Compounds > gabapentin
Page last updated: 2024-12-05

gabapentin

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Description

Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant medication that is used to treat seizures. It is also used to treat nerve pain, such as pain caused by shingles or diabetic neuropathy. Gabapentin is a synthetic compound, meaning that it is not found naturally. It is a derivative of the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Gabapentin is thought to work by increasing the levels of GABA in the brain. GABA is a neurotransmitter that helps to regulate nerve activity. Increasing GABA levels may help to reduce seizures and nerve pain. Gabapentin is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, and fatigue. It is important to talk to your doctor about the potential risks and benefits of gabapentin before taking it. Gabapentin is a popular drug for research because it is effective for treating a variety of conditions. It is also relatively safe and well-tolerated. Researchers are studying gabapentin to learn more about how it works and to find new ways to use it to treat diseases.'

Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID3446
CHEMBL ID940
CHEBI ID42797
SCHEMBL ID8343
MeSH IDM0119421

Synonyms (188)

Synonym
AC-1485
BIDD:GT0656
dm-5689
gabapentin-er
dds-2003
gabapentin gr
goe-3450
serada
ci-945
dm-1796
neurentin
gralise
gabapen
EU-0100582
gabapentin, solid
aclonium
einecs 262-076-3
c9h17no2
neurontin
gabapentine [inn-french]
gabapentino [inn-spanish]
ccris 7210
gabapentin (neurontin)
gabapentino [spanish]
1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid
cyclohexaneacetic acid, 1-(aminomethyl)-
gabapetin
ci 945
brn 2359739
go 3450
hsdb 7364
gabapentine
goe 2450
gabapentinum [inn-latin]
PRESTWICK_151
cas-60142-96-3
NCGC00015466-01
NCGC00021545-02
tocris-0806
lopac-g-154
NCGC00016891-01
LOPAC0_000582
BSPBIO_000901
BPBIO1_000993
gabapentin
C07018
60142-96-3
[1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]acetic acid
GBN ,
DB00996
gralise (tn)
neurontin (tn)
D00332
gabapentin (jan/usp/inn)
PRESTWICK2_000861
MLS000069358
smr000058311
PRESTWICK1_000861
SPBIO_002822
PRESTWICK0_000861
PRESTWICK3_000861
NCGC00021545-04
NCGC00015466-02
NCGC00021545-05
NCGC00015466-06
HMS2089J03
1-(aminomethyl)-cyclohexaneacetic acid
G-154 ,
G0318
NCGC00015466-09
(1-aminomethyl-cyclohexyl)-acetic acid
2-(1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl)acetic acid
bdbm50080153
AKOS000280865
goe 3450
nsc-759254
CHEMBL940 ,
chebi:42797 ,
L000733
FT-0668920
nsc-742194
gabapentinium
gabapentina
nsc742194
HMS1570N03
2-[1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]acetic acid
NCGC00015466-08
HMS2097N03
HMS3261F06
EN300-52516
BBL010794
tox21_110157
dtxcid5074
dtxsid0020074 ,
CCG-204671
STK598009
HMS2236O03
NCGC00015466-04
NCGC00015466-05
NCGC00015466-03
NCGC00015466-07
gabarone
nsc 742194
gabapentin [usan:usp:inn:ban]
unii-6cw7f3g59x
6cw7f3g59x ,
gabapentinum
neuontin
nsc 759254
therapentin-90
gabapentino
vultin
sefelsa
fanatrex
FT-0626586
AM20070538
LP00582
AB07485
gabapentin [ep impurity]
gabapentin [inn]
gabapentin [who-dd]
gabapentin [usan]
gabapentin [vandf]
gabapentin [ep monograph]
gabapentin [mart.]
gabapentin [mi]
gabapentin [usp-rs]
gabapentin [orange book]
gabapentin [jan]
gabapentin [hsdb]
gabapentin [usp monograph]
carbatin
S2133
gabapentin; neurontin
gtpl5483
CS-1545
HY-A0057
SCHEMBL8343
NCGC00015466-11
tox21_110157_1
KS-1064
tox21_500582
NCGC00261267-01
1-aminomethyl-1cyclohexane-acetic acid
1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexanacetic acid
1-aminomethyl-1-cyclohexane-acetic acid
1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl-acetic acid
1-aminomethyl cyclohexaneacetic acid
1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetate
HMS3650A20
sr-01000000019
SR-01000000019-2
gabapentin, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
novo-gabapentine
gabapentin, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
gabapentin, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
SR-01000000019-6
SBI-0206904.P001
HMS3714N03
1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneaceticacid
BCP25698
Q410352
SR-01000000019-11
SDCCGSBI-0050564.P002
NCGC00015466-27
1-aminomethylcyclohexane acetic acid
gabapentin 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile:methanol
1126623-20-8
gabapentin-d10
10b - known drug blood quantification sample
ae1 - newer anti-epileptic drug mixtures 1
gabapentin (usp-rs)
gabapentin (usan:usp:inn:ban)
gabapentino (inn-spanish)
(1-aminomethylcyclohexyl)acetic acid
gabapentin (ep monograph)
gabapentin (mart.)
solutitionkits
(1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl)acetic acid
gabapentinum (inn-latin)
gralisestarter pack
gaba 300-ezs
gabapentine (inn-french)
gabapentin (ep impurity)
gabapentin (usp monograph)
gabapentinum (latin)
Z336079954
gabapentin, 1mg/ml in methanol

Research Excerpts

Overview

Gabapentin (GBP) is an anticonvulsant drug with poor chemical stability that is particularly sensitive to heat and mechanical stress, which can lead to intramolecular lactamization. Gabapentin is a structural analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is commonly used in palliative care for symptom management indications.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Gabapentin is a widely prescribed analgesic with increased popularity over recent years. "( Gabapentin initiation in the inpatient setting: A characterization of prescribing.
