naloxone

Research Excerpts

Overview

Naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist that counteracts the effects of an opioid overdose. It is a population-level prevention intervention associated with substantial reductions in overdose mortality and reduction of nonfatal overdose.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist that counteracts the effects of an opioid overdose."	( Naloxone dispensing among the commercially insured population in the United States from 2015 to 2018. Dunphy, C; Guy, GP; Jones, CM; Zhang, K, 2021)	2.79
"Naloxone is a prescription medication that reverses opioid overdoses. "	( Broadening access to naloxone: Community predictors of standing order naloxone distribution in Massachusetts. Chatterjee, A; Green, TC; Lambert, AM; Morgan, JR; Pollini, RA; Stopka, TJ; Walley, AY; Waye, KM; Xuan, Z; Yan, S, 2022)	2.48
"Naloxone is an opioid and inhibits TLR4-ligand association."	( Investigation of the effects of the toll-like receptor 4 pathway on immune checkpoint vista in pancreatic cancer. Duran, T; Kocak, N; Korucu, EN; Menevse, E; Topcu, KSB, 2022)	1.44
"Naloxone is a safe, fast-acting opioid antagonist that can reverse an opioid overdose, and as such, it should be a critical component of community-based responses to opioid overdose."	( Personal experience and awareness of opioid overdose occurrence among peers and willingness to administer naloxone in South Africa: findings from a three-city pilot survey of homeless people who use drugs. Brumwell, A; Scheibe, A; Shelly, S; Stowe, MJ; Wilson, M, 2022)	1.66
"Naloxone is a population-level prevention intervention associated with substantial reductions in overdose mortality and reduction of nonfatal overdose."	( Study protocol for the Respond to Prevent Study: a multi-state randomized controlled trial to improve provision of naloxone, buprenorphine and nonprescription syringes in community pharmacies. Al-Jammali, Z; Arnold, J; Boggis, J; Bolivar, D; Bratberg, J; Floyd, A; Gray, M; Green, TC; Hansen, R; Hartung, D; Irwin, AN; Leichtling, G, 2022)	1.65
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist available in take-home naloxone (THN) kits as a lifesaving measure for opioid overdose."	( Retrospective analysis of patterns of opioid overdose and interventions delivered at a tertiary hospital emergency department: impact of COVID-19. Freeman, R; Moullin, JC; Nguyen, NA; Potaka, KL; Sim, TF; Soo, D, 2022)	1.44
"Naloxone is a life-saving medication that reverses opioid overdose; naloxone can be provided on a 'take-home' basis so naloxone can be administered outside of the health-care setting. "	( The Overdose Response with Take Home Naloxone (ORTHN) project: Evaluation of health worker training, attitudes and perceptions. Bleeker, AM; Bravo, M; Dietze, PM; Gilliver, R; Harrod, ME; Lenton, S; Lintzeris, N; Malcolm, A; Mills, L; Monds, LA; Nielsen, S; Read, P; Wood, W, 2022)	2.44
"Naloxone is a key prevention strategy yet estimates of its administration are limited."	( Naloxone administration among opioid-involved overdose deaths in 38 United States jurisdictions in the State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System, 2019. Davis, NL; Hunter, CT; Kumar, S; O'Donnell, J; Quinn, K, 2022)	2.89
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that rapidly reverses opioid intoxication to prevent death from overdose."	( Stigma by Association: To what Extent is the Attitude Toward Naloxone Affected by the Stigma of Opioid Use Disorder? Adeosun, SO, 2023)	1.87
"Naloxone is a life-saving medication that can be administered to reverse an opioid overdose."	( Buprenorphine and naloxone access in pharmacies within high overdose areas of Los Angeles during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bolshakova, M; Dadiomov, D; Mikhaeilyan, M; Trotzky-Sirr, R, 2022)	1.78
"Naloxone is an essential tool in increasing chances of survival after opioid overdose, but its availability and the rate at which it is administered differs by county in Pennsylvania and nationally."	( Disparities in opioid overdose survival and naloxone administration in Pennsylvania. Holmes, LM; King, BH; Rishworth, A, 2022)	1.7
"Naloxone is a life-saving, yet underprescribed, medication that is recommended to be provided to patients at high risk of opioid overdose."	( Electronic Advisories Increase Naloxone Prescribing Across Health Care Settings. Carpenter, J; Heiman, E; Lanh, S; Moran, TP; Steck, A, 2023)	2.64
"Naloxone is an underutilized antidote that could prevent many opioid overdose-related deaths."	( Evaluation of Naloxone Co-Prescribing Rates for Older Adults Receiving Opioids via a Meds-to-Beds Program. Bennett, K; Boylan, PM; McCarron, M; Neely, S; Shreffler, M; Taliaferro, L; Walton, B, 2023)	1.99
"Naloxone distribution is a key intervention to reduce opioid overdose deaths. "	( Characteristics and health service use of Medicaid-insured individuals filling naloxone under a standing order in Louisiana. Bachhuber, MA; Breithaupt, J; Sugarman, OK; Wang, X, )	1.8
"Naloxone is a medication that can quickly reverse an opioid overdose. "	( How do contextual factors influence naloxone distribution from syringe service programs in the USA: a cross-sectional study. Bartholomew, TS; Bluthenthal, R; Kral, AH; LaKosky, P; Lambdin, BH; O'Neill, S; Tookes, HE; Wenger, L, 2023)	2.63
"Naloxone is a covered benefit in all health plans, although with variation in monthly limits and cost-sharing."	( The role of health plans in addressing the opioid crisis: A qualitative study. Bohler, R; Davis, MT; Hamilton, G; Hodgkin, D; Horgan, C, 2023)	1.63
"Naloxone, which is a FDA-approved reversal agent, antagonizes opioids through competitive binding at the μ-opioid receptor (mOR)."	( Structure-Kinetics Relationships of Opioids from Metadynamics and Machine Learning Analysis. Ellis, CR; Liu, R; Mahinthichaichan, P; Shen, J; Stavitskaya, L; Vo, QN, 2023)	1.63
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that reverses the (respiratory-paralyzing) effects of opioids in the body within minutes. "	( [Take-home naloxone: a building block of drug emergency prophylaxis in Germany]. Fleißner, S; Schäffer, D; Stöver, H, 2023)	2.74
"Naloxone is a harm reduction tool for mitigating the rising rate of opioid overdose deaths. "	( Implementation of a Naloxone Best Practice Advisory Into an Electronic Health Record. Balasanova, AA; Daniel, K; Srikumar, JK, )	1.9
"Naloxone is a well-known opioid antagonist and has been suggested to have neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia. "	( Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation/Assembly through the Activation of the PI3K Pathway by Naloxone Protects Neural Stem Cells from Ischemic Condition. Choi, NY; Hwang, M; Kim, JY; Koh, SH, 2023)	2.57
"Naloxone is a life-saving medication for individuals experiencing an opioid overdose. "	( Naloxone Accessibility Under the State Standing Order Across Mississippi. Cafer, A; Gravlee, E; Holmes, E; Jordan, T; McGregor, J; Ramachandran, S; Rosenthal, M, 2023)	3.8
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that is available in numerous formulations and can be easily administered to avert death from opioid overdose. "	( Moving Naloxone Over the Counter Is Necessary but Not Sufficient. Barenie, RE; Beletsky, L; Kesselheim, AS; Messinger, JC, 2023)	2.81
"SAIA-Naloxone is a multifaceted, multilevel implementation strategy through which trained facilitators work closely with SSPs to (1) assess organization-level barriers, (2) prioritize barriers for improvement, and (3) test solutions through iterative change cycles until achieving and sustaining improvements."	( Systems analysis and improvement approach to improve naloxone distribution within syringe service programs: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Akiba, CF; Davidson, PJ; Kral, AH; Lambdin, BH; Morgan-Lopez, A; Orme, S; Patel, SV; Wenger, LD; Zarkin, GA, 2023)	1.61
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can rapidly reverse an opioid overdose."	( Community pharmacists' naloxone counseling: A theory-informed qualitative study. MacKinnon, NJ; Osae, SP; Rawal, S; Soiro, FD; Tackett, RL; Young, HN, )	1.16
"Naloxone distribution is an important component of the public health response to the opioid overdose epidemic."	( Vital Signs: Pharmacy-Based Naloxone Dispensing - United States, 2012-2018. Evans, ME; Guy, GP; Haegerich, TM; Jones, CM; Losby, JL; Young, R, 2019)	1.53
"Naloxone is an opioid overdose reversal medication that is critical for saving lives."	( Barriers to naloxone use and acceptance among opioid users, first responders, and emergency department providers in New Hampshire, USA. Bessen, S; Marsch, LA; McLeman, B; Meier, A; Metcalf, SA; Moore, SK; Saunders, EC; Walsh, O, 2019)	1.61
"Naloxone is a life-saving antidote for opioid overdoses. "	( The uptake of the pharmacy-dispensed naloxone kit program in Ontario: A population-based study. Antoniou, T; Campbell, T; Choremis, B; Gomes, T; Martins, D; Tadrous, M, 2019)	2.23
"Naloxone is a frequently utilized and effective treatment to reverse the life-threatening effects of illicit opioid intoxication. "	( Treatment of acute naloxone-precipitated opioid withdrawal with buprenorphine. Aks, SE; Chhabra, N, 2020)	2.33
"Naloxone is a drug that reverses opioid overdose. "	( Regional and temporal effects of naloxone access laws on opioid overdose mortality. Cataife, G; Davis, CS; Dong, J, 2021)	2.35
"Naloxone is an antidote to opioid overdose, and community pharmacies nationwide now provide broad access to this medication."	( Pharmacy leaders' beliefs about how pharmacies can support a sustainable approach to providing naloxone to the community. Baird, J; Bratberg, J; Burstein, D; Case, P; Donovan, E; Green, TC; Walley, AY, 2020)	2.22
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can reverse an opioid overdose. "	( Naloxone perspectives from people who use opioids: Findings from an ethnographic study in three states. Boeri, M; Lamonica, AK, 2020)	3.44
"Naloxone is a safe and effective medication to help reverse opioid overdose. "	( Barriers to and recommendations for take-home naloxone distribution: perspectives from opioid treatment programs in New Mexico. Katzman, JG; Katzman, WG; Moya Balasch, M; Salvador, JG; Sussman, AL; Takeda, MY, 2020)	2.26
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used for the acute treatment of opioid overdoses. "	( An open-label, randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-treatment crossover bioavailability study comparing 5 mg/0.5 mL of intramuscular naloxone hydrochloride to 2 mg/0.4 mL intramuscular naloxone hydrochloride autoinjector in healthy subjects. Carleton, F; Carlo, DJ; Lollo, CP; Moss, RB, )	1.78
"Naloxone is a μ-opioid receptor antagonist that has been used to prevent overdose-related respiratory depression and deaths by the illicit use of opioids. "	( The antagonistic activity profile of naloxone in μ-opioid receptor agonist-induced psychological dependence. Aritomi, H; Asaki, T; Chiba, H; Fujita, M; Furue, Y; Kanemasa, T; Koike, K; Matsumoto, T; Matsuzaki, T; Muramoto, M; Nakamura, A; Shimada, S; Shimada, T; Takase, K; Watari, R; Yasufuku, K, 2020)	2.27
"Naloxone is a medication with a largely benign safety profile that is frequently administered in the emergency department to patients presenting with altered mental status. "	( Ventricular tachycardia after naloxone administration in an adolescent. Acholonu, NO; Fernandes, ND; Flaherty, MR; Lahoud-Rahme, M; Naber, CE; Sanders, BP; Sweetser, L; Yager, PH, 2021)	2.35
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can be effectively administered by bystanders to prevent overdose. "	( Predictors of having naloxone in urban and rural Oregon findings from NHBS and the OR-HOPE study. Cook, RR; Korthuis, PT; Leahy, JM; Leichtling, G; Lipira, L; Menza, TW; Orellana, ER, 2021)	2.38
"Naloxone is a competitive antagonist which binds MOR where morphine (and endogenous opioids) bind, and reversed the detrimental effects of morphine."	( Impact of morphine on the expression of insulin receptor and protein levels of insulin/IGFs in rat neural stem cells. Abdyazdani, N; Feizy, N; Kazemi, M; Nikanfar, M; Nourazarian, A; Rahbarghazi, R; Salarinasab, S, 2017)	1.18
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used for emergency resuscitation following opioid overdose. "	( Methods for delivering the UK's multi-centre prison-based naloxone-on-release pilot randomised trial (N-ALIVE): Europe's largest prison-based randomised controlled trial. Bird, SM; Choo, L; Mascarenhas, M; Meade, AM; Nichols, LL; Parmar, MKB; Pepple, T; Strang, J, 2018)	2.17
"Naloxone is a safe and effective agent that has been shown to successfully reverse the effects of opioid overdose in the prehospital setting."	( Basic and Advanced EMS Providers Are Equally Effective in Naloxone Administration for Opioid Overdose in Northern New England. Gulec, N; Lahey, J; MacLean, CD; Sholl, M; Suozzi, JC; Wolfson, DL, )	1.1
"Naloxone is a safe, effective, opioid antagonist that may quickly reverse an opioid overdose. "	( Alberta's provincial take-home naloxone program: A multi-sectoral and multi-jurisdictional response to overdose. Bourque, S; Etches, N; Freeman, LK; Goodison, K; O'Gorman, C; Rittenbach, K; Sikora, CA; Yarema, M, 2017)	2.18
"Naloxone is a safe and effective antidote for reversing opioid overdose. "	( Factors associated with naloxone administration in an opioid dependent sample. Anderson, BJ; Bailey, GL; Kenney, SR; Stein, MD, 2018)	2.23
"Naloxone distribution is an increasing service provided by pharmacists as more states enact laws enabling pharmacists to dispense naloxone without a prescription or per protocol to individuals in the wake of an opioid overdose epidemic. "	( A naloxone and harm reduction educational program across four years of a doctor of pharmacy program. Beatty, SJ; Maguire, MA; Mehta, BH; Pavlakos, RN; Schmuhl, KK, )	2.3
"Naloxone is a life-saving opioid antagonist. "	( Prediction Model for Two-Year Risk of Opioid Overdose Among Patients Prescribed Chronic Opioid Therapy. Binswanger, IA; Breslin, K; Calcaterra, SL; Gardner, EM; Glanz, JM; Mueller, SR; Narwaney, KJ; Xu, S, 2018)	1.92
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that is effective for the reversal of heroin overdose in emergency situations and can be used by nonmedical responders."	( Cost-Effectiveness of Take-Home Naloxone for the Prevention of Overdose Fatalities among Heroin Users in the United Kingdom. Dunlop, WCN; Grieve, R; Kenworthy, J; Langham, S; Wright, A, 2018)	1.49
"Naloxone is a prescription medication that can quickly and effectively reverse opioid overdose. "	( Do naloxone access laws increase outpatient naloxone prescriptions? Evidence from Medicaid. Davis, CS; Domino, ME; Gertner, AK, 2018)	2.54
"Naloxone is a specific, high affinity opioid antagonist that has been used to treat suspected or confirmed overdose for more than 40 years. "	( On the front lines of the opioid epidemic: Rescue by naloxone. Skolnick, P, 2018)	2.17
"Naloxone is a competitive opioid antagonist that rapidly reverses opioid overdose."	( The changing landscape of naloxone availability in the United States, 2011 - 2017. Freeman, PR; Hankosky, ER; Lofwall, MR; Talbert, JC, 2018)	1.5
"Naloxone is a typical mu-opioid receptor antagonist widely used in clinical treatment for opioid overdose and opioid abuse."	( Naloxone reversed cognitive impairments induced by repeated morphine under heavy perceptual load in the 5-choice serial reaction time task. Chen, Y; Cui, J; Deji, C; Guo, H; Lai, J; Wang, Y; Xie, Q; Xu, D, 2019)	2.68
"Naloxone is an effective antidote to opioid toxicity, yet its optimal dosing in the context of fentanyl and ultra-potent opioid overdoses remains unknown."	( Naloxone interventions in opioid overdoses: a systematic review protocol. Brasher, PMA; Buxton, JA; Curran, J; Doyle-Waters, MM; Godwin, J; Hau, JP; Hohl, CM; Moe, J; Purssell, R; Shaw, LV, 2019)	2.68
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist with high affinity for μ-opioid receptor, and for this reason it is used for the emergency treatment of opioid overdose. "	( Effect of Formulation Variables on the Nasal Permeability and Stability of Naloxone Intranasal Formulations. Abraham, C; Al-Ghabeish, M; Ashraf, M; Hsu, HJ; Naraharisetti, SB; Pavuluri, V; Yang, Y, 2019)	2.19
"Naloxone is an established antidote for the treatment of heroin poisoning; however, dosing regimens vary widely, with a current trend towards small titrated intravenous dosing. "	( One single large intramuscular dose of naloxone is effective and safe in suspected heroin poisoning. Brier, AJ; Harris, K; Isoardi, KZ; Page, CB; Parker, L; Samantray, S, 2020)	2.27
"Naloxone is a well-established essential medicine for the treatment of life-threatening heroin/opioid overdose in emergency medicine. "	( Take-Home Naloxone for the Emergency Interim Management of Opioid Overdose: The Public Health Application of an Emergency Medicine. Campbell, G; Dale, O; Degenhardt, L; McDonald, R; Nielsen, S; Ritter, A; Strang, J, 2019)	2.36
"Naloxone hydrochloride is an agent capable of antagonizing respiratory depression and analgesic actions which are inherent to the opioid by competitively acting at opioid receptors. "	( [Naloxone]. Kakihana, Y; Setoguchi, D, 2013)	2.74
"Naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist that displays local antagonist effect on opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and is nearly completely inactivated in the liver after oral administration."	( Oxycodone/naloxone in the management of patients with pain and opioid-induced bowel dysfunction. Leppert, W, 2014)	1.53
"Naloxone is a selective opioid receptor antagonis."	( [Influence of naloxone on uterine contractions in patients with primary dysmenorrhea]. Grusza, M; Grygoruk, C; Mrugacz, G; Pietrewicz, P; Pietrzycki, B; Sieczyński, P, 2013)	1.47
"Naloxone is an opioid inverse agonist used in the treatment of opiate overdose, with well known pharmacology. "	( Naloxone induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in PC12 cells. Kang, KH; Kim, SW; Kwon, K; Kwon, OY; Kwon, YS; Seo, S; Yu, K, 2014)	3.29
"Naloxone is a medication that reverses respiratory depression from opioid overdose if given in time. "	( Expanded access to naloxone among firefighters, police officers, and emergency medical technicians in Massachusetts. Davis, CS; Glynn, P; Picariello, G; Ruiz, S; Walley, AY, 2014)	2.17
"Naloxone is a highly effective nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, and has been reported to be pharmacologically beneficial for the treatment of brain diseases through inhibiting microglia activation."	( HSP60 is involved in the neuroprotective effects of naloxone. Cheng, W; Ding, F; Hou, X; Huang, W; Li, F; Li, G; Li, Y; Liu, J; Ma, J; Miao, Z; Qi, Q; Shen, Y; Wang, Y; Zhang, N; Zhang, Y, 2014)	1.37
"Naloxone is an opioid-receptor antagonist that is used in the treatment of opioid overdose to reverse the respiratory and central nervous system-depressant effects of the opioid. "	( Intranasal naloxone administration for treatment of opioid overdose. Robinson, A; Wermeling, DP, 2014)	2.23
"Naloxone is an intrinsically safe drug, and may be administered in large doses with minimal clinical effect in non-opioid-dependent patients. "	( Reducing the harm of opioid overdose with the safe use of naloxone : a pharmacologic review. Kim, HK; Nelson, LS, 2015)	2.1
"Naloxone is an effective opioid antidote that can be prescribed to patients for bystander use in the event of an overdose."	( Overdose Education and Naloxone for Patients Prescribed Opioids in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study of Primary Care Staff. Binswanger, IA; Gardner, EM; Glanz, JM; Goddard, K; Koester, S; Mueller, SR, 2015)	1.45
"Naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist with low systemic bioavailability."	( Developments in managing severe chronic pain: role of oxycodone-naloxone extended release. Fanelli, A; Fanelli, G, 2015)	1.38
"Naloxone is a competitive opioid antagonist typically administered to reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression."	( Incidence and Demographics of Post-Operative Naloxone Administration: A 13-Year Experience at a Major Tertiary Teaching Institution. Campbell, N; Farnad, S; Khelemsky, Y; Kothari, R, )	1.11
"Naloxone is a life-saving medication for reversing opioid overdose."	( Development and process evaluation of an educational intervention for overdose prevention and naloxone distribution by general practice trainees. Bury, G; Coleman, N; Egan, M; Klimas, J; Tobin, H, 2015)	1.36
"Naloxone is an effective antidote to potentially fatal opioid overdose, but little is known about naloxone administration in ED settings."	( Naloxone Administration in US Emergency Departments, 2000-2011. Binswanger, IA; Calcaterra, SL; Frank, JW; Hoppe, JA; Levy, C, 2016)	2.6
"Naloxone is a potentially life-saving medication that can reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression, though precipitated opioid withdrawal can pose acute risks to the patient and medical personnel."	( The Evolution of Recommended Naloxone Dosing for Opioid Overdose by Medical Specialty. Connors, NJ; Nelson, LS, 2016)	1.45
"Naloxone is an important tool in opioid overdose prevention."	( Why is it so hard to implement change? A qualitative examination of barriers and facilitators to distribution of naloxone for overdose prevention in a safety net environment. Bernstein, E; Drainoni, ML; Ellison, J; Feldman, JA; Koppelman, EA; Mitchell, PM; Walley, AY, 2016)	1.37
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used for emergency resuscitation following opioid overdose. "	( Randomized controlled pilot trial of naloxone-on-release to prevent post-prison opioid overdose deaths. Bird, SM; Choo, L; Meade, AM; Parmar, MK; Strang, J, 2017)	2.17
"Naloxone is an alkaloid antagonist that acts as an antidote to opioids through the mu-opioid receptor (MOR), a G protein-coupled receptor. "	( Mapping the naloxone binding sites on the mu-opioid receptor using cell-based photocrosslinkers. Chien, WC; Chuang, JY; Huang, YH; Ke, YY; Loh, HH; Yeh, SH, 2017)	2.28
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that can rapidly reverse the respiratory depression associated with opioid toxicity."	( Naloxone administration for suspected opioid overdose: An expanded scope of practice by a basic life support collegiate-based emergency medical services agency. DeGeorge, LM; Dickinson, L; Jeffery, RM; Nable, JV; Ng, ND, 2017)	2.62
"Naloxone is an effective overdose treatment and is now being considered for wider lay use."	( Opiate addiction and overdose: experiences, attitudes, and appetite for community naloxone provision. Barry, T; Bury, G; Egan, M; Klimas, J; Tobin, H, 2017)	1.4
"Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist specifically indicated for respiratory depression due to opioid exposure. "	( Cardiac arrest following naloxone in an extremely preterm neonate. Deshpande, G; Gill, A, 2009)	2.1
"Naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist with effects on the EEG and behavior in animals and humans and has been used clinically in drug-abuse treatment. "	( Chronic neonatal exposure of rats to the opioid antagonist naloxone impairs propagation of cortical spreading depression in adulthood. de Albuquerque, Jda M; de Lima, KR; de Oliveira, AK; Guedes, RC; Rocha-de-Melo, AP, 2008)	2.03
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist with low oral systemic bioavailability."	( Fixed-ratio combination oxycodone/naloxone compared with oxycodone alone for the relief of opioid-induced constipation in moderate-to-severe noncancer pain. Bosse, B; De Andrés, J; Hopp, M; Krain, B; Kremers, W; Leyendecker, P; Löwenstein, O; Müller-Lissner, S; Nichols, T; Reimer, K; Simpson, K; Troy Ferrarons, J, 2008)	1.35
"Naloxone is a pure opiate antagonist that is frequently utilized in practice for the prophylaxis or treatment of opiate-induced constipation in the ICU."	( Safety of enteral naloxone for the reversal of opiate-induced constipation in the intensive care unit. Arpino, PA; Thompson, BT, 2009)	1.41
"Naloxone methiodide is a peripherally restricted opioid receptor antagonist."	( Involvement of peripheral mu opioid receptors in scratching behavior in mice. Sugimoto, Y; Yamamoto, A, 2010)	1.08
"Naloxone is an effective agent for reversal of symptoms; however, given buprenorphine's high affinity and long action, higher doses or continuous infusion may be required."	( Toddlers requiring pediatric intensive care unit admission following at-home exposure to buprenorphine/naloxone. Bateman, ST; Pedapati, EV, 2011)	1.31
"Naloxone is an antagonist that can reverse the side effects of morphine."	( Effects of epidural naloxone on pruritus induced by epidural morphine: a randomized controlled trial. Han, S; Hwang, J; Jeon, Y; Kang, J; Oh, Y; Rhee, K, 2005)	1.37
"naloxone is a novel alternative method for drug administration in high-risk patients in the prehospital setting with good overall effectiveness."	( Efficacy of intranasal naloxone as a needleless alternative for treatment of opioid overdose in the prehospital setting. Bailey, J; Barton, ED; Benson, J; Bryan, T; Colwell, CB; Dunn, W; Fosnocht, D; Gravitz, C; Wolfe, T, 2005)	1.36
"Naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist. "	( Cardiovascular changes after naloxone administration in propofol-sedated piglets during opioid overdose. Aittomäki, JV; Boyd, JJ; Kyttä, JV; Randell, TT; Rosenberg, PH; Seppälä, TA, 2006)	2.07
"Naloxone is a specific opiate antagonist without agonist properties or potential for abuse."	( Prescription naloxone: a novel approach to heroin overdose prevention. Kral, AH; Sporer, KA, 2007)	1.43
"Naloxone is a non-selective, short-acting opioid receptor antagonist that has a long clinical history of successful use and is presently considered a safe drug over a wide dose range (up to 10 mg). "	( Naloxone treatment in opioid addiction: the risks and benefits. Dahan, A; van Dorp, E; Yassen, A, 2007)	3.23
"Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist."	( Preliminary study on the effect of parenteral naloxone, alone and in association with calcium gluconate, on bone healing in an ovine "drill hole" model system. Langhoff, JD; Mariscoli, M; Petrizzi, L; Valbonetti, L; Varasano, V; Von Rechenberg, B, 2007)	1.32
"Naloxone has been said to be an antidote of acute ethanol intoxication in man. "	( Naloxone and ethanol intoxication. Askenasi, R; Fontaine, J, 1982)	3.15
"Naloxone acts as a pure antagonist to these actions of morphine, since it has no actions on blood flow in the hand when given alone."	( Naloxone reversal of morphine-induced peripheral vasodilatation. Coffman, JD; Cohen, RA, 1980)	2.43
"Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used frequently in studies of appetite regulation in lean and obese animals and humans. "	( Effect of dietary obesity on naloxone disposition in sheep. Alavi, FK; Alavi, K; Clarke, CR; McCann, JP; Sangiah, S, 1994)	2.02
"Naloxone is a competitive antagonist of opioids without any intrinsic activity."	( [Antagonists in anesthesia]. Calaminus, JM; Lauven, PM, 1995)	1.01
"Naloxone is a widely used opioid antagonist. "	( Partial agonistic activity of naloxone on the opioid receptors expressed from complementary deoxyribonucleic acids in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Fukuda, K; Kato, S; Mima, H; Mori, K; Morikawa, H; Shoda, T, 1998)	2.03
"Naloxone is an important adjunctive medication for patients undergoing examinations for lower intestinal bleeding."	( Ability of naloxone to enhance the colonoscopic appearance of normal colon vasculature and colon vascular ectasias. Brandt, LJ; Spinnell, MK, 1999)	1.41
"Naloxone is a general opioid receptor antagonist which has not been characterized in R."	( Selective opioid receptor agonist and antagonist displacement of [3H]naloxone binding in amphibian brain. Newman, LC; Stevens, CW; Wallace, DR, 2000)	1.26
"Naloxone is a specific competitive antagonist of morphine, acting on opiate receptors, located on neuronal membranes. "	( Effect of in vivo administration of naloxone on ATP-ase's enzyme systems of synaptic plasma membranes from rat cerebral cortex. D'Angelo, A; Devecchi, E; Gorini, A; Rancati, A; Villa, RF, 2000)	2.02
"Naloxone is a general opioid antagonist that has not been characterized in Rana pipiens."	( Selective opioid agonist and antagonist competition for [3H]-naloxone binding in amphibian spinal cord. Newman, LC; Stevens, CW; Wallace, DR, 2000)	1.27
"Naloxone acts as an opioid antagonist, displacing opioid drugs from cellular receptors. "	( In vitro effects of naloxone on T-lymphocyte-dependent antibacterial activity in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients and in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Amati, L; Caccavo, D; Caradonna, L; Covelli, V; Jirillo, E; Leandro, G; Magrone, T; Manghisi, C; Minoia, P; Sciorsci, RL, 2001)	2.08
"Naloxone is a medication that is frequently administered in the field by paramedics for suspected opioid overdoses. "	( Intranasal administration of naloxone by paramedics. Baily, J; Barton, ED; Benson, J; Colwell, C; Dunn, W; Ramos, J, )	1.87
"Naloxone is an effective narcotic antagonist which should be considered to be the drug of choice for treating narcotic depression in the neonate."	( Reversal of narcotic depression in the neonate by nalozone. Evans, JM; Hogg, MI; Rosen, M, 1976)	0.98
"Naloxone hydrochloride is a widely used opioid antagonist. "	( Naloxone hydrochloride: a review. Goodrich, PM, 1990)	3.16
"Naloxone is an effective opiate antagonist, but its short half-life limits its usefulness. "	( Duration of antagonistic effects of nalmefene and naloxone in opiate-induced sedation for emergency department procedures. Barsan, WG; Bartlett, R; Bryan, C; Buncher, R; Danzl, DF; Ling, LJ; Seger, D, 1989)	1.97

Effects

Naloxone has a high affinity for the µ-opioid receptor and acts as a competitive antagonist, thus reversing the effects of opioids. The drug has a dose-dependent, significant anorectic effect when administered to normal rats, consistent with an antagonism of central or peripheral enkephalinergic or endorphinergic mechanisms.

Naloxone has been shown to induce LH release in female but not in male rats 10-25 days of age. Nalox one dispensing has substantially increased, in part driven by standing orders. SAIA-NalOXone has strong potential for improving naloxon distribution from syringe service programs.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Naloxone has a high affinity for the µ-opioid receptor and acts as a competitive antagonist, thus reversing the effects of opioids. "	( Rapid systemic uptake of naloxone after intranasal administration in children. Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA; Lundeberg, S; Malmros Olsson, E; Stiller, CO, 2021)	2.37
"Naloxone has a distinct binding site in HSA not shared with opioid agonists."	( Opioid binding sites in human serum albumin. Liu, R; Meng, Q; Perez-Aguilar, JM; Saven, JG; Zhou, R, 2012)	1.1
"Naloxone has a dose-dependent, significant anorectic effect when administered to normal rats, consistent with an antagonism of central or peripheral enkephalinergic or endorphinergic mechanisms. "	( Naloxone, adrenalectomy, and steroid replacement: evidence against a role for circulating beta-endorphin in food intake. Clements, JA; Fraser, CD; Funder, JW; Wallace, M, 1981)	3.15
"Naloxone has a greater affinity for receptors which preferentially bind morphine and other opiate alkaloids as compared to receptors that bind endogenous opioid peptides."	( Effects of naloxone and diprenorphine on spontaneous activity in rats and mice. DeRossett, SE; Holtzman, SG, 1982)	1.38
"Naloxone dispensing has substantially increased, in part driven by standing orders. "	( Broadening access to naloxone: Community predictors of standing order naloxone distribution in Massachusetts. Chatterjee, A; Green, TC; Lambert, AM; Morgan, JR; Pollini, RA; Stopka, TJ; Walley, AY; Waye, KM; Xuan, Z; Yan, S, 2022)	2.48
"Naloxone has previously shown variable reversal of CNS depression in central alpha-2 overdose."	( Systemic toxicity from subcutaneous brimonidine injection successfully treated with naloxone. Chambers, A; Cumpston, KL; Kershner, E; Tobarran, N; Wills, BK, 2022)	1.67
"Naloxone has become increasingly accessible, with greater emphasis placed by health systems and pharmacies on distribution of the safety tool."	( Integration of Pharmacy Student Interns into a Naloxone Telephone Outreach Service. Frey, T; Genisot, A; JohnsonPharmacy William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, D; Rothbauer, K, 2022)	1.7
"SAIA-Naloxone has strong potential for improving naloxone distribution from syringe service programs. "	( Optimizing naloxone distribution to prevent opioid overdose fatalities: results from piloting the Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach within syringe service programs. Davidson, PJ; Kral, AH; Lambdin, BH; Patel, SV; Sherr, K; Wagner, AD; Wenger, LD, 2023)	1.81
"Naloxone has been shown to be an effective and useful tool for reversing signs and symptoms of synthetic opioid overdose, though additional doses may be required depending on the analog."	( Combating Fentanyl: National Guard Physician Assistants on the Front Lines of America's War Against Synthetic Opioids. Allen, CA; Anderson, JA; Atkins, JB; Dent, RA; Radi, JK; Schneider, M, )	0.85
"Naloxone has been used as an opioid antagonist to prevent multiple adverse side effects of opioid-like tolerance and hyperalgesia. "	( Naloxone could limit morphine hypersensitivity: Considering the molecular mechanisms. Abtin, S; Baratzadeh, M; Danialy, S; Manaheji, H, 2023)	3.8
"Naloxone has proven efficacy in reversing opioid overdoses and is approved as an emergency antidote to opioid overdose."	( A study protocol for a European, mixed methods, prospective, cohort study of the effectiveness of naloxone administration by community members, in reversing opioid overdose: NalPORS. Carter, B; Dascal, T; Day, E; Eide, D; Guterstam, J; Horsburgh, K; Kåberg, M; Kelleher, M; Mackie, C; McDonald, R; Metrebian, N; Neale, J; Parkin, S; Smith, J; Strang, J; Thiesen, H, 2023)	1.85
"Naloxone prescribing has increased and was more likely to be co-prescribed to patients with some risk factors for overdose. "	( Association of Opioid Overdose Risk Factors and Naloxone Prescribing in US Adults. Bohnert, ASB; Brummett, CM; Englesbe, MJ; Gunaseelan, V; Lin, LA; Waljee, JF, 2020)	2.26
"Naloxone has a high affinity for the µ-opioid receptor and acts as a competitive antagonist, thus reversing the effects of opioids. "	( Rapid systemic uptake of naloxone after intranasal administration in children. Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA; Lundeberg, S; Malmros Olsson, E; Stiller, CO, 2021)	2.37
"Naloxone has been showing relative safety, leading to trivial adverdse effects which are mostly due to acute withdrawal effects, but when used in patients with known long-term addiction, it usually requires additional dosing or rapid infusion to achieve detoxification effects in a timely manner or to sustain the effects after they fade away."	( Naloxone-Induced Acute Pulmonary Edema is Dose-Dependent: A Case Series. Al-Azzawi, M; Al-Taei, M; Alsaoudi, G; Alshami, A; Costanzo, E; Douedi, S, 2021)	2.79
"Naloxone distribution has historically been implemented in a community-based, expanded public health model; however, there is now a need to further explore primary care clinic-based naloxone delivery to effectively address the nationwide opioid epidemic."	( Naloxone Distribution and Training for Patients with High-Risk Opioid Use in a Veterans Affairs Community-Based Primary Care Clinic. Abram, S; Beach, LY; Berchuck, JE; Lin, J; Markle, E; Patel, S; Raffel, KE, 2018)	3.37
"Naloxone has been recommended as an analeptic agent at a guideline level for patients with revealed or suspicious opioid addiction."	( [Naloxone]. Kakihana, Y; Setoguchi, D, 2013)	2.02
"BUP/naloxone (NLX) has been marketed as maintenance treatment, aiming at preventing opiate addicts from self-injecting crushed pills."	( Respiratory effects of buprenorphine/naloxone alone and in combination with diazepam in naive and tolerant rats. Chevillard, L; Cohier, C; Mégarbane, B; Risède, P; Roussel, O, 2014)	1.16
"Naloxone has significantly increased morphine withdrawal syndrome, both invivo and invitro. "	( In vivo and in vitro attenuation of naloxone-precipitated experimental opioid withdrawal syndrome by insulin and selective KATP channel modulator. Gupta, S; Sharma, B; Sharma, BM; Singh, P, 2015)	2.13
"Naloxone has been proved to possess inflammation inhibitory effects in nervous system."	( Protective effects of naloxone in two-hit seizure model. Ge, W; Li, F; Mi, C; Sun, R; Wang, R; Yang, L, 2010)	1.4
"Naloxone has been used to antagonize opioid effects for many years, even though at low doses it can exert antinociceptive effects. "	( Peripheral antinociceptive effects of low doses of naloxone in an in vivo and in vitro model of trigeminal nociception. Capuano, A; Currò, D; De Corato, A; Dello Russo, C; Navarra, P; Treglia, M; Tringali, G, )	1.83
"Naloxone has a distinct binding site in HSA not shared with opioid agonists."	( Opioid binding sites in human serum albumin. Liu, R; Meng, Q; Perez-Aguilar, JM; Saven, JG; Zhou, R, 2012)	1.1
"Naloxone has no effect on non-opioid overdoses (e.g., cocaine, benzodiazepines, or alcohol) ."	( Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone - United States, 2010. , 2012)	1.34
"Naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) has no effect compared to the control value on both minutes."	( The evaluation of analgesic effects of simvastatin, pravastatin and atorvastatin in hot plate test. Erkoseoglu, I; Kadioglu, M; Kalyoncu, NI; Kesim, M; Muci, E; Okuyan, M; Yaris, E, 2012)	1.1
"Naloxone has been shown to exert beneficial effects on memory deficits in patients with senile dementia and reverse some of the effects induced by endogeneous opioids."	( Effect of naloxone on cognitive function in vascular dementia in rats. Guang-Yu, M; Shi-Lei, S; Xiao-Hu, X, 2002)	1.44
"Naloxone methiodide has been shown to have a lower affinity for opioid receptors than naloxone in the rat and guinea pig but has not been tested in the mouse."	( Naloxone and its quaternary derivative, naloxone methiodide, have differing affinities for mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors in mouse brain homogenates. Irvine, RJ; Lewanowitsch, T, 2003)	2.48
"Naloxone hydrochloride has been administered by various routes to treat opioid toxicity."	( Nebulized naloxone gently and effectively reverses methadone intoxication. Aks, SE; Mycyk, MB; Szyszko, AL, 2003)	1.44
"Naloxone has been advanced as a potential neuroprotectant against ischemic injury. "	( Neuroprotection of naloxone against ischemic injury in rats: role of mu receptor antagonism. Chen, CJ; Chen, WY; Liao, SL; Raung, SL, 2003)	2.09
"Naloxone has been reported to increase copulatory responses."	( Effects of central administration of naloxone during the extinction of appetitive sexual responses. Balthazart, J; Cornil, CA; Holloway, KS, 2004)	1.32
"Naloxone (NAL) has been shown to exert beneficial effects on memory deficits."	( Effect of naloxone on aluminum-induced learning and memory impairment in rats. Bachelor, LH; Bachelor, ZY; Dong, HM; Guang-Yu, MA; Shi-Lei, S; Xu, XH, 2005)	1.45
"naloxone has been introduced as first-line treatment in some jurisdictions in North America, and is currently under investigation in Australia."	( Intranasal naloxone for the treatment of suspected heroin overdose. Dietze, P; Kelly, AM; Kerr, D, 2008)	1.46
"Naloxone has been hypothesized to limit opioid tolerance by decreasing adenylate cyclase/cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation."	( Effect of low-dose naloxone infusion on fentanyl requirements in critically ill children. Darnell, CM; Roy, L; Sheeran, P; Stromberg, D; Thompson, J, 2008)	1.4
"Naloxone has been reported to have potential benefit in the treatment of stroke. "	( A double blind trial of naloxone in the treatment of acute stroke. Fallis, RJ; Fisher, M; Lobo, RA, )	1.88
"Naloxone has no effect of its own upon retrieval."	( Effect of beta-endorphin and naloxone on acquisition, memory, and retrieval of shuttle avoidance and habituation learning in rats. Izquierdo, I, 1980)	1.27
"Naloxone has a dose-dependent, significant anorectic effect when administered to normal rats, consistent with an antagonism of central or peripheral enkephalinergic or endorphinergic mechanisms. "	( Naloxone, adrenalectomy, and steroid replacement: evidence against a role for circulating beta-endorphin in food intake. Clements, JA; Fraser, CD; Funder, JW; Wallace, M, 1981)	3.15
"Naloxone has been used as a pharmacological tool to investigate the role of endorphins and opiate receptors in the cardiovascular pathophysiology of shock. "	( Naloxone in endotoxic shock: experimental models and clinical perspective. Gurll, N, 1983)	3.15
"Naloxone itself has no effect in this test, but significantly reduces that of two tricyclic antidepressants, clomipramine (20 and 30 mg/kg) and desipramine (20 and 30 mg/kg)."	( Influence of naloxone on antidepressant drug effects in the forced swimming test in mice. Devoize, JL; Eschalier, A; Renoux, M; Rigal, F; Trolese, JF, 1984)	1.36
"Naloxone hydrochloride has been measured in the injectable dosage form at 0.4 and 0.02 mg/ml using high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. "	( High-performance liquid chromatographic-amperometric determination of naloxone hydrochloride injection. Wilson, TD, 1984)	1.94
"Naloxone has recently been reported to be of benefit in the treatment of central nervous system ischemia. "	( Effect of naloxone on experimental stroke in awake monkeys. Crowell, RM; Gaines, C; Nehls, DG; Suess, DM; Waggener, JD, 1984)	2.11
"Naloxone has a greater affinity for receptors which preferentially bind morphine and other opiate alkaloids as compared to receptors that bind endogenous opioid peptides."	( Effects of naloxone and diprenorphine on spontaneous activity in rats and mice. DeRossett, SE; Holtzman, SG, 1982)	1.38
"Naloxone has been said to be an antidote of acute ethanol intoxication in man. "	( Naloxone and ethanol intoxication. Askenasi, R; Fontaine, J, 1982)	3.15
"Naloxone has the shortest duration of action."	( Antagonism of opiate mydriasis in mice. Korczyn, AD; Rock, M, 1981)	0.98
"Naloxone has enjoyed long-standing success as a safe and effective opioid antagonist and has been invaluable in defining the role of endogenous opioid pathways in the response to pathological states such as sepsis and hypovolemia. "	( A comprehensive review of naloxone for the emergency physician. Chamberlain, JM; Klein, BL, 1994)	2.03
"Naloxone (NAL) has been reported to stimulate ACTH secretion indirectly through the release of endogenous hypothalamic CRH, suggesting its potential application in the examination of suprapituitary regulation of ACTH secretory dynamics."	( Assessment of stimulated and spontaneous adrenocorticotropin secretory dynamics identifies distinct components of cortisol feedback inhibition in healthy humans. Dorin, RI; Ferries, LM; Lisansky, EJ; Qualls, CR; Roberts, B; Veldhuis, JD, 1996)	1.02
"Naloxone has been reported to affect pain and locomotor activity differently depending on the dose. "	( Influence of low and high doses of naloxone on tonic pain and motor activity in rats. Mathur, R; Mena, NB; Nayar, U, 1996)	2.01
"Naloxone has been shown to facilitate extinction of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice. "	( The effects of naloxone on expression and acquisition of ethanol place conditioning in rats. Bormann, NM; Cunningham, CL, 1997)	2.09
"Naloxone has previously been shown to block the effects of benzodiazepines in the Swiss but not in the BALB/c strain. "	( Anxiolytic-like effects of meprobamate. Interactions with an opiate antagonist in Swiss and BALB/c mice. Agmo, A; Belzung, C; Le Guisquet, AM, 2000)	1.75
"Naloxone has no effect after acute morphine treatment."	( Chronic morphine treatment inhibits oxytocin release from the supraoptic nucleus slices of rats. Chen, Z; Li, J; Lu, C; Song, C; You, Z, 2001)	1.03
"Naloxone has been combined with buprenorphine to decrease the parenteral abuse potential of buprenorphine."	( Blockade of hydromorphone effects by buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine. Bigelow, GE; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2002)	1.29
"Naloxone has been accepted as a potent antagonist towards several narcotic analgesics, e.g. "	( Naloxone: a potent ketobemidone antagonist in man. Aasen, AO; Holst-Larsen, H; Rugstad, HE, 1979)	3.15
"Naloxone has shown its superiority to levallorphan."	( [The effect of naloxone and levallorphane following fentanyl on the blood gases, EEG and psychodiagnostic tests (author's transl)]. Doenicke, A; Hug, P; Kugler, J; Laub, M; Zimmermann, W, 1978)	1.33
"Naloxone has been shown to be effective in antagonizing the effects of a number of narcotic and related drugs. "	( Dextromethorphan toxicity: reversal by naloxone. Robertson, WO; Shaul, WL; Wandell, M, 1977)	1.97
"Naloxone has no effect on the clinical outcome but causes reasonable improvement electrophysiologically."	( Effects of methyl prednisolone, dimethyl sulphoxide and naloxone in experimental spinal cord injuries in rats. Dalbasti, T; Ovül, I; Zileli, M, 1988)	1.24
"The naloxone challenge has been provided when the animals were 16, 26, and 60 days old; the animals were killed in the afternoon 20 min after treatment."	( Neonatal organization of the brain opioid systems controlling prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion. Dondi, D; Limonta, P; Maggi, R; Martini, L; Piva, F, 1989)	0.76
"Naloxone has little effect in clinical epilepsy."	( Neuropeptides and seizures. Snead, OC, 1986)	0.99
"Naloxone has been reported to facilitate detrusor activity by blocking the inhibitory action of the enkephalins. "	( Naloxone efficacy in bladder rehabilitation of spinal cord injury patients. Culkin, DJ; Nemchausky, BA; Robinson, CJ; Wheeler, JS, 1987)	3.16
"Naloxone has been shown to reverse the hemodynamic sequelae of experimental septic shock in adult animal models. "	( The effect of naloxone on the hemodynamics of the newborn piglet with septic shock. Bickers, RG; Hansen, NB; Menke, JA; Miller, RR; Nowicki, PT; Zwick, DL, 1986)	2.07
"Naloxone has been shown to increase arterial pressure in hemorrhagic and septic shock. "	( Use of naloxone during cardiac arrest and CPR: potential adjunct for postcountershock electrical-mechanical dissociation. Niemann, JT; Rennie, CJ; Rosborough, JP; Rothstein, RJ; Suddath, WO, 1985)	2.17
"Naloxone (NAL) has been shown to induce LH release in female but not in male rats 10-25 days of age. "	( Relation of gonadal hormones to differential LH response to naloxone in prepubertal male and female rats. Briski, KP; Meites, J; Sarkar, DK; Sylvester, PW, 1985)	1.95

Actions

Naloxone can enhance the antinociceptive/analgesic effects of buprenorphine in humans and rats. Nalox one did not cause changes in ejection fraction or mean pulmonary artery pressure in hypoxic and hypercarbic conditions.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Most naloxone access laws allow for standing orders, whereby prescribers may authorize pharmacists to dispense naloxone without an outside prescription."	( Impact of student pharmacist-led naloxone academic detailing at community pharmacies in Texas. Evoy, KE; Gandhi, R; Godinez, W; Groff, L; Hill, LG; Reveles, KR, )	0.87
"naloxone was modestly lower (55%; 90% CI, 43-70% vs."	( Comparison of a New Intranasal Naloxone Formulation to Intramuscular Naloxone: Results from Hypothesis-generating Small Clinical Studies. Ainslie, GR; Gufford, BT; Layton, ME; Padowski, JM; Paine, MF; Pollack, GM; White, JR, 2017)	1.46
"Naloxone induced an increase in calcium levels similar to morphine."	( High concentrations of morphine sensitize and activate mouse dorsal root ganglia via TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors. Fischer, MJ; Forster, AB; Messlinger, K; Reeh, PW, 2009)	1.07
"Naloxone-induced increase in LH concentrations was attenuated by NS and ACTH."	( Involvement of opioids and catecholamines in stress modulation of LH secretion in the male pig. Parvizi, N; Phogat, JB, 2010)	1.08
"Naloxone could inhibit IL-1beta-induced fever in rats, and the mechanism might be due to inhibiting synthesis of cAMP in hypothalamus and promoting release of AVP in VSA."	( [Effects of naloxone on the contents of cAMP in hypothalamus and AVP in ventral septal area in fever rats]. Cao, Y; Qin, X; Yang, Y; Zhao, HY; Zhao, SF, 2009)	2.17
"Naloxone can enhance the antinociceptive/analgesic effects of buprenorphine in humans and rats. "	( Buprenorphine in combination with naloxone at a ratio of 15:1 does not enhance antinociception from buprenorphine in healthy cats. Murrell, JC; Slingsby, LS; Taylor, PM, 2012)	2.1
"Naloxone at the lower doses caused a significant (P<0.01) pain in the naloxone-treated animals. "	( Nitric oxide in the hippocampal cortical area interacts with naloxone in inducing pain. Biglarnia, M; Hafeshjani, ZK; Karami, M, )	1.82
"Naloxone did not cause changes in ejection fraction or mean pulmonary artery pressure in hypoxic and hypercarbic conditions. "	( Cardiovascular changes after naloxone administration in propofol-sedated piglets during opioid overdose. Aittomäki, JV; Boyd, JJ; Kyttä, JV; Randell, TT; Rosenberg, PH; Seppälä, TA, 2006)	2.07
"Naloxone could inhibit activation of microglia, the resident macrophage in the nervous system."	( A novel inhibitory effect of naloxone on macrophage activation and atherosclerosis formation in mice. Chen, YH; Hong, JS; Huang, CW; Li, YH; Liu, SL; Shi, GY; Wu, HL, 2006)	1.35
"Naloxone tended to increase the pain perception in male patients (P=0.052) and male healthy volunteers (P=0.054), but did not have any significant effect on pain modalities in female."	( beta-Endorphin modulates adenosine provoked chest pain in men, but not in women-a comparison between patients with ischemic heart disease and healthy volunteers. Berglund, M; Fillingim, RB; Sadigh, B; Sheps, D; Sylvén, C, )	0.85
"Naloxone did not produce panic attacks or alter responses to lactate."	( Effects of naloxone on patients with panic attacks. Dillon, DJ; Fyer, AJ; Gorman, JM; Klein, DF; Liebowitz, MR, 1984)	1.38
"Naloxone did not produce a hyperalgesia when given alone."	( A new method for the rapid measurement of analgesic activity in rabbits. Ayhan, IH; Melli, M; Türker, RK, 1983)	0.99
"Naloxone failed to produce a significant increase in ACTH in methadone addicts while opiate-naive normal volunteers demonstrated a significant naloxone-induced release of ACTH."	( Evidence for an endorphin dysfunction in methadone addicts: lack of ACTH response to naloxone. Extein, I; Finn, LB; Gold, MS; Kleber, HD; Martin, DA; Pottash, AL; Sweeney, DR, 1981)	1.21
"Naloxone did not increase evoked EPSP amplitudes and thus failed to reproduce the increases produced by systemic administration of this opioid antagonist."	( Microelectrophoretic administration of naloxone near motoneurones fails to reproduce the effects of systemic naloxone in anaesthetized cats. Duggan, AW; Zhao, ZQ, 1984)	1.26
"Naloxone alone at lower dose levels did not affect gastric secretion and plasma hormonal concentrations but at higher doses it reduced both basal and modified sham-feeding-induced secretion."	( Effect of enkephalin and naloxone on gastric acid and serum gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide concentrations in humans. Bielański, W; Coy, DH; Konturek, SJ; Kwiecień, N; Obtułowicz, W; Oleksy, J; Swierczek, J, 1983)	1.29
"Naloxone did not produce any significant cardiovascular changes or alterations in myocardial, renal, hepatic, stomach, jejunum, or temporalis and paraspinous muscle flow."	( Effects of naloxone on cerebral blood flow and metabolism in isoflurane/nitrous oxide-anesthetized dogs. Beck, DO; Boarini, DJ; Comair, YG; Kassell, NF; Sasaki, T; Turner, DM, 1984)	1.38
"Naloxone did, however, increase NK cell cytotoxicity during the video task without effecting NK cell numbers, suggesting naloxone itself can increase per-cell NK cytotoxicity."	( The effects of the opiate antagonist naloxone on measures of cellular immunity during rest and brief psychological stress. Benton, D; Fahey, JL; Gilmore, SL; Morley, JE; Naliboff, BD; Solomon, GF, 1995)	1.29
"Naloxone did not inhibit the enhancement of phagocytosis induced by DynA."	( Enhancement of phagocytosis by dynorphin A in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Asai, M; Ichinose, M; Sawada, M, 1995)	1.01
"Naloxone did not inhibit the enhancement of phagocytosis induced by beta End."	( beta-Endorphin enhances phagocytosis of latex particles in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Asai, M; Ichinose, M; Sawada, M, 1995)	1.01
"Naloxone alone did not produce any effect, making it unlikely that the enkephalinergic system could be recruited during homosynaptic depression."	( Synaptic interactions in a newly identified excitatory synapse of Helix aspersa: concurrent enkephalinergic and GABAergic modulation. Gutiérrez, R, 1994)	1.01
"Naloxone did not increase time to acquire the first pellet."	( Naloxone's effects on operant responding depend upon level of deprivation. Billington, CJ; Levine, AS; Rudski, JM, 1994)	2.45
"The naloxone-induced increase was significantly less in ovariectomized steroid-treated rats than in rats with intact ovaries, indicating that endogenous opioid activity is less in ovariectomized rats than in intact rats."	( Endogenous opioid regulation of oxytocin release during parturition is reduced in ovariectomized rats. Bicknell, RJ; Douglas, AJ; Dye, S; Leng, G; Russell, JA; Way, SA, 1993)	0.77
"Naloxone was able to inhibit PMNs chemotaxis induced by serum, casein and fMLP, this drug was not able to behave on chemokinesis or random migration activity."	( [The effect of opioid peptides on peripheral blood granulocytes]. Frigo, GM; Lecchini, S; Mazzone, A; Pasotti, D; Ricevuti, G, )	0.85
"Naloxone reduced the increase in BP with AHA stimulation at all but the highest stimulation current intensity."	( Comparative effects of central administration of naloxone and clonidine on the blood pressure and heart rate response to anterior and posterior hypothalamic stimulation. Rabkin, SW, 1994)	1.26
"Naloxone reversed lower oesophageal sphincter pressure to basal."	( Lower oesophageal sphincter hypersensitivity to opioid receptor stimulation in patients with idiopathic achalasia. Bartesaghi, B; Bianchi, PA; Negri, G; Penagini, R; Zannini, P, 1993)	1.01
"Naloxone was able to inhibit the beta-Endorphin-induced lipolysis."	( Lipolytic effect of beta-endorphin in human fat cells. Fabris, R; Federspil, G; Lombardi, AM; Macor, C; Pagano, C; Vettor, R, 1993)	1.01
"Naloxone did not inhibit the effect of oxytocin."	( Oxytocin increases thresholds of colonic visceral perception in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Bueno, L; Delvaux, M; Felez, A; Fioramonti, J; Frexinos, J; Lazorthes, Y; Louvel, D, 1996)	1.02
"Naloxone alone did not cause different ACTH and cortisol responses in the morning and afternoon."	( Diurnal effects of fluoxetine and naloxone on the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Crosbie, GV; Grice, JE; Hockings, GI; Jackson, RV; Torpy, DJ; Walters, MM, 1997)	1.3
"Naloxone can enhance the appearance of normal colonic vasculature and ectasias. "	( Ability of naloxone to enhance the colonoscopic appearance of normal colon vasculature and colon vascular ectasias. Brandt, LJ; Spinnell, MK, 1999)	2.14
"Naloxone did not produce any such significant rekindling effect on EMG activity following CAP, BK or mineral oil application to the pulp or following MO application to the pulp-extirpated tooth."	( Jaw electromyographic activity induced by the application of algesic chemicals to the rat tooth pulp. Chiang, YC; Hu, JW; Sessle, JB; Sunakawa, M, 1999)	1.02
"Naloxone did not suppress the intake of Post rats."	( Effect of dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei knife cuts on ingestive behavior. Bellinger, LL; Bernardis, LL, 1999)	1.02
"Naloxone could inhibit the analgesic effect of IFN alpha, suggesting that the analgesic effect of IFN alpha be related to the opioid receptors."	( Analgesic effect of interferon-alpha via mu opioid receptor in the rat. Cui, RY; Jiang, CL; Liu, XY; Lu, CL; Son, LX; Sun, LY; Wang, YX; You, ZD, 2000)	1.03
"Naloxone cause a clear-cut potentiation of CB 154 effects on human growth hormone (hGH) secretion and only a slight, statistically non-significant, potentiation of L-DOPA effects on hGH secretion."	( Naloxone potentiation of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB 154) effects on GH secretion in man. Agnati, LF; Benfenati, F; Capelli, M; Cortelli, P; D'Alessandro, R; Galassi, E, 1979)	2.42
"Naloxone did not enhance lethality from d-amphetamine in mice, whereas it did antagonize lethality from morphine-d-amphetamine interactions."	( Toxic interactions of stimulants, narcotics and narcotic antagonists. Leander, JD; Lucot, JB, 1977)	0.98
"4. Naloxone induced an increase in the two corticosteroids at the same times as the decrease caused by beta-endorphin."	( In vivo and in vitro effects of beta-endorphin and naloxone on corticosterone and cortisol release in male and female water frog, Rana esculenta. Gobbetti, A; Zerani, M, 1992)	1.05
"Naloxone could enhance the weak late burst of the evoked response in convergent neurones (2/2)."	( Effects of iontophoretic etorphine and naloxone, and electroacupuncture on nociceptive responses from thalamic neurones in rabbits. Lianfang, H; Miaozhen, W; Wei-Qiang, D, 1991)	1.27
"Naloxone caused an increase in the mean serum progesterone in the early follicular phase to 1.9 +/- 0.7 nmol/L and in the mid and late follicular phase to 2.1 +/- 0.7 nmol/L and 3.4 +/- 2.5 nmol/L, respectively."	( The source of pulsatile secretion of progesterone during the human follicular phase. Judd, S; Petrucco, M; Terry, A; White, G, 1992)	1
"Naloxone, known to increase the release of OXT also from the posterior pituitary during parturition, speeded the parturition process significantly between the birth of pups 4 and 8 during push-pull perfusion of septum or hippocampus."	( Naloxone increases the release of oxytocin, but not vasopressin, within limbic brain areas of conscious parturient rats: a push-pull perfusion study. Landgraf, R; Neumann, I; Russell, JA; Wolff, B, 1991)	2.45
"The naloxone-sensitive increase in IPSPs was delayed 3 min in onset and lasted for several minutes."	( Endogenous opioids released from perforant path modulate norepinephrine actions and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in guinea pig CA3 pyramidal cells. Caudle, RM; Chavkin, C; Wagner, JJ, 1991)	0.76
"Naloxone did not inhibit contractions of LM previously activated by Leu-enkephalin."	( [Participation of agonists and antagonist of opiate receptors in the regulation of contractile activity of lymphatic microvessels of the rat mesentery]. Khugaeva, VK, 1990)	1
"Naloxone caused an increase in LH pulsatility in HA but not EFP women, although this effect was less than that seen with CC."	( Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pacemaker sensitivity to negative feedback inhibition by estradiol in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. Judd, S; Michailov, L; Stranks, S, 1989)	1
"Naloxone, then, should increase the effectiveness of aversive unconditioned stimuli (USs) in Pavlovian fear conditioning."	( Effect of naloxone on conditioned suppression in rats. Ayres, JJ; Vigorito, M, 1987)	1.4
"Naloxone did, however, suppress FI and WI following deprivation and inhibited the recovery of body weight thereafter."	( Long-term blockade of mu-opioid receptors suggests a role in control of ingestive behaviour, body weight and core temperature in the rat. Millan, MJ; Morris, BJ, 1988)	1
"Naloxone did not cause any significant change in beta-endorphin release."	( The role of opiate, dopaminergic, and adrenergic systems in the hypothalamo-pituitary dysfunction in obesity. Baranowska, B; Jeske, W; Nowakowski, J; Singh, SP; Soszynski, P, 1987)	0.99
"(2) Naloxone does not blunt EIA through a decrease in the asthmogenic stimulus (i.e., ventilation) or airway caliber change, but presumably through competition with the endogenous opioids released during exercise."	( The effect of inhaled naloxone on resting bronchial tone and exercise-induced asthma. Popa, V; Rients, P, 1989)	1.07
"Naloxone prevented the increase in plasma beta-endorphin level and blunted the increase in plasma cortisol level."	( Evaluation of naloxone therapy for Escherichia coli sepsis in the baboon. Archer, LT; Beller, BK; Chang, AC; Flournoy, DJ; Hinshaw, LB; Holaday, JW; Long, JB; Passey, RB, 1988)	1.36
"Naloxone failed to suppress food intake in the racoon and, in fact, enhanced intake of a preferred sucrose solution."	( Opioid modulation of ingestive behaviors in woodchucks and racoons. Gosnell, BA; Levine, AS; Morley, JE; Nizielski, SE; Seal, US, 1985)	0.99
"Naloxone did, however, produce significant dose-related increases in subject ratings of yawning, stretching, and relaxation."	( Naloxone does not affect cigarette smoking. Griffiths, RR; Nemeth-Coslett, R, 1986)	2.44
"Naloxone did not increase plasma LH levels in the amenorrheic untreated and treated patients with Turner's syndrome."	( Impairment of the opioidergic control of luteinizing hormone secretion in Turner's syndrome: lack of effect of gonadal steroid therapy. Bernasconi, S; Facchinetti, F; Genazzani, AR; Larizza, D; Maghnie, M; Petraglia, F; Severi, F; Volpe, A, 1988)	1
"Naloxone did, however, increase respiratory frequency (P less than 0.01) mainly by causing a significant (P less than 0.01) shortening of TE as it had no significant effect on TI."	( Naloxone enhances the response to hypercapnia of spinal and cranial respiratory nerves. Cherniack, NS; Mitra, J; Overholt, JL; Prabhakar, NR; van Lunteren, E, 1988)	2.44
"Naloxone induced an increase in plasma LH concentrations at all times but the response varied in relation to the stage of the melatonin-induced reproductive cycle."	( Endogenous opioids and the control of LH secretion during the reproductive cycle in the ram induced by treatment with melatonin. Lincoln, GA, 1988)	1
"Naloxone did not cause a significant change in either epinephrine or norepinephrine from 6.5 minutes of CPR (time of treatment) through 20 minutes postresuscitation."	( Effects of naloxone on the adrenomedullary response during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Elchisak, MA; Foley, PJ; Ralston, SH; Tacker, WA; Voorhees, WD, 1987)	1.38
"Naloxone did not inhibit the stimulant action of the peptides."	( [Stimulating action of endorphins on the development of sympathetic ganglia in culture]. Bespalova, ZhD; Il'inskiĭ, OB; Kondrikova, ES; Kozlova, MV; Titov, MI, 1985)	0.99

