C; Landonio, S; Meraviglia, P; Rizzardini, G, 2012)	0.58
" Blood samples were collected up to 24 hours after dosing on prespecified days."	( Effect of vicriviroc with or without ritonavir on oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group, fixed-sequence crossover trial in healthy women. Kasserra, C; Li, J; March, B; O'Mara, E, 2011)	0.64
"Atazanavir geometric mean (CV%) C(max), C(min) and AUC over the dosing interval were 2897 (46) ng/mL, 526 (57) ng/mL and 28 605 (46) ng · h/mL, respectively, and for lopinavir they were 10 655 (51) ng/mL, 5944 (68) ng/mL and 90 946 (59) ng · h/mL, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics and inhibitory quotient of atazanavir/ritonavir versus lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected, treatment-naive patients who participated in the CASTLE Study. Bertz, R; Child, M; Eley, T; Farajallah, A; Krystal, M; Liao, S; McGrath, D; Molina, JM; Persson, A; Sevinsky, H; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhu, L, 2012)	0.63
"To describe the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc when dosed at 150 or 300 mg once daily with 800/100 mg of darunavir/ritonavir."	( Once daily maraviroc 300 mg or 150 mg in combination with ritonavir-boosted darunavir 800/100 mg. Ainsworth, J; Cook, R; Dufty, N; Gandhi, K; Hickinbottom, G; Khonyongwa, K; Okoli, C; Owen, A; Siccardi, M; Taylor, S; Thomas-William, S; Watson, J, 2012)	0.83
" A population PK analysis was performed using NONMEM to characterize changes in lopinavir (LPV) PK relating to maturational changes in infants, and to assess dosing requirements in this population."	( Assessment of lopinavir pharmacokinetics with respect to developmental changes in infants and the impact on weight band-based dosing. Alvero, C; Capparelli, EV; Chadwick, EG; Hazra, R; Heckman, BE; Hughes, ML; Nikanjam, M; Palumbo, P; Pinto, J; Robbins, B; Yogev, R, 2012)	0.38
"In this study, a slight but not significant decrease in the plasma lopinavir C(trough) was found during the third trimester of pregnancy, suggesting that standard dosing of the tablet formulation is also appropriate during the later stages of pregnancy."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir trough concentrations with the tablet formulation in HIV-1-infected women during the third trimester of pregnancy. Borderi, M; Calza, L; Colangeli, V; Grossi, G; Manfredi, R; Motta, R; Salvadori, C; Trapani, F; Viale, P, 2012)	0.78
" However, some patients may have received atazanavir at a suboptimal dosage or had suboptimal susceptibility to BT agents."	( Atazanavir: in pediatric patients with HIV-1 infection. Deeks, ED, 2012)	0.38
" Owing to the very large variability, trough drug levels might be very low under the standard dosing regimen, raising the question of a potential relevance of therapeutic drug monitoring of RAL in some situations."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis and pharmacogenetics of raltegravir in HIV-positive and healthy individuals. Aouri, M; Arab-Alameddine, M; Boffito, M; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; di Iulio, J; Fayet-Mello, A; Günthard, HF; Lubomirov, R; Neely, M; Owen, A; Rentsch, K; Rotger, M; Telenti, A, 2012)	0.38
" However, although the levels of BILR 355 increased upon concomitant administration of RTV, a metabolite of BILR 355, BILR 516, which was not detected previously in humans dosed with BILR 355 alone, became a disproportionate human metabolite with levels exceeding the parent levels at steady state."	( Metabolic switching of BILR 355 in the presence of ritonavir. II. Uncovering novel contributions by gut bacteria and aldehyde oxidase. Lai, WG; Li, Y; Tweedie, DJ; Whitcher-Johnstone, A; Xu, J, 2012)	0.63
" We also collected data on dosing of atazanavir, and on demographic (age, gender, and ethnicity), physiological (weight and body mass index), and clinical parameters (CD4+ cell count, HIV-RNA viremia, co-medication, and hepatitis C co-infection)."	( Effects of hepatitis C virus infection on the pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in HIV-1-infected patients. Cenderello, G; Di Biagio, A; Loregian, A; Pagni, S; Palù, G; Rosso, R; Sormani, MP; Viscoli, C, 2012)	0.62
"19) for the concentration at the end of the dosing interval."	( Effect of milk thistle on the pharmacokinetics of darunavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Negredo, E; Valle, M, 2012)	0.62
" Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling was performed 7 days apart after LPV/r dosing under moderate fat, high fat, and fasted meal conditions."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of lopinavir plus ritonavir when administered under different meal conditions in HIV-infected Ugandan adults. Back, D; Boffito, M; Byakika-Kibwika, P; Khoo, S; Lamorde, M; Mayito, J; Merry, C; Nabukeera, L; Ogwal-Okeng, J; Ryan, M; Tjia, J, 2012)	0.63
" Observed ART dosing took place for at least 2 weeks."	( Untreated HIV infection is associated with higher blood alcohol levels. Beatty, G; Gruber, VA; Lum, PJ; McCance-Katz, EF; Peters, M; Rainey, PM, 2012)	0.38
" Repeated dosing of LB42908 in rats did not significantly affect its own metabolism, indicating that long-term administration of LB42908 would not alter its pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Preclinical metabolism of LB42908, a novel farnesyl transferase inhibitor, and its effects on the cytochrome P450 isozyme activities. Aeri, K; Chang, M; Kim, HJ; Koh, JS; Lee, SH, 2012)	0.38
"This is the first study to compare darunavir CSF concentrations in patients taking the once-daily or the twice-daily dosage: our data show that darunavir and ritonavir dosing significantly affects not only CSF concentrations but also the extent of drug penetration into the CSF."	( Determinants of darunavir cerebrospinal fluid concentrations: impact of once-daily dosing and pharmacogenetics. Bertucci, R; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; Cusato, J; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; Marinaro, L; Siccardi, M; Simiele, M; Yilmaz, A, 2012)	0.58
"003) from their corresponding baseline value during the 100 mg dosing period; there were no significant changes on 50 mg."	( Ritonavir boosting dose reduction from 100 to 50 mg does not change the atazanavir steady-state exposure in healthy volunteers. Antonijoan, RM; Barbanoj, MJ; Cedeño, S; Clotet, B; Domingo, P; Estévez, JA; Mangues, MA; Moltó, J; Puntes, M; Tuneu, L; Valle, M, 2012)	1.82
" Clinical studies in HCV patients have shown a potential need for a high danoprevir daily dose and/or dosing frequency."	( Impact of low-dose ritonavir on danoprevir pharmacokinetics: results of computer-based simulations and a clinical drug-drug interaction study. Blotner, S; Chen, Y; Fretland, J; Haznedar, JO; Reddy, MB; Smith, P; Tran, JQ, 2012)	0.71
" Following results from this drug-drug interaction (DDI) model, a crossover study was performed in healthy volunteers to investigate the effects of acute and repeat dosing of low-dose ritonavir on danoprevir single-dose pharmacokinetics."	( Impact of low-dose ritonavir on danoprevir pharmacokinetics: results of computer-based simulations and a clinical drug-drug interaction study. Blotner, S; Chen, Y; Fretland, J; Haznedar, JO; Reddy, MB; Smith, P; Tran, JQ, 2012)	0.9
" Prospective pharmacokinetic studies to devise a rational dosing strategy for vinblastine in patients receiving ritonavir/lopinavir are warranted."	( Incidence, predictors and significance of severe toxicity in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated Hodgkin lymphoma. Boro, J; Cheung, MC; Ezzat, HM; Harris, M; Hicks, LK; Leitch, HA; Lima, VD; Montaner, JS, 2012)	0.59
" Factors that may have contributed to the suboptimal results with nevirapine include elevated viral load at baseline, selection for nevirapine resistance, background regimen of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, and the standard ramp-up dosing strategy."	( Nevirapine versus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for HIV-infected children. Abrams, EJ; Barlow-Mosha, L; Bobat, R; Chi, BH; Cotton, MF; Eshleman, SH; Hughes, MD; Jean-Philippe, P; Kamthunzi, P; Khadse, S; Lindsey, JC; Millar, L; Mofenson, LM; Moultrie, H; Mujuru, HA; Palumbo, P; Petzold, E; Purdue, L; Schimana, W; Violari, A, 2012)	0.71
" To identify risk factors for nonoptimal anticoagulation and to determine if warfarin dosing is differentially affected by specific antiretroviral agents."	( Warfarin therapy in the HIV medical home model: low rates of therapeutic anticoagulation despite adherence and differences in dosing based on specific antiretrovirals. Anderson, AM; Chane, T; Chen, S; Easley, KA; Patel, M; Xue, W, 2012)	0.38
" However, there are challenges to initiate ART in early life, including the possibility of drug resistance in the context of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs, a paucity of drug choices , uncertain dosing for some medications and long-term toxicities."	( Effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children under 2 years of age. Cotton, M; Gibb, D; Penazzato, M; Prendergast, A; Tierney, J, 2012)	0.38
" Lopinavir AUC(0-24) following twice-daily and once-daily dosing was 169."	( Once- versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir tablets in virologically suppressed, HIV-infected, treatment-experienced children: comparative pharmacokinetics and virological outcome after switching to once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Chokephaibulkit, K; Cressey, TR; Lapphra, K; Nuntarukchaikul, M; Phongsamart, W; Vanprapar, N; Wittawatmongkol, O, 2012)	0.66
" Further efficacy studies of lopinavir/ritonavir once daily in children are necessary before routinely recommending this dosing strategy."	( Once- versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir tablets in virologically suppressed, HIV-infected, treatment-experienced children: comparative pharmacokinetics and virological outcome after switching to once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Chokephaibulkit, K; Cressey, TR; Lapphra, K; Nuntarukchaikul, M; Phongsamart, W; Vanprapar, N; Wittawatmongkol, O, 2012)	0.93
"1 for the concentration prior to the next dose (C(12)) with no differences between dosing groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir in Asian HIV-1-infected children aged ≥7 years. Ananworanich, J; Burger, D; Chokephaibulkit, K; Gorowara, M; Kerr, SJ; Pasomsap, C; Phongsamart, W; Prasitsuebsai, W; Puthanakit, T; Sekar, V; Sophonphan, J; Suwanlerk, T; Vanprapar, N; Wittawatmongkol, O, 2012)	0.67
"Thai children aged ≥7 years who were on standard darunavir dosing with 100 mg ritonavir boosting had adequate and comparable darunavir AUC(0-12), C(max) and C(12) to non-Asian children who mainly used lower doses of ritonavir boosting."	( Pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir in Asian HIV-1-infected children aged ≥7 years. Ananworanich, J; Burger, D; Chokephaibulkit, K; Gorowara, M; Kerr, SJ; Pasomsap, C; Phongsamart, W; Prasitsuebsai, W; Puthanakit, T; Sekar, V; Sophonphan, J; Suwanlerk, T; Vanprapar, N; Wittawatmongkol, O, 2012)	0.9
" This suggests that 300/50 mg and 200/100 mg dosing are preferred candidate regimens in future clinical studies."	( Simultaneous population pharmacokinetic modelling of atazanavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected adults and assessment of different dose reduction strategies. Austin, R; Back, D; Boffito, M; Davies, G; Dickinson, L; Khoo, S; Owen, A; Schipani, A, 2013)	0.63
"In HIV-infected patients receiving rifampicin-based treatment for tuberculosis (TB), the dosage of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) is adjusted to prevent sub-therapeutic lopinavir concentrations."	( Coadministration of lopinavir/ritonavir and rifampicin in HIV and tuberculosis co-infected adults in South Africa. Gandhi, RT; Kuritzkes, DR; Marconi, VC; Murphy, RA; Sunpath, H, 2012)	0.88
" The durability of coadministered treatment was significantly shorter in patients who received super-boosted lopinavir/ritonavir with TB treatment compared to patients who received standard lopinavir/ritonavir dosing (log rank, P = 0."	( Coadministration of lopinavir/ritonavir and rifampicin in HIV and tuberculosis co-infected adults in South Africa. Gandhi, RT; Kuritzkes, DR; Marconi, VC; Murphy, RA; Sunpath, H, 2012)	0.88
" Use of exact dosing data halved unexplained variability in ATV clearance."	( Effect of adherence as measured by MEMS, ritonavir boosting, and CYP3A5 genotype on atazanavir pharmacokinetics in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients. Barrail-Tran, A; Descamps, D; Duval, X; Goujard, C; Mentré, F; Nembot, G; Panhard, X; Savic, RM; Taburet, AM; Verstuyft, C; Vrijens, B, 2012)	0.64
"Uncertainty surrounds the correct dosing of lopinavir/r (LPV/r) in HIV-infected children not receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors."	( Lopinavir dosing in HIV-infected children in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Butler, K; Doerholt, K; Donegan, K; Gibb, DM; Judd, A; Lyall, H; Menson, E; Riordan, A; Shingadia, D; Tookey, P; Tudor-Williams, G; Walker, AS, 2013)	0.39
" Results highlight the importance of optimizing dosing in HIV-infected children of all ages."	( Lopinavir dosing in HIV-infected children in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Butler, K; Doerholt, K; Donegan, K; Gibb, DM; Judd, A; Lyall, H; Menson, E; Riordan, A; Shingadia, D; Tookey, P; Tudor-Williams, G; Walker, AS, 2013)	0.39
" This therapeutic principle called 'boosting' helped to overcome the obstacles of this class of drugs concerning unfavorable pharmacokinetics, resulting in either a high frequency of dosing or subtherapeutic plasma concentrations."	( Safety of pharmacoenhancers for HIV therapy. Haberl, A; von Hentig, N, 2012)	0.38
" Coadministration with boceprevir decreased RTV AUC during a dosing interval τ (AUC(τ)) by 22%-36%."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between the hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor boceprevir and ritonavir-boosted HIV-1 protease inhibitors atazanavir, darunavir, and lopinavir. Butterton, JR; Feng, HP; Hughes, EA; Hulskotte, EG; O'Mara, E; Treitel, MA; van Zutven, MG; Wagner, JA; Xuan, F; Youngberg, SP, 2013)	0.61