Covvey, JR; Jackson, S; Karuga, D; Knauss, G; Montepara, CA; Nemecek, BD; Rozic, M; Waterloo, M; Zimmerman, DE, 2022)		3.61
"Gabapentin (GBP) is an anticonvulsant drug with poor chemical stability that is particularly sensitive to heat and mechanical stress, which can lead to intramolecular lactamization. "( Modulation of Solid-State Chemical Stability of Gabapentin by Pyridinecarboxylic Acid.
Cai, T; Guo, M; Sun, X; Zhang, S, 2022)		2.42
"Gabapentin is a γ-aminobutyric acid analog formally indicated for the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain that is gaining increased popularity. "( Gabapentin Use During Pregnancy and Lactation With and Without Concurrent Opioid Exposure: Considerations and Future Directions.
DeLisle, A; Jansson, LM; Jones, HE, )		3.02
"Gabapentin is a crucial component of the BSTOP protocol."( Effectiveness of Bariatric Surgery Targeting Opioid Prescriptions (BSTOP) protocol on postoperative pain control.
Appiah, D; Camacho, D; Choi, J; Goriacko, P; Kim, J; Moran-Atkin, E; Pereira, X; Seu, R; Yaghdjian, V, 2023)		1.63
"Gabapentin is a recommended first-line agent for treating neuropathic pain; however, its efficacy rate is reportedly low, and the risk of adverse events is high. "( Gabapentin-Friend or foe?
Graham, B; Russo, M; Santarelli, DM, 2023)		3.8
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic medication with evidence of benefit in alcohol use disorder patients. "( Gabapentin to treat acute alcohol withdrawal in hospitalized patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Kersten, B; Kunadharaju, R; Mammen, MJ; Mattle, AG; McGrath, P; Sanu, A; Zammit, K, 2022)		3.61
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a structural analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is commonly used in palliative care for symptom management indications including neuropathic pain syndromes, hiccups, cough, and anxiety. "( Gabapentin-Induced Overflow Urinary Incontinence: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.
Juba, KM; Kenney, AE; Masri, S; Scigliano, D, 2023)		3.8
"Gabapentin is an effective therapeutic alternative for chronic low back pain, indicated in several guidelines for treating neuropathic pain as first-line medication. "( Pharmacodynamic effect of gabapentin on central nervous system in patients with chronic low back pain: a [99mTc]Tc-ECD SPECT study.
Alexandre-Santos, L; Coelho, EB; Dach, F; Della Pasqua, O; Lanchote, VL; Lia, EN; Papassidero, P; Trevisan, AC; Wichert-Ana, L, 2023)		2.65
"Gabapentin is a commonly prescribed antiepileptic agent for seizures, which is also used for pain and addiction management. "( Effect of Gabapentin-Fluoxetine Derivative GBP1F in a Murine Model of Depression, Anxiety and Cognition.
Ali, G; Alkahramaan, YMSA; Arif, M; Gohar, A; Khan, MS; Rashid, U; Rauf, K; Sewell, RDE, 2023)		2.76
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant drug that is also used for post-herpetic neuralgia and neuropathic pain. "( Gabapentin attenuates intestinal inflammation: Role of PPAR-gamma receptor.
Barbosa, ALDR; Carneiro, TB; da Cruz Júnior, JS; da Silva Costa, DV; da Silva Monteiro, CE; de Brito, TV; de Oliveira, JS; de Souza, MHLP; Franco, AX; Gomes Duarte, AS; Júnior, GJD; Silva, RO; Soares, PMG; Vasconcelos, DFP, 2020)		3.44
"Gabapentin is a drug used to treat epilepsy and peripheral neuropathic pain. "( Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analytical determination of gabapentin transformation products by heterogeneous photocatalysis and environmental evaluation.
Calza, P; Dal Bello, F; Fabbri, D; Kuck, B; Medana, C; Zorzi, M, 2020)		2.24
"Gabapentin is an analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but its complete mechanism is not well understood. "( Patient Case Report: Gabapentin-Induced Hypoglycemia.
Berendse, J; Ferdinand, A; Hayes, KM; Hayes, WJ; Kappes, JA; Neabore, S, 2022)		2.48
"Gabapentin is a potential option to manage PLP after amputation in pediatric oncology."( Gabapentin for phantom limb pain after amputation in pediatric oncology: a systematic review protocol.