Treatment

Naloxone pretreatment (82.5 nmol/rat, 30 min before zinc administration) reverted the water intake to the high levels observed in zinc-free dehydrated animals. Treatment induced a marked increase in catecholamine plasma concentrations, metabolism, and cardiovascular stimulation during anesthesia with propofol and methohexital.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Naloxone Treatment in Skåne County - Effect on Drug-related Mortality and Overdose-related Complications, NCT03570099, registered on 26 June 2018."	( Protocol for a multi-site study of the effects of overdose prevention education with naloxone distribution program in Skåne County, Sweden. Blomé, MA; Dahlman, D; Håkansson, A; Isendahl, P; Troberg, K, 2020)	2.22
"(+)-Naloxone treatment decreased microglia/macrophage activation in the striatum and thalamus, promoted behavioral recovery during the 14-d monitoring period, and reduced neuronal death in the lesioned cortex and ipsilateral thalamus."	( Post-stroke Intranasal (+)-Naloxone Delivery Reduces Microglial Activation and Improves Behavioral Recovery from Ischemic Injury. Airavaara, M; Albert, K; Anttila, JE; Harvey, BK; Loram, LC; Mätlik, K; Rice, KC; Wang, Y; Watkins, LR; Wires, ES, )	0.91
"Naloxone pretreatment blocked the suppressive effects of the restraint on NKCC and IL-12 and altered IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α, PRL and ACTH concentrations."	( Natural killer cell cytotoxicity, cytokine and neuroendocrine responses to opioid receptor blockade during prolonged restraint in pigs. Borman, A; Ciepielewski, ZM; Glac, W; Kamyczek, M; Myślińska, D; Stojek, W, 2013)	1.11
"The naloxone pre-treatment did not alter the antinociception induced by aerobic exercise protocols."	( Opioid receptors are not involved in the increase of the nociceptive threshold induced by aerobic exercise. Andrade, I; Duarte, I; Galdino, G; Perez, A; Romero, T, 2014)	0.88
"Naloxone treatment decreased the expression of DAT by 8.2 fold in female control offspring but increased it by 4.3 fold in female offspring of JF dams relative to the saline-injected reference groups."	( Naloxone treatment alters gene expression in the mesolimbic reward system in 'junk food' exposed offspring in a sex-specific manner but does not affect food preferences in adulthood. Gugusheff, JR; Muhlhausler, BS; Ong, ZY, 2014)	2.57
"The naloxone groups were treated with naloxone for 30 minutes before remifentanil treatment."	( Effects of Remifentanil Preconditioning on Osteoblasts under Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Condition. Baik, SW; Kim, CH; Kim, YD; Kim, YH; Park, BS; Yoon, JU; Yoon, JY, 2015)	0.9
"Naloxone alone treatment did not cause any significant effect on CPP."	( Dexmedetomidine induces conditioned place preference in rats: Involvement of opioid receptors. Akkan, AG; Barlas, MA; Shahzadi, A; Uskur, T; Uzbay, T, 2016)	1.16
"Naloxone (5 mg/kg) pre-treatment reversed the antinociceptive activities suggesting the involvement of opioid system in the analgesic actions."	( Synthesis and antinociceptive activities of some pyrazoline derivatives. Can, Ov; Chevallet, P; Kaplancikli, ZA; Ozdemir, A; Turan-Zitouni, G, 2009)	1.07
"Naloxone pretreatment before morphine administration suppressed withdrawal jumping, weight loss, and overexpression of aldolase C."	( Chronic morphine administration induces over-expression of aldolase C with reduction of CREB phosphorylation in the mouse hippocampus. Pu, XP; Yang, HY, 2009)	1.07
"Naloxone (200 microg) treatment was used to reverse fentanyl effects, but it was associated with hypertension."	( Naloxone-induced pulmonary edema: a potential cause of postoperative morbidity in laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Nath, SS; Pandey, C; Rao, B; Tripathi, M, 2009)	2.52
"Naloxone treatment immediately after early life SE could dose-dependently reduce cytokine production, glial activation, and further lower the vulnerability of immature brains to a second hit in adulthood."	( Protective effects of naloxone in two-hit seizure model. Ge, W; Li, F; Mi, C; Sun, R; Wang, R; Yang, L, 2010)	2.12
"Naloxone treatment may have a beneficial role in lethal doses of amitriptyline ingestion because amitriptyline may affect opioid receptors."	( Amitriptyline and tianeptine poisoning treated by naloxone. Ari, M; Duru, M; Oktar, S, 2010)	1.34
"In naloxone treated rats visceromotor reflexes to bladder distention were significantly greater in those with an inflamed vs a noninflamed bladder when examined together."	( Opioid blockade and inflammation reveal estrous cycle effects on visceromotor reflexes evoked by bladder distention. Ball, CL; Ness, TJ; Randich, A, 2010)	0.87
"Naloxone (0.4 mM) pretreated by local perfusion to the NAc, significantly blocked the effects of morphine."	( Lesions of nucleus accumbens affect morphine-induced release of ascorbic acid and GABA but not of glutamate in rats. Dong, YX; Song, W; Su, GY; Sun, JY; Wang, F; Wang, JY; Wu, CF; Yang, JY, 2011)	1.09
"Naloxone treatment did not affect intake of standard rodent feed in control or JF offspring."	( A maternal "junk-food" diet reduces sensitivity to the opioid antagonist naloxone in offspring postweaning. Gugusheff, JR; Muhlhausler, BS; Ong, ZY, 2013)	1.34
"Naloxone pretreatment largely abolished rTMS-induced analgesia, as well as rTMS-induced attenuation of BOLD signal response to painful stimuli throughout pain processing regions, including midbrain and medulla."	( Naloxone-reversible modulation of pain circuitry by left prefrontal rTMS. Borckardt, JJ; Brown, TR; Canterberry, M; George, MS; Hanlon, CA; Li, X; Taylor, JJ, 2013)	2.55
"Naloxone treatment reduced in well-nourished rats the CSD propagation velocity, as compared to saline-injected controls."	( Early malnutrition attenuates the impairing action of naloxone on spreading depression in young rats. de Albuquerque, Jda M; de Lima, KR; Francisco, Eda S; Guedes, RC; Rocha-de-Melo, AP, 2013)	1.36
"Naloxone pretreatment to nalbuphine produced changes in brain activity possess characteristics of both analgesia and algesia; naloxone selectively blocks activity in areas associated with algesia."	( Pain facilitation brain regions activated by nalbuphine are revealed by pharmacological fMRI. Becerra, L; Bishop, J; Borsook, D; Gear, R; Levine, J; Pendse, G; Upadhyay, J; Wallin, D, 2013)	1.11
"Naloxone-pretreatment decreased the proportion of M3G-responsive neurones by 10%-25%, implicating a predominantly non-opioidergic mechanism."	( Morphine-3-glucuronide's neuro-excitatory effects are mediated via indirect activation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors: mechanistic studies in embryonic cultured hippocampal neurones. Hemstapat, K; Monteith, GR; Smith, D; Smith, MT, 2003)	1.04
"Naloxone treatment in naive rats induced a slight increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity in the central amygdaloid nucleus, the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure."	( c-Fos and peptide immunoreactivities in the central extended amygdala of morphine-dependent rats after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Freund-Mercier, MJ; Lasbennes, F; Stoeckel, ME; Veinante, P, 2003)	1.26
"Naloxone (alone) treatment of rats had no effect on the levels of CREB and p-CREB protein in the nucleus accumbens."	( Changes of phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein in rat nucleus accumbens after chronic ethanol intake: naloxone reversal. Li, J; Li, YH; Yuan, XR, 2003)	1.25
"In naloxone-treated group, the rats' seizure duration and seizure grade [(5.66+/-2.78) min, (2.97+/-1.18)] significantly decreased (t=5.035, P<0.01; t=3.343, P<0.01) compared with those in FS control group [(21.18+/-4.06) min, (4.54+/-0.78)], although no significant gap was observed on seizure incidence rate(57.7%,84.6% respectively) and seizure latency between them. "	( [Effect of naloxone on remote seizure susceptibility]. Chang, XZ; Qin, J; Shan, Y; Yang, ZX, 2004)	1.33
"Naloxone pretreatment abolished the effect of morphine, but was enable to block the inhibitory effect of nociceptin."	( Nociceptin inhibits airway microvascular leakage induced by HCl intra-oesophageal instillation. Advenier, C; Bardou, M; Cui, YY; D'Agostino, B; Faisy, C; Naline, E; Rouget, C, 2004)	1.04
"Naloxone pretreatment (0.006, 0.025 and 0.1 microg/mouse) reversed the effect of pre-test morphine administration."	( Influence of central administration ATP-dependent K+ channel on morphine state-dependent memory of passive avoidance. Ahmadi, S; Djahanguiri, B; Jafari, MR; Zarrindast, MR, 2004)	1.04
"In naloxone-treated group, the rats' FS duration and FS grade (5.02 +/- 0.63, 2.63 +/- 0.72) were significantly lower (t = 5.508, P < 0.01; t = 8.439, P < 0.01) than those in FS control group (7.70 +/- 2.25 min, 4.52 +/- 0.49), although no significant gap was observed on FS latency between them. "	( [Neuroprotective effect of naloxone in brain damage caused by repeated febrile seizure]. Chang, XZ; Qin, J; Shan, Y; Yang, ZX, 2004)	1.24
"naloxone-treated rats (NAL 0.8 mg/kg, i.p."	( Effect of naloxone on aluminum-induced learning and memory impairment in rats. Bachelor, LH; Bachelor, ZY; Dong, HM; Guang-Yu, MA; Shi-Lei, S; Xu, XH, 2005)	1.45
"Naloxone pretreatment affected neither the ventilation nor the development of dyspneic sensation during loaded breathing."	( Effects of naloxone on respiratory sensation before and after a removal of severe respiratory stress. Ishikawa, T; Isono, S; Nishino, T; Shinozuka, N, 2005)	1.44
"Naloxone pretreatment (5 mg/kg, i.v.) restored ACTH and pPVN CRH mRNA responses after IL-1beta in pregnant rats but reduced the CRH mRNA response in virgins without affecting ACTH."	( Endogenous opioids and attenuated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to immune challenge in pregnant rats. Brunton, PJ; Douglas, AJ; Ma, S; Meddle, SL; Ochedalski, T; Russell, JA, 2005)	1.05
"Naloxone pretreatment blocked these effects."	( Effects of acupuncture at GV01 on experimentally induced colitis in rats: possible involvement of the opioid system. Hahm, DH; Kim, HY; Lee, HJ; Lee, SK; Nam, TC; Pyun, KH; Shim, I, 2005)	1.05
"naloxone in the treatment of suspected opiate overdose patients in the prehospital setting, a prospective, nonrandomized trial of administering i.n."	( Efficacy of intranasal naloxone as a needleless alternative for treatment of opioid overdose in the prehospital setting. Bailey, J; Barton, ED; Benson, J; Bryan, T; Colwell, CB; Dunn, W; Fosnocht, D; Gravitz, C; Wolfe, T, 2005)	1.36
"In naloxone-pretreated group, insulin administration could significantly reverse the inhibition of SIT produced by naloxone when compared with naloxone per se group, i.e."	( An inherent acceleratory effect of insulin on small intestinal transit and its pharmacological characterization in normal mice. Dkhar, SA; Naveen, AT; Peddyreddy, MK; Ramaswamy, S; Shewade, DG, 2006)	0.85
"Naloxone pretreatment significantly suppressed the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and superoxide in macrophages after stimulation. "	( A novel inhibitory effect of naloxone on macrophage activation and atherosclerosis formation in mice. Chen, YH; Hong, JS; Huang, CW; Li, YH; Liu, SL; Shi, GY; Wu, HL, 2006)	2.07
"Naloxone treatment did not modify the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/DA (DOPAC/DA) ratio or serum prolactin concentration in control rats."	( Dopaminergic mechanisms involved in prolactin release after mifepristone and naloxone treatment during late pregnancy in the rat. Bregonzio, C; Deis, RP; Penissi, A; Soaje, M; Valdez, S, 2006)	1.28
"Naloxone, the standard treatment for heroin overdose, is a safe and effective prescription drug commonly administered by emergency room physicians or first responders acting under standing orders of physicians. "	( Physicians' knowledge of and willingness to prescribe naloxone to reverse accidental opiate overdose: challenges and opportunities. Beletsky, L; Burris, S; Macalino, GE; Rich, JD; Ruthazer, R; Tan, L, 2007)	2.03
"Naloxone pretreatment in the course of kindling had no effect on seizures development, however it caused an improvement of spatial learning and memory performance in kindled rats."	( Naloxone improves impairment of spatial performance induced by pentylenetetrazol kindling in rats. Fathi, N; Fathollahi, Y; Ghadami, MR; Omrani, A; Tahmasian, M; Touhidi, A, 2007)	2.5
"Naloxone pretreatment had no effect on the antinociceptive effects of intradermal diclofenac, ketorolac, lysine acetyl salicylate, and sodium salicylate."	( The local antinociceptive actions of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in the mouse radiant heat tail-flick test. Deveci, MS; Dogrul, A; Gul, H; Gülmez, SE; Ossipov, MH; Porreca, F; Tulunay, FC, 2007)	1.06
"Naloxone treatment significantly attenuated ethanol intake of rats and antagonized the decrease of CaM kinase IV in the nuclei of NAc neurons."	( Chronic ethanol intake-induced changes in open-field behavior and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV expression in nucleus accumbens of rats: naloxone reversal. Bian, WL; Cui, SZ; Li, J; Li, YH; Que, LL; Wu, ML; Xie, GQ; Yuan, XR, 2008)	1.27
"Naloxone treatment inhibited the spontaneous fall of adrenal ENK release during the hypotensive phase; the ENK values remained elevated 20- to 35-fold."	( Release of opioid peptides in canine hemorrhagic hypotension: effects of naloxone. Brückner, UB; Ganten, D; Lang, RE, 1984)	1.22
"Naloxone pretreatment of the cells had no effect on basal nor dopamine-inhibited release of PRL."	( Does beta-endorphin modulate basal and dopamine-inhibited prolactin release by an action at the anterior pituitary? Cheung, CY, 1984)	0.99
"Naloxone (1 mg/kg) pre-treatment inhibited both heart rate and blood pressure increases."	( Mechanism of the cardiovascular response to systemic intravenous administration of leucine-enkephalin in the conscious dog. Giles, TD; Sander, GE, )	0.85
"Naloxone (10 min pretreatment, 0.5 or 1 mg kg-1 s.c.) did not selectively antagonize intestinal action of the morphine since the relief of charcoal transit inhibition was consistently associated with complete loss of analgesia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( The peripheral narcotic antagonist N-allyl levallorphan-bromide (CM 32191) selectively prevents morphine antipropulsive action and buprenorphine in-vivo binding in the rat intestine. Bianchi, G; Fiocchi, R; Manara, L; Peracchia, F; Petrillo, P; Tavani, A, 1984)	0.99
"6 Naloxone pretreatment (10(-6) M) in the presence of hexamethonium (10(-5)--10(-4) M) enhanced the magnitude of the noncholinergic contracture without affecting responses to exogenous substance P (4 x 10(-11)--4 x 10(-10) M)."	( Effects of opioids on noncholinergic excitatory responses of the guinea-pig isolated ileum: inhibition of release of enteric substance P. Gintzler, AR; Scalisi, JA, 1982)	0.82
"Naloxone pretreatment antagonized the respiratory depression and death, while the decrease in heart rate was diminished."	( Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of beta-endorphin in anesthetized and conscious rats. De Jong, W; Sitsen, JM; Van Ree, JM, )	0.85
"Naloxone pre-treatment failed to modify significantly the latter two responses, while Prl stimulation was inhibited."	( Inhibition of vasopressin secretion by a met-enkephalin (FK 33-824) in humans. Brownell, J; del Pozo, E; Donatsch, P, 1980)	0.98
"Naloxone pretreatment also obscured the effect of subsequently injected morphine (3 mg/20 kg)."	( Morphine and naloxone: effects on beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in canine plasma and secretions from rat pituitaries. Carlson, HE; Levin, ER; Meyer, NV; Sharp, B, 1981)	1.35
"Naloxone treatment prior to ECS provides partial protection against the development of tolerance to ECS-induced catalepsy but does not present the tolerance to post-ECS analgesia."	( Different opioid systems may participate in post-electro-convulsive shock (ECS) analgesia and catalepsy. Frenk, H; Urca, G; Yitzhaky, J, 1981)	0.98
"Naloxone-treated animals also showed less prominent spinal cord abnormalities and significantly improved neurological recovery compared with saline controls."	( Endorphins in experimental spinal injury: therapeutic effect of naloxone. Faden, AI; Holaday, JW; Jacobs, TP; Mougey, E, 1981)	1.22
"Naloxone pretreatment also antagonized the potentiating effect of morphine on ACTH-induced steroidogenesis in a dose-dependent manner."	( Naloxone inhibits and morphine potentiates the adrenal steroidogenic response to ACTH. Heybach, JP; Vernikos, J, 1981)	2.43
"Naloxone treatment did not significantly alter the regional pattern of 2DG uptake."	( Regional glucose metabolism in mouse brain following ACTH peptides and naloxone. Dunn, AJ; Hurd, RW, 1982)	1.22
"Naloxone treatment in hypotensive-hypovolemic, conscious rabbits results in an increase in mean arterial blood pressure (BP) and a decrease in heart rate (HR)."	( Involvement of both adrenergic and cholinergic receptors in the cardiovascular effects of naloxone during hemorrhagic hypotension in the conscious rabbit. Schadt, JC; York, DH, 1982)	1.21
"Naloxone treatment before testing attenuated bradycardiac orienting responses to tones used as conditioning stimuli."	( Naloxone induces multiple effects on aversive Pavlovian conditioning in rabbits. Hernández, LL; Powell, DA, 1983)	2.43
"Naloxone pretreatment resulted in a significantly reduced GH increase after the clonidine infusion."	( Partial blockade by naloxone of clonidine-induced increase in plasma growth hormone in hypertensive patients. Bramnert, M; Hökfelt, B, 1984)	1.31
"Naloxone treatment did not increase the T4 and T3 concentrations; however, serum TSH was elevated in the 15 min sample."	( Short-term effect of morphine on the thyroid gland in male rats. Endröczi, E; Korányi, L; Kovács, Z; Tal, E, 1984)	0.99
"Naloxone-treated birds showed preening levels similar to those of unhandled and saline-treated birds."	( Handling, ACTH, ACTH1-24, and naloxone effects on preening behavior in domestic chickens. Scampoli, DL; Williams, NS, 1984)	1.28
"Naloxone treated animals did not show the increased platelet aggregability normally seen in endotoxin shocked dogs."	( Effect of naloxone on endotoxin-induced pulmonary platelet sequestration. Almqvist, P; Kuenzig, M; Schwartz, SI, 1983)	1.39
"Naloxone pretreatment (4.8 mg, intravenously) partially reversed the blocking effect of morphine on the PP secretion evoked by insulin-induced hypoglycemia (peak: 977 +/- 133 pg/mL, P less than 0.05 vs."	( Suppressor effect of morphine on the pancreatic polypeptide response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man. Correas, I; Marco, J; Zulueta, MA, 1983)	0.99
"Naloxone treatment (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent decrease in the stress-induced NaCl intake, as did captopril treatment (5, 10 and 50 mg/kg)."	( Stress, endogenous opioids and salt intake. Bryant, HU; Kuta, CC; Yim, GK; Zabik, JE, 1984)	0.99
"Naloxone pretreatment markedly attenuated the response to high dose FK 33-824."	( Effects of naloxone and an enkephalin analog on serum prolactin, cortisol, and gonadotropins in the chimpanzee. Blankstein, J; Dent, DW; Faiman, C; Fuller, GB; Gosselin, RE; Hobson, WC; Reyes, FI; Winter, JS, 1983)	1.38
"Naloxone treatment (1) resulted in activation of FBM in association with W, (2) lowered CO2 threshold as compared to that of CO2 tests entered in QS without naloxone, and (3) caused greater FBM responses to CO2 than without naloxone."	( CO2 and naloxone modify sleep/wake state and activate breathing in the acute fetal lamb preparation. Moss, IR; Scarpelli, EM, 1984)	1.42
"Naloxone-treated animals did not develop high blood pressure or strokes."	( Naloxone ameliorates the pathophysiologic changes which lead to and attend an acute stroke in stroke-prone/SHR. Wexler, BC, )	2.3
"Naloxone treatment resulted in dose-related enhancement of motor recovery; greatest functional recovery was observed in rabbits treated with a dose of 2 mg/kg per h."	( Naloxone in experimental spinal cord ischemia: dose-response studies. Faden, AI; Jacobs, TP; Smith, MT; Zivin, JA, 1984)	2.43
"Naloxone pretreatment (2 or 5 mg/kg, s.c.) reversed the decreasing effect of morphine in the 3rd ventricle (1 microgram/rat) and the increasing effect of morphine in the posterior hypothalamus (1 microgram/side)."	( Dual action of morphine on cold-stimulated thyrotropin secretion in male rats. Männistö, PT; Mattila, J; Rauhala, P; Tuominen, R, 1984)	0.99
"Naloxone pretreatment attenuated significantly the antinociception developed at 3 mA but failed to affect that produced at 6 mA."	( Failure to produce a non-opioid foot shock-induced antinociception in rats. Chatterjee, TK; Gebhart, GF, 1984)	0.99
"Naloxone pretreatment (10 mg/kg but not 1 mg/kg) shortened recovery to multiple squeak responses, grid clinging, and locomotion, without affecting recovery of bar pressing, food consumption, or EEG postictal depression."	( Changes in simple and complex behaviors following kindled seizures in rats: opioid and nonopioid medication. Caldecott-Hazard, S; Camacho, H; Hedlund, J; Liebeskind, JC; Yamagata, N, 1983)	0.99
"Naloxone pretreatment statistically significantly antagonized the cerebral metabolic effect of GHB in 10 of 38 structures examined."	( Naloxone pretreatment alters the local cerebral metabolic effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in rats. Crosby, G; Ito, M; Kaufman, E; Nelson, T; Sokoloff, L, 1983)	2.43
"Naloxone treatment protected against both moderate (20 min aortic occlusion) and severe (25 min aortic occlusion) degrees of ischemic spinal injury, whereas treatment with M154,129 failed to improve recovery in either model."	( Comparison of naloxone and a delta-selective antagonist in experimental spinal stroke. Faden, AI; Jacobs, TP; Zivin, JA, 1983)	1.35
"Naloxone pretreatment on doses up to 20 mg/kg was not effective in antagonizing PCP-induced behavioral effects."	( Phencyclidine-induced stereotype in rats: effects of methadone, apomorphine, and naloxone. Kogan, MJ; Mulè, SJ; Verebey, K, 1981)	1.21
"Naloxone treatment significantly improved the cortical somatosensory evoked response and had a beneficial effect on local cerebral blood flow, whereas TRH treatment had no effect on these variables."	( Treatment of experimental stroke: comparison of naloxone and thyrotropin releasing hormone. Brown, CQ; Faden, AI; Hallenbeck, JM, 1982)	1.24
"naloxone-pretreatment groups) also failed to consistently reverse the clonidine-induced changes in blood pressure, heart rate and sympathetic nerve activity."	( Failure of naloxone to reduce clonidine-induced changes in blood pressure, heart rate and sympathetic nerve firing in cats. Shropshire, AT; Wendt, RL, 1983)	1.38
"If naloxone pretreatment is effective and posttreatment is not, then it is possible that an opiatelike substance might be released by endotoxin which in turn results in the ultimate release of the lesion-producing substance."	( Effect of naloxone treatment on the cardiopulmonary response to endotoxin in sheep. Adams, T; Henriksen, N; Jinkins, J; Rice, K; Sziebert, L; Thomson, PD; Traber, DL; Traber, LD, 1983)	1.18
"Naloxone pretreatment (1.0, 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg i.v.) failed to protect anesthetized pigs from cardiac arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation (VF) and death following acute occlusion (20 min) or reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. "	( Antiarrhythmic evaluation of naloxone against acute coronary occlusion-induced arrhythmias in pigs. Beil, ME; Bergey, JL, 1983)	2
"Naloxone-treated males and sexually receptive females were pair tested for sexual behavior."	( Endogenous opiate systems and primate reproduction: inability of naloxone to induce sexual activity in rhesus males. Baughman, WL; Glick, BB; Jensen, JN; Phoenix, CH, 1982)	1.22
"Naloxone treatment also prolonged survival time."	( Naloxone without transfusion prolongs survival and enhances cardiovascular function in hypovolemic shock. Gurll, NJ; Lechner, R; Reynolds, DG; Vargish, T, 1982)	2.43
"The naloxone-treated pups had significantly better scores during the first 15 minutes after birth than the saline-treated pups."	( Naloxone reverses neonatal depression caused by fetal asphyxia. Chernick, V; Craig, RJ, 1982)	2.19
"The naloxone-treated cats had striking preservation of sensory function and somatosensory evoked potentials at 24 hours after injury."	( Effect of naloxone on posttraumatic ischemia in experimental spinal contusion. DeCrescito, V; Demopoulos, HB; Flamm, ES; Tomasula, JJ; Young, W, 1981)	1.15
"Naloxone treatment resulted in a rapid increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in animals made hypotensive by endotoxin administration."	( Naloxone treatment of endotoxin shock: stereospecificity of physiologic and pharmacologic effects in the rat. Faden, AI; Holaday, JW, 1980)	2.43
"Naloxone (2 mg/kg) pretreatment abolished this antinocicpetive effect suggesting that an endogenous opiate-like substance was involved."	( The effect of hypophysectomy on acupuncture analgesia in the mouse. Dewey, WL; Fu, TC; Halenda, SP, 1980)	0.98
"3. Naloxone pretreatment abolished the secondary increase in blood pressure and the tachycardia, but did not blunt the initial pressor response in female Wistar-Kyoto rats."	( Increased pressor responsiveness to enkephalin in spontaneously hypertensive rats: the role of vasopressin. Crofton, JT; Rockhold, RW; Share, L, 1980)	0.78
"Naloxone treatment, immediately after trauma, attenuated the inactivation of Na(+)-K+/Mg+2 ATPase."	( Effects of naloxone on sodium- and potassium-activated and magnesium-dependent adenosine-5'-triphosphatase activity and lipid peroxidation and early ultrastructural findings after experimental spinal cord injury. Göçer, AI; Ildan, F; Isbir, T; Karadayi, A; Kaya, M; Oner, A; Polat, S; Tap, O, 1995)	1.4
"Naloxone pretreatment (10 mg/kg s.c.) blocked the effect of U50 alone and in combination with NT, as did the peripheral opioid antagonist, naloxone methiodide (100 mg/kg s.c.)."	( Interaction between opioid agonists and neurotensin on thermoregulation in the rat. I. Body temperature. Adler, MW; Geller, EB; Handler, CM; Mondgock, DJ; Zhao, SF, 1995)	1.01
"Naloxone pretreatment caused augmented AVP and OT secretion in response to hypertonic saline stimulation and hemorrhage in both the normonatremic and hyponatremic rats; the magnitude of the naloxone augmentations in the hyponatremic rats were sufficient to normalize the OT response to hypertonic saline and both the OT and AVP responses to hemorrhage."	( Naloxone disinhibits magnocellular responses to osmotic and volemic stimuli in chronically hypoosmolar rats. Dohanics, J; Verbalis, JG, 1995)	2.46
"Naloxone treatment had no effect on GnRH pulse frequency, but significantly increased GnRH pulse size."	( Endogenous opioid peptides control the amplitude and shape of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulses in the ewe. Dahl, GE; Evans, NP; Goodman, RL; Karsch, FJ; Parfitt, DB, 1995)	1.01
"Naloxone pretreatment significantly reduced the amphetamine-induced increase in extracellular dopamine in both brain regions and also attenuated the increase in locomotor activity elicited by amphetamine."	( Naloxone reduces the neurochemical and behavioral effects of amphetamine but not those of cocaine. Holtzman, SG; Justice, JB; Schad, CA, 1995)	2.46
"Naloxone treatment (1 mg/kg per 2 h) was unable to prevent the delay caused by transport (18.0 +/- 1.1 vs 17.5 +/- 1.7 h, n = 8 each), and did not affect the amplitude of the surge (28.4 +/- 5.3 vs 28.1 +/- 2.3 ng/ml, n = 8 each).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( Transport stress delays the oestradiol-induced LH surge by a non-opioidergic mechanism in the early postpartum ewe. Dobson, H; Forhead, AJ; Smart, D; Smith, RF, 1994)	1.01
"Naloxone treatment failed to affect the sexual performance, other than that the post ejaculatory refractory period was increased."	( Endogenous opioids and sexual motivation and performance during the light phase of the diurnal cycle. van Furth, WR; van Ree, JM, 1994)	1.01
"Naloxone pretreatment significantly augmented the increases in MAP and RSNA induced by icv ET-1."	( Naloxone augments sympathetic outflow induced by centrally administered endothelin in conscious rabbits. Abe, I; Fujishima, M; Fukuhara, M; Kobayashi, K; Matsumura, K; Tominaga, M; Tsuchihashi, T, 1994)	2.45
"Naloxone treatment increased LH pulse frequency at 4 and 24 weeks of age but not at 12, 18 or 32 weeks of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( Opioidergic regulation of gonadotrophin secretion in the early prepubertal bull calf. Currie, WD; Evans, AC; Rawlings, NC, 1993)	1.01
"Naloxone pretreatment (4.0 mg/kg) completely blocked the protective effects of morphine, suggesting the mediation via naloxone-sensitive opiate-receptors; paradoxically, it did not affect the potentiating effects."	( Immunomodulation by morphine in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Dutta, GP; Singh, PP; Singh, S; Srimal, RC, 1994)	1.01
"Naloxone pretreatment significantly decreased the duration of the postseizure akinetic periods in the 1.0- and 10.0-mg/kg groups across all days, suggesting that endogenous opiates are involved in postseizure immobility and that there are interactions between opiate and picrotoxin mechanisms in some seizure-related behaviors."	( Picrotoxin-induced behavioral tolerance and altered susceptibility to seizures: effects of naloxone. Nores, WL; Pariser, R; Thomas, J, 1993)	1.23
"naloxone (or saline) treatment (4 mg/kg + 2 mg/kg.hr) in the presence or absence of propranolol (1 mg/kg + 1 mg/kg.hr)."	( Beta-adrenergic-dependent and -independent actions of naloxone on perfusion during endotoxin shock. Dziki, AJ; Law, WR; Lynch, WH; Ramsey, CB, 1993)	1.26
"Naloxone treatment at either 1.1 (Nal-1) or 2.0 (Nal-2) mg/kg BW significantly increased circulating progesterone within 15 min of i.v."	( Opioids modulate progesterone production in prepubertal Bunaji heifers. Anderson, LL; Gazal, OS, 1995)	1.01
"Naloxone treatment had little effect on VCMs but increased catalepsy scores in both haloperidol and vehicle treated groups."	( Effects of chronic naloxone administration on vacuous chewing movements and catalepsy in rats treated with long-term haloperidol decanoate. Egan, MF; Ferguson, JN; Hyde, TM, 1995)	1.34
"Naloxone treatment resulted in increased number of 3H-YM-09151-2 binding sites in CTX, HYPO and HIPP."	( Alteration of D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptor kinetics in specific rat brain regions following repeated administration of opiates. Elwan, MA; Soliman, MR, 1995)	1.01
"Naloxone pretreatment (1 mg kg-1 mL-1 i.v.), however, induced a significant downward shift of the upper limit of the autoregulation, and hypothalamic blood flow started to increase in the 125-145 mmHg arterial pressure range."	( Endogenous opioid mechanisms in hypothalamic blood flow autoregulation during haemorrhagic hypotension and angiotensin-induced acute hypertension in cats. Dallos, G; Komjáti, K; Nyáry, I; Sándor, P; Tóth, J; Velkei-Harvich, M, 1996)	1.02
"Naloxone treatment significantly reduced the slope of the Patlak plot in receptor-containing regions."	( Opioid receptor imaging and displacement studies with [6-O-[11C] methyl]buprenorphine in baboon brain. Brodie, J; Dewey, SL; Ferrieri, RA; Fowler, JS; Galynker, I; Gatley, SJ; Holland, MJ; Logan, J; MacGregor, RR; Schlyer, DJ; Simon, E; Wolf, AP, 1996)	1.02
"Naloxone pretreatment produced dose-dependent decreases in heroin self-administration."	( Smoked heroin self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Carroll, ME; Mattox, AJ, 1996)	1.02
"In naloxone-treated rats, there was a significant decrease in LCMRglu in the locus coeruleus (LC) and an increase in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CAMY), supporting a tonic influence of endogenous opioids on these regions."	( Naloxone alters the local metabolic rate for glucose in discrete brain regions associated with opiate withdrawal. Kornetsky, C; Kraus, MA; Piper, JM, 1996)	2.25
"Naloxone treatment after application of stressors prevented the elevation of SDLI, whereas naloxone treatment alone did not cause any significant changes."	( Effects of opioid-type stressors on serum digoxin-like immunoreactivity in rats. Eroglu, L; Uresin, Y; Yildiran, G, 1996)	1.02
"Naloxone treatment showed a significant increase in the frequency of several aggressive actions and the effect was dose dependent."	( Inhibitory role of opioid peptides in the regulation of aggressive and sexual behaviors in male Japanese quails. Abe, T; Kotegawa, T; Tsutsui, K, 1997)	1.02
"Naloxone pretreatment attenuated serum corticosterone but augmented serum glucose concentrations in ACTH-stimulated broilers."	( Naloxone attenuates serum corticosterone and augments serum glucose concentrations in broilers stimulated with adrenocorticotropin. Cox, NM; Latour, MA; McDaniel, CD; Peebles, ED; Pond, AL; Thompson, JR, 1997)	2.46
"Naloxone-treated rats (N = 7) receiving sucrose exhibited an analgesia index of 0.20 +/- 0.10 while rats receiving only sucrose (N = 7) had an index of 0.68 +/- 0.11 (t = 0.254, 10 degrees of freedom, P < 0.03)."	( Sucrose ingestion causes opioid analgesia. Castro-Souza, C; Coimbra, NC; Morato, S; Segato, EN; Segato, FN, 1997)	1.02
"Naloxone treated rats responded at chance levels (53%)."	( Naloxone impairs spatial performance in rats. Lukaszewska, I, 1997)	2.46
"All naloxone-treated groups exhibited CPA."	( The effects of naloxone on expression and acquisition of ethanol place conditioning in rats. Bormann, NM; Cunningham, CL, 1997)	1.13
"Naloxone treatment abolished this analgesic effect."	( Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induces analgesia and impairs the antinociceptive effect of morphine in mice. Mácsai, M; Szabó, G; Telegdy, G, 1998)	1.02
"Naloxone pretreatment caused specific and selective changes in both the pupillary and cardiovascular responses of CH patients."	( Combined evaluation of pupillary and cardiovascular responses to cold pressor test in cluster headache patients. Marcheselli, S; Micieli, G; Nappi, G; Osipova, V; Rossi, F; Tassorelli, C, 1998)	1.02
"Naloxone treatment at three days following implantation of pellets containing morphine base increased uptake of tritiated dopamine by the nucleus accumbens but did not alter efflux of tritiated dopamine by the nucleus accumbens or tritiated norepinephrine by the hippocampus. "	( Presynaptic dopaminergic function in the nucleus accumbens following chronic opiate treatment and precipitated withdrawal. Ghosh, S; Grasing, K, 1999)	1.75
"Naloxone pretreatment enhanced the expression of Fos-IR neurons on the ipsilateral SpVc."	( Effects of morphine on the distribution of Fos protein in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons during experimental tooth movement of the rat molar. Aihara, Y; Hanada, K; Maeda, T; Wakisaka, S, 1999)	1.02
"Naloxone pretreatment normalized this sensitized response only at the higher dose (3 mg/kg, i.p.)."	( Chronic stress sensitizes frontal cortex dopamine release in response to a subsequent novel stressor: reversal by naloxone. Cuadra, G; Lacerra, C; Molina, V; Zurita, A, 1999)	1.24
"In naloxone-treated patients, ST-segment changes and cardiac pain severity during the second inflation were similar to those observed during the first inflation (12+/-6 vs. "	( Effects of naloxone on myocardial ischemic preconditioning in humans. Chiariello, L; Crea, F; Desideri, G; Ferri, C; Gaspardone, A; Ghini, AS; Gioffré, PA; Tomai, F; Versaci, F, 1999)	1.31
"Naloxone treatment resulted in a strong up-regulation of neostriatal and pallidal mu opioid receptors that was not affected by the concurrent administration of haloperidol."	( Dopamine-opiate interaction in the regulation of neostriatal and pallidal neuronal activity as assessed by opioid precursor peptides and glutamate decarboxylase messenger RNA expression. Besson, MJ; Mavridis, M, 1999)	1.02
"Naloxone and GnRH treatment both increased (P < 0.05) mean LH concentrations."	( Correlation between LH response to challenges with GNRH and naloxone during lactation, and LH secretion and follicular development after weaning in the sows. De Rensis, F; Foxcroft, GR, 1999)	1.27
"Naloxone pretreatment (82.5 nmol/rat, 30 min before zinc administration) reverted the water intake to the high levels observed in zinc-free dehydrated animals (7.04 +/- 0.56 ml/100 g body weight)."	( Zinc and water intake in rats: investigation of adrenergic and opiatergic central mechanisms. Bandeira, IP; Carvalho, FL; Castro, L; De-Castro-e-Silva, E; Ferreira, MG; Fregoneze, JB; Lima, AK; Luz, CP; Macêdo, DF; Maldonado, I; Oliveira, P; Rocha, MA; Souza, F, 1999)	1.02
"Naloxone treatment, in opioid-addicted patients, induced a marked increase in catecholamine plasma concentrations, metabolism, and cardiovascular stimulation during anesthesia with both propofol and methohexital. "	( Acute detoxification of opioid-addicted patients with naloxone during propofol or methohexital anesthesia: a comparison of withdrawal symptoms, neuroendocrine, metabolic, and cardiovascular patterns. Gastpar, M; Kienbaum, P; Michel, MC; Peters, J; Scherbaum, N; Thürauf, N, 2000)	2
"Naloxone pretreatment overcame the inhibitory effect of morphine and elevated milking-induced cortisol concentrations."	( Cortisol and ACTH release in dairy cows in response to machine milking after pretreatment with morphine and naloxone. Kraetzl, WD; Schams, D; Tancin, V, 2000)	1.24
"(-)-Naloxone pretreatment suppresses post-ischemic activation and preserves more MAP-2 protein."	( Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat brain: effects of naloxone. Chen, CJ; Chen, WY; Hong, JS; Kuo, JS; Liao, SL, 2001)	1.03
"Naloxone pretreatment did not alter the antinociceptive effect of BV acupoint injection on the abdominal stretch reflex."	( Visceral antinociception produced by bee venom stimulation of the Zhongwan acupuncture point in mice: role of alpha(2) adrenoceptors. Beitz, AJ; Han, HJ; Kang, MS; Kwon, YB; Lee, JH, 2001)	1.03
"Naloxone pretreatment up-regulated [(3)H]diprenorphine binding and protein expression of the D3.49(164)Q mutant in a time- and dose-dependent manner without affecting its mRNA level."	( Inverse agonist up-regulates the constitutively active D3.49(164)Q mutant of the rat mu-opioid receptor by stabilizing the structure and blocking constitutive internalization and down-regulation. Chen, C; Huang, P; Li, J; Liu-Chen, LY, 2001)	1.03
"Naloxone pretreatment completely blocked rppOFQ/N(154-181)-induced antinociception in the vlPAG and the amygdala, but not in the LC or RVM."	( Characterization of rat prepro-orphanin FQ/nociceptin((154-181)): nociceptive processing in supraspinal sites. Abbadie, CA; Allen, RG; Bodnar, RJ; Dustman, J; Jimenez, C; Pasternak, GW; Pellegrino, M; Rossi, GC; Shane, R, 2002)	1.04
"Naloxone pretreatment reduced this inhibition (57.0 % vs 10.3 % for domperidone and induced hyperalgesia by antagonizing the inhibition and enhanced analgesia to the extent of 28.4 % for cisapride)."	( Opioid mediated anti-nociceptive effect of domperidone and cisapride in mice. Asad, M; Ramaswamy, S; Shashindran, C; Shewade, DG; Topno, I, 2002)	1.04
"Naloxone treatment did not attenuate the exercise-induced H(max)/M(max) percent ratio suppression."	( Endogenous opioid effects on motoneuron pool excitability: potential analgesic effect of acute exercise. Bulbulian, R, 2002)	1.04
"Naloxone pretreatment (1 mg/kg) partially antagonized the hypothermia and increase in catecholamine synthesis produced by THC."	( A comparison of some pharmacological actions of morphine and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the mouse. Bloom, AS; Dewey, WL, 1978)	0.98
"Naloxone treatment produced a decrease in locomotor activity and rearing, and an increase in defaecation."	( Effect of naloxone on the behaviour of rats exposed to a novel environment. Deacon, RM; Rodgers, RJ, 1979)	1.38
"Naloxone treatment rapidly increased mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure in this new shock model."	( Opiate antagonists: a role in the treatment of hypovolemic shock. Faden, AI; Holaday, JW, 1979)	0.98
"Naloxone pretreatment enhanced freezing only when the animal was given two or three shocks but did not affect freezing when the animal was given only one shock or not shocked at all (Experiments 3, 4, and 5)."	( Naloxone and shock-elicited freezing in the rat. Bolles, RC; Fanselow, MS, 1979)	2.42
"Naloxone pretreatment (25 mg/kg, i.v.) was also found to block the respiratory depressant effects of CDP in anesthetized cats, but had no effect on the cardiovascular actions of CDP."	( Effects of picrotoxin, naloxone, and vagotomy on chlordiazepoxide-induced respiratory depression. Billingsley, M; Suria, A; Williams, J, 1979)	1.29
"The naloxone-treated neonates were comparable with the epidural group, although the effects of naloxone were diminishing at 30 minutes."	( Reversal of narcotic depression in the neonate by nalozone. Evans, JM; Hogg, MI; Rosen, M, 1976)	0.74
"Naloxone (5 mg/kg) pretreatment attenuated by 82% the facilitative effect of heroin on ICSS."	( Effects of heroin on lever pressing for intracranial self-stimulation, food and water in the rat. Koob, GF; Meyerhoff, JL; Spector, NH, 1975)	0.98
"Naloxone pretreatment had no effect on the PRA response to reduced renal perfusion pressure at any pressure."	( Effects of an opiate receptor antagonist on renin release in dogs. Cavender, RK; Johnson, MD, 1992)	1
"Naloxone pretreatment (10 mg/kg b.w., ip.) suppressed that increase, Ache activity remaining at the level of non-immobilized, saline treated mice."	( Effect of naloxone-reversible immobilization stress on the adrenal acetylcholinesterase activity in mice. Konecka, A, )	1.26
"Naloxone treatment induced an increase of plasma beta-END-LI and cortisol levels in morphine-tolerant animals."	( Effects of clonidine on pituitary-adrenocortical axis in morphine-tolerant rats and after naloxone-induced withdrawal. Arias, L; Bruger, AJ; Gonzalvez, ML; Martinez, JA; Milanés, MV; Vargas, ML, 1992)	1.23
"Naloxone pretreatment attenuated this decline."	( Clonidine and yohimbine modulate the effects of naloxone on novelty-induced hypoalgesia. Dawes, P; Rochford, J, 1992)	1.26
"Naloxone treatment (at 27.5 and 18.9 nM) blocked the suppressive effects of CE and lateral amygdaloid stimulation in a dose and time dependent manner."	( An enkephalinergic mechanism involved in amygdaloid suppression of affective defence behavior elicited from the midbrain periaqueductal gray in the cat. Lu, CL; Shaikh, MB; Siegel, A, 1991)	1
"Naloxone pretreatment partially blocked dexmedetomidine's effect, suggesting a possible endogenous opiate involvement."	( Alpha 2-adrenoceptors inhibit a nociceptive response in neonatal rat spinal cord. Kendig, JJ; Maze, M; Savola, MK; Woodley, SJ, 1991)	1
"Naloxone pretreatment 30 min prior to hind paw injection partially blocked the initial SPLI increase due to saline or formalin."	( Time course of the alteration in dorsal horn substance P levels following formalin: blockade by naloxone. Goldstein, BD; McCarson, KE, 1990)	1.22
"Naloxone-treated patients did not show significantly greater recovery."	( Methylprednisolone or naloxone treatment after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow-up data. Results of the second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. Baskin, DS; Bracken, MB; Collins, WF; Eisenberg, HM; Flamm, E; Holford, TR; Leo-Summers, L; Maroon, JC; Marshall, LF; Shepard, MJ, 1992)	1.32
"Naloxone treatment slightly but significantly reduced the level of hypertension attained in the high-salt animals (158 +/- 2 mmHg in naloxone-treated animals vs."	( Effect of naloxone on hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Johnson, MD; Richmond, BK, 1992)	1.41
"Naloxone (10(-5) M) pretreatment of macrophages inhibited only the M-Enk- and 82/205-induced enhanced CSFs elaboration, suggesting an opiate receptors-mediated mechanism of action."	( Enkephalins-modulation of Plasmodium cynomolgi antigens-induced colony-stimulating factors elaboration by macrophages. Dhawan, BN; Dhawan, VC; Dutta, GP; Haq, W; Mathur, KB; Singh, PP; Singh, S; Srimal, RC, )	0.85
"Naloxone pretreatment attenuated the increase in the electrochemical signal."	( Opioid modulation and sensitization of dopamine release elicited by sexually relevant stimuli: a high speed chronoamperometric study in freely behaving rats. Gratton, A; Mitchell, JB, 1991)	1
"With naloxone treatment, dopamine (DA) was significantly increased in the plasma and hypothalamus, but decreased in the cerebral cortex in intact rats; and with castrated rats, there was a tendency to see an increase in plasma DA and significantly increased levels of DA in the thalamus plus mid-brain and hypothalamus."	( [Effects of ovariectomy on naloxone-modulated hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)]. Akaike, M; Hirai, M; Kumai, T; Masubuchi, Y; Tanaka, M; Watanabe, M, 1991)	1.03
"Naloxone treatment resulted in greater LH pulse amplitude at 5 and 10 weeks of age (P less than 0.05), lower basal serum concentration of LH at 10 weeks of age (P less than 0.05), greater LH pulse frequency at 25 weeks of age (P less than 0.05), and greater mean serum concentrations of LH, basal LH and LH pulse amplitude at 35 weeks of age (P less than 0.01) than in the controls."	( Maturational changes in opioidergic control of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in ram lambs. Churchill, IJ; Currie, WD; Joseph, IB; Rawlings, NC, 1991)	1
"Naloxone treatment did not alter the frequency or magnitude of this relationship, but it did augment the training-induced decrements in evoked neuronal activity at placements that were correlated with bradycardiac response magnitude."	( Amygdaloid central nucleus neuronal activity accompanying pavlovian cardiac conditioning: effects of naloxone. Gibbs, CM; Hernandez, LL; Powell, DA, 1990)	1.22
"This naloxone treatment disturbed the clear pulsatility of LH secretion observed in the pretreatment control period."	( Naloxone increases the frequency of the electrical activity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone pulse generator in long-term ovariectomized rats. Funabashi, T; Hiruma, H; Kimura, F; Nishihara, M, 1991)	2.18
"Naloxone pretreatment completely blocked the ventilatory depression induced by morphine-6-glucuronide."	( Antinociceptive and ventilatory effects of the morphine metabolites: morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide. Björkman, R; Gong, QL; Hedner, J; Hedner, T; Nordberg, G, 1991)	1
"Naloxone treatment did not increase appreciably carotid chemoreceptor activity or its responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in either cat group."	( Endogenous opiates and ventilatory acclimatization to chronic hypoxia in the cat. Lahiri, S; Pokorski, M, 1991)	1
"Naloxone treatment induced an increase in plasma beta-END-LI and cortisol levels in morphine-tolerant animals."	( Plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol levels in morphine-tolerant rats and in naloxone-induced withdrawal. Antonio Martínez, J; Del Rio Garcia, J; Fuente, T; Milanés, MV; Vargas, ML, 1990)	1.23
"Naloxone pretreatment did not influence airway response to MCh; the mean percent fall in FEV1 was 65.9 +/- 1.3 and 64.7 +/- 1.2% (mean +/- 1 SE) on the placebo day and the naloxone day, respectively."	( Endogenous opioids modulate the increase in ventilatory output and dyspnea during severe acute bronchoconstriction. Bellofiore, S; Di Maria, GU; Milic-Emili, J; Mistretta, A; Privitera, S; Sapienza, S, 1990)	1
"Naloxone pretreatment exaggerated the pressor response to PE and increased plasma beta-endorphin response to PE infusion but had no effect on baroreflex sensitivity."	( Comparison of phenylephrine bolus and infusion methods in baroreflex measurements. Liang, CS; Richeson, JF; Sullebarger, JT; Willick, AE; Woolf, PD, 1990)	1
"Naloxone pretreatment (1 mg/kg IP) reversed the effects of beta-casomorphin(1-7) on sleep, a finding which suggests that opiate mu-receptors are involved in mediating the sleep effects of beta-casomorphin."	( Effect of beta-casomorphin on neonatal sleep in rats. Aalto, J; Hilakivi, I; Hilakivi, LA; Taira, T, )	0.85
"Naloxone pretreatment did not reverse the effects of hBE on gonadotropin release."	( The effect of opioid peptides on ovine pituitary gonadotropin secretion in vitro. Matteri, RL; Moberg, GP, )	0.85
"Naloxone treatment diminished immunoreactive cytoplasmic vasopressin in males more effectively than in females."	( Sex-specific effects of met-enkephalin treatment on vasopressin immunoreactivity in the rat supraoptic nucleus. Blanco, E; Carretero, J; Riesco, JM; Sànchez, F; Vàzquez, R, )	0.85
"Naloxone pretreatment was able to antagonize completely the opioid-produced inhibition of capsaicin-evoked SP-LI release."	( Opioid modulation of capsaicin-evoked release of substance P from rat spinal cord in vivo. Aimone, LD; Yaksh, TL, )	0.85
"Naloxone pretreatment (50 micrograms/kg) during conditioning prevented the acquisition of heroin-induced CPP, but when given only on the test day, naloxone (50 or 1000 micrograms/kg) did not prevent the expression of heroin CPP."	( Differential mechanisms in the acquisition and expression of heroin-induced place preference. Hand, TH; Le Moal, M; Stinus, L, 1989)	1
"Naloxone pretreatment inhibited CRH-induced PRL release in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas nalmefene did not, in both normal and ovariectomized monkeys."	( Naloxone antagonism of corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of prolactin secretion in rhesus monkeys. Reid, RL; Vanvugt, DA; Webb, MY, 1989)	2.44
"Naloxone pretreatment (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) completely attenuated the DYN-induced stimulation of water intake."	( Dynorphin A (1-13), microinjected into the preoptic area, stimulates water intake in rats. Kobayashi, I; Kobayashi, S; Negishi, M; Shimizu, H; Shimomura, Y, 1989)	1
"Naloxone pretreatment did not alter ketamine's influence on evoked potential amplitudes."	( Effects of ketamine, naloxone, and physostigmine on flash evoked potentials in rat superior colliculus. Hetzler, BE; Melk, AM, 1989)	1.32
"Naloxone treatment (hourly iv injections of 1 mg/kg BW for 4 h) produced an increase in the frequency of episodic LH secretion at all prepubertal ages, when lambs were highly sensitive to the estradiol negative feedback."	( Endogenous opioid regulation of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion during sexual maturation in the female sheep. Ebling, FJ; Foster, DL; Schwartz, ML, 1989)	1
"Naloxone pretreatment completely antagonized the behavioral stupor and associated EEG slow-wave bursts."	( Dissociation of naloxone-sensitive and naloxone-insensitive effects of U-50,488H. Young, GA, 1989)	1.34
"Naloxone pretreatment (1 mg/kg, IP) did not antagonize the effect of captopril on food intake indicating that the anorexic action of captopril was not due to alterations in opiate peptide levels."	( Feeding and drinking behaviour following angiotensin converting enzyme blockade: role of injectant pH. Di Nicolantonio, R; Weisinger, RS, 1988)	1
"Naloxone pretreatment diminished regional blood flow responses to DAGO."	( [Effect of opioid peptides on regional hemodynamics in waking rats]. Martynova, EA; Medvedev, OS, 1988)	1
"Naloxone-pretreatment also blocked the analeptic and cholinergic activating properties of ACTH1-24."	( Intraseptal microinjection of adrenocorticotropic hormone1-24 antagonizes pentobarbital-induced narcosis and depression of hippocampal cholinergic activity. Carino, MA; Horita, A, 1988)	1
"Naloxone treatment prevented the development of shock into a progressive stage by several eventual mechanisms: An antagonism of opiate receptors."	( Hormone changes and beta-endorphin in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic shock. Machuganska, A; Zaharieva, S, 1985)	0.99
"Naloxone pretreatment and hypophysectomy abolished the caerulein effect, while intracerebroventricular or intra-nucleus accumbens injection of beta-endorphin together with haloperidol administration produced an effect similar to that of caerulein."	( beta-Endorphin involvement in the antidopaminergic effect of caerulein. Matsubara, K; Matsushita, A, 1986)	0.99
"Naloxone treatment induced a decrease in the beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity content in the hypothalamus, but had no effect on the beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity content in the anterior lobe and NIL of the pituitary gland in situ or in the NIL transplant."	( Neurointermediate lobe transplanted under the kidney capsule modifies the activity of the neurointermediate lobe in situ, but does not respond to opiate treatment. Gianoulakis, C; Gupta, A, 1986)	0.99
"When naloxone-pretreated and control rats were infused with saline (8 ml) the IR-ANF response was the same in the two groups: 257.7 +/- 64 and 247 +/- 52 pg/ml respectively."	( The morphine effect on plasma ANF. Cantin, M; Garcia, R; Genest, J; Gutkowska, J; Kuchel, O; Racz, K; Thibault, G, 1986)	0.73
"The naloxone-treated young, obese and non-obese SHR (controls) exhibited marked reduction of the weight of their pituitary and adrenal glands, whereas the pituitary and adrenal glands of naloxone-treated mature, obese and non-obese/SHR were greatly increased in weight."	( Anti-opiate (naloxone) suppression of Cushingoid degenerative changes in obese/SHR. McMurtry, JP; Wexler, BC, 1985)	1.12
"Naloxone treatment had no measurable effect on glucose concentration, turnover, and norepinephrine levels, but stimulated plasma epinephrine, glucagon, and cortisol and inhibited insulin release."	( Effect of opiate-receptor blockade on normoglycemic and hypoglycemic glucoregulation. Brubaker, PL; Cook, E; el-Tayeb, KM; Lickley, HL; Vranic, M, 1986)	0.99
"Naloxone pretreatment significantly attenuated the antinociceptive effect of cold-restraint stress, suggesting a partial mediation by opioid mechanisms."	( Methylnalorphinium fails to reverse naloxone-sensitive stress-induced analgesia in mice. Rae, GA; Souza, RL; Takahashi, RN, 1986)	1.27
"Naloxone treatment resulted in significantly impaired delayed response performance when compared to control."	( The effect of MSH/ACTH 4-10 on delayed response performance and post-test locomotor activity in rats. Miller, LH; Turnbull, BA, )	0.85
"In naloxone-pretreated arthritic rats, the paradoxical analgesic effect of low doses of naloxone was almost abolished, and the potent analgesic effects of low doses of morphine were also strongly and dose-dependently reduced."	( Cross-tolerance between analgesic low doses of morphine and naloxone in arthritic rats. Guilbaud, G; Kayser, V, 1987)	1.03
"Naloxone pretreatment, in contrast, induced prehemorrhagic activation of KKS, which was potentiated by subsequent hemorrhage."	( Effect of intravenous enkephalin administration on kallikrein-kinin system in experimental hemorrhagic shock. Evidence for activation of kallikrein-kinin system by naloxone. Grässler, J; Kühne, H; Scheuch, DW; Slepuschkin, VD; Zoloev, GK, 1988)	1.19
"Naloxone treatment and sampling continued for an additional 8 hr."	( Effects of progesterone and weaning on LH and FSH responses to naloxone in postpartum beef cows. Cross, JC; Manns, JG; Rutter, LM, 1987)	1.23
"Naloxone treatment improved blood pressure significantly during endotoxin shock, as would be expected with the observed increase in total peripheral vascular resistance and no significant change in cardiac output."	( Naloxone alters organ perfusion during endotoxin shock in conscious rats. Ferguson, JL; Law, WR, 1988)	2.44
"naloxone treatment: 23.7 +/- 4.2; p = 0.034 by Student's paired t test, n = 6)."	( Naloxone, ethanol, and the chlorpropamide alcohol flush. Baraniuk, JN; Mabbee, WG; Murray, RB, 1987)	2.44
"Naloxone pretreatment with 2 mg/kg, but not 1 mg/kg s.c., potentiated a hyperglycemic response to i.t."	( Differential effects of subcutaneous and intrathecal morphine administration on blood glucose in mice: comparison with intracerebroventricular administration. Brase, DA; Dewey, WL; Lux, F, 1988)	1
"Both naloxone-treated and control groups were similarly normotensive at 24 hr postoperation, the MAP being significantly lower than in the sham-operated groups, which regained previously hypertensive levels."	( Failure of naloxone to influence surgical reversal of two-kidney, one-clip hypertension in the rat. Bing, RF; Edmunds, ME; Russell, GI; Swales, JD; Thurston, H, 1987)	1.12
"The naloxone-treated cats received intrathecal (2 mg in 0.5 ml) as well as systemic (2-mg/kg bolus, 2 mg/kg/hour for 4 hours) doses of naloxone."	( Effect of naloxone in experimental acute spinal cord injury. Chehrazi, B; Haghighi, SS, 1987)	1.16
"Naloxone (2 mg/kg) treatment caused significant increases in the levels of HVA in hypothalamus and striatum and lithium cotreatment prevented the effect of naloxone."	( Naloxone and lithium interaction on the levels of homovanillic acid in the rat brain. Eroğlu, L; Genç, E; Hizal, A, )	2.3
"Naloxone treatment failed to increase serum LH concentrations in these cows."	( Influence of calf removal on the serum luteinizing hormone response to naloxone in the postpartum beef cow. Barb, CR; Kiser, TE; Thompson, FN; Whisnant, CS, 1986)	1.23
"Naloxone treatment (1 mg/kg; i.m.) given immediately after the delivery of the first fetus reversed the inhibitory effect of relaxin and the interval between successive deliveries was slightly faster than that of controls."	( Relaxin acts centrally to inhibit oxytocin release during parturition: an effect that is reversed by naloxone. Jones, SA; Summerlee, AJ, 1986)	1.21
"Naloxone treatment of endotoxin shock has been shown to alter many cardiovascular parameters. "	( Respiratory compensation and acidosis in endotoxin shock: effects of naloxone in conscious rats. Ferguson, JL; Law, WR, 1987)	1.95
"Naloxone treated males were more likely to display behavioral signs of satiety during the first ten minutes of these tests."	( Opiate antagonists and copulatory behavior of male hamsters. Noble, RG; Wu, FM, 1986)	0.99
"Naloxone treatment failed to alter serum LH concentrations in EF, LF, or OVX gilts and PRL concentrations in OVX gilts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( Influence of stage of the estrous cycle on endogenous opioid modulation of luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and cortisol secretion in the gilt. Barb, CR; Kraeling, RR; Rampacek, GB; Whisnant, CS, 1986)	0.99
"Naloxone at 1 mg/kg, a treatment providing no therapeutic benefit, has no protective effect on ascorbate."	( Ascorbic acid: a putative biochemical marker of irreversible neurologic functional loss following spinal cord injury. DeCrescito, V; Demopoulos, HB; Flamm, ES; Pietronigro, DD; Tomasula, JJ, 1985)	0.99
"Naloxone treatment failed to induce LH or PRL release."	( Opioid peptides in pseudocyesis. Buhi, WC; Devane, GW; Kalra, PS; Vera, MI, 1985)	0.99
"Naloxone treatment significantly shortened the duration of pseudopregnancy but did not prevent it, indicating that only minimal levels of PRL may be necessary to initiate and maintain pseudopregnancy."	( Endogenous opioid peptides participate in the modulation of prolactin release in response to cervicovaginal stimulation in the female rat. Audsley, AR; Sirinathsinghji, DJ, 1985)	0.99
"Naloxone pretreatment significantly enhanced the plasma adrenaline response to the cold stimulus by 98% (P less than 0.01) with concomitant changes in peak systolic blood pressure (peak increment 31 +/- 6 mmHg) and pulse rate (12.5 +/- 3.5 beats/min) responses (both P less than 0.05)."	( Enhancement of the sympathoadrenal response to the cold-pressor test by naloxone in man. Al-Damluji, S; Bailey, T; Besser, M; Bouloux, PM; Grossman, A, 1985)	1.22
"Naloxone treatment of mice did not affect the sensitivity of the isolated vas deferens to noradrenaline, carbachol or potassium chloride."	( Effects of chronic drug treatment on the sensitivity of mouse vas deferens to drugs. McCulloch, CR; Pollock, D, 1985)	0.99
"Pre-treatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg) prevented fentanyl-induced VCC, but naloxone (1 and 2 mg/kg) was unable to reverse VCC when administered after fentanyl."	( Fentanyl causes naloxone-resistant vocal cord closure: A platform for testing opioid overdose treatments. Janowsky, A; Miner, NB; Schutzer, WE; Torralva, R; Zarnegarnia, Y, 2021)	1.29
"Pretreatment with naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, blocked sustained-release buprenorphine analgesic action."	( Sustained-release buprenorphine induces acute opioid tolerance in the mouse. Fairbanks, CA; Kitto, KF; Larson, CM; Peterson, CD; Wilcox, GL, 2020)	0.88