" Blood sampling at the end of the dosing interval (Ctrough) was performed."	( Intracellular accumulation of ritonavir combined with different protease inhibitors and correlations between concentrations in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Agati, S; Baietto, L; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; Cusato, J; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; Larovere, G; Sciandra, M; Siccardi, M; Simiele, M; Tettoni, M; Trentini, L, 2013)	0.68
"A pretransplantation pharmacokinetic model of tacrolimus in these patients was developed, and a posttransplantation dosing advice was established for each individual patient."	( Pretransplantation pharmacokinetic curves of tacrolimus in HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-containing cART: a pilot study. Crommelin, HA; Mudrikova, T; van den Broek, MP; van Maarseveen, EM; van Zuilen, AD, 2013)	0.61
" Pharmacokinetic data from drug-development studies in rats often determine the dosage used in human clinical trials."	( Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of inhibitors of human and rat cytochrome P4503A enzymes. Gouda, H; Handa, K; Hirono, S; Nakagome, I; Yamaotsu, N, 2013)	0.39
" Micro/small dosing is useful for examining the mechanism of drug interactions without safety concern."	( Mechanisms of pharmacokinetic enhancement between ritonavir and saquinavir; micro/small dosing tests using midazolam (CYP3A4), fexofenadine (p-glycoprotein), and pravastatin (OATP1B1) as probe drugs. Ando, Y; Deguchi, M; Hirota, T; Ieiri, I; Irie, S; Izumi, N; Kanda, E; Kimura, M; Kotani, N; Kusuhara, H; Maeda, K; Matsuguma, K; Matsuki, S; Morishita, M; Okuzono, T; Sugiyama, Y; Tsunemitsu, S; Yamane, N, 2013)	0.64
" Blood plasma (for TFV, FTC, EFV, ATV and RTV concentrations) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs; for tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) and emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP) concentrations] were collected at 11 time-points over a 24-hour dosing interval."	( Pharmacokinetics of two common antiretroviral regimens in older HIV-infected patients: a pilot study. Adams, JL; Corbett, AH; Dumond, JB; Forrest, A; Jennings, SH; Kashuba, AD; Kendrick, RL; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM; Sykes, C; Wang, R; White, N, 2013)	0.39
" Patients received ABT-450/r 150/100 mg once daily and ABT-072 400 mg once daily with weight-based ribavirin 1000-1200 mg/day dosed twice daily for 12 weeks."	( A phase 2a trial of 12-week interferon-free therapy with two direct-acting antivirals (ABT-450/r, ABT-072) and ribavirin in IL28B C/C patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1. Bernstein, B; Cohen, DE; Koev, G; Kowdley, KV; Larsen, L; Lawitz, E; Menon, R; Pilot-Matias, T; Podsadecki, T; Poordad, F; Siggelkow, S; Tripathi, R, 2013)	0.39
" The MEMS-defined adherence for correct dosing (-0."	( Adherence profiles and therapeutic responses of treatment-naive HIV-infected patients starting boosted atazanavir-based therapy in the ANRS 134-COPHAR 3 trial. Barrail-Tran, A; Descamps, D; Duval, X; Goujard, C; Mentré, F; Nembot, G; Panhard, X; Parienti, JJ; Taburet, AM; Vigan, M; Vrijens, B, 2013)	0.39
" Lopinavir plasma exposure as estimated by the area under the concentration-time curve over the 12-h dosing interval (AUC(0-12h), AUCτ) was determined on day 14 and again on day 21."	( Co-administration of a commonly used Zimbabwean herbal treatment (African potato) does not alter the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir. Aweeka, F; Greenblatt, R; Guglielmo, BJ; Gwaza, L; Huang, L; Lizak, P, 2013)	0.59
" We assessed the changes in total, conjugated, and unconjugated bilirubin and the effect on ATV pharmacokinetics (PK) after single and 14-day dosing of ZnSO(4)."	( Coadministration of atazanavir-ritonavir and zinc sulfate: impact on hyperbilirubinemia and pharmacokinetics. Back, D; Boffito, M; Else, L; Gazzard, B; Jackson, A; Karolia, Z; Moyle, G; Ringner-Nackter, L; Seymour, N; Yapa, MH, 2013)	0.68
"Results from intensive pharmacokinetic sampling of subjects enrolled in single dose visits was used to determine individualized dosing for the first 6-10 subjects in each of 2 cohorts (4 weeks to <6 months, 6 months to <2 years); steady state pharmacokinetic data were then used to select the dosage regimen for the remaining subjects recruited to the cohort."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir/ritonavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected children aged 4 weeks to 2 years-48-week study data. Cassim, H; Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Ford, SL; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Pavía-Ruz, N; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.64
"Final FPV/RTV dosing regimens achieved plasma amprenavir exposures comparable with those from regimens approved in adults, with the exception of trough exposures in the <6-month-old infants."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety and antiviral activity of fosamprenavir/ritonavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected children aged 4 weeks to 2 years-48-week study data. Cassim, H; Cheng, K; Cotton, M; Ford, SL; Garges, HP; Givens, N; Lou, Y; Pavía-Ruz, N; Perger, T; Ross, LL; Sievers, J; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.64
"A total of 54 patients infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 received an oral drug cocktail (2 mg midazolam, 10 mg warfarin and 10 mg vitamin K) before and after 14 days of dosing with either danoprevir/r or placebo plus low-dose ritonavir (placebo/r)."	( A randomised study of the effect of danoprevir/ritonavir or ritonavir on substrates of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and 2C9 in chronic hepatitis C patients using a drug cocktail. Brennan, BJ; Chang, L; Giraudon, M; Kulkarni, R; Morcos, PN; Shulman, N; Smith, PF; Tran, JQ, 2013)	0.83
" Blood samples were withdrawn from retro-orbital plexus on first day in single dose PK study (SDS) and on 15th day in multiple dosing PK study (MDS)."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of felodipine by naringenin in Wistar rats and inhibition of P-glycoprotein in everted rat gut sacs in vitro. Naveen Babu, K; Puneeth, Y; Ravindra Babu, P; Sridhar, V; Surya Sandeep, M, 2014)	0.4
" No dosage adjustment is needed for MMT when coadministered with DNVr."	( Effect of ritonavir-boosted danoprevir, a potent hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of methadone in healthy subjects undergoing methadone maintenance therapy. Bech, N; Brennan, BJ; Morcos, PN; Moreira, SA; Navarro, MT; Smith, PF, 2014)	0.8
" No clinically relevant interactions between daclatasvir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were observed for either drug, and no dosing adjustments were indicated."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic interactions of the HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir with antiretroviral agents: ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, efavirenz and tenofovir. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Grasela, D; Hartstra, J; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Oosterhuis, B; Sevinsky, H; Tiessen, R; Velinova-Donga, M, 2013)	0.59
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, assessed on day 5 of period 1 and on days 10 and 20 of period 2, included the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), the concentration at end of dosing interval (Cτ), and the area under the curve over dosing interval (AUCτ)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between maraviroc and fosamprenavir-ritonavir: an open-label, fixed-sequence study in healthy subjects. Fang, A; Heera, J; Mendes da Costa, L; Plotka, A; Vourvahis, M, 2013)	0.63
"In this study, treatment-naive HIV-1 patients (aged 18-60 years) received 1 of the 4 dosing regimens of TMC310911: 150 mg twice-daily (bid) (n = 8), 300 mg bid (n = 8), 75 mg bid (n = 9), or 300 mg once-daily (qd) (n = 8), for 14 days, all coadministered with 100 mg of ritonavir, as only antiretroviral therapy."	( Antiviral activity, pharmacokinetics, and safety of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor TMC310911, coadministered with ritonavir, in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients. Arastéh, K; Dierynck, I; Hoetelmans, RM; Jacquemyn, B; Mariën, K; Meyvisch, P; Schürmann, D; Simmen, K; Smyej, I; Stellbrink, HJ; Stephan, C; Truyers, C; Verloes, R, 2014)	0.79
" Pharmacokinetic studies suggest increasing the dosage of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in pregnancy."	( A randomized controlled trial to assess safety, tolerability, and antepartum viral load with increased lopinavir/ritonavir dosage in pregnancy. Bonafe, SM; Castelo, A; Costa, DA; Machado, RH; Pott-Junior, H; Senise, JF; Vaz, MJ, 2013)	0.84
"06 μg/ml), suggesting that the RBT dosage may be inadequate."	( Pharmacokinetics of rifabutin during atazanavir/ritonavir co-administration in HIV-infected TB patients in India. Bhavani, PK; Chandrasekaran, C; Hemanth Kumar, AK; Raja, K; Ramachandran, G; Srinivasan, R; Sudha, V; Swaminathan, S; Venkatesh, S, 2013)	0.65
" The molecular method of response determination by 3H-TDR incorporation and ritonavir dose-energy model are reliable to avoid chemo-resistance by identifying the optimal dosing regimens and schedules prior therapy allowing the use of much lower dose of ritonavir and thus decreases the drug side effects and risks of relapse."	( Identifying the optimal dose of ritonavir in the treatment of malignancies. Moawad, EY, 2014)	0.92
"No major changes were identified in the group treated with the lowest dosing compared with the control."	( Effects of combined zidovudine/lopinavir/ritonavir therapy during rat pregnancy: morphological aspects. de Carvalho, LP; Kulay, L; Nakamura, MU; Oliveira-Filho, RM; Simões, RS; Tavella, JS; Wagner, A, 2013)	0.66
" This comprehensive modelling and simulation approach could be used as a surrogate assessment of antiretroviral (ARV) activity where adequate early-phase dose-ranging studies are lacking in order to define target trough concentrations and possibly refine dosing recommendations."	( Integrated population pharmacokinetic/viral dynamic modelling of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1 treatment-naïve patients. Acosta, EP; D'Argenio, DZ; Delille, C; Kerstner-Wood, C; Lennox, JL; Ofotokun, I; Sheth, AN; Wang, K, 2014)	0.63
"Our model predicts that even with maximal clinical dosing regimens of epidural fentanyl over 24 h, ritonavir-induced cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition is unlikely to produce plasma fentanyl concentrations associated with a decrease in minute ventilation."	( Effect of ritonavir-induced cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition on plasma fentanyl concentrations during patient-controlled epidural labor analgesia: a pharmacokinetic simulation. Avram, MJ; Cambic, CR; Gupta, DK; Wong, CA, 2014)	1.02
" Dosing is based on body weight bands or body surface area under FDA approval and only body surface area by the EMA."	( Pharmacokinetics of pediatric lopinavir/ritonavir tablets in children when administered twice daily according to FDA weight bands. Bastiaans, DE; Burger, DM; Chalermpantmetagul, S; Colbers, AP; Compagnucci, A; Cressey, TR; Forcat, S; Giaquinto, C; Hansudewechakul, R; Harper, LM; Inshaw, JR; Kanjanavanit, S; Königs, C; Lyall, H; Noguera-Julian, A; Saïdi, Y, 2014)	0.67
"FDA weight band-based dosing recommendations provide adequate exposure to LPV when using LPV/r pediatric tablets."	( Pharmacokinetics of pediatric lopinavir/ritonavir tablets in children when administered twice daily according to FDA weight bands. Bastiaans, DE; Burger, DM; Chalermpantmetagul, S; Colbers, AP; Compagnucci, A; Cressey, TR; Forcat, S; Giaquinto, C; Hansudewechakul, R; Harper, LM; Inshaw, JR; Kanjanavanit, S; Königs, C; Lyall, H; Noguera-Julian, A; Saïdi, Y, 2014)	0.67
"The use of rivaroxaban in fixed dosing regimens without need for routine coagulation monitoring may lead to the misconception that there is a minimal risk of drug-drug interactions."	( Gastrointestinal bleeding associated with rivaroxaban administration in a treated patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Battegay, M; Elzi, L; Lakatos, B; Marzolini, C; Stoeckle, M, 2014)	0.4
" With both dosing regimens, 2 - 5 fold increases of the 25-O-desacetyl- rifabutin metabolite were observed when rifabutin was given with lopinavir/ritonavir compared with rifabutin alone."	( Randomised pharmacokinetic trial of rifabutin with lopinavir/ritonavir-antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis in Vietnam. Barrail-Tran, A; Borand, L; Connolly, C; Duc, NH; Dung, NH; Harries, AD; Lagarde, D; Lan, NN; Lan, NT; Laureillard, D; Lien, TT; Lienhardt, C; Pym, A; Quillet, C; Taburet, AM; Thu, NT, 2014)	0.84
" Patients in treatment arm 1 (non-ritonavir HAART) received standard sunitinib dosing (50 mg/day)."	( A phase 1/pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with cancer: AIDS Malignancy Consortium trial AMC 061. Aboulafia, D; Cianfrocca, ME; Deeken, JF; Dezube, BJ; Dowlati, A; Gerecitano, J; Haigentz, M; Henry, DH; Ivy, SP; Little, RF; Mitsuyasu, RT; Moore, PC; Ratner, L; Rudek, MA; Sullivan, R, 2014)	0.68
"Patients receiving non-ritonavir-based HAART regimens tolerated standard dosing of sunitinib."	( A phase 1/pharmacokinetic study of sunitinib in combination with highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with cancer: AIDS Malignancy Consortium trial AMC 061. Aboulafia, D; Cianfrocca, ME; Deeken, JF; Dezube, BJ; Dowlati, A; Gerecitano, J; Haigentz, M; Henry, DH; Ivy, SP; Little, RF; Mitsuyasu, RT; Moore, PC; Ratner, L; Rudek, MA; Sullivan, R, 2014)	0.71
" LPV concentrations were also monitored on a routine basis, after 2 weeks of treatment initiation, between 1 and 24 hours after dosing in all children."	( Concentration-response model of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected pediatric patients. Benaboud, S; Blanche, S; Bouazza, N; Foissac, F; Frange, P; Hirt, D; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2014)	0.67