Bai, JH; Jiang, S; Xia, R; Yan, LH; Zhou, MM, 2021)		2.79
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug currently licensed to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain but has been used off-label to treat acute postoperative pain. "( Effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and safety of gabapentin versus placebo as an adjunct to multimodal pain regimens in surgical patients: protocol of a placebo controlled randomised controlled trial with blinding (GAP study).
Abbadi, R; Alzetani, A; Baos, S; Casali, G; Chauhan, N; Collett, L; Culliford, L; de Jesus, SE; Edwards, M; Gibbison, B; Goddard, N; Lamb, J; McKeon, H; Molyneux, M; Pufulete, M; Rogers, CA; Stokes, EA; Wordsworth, S, 2020)		2.26
"Gabapentin is a commonly used medication for neuropathic pain and epilepsy that is prescribed by a wide range of medical specialties. "( Gabapentin-Induced Myokymia: A Case Report.
Brown, A; Esechie, A; Gogia, B; Shanina, E, )		3.02
"Gabapentin (GBP) is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of partial and secondary generalized seizures, apart from being used for diabetic neuropathic pain. "( In-Silico Validation and Fabrication of Matrix Diffusion-Based Polymeric Transdermal Patches for Repurposing Gabapentin Hydrochloride in Neuropathic Pain.
Agarwal, S; Agarwal, V; Kaur, H; Kaur, R; Pancham, P; Singh, M, 2021)		2.28
"Gabapentin (GBP) is an established drug that has been used in the management of symptoms of neuropathy but it is associated with unwanted side effects such as sedation and motor incoordination. "( A novel gabapentin analogue assuages neuropathic pain response in chronic sciatic nerve constriction model in rats.
Ahmad, N; Akbar, S; Amin, MU; Islam, NU; Khurram, M; Sewell, RDE; Shahid, M; Subhan, F; Ullah, I; Ullah, N; Ullah, R, 2021)		2.5
"Gabapentin is a pharmacological agent used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. "( Rapid and simple determination of gabapentin in urine by ion mobility spectrometry.
Ilbeigi, V; Mamozai, W; Soleimani, M; Valadbeigi, Y, 2021)		2.34
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant medication used as an adjuvant in the treatment of neuropathic pain; few cases have been reported in which it causes acute liver injury."( [Hepatotoxicity probably associated with gabapentin].
Contreras-Mota, M; Rosales-Cortés, V, 2021)		2.33
"Gabapentin is a safe and well-tolerated medication, FDA-approved to treat other neurological diseases, that restores GABA/glutamate homeostasis, with treatment studies supporting efficacy in treating CUD, as well as anxiety and sleep disorders that are common to both BD and CUD."( Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, multimodal-MRI pilot study of gabapentin for co-occurring bipolar and cannabis use disorders.
Arnold, L; Hix, S; Mellick, W; Prisciandaro, JJ; Squeglia, LM; Tolliver, BK, 2022)		1.66
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a first-line therapy for neuropathic pain, but its mechanisms and sites of action remain uncertain. "( Multiple sites and actions of gabapentin-induced relief of ongoing experimental neuropathic pain.
Bannister, K; Dickenson, AH; King, T; Navratilova, E; Oyarzo, J; Porreca, F; Qu, C; Xie, JY, 2017)		2.19
"Gabapentin (GBP) is an effective analgesic for neuropathic pain conditions but its clinical efficacy in cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain (CINP) is limited, in addition to generating unwanted side-effects."( Gabapentin and its salicylaldehyde derivative alleviate allodynia and hypoalgesia in a cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain model.
Ahmad, N; Islam, NU; Rahman, FU; Sewell, RDE; Shahid, M; Subhan, F, 2017)		2.62
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug widely approved as an add-on therapy for epilepsy treatment in human and dogs. "( Effects of premedication with oral gabapentin on intraocular pressure changes following tracheal intubation in clinically normal dogs.
Capik, I; Ghaffari, MS; Trbolova, A, 2017)		2.17
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant drug widely prescribed for various ailments, including orofacial pain. "( Abuse potential of gabapentin in dentistry.
Insler, JS; Segelnick, SL; Weinberg, MA, )		1.9
"Gabapentin is a third-generation antiepileptic drug that selectively affects the nociceptive process and has been used for pain relief after surgery."( The Efficacy of Preoperative Gabapentin in Spinal Surgery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Han, C; Kuang, MJ; Ma, JX; Ma, XL, 2017)		1.47
"Gabapentin is a calcium channel GABAergic modulator that is widely used for pain."( Gabapentin for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.
Mason, BJ; Quello, S; Shadan, F, 2018)		2.64
"Gabapentin is an effective treatment for chronic neuropathic pain but may cause dizziness, drowsiness, and confusion in some older adults. "( Gabapentin dose and the 30-day risk of altered mental status in older adults: A retrospective population-based study.
Burneo, J; Dev, VK; Dixon, SN; Fleet, JL; Garg, AX; Kuwornu, PJ; Montero-Odasso, M, 2018)		3.37
"Gabapentin is an adjuvant antiepileptic agent and helps to reduce acute postoperative pain in several surgery settings. "( Preoperative Gabapentin Administration Improves Acute Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Dong, J; Han, R; Lin, N; Peng, K; Peng, Y; Wang, D; Zeng, M; Zhang, K; Zhang, W; Zhao, Y, 2019)		2.33
"Gabapentin is a widely prescribed medication, with numerous drug reactions previously reported."( Gabapentin-induced eczematous drug eruption of the bilateral foot.