"Treatment with naloxone (0.5nmol/eye) almost completely negated the protective effects of capsaicin, CGRP, β-endorphin, and substance P in the NMDA-injected rats."	( Opioid receptor activation is involved in neuroprotection induced by TRPV1 channel activation against excitotoxicity in the rat retina. Ishii, K; Ito, H; Kuroki, T; Mori, A; Nakahara, T; Sagawa, T; Sakamoto, K, 2017)	0.79
"Pretreatment with naloxone blunted the responses to morphine whereas pretreatment with naltrindole or d-penicillamine did not."	( Co-activation of μ- and δ-opioid receptors elicits tolerance to morphine-induced ventilatory depression via generation of peroxynitrite. Discala, JF; Gruber, RB; Lewis, SJ; May, WJ; McLaughlin, D; Palmer, LA; Young, AP, 2013)	0.71
"treatment with naloxone methiodide potently induced jumping behavior and trembling in morphine-dependent mice."	( Involvement of supraspinal and peripheral naloxonazine-insensitive opioid receptor sites in the expression of μ-opioid receptor agonist-induced physical dependence. Aoki, S; Inoue, K; Itoh, T; Komiya, S; Mori, T; Shibasaki, M; Suzuki, T; Uzawa, N, 2013)	0.73
"pretreatment with naloxone (5 µg) reversed the decreased acetic acid-induced writhing response."	( Antinociceptive profiles and mechanisms of orally administered coumarin in mice. Kang, YJ; Kim, CH; Kim, SJ; Kim, SS; Lim, SM; Park, SH; Sim, YB; Suh, HW, 2013)	0.71
"The treatment with naloxone also induced a significant increase in myeloperoxidase levels, osteoclast number and cytokines in periodontal tissues of rats with ligature-induced PD."	( Endogenous opioids regulate alveolar bone loss in a periodontal disease model. Albergaria, JD; Maltos, KL; Pacheco, CM; Pacheco, DF; Queiroz-Junior, CM; Silva, TA, 2013)	0.71
"Pre-treatment with naloxone significantly increased the gallic acid derivative-induced suppression of novelty-induced grooming."	( Effect of fractionated extracts and isolated pure compounds of Spondias mombin (L. Anacardiaceae) leaves on novelty-induced rearing and grooming behaviours in mice. Akomolafe, RO; Aladesanmi, JA; Ayoka, AO; Bamitale, SK; Owolabi, RA; Ukponmwan, EO, 2013)	0.71
"Pretreatment with naloxone (1mg/kg) significantly reduced anti-allodynic effect of chronic curcumin in von Frey filament test."	( Effect of curcumin on diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: possible involvement of opioid system. Banafshe, HR; Hamidi, GA; Mirhashemi, SM; Mokhtari, R; Noureddini, M; Shoferpour, M, 2014)	0.73
"Pretreatment with naloxone methiodide, a peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonists, also significantly antagonized the antinociceptive effects of BEO and linalool."	( Effect of plantar subcutaneous administration of bergamot essential oil and linalool on formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in mice. Bagetta, G; Kamio, S; Katsuyama, S; Kishikawa, Y; Komatsu, T; Nakamura, H; Otowa, A; Sakurada, T; Sato, K; Yagi, T, 2015)	0.74
"Pretreatment with naloxone and bicuculline significantly attenuated the reduction of abdominal constrictions produced by all the tested trimethoxy flavones indicating a definite role of opioid and GABAergic mechanisms in the anti-nociceptive effect of trimethoxy flavones."	( Anti-nociceptive activity of a few structurally related trimethoxy flavones and possible mechanisms involved. Cheriyan, BV; Kadhirvelu, P; Nadipelly, J; Sayeli, V; Shanmugasundaram, J; Subramanian, V, 2016)	0.76
"Pre-treatment with naloxone (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) did not reverse the antinociceptive activity of the extract at the dose of 100 mg/kg in the first phase of this test."	( Orofacial antinociceptive effect of the ethanolic extract of Annona vepretorum Mart. (Annonaceae). Almeida, JR; Bonjardim, LR; Lavor, ÉM; Lima-Saraiva, SR; Macedo, LA; Mendes, RL; Oliveira-Junior, RG; Quintans-Júnior, LJ; Silva, JC; Silva, MG; Souza, GR; Souza, MT, )	0.45
"Pretreatment with naloxone significantly increased the number of capsaicin-induced pERK-LI cells in adult rats but not in aged rats."	( Attenuation of naloxone-induced Vc pERK hyper-expression following capsaicin stimulation of the face in aged rat. Hasegawa, M; Honda, K; Iwata, K; Kanda, K; Kitagawa, J; Kondo, M; Noma, N; Okamoto, R; Saito, K; Suzuki, I; Tsuboi, Y, 2008)	1.02
"Pre-treatment with naloxone did not modify the antinociceptive effect of Eta, but co-administration with atropine completely prevented it."	( Antinociceptive activity of Mirabilis jalapa in mice. Ferreira, J; Franciscato, C; Manfron, MP; Pereira, ME; Rossato, MF; Trevisan, G; Walker, CI, 2008)	0.66
"Pretreatment with naloxone 1 mg/kg significantly reduced behavioral seizure scores and the up-regulation of BDNF mRNA expression elicited by i.c.v."	( Seizure activity involved in the up-regulation of BDNF mRNA expression by activation of central mu opioid receptors. Ko, MC; Zhang, HN, 2009)	0.68
"Pretreatment with naloxone reversed both the functional and structural retinal protection induced by IPC."	( Opioid receptor-activation: retina protected from ischemic injury. Crosson, CE; Husain, S; Potter, DE, 2009)	0.68
"treatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg) or D-arginine (40 mg/kg)."	( Mechanisms involved in the antinociception caused by ethanolic extract obtained from the leaves of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) in mice. Calixto, JB; Chaves, J; Ferreira, VM; Guginski, G; Luiz, AP; Martins, DF; Massaro, M; Mattos, RW; Santos, AR; Silva, MD; Silveira, D, 2009)	0.69
"Pretreatment with naloxone completely prevented the analgesic effects of these drugs in tail-flick and hot plate tests for both juvenile and adult rats."	( Non-opioid tolerance in juvenile and adult rats. Tsagareli, MG; Tsiklauri, N; Viatchenko-Karpinski, V; Voitenko, N, 2010)	0.68
"Pretreatment with naloxone (5 mg/kg) significantly decreased the latency of discomfort produced by the 100 mg/kg dose of MEZZ in the hot plate test."	( Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Zingiber zerumbet methanol extract in experimental model systems. Chear, CT; Israf, DA; Mohamad, AS; Sulaiman, MR; Wong, YY; Zakaria, ZA, 2010)	0.68
"Pretreatment with naloxone significantly increased NO production and iNOS expression in morphine-treated rats after IR (p<0.01 vs morphine dependence+IR)."	( Nitric oxide and renal protection in morphine-dependent rats. Ajami, M; Babakoohi, S; Ebrahimi, SA; Habibey, R; Hesami, A; Pazoki-Toroudi, H, 2010)	0.68
"Pretreatment with naloxone (0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg) did not block the analgesic effect of CTX."	( Involvement of cholinergic system in suppression of formalin-induced inflammatory pain by cobratoxin. Feng, YL; Lin, HM; Liu, YL; Qin, ZH; Reid, PF; Shi, GN; Yang, SL, 2011)	0.69
"Pretreatment with naloxone injected intra-DPAG antagonized both the panicolytic effect of chronic fluoxetine as well as that of 5-HT injected intra-DPAG."	( The panicolytic-like effect of fluoxetine in the elevated T-maze is mediated by serotonin-induced activation of endogenous opioids in the dorsal periaqueductal grey. Audi, EA; Biesdorf, C; Graeff, FG; Roncon, CM; Santana, RG; Zangrossi, H, 2012)	0.7
"Treatment with naloxone (an opioid antagonist) greatly enhanced the oxytocin response to IL-1β in pregnancy, and finasteride did not enhance this effect, indicating that allopregnanolone and the endogenous opioid mechanisms do not act independently."	( Allopregnanolone and induction of endogenous opioid inhibition of oxytocin responses to immune stress in pregnant rats. Bales, J; Brunton, PJ; Russell, JA, 2012)	0.72
"Pretreatment with naloxone attenuated the sensitivity to selank in BALB/C mice whereas the response to anxiolytic effects of peptide was increased in C57BL/6 mice."	( [The role of opioid system in peculiarities of anti-anxiety effect of peptide anxiolytic selank]. Andreeva, LA; Kolik, LG; Kozlovskaia, MM; Kozlovskiĭ, II; Nadorova, AV, 2012)	0.7
"Pretreatment with naloxone hydrochloride, an opioid receptor antagonist, or naloxone methiodide, a peripherally acting µ-opioid receptor-preferring antagonist, significantly reversed linalool-induced antiallodynia and antihyperalgesia."	( Intraplantar injection of linalool reduces paclitaxel-induced acute pain in mice. Katsuyama, S; Kishikawa, Y; Komatsu, T; Kuwahata, H; Nakamura, H; Sakurada, T; Yagi, T, 2012)	0.7
"Pretreatment with naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, and β-funaltrexamine, a selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist, reversed the antinociceptive effect of BCP."	( Involvement of peripheral cannabinoid and opioid receptors in β-caryophyllene-induced antinociception. Bagetta, G; Katsuyama, S; Komatsu, T; Kuwahata, H; Mizoguchi, H; Nagaoka, K; Nakamura, H; Sakurada, S; Sakurada, T, 2013)	0.71
"Treatment with naloxone, L-arginine and glibenclamide reversed the effect of LPEF in glutamate test."	( Antinociceptive effect of Lecythis pisonis Camb. (Lecythidaceae) in models of acute pain in mice. Almeida, FR; Brandão, MS; Chaves, MH; Ferreira, EL; Lima, DF; Oliveira, JP; Pereira, SS, 2013)	0.73
"Pretreatment with naloxone blocked morphine's effects."	( Morphine administration selectively facilitates social play in common marmosets. Guard, HJ; Newman, JD; Roberts, RL, 2002)	0.64
"Treatment with naloxone did not exert any effect on immobilization-blocked LH surge but increased basal LH release during immobilization stress."	( Influence of GnRH agonist and neural antagonists on stress-blockade of LH and prolactin surges induced by 17beta-estradiol in ovariectomized rats. Cheon, MS; Kam, KY; Kang, SS; Kim, K; Park, YB; Ryu, K, 2002)	0.65
"Pretreatment with naloxone significantly attenuated the protective effects of MPC (53.8+/-4, P<0.0002)."	( Cardioprotection at a distance: mesenteric artery occlusion protects the myocardium via an opioid sensitive mechanism. Gross, GJ; Hsu, AK; Moore, J; Patel, HH, 2002)	0.64
"Treatment with naloxone increases cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus in all groups, although this increase is statistically insignificant."	( Treadmill running and swimming increase cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of rats. Jang, MH; Kim, CJ; Kim, EH; Kim, H; Kim, KM; Kim, SS; Lee, TH; Lim, BV; Ra, SM; Shin, MC, 2002)	0.65
"Treatment with naloxone [1.5 mg/rat, sc injection], a nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of TIP39 on AVP release."	( Centrally administered tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues inhibits arginine vasopressin release in conscious rats. Arima, H; Ishizaki, S; Miura, Y; Murase, T; Oiso, Y; Sugimura, Y; Tachikawa, K; Usdin, TB, 2003)	0.66
"The treatment with naloxone was less effective in the homozygous (-/-) mice, because the high dose of naloxone (10 mg/kg) tended to shift the preference."	( Distinct changes in the behavioural effects of morphine and naloxone in CCK2 receptor-deficient mice. Abramov, U; Bourin, M; Kõks, S; Kurrikoff, K; Luuk, H; Matsui, T; Raud, S; Rünkorg, K; Vasar, E; Veraksits, A, 2003)	0.88
"Pretreatment with naloxone decreased interleukin-1beta serum levels near to those of control group."	( Involvement of interleukin-1beta in systemic morphine effects on paw oedema in a mouse model of acute inflammation. Ahmadiani, A; Alebouyeh, M; Pourpak, Z, 2004)	0.65
"Pretreatment with naloxone 20 min prior to NMDA injection abolished the inhibition of number of scratches and the duration of scratching produced by the intracisternal injection of NMDA in the late phase."	( Intracisternal NMDA produces analgesia in the orofacial formalin test of freely moving rats. Ahn, DK; Bae, YC; Choi, HS; Ju, JS; Jung, CY; Kim, SK; Lee, HJ, 2004)	0.65
"Pretreatment with naloxone had no significant effect on infarct size in nonpreconditioned hearts (80+/-6%) and did not inhibit the protective effects of apnea-induced PC (52+/-10% in naloxone+PC group)."	( Brief apnea induces myocardial ischemic tolerance by an opioid-insensitive mechanism. Blehar, DJ; Darling, CE; Dickson, EW; Hirsch, DJ; Przyklenk, K; Whittaker, P, )	0.45
"Pretreatment with naloxone did not prevent the morphine effect."	( Ultra low concentrations of morphine increase neurite outgrowth in cultured rat spinal cord and cerebral cortical neurons. Brailoiu, E; Brailoiu, GC; Chi, M; Dun, NJ; Godbolde, R; Hoard, J, 2004)	0.65
"Pretreatment with naloxone partially reversed the antinociceptive effect of tramadol per se and its combination with naproxen without modifying the per se effect of NSAID."	( Isobolographic analysis of interaction between cyclooxygenase inhibitors and tramadol in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. Jain, NK; Kulkarni, SK; Satyanarayana, PS; Singh, A, 2004)	0.65
"Pretreatment with naloxone (5 nmol), but not NOR-AN, blocked cardiovascular responses elicited by EM-1."	( Cardiovascular responses to microinjection of nociceptin and endomorphin-1 into the nucleus tractus solitarii in conscious rats. Mao, L; Wang, JQ, 2005)	0.65
"Pre-treatment with naloxone methiodide decreased (15%) IL-1beta-induced Fos-immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) in medial parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (mPVN) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons but increased responses in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) C1 (65%) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) A2 (110%) catecholamine cell groups and area postrema (136%)."	( Dissection of peripheral and central endogenous opioid modulation of systemic interleukin-1beta responses using c-fos expression in the rat brain. Buller, KM; Hamlin, AS; Osborne, PB, 2005)	0.65
"Pretreatment with naloxone (0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg body mass), 10 min before ASH administration, failed to block the extract antinociception."	( Effect of various antagonists on the Channa striatus fillet extract antinociception in mice. Mat Jais, AM; Somchit, MN; Sulaiman, MR; Zakaria, ZA, 2005)	0.65
"Pre-treatment with naloxone (10 mg/kg), a general opioid receptor antagonist, for 5 min, followed by COAE, was found to completely block its peripheral, but not central, antinociceptive activity."	( The influences of temperature and naloxone on the antinociceptive activity of Corchorus olitorius L. in mice. Fatimah, CA; Mat Jais, AM; Safarul, M; Somchit, MN; Sulaiman, MR; Valsala, R; Zakaria, ZA, 2005)	0.93
"Pre-treatment with naloxone totally prevented morphine-induced decrease in IOP and miosis."	( Possible involvement of nitric oxide in morphine-induced miosis and reduction of intraocular pressure in rabbits. Bonfiglio, V; Bucolo, C; Camillieri, G; Drago, F, 2006)	0.65
"Pretreatment with naloxone (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) prevented serotonin-induced plasma glucose lowering effect in STZ-diabetic rats."	( Serotonin enhances beta-endorphin secretion to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Chen, WP; Cheng, JT; Chi, TC; Chi, TL; Ho, YJ; Lee, SS; Su, MJ, 2007)	0.66
"Pretreatment with naloxone significantly increased the cortisol response to NS (p<0.01) and to CB (p<0.01), but had no effects on ACTH-induced cortisol release."	( Beta-adrenergic and opioidergic modulation of cortisol secretion in response to acute stress. Parvizi, N; Phogat, JB, 2007)	0.66
"Pretreatment with naloxone (0.8 mg/kg, ip) can only partially antagonize its antitussive effect."	( Synthesis and antitussive evaluation of verticinone-cholic acid salt, a novel and potential cough therapeutic agent. Chen, C; Pi, HF; Ruan, HL; Wu, JZ; Xu, FZ; Zhang, P; Zhang, YH, 2007)	0.66
"Treatment with naloxone (0.5 mg/kg-2.0 mg/kg) alone produced marked increases in androgen levels."	( The role of endogenous opioid peptides in the control of androgen levels in the male nonhuman primate. Almirez, RG; Gilbeau, PM; Holaday, JW; Smith, CG, )	0.47
"Pretreatment with naloxone (75 micrograms/100 g BW, iv) failed to affect the portal IRS release induced by bombesin (2 micrograms/rat), indicating that the opiate receptor is not likely to be involved in this reaction."	( Stimulation by bombesin of immunoreactive somatostatin release into rat hypophysial portal blood. Abe, H; Chiba, T; Chihara, K; Fujita, T; Iwasaki, J; Matsukura, S; Minamitani, N, 1981)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone (20 min, 0.5 or 1 mg kg-1 s.c.) lowered buprenorphine binding in intestine and cns."	( The peripheral narcotic antagonist N-allyl levallorphan-bromide (CM 32191) selectively prevents morphine antipropulsive action and buprenorphine in-vivo binding in the rat intestine. Bianchi, G; Fiocchi, R; Manara, L; Peracchia, F; Petrillo, P; Tavani, A, 1984)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone (1-10 mg kg-1 s.c.) antagonized the corticosterone increase."	( Elevation of serum corticosterone in rats by bremazocine, a kappa-opioid agonist. Fuller, RW; Leander, JD, 1984)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone (4 mg/kg, 30 min before SP) suppresses the hypothermic effect."	( [On the role of substance P in thermoregulation of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (author's transl)]. Bienert, M; Marten, FT; Oehme, P; Richter, R, 1982)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone did not affect the responses of GH, PRL, or cortisol to hypoglycemia or the PRL response to L-dopa."	( Lack of modulation of pituitary hormone stress response by neural pathways involving opiate receptors. Molitch, ME; Spiler, IJ, 1980)	0.58
"pretreatment with naloxone, an opiate antagonist."	( Influence of thyrotropin releasing hormone and histidyl-proline diketopiperazine on spontaneous locomotor activity and analgesia induced by delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the mouse. Bhargava, HN; Matwyshyn, GA, 1980)	0.58
"Pretreatment with naloxone, a pure opioid antagonist, abolished the analgesic effect of CRL."	( Effect of ceruletide on rest pain in patients with arterial insufficiency of the lower extremity. Bagarani, M; Basso, N; Desantis, C; Dintinosante, V; Fiocca, F; Gizzonio, D; Pona, V; Ponzielli, F, 1982)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone prevented the effects of EDS."	( [Analysis of the effect of increasing electrodermal stimulation on the somatovegetative reactions evoked by stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus]. Burchuladze, RA, 1983)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone or beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA) antagonized this effect."	( ICI 154,129, a delta-opioid receptor antagonist raises seizure threshold in rats. Cowan, A; Holaday, JW; Robles, LE; Tortella, FC, 1984)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone (10(-4) M) prevented the increase in water transport due to morphine, a mu-agonist, whereas a higher concentration of naloxone (10(-3) M) was required to inhibit the increase due to D-Ala-methionine-enkephalinamide, a delta-receptor agonist."	( Role of enkephalins in regulation of basal intestinal water and ion absorption in the rat. Fogel, R; Kaplan, RB, 1984)	0.59
"Rats treated with naloxone throughout both the development of ethanol dependence and during ethanol-withdrawal showed delayed or reduced withdrawal symptomatology compared to rats injected with only saline, naloxone only during the development of dependence and naloxone only during ethanol withdrawal."	( Effects of naloxone on ethanol dependence in rats. Berman, RF; Goldman, MS; Lee, JA; Olson, KL, 1984)	0.98
"Treatment with naloxone (3 mg/kg bolus and 2 mg/kg/hr infusion for 2.5 hours), a specific opiate antagonist, during septic shock attenuated the hypotension (p less than 0.002) and systemic acidosis (p less than 0.02) without altering cardiac index or total peripheral resistance."	( Hemodynamic response to naloxone during live Escherichia coli sepsis in splenectomized dogs. Bowen, JC; Rees, M, 1984)	0.91
"Treatment with naloxone administered 30 min before the DER infusion with a bolus dose of 4 mg, followed by a constant infusion of 1 microgram/Kg/min for 150 min, prevented the rise in serum TSH."	( Dermorphin, a new opioid peptide, stimulates thyrotropin secretion in normal subjects. Bianconi, M; Degli Uberti, E; Emanuele, R; Gnudi, A; Robuschi, G; Roti, E; Rotola, C; Salvadori, S; Tomatis, R; Trasforini, G, 1984)	0.61
"Pretreatment with naloxone 4 mg/kg significantly alleviated the gastric effects of morphine 32 mg/kg."	( Decreased acid secretion and gastric lesion production by morphine in rats. Dai, S; Ho, MM; Ogle, CW, 1984)	0.59
"Treatment with naloxone or morphine did not significantly affect blood pressure or plasma catecholamine levels."	( No effect of naloxone or morphine on plasma catecholamines during hemorrhage in rat. Enberg, U; Farnebo, LO, 1984)	0.98
"Pretreatment with naloxone did not affect the analgesia produced by microinjection of pentazocine into NRGC or NRPG, but did antagonize the analgesia produced by injection of pentazocine into PAG."	( A comparison of the sites at which pentazocine and morphine act to produce analgesia. Azami, J; Gibbs, M; Llewelyn, MB; Roberts, MHT, 1983)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone HCL (2 mg/kg SC, 5 min before immobilization) did not influence SIA in either intact or spinal rats."	( Immobilization-induced analgesia: possible involvement of a non-opioid circulating substance. Berge, OG; Fasmer, OB; Hole, K; Jørgensen, HA; Tveiten, L, 1984)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone 0.8 mg increased TRH-induced TSH and PRL release in six healthy subjects."	( Influence of low doses of naloxone on pituitary secretion in man. Barreca, T; Magnani, G; Marabini, A; Rolandi, E; Sannia, A, 1982)	0.89
"Pretreatment with naloxone did not blunt the hypotensive effect of morphine at a dose of 50 micrograms/kg, but enhanced the secretion of vasopressin in response to the morphine stimulus; plasma vasopressin levels were 5-fold greater than those found in animals given morphine but not pretreated with naloxone."	( Effect of intracarotid administration of morphine and naloxone on plasma vasopressin levels and blood pressure in the dog. Crofton, JT; Rockhold, RW; Share, L; Wang, BC, 1983)	0.84
"Pretreatment with naloxone (3.2 mg x kg-1 i.v."	( Failure of naloxone to reduce clonidine-induced changes in blood pressure, heart rate and sympathetic nerve firing in cats. Shropshire, AT; Wendt, RL, 1983)	0.98
"Pretreatment with naloxone antagonized the tolerance development to both morphine-induced analgesia and sensitivity changes, indicating a role for opiate receptors in this phenomenon."	( The development of acute tolerance to analgesia and the sensitivity changes in mouse vas deferens and ileum produced by morphine. Ghosh, MN; Gopalakrishnan, V; Pillai, NP; Ramaswamy, S, 1983)	0.59
"Post-treatment naloxone assays demonstrated the presence of large amounts of naloxone in the patient's blood and urine."	( Treatment of heroin overdose with endotracheal naloxone. Abercrombie, D; Tandberg, D, 1982)	0.86
"Pretreatment with naloxone at either dose did not attenuate the decrease in FVC, FEV1, or FEF25--75 after cold air in comparison with placebo pretreatment."	( Naloxone does not affect bronchoconstriction induced by isocapnic hyperpnea of subfreezing air. Balsavich, L; Johnson, TS; von Gal, E; Weinberger, SE; Weiss, ST, 1982)	2.03
"Pretreatment with naloxone (3 mg/kg) antagonized the effects of both enkephalins."	( Effects of enkephalins on perfusion pressure in isolated hindlimb preparations. Dowling, DA; Moore, RH, 1982)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone (2 mg/kg) antagonized the reinforcing effects of 1.0 microgram morphine as this group showed no significant change in place preference."	( Reinforcing effects of morphine microinjection into the ventral tegmental area. LePiane, FG; Phillips, AG, 1980)	0.58
"pretreatment with naloxone (10 mg/kg) had no effect on the central SP-induced response."	( Inhibition by morphine of the cardiovascular and behavioral responses evoked by centrally administered substance P in conscious rats. Badoer, E; Culman, J; Itoi, K; Jost, N; Tschöpe, C; Unger, T, 1994)	0.61
"Pretreatment with naloxone (5 mg/kg i.p.) completely antagonised the disruptive effect of the opiates on working memory."	( Relationship between morphine and etonitazene-induced working memory impairment and analgesia. Braida, D; Gori, E; Sala, M, 1994)	0.61
"Pretreatment with naloxone (30 micrograms, IC) prior to clonidine administration resulted in a significant attenuation of both the clonidine-induced hypotension and bradycardia."	( Opioidergic receptors in the arcuate nucleus are not involved in the cardiovascular effects of clonidine. Barber, DA; Tackett, RL, 1994)	0.61
"Pretreatment with naloxone antagonized the effect of medprotine in all assays."	( Evidence for the involvement of opioidergic systems in medprotine-induced analgesia in the mouse. Amico-Roxas, M; Candido, P; Caruso, A; Cutuli, VM; De Bernardis, E, 1994)	0.61
"Treatment with naloxone or buprenorphine or naloxone + epinephrine resulted in significant improvement in MAP, pH and base excess."	( Effects of opioid agonists and opioid antagonists in endotoxic shock in rats. Tseng, CS; Tso, HS, 1993)	0.63
"Pretreatment with naloxone inhibited the immediate post-injury decrease of the rostral MNP and some of the increase of MPP latency."	( Naloxone reduces alterations in evoked potentials and edema in trauma to the rat spinal cord. Nyberg, F; Olsson, Y; Sharma, HS; Stålberg, E; Winkler, T, 1994)	2.05
"Pretreatment with naloxone (Nx) in a dose of 0.1 microgram icv significantly decreased the rise in BP and augmented the increase in HR."	( Interaction between the central histaminergic and the muscarinic cholinergic systems. Młynarska, MS, 1994)	0.61
"Pretreatment with naloxone (5 micrograms/rat i.c.v.) completely prevented the disappearance of migrating myoelectric complexes induced by the morphine metabolite."	( Intestinal effect of morphine 6-glucuronide: in vivo and in vitro characterization. Basilico, L; Giagnoni, G; Gori, E; Massi, P; Parolaro, D; Rubino, T, 1994)	0.61
"Pretreatment with naloxone (10 micrograms), which by itself had no effect on micturition, enhanced the facilitatory effects of M3G."	( Effects of morphine metabolites on micturition in normal, unanaesthetized rats. Andersson, KE; Igawa, Y; Mattiasson, A; Westerling, D, 1993)	0.61
"Pretreatment with naloxone or MK-801 blocked morphine-induced analgesia."	( Blockade of morphine-induced analgesia and tolerance in mice by MK-801. Hurlbut, DE; Lutfy, K; Weber, E, 1993)	0.61
"Pretreatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg) did not change Fos labeling."	( Effects of morphine and naloxone on basal and evoked Fos-like immunoreactivity in lumbar spinal cord neurons of arthritic rats. Abbadie, C; Besson, JM, 1993)	0.92
"Treatment with naloxone (10 mg/kg BW, sc) significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of NPFF on AVP release."	( Centrally administered neuropeptide FF inhibits arginine vasopressin release in conscious rats. Arima, H; Iwasaki, Y; Kondo, K; Murase, T; Oiso, Y, 1996)	0.63
"Pretreatment with naloxone (20 micrograms/mouse) inhibited the enkephalins-induced augmentation of NK cell and macrophage cytotoxic activity."	( Bidirectional modulation of mouse natural killer cell and macrophage cytotoxic activities by enkephalins. Belowski, D; Kowalski, J; Wielgus, J, )	0.45
"Treatment with naloxone at either dose antagonised this effect, but naloxone produced no significant hyperalgesia when given alone."	( Cranial irradiation with Gaalas laser leads to naloxone reversible analgesia in rats. Shephard, RA; Wedlock, PM, 1996)	0.89
"Pretreatment with naloxone suppressed the inhibitory effect of casein, suggesting that stimulation of opioid receptors by beta casomorphins, a product of digestion of casein, might be involved in the motility changes observed."	( Inhibition of small intestinal motility by casein: a role of beta casomorphins? Charlin, V; Defilippi, C; Gomez, E; Silva, C, )	0.45
"Pretreatment with naloxone (an unspecific antagonist of opioid receptors) blocked the tumor growth inhibition induced by the treatment with bestatin and thiorphan what could suggest a contribution of endogenous enkephalin in this antitumor effect."	( Antitumor activity of bestatin and thiorphan in mice. Belowski, D; Herman, ZS; Kowalski, J; Madej, A, 1995)	0.61
"Pretreatment with naloxone, naltrindole or H-Dmt-Tic-Ala-OH (a highly selective delta-opioid receptor antagonist) prevented [Dmt1]deltorphin B antinociception."	( Opioid receptor selectivity alteration by single residue replacement: synthesis and activity profile of [Dmt1]deltorphin B. Anacardio, R; Attila, M; Bryant, SD; Capasso, A; Guerrini, R; Lazarus, LH; Salvadori, S; Sorrentino, L, 1996)	0.62
"Pretreatment with naloxone attenuated dermorphin-induced effects on core temperature and partially enhanced vasomotor effects of dermorphin."	( Effect of dermorphin on thermoregulation in rats at selected ambient temperatures. Deigin, VI; Emel'yanova, TG; Kamensky, AA; Usenko, AB; Yarova, EP, 1996)	0.62
"Pretreatment with naloxone (0.01-1.0 mg/kg IM, 10 min presession) and substitution tests with the peripherally acting opioid loperamide (0.1 mg/kg per delivery) were also conducted."	( Smoked heroin self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Carroll, ME; Mattox, AJ, 1996)	0.62
"Treatment with naloxone resulted in rapid reversal of signs without sequelae."	( Loperamide poisoning in the dog. Berny, PJ; Buronfosse, F; Cadore, JL; Hugnet, C; Mathet, T; Pineau, X, 1996)	0.63
"Pretreatment with naloxone (12 mg/h) completely blocked the hypertensive and tachycardiac response to U50,488H, but was unable to prevent the loss of variation in heart rate or respiratory depression."	( Cardiovascular and respiratory actions of U50,488H in the unanaesthetized ovine foetus. Cheng, PY; Soong, Y; Szeto, HH; Taylor, CC; Wu, D; Yee, J, 1996)	0.62
"Pretreatment with naloxone produced only at the highest dose a partial, but significant, antagonism, whereas cyprodime failed to alter the ethanol cue."	( The influence of opioid antagonists on the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. Spanagel, R, 1996)	0.62
"Treatment with naloxone increased SP response in lesioned rats to 41% of control value with no change in smooth muscle reactivity."	( Effect of chronic sciatic nerve lesion on the neurogenic inflammatory response in intact and acutely injured denervated rat skin. Bassirat, M; Helme, RD; Khalil, Z, 1996)	0.63
"Pretreatment with naloxone abolished this antinociceptive activity both in the hot-plate test and in the first phase of the formalin test without affecting the serum concentration of paracetamol."	( Naloxone-reversible antinociception by paracetamol in the rat. Ottani, A; Pini, LA; Sandrini, M; Vitale, G, 1997)	2.06
"Pretreatment with naloxone abolished the antinociceptive activity of both ASA and morphine in the hot-plate and formalin tests and prevented the increase in cerebral 5-HT concentration and the reduction in 5-HT2 receptors in cortical membranes induced by ASA."	( Serotonin and opiate involvement in the antinociceptive effect of acetylsalicylic acid. Pini, LA; Sandrini, M; Vitale, G, 1997)	0.62
"pretreatment with naloxone did not affect the development of tactile allodynia induced by dynorphin A(1-17) or alter sensory threshold when given alone."	( Single intrathecal injections of dynorphin A or des-Tyr-dynorphins produce long-lasting allodynia in rats: blockade by MK-801 but not naloxone. Lashbrook, JM; Laughlin, T; Malan, TP; Nichols, ML; Ossipov, MH; Porreca, F; Vanderah, TW; Wilcox, GL, 1996)	0.82
"Pretreatment with naloxone hydrochloride enhanced (p < 0.01) SBP, heart rate, noradrenaline, cortisol, and endothelin-1 levels, and reduced (p < 0.01) ANF in low responders in response to MAT, whereas it decreased (p < 0.01) hemodynamic parameters, noradrenaline, and endothelin-1 in high responders."	( Opioid peptide modulation of circulatory and endocrine response to mental stress in humans. Bernardi, P; Boschi, S; De Iasio, R; Fontana, F; Grossi, G; Pich, EM; Spampinato, S, 1997)	0.62
"Pretreatment with naloxone almost completely blocked both fluid pooling effect and mucosal protective effect of loperamide."	( Subcutaneous loperamide prevents gastric lesions induced by necrotizing agents in rats. Hatakeyama, Y; Ohtsuka, M; Shimomura, K; Tomoi, M, 1997)	0.62
"Pretreatment with naloxone inhibited the action of morphine, suggesting involvement of classical opioid receptors."	( Morphine alters the levels of growth hormone receptor mRNA and [125I]growth hormone binding in human IM-9 lymphoblasts via a naloxone-reversible mechanism. Henrohn, D; Le Grevés, P; Nyberg, F, 1997)	0.83
"Pretreatment with naloxone dihydrochloride (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) completely inhibited the BE-induced changes in the release of these peptides."	( Effect of intragastric administration of beta-endorphin on thyrotropin-releasing hormone and somatostatin release into gastric lumen of rats. Kaneko, H; Konagaya, T; Kusugami, K; Mitsuma, T; Nagai, H; Nishio, Y; Yamamoto, H, 1998)	0.62
"Pretreatment with naloxone, a potent opiate receptor antagonist, reversed the effects of morphine, suggesting the involvement of opiate receptors in the regulation of the ganglion cells of the terminal nerve."	( FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the olfactory system responds to morphine treatment in the teleost Clarias batrachus: involvement of opiate receptors. Jain, MR; Khan, FA; Saha, SG; Subhedar, N, 1998)	0.62
"Late treatment with naloxone (4 mg/kg i.v.; 4-37 micrograms/kg V4) accelerated and exaggerated these changes."	( Correction of hypovolemic hypotension by centrally administered naloxone in conscious rabbits. Blake, DW; Ludbrook, J; Van Leeuwen, AF, 1998)	0.85
"Pretreatment with naloxone (1.0 mg kg-1, i.p.) abolished significantly (P < 0.01) the antinociceptive action of propofol."	( Effect of propofol on perception of pain in mice: mechanisms of action. Abdel-Rahman, MS; Anwar, MM, 1998)	0.62
"Pretreated rats (naloxone, saline or nor-BNI, Day 1) received an additional acute nor-BNI injection (Day 4) which increased plasma oxytocin concentration in the three groups."	( Naloxone-induced supersensitivity of oxytocin neurones to opioid antagonists. Carón, RW; Leng, G; Ludwig, M; Russell, JA, 1998)	2.07
"Pretreatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg) failed to modify the effect of stimulation of periaqueductal gray matter on analgesia and corticosterone level."	( [The role of corticosteroids in analgesic effect caused by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain in rats]. Bogdanov, AI; Iarushkina, NI, 1998)	0.62
"pretreatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg i.p.)."	( The potentiation of analgesic activity of paracetamol plus morphine involves the serotonergic system in rat brain. Ottani, A; Pini, LA; Sandrini, M; Vitale, G, 1999)	0.63
"Pretreatment with naloxone (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly antagonized sendide (1024 pmol)-induced inhibition of the behavioural responses to neurokinin A, neurokinin B and eledoisin."	( Opioid activity of sendide, a tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist. Inoue, M; Kisara, K; Ohba, M; Sakurada, C; Sakurada, S; Sakurada, T; Tan-No, K; Yuhki, M, 1999)	0.63
"Pretreatment with naloxone (0.2 mg/kg) completely eliminated the increase in cardiac electrical stability produced by DALDA."	( Ligands for opioid and sigma-receptors improve cardiac electrical stability in rat models of post-infarction cardiosclerosis and stress. Maslov, LN; Naryzhnaya, NV; Tam, SW, 1999)	0.63
"Pretreatment with naloxone (4 mg/kg) had no significant effect on the inhibitory effects of either extract in the abdominal constriction test."	( Influence of temperature, pH and naloxone on the antinociceptive activity of Channa striatus (haruan) extracts in mice. Dambisya, YM; Lee, TL; Mat Jais, A; Sathivulu, V, 1999)	0.91
"Pretreatment with naloxone (5 mg/kg, IP) significantly attenuated the antinociceptive effect induced by the chimeric peptide (90 mg/kg, IP), indicating involvement of an opioidergic mechanism."	( Chimeric peptide of Met-enkephalin and FMRFa induces antinociception and attenuates development of tolerance to morphine antinociception. Bhardwaj, DK; Gupta, S; Gupta, YK; Pasha, S, 1999)	0.63
"Treatment with naloxone completely abolished all these modifications."	( Role of gonadal hormones in formalin-induced pain responses of male rats: modulation by estradiol and naloxone administration. Aloisi, AM; Ceccarelli, I, 2000)	0.86
"Pretreatment with naloxone greatly enhanced the response in the sex-steroid treated rats, and was less effective in the controls."	( Sex-steroid induction of endogenous opioid inhibition on oxytocin secretory responses to stress. Brunton, P; Douglas, AJ; Johnstone, H; Russell, JA, 2000)	0.63
"Pretreatment with naloxone attenuated the effect of morphine, whereas nor-binaltorphimine, a selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist, abolished the effect of U-50,488H on Fos induction."	( Activation of c-fos expression in hypothalamic nuclei by mu- and kappa-receptor agonists: correlation with catecholaminergic activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Castells, MT; Laorden, ML; Martínez, MD; Martínez, PJ; Milanés, MV, 2000)	0.63
"Pretreatment with naloxone in the baro-denervated animals abolished these changes."	( Suppressive effects of remifentanil on hemodynamics in baro-denervated rabbits. Aono, H; Goto, H; Kindscher, JD; Shinohara, K; Unruh, GK, 2000)	0.63
"Treatment with naloxone before ischemia-reperfusion had no effect on animals compared with the I/R group."	( Role of endogenous opioid peptides in protection of ischemic preconditioning in rat small intestine. Dun, Y; Hao, YB; Wu, YX; Yang, SP; Zhang, Y, 2001)	0.65
"Pretreatment with naloxone abolished paracetamol antinociceptive activity both in hot-plate and in the first phase, but not in the second phase of the formalin test, while MR 2266 pretreatment was able to antagonise paracetamol effect either in the hot-plate test or in both phases of the formalin test."	( The effect of paracetamol on nociception and dynorphin A levels in the rat brain. Candeletti, S; Capobianco, A; Morelli, G; Pini, LA; Romualdi, P; Sandrini, M; Vitale, G, 2001)	0.63
"Pretreatment with naloxone alone did not induce emesis in its own right nor did it modify emesis induced by a single challenge to a motion stimulus."	( Opioid receptor involvement in the adaptation to motion sickness in Suncus murinus. Javid, FA; Naylor, RJ, 2001)	0.63
"Treatment with naloxone [10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)], atropine (5 mg/kg, i.p.), or ketanserin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) at either 1200 or 1400 h prevented the afternoon decrease of TIDA neuronal activity and the prolactin (PRL) surge."	( Prostaglandins may participate in opioidergic and cholinergic control of the diurnal changes of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal activity and serum prolactin level in ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats. Chu, YC; Pan, JT; Tsou, MY, 2001)	0.65
"Treatment with naloxone benzoylhydrazone in morphine-dependent wild-type mice caused a significant increase in cyclic AMP levels in the thalamus while it had no effect in the nociceptin receptor knockout mice."	( Morphine tolerance and dependence in the nociceptin receptor knockout mice. Mamiya, T; Nabeshima, T; Nagai, T; Noda, Y; Ren, X; Takeshima, H; Ukai, M, 2001)	0.65
"Pretreatment with naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist (1.0 and 4.0 mg/kg, s.c.), failed to reverse the morphine-evoked behavioral response, suggesting that the morphine effect is not mediated through the opioid receptors in the spinal cord."	( Intrathecal high-dose morphine induces spinally-mediated behavioral responses through NMDA receptors. Moriyama, T; Okuda, K; Sakurada, C; Sakurada, S; Sakurada, T; Sugiyama, A; Tan-No, K; Watanabe, C, 2002)	0.64
"Pretreatment with naloxone (5 mg/kg sc) was able to block both endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 effects on lordosis."	( Activation of mu-opioid receptors inhibits lordosis behavior in estrogen and progesterone-primed female rats. Acosta-Martinez, M; Etgen, AM, 2002)	0.64
"Pretreatment with naloxone before HS attenuated the protective effects in a dose-dependent fashion, with significant attenuation of protection occurring at 15 mg/kg naloxone versus heat shock (42 +/- 6 vs."	( Attenuation of heat shock-induced cardioprotection by treatment with the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone. Gross, GJ; Hsu, A; Patel, HH, 2002)	0.85
"Pretreatment with naloxone increased the heart rate response in animals that were long-term tether housed (n=12)."	( Opioid activity in behavioral and heart rate responses of tethered pigs to acute stress. Janssens, CJ; Loijens, LW; Schouten, WG; Wiegant, VM, 2002)	0.64
"Pretreatment with naloxone (5 mg/kg IP), a specific narcotic antagonist, abolished tail erection produced by low electrical current."	( Naloxone antagonism of electrical stimulation induced tail erection in mice. Chai, CY; Kao, LC; Lee, HK; Wayner, MJ, 1979)	2.03
"Pretreatment with naloxone hydrochloride (5 mg/kg IP) effectively blocked the opiate-induced hypothermia in the restrained animal, but a total dose of 10 mg/kg was necessary to completely block the hyperthermic response in the free-moving rat."	( Restraint alters the effects of morphine and heroin on core temperature in the rat. Martin, GE; Pryzbylik, AT; Spector, NH, 1977)	0.58
"Pretreatment with naloxone, a narcotic antagonist, significantly antagonized the effects of Substance P on self-stimulation."	( Effect of substance P on medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation in rats following intracerebral administration. Goldstein, JM; Malick, JB, 1977)	0.58
"Pretreatment with naloxone eliminated analgesia but not seizures induced by SRIF."	( Opiate-like naloxone-reversible actions of somatostatin given intracerebrally. Friesen, H; Havlicek, V; LaBella, FS; Leybin, L; Rezek, M, 1978)	0.96
"Pretreatment with naloxone (60 mg/kg i.p.) produced a 200 percent increase of the dose of d-propoxyphene or heroin needed to produce a seizure."	( Antagonism of the convulsant effects of heroin, d-propoxyphene, meperidine, normeperidine and thebaine by naloxone in mice. Gilbert, PE; Martin, WR, 1975)	0.79
"Pretreatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg, sc) inhibited the morphine (7.5 micrograms) hyperlocomotion elicited from all three pallidal areas."	( Pallidal substrate of morphine-induced locomotion. Anagnostakis, Y; Krikos, Y; Spyraki, C, 1992)	0.61
"Treatment with naloxone of morphine-exposed mice resulted in the typical jumping behavior indicative of opiate withdrawal."	( Modifications of striatal D2 dopaminergic postsynaptic sensitivity during development of morphine tolerance-dependence in mice. Cebeira, M; Fernández-Ruiz, JJ; Hernández, ML; Navarro, M; Ramos, JA; Rodriguez de Fonseca, F, 1992)	0.62
"Treatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg i.v.) had no effect on CA.OC in the LC."	( In vivo catechol activity in the rat locus coeruleus following different nociceptive stimuli and naloxone. Hong, M; Jhamandas, K; Loomis, CW; Milne, B, 1992)	0.84
"Pretreatment with naloxone (0.5 mg kg-1) partially antagonized the inhibitory action of loperamide on the nerve-mediated detrusor contraction."	( In vivo motor effects of loperamide on the rat urinary bladder. Berggren, A; Rubenson, A; Sillén, U, 1992)	0.61
"Pretreatment with naloxone, an opioid antagonist, resulted in a reversible effect on the behavioural reduction of NK-2 and NK-3 receptor agonists produced by spantide."	( Naloxone-reversible effect of spantide on the spinally mediated behavioural response induced by neurokinin-2 and -3 receptor agonists. Katsumata, K; Kisara, K; Manome, Y; Sakurada, S; Sakurada, T; Tan-No, K; Uchiumi, H, 1992)	2.05
"Pretreatment with naloxone (5 or 10 mg/kg i.v.) reduced the initial rate of decline in firing rate and the duration of inhibition but did not prevent a single dose of 40 mg/kg of (+/-)-HA-966 from totally inhibiting DA cell impulse flow."	( (+-)-1-hydroxy-3-aminopyrrolidone-2 (HA-966) inhibits the activity of substantia nigra dopamine neurons through a non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated mechanism. Lehmann, H; Shepard, PD, 1992)	0.61
"Pretreatment with naloxone resulted in cocaine-induced seizures of 0%, 50%, and 60% (p less than or equal to 0.05 at the 75 mg/kg dose)."	( The effect of morphine and naloxone on cocaine toxicity. Albertson, TE; Derlet, RW; Tharratt, RS; Tseng, CC, 1992)	0.9
"pretreatment with naloxone (10 nmol), whereas an i.c."	( Inhibitory interactions between alpha 2-adrenergic and opoid but not NPY mechanisms controlling the CRF-ACTH axis in the rat. Assenmacher, I; Barbanel, G; Gaillet, S; Malaval, F; Pelletier, G; Szafarczyk, A, 1991)	0.6
"pretreatment of naloxone reduced the compound 48/80-induced water intake but had no effects on other variables."	( Participation of opioid peptide (beta-endorphin) and norepinephrine in the control of compound 48/80-induced hypovolemic thirst in the rats. Izumi, H, 1991)	0.62
"Pretreatment with naloxone (10 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of GABA (100 micrograms) on AVP release."	( Possible involvement of endogenous opioid peptides in the inhibition of arginine vasopressin release by gamma-aminobutyric acid in conscious rats. Kondo, K; Oiso, Y; Otake, K, 1991)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone (1 and 3 mg/kg, IP) prior to daily fighting failed to antagonize defeat-induced copulatory disorder."	( Ethopharmacology of copulatory disorder induced by chronic social conflict in male mice. Kimura, N; Yoshimura, H, 1991)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone antagonized the activity of morphiceptin but prevented only the stimulating effect of DTLET in normotensive rats."	( Normotensive Wistar rats differ from spontaneously hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats in their cardiovascular responses to opioid agonists. Członkowski, A; Widy-Tyszkiewicz, E, 1991)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone (10 mg/kg, SC, 30 min prior to testing), which did not affect the responsiveness of nonstressed mice to the hot plate or to the convulsant treatments, attenuated the development of analgesia following CRS, but not SS, and further prolonged the latency to onset of PTZ-induced convulsions in both stressed groups."	( Effects of cold-restraint and swim stress on convulsions induced by pentylenetetrazol and electroshock: influence of naloxone pretreatment. De Lima, TC; Rae, GA, 1991)	0.81
"Treatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg) had no effect on rCBF, calculated cerebral vascular resistance, or cerebral oxygen consumption of normotensive or hypotensive piglets."	( Opioids and the prostanoid system in the control of cerebral blood flow in hypotensive piglets. Armstead, WM; Busija, DW; Leffler, CW; Mirro, R, 1991)	0.62
"Post-treatment with naloxone dose-dependently reversed the analgesic effects of both E-2078 and morphine, but E-2078-induced analgesia was relatively resistant to naloxone antagonism."	( Analgesia produced by E-2078, a systemically active dynorphin analog, in mice. Furuya, Y; Kaneko, T; Nakazawa, T; Tachibana, S; Yamatsu, K; Yoshino, H, 1990)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone caused a reduction in plasma BEIR increase following Hypnorm, ether and urethane; and in the analgesia following Hypnorm and urethane."	( Effect of anaesthetics on the release of beta-endorphin-immunoreactivity in rat plasma. Barna, I; de Jong, W; Ramirez-Gonzalez, MD; Wiegant, VM, 1991)	0.6
"Treatment with naloxone enhanced the evoked release of oxytocin significantly without effect on vasopressin secretion."	( Kappa-opioid receptor agonists differentially affect the release of neurohypophysial hormones. Christensen, JD; Fjalland, B, 1990)	0.62
"Pretreatment with naloxone did not modify the AVP and OT responses to hypoglycemia in normal weight subjects, whereas it significantly enhanced both hormonal responses in obese subjects."	( Increase by naloxone of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in obese men. Bianconi, L; Capretti, L; Castelli, A; Cavazzini, U; Chiodera, P; Coiro, V; Marcato, A; Speroni, G; Volpi, R, 1990)	0.98
"Pretreatment with naloxone can also produce supersensitivity to morphine."	( Naloxone-induced analgesia and morphine supersensitivity effects are contingent upon prior exposure to analgesic testing. Cappell, H; Knoke, DM; Le, AD; Poulos, CX, 1990)	2.05
"Pretreatment with naloxone completely eliminated this analgesia."	( Prolonged analgesia by enkephalinase inhibition in rats with spinal cord adrenal medullary transplants. Sagen, J; Wang, H, 1990)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone induced a significant activation of KKS, which was potentiated by subsequent hemorrhage."	( [Effect of enkephalins and naloxone on the activity of the kallikrein-kinin system in experimental hemorrhagic shock]. Grässler, J; Kühne, H; Slepuschkin, VD; Steinke, M; Zoloev, GK, 1990)	0.9
"Pretreatment with naloxone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) abolished the antinociceptive effects of [D-Trp7,9,Leu11]SP, implying that opiate receptors in the spinal cord mediate at least in part the antinociceptive effects."	( Behavioural and antinociceptive effects of intrathecally injected substance P analogues in mice. Folkers, K; Post, C, 1985)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone did not prevent any of the neurochemical responses to ICV CRF, but naloxone alone increased DOPAC:DA in medial profrontal cortex, and decreased MHPG:NE in nucleus accumbens in CRF-injected mice."	( Corticotropin-releasing factor administration elicits a stress-like activation of cerebral catecholaminergic systems. Berridge, CW; Dunn, AJ, 1987)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone diminished the rises in plasma beta-endorphin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine without affecting the responses of plasma glucagon and cortisol."	( Effects of naloxone on glucose homeostasis during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Abumrad, NN; Hourani, H; Lacy, DB; Nash, JA; Radosevich, PM; Rizk, N; Williams, PE, 1989)	0.99
"Pretreatment with naloxone (2.0 mg/kg s.c.) did not reduce the rise in plasma levels of ACTH or corticosterone produced by PCP."	( Naloxone does not antagonize PCP-induced stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. George, R; Pechnick, RN; Poland, RE, 1989)	2.04
"Pretreatment with naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) also significantly prolonged AVP secretion induced by intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin-II (100 ng)."	( Effects of naloxone on vasopressin secretion in conscious rats: evidence for inhibitory role of endogenous opioid peptides in vasopressin secretion. Arai, H; Hosoda, K; Itoh, H; Mukoyama, M; Nakao, K; Saito, Y; Shiono, S; Shirakami, G; Sugawara, A; Yamada, T, 1989)	0.99
"Pretreatment with naloxone (2 mg/kg iv) 5 min before the administration of motilin (400-500 micrograms/kg iv) did not block the initiation of MMCs by motilin."	( Opioid receptors and the initiation of migrating myoelectric complexes in dogs. Condon, RE; Szurszewski, JH; Telford, GL, 1989)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone blocked the pressor response of only a subsequent injection with 20 nmoles/kg but not 60 nmoles/kg of dynorphin A or NE (8.0 nmoles/kg)."	( Opiate and alpha receptor antagonists block the pressor responses of conscious rats given intravenous dynorphin. Gregor, L; Saunders, WS; Thornhill, JA, )	0.45
"3. Treatment with naloxone (intravenous, 0.04-0.4 mg kg-1; intracisternal, 0.2-2 micrograms kg-1) did not affect either phase of the haemodynamic response to simulated haemorrhage."	( Intracisternal naloxone and cardiac nerve blockade prevent vasodilatation during simulated haemorrhage in awake rabbits. Evans, RG; Ludbrook, J; Potocnik, SJ, 1989)	0.95
"Pretreatment with naloxone modified the response of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system to oxytocin, producing partial blockade."	( [Effect of oxytocin and naloxone on the plasma levels of corticosterone in the rat]. Montilla, P; Muñoz, JL; Muñoz, MC; Ríos, JE, 1989)	0.91
"In untreated women naloxone infusion significantly reduced body core temperature."	( Regulation of body temperature in postmenopausal women: interactions between bromocriptine and the endogenous opioid system. Cagnacci, A; Fioretti, P; Gambacciani, M; Melis, GB; Paoletti, AM; Soldani, R, 1989)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone (100 micrograms/kg i.a.) 10 min prior to pindolol administration prevented the hypotensive response."	( Catecholaminergic and opioidergic mechanisms involved in the hypotensive response of pindolol. Jones, LF; Tackett, RL, 1989)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) 15 min prior to the administration of atenolol completely prevented the hypotensive response in SHR and decreased the maximum hypotensive response by approximately 50% in WKY rats."	( Naloxone pretreatment blocks the hypotensive effects of atenolol in SHR and WKY rats. Jones, LF; Laskey, RE; Tackett, RL, 1989)	2.04
"Pretreatment with naloxone 15 min prior to the administration of BHT 933 completely abolished the hypotensive response and significantly inhibited the bradycardia."	( Naloxone inhibits the centrally-mediated hypotensive actions of BHT-933 (azepexole). Laskey, R; Tackett, RL, 1987)	2.04
"Pretreatment with naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) effectively blocked this depressor effect and reduction in renal nerve activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( Opiate receptor-mediated decrease in renal nerve activity during hypotensive hemorrhage in conscious rabbits. Hosomi, H; Morita, H; Motochigawa, H; Nishida, Y; Uemura, N; Vatner, SF, 1988)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone failed to affect any of these responses."	( Endogenous opioid modulation of pancreatic hormone secretion: studies in dogs. Levin, ER; Levin, S; Mills, S; Yamada, T, 1986)	0.59
"Pre-treatment with naloxone at the higher dosage resulted in an enhanced (P less than 0.05) GH response to clonidine and guanfacine, respectively, whereas the lower dosage of naloxone was without effect."	( Naloxone enhances the increase in plasma growth hormone induced by alpha 2-adrenergic stimulation in healthy males. Bramnert, M; Hökfelt, B, 1987)	2.03
"Treatment with naloxone did not exert any significant effect on LH release in androgenized females and in deandrogenized males of any age."	( Neonatal organization of the brain opioid systems controlling prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion. Dondi, D; Limonta, P; Maggi, R; Martini, L; Piva, F, 1989)	0.62
"Pretreatment with naloxone (0.04, 0.2, 1.0 mg/kg SC) attenuated the rewarding effect of beta-endorphin (2.5 micrograms) at all doses tested."	( Rewarding properties of beta-endorphin as measured by conditioned place preference. Amalric, M; Bloom, FE; Cline, EJ; Koob, GF; Martinez, JL, 1987)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone (20 micrograms/kg IV) did not alter the anticonvulsant effect of morphine (250 micrograms/kg IV)."	( Inhibition of penicillin-induced EEG discharges by low doses of morphine or naloxone in the rabbit. Evidence for a possible non-opioid receptor-mediated mechanism at the sensorimotor cortex. Massotti, M; Spillantini, MG, 1986)	0.82
"Pretreatment with naloxone attenuated both arrhythmias and augmentation of cAMP levels to a similar extent."	( Naloxone attenuates augmentation of cAMP levels and arrhythmias following myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in the isolated perfused rat heart. Lee, AY; Wong, TM, 1986)	2.04
"Pretreatment with naloxone antagonized the analgesic effect of central type BZ-receptor agonists."	( Naloxone-sensitive and GABAA receptor mediated analgesic response of benzodiazepines in mice. Kulkarni, SK; Kunchandy, J, 1987)	2.04
"Pretreatment with naloxone 10 min before beta EP injection abolished not only the PRL response to beta EP but also the conjugated effect of beta EP and TRH."	( Opioid modulation of thyrotropin releasing hormone induced prolactin secretion. Buydens, P; Finné, E; Golstein, J; Vanhaelst, L; Velkeniers, B, 1987)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone reversed the increase in NSA and also unmasked N2O reduction in NR."	( Comparison of nitrous oxide, morphine and diazepam effects in the mouse staircase test. Emmanouil, DE; Quock, RM; Wojcechowskyj, JA, 1987)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone failed to antagonize dextrorphan-induced blockade of THE."	( Anticonvulsant effects of dextrorphan in rats: possible involvement in dextromethorphan-induced seizure protection. Ferkany, JW; Pontecorvo, MJ; Tortella, FC, 1988)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone (10 mg/kg) attenuated the pressor response to AII (0.3 or 1 microgram/min) by 25-50% but did not alter similar pressor responses to phenylephrine."	( Attenuation by naloxone of the pressor effects of angiotensin II in conscious cynomolgus monkeys. Kirby, DA; Spealman, RD, 1988)	0.95
"Pretreatment with naloxone on the stimulatory behavioral effect of licking, produced a significant inhibitory effect."	( A functional separation of behavioral stereotypy based on naloxone-reversible effects of seryl enkephalinamide: comparison with morphine. Blaha, CD; Broderick, PA; Lane, RF, 1987)	0.84
"Pretreatment with naloxone, an antagonist of opioids at their receptors, did not reduce the vasopressin levels (47.7 +/- 9 pg/ml)."	( Nicotine-induced release of vasopressin in the conscious rat: role of opioid peptides and hemodynamic effects. Aubert, JF; Brunner, HR; Burnier, M; Nussberger, J; Waeber, B, 1987)	0.6
"Pretreatment with naloxone (10 mg/kg s.c.) produced a significant decrease in %MPE and an increase in variance of response after exposures to 80% nitrous oxide in a double blind study."	( Nitrous oxide analgesia: partial antagonism by naloxone and total reversal after periaqueductal gray lesions in the rat. Joseph, S; Knigge, K; Zuniga, J, 1987)	0.85
"Treatment with naloxone of single-housed C and Pb2 was without effect, except for Pb2 treated undefeated mice: here, naloxone abolished the analgesic effect of lead treatment."	( Two types of chronic lead treatment in C57BL/6 mice: interaction with behavioural determinants of pain. Paterson, AT; Vickers, C, 1986)	0.61
"Treatment with naloxone was associated with a cessation in the fall in the mean arterial pressure and the contractility."	( The effect of naloxone on the hemodynamics of the newborn piglet with septic shock. Bickers, RG; Hansen, NB; Menke, JA; Miller, RR; Nowicki, PT; Zwick, DL, 1986)	0.97
"Pre-treatment with naloxone (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) before determination of cumulative dose-effect curves for morphine caused the morphine generalization curves to be shifted, in a parallel manner, rightward."	( Quantitative analysis of naloxone antagonism of the discriminative stimulus properties of morphine in the pigeon. McMillan, DE; Wessinger, WD, 1986)	0.89
"Pretreatment with naloxone (4 mg i.v."	( Morphine-induced TSH release in normal and hypothyroid subjects. Devilla, L; Giusti, M; Lotti, G; Morgano, A; Musso, NR; Pende, A, 1985)	0.59
"Pretreatment with naloxone (0.5, 2 and 8 mg/kg), an opioid antagonist, administered subcutaneously antagonized the antinociceptive effect of cyclo (His-Pro)."	( The antinociceptive effects of histidyl-proline diketopiperazine and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the mouse. Kawamura, S; Kisara, K; Sakurada, S; Sakurada, T; Sasaki, Y; Suzuki, K, 1985)	0.59
"Treatment with naloxone caused significant decreases in the metabolic and electrocardiographic changes induced by endotoxin."	( Decrease by naloxone of some electrocardiographic and biochemical changes following endotoxin induced shock in rats. Ageel, AM; Parmar, NS; Tariq, M, 1986)	0.99
"Pretreatment with naloxone(1 mg/kg s.c.) significantly inhibited the analgesic effects of KTP and D-KTP at the PAG and LSS but not at the NRPG."	( Sites of analgesic actions of kyotorphin and D-kyotorphin in the central nervous system of rats. Iwama, T; Satoh, M; Takagi, H; Wada, T, 1985)	0.59
"Treatment with naloxone improves cardiovascular function and survival in a variety of shock models, and numerous sites and mechanisms for its action have been proposed. "	( Intracoronary naloxone in hemorrhagic shock: dose-dependent stereospecific effects. Gurll, NJ; Lechner, RB; Reynolds, DG, 1985)	0.98