"The CLPV90 derived from this model supports current dosing guidelines."	( Concentration-response model of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected pediatric patients. Benaboud, S; Blanche, S; Bouazza, N; Foissac, F; Frange, P; Hirt, D; Tréluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2014)	0.67
" As a stand-alone agent, elvitegravir will require twice-daily dosing to achieve effective viral reductions."	( Elvitegravir for the treatment of HIV infection. Reviriego, C, 2014)	0.4
" It is prescribed at standard dosage regimens of 600/100 mg twice daily in treatment-experienced patients and 800/100 mg once daily in naive patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and evaluation of different dosage regimens for darunavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected individuals. Aouri, M; Arab-Alameddine, M; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Csajka, C; Décosterd, LA; Fayet-Mello, A; Gatri, M; Guidi, M; Ledergerber, B; Lubomirov, R; Panchaud, A; Rentsch, K; Rotger, M; Telenti, A; Widmer, N, 2014)	0.62
" Finally, model-based simulations were performed to compare trough concentrations (Cmin) between the recommended dosage regimen and alternative combinations of darunavir and ritonavir."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and evaluation of different dosage regimens for darunavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected individuals. Aouri, M; Arab-Alameddine, M; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Csajka, C; Décosterd, LA; Fayet-Mello, A; Gatri, M; Guidi, M; Ledergerber, B; Lubomirov, R; Panchaud, A; Rentsch, K; Rotger, M; Telenti, A; Widmer, N, 2014)	0.81
" The simulations predicted darunavir Cmin much higher than the IC50 thresholds for wild-type and protease inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 strains (55 and 550 ng/mL, respectively) under standard dosing in >98% of experienced and naive patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling and evaluation of different dosage regimens for darunavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected individuals. Aouri, M; Arab-Alameddine, M; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Csajka, C; Décosterd, LA; Fayet-Mello, A; Gatri, M; Guidi, M; Ledergerber, B; Lubomirov, R; Panchaud, A; Rentsch, K; Rotger, M; Telenti, A; Widmer, N, 2014)	0.62
" the area under the plasma concentration-time curve over a dosing interval at steady state (AUC(0-τ))] and for peak exposure [i."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir and pitavastatin when co-administered to healthy adult volunteers. Campbell, SE; Medlock, MM; Morgan, RE; Small, DS; Sponseller, CA; Yu, CY, 2014)	0.67
" Twelve-hour intensive pharmacokinetic sampling after observed LPV/r intake (plus 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) following World Health Organization 2010 dosing with food was performed 4 weeks after enrollment."	( The pharmacokinetics and acceptability of lopinavir/ritonavir minitab sprinkles, tablets, and syrups in african HIV-infected children. Burger, D; Fillekes, Q; Gibb, DM; Keishanyu, R; Kekitiinwa, A; Kendall, L; Lallemant, M; Musiime, V; Namuddu, R; Opilo, W; Walker, AS; Young, N, 2014)	0.65
" However, there are challenges to initiation of ART in early life, including the possibility of drug resistance in the context of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs, a paucity of drug choices , uncertain dosing for some medications and long-term toxicities."	( Optimisation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children under 3 years of age. Abrams, E; Muhe, LM; Penazzato, M; Prendergast, AJ; Tindyebwa, D, 2014)	0.4
" In South Africa, clinicians are advised to use 'double-dose' LPV/r dosed at 800 mg/200 mg twice daily during anti-tuberculosis treatment."	( Double-dose lopinavir-ritonavir in combination with rifampicin-based anti-tuberculosis treatment in South Africa. Chelin, N; Cohen, S; Gandhi, RT; Murphy, RA; Sunpath, H; Tennant, I; Winternheimer, P, 2014)	0.72
"Patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy might benefit from regimen simplification to reduce pill burden and dosing frequency."	( Simplification to coformulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus continuation of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor with emtricitabine and tenofovir in adults with virologically suppressed HIV (STRATEGY-PI): 48 week results o Arribas, JR; Di Perri, G; Ebrahimi, R; Gathe, J; Nguyen, T; Pialoux, G; Piontkowsky, D; Reynes, J; Tebas, P; White, K, 2014)	0.61
" We therefore propose a 50% dosage increase of olanzapine when combining with a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor."	( Effect of fosamprenavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of single-dose olanzapine in healthy volunteers. Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Jacobs, BS; Schouwenberg, BJ; Velthoven-Graafland, K, 2014)	0.94
" Pharmacokinetic sampling occurred at the end of each dosing period."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacogenetics study of the antituberculosis drug PA-824 with concomitant lopinavir-ritonavir, efavirenz, or rifampin. Allen, R; Aweeka, F; Bao, J; Cramer, Y; Dooley, KE; Haas, DW; Koletar, SL; Luetkemeyer, AF; Marzan, F; Murray, S; Park, JG; Savic, R; Sutherland, D, 2014)	0.61
"Atazanavir/ritonavir 200/100 mg dosing provided adequate ATV AUC 0-24 when used with TDF in HIV-infected Thai children weighing between 25 and 50 kg."	( Pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir among HIV-infected Thai children concomitantly taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Ananworanich, J; Bunupuradah, T; Keadpudsa, S; Prasitsuebsai, W; Puthanakit, T; Sahakijpicharn, T; Srimuan, A; Techasaensiri, C; Thammajaruk, N, 2014)	1.08
" Blood sampling was performed at the end of the dosing interval (Ctrough)."	( Intracellular accumulation of atazanavir/ritonavir according to plasma concentrations and OATP1B1, ABCB1 and PXR genetic polymorphisms. Allegra, S; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; Carcieri, C; Cusato, J; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; Sciandra, M; Simiele, M; Trentini, L, 2014)	0.67
" Efficacious, safe bedaquiline dosing for MDR-TB patients receiving antiretrovirals is important."	( Impact of lopinavir-ritonavir or nevirapine on bedaquiline exposures and potential implications for patients with tuberculosis-HIV coinfection. Dooley, KE; Karlsson, MO; Svensson, EM, 2014)	0.73
" Fosamprenavir-ritonavir decreased the DTG area under the concentration-time curve, maximum concentration in plasma, and concentration in plasma at the end of the dosing interval by 35%, 24%, and 49%, respectively."	( Effect of fosamprenavir-ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir in healthy subjects. Borland, J; Chen, S; Peppercorn, A; Piscitelli, SC; Song, I; Wajima, T, 2014)	1.06
" However, because the PIs are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes, intentional inhibition of these enzymes leads to higher drug exposure, lower pill burden, and therefore simplified dosing schedules with this class of drug."	( Pharmacokinetic enhancers in HIV therapeutics. Acosta, EP; Delille, C; Larson, KB; Otofokun, I; Wang, K, 2014)	0.4
" Most patients (70%) received a 400 mg ATV dosing per day, once (26%) or twice daily (44%)."	( Efficacy and safety of switching to raltegravir plus atazanavir dual therapy in pretreated HIV-1-infected patients over 144 weeks: a cohort study. Batard, ML; Bernard-Henry, C; Cheneau, C; De Mautort, E; Fafi-Kremer, S; Gantner, P; Koeppel, C; Muret, P; Partisani, M; Priester, M; Rey, D; Sueur, C, 2014)	0.4
"Standard dosing provides adequate lopinavir trough concentrations for the majority of pregnant women but increased doses may be preferable for women weighing >100 kg and with a history of lopinavir/ritonavir use and/or adherence issues."	( Impact of body weight and missed doses on lopinavir concentrations with standard and increased lopinavir/ritonavir doses during late pregnancy. Best, BM; Buranabanjasatean, S; Capparelli, EV; Cressey, TR; Jourdain, G; Lallemant, M; Limtrakul, A; Mirochnick, M; Rawangban, B; Sabsanong, P; Stek, A; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2015)	0.82
" A pediatric population pharmacokinetic model for APV was developed and simulation was used to identify dosing regimens for pediatric patients receiving FPV in combination with ritonavir (RTV) which resulted in concentrations similar to those in adults receiving FPV/RTV 700/100 mg BID."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation of amprenavir following fosamprenavir/ritonavir administration for dose optimization in HIV infected pediatric patients. Barbour, AM; Gibiansky, L; Wire, MB, 2014)	0.82
" This work aimed to develop appropriate drug ratios and dosing for each FDC."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir plus lamivudine and abacavir or zidovudine dose ratios for paediatric fixed-dose combinations. Bouazza, N; Burger, D; Capparelli, EV; Fauchet, F; Foissac, F; Kiechel, JR; Lallemant, M; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2015)	0.82
" Monte-Carlo simulations of WHO and FDA dosing recommendations were performed to assess their ability to provide optimal exposure in children weighing 4 to 25 kg based on consensus plasma targets."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir plus lamivudine and abacavir or zidovudine dose ratios for paediatric fixed-dose combinations. Bouazza, N; Burger, D; Capparelli, EV; Fauchet, F; Foissac, F; Kiechel, JR; Lallemant, M; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2015)	0.82
" Given the recommended drug ratios, the dosage for the 4-5."	( Lopinavir/ritonavir plus lamivudine and abacavir or zidovudine dose ratios for paediatric fixed-dose combinations. Bouazza, N; Burger, D; Capparelli, EV; Fauchet, F; Foissac, F; Kiechel, JR; Lallemant, M; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S, 2015)	0.82
"We conducted an open-label study of rifabutin dosed at 5 mg/kg three times a week in HIV-infected children≤5 years of age receiving lopinavir/ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of rifabutin in young HIV-infected children receiving rifabutin and lopinavir/ritonavir. Gous, H; Kellermann, T; Kindra, G; McIlleron, H; Moultrie, H; Sawry, S; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L, 2015)	0.83
"Rifabutin dosed at 5 mg/kg three times per week resulted in lower AUC0-48, AUC0-24 and Cmax values for rifabutin and 25-O-desacetyl rifabutin compared with adults receiving 150 mg of rifabutin daily, the current recommended dose."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of rifabutin in young HIV-infected children receiving rifabutin and lopinavir/ritonavir. Gous, H; Kellermann, T; Kindra, G; McIlleron, H; Moultrie, H; Sawry, S; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L, 2015)	0.63
" As these anti-HIV lipid nanoparticles also prolonged plasma drug exposure, they hold promise as a long-acting dosage form for HIV patients in addressing residual virus in cells and tissue."	( Anti-HIV drug-combination nanoparticles enhance plasma drug exposure duration as well as triple-drug combination levels in cells within lymph nodes and blood in primates. Freeling, JP; Ho, RJ; Koehn, J; Shu, C; Sun, J, 2015)	0.42
" The development of new antiretroviral drugs with simpler dosing regimens and lower toxicity has led to evaluation of innovative strategies such as dual therapy for initial ART in treatment-naive, with the aim of preventing long-term toxicity and increasing treatment adherence."	( [Lopinavir/ritonavir in new initial antiretroviral treatment strategies]. Cahn, P; Figueroa, MI; Rolón, MJ; Sued, O, 2014)	0.79
" In patients with renal failure, LPV/r does not require dosage adjustment because it is metabolized in the liver."	( [Lopinavir/ritonavir in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in special situations]. Aldeguer, JL; Tasias, M, 2014)	0.79
" Although combinations of ritonavir and lopinavir have shown higher plasma concentration level of LPV in clinical settings, dosage adjustment is still required to maintain an adequate therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects."	( A pharmacokinetic model of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir in human. Duangchaemkarn, K; Lohitnavy, M; Reisfeld, B, 2014)	0.95
" Plasma progesterone concentrations were measured every 2 weeks after DMPA dosing through week 12."	( Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in combination with a twice-daily lopinavir-ritonavir-based regimen in HIV-infected women showed effective contraception and a lack of clinically significant interactions, with good safety and tolerability: results of the Aweeka, F; Cohn, SE; Cramer, Y; Klingman, KL; Livingston, E; Luque, AE; Park, JG; Watts, DH; Weinberg, A, 2015)	0.65
" This phase 2, randomized, open-label study evaluated an IFN- and RBV-free regimen of once-daily ombitasvir (ABT-267), an NS5A inhibitor, plus paritaprevir (ABT-450), an NS3/4A protease inhibitor dosed with ritonavir (paritaprevir/ritonavir), in pegylated IFN/RBV treatment-experienced Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus subtype 1b or genotype 2 infection."	( Randomized trial of interferon- and ribavirin-free ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir in treatment-experienced hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Badri, P; Chayama, K; Kumada, H; Kurosaki, M; Notsumata, K; Pilot-Matias, T; Rodrigues, L; Sato, K; Setze, C; Vilchez, RA, 2015)	0.83
" Thirteen studies were conducted to characterize drug-drug interactions for the 3D regimen of OBV, PTV/r, and DSV and various medications in healthy volunteers to inform dosing recommendations in HCV-infected patients."	( Drug-drug interaction profile of the all-oral anti-hepatitis C virus regimen of paritaprevir/ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Dutta, S; Hu, B; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Wang, H; Wang, T; Zha, J, 2015)	0.64