Ernst, JJ; Ryba, D, 2018)		2.64
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug. "( [Effect of melatonin on the daytime sleepiness side-effect of gabapentin in adults patients with neuropathic pain].
Altiparmak, B; Celebi, N; Cil, H, )		1.81
"Gabapentin is a non-opioid medication that has been used perioperatively to improve postoperative pain and limit opioid requirements."( Perioperative gabapentin and post cesarean pain control: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Berghella, V; Carvalho, JCA; Felder, L; Monks, DT; Saccone, G; Scuotto, S; Zullo, F, 2019)		1.6
"Gabapentin is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analog approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for partial seizures and post-herpetic neuralgia. "( Trending gabapentin exposures in Kentucky after legislation requiring use of the state prescription drug monitoring program for all opioid prescriptions
Bhandari, B; Bosse, GM; Faryar, KA; Price, TG; Webb, AN, 2019)		2.37
"Gabapentin (GBP) is an analog of γ-aminobutyric acid and was originally designed as an anticonvulsant. "( Gabapentin-Associated Urinary Incontinence: A Case Verified by Rechallenge.
Caprara, ALF; Rissardo, JP, )		3.02
"Gabapentin is a structural analog of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). "( Gabapentin increases expression of δ subunit-containing GABA
Alavian-Ghavanini, A; Baker, GB; Bonin, RP; Orser, BA; Penna, A; Rauw, G; Wang, DS; Yu, J; Zurek, AA, 2019)		3.4
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant medication with an indication from the US Food and Drug Administration for use in partial onset seizures and postherpetic neuralgia in the United States. "( Commentary on "A Call for Caution in Prescribing Gabapentin to Individuals with Concurrent Polysubstance Abuse: A Case Report".
Kahn, DA, 2019)		2.21
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant medication with an indication from the US Food and Drug Administration for use in partial onset seizures and postherpetic neuralgia in the United States. "( A Call for Caution in Prescribing Gabapentin to Individuals With Concurrent Polysubstance Abuse: A Case Report.
Hasan, S; Martinez, GM; Olabisi, J; Ruekert, L, 2019)		2.24
"Gabapentin is an anti-epileptic agent but now it is also recommended as first line agent in neuropathic pain, particularly in diabetic neuropathy and post herpetic neuralgia. "( Implications and mechanism of action of gabapentin in neuropathic pain.
Bali, A; Jaggi, AS; Kukkar, A; Singh, N, 2013)		2.1
"Gabapentin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. "( Effect of gabapentin pretreatment on propofol consumption, hemodynamic variables, and postoperative pain relief in breast cancer surgery.
Bala, I; Bharti, N; Narayan, V; Singh, G, 2013)		2.23
"Gabapentin is a potentially useful drug in alleviating the hyperexcitatory painful states in the control of opiate dependence in acute detoxification and the stabilization phase. "( The effects of gabapentin on methadone based addiction treatment: a randomized controlled trial.
Alavinia, M; Moghadam, MS, 2013)		2.19
"Gabapentin (GBP) is an anti-convulsive drug often used as analgesic to control neuropathic pain. "( Oral gabapentin treatment accentuates nerve and peripheral inflammatory responses following experimental nerve constriction in Wistar rats.
Araújo, CV; Barbosa, AL; Brito, GA; Câmara, CC; Costa, CM; da Silva, AP; Gomes, AS; Oriá, RB; Ramos, HF; Ribeiro, RA; Vale, ML, 2013)		2.35
"Gabapentin (GPN) is a new antiepileptic agent currently in used as add-on therapy in adult patients suffering from partial seizures. "( Chronic effect of gabapentin on liver function in adult male rats.
Abdollahi, A; Meshkibaf, MH; Miladpoor, B; Shole Var, F, 2013)		2.17
"Gabapentin is an analogue of the gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), which regulates the conductance of calcium channels. "( Gabapentin versus naproxen in the management of failed back surgery syndrome; a randomized controlled trial.
Azemati, S; Khosravi, MB; Sahmeddini, MA, 2014)		3.29
"Gabapentin is a good option for the treatment of severe itching caused by nostalgia paresthetica."( Efficacy of gabapentin in the improvement of pruritus and quality of life of patients with notalgia paresthetica.
Cunha, PR; Laraia, IO; Maciel, AA; Trevisan, F, )		1.95
"Gabapentin is a popular anticonvulsant drug that has been used as an oral nonopioid analgesic in recent years."( The effects of gabapentin on severity of post spinal anesthesia headache.
Izadi, F; Nadri, S; Vahabi, S, 2014)		1.48
"Gabapentin is a viable treatment for conservatively managed CKD and ESKD patients with pruritus and/or RLS, but side effects are common. "( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin for uremic pruritus and restless legs syndrome in conservatively managed patients with chronic kidney disease.
Brennan, F; Brown, MA; Cheikh Hassan, HI; Collett, G; Josland, EA, 2015)		2.17
"Gabapentin appears to be an effective treatment for children with severe impairment of the CNS and recurrent pain behaviors, including intermittent changes in muscle tone. "( Gabapentin for management of recurrent pain in 22 nonverbal children with severe neurological impairment: a retrospective analysis.