Toxicity

Naloxone is an intrinsically safe drug, and may be administered in large doses with minimal clinical effect in non-opioid-dependent patients.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Naltrexone (10 mg/kg, ip) given 5 min before pentobarbital did not alter the LD50 of the latter."	( Studies of the possible role of brain endorphins in pentobarbital anesthesia and toxicity in mice. Bhargava, HN, 1979)	0.26
"To report two cases of a previously unreported adverse effect, violent patient behavior, after the reversal of sedation by intravenous naloxone."	( Naloxone-associated patient violence: an overlooked toxicity? Gaddis, GM; Watson, WA, 1992)	1.93
"61 mg/kg while the LD50 of cocaine in buprenorphine (0."	( Antagonism of acute cocaine toxicity by buprenorphine. Bansinath, M; Goldfrank, LR; Shukla, VK; Turndorf, H, 1991)	0.28
" A literature review, brief review of pharmacology, and report of two cases of adverse reactions to dextromethorphan-containing preparations are presented."	( Toxicity with dextromethorphan-containing preparations: a literature review and report of two additional cases. Parks, BR; Pender, ES, 1991)	0.28
" With the large number of such procedures performed each year, even infrequent adverse anesthetic reactions may result in a significant number of problems."	( Evaluation of safe, effective intravenous sedation for utilization in endoscopic procedures. Andrus, CH; Dean, PA; Ponsky, JL, 1990)	0.28
" We conclude that in the above doses, naloxone is safe as part of prehospital protocols for paramedics treating patients with an acutely depressed LOC."	( The safety of prehospital naloxone administration by paramedics. Heller, MB; Kaplan, RM; Marini, SE; Paris, PM; Yealy, DM, 1990)	0.85
" These findings suggest that the action site(s) of steroidal anti-inflammatory agents is involved in the development of the toxic actions of T-2 toxin, and the implications of the results with bioamines and opioids are also discussed."	( Effects of drugs and metabolic inhibitors on the acute toxicity of T-2 toxin in mice. Ryu, JC; Shiraki, N; Ueno, Y, 1987)	0.27
"The ability of sulfhydryl compounds to provide protection against the acute toxicity of codeinone, a toxic metabolite of codeine, was investigated in mice."	( Effects of glutathione and phenobarbital on the toxicity of codeinone. Inoue, K; Nagamatsu, K; Terao, T; Toki, S, 1986)	0.27
" Four patients had adverse reactions: one developed pulmonary edema, one patient had a grand-mal seizure, and two patients became severely hypotensive."	( Efficacy and safety of naloxone in septic shock. Kecala, Z; Michael, JR; Plump, D; Rock, P; Silverman, H; Smith, P; Summer, W, 1985)	0.58
" Toxic signs of oripavine and phi-dihydrothebaine in both species were clonic-tonic convulsions followed by death."	( Analgesic activity and toxicity of oripavine and phi-dihydrothebaine in the mouse and rat. Yeh, SY, 1981)	0.26
" We found no side-effect or toxicity due to naltrexone."	( Naltrexone treatment of heroin addiction: efficacy and safety in a double-blind dosage comparison. Carney, TM; Goldstein, A; Judson, BA, 1981)	0.26
" Adverse events were monitored and documented."	( Safety assessment of high-dose narcotic analgesia for emergency department procedures. Barsan, WG; Bartlett, R; Danzl, DF; Ling, LJ; Seger, D; Tomassoni, AJ, 1993)	0.29
"This study of 72 patients demonstrates that high-dose narcotic analgesia is appropriate, well tolerated, and safe when used in selected patients before painful procedures in the ED."	( Safety assessment of high-dose narcotic analgesia for emergency department procedures. Barsan, WG; Bartlett, R; Danzl, DF; Ling, LJ; Seger, D; Tomassoni, AJ, 1993)	0.29
" Furthermore, morphine was not toxic when combined with mutant Tat or immunoneutralized Tat."	( Synergistic neurotoxicity of opioids and human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein in striatal neurons in vitro. Chen, Y; Gurwell, JA; Hauser, KF; Martin, KM; Nath, A; Sun, Q; Zhang, J, 2001)	0.31
" Thus, the toxic effects were structure selective but not mediated through opioid receptors."	( Cytotoxic effects of dynorphins through nonopioid intracellular mechanisms. Aguilar-Santelises, M; Bakalkin, G; Cebers, G; Gileva, I; Hauser, KF; Hoon Goh, B; Reznikov, K; Tan-No, K; Terenius, L; Yakovleva, T, 2001)	0.31
"The combined use of scopolamine, naltrexone and naloxone is a rapid, safe and effective detoxification treatment protocol for heroin addicts."	( [The combined use of scopolamine, naltrexone and naloxone as a rapid, safe and effective detoxification treatment for heroin addicts]. Xu, K; Yang, G; Zhou, W, 1999)	0.81
" The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies and characteristics of adverse events related to this out-of-hospital administration by paramedics."	( Adverse events after naloxone treatment of episodes of suspected acute opioid overdose. Brørs, O; Buajordet, I; Jacobsen, D; Naess, AC, 2004)	0.64
" The main outcome variable was adverse events observed immediately after the administration of naloxone."	( Adverse events after naloxone treatment of episodes of suspected acute opioid overdose. Brørs, O; Buajordet, I; Jacobsen, D; Naess, AC, 2004)	0.86
" Adverse events suspected to be related to naloxone treatment were reported in 45% of episodes."	( Adverse events after naloxone treatment of episodes of suspected acute opioid overdose. Brørs, O; Buajordet, I; Jacobsen, D; Naess, AC, 2004)	0.91
"Although adverse events were common among patients treated for opioid overdose in an out-of-hospital setting, serious complications were rare."	( Adverse events after naloxone treatment of episodes of suspected acute opioid overdose. Brørs, O; Buajordet, I; Jacobsen, D; Naess, AC, 2004)	0.64
" Unfortunately, constipation is a common adverse effect associated with opioid use."	( Safety of enteral naloxone for the reversal of opiate-induced constipation in the intensive care unit. Arpino, PA; Thompson, BT, 2009)	0.69
" A data overview demonstrates the efficacy and tolerability of PR oxycodone/naloxone in the management of severe chronic pain without the burden of severe gastrointestinal adverse events."	( Combined oral prolonged-release oxycodone and naloxone in opioid-induced bowel dysfunction: review of efficacy and safety data in the treatment of patients experiencing chronic pain. Clemens, KE; Mikus, G, 2010)	0.85
" Adverse events in both extension phases were consistent with those associated with opioid therapy; no additional safety concerns were observed."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of combined prolonged-release oxycodone and naloxone in the management of non-cancer chronic pain. Dürr, H; Hakl, M; Hopp, M; Hrib, R; Lejcko, J; Leyendecker, P; Meissner, W; Reimer, K; Sandner-Kiesling, A; Sevcik, P; Tarau, L; Uhl, R, 2010)	0.59
" Importantly, the adverse effects observed were usually mild, with very few patients experiencing significant adverse effects."	( Safety and efficacy of buprenorphine/naloxone in opioid-dependent patients: an Italian observational study. Biondi, L; Calabria, R; Fiore, A; Magnelli, F; Peluso, E; Rota, AG; Vonella, D, 2010)	0.63
" Few adverse events were reported and no patients dropped out of treatment."	( Safety and tolerability of the switch from buprenorphine to buprenorphine/naloxone in an Italian addiction treatment centre. Buson, R; Cusin, D; Favero, VD; Pellachin, P; Simonetto, P; Stimolo, C; Zecchinato, G, 2010)	0.59
"The analgesic and side effect potential of morphine was compared between wild-type and tac1 null mutant mice."	( Increased morphine analgesia and reduced side effects in mice lacking the tac1 gene. Berner, J; Bilkei-Gorzo, A; Racz, I; Wickström, R; Zimmer, A; Zimmermann, J, 2010)	0.36
" Interestingly, the most serious side effect of acute morphine, that is respiratory depression, was reduced in tac1(-/-) animals."	( Increased morphine analgesia and reduced side effects in mice lacking the tac1 gene. Berner, J; Bilkei-Gorzo, A; Racz, I; Wickström, R; Zimmer, A; Zimmermann, J, 2010)	0.36
" For patients with previous long-term tramadol or tilidate/naloxone treatment the switch to the 7-day buprenorphine matrix patch proved to be effective and safe for the management of chronic pain."	( [The transdermal 7-day buprenorphine patch--an effective and safe treatment option, if tramadol or tilidate/naloxone is insufficient. Results of a non-interventional study]. Heckes, B; Ritzdorf, I; Schutter, U, 2010)	0.82
" Treatment-emergent adverse event rates were comparable: 75% versus 74% for direct- versus indirect-induction groups, respectively."	( A prospective, randomized, multicenter acceptability and safety study of direct buprenorphine/naloxone induction in heroin-dependent individuals. Almeida, AR; Amass, L; Costa, A; D'Egidio, P; Pieri, MC; Pukeleviciene, V; Sakoman, S; Smyth, BP; Stankova, Z; Strang, J; Subata, E; Wei, Y, 2012)	0.6
"Direct buprenorphine/naloxone induction was a safe and effective strategy for maintenance treatment of opioid dependence."	( A prospective, randomized, multicenter acceptability and safety study of direct buprenorphine/naloxone induction in heroin-dependent individuals. Almeida, AR; Amass, L; Costa, A; D'Egidio, P; Pieri, MC; Pukeleviciene, V; Sakoman, S; Smyth, BP; Stankova, Z; Strang, J; Subata, E; Wei, Y, 2012)	0.92
" Two participants experienced grade 3 clinical adverse events, which were categorized as probably not related to the study drug."	( Short-term safety of buprenorphine/naloxone in HIV-seronegative opioid-dependent Chinese and Thai drug injectors enrolled in HIV Prevention Trials Network 058. Aramrattana, A; Beauchamp, G; Celentano, DD; Fu, L; Jackson, JB; Liu, W; Lucas, GM; Metzger, D; Richardson, P; Shao, Y, 2012)	0.66
"In Chinese and Thai opioid-dependent injectors, we found BUP/NX to be effective in reducing opioid withdrawal symptoms and safe during short-term use."	( Short-term safety of buprenorphine/naloxone in HIV-seronegative opioid-dependent Chinese and Thai drug injectors enrolled in HIV Prevention Trials Network 058. Aramrattana, A; Beauchamp, G; Celentano, DD; Fu, L; Jackson, JB; Liu, W; Lucas, GM; Metzger, D; Richardson, P; Shao, Y, 2012)	0.66
" Overall, rates of adverse drug reactions were similar."	( A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, double-dummy, parallel-group study to determine the safety and efficacy of oxycodone/naloxone prolonged-release tablets in patients with moderate/severe, chronic cancer pain. Ahmedzai, SH; Bar-Sela, G; Bosse, B; Hopp, M; Leyendecker, P; Nauck, F, 2012)	0.58
" Secondary outcomes included need for rescue naloxone (IV or intramuscular), need for assisted ventilation, and adverse antidote events."	( Can nebulized naloxone be used safely and effectively by emergency medical services for suspected opioid overdose? Aks, SE; Hoffman, JD; Mycyk, MB; Tataris, KL; Weber, JM, )	0.75
" Eleven cases (10%) received rescue naloxone, no case required assisted ventilation, and no adverse events occurred."	( Can nebulized naloxone be used safely and effectively by emergency medical services for suspected opioid overdose? Aks, SE; Hoffman, JD; Mycyk, MB; Tataris, KL; Weber, JM, )	0.77
"Nebulized naloxone is a safe and effective needleless alternative for prehospital treatment of suspected opioid overdose in patients with spontaneous respirations."	( Can nebulized naloxone be used safely and effectively by emergency medical services for suspected opioid overdose? Aks, SE; Hoffman, JD; Mycyk, MB; Tataris, KL; Weber, JM, )	0.89
"While opioids are potent analgesics widely used in the management of pain, a number of well-known adverse effects limit their use."	( Sigma-1 receptor antagonism as opioid adjuvant strategy: enhancement of opioid antinociception without increasing adverse effects. Baeyens, JM; Bura, SA; Buschmann, H; Codony, X; de la Puente, B; Fernández-Pastor, B; Maldonado, R; Merlos, M; Rocasalbas, M; Romero, L; Touriño, C; Vela, JM; Vidal-Torres, A; Zamanillo, D, 2013)	0.39
" The most frequent adverse events (AEs) were abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea."	( A phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of naloxegol in patients with opioid-induced constipation. Dhar, S; Eldon, M; Lappalainen, J; Masuoka, L; Sostek, M; Webster, L, 2013)	0.39
" Taken together, these results demonstrate that MPClE is a novel, potent, orally active and safe analgesic drug that targets κ-opioid receptors."	( A novel, potent, oral active and safe antinociceptive pyrazole targeting kappa opioid receptors. Athayde, ML; Boligon, AA; Bonacorso, HG; Calixto, JB; Ferreira, J; Machado, P; Martins, MA; Oliveira, SM; Rosa, F; Rossato, MF; Rubin, MA; Silva, CR; Tonello, R; Trevisan, G; Walker, CI; Zanatta, N, 2013)	0.39
"Morphine is the gold-standard pain reliever for severe acute or chronic pain but it also produces adverse side effects that can alter the quality of life of patients and, in some rare cases, jeopardize the vital prognosis."	( Activation of TREK-1 by morphine results in analgesia without adverse side effects. Alloui, A; Busserolles, J; Christin, M; Delmas, P; Deval, E; Devilliers, M; Eschalier, A; Lazdunski, M; Lolignier, S; Mazet, B; Noel, J; Pereira, V, 2013)	0.39
"Opioids are standard therapy for the treatment of pain; however, adverse effects limit their use."	( Action of Phα1β, a peptide from the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer, on the analgesic and adverse effects caused by morphine in mice. Ferreira, J; Gewehr, C; Gomez, MV; Pereira, EM; Rigo, F; Tonello, R; Trevisan, G, 2014)	0.4
" Phα1β, a peptide calcium channel blocker, could be used not only to potentiate morphine analgesia but also to reduce the adverse effects caused by repeated administration of morphine."	( Action of Phα1β, a peptide from the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer, on the analgesic and adverse effects caused by morphine in mice. Ferreira, J; Gewehr, C; Gomez, MV; Pereira, EM; Rigo, F; Tonello, R; Trevisan, G, 2014)	0.4
" Collectively, our present results provide experimental evidence in supporting clinical use of JYQP as an effective and safe agent for pain treatment."	( Studies on the analgesic activities of Jia-Yuan-Qing pill and its safety evaluation in mice. Lu, JH; Meng, QF; Song, JJ; Teng, LR; Teng, LS; Tian, Y; Wang, D; Wang, N; Wei, K; Zhang, WW, 2014)	0.4
"Number and type of adverse events (AEs) and drugrelated AEs, including assessments of withdrawal (Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale; COWS), pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and aberrant behaviors (Current Opioid Misuse Measure)."	( A multicenter, 12-month, open-label, single-arm safety study of oxycodone-hydrochloride/naltrexone-hydrochloride extended-release capsules (ALO-02) in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic noncancer pain. Arora, S; Clemmer, R; Goli, V; Hudson, JD; Meisner, P; Michael, D; Pixton, GC; Setnik, B; Sommerville, KW, )	0.13
"Repeat dosing of ALO-02 for up to 12 months is safe and well tolerated in a CNCP population of both opioid-experienced and opioid-naïve patients."	( A multicenter, 12-month, open-label, single-arm safety study of oxycodone-hydrochloride/naltrexone-hydrochloride extended-release capsules (ALO-02) in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic noncancer pain. Arora, S; Clemmer, R; Goli, V; Hudson, JD; Meisner, P; Michael, D; Pixton, GC; Setnik, B; Sommerville, KW, )	0.13
"This article provides a comprehensive review of naloxone's pharmacologic properties and its clinical application to promote the safe use of naloxone in acute management of opioid intoxication and to mitigate the risk of precipitated OWS."	( Reducing the harm of opioid overdose with the safe use of naloxone : a pharmacologic review. Kim, HK; Nelson, LS, 2015)	0.92
"Naloxone is an intrinsically safe drug, and may be administered in large doses with minimal clinical effect in non-opioid-dependent patients."	( Reducing the harm of opioid overdose with the safe use of naloxone : a pharmacologic review. Kim, HK; Nelson, LS, 2015)	2.1
" Therefore, the Pp-oil proved to be safe at very high doses and to show significant analgesic properties."	( Antinociceptive Activity and Toxicity Evaluation of the Fatty Oil from Plukenetia polyadenia Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae). Albuquerque, TL; Bastos, GN; da Silva, JK; de Lima, AB; do Nascimento, JL; Maia, JG; Mota, AS; Ribeiro, AF; Silveira, TS, 2015)	0.42
" The primary outcome was the percentage of patients without adverse event-related study discontinuations who presented with a combination of a ≥50% improvement of pain intensity, disability and quality-of-life and a ≤50% worsening of bowel function at study end."	( Safety and efficacy of oxycodone/naloxone vs. oxycodone vs. morphine for the treatment of chronic low back pain: results of a 12 week prospective, randomized, open-label blinded endpoint streamlined study with prolonged-release preparations. Mueller-Schwefe, GH; Ueberall, MA, 2015)	0.7
" However, due to the concerns of adverse reactions, drug interactions, and addiction, clinicians frequently hesitate to prescribe opioids."	( Is oxycodone/naloxone effective and safe in managing chronic pain of a fragile elderly patient with multiple skin ulcers of the lower limbs? A case report. Francis, M; Guerriero, F; Maurizi, N; Perna, S; Ricevuti, G; Rollone, M; Rondanelli, M; Sgarlata, C, 2015)	0.79
" As cardiovascular safety data are lacking, we assessed disproportionate reporting of adverse cardiac events associated with naloxone across large, international pharmacovigilance systems."	( Cardiovascular disorders associated with naloxone monotherapy and in fixed-dose combination with opioids: Data from international safety surveillance. Haigney, MC; Kao, D; Krantz, MJ; Mehler, PS; Sandhu, A, 2016)	0.91
"Post-marketing data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) were evaluated for naloxone and the synthetic opioids oxycodone and tilidine."	( Cardiovascular disorders associated with naloxone monotherapy and in fixed-dose combination with opioids: Data from international safety surveillance. Haigney, MC; Kao, D; Krantz, MJ; Mehler, PS; Sandhu, A, 2016)	0.91
"In total, 14,827,374 million adverse drug event reports were reviewed."	( Cardiovascular disorders associated with naloxone monotherapy and in fixed-dose combination with opioids: Data from international safety surveillance. Haigney, MC; Kao, D; Krantz, MJ; Mehler, PS; Sandhu, A, 2016)	0.7
"Available pharmacovigilance data do not suggest disproportionate reporting of adverse cardiovascular events for opioid antagonists used to treat OIC."	( Cardiovascular disorders associated with naloxone monotherapy and in fixed-dose combination with opioids: Data from international safety surveillance. Haigney, MC; Kao, D; Krantz, MJ; Mehler, PS; Sandhu, A, 2016)	0.7
"Our study shows that police officers trained in naloxone administration can correctly recognize symptoms of opioid overdose, and can appropriately administer naloxone without significant adverse effects or outcomes."	( Police Officers Can Safely and Effectively Administer Intranasal Naloxone. Fisher, R; O'Donnell, D; Ray, B; Rusyniak, D, )	0.62
" The aims of the present study were to examine the acute toxic effects of methadone, an opioid receptor agonist and NMDA receptor antagonist, as well as to evaluate the protective properties of recombinant human GH (rhGH) on methadone-induced toxicity."	( Growth hormone is protective against acute methadone-induced toxicity by modulating the NMDA receptor complex. Diwakarla, S; Grönbladh, A; Hallberg, M; Nyberg, F; Nylander, E; Zelleroth, S, 2016)	0.43
"We sought to determine if a "treat and release" clinical pathway is safe in prehospital patients with suspected opioid overdose."	( Is a Prehospital Treat and Release Protocol for Opioid Overdose Safe? Cohn, BG; Keim, SM; Kolinsky, D; Schwarz, ES; Yealy, DM, 2017)	0.46
" These results imply that a "treat and release" policy might be safe with rare complications."	( Is a Prehospital Treat and Release Protocol for Opioid Overdose Safe? Cohn, BG; Keim, SM; Kolinsky, D; Schwarz, ES; Yealy, DM, 2017)	0.46
"Though uncommon, medical emergencies in the dental office are harrowing occurrences that can be the result of adverse drug reactions."	( Pharmacological Reversal Agents in Dental Practice: Keys to Patient Safety. Donaldson, M; Goodchild, JH, )	0.13
" Adverse events were consistent with the known effects of OXN PR and no new safety concerns emerged."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of oxycodone-naloxone prolonged-release formulation (up to 180/90 mg daily) - results of the open-label extension phase of a phase III multicenter, multiple-dose, randomized, controlled study. Bosse, B; Dupoiron, D; Ellery, A; Hopp, M; Kremers, W; Loewenstein, O; Stachowiak, A, 2017)	0.72
"To review the safety profile of injectable hydromorphone and diacetylmorphine and explore if adverse events (AEs) or serious adverse events (SAEs) were associated with dose and patterns of attendance."	( Safety profile of injectable hydromorphone and diacetylmorphine for long-term severe opioid use disorder. Anis, AH; Brissette, S; Guh, D; Harrison, S; Janmohamed, A; Jutha, S; Krausz, M; MacDonald, S; Marchand, K; Marsh, DC; Oviedo-Joekes, E; Schechter, MT; Zhang, DZ, 2017)	0.46
" 1) Opioid overdose is a common complication of abuse, so it is desirable for an opioid vaccine to block the toxic as well as the addictive effects of opioids."	( Safety and efficacy of an oxycodone vaccine: Addressing some of the unique considerations posed by opioid abuse. Baruffaldi, F; Carroll, FI; Comer, SD; Langston, TL; Laudenbach, M; Navarro, HA; Pentel, PR; Peterson, SJ; Pravetoni, M; Raleigh, MD; Runyon, SP; Winston, S, 2017)	0.46
" The most serious adverse effect of opioid exposure is respiratory depression leading to slow, shallow breathing or complete cessation of voluntary breathing (respiratory arrest)."	( Clinical Update: The Risk of Opioid Toxicity and Naloxone Use in Operational K9s. Gautier, A; Palmer, LE, )	0.39
"3%) patients reported adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of oxycodone/naloxone as add-on therapy to gabapentin or pregabalin for the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in Korea. Jin, JY; Kang, JH; Kim, BS; Ko, YH; Kwon, JH; Park, HJ; Park, SY; Woo, IS, 2018)	0.76
"We aimed to determine if naloxone administration reversed the effects of clonidine or caused any adverse effects."	( Naloxone reversal of clonidine toxicity: dose, dose, dose. Loden, JK; Seger, DL, 2018)	2.23
" There were no adverse events following the administration of any dose of naloxone."	( Naloxone reversal of clonidine toxicity: dose, dose, dose. Loden, JK; Seger, DL, 2018)	2.15
" No adverse effects occurred in any patient including the 21 patients who received 10 mg naloxone."	( Naloxone reversal of clonidine toxicity: dose, dose, dose. Loden, JK; Seger, DL, 2018)	2.15
"Our objective was to assess the effect of sublingual fentanyl tablets (SFTs) on pain relief, quality of life, and adverse effects in patients with cancer pain, according to cancer stage and background opioid regimen."	( Efficacy and Safety of Sublingual Fentanyl Tablets in Breakthrough Cancer Pain Management According to Cancer Stage and Background Opioid Medication. Coma, J; De Sanctis, V; Estivill, P; Ferreras, J; Folch, J; Fuentes, J; Guitart, J; Jiménez, AJ; Moya, J; Rodelas, F; Salazar, R; Sanz, A; Tomás, A; Vargas, MI, 2018)	0.48
" The efficacy and safety of SFTs were evaluated, recording pain intensity (PI), onset of pain relief, and adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Sublingual Fentanyl Tablets in Breakthrough Cancer Pain Management According to Cancer Stage and Background Opioid Medication. Coma, J; De Sanctis, V; Estivill, P; Ferreras, J; Folch, J; Fuentes, J; Guitart, J; Jiménez, AJ; Moya, J; Rodelas, F; Salazar, R; Sanz, A; Tomás, A; Vargas, MI, 2018)	0.48
" Secondary outcomes included the need for naloxone continuous infusion and adverse events."	( Comparison of lower-dose versus higher-dose intravenous naloxone on time to recurrence of opioid toxicity in the emergency department. Edwards, CJ; Jarrell, DH; Patanwala, AE; Wong, F, 2019)	1.02
" The proportion of patients with adverse events was similar between lower-dose and higher-dose groups (31% versus 41%, p=."	( Comparison of lower-dose versus higher-dose intravenous naloxone on time to recurrence of opioid toxicity in the emergency department. Edwards, CJ; Jarrell, DH; Patanwala, AE; Wong, F, 2019)	0.76
" Massive tumour cell lysis during the course of chemotherapy may precipitate tumour lysis syndrome and may lead to renal dysfunction which makes the patient susceptible to morphine-related adverse effects."	( Opioid toxicity with underlying tumour lysis syndrome in a patient with CMML: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Bhan, S; Mishra, S; Rustagi, K; Vig, S, 2018)	0.48
" Our program appears to be safe and may serve as a model for other settings dealing with a large numbers of opioid OD."	( Safety of a Modified Community Trailer to Manage Patients with Presumed Fentanyl Overdose. Ahamad, K; Buxton, J; DeVlaming, S; Grafstein, E; Gustafson, R; Kestler, A; Lysyshyn, M; Prinsloo, G; Scheuermeyer, FX; Van Veen, C, 2019)	0.51
" Therefore, our intent was to examine the available literature to determine mortality and serious adverse events within 48 hours of EMS treat and release due to suspected rebound opioid toxicity after naloxone administration."	( Incidence of mortality due to rebound toxicity after 'treat and release' practices in prehospital opioid overdose care: a systematic review. Butler, MB; Deveau, BJ; Dol, JS; Greene, JA, 2019)	0.7
" Analyses for incidence of mortality and adverse events at the scene were conducted."	( Incidence of mortality due to rebound toxicity after 'treat and release' practices in prehospital opioid overdose care: a systematic review. Butler, MB; Deveau, BJ; Dol, JS; Greene, JA, 2019)	0.51
" Only one study reported on adverse events and found no incidence of adverse events from their sample of 71 released patients."	( Incidence of mortality due to rebound toxicity after 'treat and release' practices in prehospital opioid overdose care: a systematic review. Butler, MB; Deveau, BJ; Dol, JS; Greene, JA, 2019)	0.51
"Mortality or serious adverse events due to suspected rebound toxicity in patients released on scene post-EMS treatment with naloxone were rare."	( Incidence of mortality due to rebound toxicity after 'treat and release' practices in prehospital opioid overdose care: a systematic review. Butler, MB; Deveau, BJ; Dol, JS; Greene, JA, 2019)	0.72
" Surprisingly, respiratory depression, constipation, and opioid withdrawal signs are unchanged or exacerbated, indicating that β-arrestin recruitment does not contribute to the severity of opioid side effects and, hence, predicting that G-protein-biased µ-agonists are still likely to elicit severe adverse effects."	( Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Bailey, A; Bateman, JT; Christie, MJ; Kliewer, A; Levitt, ES; Schmiedel, F; Schulz, S; Sianati, S; Williams, JT, 2019)	0.51
" In this analysis, using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities coding system we report somnolence (ie, drowsiness, sleepiness, grogginess) and opioid overdose as adverse events."	( Adverse Events During Treatment Induction With Injectable Diacetylmorphine and Hydromorphone for Opioid Use Disorder. Anis, AH; Brissette, S; Guh, D; Harrison, S; MacDonald, S; Marsh, DC; Oviedo-Joekes, E; Palis, H; Schechter, MT, )	0.13
" There were 34 related somnolence and adverse event (AE) overdoses (4."	( Adverse Events During Treatment Induction With Injectable Diacetylmorphine and Hydromorphone for Opioid Use Disorder. Anis, AH; Brissette, S; Guh, D; Harrison, S; MacDonald, S; Marsh, DC; Oviedo-Joekes, E; Palis, H; Schechter, MT, )	0.13
" Pharmacists should be aware of the strategies for reducing opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion, including understanding mandates on prescription limitations; knowing how to use prescription drug monitoring programs; knowing when drug take-back programs are occurring; educating patients on the risks of opioid abuse, safe storage, and proper disposal of unused medications; identifying "red flag" behavior that may indicate opioid misuse; using assessments that help identify a patient's risk for opioid abuse; interacting with other health-care professionals to discuss a patient's care; understanding how abuse-deterrent opioids work and their limitations; preparing for opioid overdose management and understanding the local regulations on naloxone availability; and knowing when to refer patients to addiction services."	( The Role of Pharmacists in Safe Opioid Dispensing. Gregory, L; Gregory, T, 2020)	0.71
"4 mg/kg for females does not cause death of animals and or have a toxic effect on their general state, does not change their protein metabolism characteristics or the appearance of the internal organs and their mass."	( Study of the Acute Toxicity of a New Dosage Form of Naloxone Hydrochloride for Intranasal Administration. Anurova, MN; Bakhrushina, EO; Bardakov, AI; Bariev, EA; Demina, NB; Krasnyuk, II; Smirnov, VV, 2020)	0.81
" Several studies have suggested opioid antagonist and antioxidant therapy for reducing adverse effects of morphine."	( Behavioral, histopathological, and biochemical evaluations on the effects of cinnamaldehyde, naloxone, and their combination in morphine-induced cerebellar toxicity. Farshid, AA; Imani, M; Mahmoudi, S; Noroozinia, F; Tamaddonfard, E, 2022)	0.94
" The Resources Encouraging Safe Prescription Opioid and Naloxone Dispensing (RESPOND) Toolkit is an educational package developed to provide community pharmacists with a comprehensive education program and practice resources on prescription drug misuse, prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), and naloxone dispensing."	( Impact of the RESPOND Toolkit on community pharmacists' opioid safety attitudes, self-efficacy, and knowledge. Alley, L; Carson, J; Hartung, DM; Havlin, T; Hildebran, C; Irwin, AN; Johnston, K; Novak, K; O'Kane, N, )	0.38
", hydromorphone) to disrupt the toxic drug supply and make safer opioids widely available to people at high risk of fatal overdose."	( Tackling the overdose crisis: The role of safe supply. Beletsky, L; Boyd, J; Ivsins, A; McNeil, R, 2020)	0.56
"The primary objective was to evaluate if the individual dose, individual route, total dose, number of prehospital naloxone administrations, or occurrence of a prehospital adverse event (AE) were associated with the occurrence of AEs in the ED."	( Prehospital Naloxone and Emergency Department Adverse Events: A Dose-Dependent Relationship. Alptunaer, T; Coleman, G; Hernandez, C; Ismael, S; Maloney, LM; Marshall, RT; McKenna, PJ; Williams, DW, 2020)	1.15
"Our results suggest that an increasing number of prehospital naloxone doses was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of an ED adverse event."	( Prehospital Naloxone and Emergency Department Adverse Events: A Dose-Dependent Relationship. Alptunaer, T; Coleman, G; Hernandez, C; Ismael, S; Maloney, LM; Marshall, RT; McKenna, PJ; Williams, DW, 2020)	1.18
" However, dipyrone was associated with significantly less self-reported adverse effects and these were not significantly different from those under placebo."	( Tilidine and dipyrone (metamizole) in cold pressor pain: A pooled analysis of efficacy, tolerability, and safety in healthy volunteers. Baumann, F; Bingel, U; Kleine-Borgmann, J; Kratel, J; Schmidt, K; Wilhelmi, J; Zunhammer, M, 2021)	0.62
" Primary outcomes were response to initial dose, requirement of additional dosing, and incidence of adverse effects."	( Safety, Efficacy, and Cost of 0.4-mg Versus 2-mg Intranasal Naloxone for Treatment of Prehospital Opioid Overdose. Brent, C; Bui, P; Herbert, L; Mills, D; Salter, J; Thompson, J; Wagner, D, 2022)	0.96
"4 mg was equally effective during the prehospital period as treatment at an initial dose of 2 mg, was associated with a lower rate of adverse effects, and represented a 79% reduction in cost."	( Safety, Efficacy, and Cost of 0.4-mg Versus 2-mg Intranasal Naloxone for Treatment of Prehospital Opioid Overdose. Brent, C; Bui, P; Herbert, L; Mills, D; Salter, J; Thompson, J; Wagner, D, 2022)	0.96
" There is currently limited real-world data on bystander naloxone administration, overdose outcomes, and evidence related to adverse events following bystander naloxone administration."	( Adverse events related to bystander naloxone administration in cases of suspected opioid overdose in British Columbia: An observational study. Buxton, JA; Ferguson, M; Moe, J; Moustaqim-Barrette, A; Papamihali, K; Purssell, R; Williams, S, 2021)	1.14
" We explored reported demographic variables and adverse events among people who received by-stander administered naloxone in a suspected opioid overdose event between August 31, 2012 and December 31, 2018 in British Columbia."	( Adverse events related to bystander naloxone administration in cases of suspected opioid overdose in British Columbia: An observational study. Buxton, JA; Ferguson, M; Moe, J; Moustaqim-Barrette, A; Papamihali, K; Purssell, R; Williams, S, 2021)	1.11
"This study provides evidence from thousands of bystander reversed opioid overdoses using Take-Home Naloxone kits in British Columbia, and suggests bystander-administered naloxone is safe and effective for opioid overdose reversal."	( Adverse events related to bystander naloxone administration in cases of suspected opioid overdose in British Columbia: An observational study. Buxton, JA; Ferguson, M; Moe, J; Moustaqim-Barrette, A; Papamihali, K; Purssell, R; Williams, S, 2021)	1.11
" The patients' charts were reviewed for the occurrence, timing, duration and management of adverse events, the vital signs at the night after surgery, and length of hospital stay."	( Serious Adverse Events after a Single Shot of Intrathecal Morphine: A Case Series and Systematic Review. de Graaff, JC; Houweling, BM; Koning, MV; Reussien, E; Vermeulen, BAN; Westerman, EM; Zonneveld, S, 2022)	0.72
"This study reveals that respiratory depression and somnolence are the predominant serious adverse events after intrathecal morphine in a perioperative setting and demonstrated a large variation in the presentation of symptoms."	( Serious Adverse Events after a Single Shot of Intrathecal Morphine: A Case Series and Systematic Review. de Graaff, JC; Houweling, BM; Koning, MV; Reussien, E; Vermeulen, BAN; Westerman, EM; Zonneveld, S, 2022)	0.72
"Opioid-induced sedation and respiratory depression (OSRD) is a potentially life-threatening side effect of opioid analgesia."	( Risk factors for opioid toxicity requiring naloxone rescue in adults: a case-control study. Beyene, K; Chan, AHY; Gilson, S; Kang, S; Lai, D; Misquitta, L; Mitchell, T; Shen, W; Slaimankhel, A, 2022)	0.98
" Our findings can inform policies that aim to prevent serious adverse effects related to opioids."	( Risk factors for opioid toxicity requiring naloxone rescue in adults: a case-control study. Beyene, K; Chan, AHY; Gilson, S; Kang, S; Lai, D; Misquitta, L; Mitchell, T; Shen, W; Slaimankhel, A, 2022)	0.98
" The use of opioids is often associated with adverse effects or clinical issues."	( Assessment of Neurotoxic Effects of Oxycodone and Naloxone in SH-SY5Y Cell Line. Almeida, W; da Costa, NS; Galiciolli, MEA; Irioda, AC; Lima, LS; Margarete Cestari, M; Nogara, PA; Oliveira, CS; Pereira, ME, 2023)	1.16
"Home care clients have safety barriers related to medication storage, disposal, and safe use of opioids."	( Nurse delivered medication safety screening program for home care visits. Eukel, HN; Hodges, A; O'Gary, B; Steig, J; Strand, MA, )	0.13
"The aim of this review was to determine current naloxone dosing practice in the ED and their association with adverse events."	( Systematic Review of Naloxone Dosing and Adverse Events in the Emergency Department. McManus, K; Nelson, LS; Parris, MA; Ramdin, C; Yugar, B, 2023)	1.48
" Our outcomes were the dose range administered and adverse events per dose."	( Systematic Review of Naloxone Dosing and Adverse Events in the Emergency Department. McManus, K; Nelson, LS; Parris, MA; Ramdin, C; Yugar, B, 2023)	1.23
" At least one adverse event was reported in 37 SD patients (38."	( Systematic Review of Naloxone Dosing and Adverse Events in the Emergency Department. McManus, K; Nelson, LS; Parris, MA; Ramdin, C; Yugar, B, 2023)	1.23
"Lower doses of naloxone in the ED may help reduce related adverse events without increasing the need for additional doses."	( Systematic Review of Naloxone Dosing and Adverse Events in the Emergency Department. McManus, K; Nelson, LS; Parris, MA; Ramdin, C; Yugar, B, 2023)	1.58
"62]), and adverse reactions (RR = 0."	( Meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of Xingnaojing and naloxone in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Chen, XF; Feng, PF; Li, FM; Zhu, LX, 2023)	1.15

Pharmacokinetics

The addition of raltegravir to stabilized patients receiving buprenorphine/naloxone does not significantly affect the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters. Such pharmacokinetics behavior appeared to be related to the contractive effect of morphine on the bile duct.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Further, this analysis yielded 20 minutes as the half-life of naloxone."	( The relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic action as applied to in vivo pA2: application to the analgesic effect of morphine. Adler, MW; Geller, EB; Harakal, C; Maslow, J; Tallarida, RJ, 1978)	0.5
" From our pharmacokinetic data an apparent chronic release rate (ACRR) for a sustained release preparation of naltrexone was calculated as 11."	( Estimation of the systemic availability and other pharmacokinetic parameters of naltrexone in man after acute and chronic oral administration. Kogan, MJ; Mule, SJ; Verebey, K, 1977)	0.26
" Such pharmacokinetic behavior appeared to be related to the contractive effect of morphine on the bile duct, and naloxone facilitated the excretion of morphine via this route."	( Naloxone affects both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine. Application of direct correlation analysis. Ishikawa, K; Kogure, M; Kubo, T; Shibanoki, S, 1991)	1.93
" Canaliculi ligature modifies the morphine pharmacokinetic profile without significant modification of drug bioavailability."	( Systemic morphine pharmacokinetics after ocular administration. Bardin, C; Callaert, S; Chast, F; Chaumeil, JC; Sauvageon-Martre, H, 1991)	0.28
"In this study we present a method for measuring naloxone in plasma after intravenous and oral administration of naloxone to humans, in order to study its pharmacokinetic profile."	( Quantitative and pharmacokinetic analysis of naloxone in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and solid-phase extraction. Albeck, H; Kreek, MJ; Woodfield, S, 1989)	0.79
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of alfentanil were studied in 64 surgical patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfentanil infusions during general anesthesia. Shafer, A; Sung, ML; White, PF, 1986)	0.27
" We propose a means of standardizing the pattern of administration for any particular animal, based on a pharmacokinetic study of the antidepressant [here clomipramine (CMI)] in that animal."	( Pharmacokinetic patterns of repeated administration of antidepressants in animals. I. Implications for antinociceptive action of clomipramine in mice. Bastide, P; Eschalier, A; Fialip, J; Makambila, MC; Marty, H; Varoquaux, O, 1988)	0.27
" The simultaneous administration of naloxone does not reverse the dose-dependent pharmacokinetic perturbations of morphine."	( Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its surrogates. VIII: Naloxone and naloxone conjugate pharmacokinetics in dogs as a function of dose and as affected by simultaneously administered morphine. Garrett, ER; Shyu, WC; Ulubelen, A, 1986)	0.79
"We examined the pharmacokinetic properties of naloxone in a group of premature infants infused with an intravenous bolus of the drug."	( The pharmacokinetics of naloxone in the premature newborn. Fort, M; Hegyi, T; Hiatt, IM; Rodvold, KA; Spector, S; Stile, IL; Wurzburger, RJ, 1987)	0.84
" Pharmacokinetic analysis of pharmacologically active beta-EP equivalents (beta-EP eq."	( Pharmacokinetic study of exogenously administered beta-endorphin using a rapid radioreceptor assay in rats. Hanano, M; Iga, T; Sato, H; Sawada, Y; Sugiyama, Y, 1984)	0.27
" The method requires calibration of the pharmacokinetic parameters of each monkey utilizing an intravenous bolus dose and assay of unchanged naltrexone levels in plasma as a function of time after dosing."	( Pharmacokinetic quantitation of naltrexone controlled release from a copolymer delivery system. Ashcraft, SB; Downs, DA; Harrigan, SE; Liao, SH; Reuning, RH; Staubus, AE; Wiley, JN; Wise, DL, 1983)	0.27
" The method consists of two phases: a single intravenous bolus dose quantitation of each monkey's pharmacokinetic parameters coupled with a delivery system study in which plasma naltrexone levels are measured throughout the time period of sustained-release."	( Pharmacokinetic quantitation of naltrexone release from several sustained-release delivery systems. Liao, SH; Reuning, RH; Staubus, AE, 1981)	0.26
" The concentration-time data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods and subsequently linked to the pharmacodynamic effect data by a competitive antagonism link model."	( Duration of opioid antagonism by nalmefene and naloxone in the dog: an integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic comparison. Osifchin, E; Veng-Pedersen, P; Waters, SJ; Wilhelm, JA; Zakszewski, TB, 1995)	0.55
"The opioid antagonist nalmefene was compared in its pharmacodynamic properties to the structurally similar antagonist naloxone in a 2 x 2 cross-over study with 8 dogs."	( Duration of opioid antagonism by nalmefene and naloxone in the dog. A nonparametric pharmacodynamic comparison based on generalized cross-validated spline estimation. Osifchin, E; Veng-Pedersen, P; Waters, SJ; Wilhelm, JA; Zakszewski, TB, 1995)	0.76
"5 Hz frequency band of the electroencephalogram (EEG) was used as pharmacodynamic endpoint."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the electroencephalogram effect of synthetic opioids in the rat: correlation with the interaction at the mu-opioid receptor. Cox, EH; Danhof, M; Kerbusch, T; Van der Graaf, PH, 1998)	0.3
"Several statistical regression models and artificial neural networks were used to predict the hepatic drug clearance in humans from in vitro (hepatocyte) and in vivo pharmacokinetic data and to identify the most predictive models for this purpose."	( Combining in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic data for prediction of hepatic drug clearance in humans by artificial neural networks and multivariate statistical techniques. Coassolo, P; Lavé, T; Schneider, G, 1999)	0.3
" The addition of naloxone does not affect the efficacy of buprenorphine for two reasons: (1) naloxone is poorly absorbed sublingually relative to buprenorphine and (2) the half-life for buprenorphine is much longer than for naloxone (32 vs."	( Pharmacokinetics of the combination tablet of buprenorphine and naloxone. Chiang, CN; Hawks, RL, 2003)	0.9
" A comparison is also presented between several methods based on animal pharmacokinetic data, using the same set of proprietary compounds, and it lends further support for the use of this method, as opposed to methods that require the gathering of pharmacokinetic data in laboratory animals."	( Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics. Gao, F; Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Shalaeva, MY, 2004)	0.32
" Plasma buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine and naloxone concentrations and pharmacodynamic effects were measured for 48-72 hours after administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of sublingual buprenorphine, alone or in combination with naloxone: lack of dose proportionality. Harris, DS; Jones, RT; Lin, ET; Mendelson, JE; Upton, RA, 2004)	0.8
"Less than dose-proportional increases in plasma buprenorphine concentrations may contribute to the observed plateau for most pharmacodynamic effects as the dose is increased."	( Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of sublingual buprenorphine, alone or in combination with naloxone: lack of dose proportionality. Harris, DS; Jones, RT; Lin, ET; Mendelson, JE; Upton, RA, 2004)	0.54
"In this investigation, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties were determined of multiple doses of sublingual tablets containing either buprenorphine alone or buprenorphine and naloxone."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple sublingual buprenorphine tablets in dose-escalation trials. Chiang, CN; Ciraulo, AM; Ciraulo, DA; Greenblatt, DJ; Hitzemann, RJ; Knapp, CM; Rotrosen, J; Sarid-Segal, O; Somoza, E, 2006)	0.52
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with data from a previous study performed in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of tilidine and naloxone in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Brennscheidt, U; Brunnmüller, U; Proppe, D; Seiler, KU; Thomann, P, 2007)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed no differences between male and female mice either for MOR or for NAL."	( Pharmacokinetic aspects of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal in male and female prepubertal mice. Balerio, GN; Diaz, SL; Hermida, MP; Joannas, LD; Olivera, M; Ridolfi, A; Villaamil, EC, 2007)	0.64
" The aim of this study was to characterise the pharmacodynamic interaction between buprenorphine and naloxone in healthy volunteers."	( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression by naloxone : a study in healthy volunteers. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Olofsen, E; Sarton, E; Teppema, L; van Dorp, E; Yassen, A, 2007)	0.76
"A competitive pharmacodynamic interaction model was proposed to describe and predict the time course of naloxone-induced reversal of respiratory depression."	( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression by naloxone : a study in healthy volunteers. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Olofsen, E; Sarton, E; Teppema, L; van Dorp, E; Yassen, A, 2007)	0.76
" A combined biophase equilibration-receptor association-dissociation pharmacodynamic model described the competitive interaction between buprenorphine and naloxone at the opioid mu receptor."	( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression by naloxone : a study in healthy volunteers. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Olofsen, E; Sarton, E; Teppema, L; van Dorp, E; Yassen, A, 2007)	0.74
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
" A population pharmacokinetic analysis was undertaken using NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal naloxone in human volunteers. Dowling, J; Graudins, A; Isbister, GK; Kirkpatrick, CM; Naidoo, D, 2008)	0.58
" This pharmacodynamic phenomenon is referred to in the present work as "teleantagonism"."	( Teleantagonism: A pharmacodynamic property of the primary nociceptive neuron. Cunha, FQ; Duarte, DB; Ferrari, LF; Ferreira, SH; Funez, MI; Lorenzetti, BB; Parada, CA; Sachs, D, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this paper was to report the pharmacokinetic results from a single-dose study and a multiple-dose bioequivalence study of OXN versus separate formulations of oxycodone PR and naloxone PR administered concurrently in healthy subjects."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic evaluation of oxycodone and naloxone in an opioid agonist/antagonist prolonged-release combination in healthy adult volunteers. Bailey, P; Grothe, B; Hopp, M; Leyendecker, P; Mundin, G; Reimer, K; Smith, K; Uhl, R, 2008)	0.77
" The pharmacokinetic properties of the OXN FDC were similar to those of oxycodone PR + naloxone PR given as separate formulations, based on the regulatory definition."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic evaluation of oxycodone and naloxone in an opioid agonist/antagonist prolonged-release combination in healthy adult volunteers. Bailey, P; Grothe, B; Hopp, M; Leyendecker, P; Mundin, G; Reimer, K; Smith, K; Uhl, R, 2008)	0.8
" Pharmacokinetic interactions between HIV therapy and opioid dependence treatment medications can occur."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and tipranavir/ritonavir in HIV-negative subjects chronically receiving buprenorphine/naloxone. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Conner, C; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Moody, DE; Piliero, PJ; Sabo, JP; Wruck, JM, 2009)	0.6
" Enzyme kinetic parameters (K(m) and V(max)) and pharmacokinetic properties of three probe drugs were compared using wild-type and humanized UGT1 mice that express the Gilbert's UGT1A1*28 allele [Tg(UGT1(A1*28)) Ugt1(-/-) mice]."	( A humanized UGT1 mouse model expressing the UGT1A1*28 allele for assessing drug clearance by UGT1A1-dependent glucuronidation. Cai, H; Chen, S; Hotz, K; La Placa, DB; Nguyen, N; Peterkin, V; Stevens, JC; Tukey, RH; Yang, YS, 2010)	0.36
"This study was conducted to examine the pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NLX) and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in HIV-seronegative subjects chronically maintained on BUP/NLX."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.83
"This study was an open labeled pharmacokinetic study in twelve HIV-seronegative subjects stabilized on at least 3 weeks of BUP/NLX therapy."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.61
"2 ng*hr/mL) and Cmax (6."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.61
" Pharmacodynamic responses indicate that the altered norbuprenorphine clearance did not lead to opioid withdrawal."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.61
" The study objectives were to characterize and compare their intranasal pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles."	( The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal crushed buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in opioid abusers. Lofwall, MR; Middleton, LS; Moody, DE; Nuzzo, PA; Walsh, SL, 2011)	0.58
" Greater bioavailability and faster onset of pharmacodynamic effects compared to sublingual administration suggests a motivation for intranasal misuse in non-dependent opioid abusers."	( The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal crushed buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in opioid abusers. Lofwall, MR; Middleton, LS; Moody, DE; Nuzzo, PA; Walsh, SL, 2011)	0.58
" Pharmacokinetic profiles of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and naloxone were measured over the 24-hour dosing interval on day -1 (buprenorphine/naloxone alone, reference) and day 7 of telaprevir coadministration (test)."	( Effect of telaprevir on the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in volunteers on stable buprenorphine/naloxone maintenance therapy. Garg, V; Luo, X; Smith, F; Trevejo, J; van Heeswijk, RP, 2012)	0.83
"We performed a within-subject open-labeled pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in 12 HIV-seronegative subjects stabilized on at least 3 weeks of buprenorphine/naloxone therapy."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and raltegravir in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Andrews, L; Chodkowski, D; Douglas Bruce, R; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Moody, DE; Morrison, J; Parsons, TL, 2013)	0.84
"The addition of raltegravir to stabilized patients receiving buprenorphine/naloxone does not significantly affect buprenorphine/naloxone or raltegravir pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and raltegravir in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Andrews, L; Chodkowski, D; Douglas Bruce, R; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Moody, DE; Morrison, J; Parsons, TL, 2013)	0.87
"We performed a within-subject open-labeled pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in 17 HIV-seronegative subjects stabilized on at least 2 weeks of buprenorphine/naloxone therapy."	( The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and elvitegravir/cobicistat in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Bruce, RD; Custodio, JM; Friedland, GH; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Wei, LX; Winkle, P, 2013)	0.82
"6 hr*ng/mL) and mean Cmax (8."	( The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and elvitegravir/cobicistat in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Bruce, RD; Custodio, JM; Friedland, GH; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Wei, LX; Winkle, P, 2013)	0.62
" These results provide pharmacokinetic support for the long-lasting antagonistic effects of nor-BNI."	( Pharmacokinetic evidence for the long-lasting effect of nor-binaltorphimine, a potent kappa opioid receptor antagonist, in mice. Kiguchi, N; Kishioka, S; Ko, MC; Kobayashi, Y; Saika, F; Wakida, N; Woods, JH; Yamamoto, C, 2013)	0.39
"Relative to HCV seronegative subjects, HCV seropositive subjects had higher buprenorphine exposure, as demonstrated by elevated buprenorphine AUC and Cmax values (p = ."	( Effects of HCV seropositive status on buprenorphine pharmacokinetics in opioid-dependent individuals. Masson, CL; McCance-Katz, EF; Moody, DE; Rainey, PM, )	0.13
" The present study compared the pharmacokinetic properties of intranasal naloxone (2 to 8 mg) delivered in low volumes (0."	( Pharmacokinetic Properties and Human Use Characteristics of an FDA-Approved Intranasal Naloxone Product for the Treatment of Opioid Overdose. Aker, J; Beck, M; Chiang, N; Crystal, R; Gyaw, S; Harris, J; Keegan, F; Krieter, P; Skolnick, P, 2016)	0.89
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a one-compartment model."	( Pharmacokinetics after a single dose of naloxone administered as a nasal spray in healthy volunteers. Bondesson, U; Eksborg, S; Hellmundt, L; Lundeberg, S; Vanky, E, 2017)	0.72
"To assess the pharmacokinetic properties of community-use formulations of naloxone for emergency treatment of opioid overdose."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of intranasal and injectable formulations of naloxone for community use: a systematic review. Dunne, RB; Ryan, SA, 2018)	0.94
" The pharmacokinetics including the relatively short half-life of oxycodone in patients with ESRD with or without haemodialysis and the absence of unconjugated active metabolites indicate that oxycodone can be used at usual doses in patients requiring dialysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of oxycodone/naloxone and its metabolites in patients with end-stage renal disease during and between haemodialysis sessions. Amico, P; Dickenmann, M; Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Haschke, M; Jehle, AW; Kalbermatter, S; Krähenbühl, S; Lenherr, C; Leuppi-Taegtmeyer, A; Liechti, ME; Meyer Zu Schwabedissen, HE; Schmid, Y, 2019)	0.8
" We describe a pharmacokinetic model linking naloxone pharmacokinetics to its main metabolite after high-dose naloxone infusion."	( High-dose naloxone, an experimental tool uncovering latent sensitisation: pharmacokinetics in humans. Kongstad, KT; Lund, TM; Møller, K; Papathanasiou, T; Springborg, AD; Staerk, D; Taylor, BK; Werner, MU, 2019)	1.18
"A parent-metabolite pharmacokinetic model was developed for naloxone and N3G after high-dose naloxone infusion."	( High-dose naloxone, an experimental tool uncovering latent sensitisation: pharmacokinetics in humans. Kongstad, KT; Lund, TM; Møller, K; Papathanasiou, T; Springborg, AD; Staerk, D; Taylor, BK; Werner, MU, 2019)	1.16
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of Sublingual Buprenorphine Tablets Following Single and Multiple Doses in Chinese Participants With and Without Opioid Use Disorder. Dong, R; Gray, F; Jiang, J; Laffont, CM; Lang, L; Learned, SM; Li, D; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Wang, H; Young, M, 2019)	0.51
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of buprenorphine and naloxone were consistent between single- and multiple-dose studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of Sublingual Buprenorphine Tablets Following Single and Multiple Doses in Chinese Participants With and Without Opioid Use Disorder. Dong, R; Gray, F; Jiang, J; Laffont, CM; Lang, L; Learned, SM; Li, D; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Wang, H; Young, M, 2019)	0.77
"The present data suggest that buprenorphine/naloxone pharmacokinetic profiles in Chinese participants are consistent, overall, with those in Western populations, supporting no differences in dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of Sublingual Buprenorphine Tablets Following Single and Multiple Doses in Chinese Participants With and Without Opioid Use Disorder. Dong, R; Gray, F; Jiang, J; Laffont, CM; Lang, L; Learned, SM; Li, D; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Wang, H; Young, M, 2019)	0.78
" Mean terminal half-life after IN and IV administration was 47."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal and intravenous naloxone hydrochloride administration in healthy dogs. Aarnes, TK; Bednarski, RM; KuKanich, B; Lakritz, J; Lerche, P; Ricco Pereira, CH; Wahler, BM, 2019)	0.75
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is less well established for substrates of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) than for cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolized drugs and more verification of simulations is necessary to increase confidence."	( Construction and Verification of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Four Drugs Majorly Cleared by Glucuronidation: Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Naloxone, and Zidovudine. Docci, L; Fowler, S; Krähenbühl, S; Parrott, N; Umehara, K, 2020)	0.76
"We analysed samples from three pharmacokinetic studies to determine the serum concentrations of naloxone-3-glucuronide (N3G), the main metabolite of naloxone, with or without exposure to remifentanil."	( The pharmacokinetic interaction between nasally administered naloxone and the opioid remifentanil in human volunteers. Dale, O; Skarra, S; Skulberg, AK; Tylleskar, I, 2021)	1.08
" The dose-corrected Cmax of N3G after intranasal administration of naloxone under remifentanil exposure was significantly lower (4."	( The pharmacokinetic interaction between nasally administered naloxone and the opioid remifentanil in human volunteers. Dale, O; Skarra, S; Skulberg, AK; Tylleskar, I, 2021)	1.1
" The aim of this study was to analyze pharmacokinetic data in the same way that we recently successfully applied the concept of the finite absorption time in orally administered drug formulations."	( Re-examining Naloxone Pharmacokinetics After Intranasal and Intramuscular Administration Using the Finite Absorption Time Concept. Macheras, P; Tsekouras, AA, 2023)	1.28
"To explore the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of naloxone administered intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) to reverse fentanyl sedation in working dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal and intramuscular administration of naloxone in working dogs administered fentanyl. Barr, CA; Drobatz, KJ; Gianotti, G; Haughan, J; McGuire, A; Otto, CM; Pennington, M; Robinson, M; Stefanovski, D; Varner, K, )	0.59
" Pharmacokinetic parameters and sedation scores were compared between IM and IN naloxone groups."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal and intramuscular administration of naloxone in working dogs administered fentanyl. Barr, CA; Drobatz, KJ; Gianotti, G; Haughan, J; McGuire, A; Otto, CM; Pennington, M; Robinson, M; Stefanovski, D; Varner, K, )	0.58