" We examined the efficacy and safety of an all-oral interferon-free regimen of ombitasvir, an NS5A inhibitor, and paritaprevir (ABT-450), an NS3/4A protease inhibitor dosed with ritonavir (ombitasvir plus paritaprevir plus ritonavir), given with or without ribavirin."	( Ombitasvir plus paritaprevir plus ritonavir with or without ribavirin in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients with genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C virus infection (PEARL-I): a randomised, open-label trial. Asselah, T; Berenguer, M; Fleischer-Stepniewska, K; Hall, C; Hassanein, T; Hézode, C; Marcellin, P; Mobashery, N; Pilot-Matias, T; Pol, S; Reddy, KR; Redman, R; Schnell, G; Vilchez, RA, 2015)	0.89
" Compared with the results obtained by administration of BMS-663068 alone, coadministration of BMS-663068 with ATV/r increased the BMS-626529 maximum concentration in plasma (Cmax) and the area under the concentration-time curve in one dosing interval (AUCtau) by 68% and 54%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between BMS-626529, the active moiety of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug BMS-663068, and ritonavir or ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in healthy subjects. Bertz, R; Furlong, M; Hanna, GJ; Hruska, M; Hwang, C; Landry, IS; Shah, V; Zhu, L, 2015)	0.62
"We investigated the distribution of ATV plasma trough concentrations according to drug dosage and the potential relationship between ATV plasma trough concentrations and drug-related adverse events in a consecutive series of 240 HIV-infected patients treated with ATV/r 300/100 mg (68%) or ATV 400 mg (32%)."	( Metabolic and kidney disorders correlate with high atazanavir concentrations in HIV-infected patients: is it time to revise atazanavir dosages? Cattaneo, D; Charbe, N; Clementi, E; Cozzi, V; Ferraris, L; Galli, M; Gervasoni, C; Landonio, S; Meraviglia, P; Minisci, D; Molinari, L; Riva, A; Rizzardini, G, 2015)	0.42
"A significant proportion of patients treated with the conventional dosage of ATV (300/100) had plasma concentrations exceeding the upper therapeutic threshold."	( Metabolic and kidney disorders correlate with high atazanavir concentrations in HIV-infected patients: is it time to revise atazanavir dosages? Cattaneo, D; Charbe, N; Clementi, E; Cozzi, V; Ferraris, L; Galli, M; Gervasoni, C; Landonio, S; Meraviglia, P; Minisci, D; Molinari, L; Riva, A; Rizzardini, G, 2015)	0.42
" RAUC values were not significantly related to inhibitor dosage or to duration of inhibitor pre-exposure prior to administration of MDZ."	( Ritonavir is the best alternative to ketoconazole as an index inhibitor of cytochrome P450-3A in drug-drug interaction studies. Greenblatt, DJ; Harmatz, JS, 2015)	1.86
"To describe darunavir (DRV) pharmacokinetics with once-and twice-daily dosing during pregnancy and postpartum in HIV-infected women."	( Pharmacokinetics of Once Versus Twice Daily Darunavir in Pregnant HIV-Infected Women. Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Capparelli, EV; Cressey, TR; Kreitchmann, R; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, LM; Rungruengthanakit, K; Shapiro, D; Smith, E; Stek, A; Wang, J, 2015)	0.42
"Women were enrolled in International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network Protocol P1026s, a prospective nonblinded study of antiretroviral pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected pregnant women that included separate cohorts receiving DRV/ritonavir dosed at either 800 mg/100 mg once daily or 600 mg/100 mg twice daily."	( Pharmacokinetics of Once Versus Twice Daily Darunavir in Pregnant HIV-Infected Women. Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Capparelli, EV; Cressey, TR; Kreitchmann, R; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, LM; Rungruengthanakit, K; Shapiro, D; Smith, E; Stek, A; Wang, J, 2015)	0.6
" Median DRV area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum concentration were significantly reduced during pregnancy with both dosing regimens compared with postpartum, whereas the last measurable concentration (Clast) was also reduced during pregnancy with once daily DRV."	( Pharmacokinetics of Once Versus Twice Daily Darunavir in Pregnant HIV-Infected Women. Best, BM; Burchett, SK; Capparelli, EV; Cressey, TR; Kreitchmann, R; Mirochnick, M; Mofenson, LM; Rungruengthanakit, K; Shapiro, D; Smith, E; Stek, A; Wang, J, 2015)	0.42
"Atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r) recently became the preferred protease inhibitor (PI) for use in Nigeria since it is dosed once daily, which may improve treatment adherence and has fewer side effects than lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)--the most widely available PI in resource-limited settings."	( Immunological and Virological Outcomes of Patients Switched from LPV/r to ATV/r-Containing Second- Line Regimens. Adeyemo, T; Akanmu, AS; Awolola, A; Bello, FO; Kanki, PJ; Lesi, F; Ogunsola, FT; Okonkwo, P; Okwuegbuna, K; Oloko, K, 2015)	0.81
" The dosing regimen improved treatment outcomes more than two fold from untargeted nanoATV/r."	( Pharmacodynamics of folic acid receptor targeted antiretroviral nanotherapy in HIV-1-infected humanized mice. Araínga, M; Dash, P; Gendelman, HE; Gorantla, S; McMillan, J; Mosley, RL; Palandri, D; Poluektova, L; Puligujja, P, 2015)	0.42
" The dosing of ATV powder, boosted with 80 mg RTV liquid, was based on three baseline weight bands (5 to <10 kg=150 mg, 10 to <15 kg=200 mg and 15 to <25 kg=250 mg)."	( PRINCE-1: safety and efficacy of atazanavir powder and ritonavir liquid in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-naïve and -experienced infants and children aged ≥3 months to <6 years. Arce, PM; Biguenet, S; Cambilargiu, D; Correll, T; Donati, AP; Hardy, H; Lissens, J; Strehlau, R; Yang, R, 2015)	0.66
" A total of 321 patients without cirrhosis were randomized and dosed with double-blind study drug (106 received double-blind placebo and later received open-label OBV/PTV/r), and 42 patients with cirrhosis were enrolled and dosed with open-label OBV/PTV/r."	( Randomized phase 3 trial of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir for hepatitis C virus genotype 1b-infected Japanese patients with or without cirrhosis. Burroughs, M; Chayama, K; Ikeda, K; Karino, Y; Kioka, K; Kumada, H; Matsuzaki, Y; Patwardhan, M; Pilot-Matias, T; Redman, R; Rodrigues, L; Sato, K; Setze, C; Suzuki, F; Toyoda, H; Vilchez, RA, 2015)	0.67
" The impact of HAART on imatinib may depend on whether it is being initiated or has already been dosed chronically in patients."	( Human hepatocyte assessment of imatinib drug-drug interactions - complexities in clinical translation. Beumer, JH; Christner, SM; Kiesel, BF; Parise, RA; Pillai, VC; Rudek, MA; Venkataramanan, R, 2015)	0.42
"Major protease inhibitor resistance mutations were common in this study of HIV-1-infected children, with the timing of tuberculosis treatment and subsequent protease inhibitor dosing strategy proving to be important associated factors."	( Factors Associated with the Development of Drug Resistance Mutations in HIV-1 Infected Children Failing Protease Inhibitor-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa. Avenant, T; du Plessis, NM; Feucht, UD; Melikian, G; Rossouw, TM; Thomas, W; van Dyk, G, 2015)	0.42
" This study confirmed that patients with kidney impairment and the concurrent use of atazanavir/ritonavir will require the dosage of tenofovir to be adjusted to ensure efficacy and prevent unwanted toxicities."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tenofovir in HIV/HBV co-infected patients. Avihingsanon, A; Burger, D; Lewin, SR; Matthews, G; Punyawudho, B; Ruxrungtham, K; Thammajaruk, N; Thongpeang, P, 2015)	0.64
" Where interaction is possible, risk can be mitigated by paying careful attention to concomitant medications, adjusting drug dosage as needed, and monitoring patient response and/or clinical parameters."	( Dosing Recommendations for Concomitant Medications During 3D Anti-HCV Therapy. Badri, PS; Dutta, S; King, JR; McGovern, BH; Menon, RM; Polepally, AR, 2016)	0.43
"The histological alterations occurred in both the maternal livers and the maternal kidneys, particularly in group E3, which received the greatest therapeutic dosage (nine times)."	( Chronic action of lamivudine and ritonavir on maternal and fetal liver and kidney of albino pregnant rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia, Mammalia): morphological and biochemical aspects. Amed, AM; Araujo Júnior, E; Júnior, LK; Nakamura, MU; Simões, J; Vangelotti, AM, 2015)	0.7
" Drug-drug interactions were evaluated in healthy volunteers to develop dosing recommendations for HCV-infected subjects."	( Drug Interactions with the Direct-Acting Antiviral Combination of Ombitasvir and Paritaprevir-Ritonavir. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Chiu, YL; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ; Polepally, AR; Wang, H; Zha, J, 2016)	0.65
" A drug-drug interaction (DDI) study was conducted to guide dosing recommendations for UDCA and GCR when coadministered with the 2D regimen."	( Drug Interactions Between Hepatoprotective Agents Ursodeoxycholic Acid or Glycyrrhizin and Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Alves, K; Badri, PS; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Redman, R; Rodrigues, L; Uchiyama, N; Zha, J, 2015)	0.63
" In addition, linear mixed-effect analysis was used to compare the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC0-12) and concentration prior to dosing (Cpredose) in pregnant women and nonpregnant subjects."	( No Need for Lopinavir Dose Adjustment during Pregnancy: a Population Pharmacokinetic and Exposure-Response Analysis in Pregnant and Nonpregnant HIV-Infected Subjects. Jones, AK; Klein, CE; Nilius, AM; Patterson, KB; Salem, AH; Santini-Oliveira, M; Taylor, GP, 2016)	0.43
") dosing in children."	( Once vs. twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children. , 2015)	0.7
" dosing remains an option in selected, adherent children, with close viral load monitoring."	( Once vs. twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected children. , 2015)	0.7
" To characterize the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of paritaprevir and determine an optimal dosing regimen for subsequent evaluations, clinical studies were conducted with paritaprevir alone or with ritonavir, a cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor anticipated to increase paritaprevir exposure."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of paritaprevir, a direct acting antiviral agent for hepatitis C virus treatment, with and without ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Awni, WM; Chiu, YL; Dutta, S; Klein, CE; Menon, RM; Podsadecki, TJ, 2016)	0.82
"Twenty-nine subjects completed both dosing cohorts."	( Efavirenz but Not Atazanavir/Ritonavir Significantly Reduces Atovaquone Concentrations in HIV-Infected Subjects. Alfaro, RM; Calderón, MM; Kovacs, JA; Kumar, P; McManus, M; Pau, AK; Penzak, SR, 2016)	0.73
"The aim of this study was to develop a nanotechnology to formulate a fixed-dose combination of poorly water-soluble drugs in a children-friendly, flexible solid dosage form."	( Development and in vivo evaluation of child-friendly lopinavir/ritonavir pediatric granules utilizing novel in situ self-assembly nanoparticles. Dong, X; Guo, S; Li, D; Penzak, S; Pham, K, 2016)	0.67
" Thus, co-medications should be systematically reviewed when switching the pharmacokinetic enhancer to anticipate potential dosage adjustments."	( Cobicistat versus ritonavir boosting and differences in the drug-drug interaction profiles with co-medications. Back, D; Gibbons, S; Khoo, S; Marzolini, C, 2016)	0.77
"57-fold on repeated dosing compared with the first dose."	( Dose- and Formulation-Dependent Non-Linear Pharmacokinetic Model of Paritaprevir, a Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Combined Analysis from 12 Phase I Studies. Awni, WM; Beck, D; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Liu, W; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Polepally, AR, 2016)	0.43
"The complex pharmacokinetics of paritaprevir were well described by the model, which can be used as a basis for clinical trial dosing and further evaluations in patients with HCV."	( Dose- and Formulation-Dependent Non-Linear Pharmacokinetic Model of Paritaprevir, a Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Combined Analysis from 12 Phase I Studies. Awni, WM; Beck, D; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Liu, W; Menon, RM; Mensing, S; Polepally, AR, 2016)	0.43
" This study sheds light on the complex dissolution and solution phase behavior of multicomponent amorphous dosage forms, in particular those containing poorly water soluble drugs, which may undergo supersaturation in vivo."	( Compromised in vitro dissolution and membrane transport of multidrug amorphous formulations. Alhalaweh, A; Bergström, CAS; Taylor, LS, 2016)	0.43
"Among 2,053 patients enrolled and dosed with study drug, 410 (20%) were receiving concomitant ARAs; of these, 308 (15%) were taking concomitant PPIs."	( Safety and Efficacy of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir Plus Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin in HCV-Infected Patients Taking Concomitant Acid-Reducing Agents. Asselah, T; Bennett, M; Forns, X; Liu, L; Moller, J; Pedrosa, M; Planas Vila, R; Reau, N; Rustgi, V; Shiffman, ML, 2016)	0.69
" Here we present a population pharmacokinetic model to describe the longitudinal change of unbound lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV) PK parameters with gestational age, and to predict unbound LPV concentrations under different dosing regimens."	( Model-Based Analysis of Unbound Lopinavir Pharmacokinetics in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Supports Standard Dosing in the Third Trimester. Chen, J; Dumond, JB; Malone, S; Patterson, KB; Prince, HM, 2016)	0.65
" The novel ISNP nanotechnology is a platform to manufacture oral solid dosage forms for poorly water-soluble drugs, especially for pediatric formulation development."	( Novel in situ self-assembly nanoparticles for formulating a poorly water-soluble drug in oral solid granules, improving stability, palatability, and bioavailability. Dong, X; Guo, S; Li, D; Penzak, SR; Pham, K, 2016)	0.43