Hauer, JM; Solodiuk, JC, 2015)		3.3
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a drug with different indications.Is not metabolized and is excreted by the kidney. "( [Rhabdomyolysis from gabapentin: a case report].
Brunetti, C; De Prisco, O; Falconi, D; Formica, M; Gherzi, M; Marazzi, F; Marengo, M; Serra, I; Tamagnone, M; Tattoli, F, )		1.89
"Gabapentin is a bitter drug so an attempt was made to mask its taste."( Nanosponge-based pediatric-controlled release dry suspension of Gabapentin for reconstitution.
Bhingole, RC; Rao, MR, 2015)		1.38
"Gabapentin is a reasonable first-line choice, and opioid medications can be added for more severe pain but there are few clinical trials to inform specific recommendations."( Headache and Pain in Guillain-Barré Syndrome.
Farmakidis, C; Herskovitz, S; Inan, S; Milstein, M, 2015)		1.14
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug approved for adjunctive therapy for partial seizures. "( THROMBOCYTOPENIA WITH GABAPENTIN USAGE.
Ak, PD; Atakli, D; Sari, H; Sariahmetoglu, H; Yuksel, B, 2015)		2.17
"Gabapentin (GBP) is an anti-convulsive drug often used as analgesic to control neuropathic pain. "( Gabapentin attenuates neuropathic pain and improves nerve myelination after chronic sciatic constriction in rats.
Araújo, CV; Brito, GAC; Câmara, CC; de Sousa, KKO; Martinez, AMB; Mendonça, FE; Mietto, BS; Oriá, RB; Raposo, RDS; Vale, ML, 2015)		3.3
"Gabapentin (GPT) is an antiepilepsy drug, which affects the glutamic acid neuron system and the γ-amino butyric acid neuron system."( A Case of Parkinson Disease With Both Visual Hallucination and Pain Improved by Gabapentin.
Abe, K; Chiba, Y; Hirayasu, Y; Katsuse, O, )		1.08
"Gabapentin is a good alternative therapeutic option to anesthetic blockade."( Auriculotemporal Neuralgia: Eight New Cases Report.
Cuadrado, ML; de la Cruz, C; Garcia-Ptacek, S; Guerrero, AL; Porta-Etessam, J; Ruiz, M, 2016)		1.16
"Gabapentin is a widely prescribed medication used primarily for the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. "( Gabapentin concentrations and postmortem distribution.
Gary, RD; Hamm, CE; McIntyre, IM, 2016)		3.32
"Gabapentin is a promising and a well-tolerated treatment option for patients with UP. "( Gabapentin: A promising therapy for uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients: A randomized-controlled trial and review of literature.
Abdelkhalik, Z; Alkot, R; Eldesouky, F; Farag, F; Nofal, A; Nofal, E, 2016)		3.32
"Gabapentin is a good alternative to oxybutynin for management of neurogenic bladder, both as monotherapy and as an add-on therapy. "( Role of gabapentin and anticholinergics in management of neurogenic bladder after repair of spina bifida - a randomized controlled study.
Bawa, M; Dash, V; Kanojia, RP; Mahajan, JK; Rao, KL; Samujh, R, 2016)		2.31
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a widely used antiepileptic drug, with potential for use in the treatment of epilepsy in pregnant women. "( Involvement of l-type amino acid transporter 1 in the transport of gabapentin into human placental choriocarcinoma cells.
Furugen, A; Hirano, T; Iseki, K; Ishiguro, Y; Kobayashi, M; Narumi, K; Nishimura, A, 2017)		2.13
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant type of analgesic that could prevent the onset of PHN by its antihypersensitivity action in dorsal horn neurons."( Efficacy of gabapentin for prevention of postherpetic neuralgia: study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial.
Bulilete, O; González-Bals, MJ; Leiva, A; Llobera, J; Lorente, P; Roca, A; Rullán, M; Soler, A, 2017)		2.28
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic that is used to manage neuropathic pain."( Gabapentin-Induced Bullous Pemphigoid.
Dufresne, F; Flamm, A; Sachdev, S, 2017)		2.62
"Gabapentin is a well-established anticonvulsant drug which is also effective for the treatment of neuropathic pain. "( Gabapentin Inhibits Protein Kinase C Epsilon Translocation in Cultured Sensory Neurons with Additive Effects When Coapplied with Paracetamol (Acetaminophen).
Giacomoni, C; Vellani, V, 2017)		3.34
"Gabapentin is a structural analog of GABA that has anticonvulsant properties. "( Cellular and behavioral interactions of gabapentin with alcohol dependence.
Cruz, MT; Gilpin, NW; Koob, GF; Morse, AC; O'Dell, LE; Roberto, M; Siggins, GR, 2008)		2.06
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug (AED) by design expected to mimic the action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). "( Gabapentin: a Ca2+ channel alpha 2-delta ligand far beyond epilepsy therapy.
Striano, P; Striano, S, 2008)		3.23
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a water soluble low molecular weight drug with anticonvulsivant and antinociceptive activity. "( In vitro/in vivo characterization of melt-molded gabapentin-loaded poly(epsilon-caprolactone) implants for sustained release in animal studies.