Compound-Compound Interactions

Naloxone combined with acyclovir in the treatment of children viral encephalitis and the impacts on inflammatory factors IL-1 and IL-6. The most efficient strategies (ie, those conferring the greatest health benefit for a particular budget) were naloxones combined with PrEP and linkage to addiction treatment.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Recently, a method of using acupuncture and electrical stimulation (AES) in combination with naloxone for fast detoxification was reported."	( Fast detoxification of heroin addicts by acupuncture and electrical stimulation (AES) in combination with naloxone. Wen, HL, )	0.56
"8 mg/70 kg) alone and in combination with naloxone (0."	( Buprenorphine alone and in combination with naloxone in non-dependent humans. Bigelow, GE; Farre, M; Liebson, IA; Preston, KL; Weinhold, LL, 1992)	0.81
"Lignocaine was tested either alone or in combination with a low dose of morphine by intrathecal administration on the C- and A-beta evoked responses of nociceptive neurones in the dorsal horn of the halothane-anaesthetized rat."	( Spinal local anaesthetic actions on afferent evoked responses and wind-up of nociceptive neurones in the rat spinal cord: combination with morphine produces marked potentiation of antinociception. Chapman, V; Dickenson, AH; Fraser, HM, 1992)	0.28
"A series of agents were tested for their ability to interact with the analgetic actions of either d-amphetamine (d-AMP) or l-amphetamine (l-AMP), or morphine in rats using the hot plate procedure."	( Differential analgetic actions of amphetamine enantiomers in the mouse: a drug-drug interaction study. Maickel, RP; Spratto, GR; Tocco, DR, 1985)	0.27
" Additionally, d-amphetamine or naloxone was administered with Gbl to test hypotheses of Gbl's neurochemical mechanisms of action."	( Gamma-butyrolactone's discriminability and effect on low rates of lever pressing by rats: alone and in combination with D-amphetamine and naloxone. Cleary, J; McIntire, KD; Weinfurter, S, 1988)	0.76
"The behavioral effects of phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine administered alone and in combination with naloxone, atropine, methyl atropine, chlorpromazine and d-amphetamine were studied in squirrel monkeys trained to press a response lever under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule maintained by the termination of a stimulus associated with electric shock presentation."	( Behavioral effects of phencyclidine and ketamine alone and in combination with other drugs. Byrd, LD; Howell, LL; Standish, LJ, 1987)	0.49
" Studies revealed that tripelennamine (Tp) alone produced antinociception (ANTI) in mice and also caused potentiation when combined with morphine (M) or nalbuphene (NB)."	( The effect of tripelennamine alone and in combination with opiates to produce antinociception in mice. Hanig, JP; Hui, FW; Sun, CJ; Tocus, EC, 1983)	0.27
" A post-embedding immunogold cytochemical technique for Leu-enk, CHH and the CHH neurohormone related moult inhibiting hormone (MIH) was combined with a scintillator intensified autoradiographic method to demonstrate binding of the opioid antagonist [3H] naloxone."	( Autoradiographic localization of opioid binding sites combined with immunogold detection of Leu-enkephalin, crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone and moult inhibiting hormone at the electron microscopic level in the sinus gland of the shore crab, Carcinus mae Hanke, J; Jaros, PP; Willig, A, 1993)	0.47
" In contrast, SR 141716 in combination with naloxone had a significantly supra-additive anorectic action."	( Effects of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716, alone and in combination with dexfenfluramine or naloxone, on food intake in rats. Mukherjee, M; Robertson, K; Rowland, NE, 2001)	0.79
") administration of D-serine, a selective agonist for the glycine site of the NMDA receptors, alone or in combination with morphine using the tail-flick test."	( Activation of supraspinal NMDA receptors by both D-serine alone or in combination with morphine leads to the potentiation of antinociception in tail-flick test of rats. Akahori, K; Hashimoto, A; Ito, K; Jin, XL; Kobayashi, H; Maeda, M; Matsuda, M; Oka, T; Suzuki, T; Takahashi, S; Yoshikawa, M, 2007)	0.34
"This randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group study was designed to demonstrate the superiority of oxycodone in combination with naloxone in a prolonged release (PR) formulation over placebo with respect to analgesic efficacy."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of oxycodone in combination with naloxone as prolonged release tablets in patients with moderate to severe chronic pain. Fleischer, W; Grothe, B; Hermanns, K; Hopp, M; Leyendecker, P; Meissner, W; Reimer, K; Ruckes, C; Szombati, I; Vondrackova, D; Weber, S, 2008)	0.78
"To investigate if naloxone combined with epinephrine can increase the resuscitation rate in cardiac arrest rat models induced by asphyxia."	( Small-dose naloxone combined with epinephrine improves the resuscitation of cardiopulmonary arrest. Gao, L; Meng, L; Wang, Y, 2008)	1.07
"Twenty-four rats were allocated into SA group (treated with 1 mL of saline, n = 8), EP group (treated with epinephrine 5 microg/100g, n = 8), and NA group (treated with epinephrine 5 microg/100g in combination with naloxone100 microg/100g, n = 8)."	( Small-dose naloxone combined with epinephrine improves the resuscitation of cardiopulmonary arrest. Gao, L; Meng, L; Wang, Y, 2008)	0.92
"Naloxone combined with epinephrine was tested in a cardiac arrest rat model in which asphyxia was induced to determine if this drug combination could increase the resuscitation rate (survival) and decrease the cerebral damage."	( Naloxone combined with epinephrine decreases cerebral injury in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Gao, L; Meng, L; Wang, Y, 2010)	3.25
"Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the group treated with 1 mL saline (SA group; n = 8), the group treated with only epinephrine 5 microg/100 g (EP group; n = 8), or the group treated with epinephrine 5 microg/100 g combined with naloxone 1 mg/kg (NA group; n = 8)."	( Naloxone combined with epinephrine decreases cerebral injury in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Gao, L; Meng, L; Wang, Y, 2010)	1.98
"Naloxone combined with epinephrine significantly increased the resuscitation rate in a rat model."	( Naloxone combined with epinephrine decreases cerebral injury in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Gao, L; Meng, L; Wang, Y, 2010)	3.25
" BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: the Vac group received the HKLM vaccine alone; the NLX-Vac group received the HKLM vaccine in combination with the adjuvant NLX; and the control group received phosphate buffered saline (PBS)."	( Evaluation of the adjuvant activity of naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, in combination with heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes vaccine. Ghasemnejad, H; Hassan, ZM; Jazani, NH; Karimzad, M; Mazloomi, E; Roshan-Milani, S; Shahabi, S; Sohrabpour, M, 2010)	0.63
"To observe the effects of remifentanil combined with naloxone on human sperm motility in vitro and to investigate its possible mechanism."	( [Effects of remifentanil combined with naloxone on human sperm motility]. Hu, YP; Li, Q; Wang, XH; Wang, YJ; Wang, ZP; Xu, B, 2011)	0.89
" The STR was mimicked in mice treated with BD 1047 (a putative σ(1) receptor antagonist), but not SM-21, a putative σ(2) receptor antagonist, in combination with METH."	( Straub tail reaction in mice treated with σ(1) receptor antagonist in combination with methamphetamine. Hall, FS; Kitanaka, J; Kitanaka, N; Nishiyama, N; Takemura, M; Tanaka, K; Uhl, GR, 2012)	0.38
"This study investigated whether ethanol combined with low doses of morphine produces rewarding effects in rats."	( Rewarding effects of ethanol combined with low doses of morphine through dopamine D1 receptors. Ise, Y; Katayama, S; Mori, T; Nagase, H; Suzuki, T, 2013)	0.39
"A hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the extraction and determination of naloxone (NLX), buprenorphine (BP) and its major metabolite norbuprenorphine (NBP) in human plasma."	( Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of naloxone, buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in human plasma. Du, Z; Qu, S; Sun, W, 2014)	0.78
"To investigate the effects of intrathecal morphine and fentanyl combined with low-dose naloxone on the expression of motilin and its receptor in a rat model of postoperative pain."	( Effects of intrathecal opioids combined with low-dose naloxone on motilin and its receptor in a rat model of postoperative pain. Cao, JL; Gao, B; Liu, H; Zhang, Y; Zhao, J; Zheng, B, 2014)	0.87
"Respiratory depression has been attributed to buprenorphine (BUP) misuse or combination with benzodiazepines."	( Respiratory effects of buprenorphine/naloxone alone and in combination with diazepam in naive and tolerant rats. Chevillard, L; Cohier, C; Mégarbane, B; Risède, P; Roussel, O, 2014)	0.68
" We evaluated the efficacy and the safety of a prolonged release oral formulation of oxycodone hydrochloride combined with naloxone hydrochloride dehydrate, in a fixed ratio of 2:1 (OXN PR)."	( Efficacy and safety profile of prolonged release oxycodone in combination with naloxone (OXN PR) in Parkinson's disease patients with chronic pain. Dauri, M; Madeo, G; Natoli, S; Pierantozzi, M; Pisani, A; Schirinzi, T; Stefani, A, 2015)	0.85
" The primary outcome was reporting frequency of the MedDRA System Organ Class (SOC) 'Cardiac Disorders' for naloxone alone and in fixed-dose combination with opioids."	( Cardiovascular disorders associated with naloxone monotherapy and in fixed-dose combination with opioids: Data from international safety surveillance. Haigney, MC; Kao, D; Krantz, MJ; Mehler, PS; Sandhu, A, 2016)	0.91
" Drug-drug interaction screening tools built into electronic health records and other services identify the interaction as risk of opioid withdrawal rather than hypersensitivity."	( Potential drug interaction with opioid agonist in the setting of chronic low-dose opioid antagonist use. Diaz, CJ; Goode, PA; Leonard, JB; Nair, V; Penoyar, JB, 2017)	0.46
" Subjects received methadone (arm 1) or buprenorphine-naloxone (arm 2) once daily (QD) per their existing individual prescriptions alone (days 1 to 9) and then in combination with glecaprevir at 300 mg QD and pibrentasvir at 120 mg QD (days 10 to 16) each morning."	( No Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions between Methadone or Buprenorphine-Naloxone and Antiviral Combination Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir. Asatryan, A; Geoffroy, P; Kort, J; Kosloski, MP; Liu, W; Zhao, W, 2017)	0.93
" The most efficient strategies (ie, those conferring the greatest health benefit for a particular budget) were naloxone distribution combined with linkage to addiction treatment (cost saving), and naloxone distribution combined with PrEP and linkage to addiction treatment (ICER $95 337 per QALY) at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100 000."	( Effects of naloxone distribution alone or in combination with addiction treatment with or without pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in people who inject drugs: a cost-effectiveness modelling study. Braithwaite, RS; Buchelli, M; Fiellin, DA; Rodriguez-Santana, R; Uyei, J, 2017)	1.06
"Naloxone distribution through syringe service programmes is cost-effective compared with syringe distribution alone, but when combined with linkage to addiction treatment is cost saving compared with no additional services."	( Effects of naloxone distribution alone or in combination with addiction treatment with or without pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in people who inject drugs: a cost-effectiveness modelling study. Braithwaite, RS; Buchelli, M; Fiellin, DA; Rodriguez-Santana, R; Uyei, J, 2017)	2.29
"BACKGROUND The aim of this research was to investigate the treatment effect of naloxone combined with hemodialysis on acute severe alcoholism."	( Clinical Therapeutic Effect of Naloxone Combined with Hemodialysis on Acute Severe Alcoholism. Li, M; Li, Z; Liu, J; Liu, S; Shan, T; Wang, G; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.99
" The applications of XNJ combined with NX for ICH show some advantages compared with NX applied individually."	( Role of Xingnaojing combined with naloxone in treating intracerebral haemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hei, SY; Li, HY; Liang, WX; Ma, YZ; Wang, Q; Wang, XC; Wen, ZH; Xu, TT; Xu, YM; Zhang, SJ, 2018)	0.76
"The effectiveness and safety of XNJ combined with NX for ICH cannot be determined due to the low quality of literature, publication bias and heterogeneity."	( Role of Xingnaojing combined with naloxone in treating intracerebral haemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hei, SY; Li, HY; Liang, WX; Ma, YZ; Wang, Q; Wang, XC; Wen, ZH; Xu, TT; Xu, YM; Zhang, SJ, 2018)	0.76
"We aimed to evaluate immune-stimulatory effects of naloxone (NLX), an opioid receptor antagonist, in combination with alum in mice vaccinated with excretory-secretory antigens (E/S) of Fasciola hepatica."	( A Survey on the Adjuvant Role of Naloxone Alone or Combined with Alum in Vaccination Against Fasciolosis in BALB/c Mice. Azizi, H; Bagheri, A; Bazi, A; Elikaee, S; Khamesipour, A; Khatami, M; Mirzaeei, H; Mirzapour, A; Yaghoobi, H, 2019)	1.05
"To study the effect of epidural infusion of morphine combined with small-dose naloxone on gastrointestinal interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in rabbits."	( Effects of epidural infusion of morphine combined with small-dose naloxone on gastrointestinal interstitial cells of Cajal in rabbits. Li, YH; Luo, H; Yang, H, 2019)	0.98
"Epidural infusions of morphine combined with small-dose naloxone effectively inhibit the gastrointestinal motility of rabbits via the reduction of ICC in the proximal colon of the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits."	( Effects of epidural infusion of morphine combined with small-dose naloxone on gastrointestinal interstitial cells of Cajal in rabbits. Li, YH; Luo, H; Yang, H, 2019)	1
" The present research was conducted to observe the clinical efficacy of puerarin combined with naloxone in the treatment of traumatic cerebral infarction (TCI)."	( Clinical efficacy and CT perfusion of puerarin combined with naloxone in the treatment of traumatic cerebral infarction. Houfa, N; Lubo, L; Sulin, N; Zhimei, D, 2020)	1.02
"To analyze the clinical efficacy of naloxone combined with acyclovir in the treatment of children viral encephalitis and the impacts on inflammatory factors IL-1 and IL-6."	( Observation of the efficacy of naloxone combined with acyclovir in the treatment of children viral encephalitis and its impacts on IL-1 and IL-6. Li, XY; Liu, CX; Niu, L; Yang, G; Yu, M; Zhao, XZ, 2020)	1.12
" They were divided into control group (45 cases treated with acyclovir) and observation group (51 cases treated with acyclovir combined with naloxone)."	( Observation of the efficacy of naloxone combined with acyclovir in the treatment of children viral encephalitis and its impacts on IL-1 and IL-6. Li, XY; Liu, CX; Niu, L; Yang, G; Yu, M; Zhao, XZ, 2020)	1.05
"In the treatment of children, viral encephalitis has naloxone combined with ganciclovir had a more significant effect on the decrease of levels of serum IL-1 and IL-6; naloxone combined with acyclovir in the treatment of children viral encephalitis had better effects, lower adverse reactions and lower prevalence of sequelae compared with sole medication, which is worth clinical promotion."	( Observation of the efficacy of naloxone combined with acyclovir in the treatment of children viral encephalitis and its impacts on IL-1 and IL-6. Li, XY; Liu, CX; Niu, L; Yang, G; Yu, M; Zhao, XZ, 2020)	1.09
"The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the efficacy and prognosis of acyclovir combined with naloxone in the treatment of patients with viral encephalitis (VE)."	( Acyclovir Combined with Naloxone in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis. Wang, W; Zhang, Q; Zhao, Q, 2022)	1.24
" The treatment group was treated with acyclovir combined with naloxone, and the control group was treated with acyclovir alone."	( Acyclovir Combined with Naloxone in the Treatment of Viral Encephalitis: A Meta-Analysis. Wang, W; Zhang, Q; Zhao, Q, 2022)	1.27

Bioavailability

The mean absolute bioavailability of naloxone from the orally administered PR tablets was very low, ranging from 0.5% to 10%. The low oral bioavailability makes the precipitation of the acute opioid withdrawal symptoms unlikely following oral oxycodone/nalox one exposure.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The similarity of this behavior to that seen after systemic administration to experimental animals of exogenous neuroleptics suggests that a disturbance in the bioavailability of this neuropeptide to receptor sites in brain-perhaps due to lack of enzymatic cleavage from the circulating parent hormone, beta-lipotropin--may be an etiological factor in those psychopathological states for which the exogenous neuroleptics exert an ameliorative influence."	( The C-fragment of beta-lipotropin: an endogenous neuroleptic or antipsychotogen? Jacquet, YF; Marks, N, 1976)	0.26
" Long bioavailability of the new metabolite is indicated by its slower excretion rate into the urine than naltrexone and beta-naltrexol."	( Isolation and identification of a new metabolite of naltrexone in human blood and urine. Chedekel, MA; Mule, SJ; Rosenthal, D; Verebely, K, 1975)	0.25
" First-pass glucuronidation limits systemic bioavailability of oral naloxone."	( Treatment of opioid-induced constipation with oral naloxone: a pilot study. Culpepper-Morgan, JA; Foley, K; Houde, RW; Inturrisi, CE; Kreek, MJ; Marsh, F; Portenoy, RK, 1992)	0.77
" Ocular bioavailability of morphine is higher than after non-parenteral routes."	( Systemic morphine pharmacokinetics after ocular administration. Bardin, C; Callaert, S; Chast, F; Chaumeil, JC; Sauvageon-Martre, H, 1991)	0.28
" These preclinical data support its use as an antipsychotic agent and show that it is well absorbed following oral administration with an apparent elimination half-life of approximately 24 h, supporting a once-daily dose regimen."	( Bromperidol, a new butyrophenone neuroleptic: a review. Dubinsky, B; Janssen, PA; McGuire, JL; McKenzie, BE; Niemegeers, CJ; Weintraub, HS, 1982)	0.26
" Although naloxone is poorly absorbed after oral administration, there was a positive response during oral as well as intravenous treatment, suggesting that the primary effect of naloxone is at specific opiate receptor sites in the myenteric plexus and other neural and endocrine cells of the intestinal wall."	( Naloxone, a specific opioid antagonist, reverses chronic idiopathic constipation. Fishman, J; Hahn, EF; Kreek, MJ; Schaefer, RA, 1983)	2.11
" This finding indicates the excellent bioavailability of naltrexone following oral or subcutaneous administration 3H-naltrexone and/or its metabolites were predominately excreted in the urine, and the renal excretion was similar for all three routes of administration."	( A comparative study of the oral, intravenous, and subcutaneous administration of 3H-naltrexone to normal male volunteers. Perez-Reyes, M; Wall, ME, 1981)	0.26
" We conclude (a) that therapeutic doses of codeine increase net intestinal absorption (and thereby reduce stool volume) by increasing the contact time of luminal fluid with mucosal cells, not by increasing the rate of absorption by the mucosal cells; and (b) that endogenous opiates do not regulate intestinal absorption in humans."	( Studies of the mechanism of the antidiarrheal effect of codeine. Davis, GR; Fordtran, JS; Morawski, SG; Santa Ana, CA; Schiller, LR, 1982)	0.26
" Oral naltrexone and nalmefene have significantly more central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability than oral naloxone."	( Orally administered opioid antagonists reverse both mu and kappa opioid agonist delay of gastrointestinal transit in the guinea pig. Culpepper-Morgan, JA; Holt, PR; Kreek, MJ; LaRoche, D, 1995)	0.5
"22 GHz with a peak specific absorption rate of 420 W/kg and corresponding incident power density of 15 mW/cm2 for 15 min or sham-exposed."	( Electromagnetic millimeter waves increase the duration of anaesthesia caused by ketamine and chloral hydrate in mice. Rojavin, MA; Ziskin, MC, 1997)	0.3
"These results fail to support the view that naloxone has reduced bioavailability after oral administration, as compared to naltrexone, or that its pharmacokinetic profile is particularly advantageous for some therapeutic settings (e."	( The discriminative stimulus effects of naloxone and naltrexone in morphine-treated rhesus monkeys: comparison of oral and subcutaneous administration. France, CP; Gauthier, CA, 1999)	0.83
" Enteral administration of naloxone blocks opioid action at the intestinal receptor level but has low systemic bioavailability due to marked hepatic first-pass metabolism."	( Oral naloxone reverses opioid-associated constipation. Hartmann, M; Kath, R; Meissner, W; Reinhart, K; Schmidt, U, 2000)	1.12
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."	( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability. Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)	0.31
" Buprenorphine and naloxone bioavailability was approximately 40 and 10%, respectively."	( Buprenorphine and naloxone co-administration in opiate-dependent patients stabilized on sublingual buprenorphine. Harris, DS; Jones, RT; Lin, E; Mendelson, J; Upton, RA; Welm, S, 2000)	0.97
"Due to low central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability of delta-opioid peptides, little is known about the effect of systemic administration of delta-opioid receptor ligands."	( Spinal delta-opioid receptors mediate suppression of systemic SNC80 on excitability of the flexor reflex in normal and inflamed rat. Cao, CQ; Dray, A; Hong, Y; Perkins, M, 2001)	0.31
" Initiation of oral administration of an orally bioavailable opiate antagonist may precipitate a florid opioid-withdrawal-like reaction in patients with pruritus complicating cholestasis."	( Opiate antagonist therapy for the pruritus of cholestasis: the avoidance of opioid withdrawal-like reactions. Bergasa, NV; Jones, EA; Neuberger, J, 2002)	0.31
" The addition of naloxone does not affect the efficacy of buprenorphine for two reasons: (1) naloxone is poorly absorbed sublingually relative to buprenorphine and (2) the half-life for buprenorphine is much longer than for naloxone (32 vs."	( Pharmacokinetics of the combination tablet of buprenorphine and naloxone. Chiang, CN; Hawks, RL, 2003)	0.9
" Naloxone did not change the bioavailability or effects of the buprenorphine 16 mg tablet."	( Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of sublingual buprenorphine, alone or in combination with naloxone: lack of dose proportionality. Harris, DS; Jones, RT; Lin, ET; Mendelson, JE; Upton, RA, 2004)	1.45
" Buprenorphine has significant sublingual bioavailability and a long half-life, making administration on a less than daily basis possible."	( Buprenorphine-containing treatments: place in the management of opioid addiction. Robinson, SE, 2006)	0.33
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."	( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability. Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)	0.34
" Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, is very poorly absorbed with sublingual administration, but if it is injected intravenously, it will antagonise the effects of buprenorphine."	( Buprenorphine + naloxone: new combination. Opiate dependence: no proof of reduced risk of self-administered injection. , 2007)	1.6
" Relative bioavailability of intramuscular and intranasal naloxone was 36% and 4%, respectively."	( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal naloxone in human volunteers. Dowling, J; Graudins, A; Isbister, GK; Kirkpatrick, CM; Naidoo, D, 2008)	0.82
" Treatments were considered bioequivalent if the 90% CIs for relative bioavailability calculations fell within a predetermined range of 80% to 125%."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic evaluation of oxycodone and naloxone in an opioid agonist/antagonist prolonged-release combination in healthy adult volunteers. Bailey, P; Grothe, B; Hopp, M; Leyendecker, P; Mundin, G; Reimer, K; Smith, K; Uhl, R, 2008)	0.58
" These findings suggest that the coadministration of oxycodone PR and naloxone PR in an FDC would not significantly affect the bioavailability of either of its constituents in these subjects."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic evaluation of oxycodone and naloxone in an opioid agonist/antagonist prolonged-release combination in healthy adult volunteers. Bailey, P; Grothe, B; Hopp, M; Leyendecker, P; Mundin, G; Reimer, K; Smith, K; Uhl, R, 2008)	0.81
"The poor oral bioavailability of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (NA) when compared with naltrexone (NX) may be related to a greater interaction of naloxone with the efflux drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp)."	( P-glycoprotein is not involved in the differential oral potency of naloxone and naltrexone. Daali, Y; Dayer, P; Desmeules, J; Kanaan, M, 2009)	0.83
" Oxycodone displays high bioavailability after oral administration and may be better than morphine in patients with renal impairment due to the decreased production of active metabolites."	( Role of oxycodone and oxycodone/naloxone in cancer pain management. Leppert, W, )	0.41
"2 mg naloxone for bioavailability assessment)."	( The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal crushed buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in opioid abusers. Lofwall, MR; Middleton, LS; Moody, DE; Nuzzo, PA; Walsh, SL, 2011)	1.1
" Buprenorphine bioavailability was 38-44% and T(max) was 35-40 minutes after all intranasal doses."	( The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal crushed buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in opioid abusers. Lofwall, MR; Middleton, LS; Moody, DE; Nuzzo, PA; Walsh, SL, 2011)	0.58
" Greater bioavailability and faster onset of pharmacodynamic effects compared to sublingual administration suggests a motivation for intranasal misuse in non-dependent opioid abusers."	( The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal crushed buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in opioid abusers. Lofwall, MR; Middleton, LS; Moody, DE; Nuzzo, PA; Walsh, SL, 2011)	0.58
" To determine in vivo transdermal absorption rate of naloxone, the iontophoretic patch system was applied to the dorsal skin of conscious rat with a constant current supply for 24h."	( In vitro and in vivo transdermal iontophoretic delivery of naloxone, an opioid antagonist. Ito, M; Kanamura, K; Kato, Y; Kinoshita, M; Kominami, K; Mafune, S; Sutoh, C; Takasuga, S; Yamamoto, R; Yamauchi, M; Yoshida, Y, 2012)	0.87
"To determine the absolute bioavailability of naloxone from oral doses ranging from 5 mg to 120 mg."	( Low absolute bioavailability of oral naloxone in healthy subjects. Bailey, P; Bell, D; Bond, S; Hopp, M; Mundin, G; Smith, K; Woodward, J, 2012)	0.91
"The mean oral absolute bioavailability of naloxone in this study was ≤ 2% at doses ranging from 5 mg to 120 mg."	( Low absolute bioavailability of oral naloxone in healthy subjects. Bailey, P; Bell, D; Bond, S; Hopp, M; Mundin, G; Smith, K; Woodward, J, 2012)	0.92
"The rate of absorption of oxycodone from OXN PR tablets correlated well with the in vitro release rates, demonstrating that a Level A IVIVC with internal predictability has been successfully developed for OXN PR tablets."	( Validated in vitro/in vivo correlation of prolonged-release oxycodone/naloxone with differing dissolution rates in relation to gastrointestinal transit times. Hahn, U; Heun, G; Krämer, M; Leuner, C; Mundin, GE; Mysicka, J; Smith, KJ, 2012)	0.61
"The combined decrease in Ago2 and increases in Nurr1 and Pitx3 might represent some of the mechanisms that served to protect against accumbal TH regulation observed in morphine withdrawn rats, which may be critical for DA bioavailability to influence behaviour."	( Morphine administration modulates expression of Argonaute 2 and dopamine-related transcription factors involved in midbrain dopaminergic neurons function. García-Pérez, D; Laorden, ML; Milanés, MV; Núñez, C; Sáez-Belmonte, F, 2013)	0.39
" The new fluorinated inhibitor showed higher analgesic activity and bioavailability compared to thiorphan and C20 when administered by both intravenous and intrathecal injections."	( NESS002ie: a new fluorinated thiol endopeptidase inhibitor with antinociceptive activity in an animal model of persistent pain. Lazzari, P; Olimpieri, F; Pinna, GA; Reali, R; Tambaro, S; Volonterio, A; Zanda, M, 2013)	0.39
" The aim of this formulation is to counteract opioid-induced constipation through the local antagonist effect of naloxone in the gut wall, while maintaining analgesia due to the low bioavailability of oral naloxone."	( Oxycodone/Naloxone prolonged-release: a review of its use in the management of chronic pain while counteracting opioid-induced constipation. Burness, CB; Keating, GM, 2014)	1.02
" The low oral bioavailability (< 2%) of naloxone makes the precipitation of the acute opioid withdrawal symptoms unlikely following oral oxycodone/naloxone exposure."	( Oxycodone/naloxone preparation can cause acute withdrawal symptoms when misused parenterally or taken orally. Graudins, A; Greene, SL; Koutsogiannis, Z; Macleod, D; Robinson, J; Wong, A, 2015)	1.09
" The only published study of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability finds that nasal naloxone has poor bioavailability."	( Clinical provision of improvised nasal naloxone without experimental testing and without regulatory approval: imaginative shortcut or dangerous bypass of essential safety procedures? Day, E; McDonald, R; Strang, J; Tas, B, 2016)	0.93
" Evidence of adequate bioavailability and acceptable pharmacokinetic curves are vital preliminary steps, especially when effective approved formulations exist."	( Clinical provision of improvised nasal naloxone without experimental testing and without regulatory approval: imaginative shortcut or dangerous bypass of essential safety procedures? Day, E; McDonald, R; Strang, J; Tas, B, 2016)	0.7
" In this study we examined the effects of ([d-Ala(2)]-Endomorphin 2, TAPP), a synthetic opioid μ-receptor agonist, on blood pressure (MABP), tissue NO bioavailability and renal hemodynamics and excretion."	( An endomorphine analog ([d-Ala(2)]-Endomorphin 2, TAPP) lowers blood pressure and enhances tissue nitric oxide in anesthetized rats. Kompanowska-Jezierska, E; Kuczeriszka, M; Lipkowski, AW; Sadowski, J, 2016)	0.43
"Exploratory analysis identified intranasal bioavailability as associated positively with dose and negatively with volume."	( International patent applications for non-injectable naloxone for opioid overdose reversal: Exploratory search and retrieve analysis of the PatentScope database. Dale, O; Danielsson Glende, Ø; McDonald, R; Strang, J, 2018)	0.73
"We find consistent direction of development of intranasal sprays to high-concentration, low-volume formulations with bioavailability in the 20-60% range."	( International patent applications for non-injectable naloxone for opioid overdose reversal: Exploratory search and retrieve analysis of the PatentScope database. Dale, O; Danielsson Glende, Ø; McDonald, R; Strang, J, 2018)	0.73
" On the basis of plasma concentrations of compound 1 and SN38 (14), the oral bioavailability of compound 3a and 15 in beagle dogs was found to be 97."	( Oral Delivery of Propofol with Methoxymethylphosphonic Acid as the Delivery Vehicle. Chu, H; Gao, Q; Gong, A; Huang, Q; Huang, X; Lei, B; Li, P; Li, Y; Liao, P; Liu, J; Lu, Y; Luo, X; Ni, J; Qian, G; Qin, L; Qiu, G; Tang, P; Wei, Y; Yan, P; Yu, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, X; Zheng, S; Zhou, Y; Zhu, G, 2017)	0.46
" We compared the bioavailability and pharmaceutical properties of BNX-RDT with conventional buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablets (BNX)."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical properties of a novel buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablet for opioid substitution therapy versus conventional buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablet in healthy volunteers. Jönsson, M; Mundin, G; Sumner, M, 2018)	0.93
" These include pre-filled syringes and auto-injectors and, crucially, new concentrated nasal sprays (four formulations recently approved in different countries) with speed of onset comparable to intramuscular naloxone and relative bioavailability of approximately 40-50%."	( Take-Home Naloxone for the Emergency Interim Management of Opioid Overdose: The Public Health Application of an Emergency Medicine. Campbell, G; Dale, O; Degenhardt, L; McDonald, R; Nielsen, S; Ritter, A; Strang, J, 2019)	1.1
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" The study aimed to investigate the bioavailability and absorption pattern for a new naloxone nasal spray."	( Naloxone nasal spray - bioavailability and absorption pattern in a phase 1 study. Dale, O; Nilsen, T; Skarra, S; Skulberg, AK; Tylleskar, I, 2019)	2.18
" We examined the bioavailability of an investigational 5 mg intramuscular naloxone in a prefilled syringe (PFS) compared to 2 mg intramuscular naloxone in an autoinjector (AI) at the current approved dose in a crossover design which included 14 healthy subjects."	( An open-label, randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-treatment crossover bioavailability study comparing 5 mg/0.5 mL of intramuscular naloxone hydrochloride to 2 mg/0.4 mL intramuscular naloxone hydrochloride autoinjector in healthy subjects. Carleton, F; Carlo, DJ; Lollo, CP; Moss, RB, )	0.56
" Additionally, because of the very low oral bioavailability of naloxone, an oral formulation is not currently available."	( Novel Oral Nanoparticle Formulation of Sustained Release Naloxone with Mild Withdrawal Symptoms in Mice. Arora, M; Eitan, S; Kumar, MNVR; Madison, CA, 2020)	1.04
" This study investigates the bioavailability and the opioid-like activity of this peptide after its oral administration."	( Implication of Opioid Receptors in the Antihypertensive Effect of a Novel Chicken Foot-Derived Peptide. Aragonès, G; Arola-Arnal, A; Bravo, FI; Iglesias-Carres, L; Mas-Capdevila, A; Muguerza, B, 2020)	0.56
" Approved formulations of nasal naloxone with bioavailability of approximately 50% have only undergone trials in healthy volunteers, while off-label nasal sprays with low bioavailability have been studied in patients."	( NTNU intranasal naloxone trial (NINA-1) study protocol for a double-blind, double-dummy, non-inferiority randomised controlled trial comparing intranasal 1.4 mg to intramuscular 0.8 mg naloxone for prehospital use. Braarud, AC; Dale, J; Dale, O; Heyerdahl, F; Mellesmo, S; Skulberg, AK; Tylleskär, I; Valberg, M, 2020)	1.19
" However, in patients with hepatic impairment, porto-systemic shunting can increase systemic bioavailability of naloxone, potentially compromising the analgesic efficacy of oral naloxone-oxycodone combinations."	( Oxycodone/naloxone prolonged-release tablets in patients with moderate-to-severe, chronic cancer pain: Challenges in the context of hepatic impairment. Aggarwal, G; Ahmedzai, S; Douglas, C; Green, M; Le, BH; Nicoll, A, 2022)	1.33
"Remifentanil has been shown to increase the bioavailability of nasally administered naloxone."	( The pharmacokinetic interaction between nasally administered naloxone and the opioid remifentanil in human volunteers. Dale, O; Skarra, S; Skulberg, AK; Tylleskar, I, 2021)	1.09
"Remifentanil increases the bioavailability of naloxone after nasal administration by reducing the pre-systemic metabolism of the swallowed part of the nasal dose."	( The pharmacokinetic interaction between nasally administered naloxone and the opioid remifentanil in human volunteers. Dale, O; Skarra, S; Skulberg, AK; Tylleskar, I, 2021)	1.12
" Because naloxone has relatively low sublingual bioavailability compared with buprenorphine, adverse effects are generally considered mild and rare."	( The Naloxone Component of Buprenorphine/Naloxone: Discouraging Misuse, but at What Cost? Blazes, C; Gregg, J; Hartley, J; Lawrence, D; Risser, A, )	1.11
"Due to the poor oral bioavailability of buprenorphine, an oral formulation has not been thought possible."	( A novel long-acting formulation of oral buprenorphine/naloxone produces prolonged decreases in fentanyl self-administration by rhesus monkeys. Comer, SD; Foltin, RW; Nagaraj, N; Scranton, RE; Sykes, KA; Zale, S, 2022)	0.97