"RPV PK in this adolescent population was similar to adults when dosed without DRV/r."	( Rilpivirine Pharmacokinetics Without and With Darunavir/Ritonavir Once Daily in Adolescents and Young Adults. Acosta, EP; Britto, P; Carey, VJ; Cressey, TR; Foca, M; Graham, B; Hazra, R; Jean-Philippe, P; King, J; Wiznia, A; Yogev, R, 2016)	0.68
"Cobicistat and ritonavir are structurally distinct compounds that both potently inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, the metabolizing enzyme primarily responsible for the elimination of several antiretroviral medications, and, as such, are pharmacokinetic boosters for antiretroviral agents that require longer dosing intervals."	( Drug Interactions with Cobicistat- or Ritonavir-Boosted Elvitegravir. Custodio, JM; McNicholl, I; Nguyen, T; Piontkowsky, D; Szwarcberg, J, )	0.76
" The success of these dosing recommendations was evaluated by analyzing pharmacokinetic data from liver transplant recipients in the CORAL-I study."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.43
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using tacrolimus dosing and Ctrough data before and during 3D treatment (n = 29)."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.43
"Observed data for tacrolimus and CSA in liver transplant recipients confirm that the recommended dosing strategies are valid and therapeutic levels of immunosuppression can be maintained during 3D treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Liver Transplant Recipients Receiving 3 Direct-Acting Antivirals as Treatment for Hepatitis C Infection. Awni, WM; Badri, PS; Coakley, EP; Ding, B; Dutta, S; Menon, RM; Parikh, A, 2016)	0.43
" C57BL/6J mice infected with the Daniel's strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus were treated with the FDA-approved drug ritonavir using a dosing regimen that resulted in plasma concentrations within the therapeutic range for calpain inhibition."	( Neuroprotection mediated by inhibition of calpain during acute viral encephalitis. Buenz, EJ; Howe, CL; LaFrance-Corey, RG; McGovern, RM; Mirchia, K; Reid, JM; Sauer, BM, 2016)	0.64
"Overall, 24 subjects, six in each of four renal function groups (normal, mild, moderate, and severe), received a single dose of the 3D and 2D regimens in separate dosing periods."	( Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Treatment with Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, with or Without Dasabuvir, in Subjects with Renal Impairment. Awni, WM; Dutta, S; Khatri, A; Marbury, TC; Menon, RM; Preston, RA; Rodrigues, L; Wang, H, 2017)	0.67
" One hundred patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (65% coinfected with HIV-1) were intensively sampled to determine rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide plasma concentrations after 7 to 8 weeks of a daily quadruple-therapy regimen dosed according to World Health Organization (WHO) weight bands."	( HIV-1 Coinfection Does Not Reduce Exposure to Rifampin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide in South African Tuberculosis Outpatients. Chirehwa, M; Denti, P; McIlleron, H; Meintjes, G; Rockwood, N; Wiesner, L; Wilkinson, RJ, 2016)	0.43
"There were higher rates of clinical TB cure in individuals on a boosted protease inhibitor-based ART regimen with daily RBT compared to intermittently dosed RBT."	( Improved tuberculosis outcomes with daily vs. intermittent rifabutin in HIV-TB coinfected patients in India. Ambrose, P; Benson, CA; Devaraj, C; Ezhilarasi, C; Jenks, JD; Kumarasamy, N; Poongulali, S; Yepthomi, T, 2016)	0.43
" A hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp was performed prior to and following each 2-week dosing phase."	( An open-label, randomized study of the impact on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and vascular inflammation by treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir or raltegravir in HIV-negative male volunteers. Boffito, M; Jackson, A; Milinkovic, A; Moyle, G; Randell, P, 2017)	0.66
" When combined with the CYP3A4 substrate daclatasvir, the daclatasvir dosage should be reduced from 60 to 30 mg once daily."	( Daclatasvir 30 mg/day is the correct dose for patients taking atazanavir/cobicistat. Burger, DM; Colbers, EP; de Kanter, CT; Drenth, JP; Smolders, EJ; Velthoven-Graafland, K, 2017)	0.46
" For treatment, the WHO dosing guidelines should be suitable to maintain values above the therapeutic pharmacokinetic targets in most infants."	( Are Prophylactic and Therapeutic Target Concentrations Different?: the Case of Lopinavir-Ritonavir or Lamivudine Administered to Infants for Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV-1 Transmission during Breastfeeding. Blanche, S; Blume, J; Bouazza, N; Foissac, F; Harper, K; Hirt, D; Illamola, SM; Kankasa, C; Meda, N; Nagot, N; Singata-Madliki, M; Tréluyer, JM; Tumwine, JK; Tylleskär, T; Van de Perre, P, 2017)	0.68
" To normalise bedaquiline exposure in patients with concomitant LPV/r therapy, an adjusted bedaquiline dosing regimen is proposed for further study."	( Confirming model-predicted pharmacokinetic interactions between bedaquiline and lopinavir/ritonavir or nevirapine in patients with HIV and drug-resistant tuberculosis. Brill, MJ; Karlsson, MO; Maartens, G; Pandie, M; Svensson, EM, 2017)	0.68
"The dosage of darunavir/ritonavir is 800/100 mg once daily for treatment-naive patients or treatment-experienced patients with no prior darunavir resistance associated mutations, and 600/100 mg twice daily for treatment-experienced patients with one or more darunavir resistance associated mutations."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Darunavir/Ritonavir in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women. Brown, K; Burger, D; Hadacek, MB; Hill, A; Khoo, S; La Porte, C; Moecklinghoff, C; Peytavin, G, )	0.7
" In the phase II/III clinical studies, ALT and bilirubin increases were reversible with continued dosing or after treatment cessation."	( Exposure-Safety Response Relationship for Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, Dasabuvir, and Ribavirin in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 Infection: Analysis of Data from Five Phase II and Six Phase III Studies. Awni, W; DaSilva-Tillmann, B; Dutta, S; Lin, CW; Liu, W; Menon, R; Podsadecki, T; Shulman, N, 2017)	0.69
"89 μIU/mL) despite gradual escalation of the levothyroxine dosage to 175 μg daily."	( Probable interaction between levothyroxine and ritonavir: Case report and literature review. Ahmed, RA; Foisy, MM; Hughes, CA; Sahajpal, R, 2017)	0.71
" Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive 25 mg ombitasvir, 150 mg paritaprevir, and 100 mg ritonavir once daily, with weight-based ribavirin dosed twice daily for either 12 weeks or 16 weeks."	( Ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir plus ribavirin in adults with hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection and cirrhosis (AGATE-I): a multicentre, phase 3, randomised open-label trial. Asselah, T; ElKhashab, M; Feld, JJ; Ferenci, P; Hassanein, T; Hézode, C; Mobashery, N; Moreno, C; Papatheodoridis, G; Pilot-Matias, T; Qaqish, RB; Redman, R; Yu, Y; Zeuzem, S, 2016)	0.94
" We assessed the efficacy and safety of the two direct-acting antiviral drugs ombitasvir, an NS5A inhibitor, and paritaprevir, an NS3/4A protease inhibitor dosed with ritonavir, plus ribavirin in treatment of chronic HCV infection in Egypt."	( Ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection in Egyptian patients with or without compensated cirrhosis (AGATE-II): a multicentre, phase 3, partly randomised open-label trial. Allam, N; Asselah, T; Doss, W; Esmat, G; Hall, C; Hassany, M; Mobashery, N; Mohey, MA; Qaqish, RB; Redman, R; Shiha, G; Soliman, R; Waked, I; Yosry, A; Zayed, N, 2016)	0.92
" Also, the exposure to LPV on the initial once-daily dosing regimen was determined."	( Sustained Viral Suppression in HIV-infected Children on Once-daily Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Clinical Practice. Bastiaans, DET; Burger, DM; de Groot, R; Driessen, GJA; Fraaij, PLA; Gondrie, IPE; Hartwig, NG; van der Knaap, LC; van Jaarsveld, P; van Rossum, AMC; Visser, EG, 2017)	0.68
" Geometric mean LPV area under the plasma concentration-time curve (linear up-log down method) over a dosing interval from time 0 to 24 hours after dosing was 169."	( Sustained Viral Suppression in HIV-infected Children on Once-daily Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Clinical Practice. Bastiaans, DET; Burger, DM; de Groot, R; Driessen, GJA; Fraaij, PLA; Gondrie, IPE; Hartwig, NG; van der Knaap, LC; van Jaarsveld, P; van Rossum, AMC; Visser, EG, 2017)	0.68
"Current presentations of the anti-HIV drugs lopinavir and ritonavir make appropriate dosing for children difficult."	( Developing a Flexible Pediatric Dosage Form for Antiretroviral Therapy: A Fast-Dissolving Tablet. Estrada, M; Lai, M; Lal, M; Zhu, C, 2017)	0.7
" Darunavir concentrations at the end of the dosing interval were quantified by LC-MS/MS."	( Darunavir concentrations in CSF of HIV-infected individuals when boosted with cobicistat versus ritonavir. Bartels, H; Battegay, M; Decosterd, L; Marzolini, C, 2017)	0.67
" Similar values were found at all 3 time points, thus indicating that there is probably no need to adapt MPA dosage to 3D."	( Managing Drug-Drug Interaction Between Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir/Ritonavir, Dasabuvir, and Mycophenolate Mofetil. Bellissant, E; Ben Ali, Z; Boglione-Kerrien, C; Guyader, D; Jezequel, C; Lemaitre, F; Tron, C; Verdier, MC, 2017)	0.69
" Next, population fetal pharmacokinetic profiles were simulated for different maternal darunavir/ritonavir dosing regimens."	( Prediction of Fetal Darunavir Exposure by Integrating Human Ex-Vivo Placental Transfer and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Buaben, AO; Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Freriksen, JJM; Greupink, R; Russel, FGM; Schalkwijk, S, 2018)	0.7
"The results indicate that the population fetal exposure after oral maternal darunavir dosing is therapeutic and this may provide benefits to the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus."	( Prediction of Fetal Darunavir Exposure by Integrating Human Ex-Vivo Placental Transfer and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Buaben, AO; Burger, DM; Colbers, AP; Freriksen, JJM; Greupink, R; Russel, FGM; Schalkwijk, S, 2018)	0.48
" Therefore, it is likely safe to coadminister ritonavir with DE, while there is a potential need for reduced dosing and prudent clinical monitoring with the coadministration of cobicistat due to the greater net inhibition of intestinal P-gp transport and increased bioavailability."	( Differential Influence of the Antiretroviral Pharmacokinetic Enhancers Ritonavir and Cobicistat on Intestinal P-Glycoprotein Transport and the Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Disposition of Dabigatran. Alfaro, RM; Brooks, KM; George, JM; Gordon, LA; Hadigan, C; Kellogg, A; Kumar, P; Lozier, J; McManus, M; Nghiem, K; Penzak, SR, 2017)	0.95
" It is desirable for multidrug combinations to be coformulated into single dosage forms where possible, to promote patient convenience and adherence to dosage regimens, for which amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is particularly well-suited."	( Multidrug, Anti-HIV Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Nature and Mechanisms of Impacts of Drugs on Each Other's Solution Concentrations. Arca, HÇ; Dahal, D; Edgar, KJ; Mosquera-Giraldo, LI; Taylor, LS, 2017)	0.46
" The biphasic test revealed significantly lower degrees of supersaturation of RTV in the aqueous media from these dosage forms as compared to results of the two-stage dissolution test."	( In Vitro Characterization of Ritonavir Drug Products and Correlation to Human in Vivo Performance. Gao, P; Marroum, P; Shi, Y; Vela, S; Xu, H, 2017)	0.75
"This is the first demonstration that intracellular atazanavir exposure remains unchanged during pregnancy supporting the standard 300/100 mg atazanavir/ritonavir dosing throughout pregnancy."	( Atazanavir intracellular concentrations remain stable during pregnancy in HIV-infected patients. Bonito, A; Bonora, S; Calcagno, A; Casari, S; Castelli, F; D'Avolio, A; Di Perri, G; Domenighini, E; Focà, E; Quiros Roldan, E; Simiele, M; Trentini, L, 2017)	0.65
" These factors should be taken into consideration to guide the individual tenofovir disoproxil fumarate dosage regimen in Thai HIV-infected patients."	( Pharmacogenetics-based population pharmacokinetic analysis of tenofovir in Thai HIV-infected patients. Avihingsanon, A; Burger, DM; Mitruk, S; Punyawudho, B; Rungtivasuwan, K; Ruxrungtham, K; Sukasem, C; Thammajaruk, N, 2017)	0.46
"The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends weight band dosing of antiretrovirals for children."	( A Phase II/III Trial of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Dosed According to the WHO Pediatric Weight Band Dosing Guidelines. Capparelli, EV; Cressey, TR; Mirochnick, M; Pinto, JA; Qin, M; Siberry, GK; Smith, B; Spector, SA; Warshaw, M; Zimmer, B, 2018)	0.76
"International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) P1083 was a phase II/III trial assessing the pharmacokinetics (PK) and short-term safety, tolerance and efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children 3-25 kg dosed according to WHO weight bands, with liquid solution or meltrex extrusion tablets."	( A Phase II/III Trial of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Dosed According to the WHO Pediatric Weight Band Dosing Guidelines. Capparelli, EV; Cressey, TR; Mirochnick, M; Pinto, JA; Qin, M; Siberry, GK; Smith, B; Spector, SA; Warshaw, M; Zimmer, B, 2018)	0.95
" The median (Q1, Q3) difference between individual observed PK parameters and those expected if Food and Drug Administration dosing guidelines were followed was 30."	( A Phase II/III Trial of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Dosed According to the WHO Pediatric Weight Band Dosing Guidelines. Capparelli, EV; Cressey, TR; Mirochnick, M; Pinto, JA; Qin, M; Siberry, GK; Smith, B; Spector, SA; Warshaw, M; Zimmer, B, 2018)	0.76