Baratti, CM; Blake, MG; Boccia, MM; Carcaboso, AM; Chiappetta, DA; Höcht, C; Sosnik, A, 2008)		2.04
"Gabapentin (Neurontin) is an agent commonly used to control neuropathic pain."( Combined preoperative use of celecoxib and gabapentin in the management of postoperative pain.
Jackowe, DJ; Lee, M; Oyama, J; Parsa, AA; Parsa, FD; Sprouse-Blum, AS, 2009)		1.34
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic agent indicated for use as an adjunct therapy in partial seizures and postherpetic neuralgia but is also prescribed for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy."( A probable case of gabapentin-related reversible hearing loss in a patient with acute renal failure.
Holt, SR; Pierce, DA; Reeves-Daniel, A, 2008)		1.4
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that the United States Food and Drug Administration approved as an adjunct therapy for partial seizures and postherpetic neuralgia."( Use of gabapentin in patients experiencing hot flashes.
Brown, JN; Wright, BR, 2009)		1.53
"Gabapentin is an effective agent in treating uremic pruritus."( Gabapentin and uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients.
Eskandari, D; Ganji, MR; Khashayar, P; Meysamie, AP; Razeghi, E; Togha, M, 2009)		3.24
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a drug which is frequently used in diabetic neuropathy. "( Gabapentin-induced rhabdomyolysis in a patient with diabetic neuropathy.
Bilgir, F; Bilgir, O; Calan, M; Kebapçilar, L; Sari, I; Yildiz, Y; Yüksel, A, 2009)		3.24
"Gabapentin is a central nervous system inhibitory agent with likely gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic and non-GABAergic mechanisms of action."( Gabapentin-induced delirium and dependence.
Kahn, DA; Kruszewski, SP; Paczynski, RP, 2009)		2.52
"Gabapentin is a gamma-aminobutyric acid analog used for numerous neurologic conditions, including neuropathic pain and epilepsy. "( Gabapentin therapy for pain and irritability in a neurologically impaired infant.
Cox, TH; Garner, SS; Haney, AL, 2009)		3.24
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant drug that has analgesic properties for acute postoperative pain. "( The analgesic effect of gabapentin as a prophylactic anticonvulsant drug on postcraniotomy pain: a prospective randomized study.
Aykac, B; Bingol, CA; Karlikaya, G; Sayin, M; Türe, H; Türe, U, 2009)		2.1
"Gabapentin (Neurontin) is an antiepileptic drug commonly prescribed for pain treatment. "( Prevalence of gabapentin in impaired driving cases in Washington State in 2003-2007.
Peterson, BL, 2009)		2.16
"Gabapentin is a structural analogue of GABA used in the treatment of the partial epilepsies of adult and child of more than 12 years, in monotherapy or in association with other anticonvulsant drugs. "( [Therapeutic drug monitoring of gabapentin].
Bentué-Ferrer, D; Tribut, O; Verdier, MC, )		1.86
"Gabapentin is a useful agent for the relief of trigeminal neuralgia and orofacial phantom pain. "( [Interaction between gabapentin and D-serin in the formalin orofacial test].
González, LE; Hernández, L; Quiñónez, B; Silva, E, 2009)		2.11
"Gabapentin is an anti-epileptic drug which is also used for the treatment of postoperative pain and a variety of psychiatric diseases including chronic anxiety disorders. "( Gabapentin does not reduce preoperative anxiety when given prior to total hip arthroplasty.
Clarke, H; Gollish, J; Katz, J; Kay, J; Mitsakakis, N; Orser, BA, 2010)		3.25
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug, also used in the treatment of neuropathic pain, which is the subject of a Cochrane review, currently under revision. "( Single dose oral gabapentin for established acute postoperative pain in adults.
Derry, S; McQuay, HJ; Moore, RA; Straube, S; Wiffen, PJ, 2010)		2.14
"Gabapentin is a structural analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid, one of the inhibitory neurotransmitters of the mammalian central nervous system. "( The effects of intravenous gabapentin administration on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats.
Ilkiw, JE; Pypendop, BH; Reid, P, 2010)		2.1
"Gabapentin is a zwitterionic drug that exhibits low and variable oral absorption at therapeutic doses. "( Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of gabapentin prodrugs that target the human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (hASBT).
Fletcher, S; Polli, JE; Rais, R, 2011)		2.08
"Gabapentin is a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue indicated for treatment of neuropathic pain. "( Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin alone or co-administered with meloxicam in ruminant beef calves.
Coetzee, JF; Cull, CA; Kelly, LL; Kohake, LE; KuKanich, B; Mosher, RA; Mueting, SL, 2011)		2.12
"Gabapentin is a novelty, and the working mechanism of cannabis has been elucidated."( Spasticity: revisiting the role and the individual value of several pharmacological treatments.
Kuks, JB; Lapeyre, E; Meijler, WJ, 2010)		1.08
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug which has been successfully used to manage neuropathic pain, and is reporting to be successful in management of all forms of itch."( A comparative analysis of cetirizine, gabapentin and their combination in the relief of post-burn pruritus.