Dosage Studied

Fentanyl is responsible for the majority of non-fatal opioid overdoses. We compared the concentration of fentanyl in blood to naloxone dosing in the presence and absence of a concurrent sedative-hypnotic exposure.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Dose-response curves for locomotor activity were also determined with morphine and methadone administered intraventricularly."	( Interactions between narcotic analgesics and benzodiazepine derivatives on behavior in the mouse. Davis, DC; Holtzman, SG; Shannon, HE, 1976)	0.26
" Dose-response data revealed essentially the same ED50's for naloxone in both tests."	( Antagonism by naloxone of morphine-induced single-dose dependence and antinociception in mice. Smits, SE, 1976)	0.86
" Dose-response curves were determined for chlorpromazine (0."	( Failure of naloxone to modify the effects of chlorpromazine and d-amphetamine on avoidance behavior in the squirrel monkey. Holtzman, SG, 1979)	0.65
" A simple dose-response relationship was not observed, with the most potent effects exerted by the 1 mg/kg dose."	( Effect of naloxone on the behaviour of rats exposed to a novel environment. Deacon, RM; Rodgers, RJ, 1979)	0.66
"1 Dose-response curves for normorphine in the absence and presence of naloxone have been obtained from myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle strip preparations from normal and morphine pretreated guinea-pigs."	( Opiate binding and effect in ileum preparations from normal and morphine pretreated guinea-pigs. Cox, BM; Padhya, R, 1977)	0.49
" Two populations of units were observed in the latter group: two-thirds of cells showed a dose-response curve similar to that of the non-pretreated group whereas the remaining one-third were unaffected either by morphine or naloxone."	( The depressive effects of morphine on the C fibre response of dorsal horn neurones in the spinal rat pretreated or not by pCPA. Besson, JM; Guilbaud, G; Le Bars, D; Menetrey, D; Rivot, JP, 1979)	0.44
" The three diarrheal agents, administered intraperitoneally, showed dose-dependent and parallel dose-response curves with the following order of decreasing potency: PGF2 alpha, methacholine and 5-HTP."	( Naloxone reversal of drug-induced diarrhea in mice. Bertermann, RE; Dajani, EZ; Roge, EA; Schweingruber, FL; Woods, EM, 1979)	1.7
" Naloxone (5-500 microgram/kg) uniformly produced a dose dependent, parallel shift of the morphine dose-response curves to right."	( A dose ratio comparison of the interaction between morphine and cyclazocine with naloxone in rhesus monkeys on the shock titration task. Rudy, TA; Yaksh, TL, 1977)	1.39
"Twenty opioids have been subdivided into four classes by using flurothyl-induced seizures in rats to measure dose-response relationships, stereospecificity, naloxone sensitivity, and tolerance-cross-tolerance."	( Classification of opioids on the basis of change in seizure threshold in rats. Adler, MW; Cowan, A; Geller, EB, 1979)	0.46
" dose-response relationships induced by repeated opioid administration."	( Quantitative assessment of tolerance to and dependence on morphine in mice. Coper, H; Fernandes, M; Kluwe, S, 1977)	0.26
") dosing produced only a slight cross-tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of anileridine and alphaprodine."	( Comparing the effects of anileridine, alphaprodine and fentanyl on schedule-controlled responding by pigeons. Leander, JD, 1978)	0.26
" In the rats, naloxone administered systemically in doses of 10--100 microgram/kg produced a parallel shift in the dose-response curves of both nociceptive measures suggesting a competitive antagonism."	( Antinociceptive effects of intrathecally administered human beta-endorphin in the rat and cat. Henry, JL; Yaksh, TL, 1978)	0.62
" Naloxone caused a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve for morphine."	( Inhibition by morphine of prostaglandin-stimulated fluid secretion in rat jejunum. Coupar, IM, 1978)	1.17
"Neonatal mice were injected once daily with d,l-methadone in a dosage of 2 mg/kg."	( Inhibition by d,l-methadone of RNA and protein synthesis in neonatal mice: antagonism by naloxone or naltrexone. Hui, FW; Krikun, E; Smith, AA, 1978)	0.48
" The drug was found to be effective and safe for a wide range of ungulates and pachyderms and Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli) did not react to expected dosage levels."	( Immobilisation of free-ranging wild animals using a new drug. De Vos, V, 1978)	0.26
"In a controlled double-blind clinical study, 42 patients reported side effects and severity of side effects to naltrexone on three different first-day doses and maintenance dosage regimens."	( Controlled clinical study of naltrexone side effects comparing first-day doses and maintenance regimens. Brahen, LS; Capone, T; Heller, RC; Landy, HJ; Lewis, MJ; Linden, SL, 1978)	0.26
" Naltrexone appears to be a safe, nontoxic medication in the dosage range examined."	( Naltrexone: physiological and psychological effects of single doses. Charuvastra, VC; Gritz, ER; Jarvik, ME; Schlesinger, J; Shiffman, SM, 1976)	0.26
" Dosage forms of small implantable cylinders, 1/16'' diameter, (25 mg/rod, one rod/mouse) containing 33% by weight naltrexone pamoate in 90 L(+)/10 polylactic/glycolic acid have sustained the delivery of chemical for 20 days."	( Development of polylactic/glycolic acid delivery systems for use in treatment of narcotic addiction. Howes, JF; Schwope, AD; Wise, DL, 1976)	0.26
" Subjects in the Medium Naloxone group demonstrated an apparent avoidance of the lever, suggesting that the morphine infusions were aversive at this dosage level of naloxone."	( Morphine-based secondary reinforcement: effects of different doses of naloxone. Carnathan, G; Cochin, J; Marcus, R; Meyer, RE, 1976)	0.8
" Cumulative dose-response curves for morphine and for morphine after naloxone yielded the value pA2=6."	( Miosis and fluctuation in the rabbit pupil: effects of morphine and naloxone. Adler, MW; Kester, RA; Kramer, MS; Murray, RB; Roy, JW; Tallarida, RJ, 1977)	0.73
"A biphasic dose-response pattern is generated by the isoquinoline, 3-carboxysalsolinol, in analgesia tests conducted in mice."	( Analgesic effects of 3-carboxysalsolinol alone and in combination with morphine. Blum, K; Hirst, M; Marshall, A, 1977)	0.26
" These studies were carried out with a twice-a-day dosage regimen."	( Naltrexone and cyclazocine. A controlled treatment study. Brahen, LS; Capone, T; Desiderio, D; Wiechert, V, 1977)	0.26
" The analgesia dose-response curves for the surrogate pairs, nalodeine-nalorphine and codeine-morphine, were parallel but had significantly different slopes."	( A comparative study of the analgesic and respiratory effects of N-allylnorcodeine (nalodeine), nalorphine, codeine and morphine. Elliott, HW; Rundlett Beyer, J, 1976)	0.26
" Dose-response curves were determined for the effects of morphine (0."	( Comparison of the effects of morphine, pentazocine, cyclazocine and amphetamine on intracranial self-stimulation in the rat. Holtzman, SG, 1976)	0.26
" Possibly, morphine has a diphasic dose-response curve with respect to cardiovascular function and, by inference, on brain noradrenergic mechanisms."	( Effects of morphine on central catecholamine turnover, blood pressure and heart rate in the rat. Gomes, C; Svensson, TH; Trolin, G, 1976)	0.26
" Strength of the conditioned reinforcer, measured in terms of responding on a lever for the stimulus plus infusion of saline solution, was proportional to the unit dosage of morphine employed in pairings of buzzer and drug."	( Role of conditioned reinforcers in the initiation, maintenance and extinction of drug-seeking behavior. Davis, WM; Smith, SG, )	0.13
" The shift of the morphine dose-response curve to the right is expressed in terms of dose ratios, which were calculated from the ED50 values for morphine obtained 9 days before, and 1, 8, 15, 22 and 29 days after implantation of the polymer."	( Preparation and evaluation of a sustained naloxone delivery system in rats. Fishman, J; Foldes, FF; Hahn, EF; Norton, BI; Ronai, A, 1975)	0.52
" We have demonstrated that the polypeptides can be fabricated into dosage forms that are amenable to administration by trochar."	( Use of synthetic polypeptides in the preparation of biodegradable delivery vehicles for narcotic antagonists. Arnold, DL; Granchelli, FE; Nelsen, L; Sheth, SG; Sidman, KR; Steber, WD; Strong, P, 1975)	0.25
" It was found that 10 mg of naloxone was sufficient to antagonize wide dosage ranges of etorphine hydrochloride or fentanyl, used in combination with a variety of tranquilizers."	( An appraisal of naloxone hydrochloride as a narcotic antagonist in the capture and release of wild herbivores. Smuts, GL, 1975)	0.89
" Dosage forms of small inplantable cylinders, 1/16 inch diameter, (25 mg/rod, one rod/mouse) containing 33 per cent by weight naltrexone pamoate in 90 L(+)/10 polylactic/glycolic acid have sustained the delivery of chemical for 200 days."	( Development of polylactic/glycolic acid delivery systems for use in treatment of narcotic addiction. Howes, JF; Schwope, AD; Wise, DL, 1975)	0.25
" The discriminable ED50 values for both pentazocine and morphine were estimated from dose-response curves and when given in combination (pentazocine ED50 + morphine ED50), more drug-related responding occurred than occurred after either drug (ED50) alone."	( Stimulus properties of the narcotic antagonist pentazocine: similarity to morphine and antagonism by naloxone. Appel, JB; Greenberg, I; Kuhn, DM, 1976)	0.47
"In a community-based abstinence program, 108 chronic heroin abusers, paroled from Maryland correctional institutions, were administered the narcotic antagonist, naloxone, in escalating 500 mg dosages to a daily maximum dosage of 2,000 mg when either urine analysis indicated narcotic drug use or unexcused absences led to the suspicion of narcotic intake."	( Contingent naloxone treatment of the narcotic addict: a pilot study. Hanlon, T; Kurland, AA; McCabe, L, 1976)	0.84
" The degree of aversion was related to the maintenance dosage of morphine."	( Conditioned flavor aversions for assessing precipitated morphine abstinence in rats. Pilcher, CW; Stolerman, IP, 1976)	0.26
" A dose-response curve was also made for the mu-opioid receptor agonist, morphine."	( Spinal antinociception by Tyr-D-Ser(otbu)-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr, a selective delta-opioid receptor agonist. Dickenson, AH; Kalso, EA; McQuay, HJ; Sullivan, AF, 1992)	0.28
" Although both were effective, the dose-response curves were different for NAL and MENK."	( Naloxone is an inappropriate antagonist of met-enkephalin-modulated superoxide anion release. Haberstok, H; Marotti, T, 1992)	1.73
" Cumulative dose-response curves to D-amphetamine were constructed in separate groups on day 6 or day 8 (0."	( Effects of naloxone infusion upon spontaneous and amphetamine-induced activity. Holtzman, SG; Jones, DN, 1992)	0.67
" It was confirmed that naloxone and amiphenazole in the dosage range studied do not influence spontaneous respiration in healthy adults."	( [Development of continuous monitoring of spontaneous respiration in the postoperative phase. 2. Cutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures following i.v. bolus application of fentanyl, buprenorphine, naloxone and amiphenazole in healthy adult s Huttarsch, H; Lehmann, KA; Schroeder, B; Zech, D, 1992)	0.78
" The opioid antagonist naloxone and the alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist idazoxan were given as intrathecal pretreatments at doses chosen to shift the dose-response curves of their corresponding agonist (given alone) 4- to 10-fold to the right; this always resulted in a smaller, but significant (2- to 4-fold) shift in the dose-response curve of the other agonist given alone."	( Spinal interactions between opioid and noradrenergic agonists in mice: multiplicativity involves delta and alpha-2 receptors. Hylden, JK; Kitto, K; Lei, S; Roerig, SC; Wilcox, GL, 1992)	0.59
" A daily 8-mg SL dosage was sufficient to maintain individuals without producing reports of withdrawal symptoms."	( Development of buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence. Fudala, PJ; Johnson, RE, 1992)	0.28
" There were no differences between naloxone dosage groups for any measured variables."	( Release of luteinizing hormone after administration of naloxone in pre- and peripuberal heifers. Bertrand, JK; Byerley, DJ; Kiser, TE; Kraeling, RR, 1992)	0.81
" The dosage used was a 10 mg dose plus 7 mg/hr (total = 94 mg)."	( Effect of 12-hour infusion of naloxone on mood and cognition in normal male volunteers. Besser, GM; Grossman, A; Martín del Campo, AF; McMurray, RG, 1992)	0.57
" Dose-response curves were obtained either non-cumulatively with morphine alone or cumulatively with morphine alone and in combination with different concentrations of naloxone."	( Naloxone counteracts the fast development of tolerance to morphine in guinea-pig ileum. Hustveit, O; Oye, I; Setekleiv, J, 1992)	1.92
" Considered together, the site-localization, pharmacologic blocking, and dose-response data support the hypothesis that specific regions of the mPRF can contribute to the long-recognized ability of morphine to inhibit REM sleep and alter respiratory control."	( Sleep disruption and increased apneas after pontine microinjection of morphine. Baghdoyan, HA; Keifer, JC; Lydic, R, 1992)	0.28
" The mid-points of the dose-response curves for (1)-naloxone and (d)-naloxone were 10 micrograms/kg and 100 micrograms/kg, respectively."	( Significance of an opiate mechanism in the adjustment of cerebrocortical oxygen consumption and blood flow during hypercapnic stress. Dora, E; Hines, K; Kunos, G; McLaughlin, AC, 1992)	0.53
" Twenty micrograms naloxone caused a similar increase, but 10 micrograms caused only a slight increase that peaked at 30 minutes, suggesting a dose-response of naloxone effect."	( Increases in cerebral blood flow in rat hippocampus after medial septal injection of naloxone. Endo, Y; Kimura, F; Nishimura, J, 1992)	0.84
"4 mg/ml for morphine and methadone, respectively, were achieved using an ascending dosage schedule."	( Morphine and methadone dependence in the rat: withdrawal and brain met-enkephalin levels. Olley, JE; Pierce, TL; Tiong, GK, 1992)	0.28
" Morphine dose-response curves at different temperatures (30, 37 or 40 degrees C) from right atria of the rat were obtained."	( Temperature-dependent effects of morphine on the isolated right atrium. Laorden, ML; Ruiz, F; Valcarcel, MI, 1992)	0.28
" The dose-response relationship was U-shaped."	( Buprenorphine and gastrointestinal transit in rats: effect of naloxone on the biphasic dose-response curve. Cowan, A, 1992)	0.52
"min/ml and with dosing intervals less than 3 hours."	( Treatment of opioid-induced constipation with oral naloxone: a pilot study. Culpepper-Morgan, JA; Foley, K; Houde, RW; Inturrisi, CE; Kreek, MJ; Marsh, F; Portenoy, RK, 1992)	0.54
" Opiates display similar dose-response relationships for Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange and its partial reaction, the Ca(2+)-Ca2+ exchange."	( The effect of opiate agonists and antagonists on Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange in cardiac sarcolemma vesicles. Khananshvili, D; Sarne, Y, 1992)	0.28
") of a 15 mg naltrexone pellet there was a significant shift to the right of the fentanyl dose-response curves for analgesia and lethality."	( Evaluation of receptor mechanism mediating fentanyl analgesia and toxicity. Jang, Y; Yoburn, BC, 1991)	0.28
" The present study was designed to examine in rats the temporal and dosage parameters of naloxone-induced potentiation of morphine analgesia and the effect of continuous infusion of naloxone on the analgesic potency of other mu agonists."	( Increased analgesic potency of mu agonists after continuous naloxone infusion in rats. Holtzman, SG; Paronis, CA, 1991)	0.75
"3 nmol/rat of DADELT II and shifted the dose-response curve to the right, without decreasing the maximum effect."	( Behavioural effects of deltorphins in rats. Angelucci, F; Negri, L; Noviello, V, 1991)	0.28
" Insulin had no significant influence on the carbachol contractile dose-response curve nor did it affect the cholinergically mediated 'on-contraction' at onset of the electrical stimulus."	( Modulatory effect of insulin on rat small intestinal motility and peptide release in vitro. Allescher, HD; Classen, M; Schusdziarra, V; Willis, S, 1991)	0.28
" Naloxone antagonized this action of NP and shifted the SPF dose-response curve 4-fold to the left."	( Opioid and neurokinin activities of substance P fragments and their analogs. Lei, SZ; Lipkowski, AW; Wilcox, GL, 1991)	1.19
" injection of either 37 nmol/kg SP, equimolar dosed SPC or corresponding diluent vehicle."	( Naloxone blocks conditioned place preference induced by substance P and [pGlu6]-SP(6-11). Gerhardt, P; Hasenöhrl, RU; Huston, JP, 1991)	1.72
" To extend that study, we report herein the results of a dose-response and antagonist challenge experiment."	( Effects of heroin and naloxone on cerebral blood flow in the conscious rat. Fuller, SA; Stein, EA, 1991)	0.6
" In dose-response studies, beta-FNA antagonized all the actions with similar potencies (ID50 values of 12."	( Comparison of naloxonazine and beta-funaltrexamine antagonism of mu 1 and mu 2 opioid actions. Pasternak, GW; Paul, D; Pick, CG, 1991)	0.28
" Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly to 10 groups (n = 10) relating to two factors: intensity of injury and dosage of naloxone."	( Naloxone and experimental spinal cord injury: effect of varying dose and intensity of injury. Black, P; Finkelstein, SD; Gillespie, JA; Markowitz, RS, 1991)	1.93
" Dose-response curves for IT morphine were obtained in the presence of fixed doses (0."	( Interaction of intrathecal morphine and ST-91 on antinociception in the rat: dose-response analysis, antagonism and clearance. Monasky, MS; Stevens, CW; Yaksh, TL; Zinsmeister, AR, 1990)	0.28
" Naloxone at a dosage of 2 mg/h was infused intravenously for 4 hours, and serum was obtained every 15 minutes for 6 hours."	( Induction of hypothalamic opioid activity with transdermal estradiol administration in postmenopausal women. D'Amico, JF; Greendale, GA; Judd, HL; Lu, JK, 1991)	1.19
" The dose-response curve for minute ventilation was steeper for morphine-6-glucuronide than for morphine."	( Antinociceptive and ventilatory effects of the morphine metabolites: morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide. Björkman, R; Gong, QL; Hedner, J; Hedner, T; Nordberg, G, 1991)	0.28
" When buprenorphine was administered in the fourth day of morphine addiction, the results demonstrate that the administration of the partial agonist opioid produce a bell-shaped dose-response curve."	( Buprenorphine: bell-shaped dose-response curve for its antagonist effects. Leza, JC; Lizasoain, I; Lorenzo, P, 1991)	0.28
" ACH dose-response curves for dexamethasone (DM)- and corticosterone (B)-treated but not deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-treated BSM were significantly shifted to the right; this provides evidence that glucocorticoid treatment reduced the sensitivity of BSM to ACH."	( Effect of acetylcholine and morphine on bronchial smooth muscle contraction and its modulation by steroid hormones. Kadir, BA; Khalid, BA; Morat, PB; Nabishah, BM, 1990)	0.28
" A final study evaluated the dose-response relationship of clonidine-induced erectile dysfunction."	( Clonidine suppresses copulatory behavior and erectile reflexes in male rats: lack of effect of naloxone pretreatment. Clark, JT; Smith, ER, 1990)	0.5
"A study of the dose-response effects of naloxone and methylprednisolone after rat ventral spinal cord injury is presented."	( Dose-dependent effects of naloxone and methylprednisolone in the ventral compression model of spinal cord injury. Beal, JA; Benzel, EC; Hoffpauir, GM; Kesterson, L; Lancon, JA; Thomas, MM, 1990)	0.85
" However, a dose-response relationship was not observed."	( Participation of opiate pathways in the lateral hypothalamic area in the control of renal electrolyte and water excretion. Perez, SE; Silva-Netto, CR; Silveira, JE, 1990)	0.28
" For the DSP4-pretreated mice that received naloxone before training on both days, the dose-response characteristics for retention scores were similar to those of vehicle-pretreated mice; 1 mg/kg naloxone was the facilitatory dose."	( Interaction between catecholaminergic and opioid systems in an active avoidance task. Bennett, MC; Hock, FJ, 1990)	0.54
" An inactive dose of intrathecally-administered midazolam (20 micrograms) produced a leftward shift in the dose-response curve for intrathecally administered morphine, in the thermal antinociceptive tests."	( Interaction of midazolam and morphine in the spinal cord of the rat. Sabbe, MB; Stevens, CW; Yaksh, TL; Yanez, A, 1990)	0.28
" Butorphanol resulted in partial reversal of sedation at both dosage levels."	( Reversal of oxymorphone sedation by naloxone, nalmefene, and butorphanol. Anderson, GI; Doherty, T; Dyson, DH; McDonell, WN, )	0.41
"05) by GnRH compared to control, but the dose-response to GnRH was absent."	( Opioid modulation of LH secretion by pig pituitary cells in vitro. Barb, CR; Barrett, JB; Kraeling, RR; Rampacek, GB; Wright, JT, 1990)	0.28
"The effect of the dosage and timing of administration of naloxone after spinal cord injury in rats via the ventral compression technique is presented."	( Effect of dosage and timing of administration of naloxone on outcome in the rat ventral compression model of spinal cord injury. Bairnsfather, S; Benzel, EC; Kesterson, L; Lancon, JA, 1990)	0.78
" To establish the safety and efficacy of an anesthetic regimen using intravenous meperidine and diazepam, all endoscopic procedures performed at one teaching institution in a 4-month period were retrospectively analyzed with regard to: (1) type and dosage of sedation/anesthesia, (2) endoscopic procedure involved, (3) effect of any underlying disease state, (4) side effects, (5) endoscopic complications, and (6) overall patient acceptance."	( Evaluation of safe, effective intravenous sedation for utilization in endoscopic procedures. Andrus, CH; Dean, PA; Ponsky, JL, 1990)	0.28
" Because the dosage and timing of these agents are considered critical factors in their efficacy, we investigated both dosage and timing of naloxone."	( Naloxone in septic shock. Hackshaw, KV; Parker, GA; Roberts, JW, 1990)	1.92
" The return to normal naltrexone sensitivity after elimination of the two highest doses suggests that a reliable association between the lower and higher doses in a cumulative dosing procedure can result in conditioned effects to the lower doses."	( Enhanced sensitivity to behavioral effects of naltrexone in rats. Goldberg, SR; Katz, JL; Schindler, CW; Su, TP; Wu, XZ, 1990)	0.28
" gamma E (beta-LPH-(61-77)), beta-endorphin-(1-17)), and DT gamma E (beta-LPH-(62-77), beta-endorphin-(2-17)) were without effect in the dosage used."	( The effect of gamma-type endorphins on alpha-MSH release in the rat. Andringa-Bakker, EA; de Rotte, AA; de Wied, D; van de Buuse, M; van Wimersma Greidanus, TB, 1985)	0.27
" Mathematic analysis of the dose-response (wheal) relationship suggested that two different effects were involved."	( Morphine-induced skin wheals: a possible model for the study of histamine release. Erill, S; Saucedo, R, 1985)	0.27
" The study was done in three phases: a training phase in which training drugs were identified to subjects by letter code before the session, a test of acquisition phase in which the subject's ability to identify the training drug by letter code was tested and a generalization phase in which dose-response curves for the two active training drugs were tested."	( Three-choice drug discrimination in opioid-dependent humans: hydromorphone, naloxone and saline. Bickel, W; Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Preston, KL, 1987)	0.5
" Dose-response curves at 1 hr revealed similar potencies of oxymorphone and the derivatives, with the exception of OxyPNPH which was significantly less potent."	( Irreversible opiate agonists and antagonists. IV. Analgesic actions of 14-hydroxydihydromorphinone hydrazones. Bodnar, RJ; Burks, TF; Clark, JE; Hahn, EF; Pasternak, GW; Williams, CL, 1988)	0.27
" Physiologic measures and subject- and observer-rated behavioral responses were measured before dosing and for 120 min after drug administration."	( Buprenorphine and naloxone alone and in combination in opioid-dependent humans. Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Preston, KL, 1988)	0.61
" Physiologic measures and subject- and observer-rated behavioral responses were measured before dosing and for 2 hr after drug administration."	( Butorphanol-precipitated withdrawal in opioid-dependent human volunteers. Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Preston, KL, 1988)	0.27
" A U-shaped dose-response relation was observed."	( Beta-endorphin and related peptides suppress phorbol myristate acetate-induced respiratory burst in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. de Wied, D; Diamant, M; Henricks, PA; Nijkamp, FP, 1989)	0.28
" Medroxyprogesterone acetate was given orally to the 6 study subjects over a 10-day period in an incremental dosage to mimic the luteal phase."	( Opioidergic regulation of LH pulsatility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Berga, SL; Yen, SS, 1989)	0.28
" Antinociception was determined by observing the response to a clamp applied to the tail (Haffner test) in mice and by the tail-flick test in rats; log dose-response curves for antinociception were generated for morphine, clonidine, and each drug combination."	( Antinociceptive interactions between alpha 2-adrenergic and opiate agonists at the spinal level in rodents. Ossipov, MH; Spaulding, TC; Suarez, LJ, 1989)	0.28
" The latter inhibited GRF-stimulated GH release by shifting the dose-response curve to the right."	( The synergistic effects of His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 on growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor-stimulated GH release and intracellular adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate accumulation in rat primary pituitary cell culture. Barreto, A; Chan, WW; Cheng, K; Convey, EM; Smith, RG, 1989)	0.28
"In a small clinical trial, a new therapeutic approach was studied, whether naloxone, in high dosage over a prolonged period of time, will attenuate withdrawal symptoms in acute opiate detoxification."	( Continuous naloxone administration suppresses opiate withdrawal symptoms in human opiate addicts during detoxification treatment. Lenz, K; Loimer, N; Presslich, O; Schmid, RW, 1989)	0.9
" A dosage of 100 mg/kg (-) naloxone, which blocked the opioid receptor for 12-16 hr/day, did not alter body weight in comparison to control levels."	( Naloxone modulates body and organ growth of rats: dependency on the duration of opioid receptor blockade and stereospecificity. McLaughlin, PJ; Zagon, IS, 1989)	2.02
" Naloxonazine shifted the supraspinal DAGO dose-response curve 4-fold to the right without changing the curve for spinal DAGO."	( Different mu receptor subtypes mediate spinal and supraspinal analgesia in mice. Bodnar, RJ; Gistrak, MA; Pasternak, GW; Paul, D, 1989)	0.28
" The slopes of the dose-response lines were parallel, but the delta compound was about 250 times less potent than DAMGO."	( Sympathoadrenal, cardiovascular and blood gas responses to highly selective mu and delta opioid peptides. Kiritsy-Roy, JA; Marson, L; Van Loon, GR, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response curves are U-shaped, with no detectable effect at low or high concentrations."	( Phagocytosis in Tetrahymena thermophila: naloxone-reversible inhibition by opiates. De Jesus, S; Renaud, FL, 1989)	0.54
"Pregnant Long-Evans hooded rats were dosed subcutaneously with 1 or 5 mg/kg/day naloxone hydrochloride, or an equal volume of vehicle, from gestational Day 4 (GD4) through GD19."	( Behavioral and neuroanatomical sequelae of prenatal naloxone administration in the rat. Allen, KS; Royall, GD; Shepanek, NA; Smith, RF; Tyer, ZE, )	0.61
" We investigated whether naloxone possessed gastric cytoprotective properties, generating a dose-response curve existed for both intragastric (IG) and intravenous (IV) administration."	( Naloxone exerts a dose-dependent gastric cytoprotective effect. Adair, CG; Ephgrave, KS; Kleiman, RL, 1989)	2.02
" In contrast, the reference NSAIDS (piroxicam, indomethacin, naproxen and ibuprofen) exhibited similar dose-response relationships for the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and gastric irritant effects."	( Pemedolac: a novel and long-acting non-narcotic analgesic. Chau, TT; Weichman, BM, 1989)	0.28
" Dose-response curves describing the relationship between the duration of balloon inflation and the percentage of animals with a persistent neurologic deficit were constructed and compared for differences by use of a group t test."	( The effect of fentanyl anesthesia and intrathecal naloxone on neurologic outcome following spinal cord injury in the rat. Brauer, FS; Cole, DJ; Drummond, JC; Hertzog, RE; Shapiro, HM, 1989)	0.53
" All animals reduced their food intake in response to the dietary adulteration, with evidence of a dose-response effect, but this response did not differ as a function of litter size."	( Effects of early rearing experience on feeding behavior in B6D2F2 mice. Gardner, D; McCutcheon, D; Pelkman, C; Wainwright, PE; Young, C, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response curves of the preferential mu- ligands morphine and [D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5] enkephalin (DAGO) were shifted by naloxone at low doses but not by ICI 174,864."	( The role of mu- and delta- opioid receptors on the intestinal propulsion in rats. La Regina, A; Petrillo, P; Sbacchi, M; Tavani, A, 1986)	0.48
" After 1 week of treatment and after pump removal, dose-response curves for the induction of antinociception by morphine against noxious heat, pressure and electrical stimulation were shifted to the left across the entire time course of action: this supersensitivity subsided over a period of 1 week postremoval."	( Antagonist-induced opioid receptor up-regulation. I. Characterization of supersensitivity to selective mu and kappa agonists. Herz, A; Millan, MJ; Morris, BJ, 1988)	0.27
" Slightly conflicting results have been obtained, depending on the dosage of naloxone used."	( Endorphins: what are they? How are they measured? What is their role in exercise? Grossman, A; Sutton, JR, 1985)	0.5
" The dose-response curves for CCK8 were shifted in parallel to the right by 10(-6) to 10(-5) M of the three benzodiazepines, although the maximum response to CCK8 was depressed by higher concentrations."	( Cholecystokinin antagonism by benzodiazepines in the contractile response of the isolated guinea-pig gallbladder. Kubota, K; Matsuda, I; Sugaya, K; Sunagane, N; Uruno, T, 1985)	0.27
" However, the dose-response curve for naltrexone was not parallel to the morphine or fentanyl dose-response curves."	( An analysis of naltrexone and naloxone's possible agonistic actions in the dog. Martin, WR; Wettstein, JG, 1985)	0.56
" The mu receptor agonists produce a biphasic (primary and secondary slope) dose-response curve (DRC) whereas kappa agonist and mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics produce single-slope DRCs."	( Antinociceptive profiles of mu and kappa opioid agonists in a rat tooth pulp stimulation procedure. Cook, L; Steinfels, GF, 1986)	0.27
" The dose-response curves were monotonic and the slopes were log-linear."	( Epidural injections of bupivacaine, morphine, fentanyl, lofentanil, and DADL in chronically implanted rats: a pharmacologic and pathologic study. Durant, PA; Yaksh, TL, 1986)	0.27
" The slopes of the monotonic dose-response curves for the five opioids did not differ significantly."	( Studies of the pharmacology and pathology of intrathecally administered 4-anilinopiperidine analogues and morphine in the rat and cat. Durant, PA; Noueihed, RY; Yaksh, TL, 1986)	0.27
" (+/-)-Propranolol caused rightward shifts, usually parallel, of the dose-response curves for (-)-isoprenaline."	( The antinociceptive action of some beta-adrenoceptor agonists in mice. Bentley, GA; Starr, J, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response curves for the relatively specific ligands for the mu-, kappa-, and sigma-receptors were determined using morphine (mu-receptors), dynorphin-(1-13) (kappa-receptors), and N-allylnormetazocine (sigma-receptors)."	( Sites of action of mu-, kappa- and sigma-opiate receptor agonists at the feline ileocecal sphincter. Cohen, S; Ouyang, A; Vos, P, 1988)	0.27
" Naloxonazine (10 mg/kg) shifted the morphine hyperphagia dose-response curve to the right."	( Differential sensitivity of opioid-induced feeding to naloxone and naloxonazine. Arjune, D; Bodnar, RJ; Hahn, EF; Mann, PE; Pasternak, GW; Romero, MT, 1988)	0.52
" The purpose of this study was to examine further this phenomenon in humans by characterizing the antagonist dose-response function."	( Acute opioid physical dependence in postaddict humans: naloxone dose effects after brief morphine exposure. Bigelow, GE; Heishman, SJ; Liebson, IA; Stitzer, ML, 1989)	0.52
") shifted the dose-response curves to morphine to the right in a parallel manner."	( Antinociceptive effects of azepexole (BHT 933) in mice. Bansinath, M; Puig, MM; Turndorf, H; Vargas, ML, 1989)	0.28
" The slope of the dose-response curve was steeper after pre-exposure."	( Behavioral effects of morphine and phencyclidine in rats: the influence of repeated testing before and after single treatment. Leys, A; Van Ree, JM, 1985)	0.27
" one hour before ethanol), caused increases of up to 23-fold in the hepatic acetaldehyde level, without influencing the cytosolic NAD+:NADH ratio in ethanol dosed rats, while significantly reducing the ethanol elimination rate by up to 44%, compared with controls."	( The roles of the hepatocellular redox state and the hepatic acetaldehyde concentration in determining the ethanol elimination rate in fasted rats. Chakraborty, J; Ryle, PR; Thomson, AD, 1985)	0.27
" These effects were dose related, with the pyloric dose-response profile being essentially linear."	( Dose-related effects of synthetic human beta-endorphin and naloxone on fed gastrointestinal motility. Camilleri, M; Kao, PC; Li, CH; Malagelada, JR; Stanghellini, V; Zinsmeister, AR, 1986)	0.51
" Complete dose-response data for morphine, heroin, etorphine, d- and l-ethylketazocine, d- and l-pentazocine, and d- and l-N-allylnormetazocine revealed a predominant response of hyperthermia."	( Body temperature effects of opioids in rats: intracerebroventricular administration. Adler, MW; Geller, EB; Rowan, CH, 1986)	0.27
" Pretreatment with the opiate receptor antagonist naltrexone resulted in a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve for alpha-methyldopa, both for blood pressure and heart rate."	( Antagonism by naltrexone of the hypotension and bradycardia induced by alpha-methyldopa in conscious normotensive rats. de Jong, W; van Giersbergen, PL, 1988)	0.27
" However, these challenges have been conducted after relatively acute dosing with naltrexone, and tolerance to this antagonism after chronic treatment is possible."	( Nontolerance to the opioid antagonism of naltrexone. Gaspari, J; Kleber, HD; Kosten, TR; Topazian, M, 1985)	0.27
" Full dose-response curves show a 4-fold shift to the right (P less than ."	( Separation of opioid analgesia from respiratory depression: evidence for different receptor mechanisms. Ling, GS; Lockhart, SH; Pasternak, GW; Spiegel, K, 1985)	0.27
" Antagonism by competition at same opioid receptor subtypes is suggested from parallel shifts of the dose-response curve of etorphine or beta h-EP in the presence of increasing doses of beta h-EP-(1-28)."	( Inhibition of analgesia by C-terminal deletion analogs of human beta-endorphin. Li, CH; Nicolas, P, 1985)	0.27
" Naltrexone, naloxone, nalorphine, and morphine (in this order of decreasing potency) bind to the lambda site in vivo in intact rat brain over dosage ranges that are commonly employed in pharmacological studies."	( Characterization of a labile naloxone binding site (lambda site) in rat brain. Grevel, J; Sadée, W; Yu, V, 1985)	0.93
" Antagonism by competition at the same site(s) is suggested from parallel shifts of the dose-response curves of etorphine or beta-endorphin in the presence of beta-endorphin-(1-27)."	( Beta-endorphin-(1-27) is a naturally occurring antagonist to etorphine-induced analgesia. Li, CH; Nicolas, P, 1985)	0.27
" But a number of kappa agonists, including bremazocine, tifluadom, ethylketocyclazocine, ketocyclazocine, U-50,488 and Win 42,610 all depressed contractions, producing parallel dose-response curves."	( Profile of activity of kappa receptor agonists in the rabbit vas deferens. Hayes, A; Kelly, A, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response curves for the biological response were suggestive of positive cooperativity and systematically occurred at lower ligand concentrations than those for the binding of [3H] [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE), which were instead shallow and suggestive of a site heterogeneity or of a cooperative phenomenon."	( Multiple states of opioid receptors may modulate adenylate cyclase in intact neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells. Costa, T; Gramsch, C; Herz, A; Wüster, M, 1985)	0.27
" In these experiments, dose-response curves were recorded."	( New models for the evaluation of opioid effects in the guinea-pig ileum. Donnerer, J; Lembeck, F, 1985)	0.27
" Cannabinol (CBN) showed the same activity but required a dosage of approximately eight times that of THC to produce an equivalent effect."	( The quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome: effect of cannabinol, cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol. Chesher, GB; Jackson, DM, 1985)	0.27
" There were significant falls in systolic blood pressure during captopril dosing alone, but there was no fall in blood pressure during combination therapy."	( Effect of naloxone on the actions of captopril. Ajayi, AA; Campbell, BC; Reid, JL; Rubin, PC, 1985)	0.67
" Experiment 1 established a dose-response function for inhibition of intake by naloxone (NAL) in short (60 min) 2-bottle tests."	( Opiate blockade inhibits saccharin intake and blocks normal preference acquisition. Lynch, WC, 1986)	0.5
" In post-test locomotor activity determination, an apparent dose-response existed for MSH/ACTH 4-10 with the two highest doses (190 and 285 micrograms/kg) resulting in significantly increased locomotor activity."	( The effect of MSH/ACTH 4-10 on delayed response performance and post-test locomotor activity in rats. Miller, LH; Turnbull, BA, )	0.13
" Naloxonazine also shifted full morphine dose-response curves to the right."	( Antagonism of morphine analgesia by intracerebroventricular naloxonazine. Bodnar, RJ; Pasternak, GW; Portzline, T; Simone, DA, 1986)	0.27
"The dose-response relationship of neonatal (days 1-7) administration of beta-endorphin (BE) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on body weight, eye opening, response to thermal pain, and concentrations of plasma and adrenal corticosterone were measured in developing rat pups."	( Neonatal peptides affect developing rats: beta-endorphin alters nociception and opiate receptors, corticotropin-releasing factor alters corticosterone. Kastin, AJ; Zadina, JE, 1986)	0.27
"1 micrograms/kg, ip) exerted effects opposite to those elicited by naloxone, that is, shifted the dose-response curve of clenbuterol to the right."	( Opioid peptidergic systems modulate the activity of beta-adrenergic mechanisms during memory consolidation processes. Baratti, CM; Introini-Collison, IB, 1986)	0.51
" pairs of time-response curves, pairs of dose-response lines were constructed at various times; these lines showed decreasing displacement with time, indicative of the disappearance of naloxone."	( Estimation of the affinity of naloxone at supraspinal and spinal opioid receptors in vivo: studies with receptor selective agonists. Heyman, JS; Koslo, RJ; Mosberg, HI; Porreca, F; Tallarida, RJ, 1986)	0.75
" The slope of the analgesic dose-response curve for the highly specific delta agonist, cyclic [D-Penicillamine2, D-Penicillamine5]enkephalin (DPDPE), was significantly different (flatter) from those of mu agonists or DADLE."	( Continuous intrathecal opioid analgesia: tolerance and cross-tolerance of mu and delta spinal opioid receptors. Chang, KJ; Leslie, JB; Russell, RD; Su, YF; Watkins, WD, 1987)	0.27
" The accumulation of O2- in response to the potent chemotactic peptide formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine was studied and a distinctly different dose-response profile with a peak response at 10(-8) M was observed."	( Beta-endorphin stimulates human polymorphonuclear leukocyte superoxide production via a stereoselective opiate receptor. Gekker, G; Keane, WF; Peterson, PK; Sharp, BM; Tsukayama, DT, 1987)	0.27
" This effect was time-dependent and dose-dependent, and the usual naloxone dose-response function could be recaptured 1 week after the pretreatment effect was obtained."	( Effects of acute morphine pretreatment on the rate-decreasing and antagonist activity of naloxone. Young, AM, 1986)	0.73
" The slope of this sigmoid dose-response curve varied with the inspirate; it increased as the concentration of CO2 was higher."	( Respiratory effects of morphine in awake unrestrained rats. Colpaert, FC; van den Hoogen, RH, 1986)	0.27
", the morphine dose-response curve was shifted to the right."	( Potentiation of disruptive effects of dextromethorphan by naloxone on fixed-interval performance in rats. Taşkin, T, 1986)	0.52
"The efficacy of two dosage regimens of intravenous naloxone were compared to avoid nonrespiratory side effects and respiratory depression and yet to preserve analgesia (maximum tolerance to periostial pressure over the tibia) after administration of 200 micrograms epidural fentanyl."	( Effect of naloxone infusion on analgesia and respiratory depression after epidural fentanyl. Benhamou, D; Carli, P; Ecoffey, Cl; Gross, JB; Gueneron, JP, 1988)	0.93
" An ischemia control group received NS, whereas experimental groups were given Nx, SOD, APL, or DEF with the same previous dosage schedule."	( Experimental pharmacologic cerebroprotection. Donovan, DL; Fink, JA; Pigott, JP; Sharp, WV, 1988)	0.27
" Similarly, chronic dosing with acetorphan after withdrawal produced no significant effect on body weight."	( Amelioration of naloxone-precipitated opioid withdrawal symptoms by peripheral administration of the enkephalinase inhibitor acetorphan. Livingston, SJ; Rooney, KF; Sewell, RD; Smith, HJ, 1988)	0.62
" Dose-response curves for diprenorphine and naloxone were determined prior to and following chronic administration of 10."	( Diprenorphine and naloxone in squirrel monkeys with enhanced sensitivity to opioid antagonists. Dykstra, LA; Oliveto, AH, 1988)	0.87
" Therefore, insofar as this dosage of naloxone may be used to examine the functional role of opioid-mediated mechanisms, our findings are not tenable with the hypothesis that endogenous opioids play a role in maintenance of thermal homeostasis during exercise."	( Effect of opioid antagonism on esophageal temperature during exercise. Gordon, NF; Schwellnus, MP, 1988)	0.55
" Under this dosing schedule, the behavior-suppressing effects of buprenorphine returned to base-line levels within 4 days."	( Effects of buprenorphine, methadone and naloxone on acquisition of behavioral chains. Cleary, J; Ho, B; Nader, M; Thompson, T, 1988)	0.54
" The severity and the duration of this intoxication are not explained solely by the high dosage of Tramadol."	( [Acute poisoning with a narcotic (Tramadol) in an infant of five weeks]. Beutler, A; Bianchetti, MG; Ferrier, PE, 1988)	0.27
" Morphine altered dose-response curves for exogenous PGE2, evoking a parallel surmountable shift to the right, but did not affect the inotropic action of added PGF2 alpha."	( Morphine diminishes the constancy of spontaneous uterine contractions, antagonizes the positive inotropic effects of prostaglandin E2, but not of prostaglandin F2 alpha and inhibits prostaglandin E and F outputs from the uterus of ovariectomized rats. Chaud, MA; Faletti, A; Gimeno, AL; Gimeno, MA, 1988)	0.27
" After establishing a dose-response relationship, we chose a control dose that produced intermediate hypertensive responses."	( Hemodynamic responses of chronically instrumented piglets to bolus injections of group B streptococci. Barefield, E; Godoy, G; Gray, BM; Graybar, G; Lyrene, RK; Philips, JB; Sams, JE, 1988)	0.27
" Dose-response curves revealed that adult animals were more than 10-fold less sensitive to NMDA than their younger counterparts."	( Characterization and possible opioid modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid induced increases in serum luteinizing hormone levels in the developing male rat. Bell, RD; Cicero, TJ; Meyer, ER, 1988)	0.27
" The results of this study confirm previous reports of acute physical dependence in man and extend those findings by demonstrating a morphine dose-response function."	( Acute physical dependence in man: effects of naloxone after brief morphine exposure. Bickel, WK; Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Stitzer, ML, 1988)	0.53
"25-50 micrograms) in ICR mice, which showed a bell-shaped hyperglycemic dose-response relationship and a brief explosive motor behavior at the higher doses (25-50 micrograms)."	( Differential effects of subcutaneous and intrathecal morphine administration on blood glucose in mice: comparison with intracerebroventricular administration. Brase, DA; Dewey, WL; Lux, F, 1988)	0.27
" Yohimbine, but not naloxone, antagonized the antinociceptive effects of clonidine, whereas both yohimbine and naloxone altered the dose-response function for the effects of clonidine on blood pressure."	( Intrathecal morphine and clonidine: antinociceptive tolerance and cross-tolerance and effects on blood pressure. Gebhart, GF; Solomon, RE, 1988)	0.6
" In light of these conflicting reports, we have conducted a systematic dose-response analysis of the effects of morphine on FBM in 27 fetal lambs."	( Dual action of morphine on fetal breathing movements. Amione, J; Clare, S; Dwyer, G; Szeto, HH; Umans, JG; Zhu, YS, 1988)	0.27
" Naloxone at a dosage of 1 mg/kg disinhibited release of LH and abruptly increased serum concentrations of LH in a variety of experimental models."	( Effects of exogenous estradiol-17 beta and progesterone on naloxone-reversible inhibition of the release of luteinizing hormone in ewes. Malven, PV; Trout, WE, 1987)	1.43
" The dose-response relationship was quadratic, with the greatest reduction in food intake occurring at the 10 mg/kg body weight dose."	( Naloxone attenuates food but not water intake in Japanese quail. Denbow, DM; McCormack, JF, 1987)	1.72
" In contrast to the above, either morphine or [Met5]enkephalin in subthreshold dosage administrated together with the peptidase inhibitors displayed antinociceptive activity in the two groups of tests."	( Dissociated effects of inhibitors of enkephalin-metabolising peptidases or naloxone on various nociceptive responses. Aveaux, D; Ben Natan, L; Chaillet, P; Costentin, J; Schwartz, JC; Vlaiculescu, A, 1986)	0.5
" Pharmacokinetic data for drugs administered endotracheally are lacking; therefore, dosage recommendations are empirical."	( Endotracheal drug therapy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Raehl, CL, 1986)	0.27
" Biological, static or dynamic dosage of opioid activity in peripheral liquids, trying to correlate those measures either with a syndrome, or with a clinical trait."	( [Endorphins. Physiological and pharmacological aspects, and research in psychiatry]. Leboyer, M, )	0.13
" The acetylcholine dose-response curves for steroid pretreated ileum but not duodenum were significantly shifted to the right; evidence that pretreated ileum required higher dose of acetylcholine than normal to cause 50% maximal contraction."	( The effect of corticosteroid pretreatment in vivo on the contraction of guinea-pig ileum and duodenum. Alias, AK; Idid, SZ; Khalid, BA; Merican, Z; Morat, P, 1987)	0.27
" To better define the interactions between gamma irradiation and these opiate-mediated phenomena, dose-response studies were undertaken of the effect of irradiation on morphine-induced antinociception, and on the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome of morphine-dependent rats."	( Irradiation exposure modulates central opioid functions. Dafny, N; Dougherty, PM, 1987)	0.46
" The slope of the dose-response curves was similar in both strains of rat, but the average response to the same concentrations of clonidine was less in the SHR."	( Modification of clonidine-induced pressor responses in morphine-dependent and hypophysectomised rats. Conway, EL, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response and time-course experiments were carried out using both static incubation of paired hemipituitary glands and perifusion of whole glands."	( Effects of two enkephalin analogues, morphine sulphate, dopamine and naloxone on prolactin secretion from rat anterior pituitary glands in vitro. Bentley, AM; Wallis, M, 1986)	0.51
" After bleeding so that arterial pressure fell to 40 mmHg, the dose-response relationship for naloxone had two components."	( Factors influencing the effects of intravenous naloxone on arterial pressure and heart rate after haemorrhage in conscious rabbits. Ludbrook, J; Potocnik, SJ; Rutter, PC, 1986)	0.75
" At t = 120 minutes, IV fluid administration was begun (all dogs) and continued for 1 hour (lactated Ringer's solution at a dosage of 70 ml/kg/hr)."	( Effects of naloxone in treating hemorrhagic shock in dogs with maintained baroreceptor responsiveness. Gross, DR; Wagner-Mann, CC, 1986)	0.66
"The role of the increased hepatocellular redox-state [( NADH]/[NAD+] ratio) as a mechanism underlying hepatic triglyceride deposition after acute ethanol dosing has been investigated in the rat."	( The role of the hepatocellular redox state in the hepatic triglyceride accumulation following acute ethanol administration. Chakraborty, J; Ryle, PR; Thomson, AD, 1986)	0.27
" ED50 values were derived from the dose-response lines."	( Intrathecal injection of codeine, buprenorphine, tilidine, tramadol and nefopam depresses the tail-flick response in rats. Bernatzky, G; Jurna, I, 1986)	0.27
" Morphine analgesic effect during subchronic dosage (50 mg/kg a day) was gradually decreased."	( Stimulation-produced analgesia under repeated morphine treatment in rats. Morozova, AS; Zvartau, EE, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response curves for the convulsive effect of pentylenetetrazol obtained at the peak of the withdrawal signs shifted greatly to the left in alcohol withdrawn animals but less in barbital withdrawn animals."	( Differentiation of alcohol and barbital physical dependence. Kaneda, H; Kaneto, H; Kawatani, S, 1986)	0.27
" Accordingly, opiate receptors sensitive to naloxone in a moderate dosage seem not to be involved in the cardiovascular response and the increase in plasma catecholamines, PRA and plasma aldosterone induced by exercise."	( Lack of effect of naloxone in a moderate dosage on the exercise-induced increase in blood pressure, heart rate, plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone in healthy males. Bramnert, M; Hökfelt, B, 1985)	0.86
" Most importantly, however, we showed that the GPT-LHRH produced equivalent, parallel shifts to the right in the dose-response curves for LHRH and naloxone, indicative of competitive inhibition."	( Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone mediates naloxone's effects on serum luteinizing hormone levels in normal and morphine-sensitized male rats. Cicero, TJ; Meyer, ER; Miller, BT; Schmoeker, PF, 1985)	0.73
"The dose-response of serum prolactin (PRL) values to different doses of naloxone (NAL) in rats is bellshaped."	( Effect of different doses of naloxone on serum levels of prolactin and gonadotropins in young male volunteers. Knuth, UA; Nieschlag, E, 1985)	0.79
" Schedule-controlled responding was disrupted when morphine maintenance was abruptly discontinued but not when the maintenance dosage was gradually reduced to zero."	( Behavioral effects of naloxone and nalorphine preceding and following morphine maintenance in the rhesus monkey. Bergman, J; Schuster, CR, 1985)	0.58
" The degree of drug tolerance was assessed by determining cumulative dose-response functions for morphine before, during and after chronic administration."	( Modification of morphine tolerance by behavioral variables. Sannerud, CA; Young, AM, 1986)	0.27
" Due to naloxone's short half life and a long duration of action of most opioids, repeated naloxone dosing often is required to prevent the recurrence of respiratory depression."	( A dosing nomogram for continuous infusion intravenous naloxone. Errick, JK; Goldfrank, L; Lo, MW; Weisman, RS, 1986)	0.95
" The N-methyl-quaternary analog of naloxone (methylnaloxone, which presumably entails selective action at opiate receptors outside the CNS) was also effective, indicating peripheral effects at the dosage level used (0."	( Colonic motor responses in the pony: relevance of colonic stimulation by opiate antagonists. Bardon, T; Roger, T; Ruckebusch, Y, 1985)	0.55
" Naloxonazine, a relatively selective mu 1 blocker, at certain dosage (50 micrograms per rabbit, icv), could abolish the analgesia but not the respiratory inhibition produced by MET."	( The analgesic and respiratory depressant actions of metorphamide in mice and rabbits. Chang, JK; He, XP; Lu, WX; Niu, SF; Weber, E; Xu, SF; Xu, WM; Zhang, AZ; Zhou, KR, 1985)	0.27
" at a dosage 1000 times lower than that of morphine on a molar basis."	( Comparative study on the electrophysiological responses at thalamic level to different analgesic peptides. Biella, G; Braga, PC; Fraschini, F; Guidobono, F; Pecile, A; Tiengo, M, 1985)	0.27
" But to objectify the mode of action, or to measure dose-response functions, to evaluate the optimal therapeutic dosage, or to compare the relative efficacy of the drug tested with known substances--all these investigations can best be performed in a sample of healthy, informed, intelligent and cooperative volunteers, as homogenous as possible."	( Modern techniques to measure pain in healthy man. Bromm, B, 1985)	0.27
" Although the same organs in males and females within a dosage group were influenced by naltrexone, and usually to a similar degree, a dosage of 1 mg/kg naltrexone often affected different organ systems than the 50 mg/kg dosage."	( Opioid antagonist-induced regulation of organ development. McLaughlin, PJ; Zagon, IS, 1985)	0.27
" After animals had achieved the required performance criterion, dose-response and phase-generalization tests were conducted in each group."	( A drug discrimination analysis of ethanol-induced behavioral excitation and sedation: the role of endogenous opiate pathways. Altshuler, HL; Shippenberg, TS, )	0.13
" Naloxone, in the dosage used (40 micrograms/kg body wt as a bolus, followed by 10 micrograms/kg body wt X h) had no independent effects on motility or flow, but did blunt the stimulatory effects of morphine and atropine on migrating motor complexes."	( Effects of morphine and atropine on motility and transit in the human ileum. Borody, TJ; Haddad, A; Phillips, SF; Quigley, EM; Tucker, RL; Wienbeck, M; Zinsmeister, AR, 1985)	1.18
" Under conditions of high stress, rats first showed diminished, and then enhanced, hyperthermic responding across repeated morphine dosing (5 or 35 mg/kg)."	( Influence of stress on morphine-induced hyperthermia: relevance to drug conditioning and tolerance development. Baker, TB; Tiffany, ST; Zelman, DC, 1985)	0.27
"Tolerance to the behavioral effects of selected opiate compounds (cyclazocine, ketocyclazocine, naloxone and the stereoisomers of N-allylnormetazocine) and phencyclidine was evaluated using cumulative dosing procedures in rhesus monkeys responding under a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of food presentation."	( Behavioral effects of selected opiates and phencyclidine in the nondependent and cyclazocine-dependent rhesus monkey. Bergman, J; Hassoun, J; Schuster, CR, 1985)	0.49
" Due to the rather high dosage necessary (1-2 mg/ml), well-known side-effects of these opiates must also be taken into consideration."	( [Local anesthetic effects of morphine and naloxone]. Gilly, H; Kramer, R; Zahorovsky, I, 1985)	0.53
" The daily dosage was limited to 400 mg."	( Clinical investigation on the development of dependence during oral therapy with tramadol. Barth, H; Flohé, L; Giertz, H; Richter, W, 1985)	0.27
" Addition of naloxone to propranolol shifted the dose-response curve of propranolol to the left significantly, indicating an additive effect of the two drugs in their antiarrhythmic activity."	( Cardiac antiarrhythmic evaluation of naloxone with or without propranolol using a modified chloroform-hypoxia screening test in the rat. Lee, AY; Wong, TM, )	0.77
" These results show that tumorigenic events are dictated by the duration of opiate receptor blockade rather than the dosage of opiate antagonist, and provide compelling evidence that endogenous opioid systems play a crucial role in neuro-oncogenic expression."	( Duration of opiate receptor blockade determines tumorigenic response in mice with neuroblastoma: a role for endogenous opioid systems in cancer. McLaughlin, PJ; Zagon, IS, 1984)	0.27
" Repetitive administration of low dosages (3 mg/kg naltrexone, 3 times daily), which blocked the receptor 24 hr/day, increased body and brain development by 31% and 10%, respectively, whereas a cumulative dosage of 9 mg/kg naltrexone given once daily retarded growth."	( Naltrexone modulates body and brain development in rats: a role for endogenous opioid systems in growth. McLaughlin, PJ; Zagon, IS, 1984)	0.27
" In general, opioid mechanisms sensitive to the present dosage of naloxone do not appear to mediate bacteremia-induced changes in hormonal or clinical parameters."	( Bacteremia-induced changes in pituitary hormone release and effect of naloxone. Leshin, LS; Malven, PV, 1984)	0.74
" Dose-response experiments indicated that cyclo (leu-Gly) was much more potent than MIF in these tests."	( Development of narcotic tolerance and physical dependence: effects of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 and cyclo (Leu-Gly). Bhargava, HN; Ritzmann, RF; Walter, R, 1980)	0.26
" Thus, the interactions between these drugs and the narcotic antagonists allow the classification of the drugs into three groups, based on a marked shift, a moderate shift or no shift in the dose-response curve."	( Interactions between narcotic agonists, partial agonists and antagonists evaluated by schedule-controlled behavior. Harris, RA, 1980)	0.26
"5 mum produced a 1000 fold shift in the opiate dose-response curve but the anaesthetic responses showed only slight sensitivity to antagonism by naloxone."	( Opiate-like analgesic activity in general anaesthetics. Lawrence, D; Livingston, A, 1981)	0.46
" Similar dose-response curves in an apparent sine-wave pattern were noted with both MIF-1 and naloxone when comparisons were made both at 20 minutes after administration of morphine and over the entire 150 minutes of the experiment."	( Similar antagonism of morphine analgesia by MIF-1 and naloxone in Carassius auratus. Ehrensing, RH; Kastin, AJ; Michell, GF, 1982)	0.73
" A reliable dose-response and time-response relations were observed for both groups of analgesics."	( A new method for the rapid measurement of analgesic activity in rabbits. Ayhan, IH; Melli, M; Türker, RK, 1983)	0.27
"3 alpha-Adrenoceptors appear to be involved in the reaction, since noradrenaline showed stereospecificity, and the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists phentolamine and piperoxan both shifted the dose-response curves of the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist drugs to the right, usually parallel to the control curves."	( Studies on the antinociceptive action of alpha-agonist drugs and their interactions with opioid mechanisms. Bentley, GA; Newton, SH; Starr, J, 1983)	0.27
" Naloxone caused a parallel displacement to the right of the antisecretory dose-response line to morphine."	( Characterization of the opiate receptor population mediating inhibition of VIP-induced secretion from the small intestine of the rat. Coupar, IM, 1983)	1.18
" Thus, the dose-response curve shows an U-shaped form."	( The impairment of retention induced by beta-endorphin in mice may be mediated by a reduction of central cholinergic activity. Baratti, CM; Introini, IB, 1984)	0.27
" Although the group X dosage interaction was not significant, an internally consistent tendency effect of naloxone among the different treatment groups was observed."	( The effect of ovariectomy, estradiol and progesterone on opioid modulation of feeding. Gosnell, BA; Grace, M; Kneip, J; Levine, AS; Morley, JE, 1984)	0.48
" More than 45% of ventromedial hypothalamic units reacted in a dose-response fashion to local application of morphine."	( Microiontophoretic application of morphine and naloxone to neurons in hypothalamus of rat. Dafny, N; Prieto-Gomez, B; Reyes-Vazquez, C, 1984)	0.52
" Similar intracerebral dose-response curves were obtained by the structurally related undecapeptides, physalaemin and eledoisin, but not by several unrelated peptides (TRH, neurotensin, bradykinin, somatostatin), prostaglandins E2 and F2a, dibutyryl cyclic AMP or dibutyrylcyclic GMP."	( Intracerebral substance P in mice: behavioral effects and narcotic agents. Rackham, A; Share, NN, 1981)	0.26
" Morphine in the dosage used did not influence the intradental sensory nerve conductivity."	( Morphine inhibits substance P release from peripheral sensory nerve endings. Brodin, E; Gazelius, B; Olgart, L; Panopoulos, P, 1983)	0.27
"4 Naloxone dose-dependently shifted the dose-response curve of met-enkephalin to the right."	( Effects of endorphins on different parts of the gastrointestinal tract of rat and guinea-pig in vitro. Nijkamp, FP; Van Ree, JM, 1980)	0.98
" Analysis of the effect of naloxone on GABA dose-response curves indicates that naloxone acts as a competitive antagonist at the neuronal GABA receptors."	( Naloxone antagonism of GABA-evoked membrane polarizations in cultured mouse spinal cord neurons. Barker, JL; Gruol, DL; Smith, TG, 1980)	2
" As dosage was increased, the hyperthermias diminished and in some cats hypothermia developed."	( Thermoregulatory effects of (D-ala2)-methionine-enkephalinamide in the cat. Evidence for multiple naloxone-sensitive opioid receptors. Clark, WG; Ponder, SW, )	0.35
" Morphine's direct effect on activity is believed to have a biphasic dose-response curve; therefore, the relation of dose to conditioning was also studied."	( Conditioned increases in locomotor activity produced with morphine as an unconditioned stimulus, and the relation of conditioning to acute morphine effect and tolerance. Kalant, H; Mucha, RF; Volkovskis, C, 1981)	0.26
" The parallelism of the dose-response curves of opiates in the presence and absence of naloxone indicated competitive reversible antagonism."	( Opiate receptors in the rabbit iris. Dal Bello, A; Drago, F; Gorgone, G; Moro, F; Panissidi, G; Scapagnini, U; Spina, F, 1980)	0.48
" A dose-response investigation of morphine's action (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg) in additional animals receiving 10 daily administrations of ECS reveals that a greater tolerance to morphine's motor inhibitory effect than to its analgesic effect results from repeated ECS administration."	( Different opioid systems may participate in post-electro-convulsive shock (ECS) analgesia and catalepsy. Frenk, H; Urca, G; Yitzhaky, J, 1981)	0.26
" Thus, inhibition of opiate receptors and endorphins by naloxone in an otherwise clinically effective dosage does not influence the adrenocortical, hyperglycemic, or hemodynamic responses to surgical stress."	( Cortisol, glucose, and hemodynamic responses to surgery after naloxone administration. Blichert-Toft, M; Engquist, A; Hicquet, J; Saurbrey, N, 1981)	0.75
" Dose-response determinations were made for responses to phencyclidine, to a racemic mixture of N-allylnormetazocine, and to the pure levo and dextro isomers of N-allylnormetazocine."	( Stereoisomers of N-allylnormetazocine: phencyclidine-like behavioral effects in squirrel monkeys and rats. Balster, RL; Brady, KT; May, EL, 1982)	0.26
" Dose-response curves for serotonin before morphine application and in the presence of morphine show a noncompetitive mechanism of morphine-serotonin interaction."	( [Naloxone-dependent morphine-induced depression of the snail response to serotonin]. Bezrukova, LV; Solntseva, EI, 1981)	1.17
" It is found that the graft of f tau vs log [D] exhibits features similar to the in vivo dose-response curves for the drugs."	( Drug affinities for the agonist and antagonist states of the opioid receptor. Barsuhn, C; Cheney, BV; Lahti, RA, 1982)	0.26
" Ethylketazocine produced a biphasic dose-response curve."	( Characterization of the opiate receptor in the guinea-pig ileal mucosa. Kachur, JF; Miller, RJ, 1982)	0.26
" Unilateral injection resulted in a U-shaped dose-response relationship with a fall in mean arterial pressure and heart rate occurring at low doses (less than 10 ng)."	( Cardiovascular effects of beta-endorphin after microinjection into the nucleus tractus solitarii of the anaesthetised rat. De Jong, W; Petty, MA, 1982)	0.26
" After reliable discriminative control of lever choice was established, dose-response determinations for generalization to the training dose of PCP were made with several doses of PCP, a racemic mixture of cyclazocine and the pure (+)- and (-)-isomers of cyclazocine."	( Discriminative stimulus properties of stereoisomers of cyclazocine in phencyclidine-trained squirrel monkeys. Balster, RL; Brady, KT, 1982)	0.26
" In a further series of tests, a 50 mg/kg dose of naloxazone 20 hr prior to the assessment of morphine or metkephamid analgesia in the mouse hot plate test substantially shifted the dose-response curve for morphine to the right, while leaving the dose-response curve for metkephamid unchanged."	( Cross-tolerance studies distinguish morphine- and metkephamid-induced analgesia. Frederickson, RC; Hynes, MD, )	0.13