"WHO weight band dosing guidelines in children achieved adequate LPV plasma exposure but was higher than that expected with Food and Drug Administration dosing guidelines."	( A Phase II/III Trial of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Dosed According to the WHO Pediatric Weight Band Dosing Guidelines. Capparelli, EV; Cressey, TR; Mirochnick, M; Pinto, JA; Qin, M; Siberry, GK; Smith, B; Spector, SA; Warshaw, M; Zimmer, B, 2018)	0.76
" Fifteen patients (five groups; 3 per group) completed dosing as follows: (1) LNF 200 mg twice-daily (BID; 12 weeks); (2) LNF 300 mg BID (12 weeks); (3) LNF 100 mg thrice-daily (5 weeks); (4) LNF 100 mg BID + pegylated interferon alfa (PEG-IFNα) 180 μg once-weekly (QW; 8 weeks); and (5) LNF 100 mg BID + ritonavir (RTV) 100 mg once-daily (QD; 8 weeks)."	( Optimizing lonafarnib treatment for the management of chronic delta hepatitis: The LOWR HDV-1 study. Bozdayi, AM; Çalişkan, A; Glenn, JS; Heller, T; Idilman, R; Kalkan, Ç; Karakaya, F; Karatayli, E; Karatayli, S; Keskin, O; Koh, C; Yurdaydin, C, 2018)	0.66
" The phase 2b trial AI438011 investigated the safety, efficacy, and dose-response of fostemsavir vs ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) in treatment-experienced, HIV-1-infected subjects."	( Viral Drug Resistance Through 48 Weeks, in a Phase 2b, Randomized, Controlled Trial of the HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitor Prodrug, Fostemsavir. Hanna, GJ; Joshi, SR; Krystal, M; Lataillade, M; Lee, S; Stock, DA; Zhou, N, 2018)	0.7
"Intensive 24-hour pharmacokinetic profiles at steady state compared ATV exposures (area under the concentration-time curve in one dosing interval) in 5 ATV + RTV baseline weight-band dosing categories, with historic data in adults receiving ATV + RTV 300/100 mg capsules."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Atazanavir in HIV-1-Infected Children Treated With Atazanavir Powder and Ritonavir: Combined Analysis of the PRINCE-1 and -2 Studies. Correll, TA; Eley, T; Pikora, C; Sevinsky, H; Wang, R; Xu, X; Zaru, L, 2018)	0.69
"Weight-band dosing of ATV + RTV plus optimized dual nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors in young HIV-1-infected children achieved similar ATV exposure to that in adults; no unexpected safety findings occurred, and with the exception of lower virologic suppression in the lowest ATV CCQ, there was no apparent trend in virologic suppression across ATV CCQs."	( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Atazanavir in HIV-1-Infected Children Treated With Atazanavir Powder and Ritonavir: Combined Analysis of the PRINCE-1 and -2 Studies. Correll, TA; Eley, T; Pikora, C; Sevinsky, H; Wang, R; Xu, X; Zaru, L, 2018)	0.69
" RBV was dosed by physician discretion between 200 mg weekly and 200 mg daily."	( High Efficacy of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir in hepatitis C genotypes 4 and 1-infected patients with severe chronic kidney disease. Afghani, AA; Alghamdi, AS; Alghamdi, MN; AlMousa, A; Alswat, K; AlZanbagi, A; Aseeri, M; Assiri, AM; Babatin, MA; Sanai, FM, 2018)	0.75
" The developed stability indicating method is capable for determination of impurities of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in combined tablet dosage form as well as individual dosage forms also."	( Simultaneous Determination of Impurities of Atazanavir and Ritonavir in Tablet Dosage Form by Using Reversed-Phase Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method. Mantena, BPV; Mantripragada, MKVVN; Nutulapati, VVS; Rao, SV, 2018)	0.94
" The study objective was to determine the effect of different dosage regimens of ritonavir, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics of venetoclax in 20 healthy subjects."	( Impact of ritonavir dose and schedule on CYP3A inhibition and venetoclax clinical pharmacokinetics. Freise, KJ; Hu, B; Salem, AH, 2018)	1.11
" We describe the clinical management of ribavirin dosing in hepatitis C virus-infected patients receiving ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir with ribavirin."	( Ribavirin dose management in HCV patients receiving ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir with ribavirin. Bernstein, DE; Feld, JJ; Ferenci, P; Larsen, L; Tatsch, F; Vlierberghe, HV; Younes, Z, 2018)	0.92
"In this multicenter pharmacokinetic study in HIV-infected children (6-12 years of age), we validated the approved once-daily darunavir/ritonavir dosing recommendations."	( Pharmacokinetics, Short-term Safety and Efficacy of the Approved Once-daily Darunavir/Ritonavir Dosing Regimen in HIV-infected Children. Bastiaans, DET; Burger, DM; Colbers, APH; Geelen, SPM; Roukens, M; van der Flier, M; van Rossum, AMC; Vermont, CL; Visser, EG, 2018)	0.91
" In 4 macaques dosed subcutaneously, drug levels over 5 weeks in plasma, lymph node mononuclear cells (LNMCs), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry."	( Long-Acting Profile of 4 Drugs in 1 Anti-HIV Nanosuspension in Nonhuman Primates for 5 Weeks After a Single Subcutaneous Injection. Collier, AC; Ho, RJY; Kinman, LM; Koehn, J; Kraft, JC; Lane, S; Lee, W; McConnachie, LA, 2018)	0.48
"5%) patients (calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, statins, diuretics, tacrolimus); four patients required further adjustment of antihypertensive drugs or tacrolimus dosage on-treatment."	( Paritaprevir/Ritonavir/Ombitasvir Plus Dasabuvir Regimen in the Treatment of Genotype 1 Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Patients with Severe Renal Impairment and End-Stage Renal Disease: a Real-Life Cohort. Chmelova, K; Frankova, S; Kreidlova, M; Merta, D; Senkerikova, R; Sperl, J, 2018)	0.85
" To establish a method of dosage adjustment for darunavir (DRV) based on pharmacokinetic theory, we analyzed the correlation between DRV levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma."	( Darunavir concentration in PBMCs may be a better indicator of drug exposure in HIV patients. Araki, T; Gohda, F; Handa, H; Nagano, D; Nakamura, T; Ogawa, Y; Uchiumi, H; Yamamoto, K; Yanagisawa, K, 2018)	0.48
"To evaluate total and unbound darunavir exposures following standard darunavir/ritonavir dosing and to explore the value of potential optimized darunavir/ritonavir dosing regimens for HIV-positive pregnant women."	( Evaluating darunavir/ritonavir dosing regimens for HIV-positive pregnant women using semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic modelling. Best, BM; Burger, DM; Capparelli, E; Colbers, A; Cressey, TR; Greupink, R; Karlsson, MO; Mirochnick, M; Moltó, J; Russel, FGM; Schalkwijk, S; Ter Heine, R, 2019)	1.06
" The probability of therapeutic exposure (unbound) during pregnancy was higher for standard q12h dosing (99%) than for q24h dosing (94%)."	( Evaluating darunavir/ritonavir dosing regimens for HIV-positive pregnant women using semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic modelling. Best, BM; Burger, DM; Capparelli, E; Colbers, A; Cressey, TR; Greupink, R; Karlsson, MO; Mirochnick, M; Moltó, J; Russel, FGM; Schalkwijk, S; Ter Heine, R, 2019)	0.83
" The value of alternative dosing regimens seems limited."	( Evaluating darunavir/ritonavir dosing regimens for HIV-positive pregnant women using semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic modelling. Best, BM; Burger, DM; Capparelli, E; Colbers, A; Cressey, TR; Greupink, R; Karlsson, MO; Mirochnick, M; Moltó, J; Russel, FGM; Schalkwijk, S; Ter Heine, R, 2019)	0.83
"To evaluate the proportion of children with lopinavir Cmin ≥1 mg/L when receiving a novel 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir dosing strategy during rifampicin co-treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected children co-treated with rifampicin. McIlleron, H; Rabie, H; Rawizza, H; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, H; Zuidewind, P, 2019)	0.98
" Rifampicin was dosed at 10-20 mg/kg/day."	( Pharmacokinetics of adjusted-dose 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-infected children co-treated with rifampicin. McIlleron, H; Rabie, H; Rawizza, H; Van Rie, A; Wiesner, L; Winckler, J; Zar, H; Zuidewind, P, 2019)	0.76
" The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, and it was successively applied for the determination of the studied drugs in their different pharmaceutical dosage forms and gave excellent percent of recovery."	( Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis for Sensitive Spectrophotometric Determination of Sofosbuvir, Lamivudine, and Ritonavir in Pure Forms and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Elhenawee, M; Saleh, H; Saraya, RE, 2020)	0.77
" The final analysis data set contained 17,725 observations from 1,054 subjects, including healthy subjects and subjects with drug-sensitive, multidrug-resistant, or extensively drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis dosed pretomanid in monotherapy or combination therapy for up to 6 months."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of the Antituberculosis Agent Pretomanid. Everitt, D; Nedelman, JR; Salinger, DH; Subramoney, V, 2019)	0.51
" The results showed that the steady-state trough concentration of multiple dosing of GLS4 alone was significantly lower than the 90% effective concentration of 55."	( A First-in-Human Trial of GLS4, a Novel Inhibitor of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly, following Single- and Multiple-Ascending-Oral-Dose Studies with or without Ritonavir in Healthy Adult Volunteers. Cui, Y; Huang, Z; Jia, B; Luo, L; Ren, Q; Sheng, X; Wang, X; Xu, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, H; Zhao, N; Zhao, X, 2019)	0.71
" The objective of the study was to apply physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to predict optimal dosage regimens of quinine when coadministered with lopinavir/ritonavir in malaria and HIV coinfected patients with different conditions."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Optimal Dosage Prediction of Quinine Coadministered With Ritonavir-Boosted Lopinavir. Karbwang, J; Na-Bangchang, K; Rajoli, RKR; Saeheng, T; Siccardi, M, 2020)	0.96
" With the assistance of therapeutic drug monitoring, dolutegravir dosing was increased to 150 mg daily."	( Successful use of once-daily high-dose darunavir and dolutegravir in multidrug-resistant HIV. Fulco, PP; Gomes, D; Leibrand Kaczmar, CR; Smith, T, 2020)	0.56
"Solid dosage forms of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have rarely been assessed for their crushability, although it might possibly be a more frequent practice than thought to facilitate oral administration in several clinical conditions (e."	( The influence of crushing amorphous solid dispersion dosage forms on the in-vitro dissolution kinetics. Appeltans, B; Pas, T; Van den Mooter, G; Verbert, S, 2020)	0.56
" These models were then used to assess the magnitude of interaction at therapeutic venetoclax doses and to explore various clinical dosing strategies that maintain venetoclax and digoxin concentrations within their respective therapeutic windows."	( Semimechanistic Modeling to Guide Venetoclax Coadministration with Ritonavir and Digoxin. Alhadab, AA; Freise, KJ; Salem, AH, 2020)	0.79
" In dose-escalation trials, the maximum tolerated doses for two different dosing regimens were established and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were recorded."	( Quantification of the pharmacokinetic-toxicodynamic relationship of oral docetaxel co-administered with ritonavir. Beijnen, JH; de Weger, VA; Dorlo, TPC; Huitema, ADR; Janssen, JM; Marchetti, S; Nuijen, B; Schellens, JHM; Stuurman, RE; Yu, H, 2020)	0.77
" This study aimed to develop a mechanistic absorption and disposition model to describe exposure to ritonavir following oral dosing of the commercial amorphous solid dispersion tablet, Norvir, under fasted and fed conditions."	( Biopharmaceutic Arora, S; Gardner, I; Jamei, M; Kilford, P; Pansari, A; Turner, DB, 2020)	0.77
"This paper summarizes efforts to (i) better understand the behavior of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) under real-life dosing conditions and (ii) evaluate the capability of in vitro methodologies to capture gastro-intestinal drug disposition."	( The effect of reduced gastric acid secretion on the gastrointestinal disposition of a ritonavir amorphous solid dispersion in fasted healthy volunteers: an in vivo - in vitro investigation. Augustijns, P; Barker, R; Beato, S; Kostantini, C; Kourentas, A; Mann, JC; Reppas, C; Tack, J; Van Den Abeele, J; Vertzoni, M, 2020)	0.78
" Based on pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy data, and PBPK modeling, dosing modifications for ribociclib recommend avoiding concurrent use of strong CYP3A inhibitors/inducers, and caution regarding using CYP3A substrates with narrow therapeutic indices."	( Ribociclib Drug-Drug Interactions: Clinical Evaluations and Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Guide Drug Labeling. Chakraborty, A; Dhuria, SV; Elmeliegy, M; He, H; Heimbach, T; Huth, F; Ji, Y; Miller, M; Samant, TS; Schiller, H; Umehara, K, 2020)	0.56
" Current dosage guidelines recommend using cobicistat- or ritonavir-boosted darunavir 800 mg every 24 h (q24h) in protease inhibitor-naïve patients, or ritonavir-boosted darunavir 600 mg q12h in experienced patients."	( Exploration of Reduced Doses and Short-Cycle Therapy for Darunavir/Cobicistat in Patients with HIV Using Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulations. Belkhir, L; Elens, L; Haufroid, V; Stillemans, G; Vandercam, B; Vincent, A, 2021)	0.87
"Diverging physicochemical properties of HIV drug combinations are challenging to formulate as a single dosage form."	( Controlled Solvent Removal from Antiviral Drugs and Excipients in Solution Enables the Formation of Novel Combination Multi-Drug-Motifs in Pharmaceutical Powders Composed of Lopinavir, Ritonavir and Tenofovir. Ho, RJY; Lane, S; McConnachie, L; Yu, D; Yu, J, 2020)	0.75