Ahuja, RB; Gupta, G; Gupta, R; Shrivastava, P, 2011)		1.36
"Gabapentin (GPT) is an antiepileptic drug that was approved in 1993 for use in the management of neurotrophic pain and as an adjunctive therapy for refractory partial seizure in humans. "( Analysis of gabapentin in equine plasma with measurement uncertainty estimation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Chen, JW; Guan, F; Li, X; Liu, Y; Rudy, JA; Soma, LR; Uboh, CE; You, Y, 2011)		2.19
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant and adjuvant analgesic. "( Chronic intrathecal infusion of gabapentin prevents nerve ligation-induced pain in rats.
Chen, CC; Cheng, JK; Chu, LC; Hung, YC; Lin, CS; Tsaur, ML; Wang, TY, 2011)		2.1
"Gabapentin is a low-cost strategy to improve complete control of CINV, specially delayed CINV control."( Gabapentin for the prevention of chemotherapy- induced nausea and vomiting: a pilot study.
Carrasco, MM; Cruz, FM; da Costa Miranda, M; da Cunha Vieira, M; de Afonseca, SO; de Iracema Gomes Cubero, D; de Souza Fêde, AB; del Giglio, A; Lera, AT; Lerner, T; Pinczowski, H; Schindler, F; Taranto, P, 2012)		3.26
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug that is prescribed for both FDA-approved and multiple off-label conditions, and has a relatively safe side-effect profile. "( Suicide by gabapentin overdose.
Middleton, O, 2011)		2.2
"Gabapentin is a structural analogue of gamma-amino-butyric acid with anticonvulsant activity. "( Dose-dependent opposite effects of gabapentin on the depressive action of morphine on a C-fibre reflex in the rat.
Adam, F; le Bars, D; Pollin, B; Roy-Ledoux, R, 2011)		2.09
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug used as adjunct therapy in the treatment of seizures. "( Performance characteristics of the ARK diagnostics gabapentin immunoassay.
Anderson, BL; Johnson-Davis, KL; Juenke, JM; McMillin, GA; Wienhoff, KA, 2011)		2.06
"Gabapentin (GAB) is a newer second-line antiepileptic drug (AED) used in children. "( Retention rate of Gabapentin in children with intractable epilepsies at 1 year.
Ali, I; Gupta, R; Lewis, TG; Mills, JK; Mordekar, SR; Mughal, K; Ruslan, NE; Sasidharan, L; Sharma, R; Siddiqua, A; Ugar, A; Wassmer, E; Whitehouse, WP, 2012)		2.16
"Gabapentin appears to be a promising medication for the treatment of intractable hiccups in thoracic transplant recipients because of its lack of serious side effects at low doses, rapid onset of action, and lack of drug-drug interactions with transplant medications."( Low-dose gabapentin for intractable hiccups in a heart transplant recipient.
Brieke, A; Lindenfeld, J; Luna, M; Page, RL, 2011)		1.51
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug. "( Pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg tablet in Thai healthy subjects.
Chompootaweep, S; Khemsri, W; Prompila, N; Punyasang, W; Sayankuldilok, N; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2012)		2.15
"Gabapentin (GBP) is an anticonvulsant that acts at the α2δ-1 submit of the L-type calcium channel. "( Gabapentin decreases epileptiform discharges in a chronic model of neocortical trauma.
Barres, BA; Graber, KD; Jin, S; Li, H; McDonald, W; Prince, DA, 2012)		3.26
"Gabapentin is a structural analog of gamma aminobutyric acid that binds to the α(2)-δ site of voltage-dependent calcium channels and modulates the influx of calcium, with a resulting reduction in excitatory neurotransmitter release."( Gabapentin for once-daily treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: a review.
Beal, B; Moeller-Bertram, T; Schilling, JM; Wallace, MS, 2012)		2.54
"Gabapentin is a gamma aminobutyric acid analogue that is known as an anticonvulsant drug."( Effect of gabapentin on postoperative pain and operation complications: a randomized placebo controlled trial.
Abrishamkar, M; Ayatollahi, V; Bafghi, AT; Behdad, S; Tezerjani, MD, 2012)		1.5
"Gabapentin is a widely used drug with anticonvulsant, antinociceptive and anxiolytic properties. "( Gabapentin inhibits presynaptic Ca(2+) influx and synaptic transmission in rat hippocampus and neocortex.
Dougherty, JJ; Endeman, D; Nichols, RA; van Hooft, JA; Wadman, WJ, 2002)		3.2
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a gamma-aminobutyric acid analog effective in the treatment of seizures. "( Long-term regulation of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels by gabapentin.
Campbell, KP; Felix, R; Kang, MG, 2002)		2
"Gabapentin is a drug that shares a similar structure to that of GABA, although its mechanism of action cannot be explained solely by a direct gaba mimetic effect. "( [Characteristics and indications of gabapentin].
Sancho-Rieger, J, 2002)		2.03
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a commonly used drug in the treatment of partial seizures, but its mode of action is still unclear. "( Gabapentin increases the hyperpolarization-activated cation current Ih in rat CA1 pyramidal cells.