" Dose-response curves were plotted with naloxone against the changes produced by each agonist, and the effect of a number of anticonvulsant drugs on agonist-induced seizures was ascertained."	( The epileptogenic spectrum of opiate agonists. Bearden, LJ; Snead, OC, 1982)	0.53
"The relationship between opiate binding density and morphine-induced catalepsy was estimated via dose-response analysis of the brain sites in which naloxone microinjections reversed the catalepsy induced by intraperitoneal morphine."	( Reversal of morphine-induced catalepsy by naloxone microinjections into brain regions with high opiate receptor binding: a preliminary report. Bozarth, M; Levitt, RA; Wilcox, RE, 1983)	0.73
" It increased the IC50 values and slopes of their dose-response curve for enkephalins and their analogs, and shifted to the right the curves for FK33824, levorphanol and normorphine."	( Functional opiate receptor in mouse vas deferens: evidence for a complex interaction. Garzón, J; Lee, NM; Sánchez-Blázquez, P, 1983)	0.27
" PCP pretreatment caused a shift to the right in the dose-response curve to acetylcholine (ACh) that was not parallel with the control dose-response curve."	( Effects of phencyclidine and its derivatives on enteric neurones. Gintzler, AR; Zukin, RS; Zukin, SR, 1982)	0.26
" Naltrexone in a dosage of 1 mg/kg, which blocked morphine-induced analgesia for 4 hr/day, had the opposite effects."	( Naltrexone modulates growth in infant rats. McLaughlin, PJ; Zagon, IS, 1983)	0.27
" A parallel shift in the dose-response curve of beta h-endorphin in the presence of beta h-endorphin-(1-27) suggests competition at the same site."	( beta-endorphin-(1-27) is an antagonist of beta-endorphin analgesia. Hammonds, RG; Li, CH; Nicolas, P, 1984)	0.27
" The application of naloxone alone in naive and morphine-dependent rats demonstrated that the PF units responded in a characteristic dose-response manner to incremental naloxone administration."	( Microiontophoretically applied morphine and naloxone on single cell activity in the parafasciculus nucleus of naive and morphine-dependent rats. Dafny, N; Reyes-Vazquez, C, 1984)	0.85
" An increase in the naloxone dosage (up to 1 mg/kg) was necessary to demonstrate the naloxone antagonistic effect (8-fold increase in the morphine ED50 value) when morphine was given with halothane."	( Effect of morphine on the heart rate response to noxious stimulation: interaction with halothane and naloxone. Kerr, RC; Kissin, I; Smith, RL, 1984)	0.81
" A parallel shift of the dose-response curve for analgesia to the right was observed when either beta h-EP or [ Trp27 ] -beta h-EP was coinjected with various doses of [Gln8, Gly31 ]-beta h-EP-Gly-Gly-NH2, [Arg9,19,24,28,29]-beta h-EP, or [ Cys11 ,26, Phe27 , Gly31 ]-beta h-EP."	( beta-Endorphin-induced analgesia is inhibited by synthetic analogs of beta-endorphin. Hammonds, RG; Li, CH; Nicolas, P, 1984)	0.27
"The basis for using narcotic antagonists for the treatment of opiate addiction is discussed briefly, and the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of naltrexone hydrochloride, an opiate antagonist drug, are reviewed."	( Review of naltrexone, a long-acting opiate antagonist. Crabtree, BL, )	0.13
" There was no evidence that beta-endorphins released during shock were responsible for the hemodynamic changes, blood flow changes, plasma enzyme changes, or energy deficits, because naloxone, at this dosage level, did not prevent these endotoxin-induced changes."	( Effects of naloxone on endotoxin-induced changes in ponies. Bottoms, GD; Fessler, JF; Moore, AB; Roesel, OF, 1983)	0.85
" Experiment 1 examined the effects of naloxone dosage and interstimulation interval (ISI) on kindled seizures."	( The effects of naloxone and interstimulation interval on post-ictal depression in kindled seizures. Freeman, FG; Jarvis, MF, 1983)	0.89
" In conscious man essentially similar results were found following intravenous dosing with a stable met-enkephalin analogue (DAMME, FK33824) or naloxone with decreases and increases respectively in the sensitivity of baroreflex responses to sodium nitroprusside."	( Opioid peptides and central control of blood pressure. Petty, MA; Reid, JL; Rubin, PC, 1984)	0.47
", delayed nociceptive reaction on a 55 degrees C hot-plate with a dose-response curve not readily fitting a single straight line; this effect was antagonized by high doses of naloxone."	( Bremazocine induces antinociception, but prevents opioid-induced constipation and catatonia in rats and precipitates withdrawal in morphine-dependent rats. Gambino, MC; Petrillo, P; Tavani, A, 1984)	0.46
"0 mg/kg) produced dose-related shifts to the right in the dose-response curves for the discriminative stimulus and rate-decreasing effects of morphine and ethylketazocine without affecting the response produced by meperidine."	( Narcotic discrimination in pigeons: antagonism by naltrexone. Herling, S; Solomon, RE; Valentino, RJ; Woods, JH, 1984)	0.27
" This randomized double-blind study describes the effect of various dosing regimens of naloxone and MPSS upon hemodynamics and plasma catecholamines in patients with septic shock (n = 57)."	( Naloxone and methylprednisolone sodium succinate enhance sympathomedullary discharge in patients with septic shock. Hughes, GS, 1984)	1.93
" Dose-response studies indicated a 4-fold reduction in opiate responsiveness in the 10 days preceding the first ovulation."	( Opiatergic control of gonadotropin secretion during puberty in the rat: a neurochemical basis for the hypothalamic 'gonadostat'? Bhanot, R; Wilkinson, M, 1983)	0.27
" Comprehensive dose-response curves for naloxone anorexia (15 doses) and CTA (nine doses) are presented."	( Suppression of feeding by naloxone in rat: a dose-response comparison of anorexia and conditioned taste aversion suggesting a specific anorexic effect. Leshem, M, 1984)	0.84
" Dose-response curves for subcutaneous (SC) morphine (0."	( Reinforcing properties of morphine and naloxone revealed by conditioned place preferences: a procedural examination. Iversen, SD; Mucha, RF, 1984)	0.54
" When retested 24 h later, all groups that had previously received naloxone exhibited greatly reduced activity and rearing, with no evidence of a dose-response relationship."	( Naloxone administration following brief exposure to novelty reduces activity and rearing in mice upon 24-h retest: a conditioned aversion? Precious, JI; Richards, C; Rodgers, RJ, 1984)	1.95
" Footshock intensity thresholds for eliciting locomotion were determined and dose-response curves for EKC and MS analgesia were obtained."	( Analgesic effects of ethylketocyclazocine and morphine in rat and toad. Aleman, DO; Carr, KD; Holland, MJ; Simon, EJ, 1984)	0.27
" The highest dosage administered produced transient weight depression and possibly increased resorption."	( Reproductive toxicity and teratology evaluations of naltrexone. Christian, MS, 1984)	0.27
"A dose-response study of the effect of naloxone on schedule-induced drinking confirmed that this type of drinking is resistant to the opiate antagonist at doses which depressed drinking induced by water-deprivation, hypertonic saline and salbutamol."	( The effect of naloxone on schedule-induced and other drinking. Singer, G; Wallace, M; Willis, G, 1984)	0.9
" Simultaneous application of Hi and 10 micrograms of diphenhydramine, pyrilamine or promethazine, apparently causing no analgesic effect from a single administration, caused a parallel shift of the dose-response curve of Hi to the right."	( Analgesic effect of histamine induced by intracerebral injection into mice. Chung, YH; Kamei, C; Miyake, H; Tasaka, K, 1984)	0.27
" In most experimental situations, indications for bell-shaped dose-response curves of DSIP were found."	( Some pharmacological effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP). Aeppli, L; Haefely, W; Polc, P; Scherschlicht, R, 1984)	0.27
" Naloxone clearly antagonizes the release of prolactin induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan administered alone at a dosage of 50 mg/Kg/b."	( Effects of naloxone on the secretion of prolactin and corticosterone induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan and a serotonergic agonist, mCPP. Cerrito, F; Preziosi, P; Vacca, M, 1983)	1.57
" Similar treatment of castrated males (wethers) with this dosage of naloxone failed to increase plasma LH."	( Effects of naloxone and electroacupuncture treatment on plasma concentrations of LH in sheep. Bossut, DF; Diekman, MA; Malven, PV, 1984)	0.89
"From birth to day 21, rat offspring received daily injections of naltrexone at a dosage that blocked morphine-induced analgesia 24 hours a day."	( Increased brain size and cellular content in infant rats treated with an opiate antagonist. McLaughlin, PJ; Zagon, IS, 1983)	0.27
" Required dosage of pentobarbital, arousal and walk times (measured from injection of antagonists), respiratory rate, and heart rate were measured."	( Comparison of five preanesthetic medicaments in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs: antagonism by 4-aminopyridine, yohimbine, and naloxone. Booth, NH; Clark, JD; Hatch, RC; Kitzman, JV, 1983)	0.47
" Naloxone dose-response curves revealed that the naloxone ED50 was reduced by either morphine pretreatment regimen, but was much more pronounced in pellet-implanted animals [181."	( Morphine-induced supersensitivity to the effects of naloxone on luteinizing hormone secretion in the male rat. Cicero, TJ; Meyer, ER; Owens, DP; Schmoeker, PF, 1983)	1.43
", dose-response curves were shifted to the right) but failed to block the effects of diprenorphine."	( Effects of naloxone, diprenorphine, buprenorphine and etorphine on unpunished and punished food-reinforced responding in the squirrel monkey. DeRossett, SE; Holtzman, SG, 1984)	0.66
" The dose-response curve was an inverted U in this range of dose."	( Possible interaction between central cholinergic muscarinic and opioid peptidergic systems during memory consolidation in mice. Baratti, CM; Huygens, P; Introini, IB, 1984)	0.27
") administered in combination with naloxone and picrotoxin shifted dose-response curves for both naloxone and picrotoxin to the right."	( Comparison of the effects of naloxone and picrotoxin on schedule-controlled responding in the pigeon: possible GABA-antagonistic effects of naloxone. Carter, RB; Leander, JD, 1984)	0.84
" Furthermore, we observed that the antagonism between ethanol and naloxone appeared to be competitive in nature since a fixed dose of ethanol (1 g/kg, blood ethanol concentration 60 mg/dl) shifted the naloxone dose-response curve significantly to the right and high doses of the antagonist overcame ethanol's effects."	( Ethanol inhibits the naloxone-induced release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus of the male rat. Bell, RD; Cicero, TJ; Gerrity, M; Newman, KS; Schmoeker, PF, 1982)	0.82
" Rats were trained to press a lever on a variable interval (1 min) schedule of food presentation and dose-response curves were determined for morphine (0."	( Schedule-controlled behavior in the morphine-dependent and post-dependent rat. Brady, LS; Holtzman, SG, 1980)	0.26
" No change was observed in the rate of naltrexone disposition during chronic dosing vs."	( The clinical pharmacology of naltrexone: pharmacology and pharmacodynamics. Verebey, K, 1981)	0.26
" Maintaining particulate-free products and sterilization methods are two problems with all parenteral dosage forms."	( A review of parenteral sustained-release naltrexone systems. Kincl, FA; Olsen, JL, 1981)	0.26
"0 mg/kg) shifted the clonidine dose-response curves to the right, suggesting competitive antagonism."	( An analysis of the effects of systemically administered clonidine on the food and water intake of rats. Sanger, DJ, 1983)	0.27
" Ketocyclazocine dose-response functions were determined for each monkey under their original training conditions and then the conditions were reversed and dose-response functions were re-determined under the new conditions."	( Effects of ketocyclazocine alone and in combination with naloxone on schedule-controlled responding in squirrel monkeys. Dykstra, LA; Milar, KS, 1983)	0.51
" At age 14, naloxone reduced the food consumed by all the pretreatment groups, and pretreatment with morphine altered the dose-response curves for feeding modulation induced by naloxone."	( Effects of chronic antenatal and postnatal administration of narcotics on naloxone-induced anorexia in preweanling rats. Aroyewun, OO; Barr, GA, 1983)	0.88
" The ability of enkephalin to relax caerulein-induced contractions and the manner in which the caerulein dose-response curve was shifted in the presence of enkephalin strongly suggest that enkephalin and caerulein are functional antagonists in this system."	( Interaction of enkephalin and caerulein on guinea pig small intestine. Lingle, PF; Yau, WM; Youther, ML, 1983)	0.27
" This work was performed in order to evaluate the dose-response relationship, time course, and naloxone reversibility of fentanyl suppression of neurons that are involved with the transmission of information about pain."	( Dose-response suppression of noxiously evoked activity of WDR neurons by spinally administered fentanyl. Collins, JG; Kitahata, LM; Matsumoto, M; Suzukawa, M; Yuge, O, 1983)	0.48
" Nevertheless, the antinociceptive action of vasopressin does not appear to be secondary to its pressor activity, since phenylephrine failed to induce an antinociceptive effect at a dosage that mimicked the pressor response to vasopressin."	( Vasopressin-induced antinociception: an investigation into its physiological and hormonal basis. Berntson, GG; Berson, BS; Kirk, WT; Torello, MW; Zipf, W, 1983)	0.27
" Group II drugs, upon reaching a threshold value, cause first a dose-dependent increase in water intake to a maximum; additional dosage increments produce a dose-dependent decrease."	( A simple animal test system to predict the likelihood of a drug causing human physical dependence. Maickel, RP; Zabik, JE, 1980)	0.26
" In a second experiment, rats were injected for ten days with the same dosage of naloxone."	( Behavioral alterations produced by chronic naloxone injections. Baker, MJ; Hood, JL; Layng, MP; Malin, DH; Swank, P, 1982)	0.75
"Insulin and glucagon release from monolayer pancreatic islet cell cultures were inhibited in a dose-response fashion by various enkephalins."	( Disparate effects of enkephalin and morphine upon insulin and glucagon secretion by islet cell cultures. Ensinck, JW; Fujimoto, WY; Kanter, RA, 1980)	0.26
" This diminished LH-response to a second naloxone injection satisfied the two pharmacological criteria for the establishment of tolerance: a parallel shift to the right in the dose-response curve; and a reduced response to naloxone at the same brain concentration of the antagonist in "tolerant" vs."	( Development of acute tolerance to the effects of naloxone on the hypothalamic-pituitary-luteinizing hormone axis in the male rat. Cicero, TJ; Owens, DP, 1981)	0.78
" These data would suggest that, at least in respect to the effects of narcotics on water intake, naloxone is a partial agonist of the nalorphine type, but the slopes of naloxone and of morphine dose-response regression lines are not in keeping with this hypothesis."	( Dual effect of naloxone on drinking behaviour of rats. Cantalamessa, F; de Caro, G; Massi, M; Micossi, LG, 1982)	0.83
" Under controlled inpatient conditions established to assess dosage guidelines and to examine specific signs and symptoms of withdrawal, ten (91%) of 11 patients were able to withdraw completely from methadone therapy by the end of a six-day period."	( Clonidine and naltrexone. A safe, effective, and rapid treatment of abrupt withdrawal from methadone therapy. Braverman, P; Charney, DS; Heninger, GR; Kleber, HD; Murburg, M; Redmond, DE; Riordan, CE; Sternberg, DE, 1982)	0.26
" This insensitivity to morphine satisfied the two pharmacological criteria for tolerance: a parallel shift to the right in the morphine dose-response curve and a reduced effect of the drug at the same brain concentration."	( Development of tolerance to the effects of morphine on luteinizing hormone secretion as a function of castration in the male rat. Cicero, TJ; Meyer, ER; Schmoeker, PF, 1982)	0.26
" In either type of experiment the dose-response lines of naloxone against caerulein were very shallow as compared with those against morphine."	( Caerulein and morphine: an attempt to differentiate their antinociceptive effects. Zetler, G, 1982)	0.51
" Since the log dose-response curves were displaced to the right in quasi-parallel fashion, and Lineweaver-Burk plots of the data showed an intersection very close to the origin of the horizontal axis, the antagonism between naloxone and the three peptides appears to be competitive."	( Retrograde amnesia caused by Met-, Leu- and des-Try-Met-enkephalin in the rat and its reversal by naloxone. Dias, RD; Izquierdo, I, 1981)	0.66
" 2 The dose-response curves to naloxone obtained in tissues individually exposed to different opiates showed that their relative potency in increasing sensitivity to naloxone was as follows: levorphan greater than morphine greater than Met-enkephalin greater than nalorphine greater than pentazocine."	( Pharmacological characterization of opiate physical dependence in the isolated ileum of the guinea-pig. Luján, M; Rodríguez, R, 1981)	0.55
"3 Pretreatment of the mice with naloxone caused a dose-dependent shift to the right of the dose-response curve to morphine."	( Evidence for an action of morphine and the enkephalins on sensory nerve endings in the mouse peritoneum. Bentley, GA; Newton, SH; Starr, J, 1981)	0.55
" In the same dosage naloxone did not induce detrusor reflex in 2 patients with areflexic bladder caused by complete suprasacral spinal lesions."	( Enhancement of detrusor reflex activity by naloxone in patients with chronic neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Preliminary report. Chary, KS; Das, N; Rao, MS; Sharma, PL; Vaidyanathan, S, 1981)	0.85
" The dose-response curves for dopamine before morphine application and in its presence indicate a noncompetitive mechanism of interaction between morphine and dopamine."	( [Naloxone-dependent morphine reduction of excitatory responses of mollusk neurons to dopamine]. Bezrukova, LV; Solntseva, EI, 1981)	1.17
"Naltrexone was given to ten opiate-free volunteer subjects following the same dosage schedule used for initiating treatment of opiate-dependent persons."	( Aversive effects of naltrexone in subjects not dependent on opiates. Boukhabza, D; Gillespie, HK; Hollister, LE; Johnson, K, 1981)	0.26
" The dose-response curves of the naloxone group were shifted to the right of those for the saline group."	( Time course of antagonism of morphine antinociception by intracerebroventricularly administered naloxone in the rat. Cowan, A; Porreca, F; Tallarida, RJ, 1981)	0.76
" The heptapeptide Leu5-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 and the Met5-analogue, both in the amidized form, displayed dose-response relationship with a sensitivity of about 10 nmol."	( Enkephalin-related peptides: direct action on the octopus heart. Frösch, D; Kiehling, C; Martin, R; Schiebe, M; Voigt, KH, 1981)	0.26
" The manufacturer's present recommended dosage may not be sufficient to reverse the effects of large narcotic ingestions."	( Naloxone: underdosage after narcotic poisoning. Conner, CS; Moore, RA; Peterson, RG; Rumack, BH, 1980)	1.7
" Naloxone reduced drinking at all dosage levels used (0."	( Naloxone depresses osmoregulatory drinking in rats. Czech, DA; Stein, EA, 1980)	2.61
" naloxone produced a dose-dependent rightward shifting of the morphine dose-response lines, the shift produced by the 10-micrograms dose being sufficient to abolish the analgetic action of morphine doses as large as 75 mg/kg."	( Sites of antinociceptive action of systemically injected morphine: involvement of supraspinal loci as revealed by intracerebroventricular injection of naloxone. Rudy, TA; Yeung, JC, 1980)	1.37
" administration of 5 mg/kg morphine, a mu-opioid agonist, or U50488H (U50), a kappa 1-opioid agonist, for 5 days in male CD-1 mice results in a 2-3-fold shift to the right of the respective analgesic (tail flick) dose-response curves, indicating the development of tolerance."	( The NMDA receptor antagonists, LY274614 and MK-801, and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine, attenuate analgesic tolerance to the mu-opioid morphine but not to kappa opioids. Elliott, K; Inturrisi, CE; Kolesnikov, YA; Minami, N; Pasternak, GW, 1994)	0.29
" Naloxone also caused a rightward shift of the dose-response curve for dynorphin A, suggesting a competitive antagonism mechanism."	( Identification of dynorphins as endogenous ligands for an opioid receptor-like orphan receptor. Yu, L; Zhang, S, 1995)	1.2
" By contrast, morphine treatment during hibernation resulted in significantly reduced abstinence compared with that observed after treatment during the NH state, with no significant morphine dose-response or duration-response trends evident."	( Quantitative and qualitative aspects of the hibernation-related reduction of morphine physical dependence in the ground squirrel (Citellus lateralis). Beaver, TA; Beckman, AL; Lewis, FC; Newman, JR, 1995)	0.29
" Then all patients were administered naltrexone at the dosage 50 mg/d orally for 6 months."	( Naltrexone treatment restores menstrual cycles in patients with weight loss-related amenorrhea. Gamba, O; Gastaldi, M; Genazzani, AD; Genazzani, AR; Petraglia, F; Volpogni, C, 1995)	0.29
"Pregnant Long-Evans hooded rats were dosed with 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg per day naloxone from gestational day 7 (GD7) through GD20."	( Behavioral and developmental changes associated with prenatal opiate receptor blockade. Anderson, LA; Medici, CN; Shepanek, NA; Smith, RF, 1995)	0.52
" The dose-response curves of [Lys7]dermorphin antinociception were shifted to the right by the pretreatment with naloxone (0."	( Production of antinociception by peripheral administration of [Lys7]dermorphin, a naturally occurring peptide with high affinity for mu-opioid receptors. Lattanzi, R; Melchiorri, P; Negri, L, 1995)	0.5
" We have further investigated the non-opioid nature of this activity by comparing the efficacies of dyn A(1-13) and (2-17) under different experimental protocols with a variety of dosing regimens."	( Dynorphin A modulates acute and chronic opioid effects. He, L; Hooke, LP; Lee, NM, 1995)	0.29
" The effect depended on the timing of naloxone addition to the cultures and on its concentration, with a bell-shaped dose-response curve."	( Naloxone interferes with granulocytopoiesis in long-term cultures of mouse bone marrow; buffering by the stromal layer. Boranić, M; Kardum, I; Krizanac-Bengez, L; Testa, NG, 1994)	2
"5 micrograms), parallel rightward shifts of both morphine and RB 101 (mixed enkephalin-degrading-enzyme inhibitor) dose-response curves, were observed, but the concentration of beta-FNA required to reduce the analgesic responses was about 10 times higher for RB 101 (0."	( Assessment of endogenous enkephalins efficacy in the hot plate test in mice: comparative study with morphine. Noble, F; Roques, BP, 1995)	0.29
" Although it was possible that the clinical findings in these horses may have resulted from use of an inadequate dosage of carfentanil or xylazine, or both, analysis of the results more likely indicated that domestic and exotic horses may respond differently to carfentanil, and domestic horses may not be a good model for use in studies of carfentanil."	( Complications with the use of carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride to immobilize domestic horses. Carpenter, JW; Leith, DE; Shaw, ML, 1995)	0.29
" Twenty-seven-, 20- and 15-day-old rats all developed tolerance as indicated by a rightward shift of the dose-response curve after chronic morphine."	( The ontogeny of mu opiate tolerance and dependence in the rat: antinociceptive and biochemical studies. Kuhn, CM; Little, PJ; Windh, RT, 1995)	0.29
" The combination of an opioid with DMED might reduce the dosage requirements for each drug and thereby allow the same anesthetic depth to be achieved with lesser degrees of their individual side effects."	( Anesthetic and hemodynamic interactions of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl in dogs. Hug, CC; Salmenperä, MT; Szlam, F, 1994)	0.29
"This work studies the antinociceptive effect of a sustained (7 day) release dosage form of vapreotide, a peptidic analogue of somatostatin, in rats submitted to a nociceptive mechanical stimulus (paw pressure)."	( Seven-day antinociceptive effect of a sustained release vapreotide formulation. Betoin, F; Duchene-Marullaz, P; Eschalier, A; Lavarenne, J, 1994)	0.29
" After repeated dosing (12-15 days), moguisteine did not induce tolerance in either guinea-pigs or dogs."	( Moguisteine: a novel peripheral non-narcotic antitussive drug. Borghi, A; Ceserani, R; Dalla Rosa, C; Gallico, L; Tognella, S, 1994)	0.29
" In the PAG/DR, the HA dose-response curve had an inverted U-shape, showing that HA can induce both antinociceptive (0."	( Histamine-induced modulation of nociceptive responses. Hough, LB; Mischler, SA; Nalwalk, JW; Thoburn, KK, 1994)	0.29
"All urine drug screens using the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique were negative for opiates at both dosage levels."	( Does naloxone cause a positive urine opiate screen? Mikkelsen, SL; Norton, J; Storrow, AB; Wians, FH, 1994)	0.8
" No sooner than 3 days after implantation, naloxone dose-response functions were determined with several behavioral paradigms and ratings of a variety of somatic withdrawal signs."	( Relative sensitivity to naloxone of multiple indices of opiate withdrawal: a quantitative dose-response analysis. Gold, LH; Koob, GF; Markou, A; Schulteis, G; Stinus, L, 1994)	0.86
"3 mg/kg) which shifted the dose-response curve to the right."	( An investigation into the discriminative stimulus and reinforcing properties of the CCKB-receptor antagonist, L-365,260 in rats. Bentley, G; Bourson, A; Hargreaves, R; Iversen, S; Jackson, A; Rycroft, W; Tattersall, D; Tricklebank, M, 1994)	0.29
" Naloxone shifted to the right the dose-response curves for each opioid peptide significantly enhancing the ED50 values."	( Modulation of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory transmission in rat duodenum: role of opiates and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Adamo, EB; Di Giovanni, G; Marini, R; Mulè, F; Postorino, A; Serio, R, 1993)	1.2
" The different temporospatial pattern of immediate early gene expression in neurons of the spinal cord dorsal horn following noxious stimulation suggest that variable transcription complexes may interact with DNA regulatory sequences and could thus activate alternative secondary response genes, even under protection of a high dosage of morphine applied before noxious stimulation."	( Application of morphine prior to noxious stimulation differentially modulates expression of Fos, Jun and Krox-24 proteins in rat spinal cord neurons. Bravo, R; Herdegen, T; Schadrack, J; Tölle, TR; Zieglgänsberger, W; Zimmermann, M, 1994)	0.29
" dose-response studies with TCTAP (mu), naltrindole (delta) and norbinaltorphimine (kappa)."	( The role of multiple opioid receptors in the maintenance of stimulation-induced feeding. Carr, KD; Papadouka, V, 1994)	0.29
"Recommendations for the dosage of naloxone to reverse opiate depression in neonates were revised by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1989."	( [Administration of naloxone to newborn infants at obstetric departments in Norway]. Fagerli, I; Hansen, TW, 1994)	0.9
" A randomized, placebo-controlled study comparing the time-action, dose-response and potency of the respiratory effects of M6G to morphine was done using a nonanesthetized neonatal guinea pig model and a noninvasive computerized plethysmograph technique."	( Morphine-6-beta-D-glucuronide respiratory pharmacodynamics in the neonatal guinea pig. Murphey, LJ; Olsen, GD, 1994)	0.29
"4 mg), indicating a very narrow dose-response range."	( (+)Naloxone potentiates the inotropic effect of epinephrine in the isolated dog heart. Barron, BA; Caffrey, JL; Gaugl, JF; Gu, H, 1993)	0.91
" Dose-response curve for naloxone inhibition of intake was shifted leftward in obese compared with lean sheep."	( Feeding behavior and its responsiveness to naloxone differ in lean and obese sheep. Alavi, FK; Mauromoustakis, A; McCann, JP; Sangiah, S, 1993)	0.85
" Both devazepide and L-365,260 showed a bell-shaped dose-response curve."	( Increased release of immunoreactive cholecystokinin octapeptide by morphine and potentiation of mu-opioid analgesia by CCKB receptor antagonist L-365,260 in rat spinal cord. Han, JS; Sun, YH; Zhang, ZW; Zhou, Y, 1993)	0.29
"Naloxone, which increases endogenous corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) release by blocking an inhibitory opioidergic tone on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, was administered in a dose-response protocol to seven healthy volunteers and 13 patients with treated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)."	( Hypersensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to naloxone in post-traumatic stress disorder. Grice, JE; Hockings, GI; Jackson, RV; Jensen, GR; Walters, MM; Ward, WK, )	1.81
" Aspirin did not influence the cortisol responses to synthetic ACTH administration given according to a dose-response protocol."	( Aspirin increases the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to naloxone stimulation. Crosbie, GV; Grice, JE; Hockings, GI; Jackson, AJ; Jackson, RV; Walters, MM, 1993)	0.52
" Dose-response curves for precipitated abstinence evaluated as changes in mean arterial pressure and heart rate show a gradual increase in maximum followed by a progressive shift to the left as dependence progresses."	( Acute opioid dependence in the cardiovascular system of the spinal rat. Cruz, SL; Villarreal, JE, 1993)	0.29
" Unilateral intratesticular injection of 10 micrograms naloxone led to a dose-dependent increase in the hCG-responsiveness without altering the slope of the hCG dose-response curve."	( Local regulation of testicular immunoreactive-arginine vasopressin and steroidogenesis by naloxone. Allevard, AM; Bedin, M; Fillion, C; Gharib, C; Huges, JN; Pointis, G; Tahri-Joutei, A, 1993)	0.75
" We report age-related changes in the drug dosage needed to improve 1 week retention in the P/8 but not R/1 line."	( Age-related changes in the pharmacological improvement of retention in senescence accelerated mouse (SAM). Flood, JF; La Reginna, M; Morley, JE, )	0.13
" Morphine dependence was induced by multiple injections of the drug on an incremental staircase dosage regimen for 6 days."	( Noninvasive subthreshold auricular electrical stimulation reduces the severity of precipitated and abrupt opiate withdrawal. Dafny, N; Dougherty, PM, 1993)	0.29
" Multiple venous blood samples were taken throughout the dosing regimen, and the resulting fentanyl, nalmefene, or naloxone plasma concentrations were determined."	( Duration of opioid antagonism by nalmefene and naloxone in the dog: an integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic comparison. Osifchin, E; Veng-Pedersen, P; Waters, SJ; Wilhelm, JA; Zakszewski, TB, 1995)	0.76
" The fentanyl dose-response curve was unchanged by opioid receptor blockade with 10(-6)M naloxone and by alpha and beta adrenoceptor blockade produced by 10(-6)M prazosin and 10(-6)M propranolol."	( Direct effects of fentanyl on canine coronary artery rings. Bridges, MT; Grover, TE; Introna, RP; Pruett, JK; Yodlowski, EH, 1995)	0.51
" The idazoxan dose-response curve for this suppression of fentanyl antinociception assessed with tail flick latency was the same as that for suppression of xylazine."	( Antinociceptive actions of intrathecal xylazine: interactions with spinal cord opioid pathways. Davies, A; Gent, JP; Goodchild, CS; Guo, Z, 1996)	0.29
"To assess effects of stimulus intensity, dose-response curves in rats for radiant heat-evoked withdrawal of the hind paw was assessed after the intrathecal (i."	( Differential right shifts in the dose-response curve for intrathecal morphine and sufentanil as a function of stimulus intensity. Dirig, DM; Yaksh, TL, 1995)	0.29
" The dosage based on experimental studies."	( [Clinical investigations of an i.m. combination anesthesia with fentanylclimazolam/xylazine and postoperative i.v. antagonism with naloxone/sarmazenil/yohimbine in guinea pigs]. Brill, T; Erhardt, W; Henke, J; Lendl, C; Matis, U; Otto, K; Roberts, U, 1996)	0.5
" Each morphine dosing level was maintained for 2 weeks, with test drugs administered during the second week of maintenance of each morphine dose."	( Buprenorphine, morphine and naloxone effects during ascending morphine maintenance in humans. Bigelow, GE; Preston, KL; Schuh, KJ; Stitzer, ML; Walsh, SL, 1996)	0.59
"0 mg/kg) if the dosing interval was 10 min, whereas 30."	( Opioid antagonist profile of SC nor-binaltorphimine in the formalin paw assay. Grouhel, A; Wettstein, JG, 1996)	0.29
" The dose-response relationship showed a U-shaped curve; the smallest dose had a minor inhibitory effect and the highest dose had no further effect on the PRL rise."	( Modulating effect of the nootropic drug, piracetam on stress- and subsequent morphine-induced prolactin secretion in male rats. Bollengier, F; Engelborghs, S; Finné, E; Matton, A; Vanhaeist, L, 1996)	0.29
" Treatment included naloxone (12 patients), admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (8), ventilation (5), and reduction in dosage (1)."	( Opiate-induced respiratory depression in pediatric patients. Choonara, IA; Cousins, A; Gill, AM; Nunn, AJ, 1996)	0.62
"1-fold leftward shift in the dose-response curve."	( Intrathecal Tyr-W-MIF-1 produces potent, naloxone-reversible analgesia modulated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Gergen, KA; Kastin, AJ; Paul, D; Zadina, JE, 1996)	0.56
" Once rats had acquired the discrimination an ethanol dose-response test was conducted."	( The influence of opioid antagonists on the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. Spanagel, R, 1996)	0.29
" The parallelism of the dose-response curves indicates activation of a common receptor subtype."	( alpha-Adrenoceptor and opioid receptor modulation of clonidine-induced antinociception. Miranda, HF; Naquira, D; Pinardi, G; Sierralta, F, 1996)	0.29
" Repetitive dosing (1/4 of the greatest dose every 30 min) was as effective as a single bolus dose for both drugs."	( Attenuation of c-Fos expression in the rat lumbosacral spinal cord by morphine or tramadol following noxious colorectal distention. Gebhart, GF; Stitt, S; Traub, RJ, 1995)	0.29
" We also examined tolerance on these analgesic systems by using a daily morphine injection paradigm which shifts the dose-response curve for systemic morphine approximately 2-fold after 5 days."	( Peripheral morphine analgesia: synergy with central sites and a target of morphine tolerance. Jain, S; Kolesnikov, YA; Pasternak, GW; Wilson, R, 1996)	0.29
" In contrast, the single dosing of all agents failed to show antinociceptive effect."	( Antinociceptive effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist in mice. Miyazaki, M; Okunishi, H; Song, K; Takai, S; Tanaka, T, 1996)	0.29
" Finally dose-response curves were found highly reproducible across transfection experiments, opening the possibility for a direct comparison of distinct recombinant receptor preparations."	( [35S]GTP gamma S binding: a tool to evaluate functional activity of a cloned opioid receptor transiently expressed in COS cells. Befort, K; Kieffer, BL; Tabbara, L, 1996)	0.29
" Three scoring systems to quantify dose-response relationships for withdrawal are described: (1) using the mean number of withdrawal behaviors per animal within each treatment group; (2) using the sum of the percentage of animals within a treatment group displaying each of the withdrawal behaviors; and (3) a modification of these, to further isolate the naloxone-induced component of the withdrawal score, that is, subtraction of data obtained from saline-challenged animals from those of naloxone-challenged rats."	( The induction and quantitation of methadone dependence in the rat. Hope, W; Pierce, TL; Raper, C, 1996)	0.46
" Dose-response curves were obtained for each drug individually; for morphine:clonidine at 1:3, 1:1, and 1:0."	( Interaction of morphine and clonidine on gastrointestinal transit in mice. Pol, O; Puig, MM; Warner, W, 1996)	0.29
"Local perfusion with ibogaine (10(-6) M-10(-3) M) via microdialysis probes in the nucleus accumbens or striatum of rats produced a biphasic dose-response effect on extracellular dopamine levels."	( Neuropharmacological characterization of local ibogaine effects on dopamine release. Berger, SP; Broderick, PA; Hsu, K; Reid, MS; Souza, KH, 1996)	0.29
" Buprenorphine, when injected systemically, revealed a potent analgesic effect by tailflick assay, with a biphasic dose-response curve, which was reversed by naloxone."	( Pharmacological characterization of buprenorphine, a mixed agonist-antagonist with kappa 3 analgesia. Peter, Y; Pick, CG; Schreiber, S; Weizman, R, 1997)	0.49
" No dose-response relationships could be elicited with U-50488H or ICI-204448, and their antitransit effects were analogous in SS- and CO-treated animals."	( Peripheral effects of opioids in a model of intestinal inflammation in mice. Pol, O; Puig, MM; Sanchez, B, 1996)	0.29
" Further, we examined whether an ovulation-blocking dosage of pentobarbital sodium (PB) would affect the NAL-induced Fos expression."	( Fos expression by naloxone in LHRH neurons of the mediobasal hypothalamus and effects of pentobarbital sodium in the proestrous rat. Funabashi, T; Jinnai, K; Kimura, F, 1997)	0.63
" Pairing Delt II (5 microg) with low (100-200 mg/kg) 2DG doses significantly enhanced intake, producing a leftward (3-fold) shift in 2DG's hyperphagic dose-response curve."	( Delta and kappa opioid receptor subtypes and ingestion: antagonist and glucoprivic effects. Bodnar, RJ; Ruegg, H; Yu, WZ, 1997)	0.3
" Dosage with naloxone (1 and 10 mg/kg) had no effect on the level of analgesia or corticosteroid concentrations."	( Stress-induced analgesia. The role of hormones produced by the hypophyseal-adrenocortical system. Bogdanov, AI; Filaretov, AA; Yarushkina, NI, )	0.5
" In addition, NLX produced a rightward shift in the inverted U-shaped dose-response curve for cocaine reward during self-administration, indicating a decrease in sensitivity for the reinforcing effects of cocaine."	( Naloxone inhibits the reinforcing and motivational aspects of cocaine addiction in mice. Gerrits, MA; Kuzmin, AV; van Ree, JM; Zvartau, EE, 1997)	1.74
" Antagonist dose-response curves were plotted."	( 5-HT spinal antinociception involves mu opioid receptors: cross tolerance and antagonist studies. Freeman, J; Gent, JP; Goodchild, CS; Guo, Z, 1997)	0.3
" The lack of subjective symptoms and physiological signs of opioid withdrawal during 72 h of acute dose omission supports the feasibility of less-than-daily dosing at buprenorphine doses of 8 mg/day in patients who have demonstrated an ability to remain drug-free for an extended period."	( Controlled opioid withdrawal evaluation during 72 h dose omission in buprenorphine-maintained patients. Bigelow, GE; Eissenberg, T; Johnson, RE; Liebson, IA; Stitzer, ML; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 1997)	0.3
"055 nmol from the dose-response curve."	( Central regulation of urine production by a selective mu-opioid agonist, [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin, in rats. Matsuda, T; Mori, M; Tsushima, H, 1997)	0.3
" Groups IV and V consisted of a dose-response effect of QNL on ischemic PC in which QNL (0."	( Ischemic preconditioning is mediated by a peripheral opioid receptor mechanism in the intact rat heart. Gross, GJ; Hsu, AK; Schultz, JJ, 1997)	0.3
" Naloxone (1 microM) or norbinaltorphimine (10 nM) shifted the dose-response curve of (-)-U50,488H to the right by 100-fold."	( Activation of the cloned human kappa opioid receptor by agonists enhances [35S]GTPgammaS binding to membranes: determination of potencies and efficacies of ligands. Chen, C; Li, JG; Liu-Chen, LY; Luo, LY; Zhu, J, 1997)	1.21
" Dose-response curves to (+)-WIN 55212 and CP 55940 were shifted to the right, with no reduction of maximal response, by pretreatment with SR141716A (31."	( Inhibition by cannabinoid receptor agonists of acetylcholine release from the guinea-pig myenteric plexus. Coutts, AA; Pertwee, RG, 1997)	0.3
" Prolonged exposure to agonists induced desensitization of the receptor as estimated by a reduction in the maximal stimulation of GTP[gamma-35S] binding by DAMGO and rightward shifts in the dose-response curves."	( Down-regulation of mu-opioid receptor by full but not partial agonists is independent of G protein coupling. Medzihradsky, F; Yabaluri, N, 1997)	0.3
" Cumulative dose-response analysis in the tail-flick test revealed an ED50 value for intrathecal (spinal) l-methadone of 15."	( d-Methadone is antinociceptive in the rat formalin test. Elliott, KJ; Inturrisi, CE; Shimoyama, M; Shimoyama, N, 1997)	0.3
" This dosing regimen can be prepared with 400 microg naloxone in 1,000 ml crystalloid given in 24 h to a patient weighing 70 kg."	( Opioid-sparing effects of a low-dose infusion of naloxone in patient-administered morphine sulfate. Fortney, J; Gan, TJ; Ginsberg, B; Glass, PS; Jhaveri, R; Perno, R, 1997)	0.8
"Case 1: A 72-year-old 84-kg white man with cancer of the bladder and bone metastases had intense back and leg pain that was treated with intrathecal morphine for 6 months at an increasing dosage up to 10 mg twice daily."	( Respiratory depression following administration of intrathecal bupivacaine to an opioid-dependent patient. Barjhoux, CE; Danel, VC; Lemoigne, AH; Mallaret, MP; Piquet, CY; Vincent, FH, 1998)	0.3
"5 nmol/h) of the agonist for 5 days, the OFQ dose-response curves for its antinociceptive effect in the tail-flick and paw-pressure tests were significantly shifted to the right."	( Antinociceptive and morphine modulatory actions of spinal orphanin FQ. Henderson, G; Jhamandas, KH; Sutak, M, 1998)	0.3
"), shifted the dose-response relationships to the right for each of the antidepressant agents (dothiepin, amitriptyline, sibutramine, (+)-oxaprotiline and paroxetine)."	( The involvement of the opioidergic system in the antinociceptive mechanism of action of antidepressant compounds. Gray, AM; Sewell, RD; Spencer, PS, 1998)	0.3
" The enhanced brain permeability with the subsequent decrease in peripheral dosage of these opioid peptides did not result in lowering constipation."	( Glycodermorphins: opioid peptides with potent and prolonged analgesic activity and enhanced blood-brain barrier penetration. Lattanzi, R; Negri, L; Rocchi, R; Scolaro, B; Tabacco, F, 1998)	0.3
" Whereas cycling mares responded to all dosages of NAL, AN mares responded only to the higher dosages for FSH, and LH failed to increase at any dosage employed."	( Gonadotropin response to naloxone in the mare: effect of time of year and reproductive status. Davison, LA; Fitzgerald, BP; McManus, CJ, 1998)	0.6
" Significant increases in ACTH and cortisol were observed after both antagonists, without an apparent dose-response relationship; however, both doses of nalmefene resulted in greater HPA axis activation than either dose of naloxone (ACTH: p <0."	( Nalmefene causes greater hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation than naloxone in normal volunteers: implications for the treatment of alcoholism. Borg, L; Gunduz, M; Ho, A; King, A; Kreek, MJ; Maniar, S; Perret, G; Porter, M; Schluger, JH, 1998)	0.71
" A rightward shift of the dose-response curve was observed in rats made tolerant to systemic morphine with subcutaneous morphine pellets."	( Characterization of the antihyperalgesic action of a novel peripheral mu-opioid receptor agonist--loperamide. Nozaki-Taguchi, N; Yaksh, TL, 1999)	0.3
" In the presence of the opioid receptor antagonists, naloxone or naltrindole, the resulting nefopam dose-response relationships were shifted to the right."	( The involvement of opioidergic and noradrenergic mechanisms in nefopam antinociception. Gray, AM; Nevinson, MJ; Sewell, RD, 1999)	0.55
"Each patient received an IV bolus of naloxone at a dosage of 125 microg/kg."	( Influence of body mass on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis response to naloxone in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Barini, A; Caruso, A; Cento, R; Ciampelli, M; de Marinis, L; Fulghesu, AM; Guido, M; Lanzone, A; Pavone, V, 1999)	0.8
" Pretreatment with a non-opioid receptor-selective dose (2 mg/kg) of NLXM produced a rightward shift in the dose-response function of EMD 61,753."	( Effects of kappa opioids in the inflamed rat colon. Gebhart, GF; Sengupta, JN; Snider, A; Su, X, 1999)	0.3
" The dose-response curves for oxymorphone and hydromorphone were shifted 5- and 12."	( Enhancement mu opioid antinociception by oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol: dose-response analysis and receptor identification. Cichewicz, DL; Martin, ZL; Smith, FL; Welch, SP, 1999)	0.3
" Comparisons of physiological and subjective measures collected in agonist exposure sessions indicate that LAAM is not less potent than methadone under acute dosing conditions."	( Relative potency of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol and methadone in humans under acute dosing conditions. Bigelow, GE; Buchhalter, AR; Eissenberg, T; Stitzer, ML; Walsh, SL, 1999)	0.3
" In contrast, there were no sex differences in morphine's hotplate or tail withdrawal effects under repeated (1-week interval) dosing conditions."	( Sex differences in development of morphine tolerance and dependence in the rat. Bartok, RE; Craft, RM; King, SJ; Stratmann, JA; Walpole, TI, 1999)	0.3
" A dose-response relationship was identified for lordosis in experimental animals receiving icv injection of beta-EP."	( Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of beta-endorphin on lordosis in female rats: relation to time of administration. Kubo, K; Sasaki, T; Torii, M, 1999)	0.3
" Morphine dosage must therefore be carefully controlled in patients with renal failure."	( [Morphine poisoning in chronic kidney failure. Morphine-6-glucuronide as a pharmacologically active morphine metabolite]. Caduff, B; Dubs, A; Wiedemeier, P, 1999)	0.3
" There was no dose-response relationship for bromfenac."	( Comparison of tilidine/naloxone, tramadol and bromfenac in experimental pain: a double-blind randomized crossover study in healthy human volunteers. Högger, P; Rohdewald, P, 1999)	0.61
" Furthermore, morphine-induced analgesia in a hot-plate test showed a leftward shift in the morphine dose-response curve after naloxone treatment."	( Effects of continuous opioid receptor blockade on alcohol intake and up-regulation of opioid receptor subtype signalling in a genetic model of high alcohol drinking. Hyytiä, P; Ingman, K; Korpi, ER; Laitinen, JT; Soini, SL, 1999)	0.51
"1-235 nmol site(-1)) injected intradermally into the rostral back elicited scratching of the injected site, with bell-shaped dose-response relationship."	( Itch-associated response induced by intradermal serotonin through 5-HT2 receptors in mice. Kuraishi, Y; Nagasawa, T; Satoh, M; Yamaguchi, T, 1999)	0.3
" These data replicate earlier findings describing the acceptability of alternate-day buprenorphine treatment using multiples of the daily maintenance dose and extend these findings by establishing the clinical efficacy of daily and alternate-day dosing regimens with the combination buprenorphine naloxone tablet."	( Efficacy of daily and alternate-day dosing regimens with the combination buprenorphine-naloxone tablet. Amass, L; Kamien, JB; Mikulich, SK, 2000)	0.71
" Together with the fact that this dosage of PB blocks the surge of LH secretion in rats in proestrus, the concept of the existence of separate neuronal mechanisms responsible for the surge and pulsatile secretion of LH are supported."	( Pentobarbital stimulates the activity of the GnRH pulse generator interacting with opioid neurons in rats in proestrus. Funabashi, T; Jinnai, K; Kimura, F; Sano, A; Shinohara, K, 2000)	0.31
"We observed chest wall rigidity in 8 patients after low dosage of fentanyl (3-5 microg/kg body weight)."	( Fentanyl-induced chest wall rigidity and laryngospasm in preterm and term infants. Bartmann, P; Fahnenstich, H; Kau, N; Steffan, J, 2000)	0.31
" TAPA dose-response curve for antinociception."	( Selective antagonism by naloxonazine of antinociception by Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-beta-Ala, a novel dermorphin analogue with high affinity at mu-opioid receptors. Hayashi, T; Kisara, K; Kutsuwa, M; Sakurada, C; Sakurada, S; Sakurada, T; Sato, T; Takeda, S; Tan-No, K; Yuki, M, 2000)	0.31
" In contrast, agonist-stimulated coupling was diminished (desensitization), resulting in a substantially flattened morphine dose-response curve."	( Calmodulin regulation of basal and agonist-stimulated G protein coupling by the mu-opioid receptor (OP(3)) in morphine-pretreated cell. Sadée, W; Surratt, CK; Wang, D, 2000)	0.31
" Dosing was double-blind and double-dummy."	( Effects of buprenorphine versus buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in non-dependent opioid abusers. Bigelow, GE; Stoller, K; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2000)	0.57
"We examined two methods of generating a dose-response curve to the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone."	( Plasma adrenocorticotropin responses to opioid blockade with naloxone: generating a dose-response curve in a single session. Ali, M; Mangold, D; McCaul, ME; Wand, GS, 2000)	0.77
") that was inactive against DAMGO, did not affect endomorphin-1-induced antinociception but shifted the dose-response curve of endomorphin-2 3-fold to the right."	( Differential antagonism of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 spinal antinociception by naloxonazine and 3-methoxynaltrexone. Fujimura, T; Hayashi, T; Kastin, AJ; Murayama, K; Sakurada, C; Sakurada, S; Sakurada, T; Takeshita, M; Yonezawa, A; Yuhki, M; Zadina, JE, 2000)	0.31
" In the presence of morphine the ACh dose-response curve was shifted to the right in a parallel fashion, suggesting a competitive interaction."	( Morphine inhibits an alpha9-acetylcholine nicotinic receptor-mediated response by a mechanism which does not involve opioid receptors. Elgoyhen, AB; Guth, PS; Holt, JC; Lioudyno, MI; Verbitsky, M, 2000)	0.31
" Therefore, activity at opioid receptors appears to influence the expression of TS, and the difference in response to naloxone in TS subjects may be based on a dose-response effect."	( Patterns of response to acute naloxone infusion in Tourette's syndrome. Chappell, PB; Leckman, JF; Scahill, LD; van Wattum, PJ; Zelterman, D, 2000)	0.8
" When combined with naloxone in a sublingual tablet, buprenorphine has been shown to be effective 1) in retaining patients in treatment, 2) in reducing opioid use and craving, and 3) when dosed less-than-daily."	( Buprenorphine and naloxone for heroin dependence. Johnson, RE; McCagh, JC, 2000)	0.96
"A sublingual tablet formulation of buprenorphine combining 8 mg of buprenorphine with 2 mg of naloxone is being targeted for use in settings where less than daily dosing strategies and/or prescription-based dispensing will likely be employed."	( Thrice-weekly supervised dosing with the combination buprenorphine-naloxone tablet is preferred to daily supervised dosing by opioid-dependent humans. Amass, L; Kamien, JB; Mikulich, SK, 2001)	0.77
" With increasing stimulus intensity, the dose-response curves showed a progressive shift to the right, but this shift was only slight with the highest intensity stimuli."	( Effects of intravenous and intrathecal sufentanil on a C-fibre reflex elicited by a wide range of stimulus intensities in the rat. Adam, F; Chauvin, M; Guirimand, F, 2001)	0.31
" Because of the equivalence of different dose strengths of Valoron N tablets, patients are able to exchange low dosed Valoron N retard tablets for higher-dosed ones (50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg tilidine/tablet), if necessary."	( Pharmacokinetics of nortilidine and naloxone after administration of tilidine/naloxone solution or tilidine/naloxone sustained release tablets. Brennscheidt, U; Seiler, KU; Thomann, P, 2000)	0.58
" NTB (30 nM) shifted the dose-response curve of DAMGO to the right and attenuated the maximal effect."	( Pharmacological effects of naltriben as a ligand for opioid mu and kappa receptors in rat cerebral cortex. Cho, KP; Kim, KW; Shin, BS; Son, Y, 2001)	0.31
" This dose-response analysis suggests that the increase in the severity of autonomic manifestations of MW is associated with a gradual activation of major structures of the autonomic nervous system."	( Sensitivity to naloxone of the behavioral signs of morphine withdrawal and c-Fos expression in the rat CNS: a quantitative dose-response analysis. Besson, JM; Gestreau, C; Le Guen, S, 2001)	0.66
" The time course and dose-response studies demonstrated that mu receptor phosphorylation was a rapid event, exhibited a positive dose-dependent response, and was similar to that observed in the cloned mu receptor in CHO cells."	( Agonist-induced mu opioid receptor phosphorylation and functional desensitization in rat thalamus. Deng, HB; Guang, W; Wang, H; Wang, JB; Yu, Y, 2001)	0.31
" Relative to morphine-naive control mice, significant rightward shifts in the morphine dose-response curve, resulting in increased morphine ED(50) values (approximately two to three-fold), was observed for all genotypes following three days of repeated systemic morphine injections."	( Morphine tolerance and dependence in nociceptin/orphanin FQ transgenic knock-out mice. Chen, ZP; Hopkins, E; Kest, B; Mogil, JS; Palmese, CA; Pintar, JE, 2001)	0.31
" Test sessions were twice per week; dosing was double-blind."	( Effects of buprenorphine/naloxone in opioid-dependent humans. Bigelow, GE; Stoller, KB; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2001)	0.61
") and three others received multiple infusions, with the maximal dosage being 10 mg, and the effect of naloxone on symptom severity was determined."	( Effect of naloxone therapy on depersonalization: a pilot study. Hamper, N; Kushnir, ON; Morozova, MG; Nuller, YL, 2001)	0.93
" The association of calcium and Nx at low dosage is a safe method to treat milk fever in cows and reduces muscular complications."	( Effects of naloxone on calcium turnover in cows affected by milk fever. Dell'Aquila, ME; Minoia, P; Sciorsci, RL, 2001)	0.7
"Morphine pretreatment 1 h prior to assessment of the cocaine dose-response function significantly enhanced the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine."	( Temporal factors affecting cocaine-opioid interactions: a cocaine drug discrimination study in rats. Green-Jordan, K; Kantak, KM; Warren, L, 2001)	0.31
" The infrequent use of resuscitation medications has impeded rigorous investigations to determine the most effective agents and/or dosing regimens."	( Medications during resuscitation -- what is the evidence? Niermeyer, S; Perlman, J; Wyckoff, MH, 2001)	0.31
" Both sexes displayed a positive dose-response relationship between acute morphine and naloxone doses and jumping frequency."	( Assessment of acute and chronic morphine dependence in male and female mice. Adler, M; Hopkins, E; Juni, A; Kest, B; Palmese, CA, 2001)	0.53
" The need for clear guidelines regarding the drug's appropriate parenteral dosing and administration is essential."	( Seizures with intravenous codeine phosphate. Al Mohaimeed, SA; Zolezzi, M, 2001)	0.31
" We used the tail-flick test to construct dose-response curves before and 4 days after chronic morphine (75-mg pellets, subcutaneously (s."	( Reduced development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine and clonidine in PKC gamma mutant mice. Basbaum, AI; Gilbert, H; Malmberg, AB; Zeitz, KP, 2001)	0.31
") potentiated the cataleptic response of morphine as shown by a rightward shift in the morphine-log dose-response curve."	( Role of nitric oxide in catalepsy and hyperthermia in morphine-dependent rats. Abou Zeit-Har, MS; Afify, EA; Daabees, TT; Gabra, BH, 2001)	0.31
" Increasing clinical experience will more fully elucidate indications for, and optimal dosing of, naloxone in valproic acid toxic states."	( Use of naloxone in valproic acid overdose: case report and review. Francis, EH; Roberge, RJ, 2002)	0.99
"To test the opioid blockade efficacy of sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone versus buprenorphine alone and determine whether: (1) the blockade efficacy of buprenorphine/naloxone varies between the time of expected maximal and minimal effects of naloxone, (2) the blockade efficacy of buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine varies as a function of maintenance dose level, and (3) there are adaptive changes over time associated with repeated daily dosing of buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine."	( Blockade of hydromorphone effects by buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine. Bigelow, GE; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2002)	0.8
" Changes over time associated with repeated daily dosing of buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine were minimal."	( Blockade of hydromorphone effects by buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine. Bigelow, GE; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2002)	0.8
" The failure of naloxone to completely antagonize the effect of the higher concentration of EM-1 or EM-2 could be due to insufficient dosage or might indicate the involvement of non-opiate receptor mechanisms."	( Effect of endomorphin on somatostatin secretion in the isolated perfused rat stomach. Allescher, HD; Lippl, F; Schusdziarra, V, )	0.48
" and co-administration of 3-methylnaltrexone shifted the dose-response curves for endomorphin-2 induced antinociception to the right by 4-fold."	( Differential antagonism of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 supraspinal antinociception by naloxonazine and 3-methylnaltrexone. Fujimura, T; Hayashi, T; Kastin, AJ; Murayama, K; Sakurada, C; Sakurada, S; Sakurada, T; Sato, T; Takeshita, M; Yonezawa, A; Yuhki, M; Zadina, JE, 2002)	0.31
" Naloxone was administered as an intravenous bolus, followed by continuous infusion according to an intravenous dosing nomogram."	( Influence of naloxone on gastric emptying of solid meals, myoelectrical gastric activity and blood hormone levels in young healthy volunteers. Brenneisen, R; Gaia, C; Lourens, ST; Lüscher, D; Netzer, P; Noelpp, U; Reber, PU; Scheurer, U; Varga, L; Wildi, S, 2002)	1.59
"We report the use of a sensitive non-tomographic positron detecting system to measure the dose-response curve of naloxone in human brain."	( Naloxone displacement at opioid receptor sites measured in vivo in the human brain. Malizia, AL; Melichar, JK; Nutt, DJ, 2003)	1.97
" After the morphinistic models of white rats and mice were made by ever increasing doses of morphine each time, the animals were divided into large dosage QJY group, small dosage QJY group, sustained morphine group and control group."	( [Experimental study on the effect of abstinence with herbal preparation qingjunyin]. Lan, S; Lu, H; Shi, C; Wang, G; Zhan, C, 1998)	0.3
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of moderate dosage naloxone in acute moderate and severe traumatic brain injury."	( [Randomized double-blind clinical trial of moderate dosage naloxone in acute moderate and severe traumatic brain injury]. Chen, B; Liu, YS, 2002)	0.81
"Early application of moderate dosage naloxone in acute traumatic brain injury may significantly reduce the mortality rate and improve the recovery of nerve function."	( [Randomized double-blind clinical trial of moderate dosage naloxone in acute moderate and severe traumatic brain injury]. Chen, B; Liu, YS, 2002)	0.83
"Male, Long-Evans rats were habituated to an open-field, locomotor activity chamber, and the effects of cocaine and various opioids were tested under a cumulative dosing procedure."	( Interactions between opioids and cocaine on locomotor activity in rats: influence of an opioid's relative efficacy at the mu receptor. Bryant, PA; Craig, CK; Ferguson, ME; French, AM; Gordon, KA; Gray, JD; McClean, JM; Smith, MA; Tetirick, JC, 2003)	0.32
" Morphine exhibited a bell-shaped dose-response curve in Lewis rats, these animals being more sensitive than F344 at 1 and 5 mg/kg but less sensitive at 10 mg/kg."	( The contribution of alpha2-adrenoceptor and opioid receptor mechanisms to antinociception differs in Lewis and Fischer 344 rats. Alguacil, LF; Herradón, G; Morales, L; Pérez-García, C, 2003)	0.32
" A relatively flat dose-response relationship was observed, which did not increase monotonically with morphine dose."	( A new progressive ratio schedule for support of morphine self-administration in opiate dependent rats. Delich, J; Glowa, J; Grasing, K; He, S; Li, N; Parrish, C, 2003)	0.32
"For biotherapeutic agents, there is a lack of information on dose-response relationships and mechanism of action."	( Dose-response relationship and mechanism of action of Saccharomyces boulardii in castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats. Gillardin, JM; Girard, P; Lorette, I; Pansart, Y, 2003)	0.32
"), which produced a significant shift to the right of the morphine dose-response curve."	( Role of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase in morphine-induced antinociception. Agil, A; Baeyens, JM; Del Pozo, E; Horvath, G; Masocha, W; Ocana, M; Szikszay, M, 2003)	0.32
" Rats were then anesthetized, and the electromyographic response in the rectus abdominis muscle to UCD was recorded in the absence and presence of cumulative dosing with intrathecal morphine."	( Intrathecal morphine reduces the visceromotor response to acute uterine cervical distension in an estrogen-independent manner. Eisenach, JC; Shin, SW, 2003)	0.32
") from saline on a fixed-ratio schedule (FR 10), and ethanol dose-response tests were conducted once rats had acquired ethanol-saline discrimination."	( Micro1-opioid antagonist naloxonazine alters ethanol discrimination and consumption. Holloway, F; Mhatre, M, 2003)	0.32
" Drug tests were then begun and produced a significant dose-response threshold increase across animals, without reinstating the latency to escape nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis stimulation."	( Effects of naloxone on rewarding and aversive brain sites. Bielajew, C; Diotte, M; Milairessis, E, 2003)	0.71
" Dose-response curves (s."	( Interaction between metamizol and tramadol in a model of acute visceral pain in rats. Planas, E; Pol, O; Poveda, R; Puig, MM; Romero, A; Sánchez, S, 2003)	0.32
" On the 7th day, morphine dose-response studies were determined using the tail flick."	( Chronic opioid antagonist treatment dose-dependently regulates mu-opioid receptors and trafficking proteins in vivo. Patel, CN; Patel, K; Purohit, V; Rajashekara, V; Yoburn, BC, 2003)	0.32
" The lowest dosage of NTX significantly reduced SIB in subjects with baseline levels of beta-E higher than after SIB."	( beta-Endorphin and ACTH are dissociated after self-injury in adults with developmental disabilities. Chicz-DeMet, A; Lenjavi, M; Marion, S; Sandman, CA; Touchette, P, 2003)	0.32
"In this article we described a 15-year-old female who was admitted to the Clinic of Toxicology because of suicidal, oral intoxication with morphine sulphate in the total dosage of 360 mg."	( [Non-invasive positive pressure respiration in acute respiratory failure caused by suicidal oral intoxication with morphine sulphate]. Anand, JS; Chodorowski, Z; Wujtewicz, M, 2003)	0.32
" Microinfusions of naloxone alone in similar dosage completely blocked the predatory attack response as indicated by an increase in the threshold current strength for somatomotor as well as affective display components."	( Enkephalinergic involvement in substantia nigra in the modulation of hypothalamically-induced predatory attack behavior. Bhatia, SC; Nayar, U; Saha, SN, 2003)	0.65
" Experiment 3 confirmed the differential involvement of micro and delta receptors in ethanol intake through a more comprehensive dose-response analysis of beta-FNA and naltrindole."	( Social learning about ethanol in preweanling rats: role of endogenous opioids. Hallmark, RA; Hunt, PS, 2004)	0.32
" Naloxone 2 mg by gastric tube every 8 hours for 8 days was started; the dosage then was increased to 4 mg every 8 hours."	( Enteral administration of naloxone for treatment of opioid-associated intragastric feeding intolerance. Bloom, K; Liebl, MG; Mixides, G, 2004)	1.53
" Separate groups of animals at each interval between morphine and naloxone received cumulative naloxone dosing after all morphine pretreatments (NAL ALL DAYS) or after just the first and last morphine pretreatment (NAL FIRST/LAST)."	( Conditioning processes contribute to severity of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from acute opioid dependence. Liu, J; Morse, AC; Schulteis, G, 2004)	0.81
" However, the few studies that have investigated the performance effects of buprenorphine in opioid-abusing volunteers examined effects of single acute doses rather than effects of repeated dosing and included a very limited range of measures."	( A dose-effect study of repeated administration of buprenorphine/naloxone on performance in opioid-dependent volunteers. Correia, CJ; Mintzer, MZ; Strain, EC, 2004)	0.56
" Furthermore, the differences between intermittent and continuous dosing protocols were evaluated."	( Opioid agonist and antagonist treatment differentially regulates immunoreactive mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in vivo. Patel, K; Purohit, V; Yoburn, BC; Zhang, Q, 2004)	0.32
" However, using access to unsupervised dosing to promote abstinence from heroin probably limits the potential benefits of unsupervised administration to a very small proportion of patients."	( A pilot study of buprenorphine-naloxone combination tablet (Suboxone) in treatment of opioid dependence. Bell, J; Byron, G; Gibson, A; Morris, A, 2004)	0.61
" Pre-exposure to ICI174864 also induced a shift to the left in dose-response curves for bremazocine and TIPP."	( Reciprocal regulation of agonist and inverse agonist signaling efficacy upon short-term treatment of the human delta-opioid receptor with an inverse agonist. Azzi, M; Bouvier, M; deLéan, A; Piñeyro, G; Schiller, PW, 2005)	0.33