"Pharmacokinetic boosting of antiretroviral (ARV) therapies with either ritonavir or cobicistat is used to achieve target drug exposure, lower pill burden, and provide simplified dosing schedules."	( Pharmacokinetic Enhancement of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy During Pregnancy. Best, BM; Eke, AC; Mirochnick, M; Momper, JD; Salama, E, 2020)	0.79
" Surges in volume of patients requiring mechanical ventilation coupled with prolonged ventilator days and the high sedative dosing requirements observed quickly led to the depletion of "just-in-time" inventories typically maintained by institutions."	( It Takes a Village…: Contending With Drug Shortages During Disasters. Barletta, JF; Burry, LD; Christian, MD; Dichter, J; Erstad, BL; Geiling, J; Kanji, S; Maves, RC; Williamson, D, 2020)	0.56
" (2) The patients were divided into normal dose group (500 mg, twice a day, n = 19) and reduced dose group (250 mg, twice a day, n = 5) according to the dosage of kaletra."	( [Clinical characteristics of liver damage in 30 patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 in Sichuan area]. Chen, H; Deng, C; Du, Q; Guo, Y; Huang, X; Li, T; Lu, S; Yue, R, 2020)	0.56
" Dosage of ritonavir inhibits hepatic metabolization of the two prodrugs to different extents and decreases their efficacy in acting on TuMTs."	( Predicting Metabolism-Related Drug-Drug Interactions Using a Microphysiological Multitissue System. Bonanini, F; Frey, O; Hierlemann, A; Hoelting, L; Lohasz, C; Renggli, K, 2020)	0.95
" Chloroquine (CQ) had a 100% discharge rate compared to 50% with lopinavir-ritonavir at day 14, however a trial has recommended against a high dosage due to cardiotoxic events."	( Repurposing of drugs for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Amparore, D; Checcucci, E; Dasgupta, P; Elhage, O; Fiori, C; Kotecha, P; Light, A; Porpiglia, F, 2022)	0.95
" Therefore, in the absence of adverse drug reaction, lopinavir dosage should not be reduced."	( Plasma Concentrations and Safety of Lopinavir/Ritonavir in COVID-19 Patients. Azoulay, C; Batista, R; Benaboud, S; Boujaafar, S; Canouï, E; Carlier, N; Chouchana, L; Gana, I; Kernéis, S; Legendre, P; Preta, LH; Regard, L; Terrier, B; Treluyer, JM; Zerbit, J; Zheng, Y, 2021)	0.88
"7%)) and incorrect dosing (n=6 (10."	( Prescribing practices of lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin during the COVID-19 epidemic crisis and pharmaceutical interventions in a French teaching hospital. Belmas, AS; Danion, F; Fourtage, M; Gourieux, B; Michel, B; Nai, T; Nivoix, Y; Reisz, F; Reiter-Schatz, A; Ruch, Y; Walther, J, 2021)	0.9
" This review summarizes the current data for the most commonly used drugs for coronavirus disease 2019 and will cover the unique factors that may affect the dosing of these medications in patients with CKD."	( Treatment Options for Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Patients With Reduced or Absent Kidney Function. Govil, A; Luckett, K; Miller-Handley, H, 2020)	0.56
" Lower white blood cell count and lactate dehydrogenase at the time of drug administration as well as shorter time from supplemental oxygen initiation to dosing were significantly associated with clinical improvement in the univariate analysis."	( Early clinical outcomes with tocilizumab for severe COVID-19: a two-centre retrospective study. Daniel, NM; Hilden, P; Raja, K; Smoke, SM, 2021)	0.62
" DRV/r dosing was continued based on original study protocols."	( The DIANA Study: Continued Access to Darunavir/Ritonavir (DRV/r) and Long-Term Safety Follow-Up in HIV-1-Infected Pediatric Patients Aged 3 to < 18 Years. Blanche, S; Chetty, P; Hufkens, V; Masenya, M; Opsomer, M; Vanveggel, S; Violari, A, 2021)	0.88
"PK and safety findings for ZDV, 3TC, and LPV/r support current WHO weight band dosing of syrup formulations in children with SAM."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Zidovudine, Lamivudine, and Lopinavir/Ritonavir in HIV-infected Children With Severe Acute Malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: IMPAACT Protocol P1092. Aweeka, F; Bradford, S; Browning, R; Coletti, A; Costello, D; Graham, B; Hughes, E; Kamthunzi, P; Kawalazira, R; Mmbaga, BT; Moye, J; Musoke, P; Nathoo, K; Norman, J; Owor, M; Purdue, L; Reding, C; Tierney, C; Whalen, ME; Wiesner, L; Ziemba, L, 2021)	0.86
"Despite a collaborative effort towards developing suitable oral drug products for pediatrics over the past decade, appropriate pediatric dosage forms have remained lacking due to special considerations in dose flexibility, swallowability, palatability, and safety of excipients for pediatrics."	( Development of nanoparticle-based orodispersible palatable pediatric formulations. Deng, Y; Shen, J; Shen, L; Yang, Y, 2021)	0.62
" However, should some hospitalized patients have dosage escalation to intermediate dose? Should some be considered for full-dose anticoagulation without a measurable thromboembolic event and how should that anticoagulation be monitored? Should patients receive postdischarge anticoagulation and with what medication and for how long? What thrombotic issues are related to the various medications being used to treat this coagulopathy? Is antiphospholipid antibody part of this syndrome? What is the significance of isolated ischemic stroke and limb ischemia in this disorder and how does this interface with the rest of the clinical and laboratory features of this disorder? The aims of this article are to explore these questions and interpret the available data based on the current evidence."	( COVID-19 and Its Implications for Thrombosis and Anticoagulation. Berkman, SA; Tapson, VF, 2021)	0.62
" The mosquitoes could be dosed with a high precision (%CV: ≤13."	( The pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of ivermectin in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Chaccour, C; Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Hofer, L; Krähenbühl, S; Maia, M; Müller, P; Weber, M, 2021)	0.62
" Trough plasma concentrations of lopinavir and ritonavir were higher than those expected, while those of hydroxychloroquine were those expected with the dosing regimen."	( An open-label randomized controlled trial of the effect of lopinavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir plus IFN-β-1a and hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Ader, F; Alfaiate, T; Andrejak, C; Belhadi, D; Botelho-Nevers, E; Bouadma, L; Bouiller, K; Bouscambert-Duchamp, M; Burdet, C; Cabié, A; Clere-Jehl, R; Costagliola, D; Courjon, J; Danion, F; Dechanet, A; Delmas, C; Diallo, A; Dubost, C; Dupont, A; Epaulard, O; Faure, E; Gaci, R; Gagneux-Brunon, A; Gallien, S; Goehringer, F; Hites, M; Jaureguiberry, S; Kimmoun, A; Lacombe, K; Lanoix, JP; Launay, O; Lê, MP; Leroy, S; Lescure, FX; Lina, B; Makinson, A; Martin-Blondel, G; Mentré, F; Mercier, N; Mootien, J; Mourvillier, B; Navellou, JC; Noret, M; Nseir, S; Peiffer-Smadja, N; Peytavin, G; Piroth, L; Poissy, J; Pourcher, V; Raffi, F; Reignier, J; Reuter, J; Richard, JC; Saillard, J; Staub, T; Tolsma, V; Wallet, F; Yazdanpanah, Y, 2021)	1.11
"1 ng/mL), resulting in contraception failure, when depot medroxyprogesterone is dosed at 12-week intervals."	( A Semimechanistic Pharmacokinetic Model for Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Drug-Drug Interactions With Antiretroviral and Antituberculosis Treatment. Cohn, SE; Denti, P; Dooley, KE; Firnhaber, C; Francis, J; Godfrey, C; Kendall, MA; McIlleron, H; Mngqibisa, R; Wu, X, 2021)	0.62
"We conclude that despite availability of clinical evidence, double dosing LPV/r in patients receiving rifampicin-based TB treatment is low in Uganda's public HIV clinics but this does not seem to affect patient survival and viral suppression."	( Adoption of evidence-informed guidelines in prescribing protease inhibitors for HIV-Tuberculosis co-infected patients on rifampicin and effects on HIV treatment outcomes in Uganda. Castelnuovo, B; Haguma, P; Kalibbala, D; Kirenga, B; Muddu, M; Mulindwa, F; Semitala, FC, 2021)	0.62
"This is an open-label, randomized, fixed sequence single intravenous dosing study to assess pharmacokinetic interactions between remdesivir and TDF/3TC (Study A, crossover design) or TDF/3TC plus ATV/r (Study B)."	( An open-label, randomized, single intravenous dosing study to investigate the effect of fixed-dose combinations of tenofovir/lamivudine or atazanavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of remdesivir in Ugandan healthy volunteers (RemTLAR). Byakika-Kibwika, P; D'Avolio, A; Kaboggoza, JP; Lamorde, M; Waitt, C; Walimbwa, SI, 2021)	0.82
"The clinical guidelines suggest that the dosing of cyclosporine (CsA), during combination therapy with paritaprevir/ritonavir-ombitasvir and dasabuvir (PrOD), would be only one-fifth of the pre-PrOD total daily dose to be administered once daily."	( Drug-Drug Interactions With Cyclosporine in the Anti-Hepatitis C Viral PrOD Combination Regimen of Paritaprevir/Ritonavir-Ombitasvir and Dasabuvir in Organ Transplant Recipients With Severe Hepatic Fibrosis or Cirrhosis. Chang, YL; Chou, YC; Hsu, CC; Huang, YH; Huang, YY; Loong, CC; Wu, TH, 2022)	1.14
" The authors proposed reducing the CsA dosage during PrOD treatment to one-seventh of that of the pre-PrOD treatment of the total daily dose to maintain target CsA levels."	( Drug-Drug Interactions With Cyclosporine in the Anti-Hepatitis C Viral PrOD Combination Regimen of Paritaprevir/Ritonavir-Ombitasvir and Dasabuvir in Organ Transplant Recipients With Severe Hepatic Fibrosis or Cirrhosis. Chang, YL; Chou, YC; Hsu, CC; Huang, YH; Huang, YY; Loong, CC; Wu, TH, 2022)	0.93
" Our results show the clinically significant interaction between NR and immunosuppressive agents can be reasonably managed with a standardized dosing protocol."	( Early clinical experience with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients. Brown, RS; Chen, JK; Hedvat, J; Jennings, DL; Kovac, DB; Lange, NW; Pereira, MR; Salerno, DM; Scheffert, J; Shertel, T, 2022)	0.98
" Dosing strategies to reduce treatment costs are warranted."	( Ritonavir-Boosted Exposure of Kinase Inhibitors: an Open Label, Cross-over Pharmacokinetic Proof-of-Concept Trial with Erlotinib. Baas, P; Beijnen, JH; Boosman, RJ; Burgers, JA; de Gooijer, CJ; Groenland, SL; Huitema, ADR; Steeghs, N; van der Noort, V, 2022)	2.16
" Complete pharmacokinetic profiles at steady-state were taken up to 24 h after erlotinib intake for both dosing strategies."	( Ritonavir-Boosted Exposure of Kinase Inhibitors: an Open Label, Cross-over Pharmacokinetic Proof-of-Concept Trial with Erlotinib. Baas, P; Beijnen, JH; Boosman, RJ; Burgers, JA; de Gooijer, CJ; Groenland, SL; Huitema, ADR; Steeghs, N; van der Noort, V, 2022)	2.16
" Similar results regarding safety in both dosing strategies were observed, no grade 3 or higher adverse event was reported."	( Ritonavir-Boosted Exposure of Kinase Inhibitors: an Open Label, Cross-over Pharmacokinetic Proof-of-Concept Trial with Erlotinib. Baas, P; Beijnen, JH; Boosman, RJ; Burgers, JA; de Gooijer, CJ; Groenland, SL; Huitema, ADR; Steeghs, N; van der Noort, V, 2022)	2.16
" We describe the population pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in children with TB to guide dosing in this population."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ethambutol in African children: a pooled analysis. Abdelwahab, MT; Andrieux-Meyer, I; Bekker, A; Chabala, C; Cotton, MF; Davies, G; Denti, P; Hesseling, A; Lee, J; McIlleron, H; Rabie, H; Tikiso, T; Wiesner, L; Zar, HJ, 2022)	0.72
" Options for mitigating risk from DDIs with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir are limited due to the clinical illness, the short window for intervention, and the related difficulty of implementing clinical monitoring or dosage adjustment of the comedication."	( Recommendations for the Management of Drug-Drug Interactions Between the COVID-19 Antiviral Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (Paxlovid) and Comedications. Back, DJ; Boffito, M; Boyle, A; Burger, D; Flexner, C; Gibbons, S; Khoo, S; Kuritzkes, DR; Marra, F; Marzolini, C; Pozniak, A; Waters, L, 2022)	1.18
" However, local safety profile should also be evaluated depending on the new indication, administration route and dosage form."	( Antivirals and the Potential Benefits of Orally Inhaled Drug Administration in COVID-19 Treatment. Akbal-Dagistan, O; Basarir, NS; Culha, M; Erturk, A; Sahin, G; Sancar, S; Yildiz-Pekoz, A, 2022)	0.72
" Nirmatrelvir is the active component against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, whereas ritonavir, a potent CYP3A inhibitor, is intended to boost the activity of nirmatrelvir by increasing its concentration in plasma to ensure persistence of antiviral concentrations during the 12-hour dosing interval."	( Clinically Relevant Interactions Between Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir and Concomitant Antiseizure Medications: Implications for the Management of COVID-19 in Patients with Epilepsy. Bialer, M; Caraco, Y; Levy, RH; Perucca, E; Wanounou, M, 2022)	1.22
" Although a decrease in the dosage of ISDs can prevent toxicity, an inappropriate dosage regimen may also result in insufficient exposure and a risk of rejection."	( Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Dosage Adjustments of Immunosuppressive Drugs When Combined With Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir in Patients With COVID-19. Bergan, S; Brunet, M; Budde, K; De Winter, BCM; Elens, L; Hesselink, DA; Johnson-Davis, KL; Langman, LJ; Lawson, R; Lemaitre, F; Masuda, S; Moes, DJAR; Noceti, O; Pattanaik, S; Pawinski, T; Van Gelder, T; Venkataramanan, R, 2023)	1.12
" The established correlation equations can be useful in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and dosing regimen optimization."	( The investigation of the complex population-drug-drug interaction between ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and chloroquine or ivermectin using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. Alsmadi, MM, 2023)	1.14
", a hyperimmune anti-COVID-19 intravenous immunoglobulin), methylprednisolone, interferon-beta/standard-of-care (SOC), interferon-beta-1b, convalescent plasma, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, immunoglobulin gamma, high dosage sarilumab (HS), auxora, and imatinib were effective when compared with placebo or SOC group."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for severe COVID-19 patients: An updated network meta-analysis of 48 randomized controlled trials. Chen, J; Cheng, Q; Fang, Z; Jia, Q; Zhao, G, 2022)	0.91