" The effects of individual and fixed-ratio combinations of locally (subcutaneous) and systemically (intraperitoneal) dosed tramadol were evaluated using the formalin test in rats."	( Evidence of self-synergism in the antinociceptive effect of tramadol in rats. Aguirre-Bañuelos, P; Arellano-Guerrero, A; de Pozos-Guillén, AJ; Hoyo-Vadillo, C; Pérez-Urizar, J, 2004)	0.32
" Morphine and R-PIA were administered to obtain the dose-response curve and the 50% effective dose (ED(50))."	( Morphine can enhance the antiallodynic effect of intrathecal R-PIA in rats with nerve ligation injury. Cho, SK; Han, SM; Hwang, GS; Hwang, JH, 2005)	0.33
" ICR mice were used to generate full antagonist dose-response curves for naloxone, naltrexone, nalbuphine, and 6beta-naltrexol in blocking acute antinociceptive effects of morphine and precipitating opioid withdrawal in models of physical dependence."	( In vivo characterization of 6beta-naltrexol, an opioid ligand with less inverse agonist activity compared with naltrexone and naloxone in opioid-dependent mice. Bhamidipati, CM; Bilsky, EJ; Blair, JR; Lowery, JJ; Paolino, RM; Raehal, KM; Sadée, W; Wang, D, 2005)	0.77
" In conclusion, from the above results one may suggest that, in determination of the dose-response of at least some drugs, the study of the effects of doses much lower than two orders of magnitude of the minimum effective dose are warranted."	( Effects of ultra-low doses of morphine, naloxone and ethanol on morphine state-dependent memory of passive avoidance in mice. Djahanguiri, B; Tayebi Meybodi, K; Vakili Zarch, A; Zarrindast, MR, 2005)	0.6
" However, the dose-response curve against dermorphine inhibition of the response to CCK-8 was bell-shaped and the highest SR concentration also significantly decreased the mu-withdrawal response."	( Involvement of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor in the opioid inhibition of the response to cholecystokinin and acute withdrawal response. Amico, MC; Morrone, LA; Palmery, M; Romanelli, L; Tucci, P; Valeri, P, 2005)	0.33
" Three groups of rats were compared in an experimental procedure of rapid withdrawal induction by an antagonist under anaesthesia using sub-anaesthetic dosage of midazolam, ketamine or saline."	( Effects of anaesthetic agents in interference of naloxone-induced opiate-withdrawal are dose-dependent in opiate-dependent rats. Antoniali, V; Campanella, S; Clement, B; Dan, B; Hanak, C; Pelc, I; Streel, E; Vanderlinden, P; Verbanck, P, 2005)	0.58
" Maintenance dosing was individualized to treat chronic pain."	( Sublingual buprenorphine is effective in the treatment of chronic pain syndrome. Barkin, RL; Malinoff, HL; Wilson, G, )	0.13
" Consistent with its long duration of action, alvimopan has a slow dissociation rate from the micro opioid receptor compared to other shorter acting antagonists and may be more potent if administered prior to dosing with exogenous opioids."	( [(3)H]Alvimopan binding to the micro opioid receptor: comparative binding kinetics of opioid antagonists. Cassel, JA; Daubert, JD; DeHaven, RN, 2005)	0.33
"5-5 mg/kg) produced a rightward shift of a heroin dose-response curve, while vigabatrin (75-300 mg/kg), baclofen (0."	( Role of opioidergic mechanisms and GABA uptake inhibition in the heroin-induced discriminative stimulus effects in rats. Filip, M; Krówka, T; Przewłocki, R; Solecki, W, )	0.13
" Mice were then given morphine in a 4-day escalating morphine administration paradigm followed by reassessment of the morphine dose-response relationship."	( Chronic pain and genetic background interact and influence opioid analgesia, tolerance, and physical dependence. Clark, DJ; Guo, T; Kingery, WS; Liang, DY; Liao, G; Peltz, G, 2006)	0.33
" Moreover, dose-response curves of the agonists showed that mu and CB1 receptors mediating inhibition of [3H]glutamate release display a non-additive interaction, whereas these receptors synergistically interact regarding their inhibitory control of [3H]GABA release."	( Interactions between CB1 cannabinoid and mu opioid receptors mediating inhibition of neurotransmitter release in rat nucleus accumbens core. De Vries, TJ; Hogenboom, F; Schoffelmeer, AN; Wardeh, G, 2006)	0.33
" At a dosage of 20 or 40 mg/kg, PF preconditioning 48 h before MCAO followed by 24-h reperfusion significantly reduced the mortality and infarct volume and reversed the neurological deficits caused by ischemia."	( Involvement of multitargets in paeoniflorin-induced preconditioning. Cai, X; Chen, DM; Xiao, L; Zeng, R; Zhu, XZ, 2006)	0.33
"Buprenorphine has a long duration of action that allows less than daily dosing for opioid dependence, but pharmacologic characterization of buprenorphine's duration of effects over multiple days is incomplete."	( Effects associated with double-blind omission of buprenorphine/naloxone over a 98-h period. Bigelow, GE; Correia, CJ; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2006)	0.57
" In the abdominal constriction test, LXM-10 had a significant dose-response effect, and the maximal inhibition ratio was 79."	( Antinociceptive effects of the novel spirocyclopiperazinium salt compound LXM-10 in mice. Li, CL; Li, RT; Sun, Q; Ye, J; Yue, CQ, 2007)	0.34
" It consisted of a 24-day uniform double-blind induction phase followed by single-blind flexible dosing based on structured clinical criteria, for a total of 6 months."	( A stepped care strategy using buprenorphine and methadone versus conventional methadone maintenance in heroin dependence: a randomized controlled trial. Grönbladh, L; Heilig, M; Kakko, J; Nilsson, LH; Rawlings, B; Rück, C; Svanborg, KD; von Wachenfeldt, J, 2007)	0.34
"5mg) may be an effective mechanism for safely dosing this medication in persons with higher levels of physical dependence."	( Sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone precipitated withdrawal in subjects maintained on 100mg of daily methadone. Bigelow, GE; Rosado, J; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2007)	0.64
" The mean intended fees for buprenorphine - naloxone according to different dosing and takeaway regimens ranged from $19."	( The impact of community pharmacy dispensing fees on the introduction of buprenorphine - naloxone in Australia. Lea, T; Ritter, A; Winstock, AR, 2007)	0.82
"To compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of unobserved versus observed dosing of patients seeking treatment of heroin dependence."	( A randomized trial of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of observed versus unobserved administration of buprenorphine-naloxone for heroin dependence. Batey, R; Bell, J; Dunlop, A; Mutch, C; Rea, F; Ryan, A; Shanahan, M; Winstock, A, 2007)	0.55
"Participants were allocated randomly to observed or unobserved dosing for 3 months."	( A randomized trial of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of observed versus unobserved administration of buprenorphine-naloxone for heroin dependence. Batey, R; Bell, J; Dunlop, A; Mutch, C; Rea, F; Ryan, A; Shanahan, M; Winstock, A, 2007)	0.55
"Retention and heroin use was not significantly different between observed and unobserved dosing groups."	( A randomized trial of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of observed versus unobserved administration of buprenorphine-naloxone for heroin dependence. Batey, R; Bell, J; Dunlop, A; Mutch, C; Rea, F; Ryan, A; Shanahan, M; Winstock, A, 2007)	0.55
" Endomorphin-1, endomorphin-2 and deltorphin I at the dosage of 1, 10, 100 nmol/embryo could stimulate angiogenesis dose-dependently, respectively."	( Endogenous opioid peptides, endomorphin-1 and -2 and deltorphin I, stimulate angiogenesis in the CAM assay. Cui, SG; Dai, X; Liu, Q; Song, HJ; Wang, R; Wang, T, 2008)	0.35
" Dose-response and time course curves were done."	( Role of nociceptin/orphanin FQ and the pseudopeptide [Phe1Psi(CH2NH)Gly2]-nociceptin(1-13)-NH2 and their interaction with classic opioids in the modulation of thermonociception in the land snail Helix aspersa. Cruz, SL; León-Olea, M; Miller-Pérez, C; Pellicer, F; Rodríguez-Manzo, G; Sánchez-Islas, E, 2008)	0.35
"Morphine and buprenorphine had parallel dose-response curves in blocking FPS, with buprenorphine 40 times more potent than morphine."	( Anxiolytic-like effects of morphine and buprenorphine in the rat model of fear-potentiated startle: tolerance, cross-tolerance, and blockade by naloxone. Davis, M; Glover, EM, 2008)	0.55
"The registration of combination buprenorphine/naloxone, a formulation designed to reduce risk of diversion, has led some Australian jurisdictional authorities to allow treatment without direct observation of dosing for stable, opioid-dependent patients."	( Optimising the benefits of unobserved dose administration for stable opioid maintenance patients: follow-up of a randomised trial. Batey, R; Bell, JR; Mutch, C; Rea, F; Ryan, A, 2008)	0.6
" There was a non-significant trend for people initiated with observed dosing to be better retained during the allocation phase; at 6 months, 13 subjects (22%) from the original unobserved group, and 22 (34%) from the observed group, were retained in treatment (chi2=2."	( Optimising the benefits of unobserved dose administration for stable opioid maintenance patients: follow-up of a randomised trial. Batey, R; Bell, JR; Mutch, C; Rea, F; Ryan, A, 2008)	0.35
" If access to unobserved dosing is to be restricted to stable patients, it appears preferable to initiate dosing with observation and allow unobserved doses for people who successfully stabilize, than to initiate with unobserved doses and transfer unstable patients to observation."	( Optimising the benefits of unobserved dose administration for stable opioid maintenance patients: follow-up of a randomised trial. Batey, R; Bell, JR; Mutch, C; Rea, F; Ryan, A, 2008)	0.35
" Thus, like given systemically, (+)-morphine given into the posterior nucleus accumbens shell also induces a U-shaped dose-response curve for attenuating the (-)-morphine-produced conditioned place preference."	( (+)-Morphine attenuates the (-)-morphine-produced conditioned place preference and the mu-opioid receptor-mediated dopamine increase in the posterior nucleus accumbens of the rat. Hong, JS; Hung, KC; Schwasinger, ET; Terashvili, M; Tseng, LF; Wu, HE, 2008)	0.35
" After implementation of standard order sets for patients receiving PCA, 57% of patients' pain was documented as being controlled, and the orders for 93% of patients were in compliance with the recommended dosage interval of > or =10 minutes."	( Implementation of standard order sets for patient-controlled analgesia. Ghafoor, VL; Phelps, P; Weber, LM, 2008)	0.35
" Opioids are often reduced in dosage or even discontinued as a result of impaired bowel function, leading to insufficient pain treatment."	( Analgesic efficacy and safety of oxycodone in combination with naloxone as prolonged release tablets in patients with moderate to severe chronic pain. Fleischer, W; Grothe, B; Hermanns, K; Hopp, M; Leyendecker, P; Meissner, W; Reimer, K; Ruckes, C; Szombati, I; Vondrackova, D; Weber, S, 2008)	0.59
" National guidelines recommend directly observed initial dosing followed by multiple in-clinic visits during the induction week."	( Home buprenorphine/naloxone induction in primary care. DiRocco, D; Gourevitch, MN; Grossman, E; Lee, JD, 2009)	0.68
" Patients initiated dosing off-site at a later time."	( Home buprenorphine/naloxone induction in primary care. DiRocco, D; Gourevitch, MN; Grossman, E; Lee, JD, 2009)	0.68
"Non-blinded dosing with Suboxone during the 1-month stabilization phase included 3 weeks of flexible dosing as determined appropriate by the study physicians."	( Buprenorphine tapering schedule and illicit opioid use. Annon, J; Bilangi, R; Boverman, J; Domier, C; Doraimani, G; Hasson, A; Hillhouse, M; Hunter, J; Jenkins, J; Ling, W; Saxon, A; Selzer, J; Thomas, C, 2009)	0.35
" Development of opioid withdrawal symptoms was the primary outcome, however the only symptom that was significantly associated with BPN/NLX dosage was the report of "stomach pains" (p = ."	( Lack of reduction in buprenorphine injection after introduction of co-formulated buprenorphine/naloxone to the Malaysian market. Altice, FL; Bruce, RD; Govindasamy, S; Kamarulzaman, A; Sylla, L, 2009)	0.57
" These effects were not associated with alterations in ethanol pharmacokinetic properties or with shifts in the biphasic ethanol dose-response curve."	( Ethanol-induced social facilitation in adolescent rats: role of endogenous activity at mu opioid receptors. Spear, LP; Varlinskaya, EI, 2009)	0.35
") enhanced the ascending (3 mgxkg(-1)) and descending (30 mgxkg(-1)) portions of buprenorphine's dose-response curve, but only spinal, not supraspinal, nociceptin (10 nmolxL(-1)) enhanced buprenorphine anti-nociception."	( Identification of an additional supraspinal component to the analgesic mechanism of action of buprenorphine. Ding, Z; Raffa, RB, 2009)	0.35
" In the second experiment, using the same dosing regimen, sampling continued 3 h after morphine or saline in AV411- or vehicle-treated rats."	( The glial activation inhibitor AV411 reduces morphine-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine release. Bland, ST; Hutchinson, MR; Johnson, KW; Maier, SF; Watkins, LR, 2009)	0.35
" No dosage modification of BUP/NLX is required when co-administered with TPV/r."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and tipranavir/ritonavir in HIV-negative subjects chronically receiving buprenorphine/naloxone. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Conner, C; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Moody, DE; Piliero, PJ; Sabo, JP; Wruck, JM, 2009)	0.6
"The present investigation examines baseline patient characteristics to predict dosing of buprenorphine-naloxone, a promising treatment for opioid addiction in youths."	( Predictors of buprenorphine-naloxone dosing in a 12-week treatment trial for opioid-dependent youth: secondary analyses from a NIDA Clinical Trials Network study. Chakrabarti, A; Griffin, ML; Subramaniam, G; Weiss, RD; Woody, GE, 2010)	0.87
" Outpatients aged 15-21 were randomized to a 12-week buprenorphine-naloxone dosing condition (including 4 weeks of taper)."	( Predictors of buprenorphine-naloxone dosing in a 12-week treatment trial for opioid-dependent youth: secondary analyses from a NIDA Clinical Trials Network study. Chakrabarti, A; Griffin, ML; Subramaniam, G; Weiss, RD; Woody, GE, 2010)	0.89
" During the dosing period, there were no significant differences in opioid use, as measured by urinalysis, by level of pain."	( Predictors of buprenorphine-naloxone dosing in a 12-week treatment trial for opioid-dependent youth: secondary analyses from a NIDA Clinical Trials Network study. Chakrabarti, A; Griffin, ML; Subramaniam, G; Weiss, RD; Woody, GE, 2010)	0.65
" This can be achieved by converting the regular dosage into the equivalent in diazepam and then reducing this dosage by a maximum of 25% a week."	( [Guideline 'Medicinal care for drug addicts in penal institutions']. Arends, MT; de Haan, HA; Klazinga, NS; van Everdingen, JJ; Westra, M, 2009)	0.35
" Intrathecal opioid dosing is limited, however, by opioid-related side effects, most importantly respiratory depression."	( Postoperative analgesia after radical prostatectomy with high-dose intrathecal morphine and intravenous naloxone: a retrospective review. Andrykowski, M; Rebel, A; Sloan, P, )	0.35
" A total of 77 patients were included and were switched from buprenorphine to sublingual tables of buprenorphine/naloxone; the buprenorphine dosage was titrated to achieve good control of withdrawal symptoms."	( Safety and efficacy of buprenorphine/naloxone in opioid-dependent patients: an Italian observational study. Biondi, L; Calabria, R; Fiore, A; Magnelli, F; Peluso, E; Rota, AG; Vonella, D, 2010)	0.84
" Treatment was self-administered by the patients every 2 weeks and the mean buprenorphine dosage at 1 year was 8 mg/day."	( Clinical experience with fortnightly buprenorphine/naloxone versus buprenorphine in Italy: preliminary observational data in an office-based setting. Amato, P, 2010)	0.61
" Dose-response curves of tapentadol (intravenous) were determined in combination with vehicle or a fixed dose (intraperitoneal) of the mu-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1mg/kg), the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (2."	( Differential contribution of opioid and noradrenergic mechanisms of tapentadol in rat models of nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Christoph, T; Jahnel, U; Schröder, W; Tzschentke, TM; Vry, JD, 2010)	0.56
" Buprenorphine/naloxone and LPV/r can be safely coadministered without need for dosage modification."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.97
" The aim of this review is to outline the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, drug interactions, dosing rules, adverse effects, equianalgesic dose ratio with other opioids and clinical studies of oxycodone in patients with cancer pain."	( Role of oxycodone and oxycodone/naloxone in cancer pain management. Leppert, W, )	0.41
" Subsequent studies show that the efficacy of buprenorphine sublingual tablet (Subutex®) or buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablet (Suboxone®) is equivalent to that of methadone when sufficient buprenorphine doses, rapid induction, and flexible dosing are used."	( Buprenorphine-based regimens and methadone for the medical management of opioid dependence: selecting the appropriate drug for treatment. Gerra, G; Maremmani, I, )	0.34
" Lethal dose to cause 50 % death (LD50) was calculated from a dose-response curve (100-5000 mg/kg body wt."	( Chemical composition, acute toxicity, and antinociceptive activity of the essential oil of a plant breeding cultivar of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Alves, PB; Antoniolli, AR; Blank, AF; de Araujo, BS; Estevam, Cdos S; Lira, AF; Marchioro, M; Onofre, AS; Venâncio, AM, 2011)	0.37
"The effectiveness of intrathecal opioids (ITOs) for postoperative analgesia has been limited by reduced opioid dosing because of opioid-related side effects, most importantly respiratory depression."	( Retrospective analysis of high-dose intrathecal morphine for analgesia after pelvic surgery. Andrykowski, M; Rebel, A; Sloan, P, )	0.13
"After 3 weeks of flexible dosing, 516 participants were categorized by dose provided in the final dosing week (9."	( Participant characteristics and buprenorphine dose. Canamar, CP; Doraimani, G; Hasson, A; Hillhouse, M; Ling, W; Thomas, C, 2011)	0.37
" These groups also differed in opioid use during the four dosing weeks, with the lowest use in the 8 mg group and highest use in the 24 mg group (p < ."	( Participant characteristics and buprenorphine dose. Canamar, CP; Doraimani, G; Hasson, A; Hillhouse, M; Ling, W; Thomas, C, 2011)	0.37
"The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a clinically relevant opioid on the production of augmented breaths (ABs) in unanesthetized animals breathing normal room air, using a dosage which does not depress breathing."	( The "other" respiratory effect of opioids: suppression of spontaneous augmented ("sigh") breaths. Azubike, E; Bell, HJ; Haouzi, P, 2011)	0.37
"Clients from two opioid treatment programs, one implementing ICM and one implementing the TBCM, were recruited to undertake a self-complete survey examining satisfaction with case-management during dosing hours over 7 months."	( Individual versus team-based case-management for clients of opioid treatment services: an initial evaluation of what clients prefer. Curry, K; Day, CA; Demirkol, A; Haber, PS; Hines, S; Lintzeris, N; Tynan, M, 2012)	0.38
"Buprenorphine/naloxone has recently been introduced in Australia and is available for unsupervised dosing within Queensland."	( Use and misuse of opioid replacement therapies: a Queensland study. Kemp, R; Smirnov, A, 2012)	0.74
"The dosing of opioid receptor agonist medications adequately and on an individual basis is crucial in the pharmacotherapy of opioid dependence."	( Evaluation of buprenorphine dosage adequacy in opioid receptor agonist substitution therapy for heroin dependence: first use of the BUprenorphine-naloxone Dosage Adequacy eVAluation (BUDAVA) questionnaire. Amato, P; Armenante, C; Auriemma, F; Biancolillo, V; Cassese, F; D'Amore, A; Del Tufo, S; Lauro, G; Oliva, P; Pizzirusso, A; Romano, F; Ruoppolo, C, 2012)	0.58
" Dosage adequacy was assessed with the BUDAVA questionnaire."	( Evaluation of buprenorphine dosage adequacy in opioid receptor agonist substitution therapy for heroin dependence: first use of the BUprenorphine-naloxone Dosage Adequacy eVAluation (BUDAVA) questionnaire. Amato, P; Armenante, C; Auriemma, F; Biancolillo, V; Cassese, F; D'Amore, A; Del Tufo, S; Lauro, G; Oliva, P; Pizzirusso, A; Romano, F; Ruoppolo, C, 2012)	0.58
"The buprenorphine-naloxone dosage was found to be inadequate in 61 of the 196 patients."	( Evaluation of buprenorphine dosage adequacy in opioid receptor agonist substitution therapy for heroin dependence: first use of the BUprenorphine-naloxone Dosage Adequacy eVAluation (BUDAVA) questionnaire. Amato, P; Armenante, C; Auriemma, F; Biancolillo, V; Cassese, F; D'Amore, A; Del Tufo, S; Lauro, G; Oliva, P; Pizzirusso, A; Romano, F; Ruoppolo, C, 2012)	0.91
" Pharmacokinetic profiles of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and naloxone were measured over the 24-hour dosing interval on day -1 (buprenorphine/naloxone alone, reference) and day 7 of telaprevir coadministration (test)."	( Effect of telaprevir on the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in volunteers on stable buprenorphine/naloxone maintenance therapy. Garg, V; Luo, X; Smith, F; Trevejo, J; van Heeswijk, RP, 2012)	0.83
" While the addition of naloxone to oxycodone seems to act by preventing OIC, the intermittent dosing of methylnaltrexone every other day seems to stimulate defaecation by provoking an intestinal withdrawal response."	( Non-analgesic effects of opioids: management of opioid-induced constipation by peripheral opioid receptor antagonists: prevention or withdrawal? Holzer, P, 2012)	0.69
" The results suggest that the combination of buprenorphine and naltrexone at an appropriate dosage decreases compulsive cocaine self-administration with minimal liability to produce opioid dependence and may be useful as a treatment for cocaine addiction."	( A combination of buprenorphine and naltrexone blocks compulsive cocaine intake in rodents without producing dependence. Koob, GF; Misra, KK; Schlosburg, JE; Vendruscolo, LF; Wee, S, 2012)	0.38
"Currently published information on buprenorphine-naloxone withdrawal recommends a gradually decreasing dosage over weeks to months."	( Course and treatment of buprenorphine/naloxone withdrawal: an analysis of case reports. McCance-Katz, EF; Westermeyer, J, )	0.66
" In the present study, a digoxin dose-response curve was conducted to observe the effects on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and locomotor activity in mice."	( A comparison of the effects of digoxin, ouabain and milrinone on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome in mice. Bai, YL; Chen, YY; Chu, QJ; Li, J; Li, WJ; Zhang, Q, 2012)	0.84
" In the present study, unanesthetized rats were studied to: (1) determine the involvement of naloxone-sensitive receptor pathways, and (2) establish the dose-response relationship of this side effect."	( Augmented breaths ('sighs') are suppressed by morphine in a dose-dependent fashion via naloxone-sensitive pathways in adult rats. Bell, HJ; Pankuch, G, 2013)	0.83
"Male Spragne-Dawley rats were randomly divided into Saline + Saline group, Saline + sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) group, Saline + Heroin group, NaHS + Heroin group according to the principle of increasing heroin dosage day by day, with the establishment of heroin-naloxone-induced withdrawal symptoms determined at day 10."	( Exogenous sodium hydrosulfide can attenuate naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndromes and affect cAMP signaling pathway in heroin-dependent rat's nucleus accumbens. Cheng, TT; Jiang, LH; Liang, QY; Wang, J; Wei, XL, 2012)	0.82
" This study compared the two formulations on subjective dose effects and equivalence, trough plasma levels, adverse events, patient satisfaction, supervised dosing time, and impact upon treatment outcomes (substance use, psychosocial function)."	( A randomised controlled trial of sublingual buprenorphine-naloxone film versus tablets in the management of opioid dependence. Ali, R; Degenhardt, L; Dunlop, AJ; Holland, RM; Hurley, M; Larance, B; Leung, SY; Lintzeris, N; Muhleisen, P; Rivas, GR; White, N, 2013)	0.63
" In study II, we performed a dose-response test in these six phenothiazine antipsychotics (0."	( Phenothiazine-type antipsychotics may attenuate naloxone-precipitated withdrawal jumping in morphine-dependent mice. Chen, JY; Chen, KT; Chu, CC; Liu, KS; Sung, KC; Wang, JJ; Wu, SZ, 2012)	0.63
" Forty-six pharmacies (85%) were willing to dispense buprenorphine-naloxone to more clients; however, 43 pharmacies (80%) perceived that supervision of buprenorphine-naloxone dosing is not a suitable task for pharmacists in Finland."	( First insights into community pharmacy based buprenorphine-naloxone dispensing in Finland. Bell, JS; Ilomäki, J; Laitinen, K; Tacke, U; Turunen, JH; Uosukainen, H, 2013)	0.87
" Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that LEDT induced a dose-response analgesic effect in the model of PI in mice."	( Light-emitting diode therapy induces analgesia in a mouse model of postoperative pain through activation of peripheral opioid receptors and the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway. Cidral-Filho, FJ; Martins, DF; Mazzardo-Martins, L; Santos, AR, 2014)	0.4
" Digital 12-lead ECGs were recorded at baseline and at 10 time points over 24 hours after dosing in each treatment period."	( Evaluation of the effect of Naloxegol on cardiac repolarization: a randomized, placebo- and positive-controlled crossover thorough QT/QTc study in healthy volunteers. Carlson, G; Gottfridsson, C; Lappalainen, J; Sostek, M, 2013)	0.39
" Similar findings were observed using QTcB; the upper limits of the 2-sided 90% CI were <10 msec at all time points after dosing with naloxegol 25 or 150 mg."	( Evaluation of the effect of Naloxegol on cardiac repolarization: a randomized, placebo- and positive-controlled crossover thorough QT/QTc study in healthy volunteers. Carlson, G; Gottfridsson, C; Lappalainen, J; Sostek, M, 2013)	0.39
" At the longest trial duration, a bell-shaped dose-response curve was obtained with buprenorphine, which was shifted significantly to the right with naloxone combination."	( Rewarding or aversive effects of buprenorphine/naloxone combination (Suboxone) depend on conditioning trial duration. Canestrelli, C; Marie, N; Noble, F, 2014)	0.86
" The specific dosage of 100 nM produced additional marked reduction in activity for planaria exposed to either morphine or naloxone while only 1 pM of morphine produced this effect."	( Comparisons of responses by planarian to micromolar to attomolar dosages of morphine or naloxone and/or weak pulsed magnetic fields: revealing receptor subtype affinities and non-specific effects. Murugan, NJ; Persinger, MA, 2014)	0.83
" Administration of pioglitazone also prevented morphine-induced 50 % effective dose (ED50) shift to the right in the dose-response curve and increased the global analgesic effect of morphine."	( Pioglitazone prevents morphine antinociception tolerance and withdrawal symptoms in rats. Azarfardian, A; Charkhpour, M; Ghasami, S; Ghavimi, H; Hassanzadeh, K; Maleki-Dizaji, N; Zolali, E, 2014)	0.4
" BUP produces dose- and time-related alterations of μOR availability but some clinicians express concern about whether doses higher than those needed to prevent opioid withdrawal symptoms are warranted, and policymakers consider limiting reimbursement for certain BUP dosing regimens."	( Buprenorphine maintenance and mu-opioid receptor availability in the treatment of opioid use disorder: implications for clinical use and policy. Comer, SD; Fiellin, DA; Greenwald, MK, 2014)	0.4
" Dosing strategies that take into account both the treatment of the opioid-related effects as well as the negative effects reversal will have on the patient are offered."	( Use of naloxone for reversal of life-threatening opioid toxicity in cancer-related pain. Faley, B; Gonzalez, R; Howlett, C; Yerram, P, 2016)	0.89
" Adequate dosing levels are important to control cravings, prevent withdrawal syndrome, and maintain patients in treatment."	( Analysis of buprenorphine/naloxone dosing impact on treatment duration, resource use and costs in the treatment of opioid-dependent adults: a retrospective study of US public and private health care claims. Kharitonova, E; Khemiri, A; Ruby, J; Toumi, M; Zah, V, 2014)	0.7
" The threshold for differentiating the dosing groups was set at 15 and 15."	( Analysis of buprenorphine/naloxone dosing impact on treatment duration, resource use and costs in the treatment of opioid-dependent adults: a retrospective study of US public and private health care claims. Kharitonova, E; Khemiri, A; Ruby, J; Toumi, M; Zah, V, 2014)	0.7
" There is wide variation between states regarding EMS naloxone dosing protocol and route of administration."	( Emergency medical services naloxone access: a national systematic legal review. Dailey, MW; Davis, CS; Niehaus, VR; Southwell, JK; Walley, AY, 2014)	0.95
" Repeated morphine injections alone led to a significant rightward shift in the morphine dose-response curve compared with that with A-317491."	( Blockade and reversal of spinal morphine tolerance by P2X3 receptor antagonist. Jiang, W; Ma, X; Xu, H; Xu, T, 2015)	0.42
"001; n = 373), using a final average daily dosage of 252."	( [Tapentadol prolonged release improves analgesia, functional impairment and quality of life in patients with chronic pain who have previously received oxycodone/naloxone]. Kern, KU; Krings, D; Waldmann-Rex, S, 2014)	0.6
"Repeat dosing of ALO-02 for up to 12 months is safe and well tolerated in a CNCP population of both opioid-experienced and opioid-naïve patients."	( A multicenter, 12-month, open-label, single-arm safety study of oxycodone-hydrochloride/naltrexone-hydrochloride extended-release capsules (ALO-02) in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic noncancer pain. Arora, S; Clemmer, R; Goli, V; Hudson, JD; Meisner, P; Michael, D; Pixton, GC; Setnik, B; Sommerville, KW, )	0.13
" Patient-, provider-, and systems-based factors that might have contributed to the events included chronic health conditions that could predispose an individual to an opioid-related adverse event, failure to adjust opioid dosing in the elderly and for hepatic or renal impairment, multiple doses and routes of administration of opioids, coadministration of opioids with other sedating medications, and systems-based problems with patient handoffs and pharmacy oversight."	( Preventing iatrogenic overdose: a review of in-emergency department opioid-related adverse drug events and medication errors. Babu, KM; Beaudoin, FL; Janicki, A; McKaig, DM; Merchant, RC, 2015)	0.42
" A total of 1251 participants were randomly assigned to either (1) a 1-year intervention consisting of 2 opportunities for a 15-day detoxification with buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NX) combined with up to 21 sessions of behavioral drug and risk counseling [short-term medication-assisted treatment (ST-MAT)] or (2) thrice-weekly dosing for 48 weeks with BUP/NX and up to 21 counseling sessions [long-term medication-assisted treatment (LT-MAT)] followed by dose tapering."	( Expanding substance use treatment options for HIV prevention with buprenorphine-naloxone: HIV Prevention Trials Network 058. Aramrattana, A; Beauchamp, G; Burns, DN; Celentano, DD; Chawarski, M; Chen, RY; Donnell, D; Dye, BJ; Fu, L; Jackson, JB; Lucas, GM; Ma, J; Metzger, DS; Richardson, P; Rose, SM; Ruan, Y; Shao, Y; Shin, K; Sugarman, J; Wei, L, 2015)	0.84
" Clinically fentanyl dosage adjustments may become necessary when ketoconazole or other strong CYP3A inhibitors are given simultaneously."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of intravenous fentanyl with ketoconazole. Haefeli, WE; König, SK; Mahlke, NS; Mikus, G; Skopp, G; Ziesenitz, VC, 2015)	0.42
" Thus, varying the dosage regimen of morphine can reduce the severity of morphine-induced dependency and neurodegeneration."	( The effect of various morphine weaning regimens on the sequelae of opioid tolerance involving physical dependency, anxiety and hippocampus cell neurodegeneration in rats. Asadighaleni, M; Fatima, S; Karimian, SM; Motaghinejad, M; Motaghinejad, O; Shabab, B, 2015)	0.42
" This study examined (i) how initiations and transfers were implemented, (ii) the profile and predictors of adverse effects as self-reported by BNX film clients, and (iii) dosing issues."	( The introduction of buprenorphine-naloxone film in opioid substitution therapy in Australia: Uptake and issues arising from changing buprenorphine formulations. Ali, R; Degenhardt, L; Dietze, P; Jenkinson, R; Larance, B; Lintzeris, N; White, N, 2015)	0.7
" The administration of simvastatin also prevented the morphine-induced shift to the right of the 50% effective dose (ED50) in the dose-response curve."	( Simvastatin prevents morphine antinociceptive tolerance and withdrawal symptoms in rats. Ghasemi, F; Hassanzadeh, K; Izadpanah, E; Moloudi, MR; Moradi, A; Rahimmi, A, 2015)	0.42
"To analyse drug users' views and experiences of naloxone during emergency resuscitation after illicit opiate overdose to identify (i) any evidence of harm caused by excessive naloxone dosing ('over-antagonism'); and (ii) implications for the medical administration of naloxone within contemporary emergency settings."	( Naloxone--does over-antagonism matter? Evidence of iatrogenic harm after emergency treatment of heroin/opioid overdose. Neale, J; Strang, J, 2015)	2.12
" Participants believed that hospital staff should administer naloxone selectively and cautiously, and prescribe counter-naloxone medication if dosing precipitated withdrawals."	( Naloxone--does over-antagonism matter? Evidence of iatrogenic harm after emergency treatment of heroin/opioid overdose. Neale, J; Strang, J, 2015)	2.1
" Subsequently, the dosing regimen was increased to 3 mg/kg twice a day over 10 days, although further marked tolerance did not develop."	( Effects of Acute and Repeated Administration of Oxycodone and Naloxone-Precipitated Withdrawal on Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Rats. Beardsley, PM; Walentiny, DM; Wiebelhaus, JM, 2016)	0.67
" Opioids were not dosed in an equipotent manner."	( The Changing Use of Intravenous Opioids in an Emergency Department. Albertson, TE; Chenoweth, JA; Clarke, SO; Gutierrez, R; Roche, BM; Sutter, ME; Wintemute, GJ, 2015)	0.42
" The JCAHO program likely was at least indirectly responsible for this change in relative dosing of the opioids."	( The Changing Use of Intravenous Opioids in an Emergency Department. Albertson, TE; Chenoweth, JA; Clarke, SO; Gutierrez, R; Roche, BM; Sutter, ME; Wintemute, GJ, 2015)	0.42
"Treating animals repeatedly with intermittent and increasing morphine doses has been suggested to allow some withdrawal during each dosing interval, which causes repeated stress."	( Spontaneous withdrawal in intermittent morphine administration in rats and mice: effect of clonidine coadministration and sex-related differences. Allahverdiyev, O; Enginar, N; Nurten, A; Sehirli, I; Türkmen, AZ, 2015)	0.42
"Male and female rats and mice were administered with increasing doses of morphine twice daily at different dosing intervals."	( Spontaneous withdrawal in intermittent morphine administration in rats and mice: effect of clonidine coadministration and sex-related differences. Allahverdiyev, O; Enginar, N; Nurten, A; Sehirli, I; Türkmen, AZ, 2015)	0.42
"Male rats and male and female rats displayed manifestations of morphine withdrawal at the end of 14-h and 24-h dosing intervals, respectively."	( Spontaneous withdrawal in intermittent morphine administration in rats and mice: effect of clonidine coadministration and sex-related differences. Allahverdiyev, O; Enginar, N; Nurten, A; Sehirli, I; Türkmen, AZ, 2015)	0.42
" As speed of drug liberation is the critical performance attribute for a solid dosage form designed to deliver drug in an emergency, a novel imaging based in vitro disintegration assay for buccal tablets was developed."	( Amorphous Formulation and in Vitro Performance Testing of Instantly Disintegrating Buccal Tablets for the Emergency Delivery of Naloxone. Ahmed, S; Allen, E; Alqurshi, A; Buanz, A; Cameron, P; Forbes, B; Holt, C; Kumar, Z; McDonald, R; Rickard, JA; Royall, PG; Sandhu, V; Stansfield, R; Strang, J; Taylor, D, 2016)	0.64
" When dosing recommendations were different for opioid-tolerant patients these were also recorded."	( The Evolution of Recommended Naloxone Dosing for Opioid Overdose by Medical Specialty. Connors, NJ; Nelson, LS, 2016)	0.73
" When patients are discontinuing opioid therapy, the dosage should be decreased slowly, especially in those who have intolerable withdrawal."	( Weighing the Risks and Benefits of Chronic Opioid Therapy. Humphreys, K; Lembke, A; Newmark, J, 2016)	0.43
" These patients required higher dosing and prolonged infusions of naloxone."	( Fatal Fentanyl: One Pill Can Kill. Adams, AJ; Albertson, TE; Black, HB; Chenoweth, JA; Colby, DK; Davis, MT; Ford, JB; Gerona, RR; Owen, KP; Roche, BM; Sutter, ME, 2017)	0.69
" Stable subjects were dosed intravenously on 5 consecutive days."	( Abuse deterrence testing: A dose ratio escalation study examining naloxone coadministered with intravenous hydromorphone in non-treatment-seeking, opioid-dependent drug users. Chakaraborty, B; Geoffroy, P; Levy-Cooperman, N; Michalko, KJ; Reiz, JL; Schoedel, KA; Thompson, D, )	0.37
" Furthermore, when dosing was discontinued after ten once-daily doses, all nicotine groups (nicotine-only and nicotine+naloxone combination) demonstrated significant decreases in sucrose reinforcement compared to the saline group."	( Nicotine enhancement and reinforcer devaluation: Interaction with opioid receptors. Kirshenbaum, AP; Phillips, JL; Suhaka, JA; Voltolini de Souza Pinto, M, )	0.34
"The aims of the present study are first, to replicate our previous findings in a larger-sized study; second, to examine if high sensitizers (subjects presenting with large SHA after a thermal injury) develop a higher degree of hypersensitivity after naloxone challenge than low sensitizers (subjects presenting with restricted SHA after a thermal injury); and third to examine a dose-response relationship between 3 stable naloxone concentrations controlled by target-controlled infusion, and the unmasking of latent sensitization."	( Effects of target-controlled infusion of high-dose naloxone on pain and hyperalgesia in a human thermal injury model: a study protocol: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with an enriched design. Jensen, EK; Springborg, AD; Taylor, BK; Werner, MU, 2016)	0.87
" Based on the findings of the case reviews and results of the opioid knowledge assessments, a series of interventions to address noted deficiencies was implemented over the ensuing months, including enhanced monitoring for sedation, improved clinical decision support in the electronic medical record (EMR), and various adjustments to dosing for high-risk patients."	( Implementation of solutions to reduce opioid-induced oversedation and respiratory depression. Ley, C; Meisenberg, B; Ness, J; Rao, S; Rhule, J, 2017)	0.46
" This study aimed to determine: 1) if patients who received a 2-mg dose of nasal naloxone administered by BLS required repeat dosing while in the emergency department (ED), and 2) the disposition of these patients."	( Use of Intranasal Naloxone by Basic Life Support Providers. Dyer, KS; Langlois, BK; Mitchell, PM; Temin, ES; Weiner, SG, )	0.69
"8 articles met the inclusion criteria: intramuscular, intranasal, intravenous, and subcutaneous dosage forms of naloxone were analyzed to compare their time to administration, time to efficacy, financial impact, administrator safety, and administrator preference."	( Naloxone Administration for Opioid Overdose Reversal in the Prehospital Setting: Implications for Pharmacists. Bastianelli, KMS; Palombi, L; Weaver, L, 2018)	2.13
" Intranasal naloxone appears to be the optimal dosage form when considering cost, effectiveness, and administrator safety."	( Naloxone Administration for Opioid Overdose Reversal in the Prehospital Setting: Implications for Pharmacists. Bastianelli, KMS; Palombi, L; Weaver, L, 2018)	2.3
" Additional endpoints assessed at every visit were the impact of pain on quality of life (QoL), breakthrough cancer pain (BTCP) episodes, opioid dosage escalation index, bowel dysfunction, safety, and other side effects."	( High dosage of a fixed combination oxycodone/naloxone prolonged release: efficacy and tolerability in patients with chronic cancer pain. Amato, F; Ceniti, S; Consoletti, L; Magaldi, D; Mameli, S; Marcassa, C; Notaro, P; Palmieri, V; Pisanu, GM; Vellucci, R, 2017)	0.71
" Daily dosage of OXN-PR slightly increased (T0: 81."	( High dosage of a fixed combination oxycodone/naloxone prolonged release: efficacy and tolerability in patients with chronic cancer pain. Amato, F; Ceniti, S; Consoletti, L; Magaldi, D; Mameli, S; Marcassa, C; Notaro, P; Palmieri, V; Pisanu, GM; Vellucci, R, 2017)	0.71
" The increase in MNA provides support for a dosage review."	( Multiple Naloxone Administrations Among Emergency Medical Service Providers is Increasing. Crabaugh, C; Dailey, MW; Faul, M; Kinsman, JM; Lurie, P; Sasser, SM, )	0.55
"When injectable hydromorphone and diacetylmorphine are individually dosed and monitored, their opioid-related side effects, including potential fatal overdoses, are safely mitigated and treated by health care providers."	( Safety profile of injectable hydromorphone and diacetylmorphine for long-term severe opioid use disorder. Anis, AH; Brissette, S; Guh, D; Harrison, S; Janmohamed, A; Jutha, S; Krausz, M; MacDonald, S; Marchand, K; Marsh, DC; Oviedo-Joekes, E; Schechter, MT; Zhang, DZ, 2017)	0.46
" This study aimed to determine the frequency of repeat naloxone dosing in suspected narcotic overdose (OD) patients and identify patient characteristics."	( Incidence of Naloxone Redosing in the Age of the New Opioid Epidemic. Ariyaprakai, N; Bauter, R; Dudley, LS; Harris, MI; Hill, RD; Klebacher, R; Koneru, S; Merlin, MA; Robbins, V; Shanes, A; Tagore, A; Wasserman, E, )	0.75
"To synthesize evidence on 1) the effects of naloxone route of administration and dosing for suspected opioid overdose in out-of-hospital settings on mortality, reversal of overdose, and harms, and 2) the need for transport to a health care facility after reversal of overdose with naloxone."	( Management of Suspected Opioid Overdose With Naloxone in Out-of-Hospital Settings: A Systematic Review. Chou, R; Coffin, PO; Davis-O'Reilly, C; Daya, M; Griffin, JC; Grusing, S; Korthuis, PT; McCarty, D, 2017)	0.98
" Vaccination shifted the dose-response curves to the right, representing protection, for each of these endpoints."	( Safety and efficacy of an oxycodone vaccine: Addressing some of the unique considerations posed by opioid abuse. Baruffaldi, F; Carroll, FI; Comer, SD; Langston, TL; Laudenbach, M; Navarro, HA; Pentel, PR; Peterson, SJ; Pravetoni, M; Raleigh, MD; Runyon, SP; Winston, S, 2017)	0.46
" Four weeks after inducing diabetes, tapentadol dose-response curves were obtained from animals pre-treated with RX821002 or naloxone (alpha2-adrenoceptors and opioid receptors antagonists, respectively)."	( Opioid and noradrenergic contributions of tapentadol to the inhibition of locus coeruleus neurons in the streptozotocin rat model of polyneuropathic pain. Berrocoso, E; Borges, GDS; Mico, JA; Torres-Sanchez, S, 2018)	0.69
"This quick guide provides you with naloxone dosing information and steps you'll want to take once the crisis has passed."	( The naloxone option. Abaid, B; Khaleel, MS; Lippman, M; Lippman, S; Naik, S; Prabhu, A, 2018)	1.32
" Most participants with a naloxone kit stated that their frequency and dosage of opiate use did not change after access to naloxone (n = 17 [63%]), and a few used opiates more often (n = 1 [4%]) or less often (n = 9 [33%])."	( Naloxone Use Among Emergency Department Patients with Opioid Overdose. Ballester, M; Cook, A; Mann, D; Marco, CA; Perkins, O; Rasp, J; Trautman, W, 2018)	2.22
" Participants who had access to a naloxone kit stated that their frequency and dosage of opioid use did not change."	( Naloxone Use Among Emergency Department Patients with Opioid Overdose. Ballester, M; Cook, A; Mann, D; Marco, CA; Perkins, O; Rasp, J; Trautman, W, 2018)	2.2
"Haemodialysis performed 6-10 h after dosing removed ∼10% of the administered dose of oxycodone predominantly as unconjugated oxycodone and noroxycodone or conjugated oxymorphone and noroxymorphone."	( Pharmacokinetics of oxycodone/naloxone and its metabolites in patients with end-stage renal disease during and between haemodialysis sessions. Amico, P; Dickenmann, M; Duthaler, U; Hammann, F; Haschke, M; Jehle, AW; Kalbermatter, S; Krähenbühl, S; Lenherr, C; Leuppi-Taegtmeyer, A; Liechti, ME; Meyer Zu Schwabedissen, HE; Schmid, Y, 2019)	0.8
" This sucrose analgesia was completely prevented by systemic dosing of the endocannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant."	( Hedonic drinking engages a supraspinal inhibition of thermal nociception in adult rats. Davies, AJ; Kim, D; Lee, JY; Oh, SB; Park, J; Pickering, AE; Vang, H, 2019)	0.51
" Dose-response effects of an ethanol crude extract were investigated in the writhing and formalin tests in mice and rats, respectively."	( Identification of some bioactive metabolites and inhibitory receptors in the antinociceptive activity of Tagetes lucida Cav. Díaz-Reval, MI; González-Trujano, ME; Gutiérrez-Valentino, C; Hernández-Arámburo, MY; Pellicer, F, 2019)	0.51
" Naloxone is an effective antidote to opioid toxicity, yet its optimal dosing in the context of fentanyl and ultra-potent opioid overdoses remains unknown."	( Naloxone interventions in opioid overdoses: a systematic review protocol. Brasher, PMA; Buxton, JA; Curran, J; Doyle-Waters, MM; Godwin, J; Hau, JP; Hohl, CM; Moe, J; Purssell, R; Shaw, LV, 2019)	2.87
" If we find sufficient variation in dose, we will fit a random effects one-stage model to estimate a dose-response relationship."	( Naloxone interventions in opioid overdoses: a systematic review protocol. Brasher, PMA; Buxton, JA; Curran, J; Doyle-Waters, MM; Godwin, J; Hau, JP; Hohl, CM; Moe, J; Purssell, R; Shaw, LV, 2019)	1.96
" We will disseminate study results widely to update overdose treatment guidelines and naloxone dosing in Take Home Naloxone programs."	( Naloxone interventions in opioid overdoses: a systematic review protocol. Brasher, PMA; Buxton, JA; Curran, J; Doyle-Waters, MM; Godwin, J; Hau, JP; Hohl, CM; Moe, J; Purssell, R; Shaw, LV, 2019)	2.18
"Naloxone is an established antidote for the treatment of heroin poisoning; however, dosing regimens vary widely, with a current trend towards small titrated intravenous dosing."	( One single large intramuscular dose of naloxone is effective and safe in suspected heroin poisoning. Brier, AJ; Harris, K; Isoardi, KZ; Page, CB; Parker, L; Samantray, S, 2020)	2.27
" Further evaluation of naloxone stocking and dosing protocols is needed."	( Naloxone Dosing After Opioid Overdose in the Era of Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl. Atti, S; Carpenter, J; Moran, TP; Morgan, B; Murray, BP; Yancey, A, 2020)	2.31
" Excessive naloxone dosing in these circumstances, however, may lead to naloxone-precipitated opioid withdrawal in individuals with opioid dependence."	( Treatment of acute naloxone-precipitated opioid withdrawal with buprenorphine. Aks, SE; Chhabra, N, 2020)	1.28
" Buprenorphine is also a potent analgesic with high opioid-receptor affinity and binding coefficient; when buprenorphine is administered simultaneously with a μ-opioid receptor full agonist ("full agonist opioid" [FAO]), the combination can yield unexpected outcomes depending on dosing and timing."	( Perioperative Buprenorphine Continuous Maintenance and Administration Simultaneous With Full Opioid Agonist: Patient Priority at the Interface Between Medical Disciplines. Acampora, GA; Nisavic, M; Zhang, Y, 2020)	0.56
" High-quality comparative naloxone dosing studies assessing effectiveness and safety are needed."	( Naloxone dosing in the era of ultra-potent opioid overdoses: a systematic review. Brasher, PMA; Buxton, JA; Curran, J; Doyle-Waters, MM; Godwin, J; Hau, JP; Hohl, CM; Moe, J; O'Sullivan, F; Purssell, E; Purssell, R, 2020)	2.3
" Further studies are warranted to explore the optimal dosing strategy for buprenorphine to consistently maintain reversal of respiratory depression but not precipitate withdrawal."	( Buprenorphine to reverse respiratory depression from methadone overdose in opioid-dependent patients: a prospective randomized trial. Buckley, NA; Hassanian-Moghaddam, H; Zamani, N, 2020)	0.56
" hospitalizations and arrests) and average naloxone dosage per victim."	( A descriptive study of racial and ethnic differences of drug overdoses and naloxone administration in Pennsylvania. Angulski, K; Barboza, GE, 2020)	1.05
" In this study, rates of opioid withdrawal symptoms (OW) and reversal of opioid toxicity in patients treated with two naloxone dosing regimens were evaluated."	( Comparison of rates of opioid withdrawal symptoms and reversal of opioid toxicity in patients treated with two naloxone dosing regimens: a retrospective cohort study. Balshaw, R; Brubacher, JR; Buxton, J; Cochrane, CK; Crabtree, A; DeWitt, C; Erdelyi, S; Godwin, J; Ho, V; Jiang, A; Kestler, A; Moe, J; Ng, B; Purssell, R; Risi, A; Rowe, A; Scheuermeyer, F, 2021)	1.04
" According to the Canadian National clinical practice guideline on the management of opioid use disorders, given the superior safety profile of buprenorphine/naloxone and its potential for flexible take-home dosing in comparison to other opioid agonist medication it is strongly recommended to initiate opioid agonist treatment with buprenorphine/naloxone as the preferred first-line treatment when possible."	( Rapid Micro-induction of Buprenorphine/Naloxone for Opioid Use Disorder in a Critically ill Intubated Patient: A Case Report. Griesdale, D; Hamata, B; Hann, J; Rezazadeh-Azar, P, 2020)	1.02
"This review-with tables summarizing opioid options, dosing considerations, and recommendations for tapering-will help you provide rigorous Tx for noncancer pain while ensuring patient safety."	( Tips and tools for safe opioid prescribing. Aschenbrenner, H; Berg, JM; Linn, BS; Mahvan, T; Oung, AB; Smith, BEY, )	0.13
" We measured duration and efficacy of 1 mg/kg buprenorphine after 1 mg/kg sustained-release buprenorphine, and also quantified a dose-response curve of buprenorphine (0."	( Sustained-release buprenorphine induces acute opioid tolerance in the mouse. Fairbanks, CA; Kitto, KF; Larson, CM; Peterson, CD; Wilcox, GL, 2020)	0.56
" We investigated the route of administration and dosage of naloxone, clinical and demographic variables relating to initial naloxone dose and use of multiple naloxone doses and one-week mortality."	( Prehospital naloxone administration - what influences choice of dose and route of administration? Bjørnsen, LP; Braarud, AC; Dale, O; Gjersing, L; Heyerdahl, F; Skulberg, AK; Tylleskar, I, 2020)	1.18
" Advice given tends to be based on dosage algorithms used by medical personnel."	( A qualitative study of repeat naloxone administrations during opioid overdose intervention by people who use opioids in New York City. Brandt, L; Brown, C; Campbell, ANC; Castillo, F; Comer, SD; Jones, JD; Neale, J; Parkin, S; Strang, J, 2021)	0.91
" In the postimplementation group, common reasons for identifying a patient as at high risk for an overdose or adverse event were a prescription for a pain medication at a daily dosage greater than or equal to 50 morphine milligram equivalents (50% of patients), concomitant opioid and benzodiazepine use (19%), history of substance use disorder (11%), and medication-assisted treatment (9%)."	( Dispensing a Naloxone Kit at Hospital Discharge: A Retrospective QI Project. Acquisto, NM; Pasho, M; Patel, N; Thapa, K; Train, MK, 2020)	0.93
" Naloxone has been showing relative safety, leading to trivial adverdse effects which are mostly due to acute withdrawal effects, but when used in patients with known long-term addiction, it usually requires additional dosing or rapid infusion to achieve detoxification effects in a timely manner or to sustain the effects after they fade away."	( Naloxone-Induced Acute Pulmonary Edema is Dose-Dependent: A Case Series. Al-Azzawi, M; Al-Taei, M; Alsaoudi, G; Alshami, A; Costanzo, E; Douedi, S, 2021)	2.97
" The portability, dosage form, and effects of naloxone are important considerations for women who use opioids."	( "They're not doing enough.": women's experiences with opioids and naloxone in Toronto. Hamilton-Wright, S; Laliberte, N; Macleod, ER; Matheson, FI; Tajbakhsh, I; Wiese, JL, 2021)	1.12
" Naloxone effectively reverses opioid overdoses on a physiological level; however, there are outstanding questions on community THN program effectiveness (adverse events, dosing requirements, dose-response between routes of administration) and implementation (accessibility, availability, and affordability)."	( Take-home naloxone programs for suspected opioid overdose in community settings: a scoping umbrella review. Ali, F; Buxton, JA; Dhillon, D; Elton-Marshall, T; Ferguson, M; Leece, P; Moustaqim-Barrette, A; Ng, J; Rittenbach, K; Sundvick, K, 2021)	1.93
" The most common subject themes were: naloxone effectiveness, safety, provision feasibility/acceptability of naloxone distribution, dosing and routes of administration, overdose response after naloxone administration, cost-effectiveness, naloxone training and education, and recommendations for policy, practice and gaps in knowledge."	( Take-home naloxone programs for suspected opioid overdose in community settings: a scoping umbrella review. Ali, F; Buxton, JA; Dhillon, D; Elton-Marshall, T; Ferguson, M; Leece, P; Moustaqim-Barrette, A; Ng, J; Rittenbach, K; Sundvick, K, 2021)	1.29
" We identified the following themes: (1) provider credentials: state licensure for OBBT providers and continuing medical education requirements; (2) new patients: objective symptoms patients must have before receiving OBBT and exceptions for special populations; (3) educating patients: general informed consent requirements, and specific information to provide; (4) counseling: minimum counselor credentials, minimum counseling frequency, counseling alternatives; (5) patient monitoring: required prescription drug monitoring checks, frequency of drug screening, and responses to lost/stolen medications; (6) enhanced clinician monitoring: evidence-based treatment protocols, minimum clinician-patient contact frequency, health assessment requirements, and individualized treatment planning; and (7) patient safety: reconciling prescriptions, dosage limitations, naloxone coprescribing, tapering, and office closures."	( Toward a Typology of Office-based Buprenorphine Treatment Laws: Themes From a Review of State Laws. Andraka-Christou, B; Bouskill, K; Golan, M; Gordon, AJ; Randall-Kosich, O; Smart, R; Stein, BD; Totaram, R, )	0.28
" In a locale where fentanyl is responsible for the majority of non-fatal opioid overdoses, we compared the concentration of fentanyl in blood to naloxone dosing in the presence and absence of a concurrent sedative-hypnotic exposure."	( Sentanyl: a comparison of blood fentanyl concentrations and naloxone dosing after non-fatal overdose. Babu, KM; Chapman, BP; Devin-Holcombe, K; Fogarty, MF; Krotulski, AJ; Logan, BK; Marks, SJ; Merchant, RC; Ontiveros, ST; Trieu, H, 2022)	1.16
" Among the sedative-hypnotic exposed, fentanyl concentrations were lower, but naloxone dosing was similar to those without a concomitant exposure."	( Sentanyl: a comparison of blood fentanyl concentrations and naloxone dosing after non-fatal overdose. Babu, KM; Chapman, BP; Devin-Holcombe, K; Fogarty, MF; Krotulski, AJ; Logan, BK; Marks, SJ; Merchant, RC; Ontiveros, ST; Trieu, H, 2022)	1.19
"Dynamic, adaptive pharmacologic treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) has been previously recommended over static dosing to prevent relapse, and is aligned with personalized medicine."	( Association between dynamic dose increases of buprenorphine for treatment of opioid use disorder and risk of relapse. Díaz, I; Fishman, M; Nunes, EV; Rotrosen, J; Rudolph, KE; Shulman, M, 2022)	0.72
" counterfactual) intervention in which their BUP-NX dosage would be increased following their own subject-specific opioid use during the first 12 weeks of treatment versus a hypothetical intervention in which dose would remain constant."	( Association between dynamic dose increases of buprenorphine for treatment of opioid use disorder and risk of relapse. Díaz, I; Fishman, M; Nunes, EV; Rotrosen, J; Rudolph, KE; Shulman, M, 2022)	0.72
" The secondary aim was to identify if comorbidities, sex, co-prescribed medications, or dosing site and observation were associated with BPN detection."	( Buprenorphine not detected on urine drug screening in supervised treatment. Athavale, A; Jamshidi, N; Murnion, B, 2021)	0.62
"Data extracted included UDS results, age, sex, indication for BPN, frequency of observed doses, dose of BPN, dosing site, comorbid medical conditions, and medications."	( Buprenorphine not detected on urine drug screening in supervised treatment. Athavale, A; Jamshidi, N; Murnion, B, 2021)	0.62
" No significant association between median dose, dosing site, and observed dosing and BPN detection was identified."	( Buprenorphine not detected on urine drug screening in supervised treatment. Athavale, A; Jamshidi, N; Murnion, B, 2021)	0.62
"7 individuals were co-dispensed naloxone for every 1000 receiving an opioid dosage ≥90 MME/day with a past overdose compared to 17."	( Naloxone dispensing among the commercially insured population in the United States from 2015 to 2018. Dunphy, C; Guy, GP; Jones, CM; Zhang, K, 2021)	2.35
" During the transition, she experienced some withdrawal in the setting of swallowed buprenorphine/naloxone tablets, which were intended to be dosed sublingually."	( Transition from Oxycodone to Buprenorphine/Naloxone in a Hospitalized Patient with Sickle Cell Disease: A Case Report. DeFries, T; Leyde, S; Pratt, L; Suen, L, 2022)	1.2
" Prior research has assessed the effectiveness of naloxone in the hospital setting; however, it is challenging to assess naloxone dosing regimens in the community/first-responder setting, including reversal of respiratory depression effects of fentanyl and its derivatives (fentanyls)."	( Development of a Translational Model to Assess the Impact of Opioid Overdose and Naloxone Dosing on Respiratory Depression and Cardiac Arrest. Ahmadi, SF; Bloom, S; Chaturbedi, A; Dahan, A; Eshleman, A; Florian, J; Han, X; Janowsky, A; Li, Z; Mann, J; Olofsen, E; Samieegohar, M; Strauss, DG; Swanson, T; Wolfrum, K; Zirkle, J, 2022)	1.2
" Paramedics and AEMTs have the greatest authority to select the dosage and route of administration."	( Legal review of state emergency medical services policies and protocols for naloxone administration. Davis, CS; Haffajee, RL; Smart, R, 2022)	0.95
" Complete fentanyl dose-response functions were determined during each session."	( A novel long-acting formulation of oral buprenorphine/naloxone produces prolonged decreases in fentanyl self-administration by rhesus monkeys. Comer, SD; Foltin, RW; Nagaraj, N; Scranton, RE; Sykes, KA; Zale, S, 2022)	0.97
"We analyzed data from a multicentric, pragmatic, 24-week open-label randomized controlled trial conducted in participants with POUD (N = 272) who were randomly assigned to BUP/NX model of care with flexible take-home dosing (n = 138) or the standard model of care with closely supervised methadone (n = 134)."	( Buprenorphine/naloxone and methadone effectiveness for reducing craving in individuals with prescription opioid use disorder: Exploratory results from an open-label, pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Bastien, G; Brissette, S; Bruneau, J; Eugenia Socias, M; Foll, BL; Jutras-Aswad, D; Ledjiar, O; Lim, R; Marsan, S; McAnulty, C; Talbot, A, 2022)	1.08
"Compared to the standard methadone model of care, flexible take-home dosing of BUP/NX was associated with lower craving in individuals with POUD."	( Buprenorphine/naloxone and methadone effectiveness for reducing craving in individuals with prescription opioid use disorder: Exploratory results from an open-label, pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Bastien, G; Brissette, S; Bruneau, J; Eugenia Socias, M; Foll, BL; Jutras-Aswad, D; Ledjiar, O; Lim, R; Marsan, S; McAnulty, C; Talbot, A, 2022)	1.08
" Female D2 and B6 mice failed to show significant antinociceptive effects in alcohol dose-response studies."	( Thermal antinociceptive responses to alcohol in DBA/2J and C57BL/6J inbred male and female mouse strains. Caillaud, M; Carper, M; Damaj, MI; Miles, MF; Poklis, J; White, A, 2023)	0.91
"Once a baseline incidence is known, predictors for serious ORADEs in surgical inpatients are useful in guiding medical-surgical nurses' opioid safety practices, with more frequent focused respiratory assessments before opioid dosing and closer monitoring when opioids are prescribed postoperatively, especially in higher-risk surgical inpatients."	( Incidence of and predictors for serious opioid-related adverse drug events. Atem, FD; Denke, L; Khazzam, M, 2022)	0.72
" Specific areas lacking trial or systematic review evidence include: (1) methods to optimize psychological and psychosocial comorbidities relevant to acute pain management around delivery; (2) alternative nonopioid and nonpharmacologic analgesia methods; (3) whether or not to use opioids for severe breakthrough pain and how best to prescribe and monitor its use after discharge; (4) monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation with coadministration of other analgesics; (5) optimal neuraxial analgesia dosing and adjuncts; and (6) benefits of abdominal wall blocks after cesarean delivery."	( A Systematic Scoping Review of Peridelivery Pain Management for Pregnant People With Opioid Use Disorder: From the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology and Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine. Bateman, BT; Carvalho, B; Chyan, A; George, RB; Klem, ML; Krans, EE; Landau, R; Lim, G; Osmundson, SS; Soens, M; Terplan, M; Wanaselja, A, 2022)	0.72
"We performed an interrupted time series analysis looking at naloxone prescriptions and daily opioid dosing in morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs), before and after initiation of the EHR advisory."	( Electronic Advisories Increase Naloxone Prescribing Across Health Care Settings. Carpenter, J; Heiman, E; Lanh, S; Moran, TP; Steck, A, 2023)	1.44
"Patients were classified as opioid-tolerant based on opioid dosing history ≥60 morphine milligram equivalents/day for ≥7 consecutive days prior to naloxone administration."	( Comparing the safety and efficacy of intravenous naloxone administration in opioid-naive and opioid-tolerant hospitalized oncology patients. Buga, S; Lee, S; Pon, D; Tatla, V, )	0.59
" Use of opioid dosing history to identify potentially opioid-dependent patients should be considered prior to naloxone administration to guide dosing and reduce the risk for precipitating OWSs."	( Comparing the safety and efficacy of intravenous naloxone administration in opioid-naive and opioid-tolerant hospitalized oncology patients. Buga, S; Lee, S; Pon, D; Tatla, V, )	0.6
"The majority of pharmacies stocked the most commonly prescribed 8/2 mg dosage strength of buprenorphine/naloxone films and tablets (69."	( Demographic and socioeconomic correlates to buprenorphine access in pharmacies. Conrad, TA; Crawford, ND; Kan, M; Kee, C; Mataczynski, MJ; Peralta, AM; Sitar, SI; Welsh, JW; Yarbrough, CR; Young, HN, )	0.35
" Oral and injectable naltrexone administration is the most widely used, presenting some inconveniences: poor patient adherence to the oral daily dosing schedule, cases of hepatitis and clinically significant liver dysfunction."	( Promising biomedical subcutaneous delivery system in opioid disaccustom process: In vitro/in vivo evaluation of naloxone microparticles on antagonist effect of morphine. Benéitez García, MC; Colmena Crespo, I; Díez-Orejas, RM; Gil-Alegre, ME; Girón Moreno, R; Goicoechea García, C; Martín Fontelles, MI; Sánchez-Robles, EM, 2023)	1.12
" While low dosing is thought to be a factor limiting naloxone's efficacy, the timing between fentanyl exposure and initiation of naloxone treatment may be another important factor."	( The pattern of brain oxygen response induced by intravenous fentanyl limits the time window of therapeutic efficacy of naloxone. Curay, CM; Irwin, MR; Kiyatkin, EA, 2023)	1.37
" Variation exists in the recommended agent and dosing strategies."	( Evaluation of Nonintubated Analgesia Practices in Critical Care Transport. Bondurant, M; Esteves, AM; Gilchrist, HE; Markwood, JM; Roginski, MA, )	0.13
" Mianserin and mirtazapine (separately) induced dose-dependent antinociception, each one yielding a biphasic dose-response curve, and they were antagonized by naloxone."	( Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD): Is the Opioid System Involved? Keidan, L; Pick, CG; Schreiber, S, 2023)	1.11
"Experts recommend using the lowest effective dose of naloxone to balance the reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression and avoid precipitated opioid withdrawal, however, there is no established dosing standards within the emergency department (ED)."	( Systematic Review of Naloxone Dosing and Adverse Events in the Emergency Department. McManus, K; Nelson, LS; Parris, MA; Ramdin, C; Yugar, B, 2023)	1.48
"The aim of this review was to determine current naloxone dosing practice in the ED and their association with adverse events."	( Systematic Review of Naloxone Dosing and Adverse Events in the Emergency Department. McManus, K; Nelson, LS; Parris, MA; Ramdin, C; Yugar, B, 2023)	1.48