" This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of LPV/r and provide dosage optimization in Thai PLWH."	( Dose optimization with population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for Thai people living with HIV with and without active tuberculosis. Avihingsanon, A; Chaivichacharn, P; Gatechompol, S; Punyawudho, B; Ubolyam, S, 2022)	0.97
" The reduced LPV/r dosage offers sufficient LPV exposure for Thai PLWH."	( Dose optimization with population pharmacokinetics of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir for Thai people living with HIV with and without active tuberculosis. Avihingsanon, A; Chaivichacharn, P; Gatechompol, S; Punyawudho, B; Ubolyam, S, 2022)	0.97
"6% probability of improving 6-month survival across varying hydrocortisone dosing strategies."	( Long-term (180-Day) Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in the REMAP-CAP Randomized Clinical Trial. Al-Beidh, F; Angus, DC; Annane, D; Arabi, YM; Beane, A; Berry, LR; Berry, S; Bhimani, Z; Bonten, MJM; Bradbury, CA; Brunkhorst, FM; Burrell, A; Buxton, M; Buzgau, A; Charles, WN; Cove, M; Derde, LPG; Detry, MA; Estcourt, LJ; Fagbodun, EO; Fitzgerald, M; Girard, TD; Goligher, EC; Goossens, H; Gordon, AC; Green, C; Haniffa, R; Higgins, AM; Hills, T; Horvat, CM; Huang, DT; Ichihara, N; Lamontagne, F; Lawler, PR; Lewis, RJ; Lorenzi, E; Marshall, JC; McArthur, CJ; McAuley, DF; McGlothlin, A; McGuinness, SP; McQuilten, Z; McVerry, BJ; Mouncey, PR; Murthy, S; Neal, MD; Nichol, AD; Parke, RL; Parker, JC; Parry-Billings, K; Peters, SEC; Reyes, LF; Rowan, KM; Saito, H; Santos, MS; Saunders, CT; Serpa-Neto, A; Seymour, CW; Shankar-Hari, M; Stronach, LM; Turgeon, AF; Turner, AM; van Bentum-Puijk, W; van de Veerdonk, FL; Webb, SA; Zarychanski, R, 2023)	0.91
"The formulation development of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) towards a patient-friendly oral solid dosage form is proving to be still challenging."	( Downstream processing of amorphous solid dispersions into orodispersible tablets. Breitkreutz, J; Klinken, S; Kokott, M; Wiedey, R, 2023)	0.91
"In order to overcome potentially suboptimal therapeutic exposures, nirmatrelvir is dosed in combination with ritonavir to boost the pharmacokinetics of the active product."	( A commentary on the use of pharmacoenhancers in the pharmaceutical industry and the implication for DMPK drug discovery strategies. Fazal, L; Martins, V; Oganesian, A; Shah, A; Stow, J; Walton, H; Wilsher, N, 2022)	0.93
"NMV/r has significant DDIs with many common dermatological medications, which may require temporary discontinuation, dosage adjustment or substitution with other anti-COVID-19 agents such as molnupiravir."	( Drug interactions between common dermatological medications and the oral anti-COVID-19 agents nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and molnupiravir. Huang, X; Oon, HH; Quah, KSE; Renia, L, 2022)	0.93
"0 μg/mL in the pure form and in pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Adjusted green HPLC determination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in the new FDA approved co-packaged pharmaceutical dosage using supported computational calculations. Abdelazim, AH; Almrasy, AA; Batubara, AS; Gamal, M; Imam, MS; Ramzy, S, 2023)	1.16
"Although super-boosted lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r; ratio 4:4 instead of 4:1) is recommended for infants living with HIV and receiving concomitant rifampicin, in clinical practice, many different LPV/r dosing strategies are applied due to poor availability of pediatric separate ritonavir formulations needed to superboost."	( Brief Report: Suboptimal Lopinavir Exposure in Infants on Rifampicin Treatment Receiving Double-dosed or Semisuperboosted Lopinavir/Ritonavir: Time for a Change. Ballesteros, A; Buck, WC; Burger, DM; Chabala, C; Chitsamatanga, M; Colbers, A; Domínguez-Rodríguez, S; Jacobs, TG; Madrid, L; Moraleda, C; Mujuru, HA; Mumbiro, V; Namuziya, N; Nathoo, KJ; Nduna, B; Passanduca, A; Rojo, P; Tagarro, A, 2023)	1.4
" These data may support clinicians to make more informed dosing decisions for patients with cancer undergoing treatment with KIs who require treatment with ritonavir-containing COVID-19 antiviral therapies."	( Understanding the Risk of Drug Interactions Between Ritonavir-Containing COVID-19 Therapies and Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors in Patients With Cancer. Hopkins, AM; Karapetis, CS; McLachlan, AJ; Miners, JO; Rowland, A; Sorich, MJ; van Dyk, M, 2023)	1.36
" Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir was recently approved in the US, the UK and Europe as a new co-packaged dosage form for the treatment of COVID-19."	( Simultaneous green TLC determination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir in the pharmaceutical dosage form and spiked human plasma. Abdelazim, AH; Almrasy, AA; Batubara, AS; Gamal, M; Hasanin, THA; Imam, MS; Khojah, H; Ramzy, S, 2023)	1.48
" Therefore, optimization of tacrolimus dosing is urgently needed in transplant recipients receiving nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment."	( Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment in SARS-CoV-2 positive kidney transplant recipients - a case series with four patients. Kühn, W; Schneider, J; Tanriver, Y; Wagner, D; Walz, G; Wobser, R, 2023)	1.49
" Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosing strategies of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, immunosuppressant adjustment, and monitoring in this patient population."	( Optimizing the use of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in solid organ transplant recipients with COVID-19: A review of immunosuppressant adjustment strategies. Li, Y; Song, T; Tang, Y, 2023)	1.41
" Once submitted, the pharmacist would identify which oral COVID-19 medication and dosage was most appropriate."	( Facilitating oral COVID-19 therapy utilization through a pharmacy consult service. Portman, DB; Scolese, CJ, )	0.13
" Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir was the predominant agent used with 16% requiring renal dosage adjustment."	( Facilitating oral COVID-19 therapy utilization through a pharmacy consult service. Portman, DB; Scolese, CJ, )	0.49
" Clearance and volume of distribution were derived from nirmatrelvir PK obtained using a spray-dried dispersion (SDD) formulation where it is considered to be dosed as an oral solution, and absorption is near complete."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of PAXLOVID™ with First-Order Absorption Kinetics. Di, L; Jaini, R; Lin, J; Sagawa, K, 2023)	0.91
" Daily emtricitabine/TAF was dosed according to World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended weight bands: 120/15 mg in children weighing 14 to <25 kg and 200/25 mg in those weighing ≥25 kg."	( First Pharmacokinetic Data of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate and Tenofovir With Dolutegravir or Boosted Protease Inhibitors in African Children: A Substudy of the CHAPAS-4 Trial. Bamford, A; Burger, DM; Bwakura-Dangarembizi, M; Chabala, C; Colbers, A; Denti, P; Doerholt, K; Gibb, DM; Griffiths, AL; Makumbi, S; McIlleron, HM; Monkiewicz, LN; Mulenga, V; Mumbiro, V; Musiime, V; Nangiya, J; Szubert, AJ; Waalewijn, H; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L, 2023)	0.91
"In children, TAF combined with boosted PIs or dolutegravir and dosed according to WHO-recommended weight bands provides TAF and tenofovir concentrations previously demonstrated to be well tolerated and effective in adults."	( First Pharmacokinetic Data of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate and Tenofovir With Dolutegravir or Boosted Protease Inhibitors in African Children: A Substudy of the CHAPAS-4 Trial. Bamford, A; Burger, DM; Bwakura-Dangarembizi, M; Chabala, C; Colbers, A; Denti, P; Doerholt, K; Gibb, DM; Griffiths, AL; Makumbi, S; McIlleron, HM; Monkiewicz, LN; Mulenga, V; Mumbiro, V; Musiime, V; Nangiya, J; Szubert, AJ; Waalewijn, H; Wasmann, RE; Wiesner, L, 2023)	0.91
"Determining the appropriate dosing regimens of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for pregnant individuals living with HIV-1 infection is critical to maximize maternal health and prevent perinatal HIV transmission."	( Pharmacokinetics of Antiretroviral Agents in Pregnant Individuals Living With HIV: Current Status and Considerations for Study Design and Interpretation. Belew, Y; Choi, SY; Reynolds, K; Struble, K; Yang, X, 2023)	0.91
" We evaluated whether increased daily dosing with modified 8-hourly lopinavir/ritonavir 4:1 would maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations of lopinavir in children living with HIV receiving rifampicin-based antituberculosis treatment."	( Inadequate Lopinavir Concentrations With Modified 8-Hourly Lopinavir/Ritonavir 4:1 Dosing During Rifampicin-based Tuberculosis Treatment in Children Living With HIV. Chabala, C; Choo, L; Chungu, C; Crook, A; Gibb, D; Kapasa, M; LeBeau, K; Lungu, J; McIlleron, H; Mulenga, V; Tembo, CH; Turkova, A; Weisner, L; Zimba, K; Zyambo, K, 2023)	1.37
"9 kg, on rifampicin-based antituberculosis treatment were commenced or switched to 8-hourly liquid lopinavir/ritonavir 4:1 with increased daily dosing using weight-band dosing approach."	( Inadequate Lopinavir Concentrations With Modified 8-Hourly Lopinavir/Ritonavir 4:1 Dosing During Rifampicin-based Tuberculosis Treatment in Children Living With HIV. Chabala, C; Choo, L; Chungu, C; Crook, A; Gibb, D; Kapasa, M; LeBeau, K; Lungu, J; McIlleron, H; Mulenga, V; Tembo, CH; Turkova, A; Weisner, L; Zimba, K; Zyambo, K, 2023)	1.36
"7 mg/L]) were lower than on standard dosing without rifampicin (n = 12; area under the curve 24 121."	( Inadequate Lopinavir Concentrations With Modified 8-Hourly Lopinavir/Ritonavir 4:1 Dosing During Rifampicin-based Tuberculosis Treatment in Children Living With HIV. Chabala, C; Choo, L; Chungu, C; Crook, A; Gibb, D; Kapasa, M; LeBeau, K; Lungu, J; McIlleron, H; Mulenga, V; Tembo, CH; Turkova, A; Weisner, L; Zimba, K; Zyambo, K, 2023)	1.14
"Modified 8-hourly dosing of lopinavir/ritonavir failed to achieve adequate lopinavir concentrations with concurrent antituberculosis treatment."	( Inadequate Lopinavir Concentrations With Modified 8-Hourly Lopinavir/Ritonavir 4:1 Dosing During Rifampicin-based Tuberculosis Treatment in Children Living With HIV. Chabala, C; Choo, L; Chungu, C; Crook, A; Gibb, D; Kapasa, M; LeBeau, K; Lungu, J; McIlleron, H; Mulenga, V; Tembo, CH; Turkova, A; Weisner, L; Zimba, K; Zyambo, K, 2023)	1.42
" Paxlovid, a co-packaged dosage form of two antiviral drugs (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) developed by Pfizer, received its first FDA Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) and conditional marketing by European Medical Agency in patients at high risk of developing severe COVID-19."	( Nirmatrelvir and ritonavir combination: an antiviral therapy for COVID-19. Jogvanshi, A; Naikwadi, S; Navitha Reddy, G; Sonti, R, )	0.7
" Female ferrets dosed with 20 or 100 mg/kg nirmatrelvir/ritonavir twice-daily show 1-2 log order reduction of viral RNA copies and infectious titers, which correlates with low nirmatrelvir exposure in nasal turbinates."	( Comparing molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir efficacy and the effects on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in animal models. Andrews, MK; Cox, RM; Greninger, AL; Karimi, A; Kolykhalov, AA; Krueger, RE; Lieber, CM; Lieberman, NAP; Natchus, MG; Painter, GR; Plemper, RK; Roychoudhury, P; Sticher, ZM; Wolf, JD, 2023)	1.42
" The prospective simulations not only provided scientific evidence regarding rational dosing management strategies when initiating nirmatrelvir/ritonavir therapy but also provided a reference for the design of clinical DDIs study that may save resources and time."	( Drug-drug interactions and dose management of BTK inhibitors when initiating nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (paxlovid) based on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models. Chen, L; Chen, W; Li, C; Li, L, 2023)	1.33
" These drugs are typically available in liquid formulations to aid in dosing for children who cannot swallow tablets."	( Anti-HIV drugs lopinavir/ritonavir activate bitter taste receptors. Chen, S; Cui, M; Lu, Y; Wen, J; Xu, K; Zhou, X, 2023)	1.21
" Rational dosage adjustment obtained good tolerance but did not influence the efficacy."	( Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir use in patients with COVID-19 on hemodialysis: a case series. Diao, ZL; Guan, YM; Huang, HD; Liu, WH; Liu, YJ; Tian, DL; Wang, G; Zhang, AH; Zhao, YC, 2023)	1.28
"The therapeutic approach involved a 5-day regimen of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir at a dosage of 300/100 mg administered twice daily, along with a daily dosage of 6 mg of dexamethasone."	( Successful utilization of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and dexamethasone in a patient with total artificial heart and COVID-19: A case report. Ahmed, H; Alghamdi, AA; Alowais, SA; AlQahtani, H; Badreldin, HA; Bosaeed, M; Hussain, A; Saleh, KB; Selimovic, N, 2023)	1.42
"The current World Health Organization (WHO) pediatric tuberculosis dosing guidelines lead to suboptimal drug exposures."	( Evaluating pediatric tuberculosis dosing guidelines: A model-based individual data pooled analysis. Aarnoutse, R; Chabala, C; Cotton, MF; Denti, P; Galileya, LT; Gibb, D; Hesseling, A; Lee, J; McIlleron, H; Njahira Mukui, I; Rabie, H; Turkova, A; Wasmann, RE; Zar, H, 2023)	0.91
" The importance of the drug-drug interactions with lopinavir/ritonavir and efavirenz should be evaluated further and considered in future dosing guidance."	( Evaluating pediatric tuberculosis dosing guidelines: A model-based individual data pooled analysis. Aarnoutse, R; Chabala, C; Cotton, MF; Denti, P; Galileya, LT; Gibb, D; Hesseling, A; Lee, J; McIlleron, H; Njahira Mukui, I; Rabie, H; Turkova, A; Wasmann, RE; Zar, H, 2023)	1.15