Feuerstein, TJ; Freiman, TM; Surges, R, 2003)		3.2
"Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug that may additionally have a role in the treatment of neuropathic pain."( Gabapentin effect on neuropathic pain compared among patients with spinal cord injury and different durations of symptoms.
Ahn, SH; Bae, JH; Jang, SH; Lee, BS; Moon, HW; Park, HW; Sakong, J, 2003)		2.48
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that is being used for an increasing number of off-label indications. "( Characterization of gabapentin overdose using a poison center case series.
Dahl, B; Gorman, S; Klein-Schwartz, W; Shepherd, JG, 2003)		2.09
"Gabapentin is a very promising medication in the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia and pain. "( The role of gabapentin in treating diseases with cutaneous manifestations and pain.
Scheinfeld, N, 2003)		2.14
"Gabapentin appears to be a safe and effective treatment in geriatric mania when combined with antipsychotic medications or valproate."( Gabapentin in geriatric mania.
Devanand, DP; Mehta, R; Sethi, MA, 2003)		2.48
"Gabapentin is a clinically effective anticonvulsant with an unclear mechanism of action. "( Gabapentin actions on Kir3 currents and N-type Ca2+ channels via GABAB receptors in hippocampal pyramidal cells.
Bertrand, S; Lacaille, JC; Morin, F; Nagy, F; Nouel, D, 2003)		3.2
"Gabapentin is a structural analogue of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) approved for use in adults with postherpetic neuralgia. "( Gabapentin: in postherpetic neuralgia.
Curran, MP; Wagstaff, AJ, 2003)		3.2
"Gabapentin is an important adjuvant to the management of opiate dependence both in acute detoxification as well as stabilisation phase."( Gabapentin in the management of pentazocine dependence: a potent analgesic--anticraving agent.
Jain, MK; Kumar, P, 2003)		3.2
"Gabapentin appeared to be a safe and efficacious medication to reduce cocaine usage in a community sample of psychiatric patients."( Gabapentin reduces cocaine use among addicts from a community clinic sample.
Coomaraswamy, S; Raby, WN, 2004)		3.21
"Gabapentin is a lipophilic analog of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) with therapeutic activity against certain forms of epilepsy and neuropathic pain. "( Gabapentin may inhibit synaptic transmission in the mouse spinal cord dorsal horn through a preferential block of P/Q-type Ca2+ channels.
Ahmadi, S; Bayer, K; Zeilhofer, HU, 2004)		3.21
"Gabapentin is a promising new agent in the treatment of tamoxifen induced hot flashes, and should be studied further."( Pilot study using gabapentin for tamoxifen-induced hot flashes in women with breast cancer.
Griggs, JJ; Guttuso, TJ; Morrow, GR; Pandya, KJ; Roscoe, JA; Rosenblatt, JD; Sahasrabudhe, DM; Thummala, AR, 2004)		1.38
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug shown to be effective in the treatment of pain disorders and appears to be useful as well for several psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, alcohol withdrawal and cocaine dependence. "( Add-on gabapentin in the treatment of opiate withdrawal.
Castellano, M; Cervera, G; Martínez-Raga, J; Perez-Galvez, B; Sabater, A, 2004)		2.22
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic agent that has a role in the management of behavioral problems in demented patients such as agitation and aggression."( Treatment of sexual disinhibition in dementia: case reports and review of the literature.
Alkhalil, B; Alkhalil, C; Lowenthal, DT; Tanvir, F, )		0.85
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug that increases the synthesis and release of GABA."( Effects of gabapentin on the motor response to levodopa: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in patients with complicated Parkinson disease.
Lasa, A; Linazasoro, G; Masramón, X; Sastre, VM; Van Blercom, N; Verger, K, )		1.24
"Gabapentin (GBP) is an amino acid that is structurally analogous to GABA with the capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier and an antiepileptic action. "( [The safety and tolerability profile of gabapentin in optimal doses].
Cañadillas-Hidalgo, FM, )		1.84
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that alleviates neuropathic pain."( Gabapentin therapy for pruritus in haemodialysis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
Celiker, H; Gunal, AI; Gunal, SY; Kirciman, E; Ozalp, G; Yoldas, TK, 2004)		2.49
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a new antiepileptic agent with an original spectrum of activity. "( [Gabapentin (Neurontin) and cancer pain: a pilot study].
Body, JJ; Lossignol, DA; Plehiers, B, 2004)		2.68
"Gabapentin is a drug with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties causing the reduction of neurotransmitter release. "( Presynaptic NMDA autoreceptors facilitate axon excitability: a new molecular target for the anticonvulsant gabapentin.
Del Olmo, N; González-Escalada, JR; Ruiz, M; Solís, JM; Suárez, F; Suárez, LM, 2005)		1.98
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic medication that also has been used for restless legs syndrome. "( Gabapentin-induced myopathy in 2 patients on short daily hemodialysis.
Lavoie, S; Lipson, J; Zimmerman, D, 2005)		3.21
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that successfully treats many neuropathic pain syndromes, although the mechanism of its antihyperalgesic action remains elusive. "( Evidence that gabapentin reduces neuropathic pain by inhibiting the spinal release of glutamate.
Coderre, TJ; Kumar, N; Lefebvre, CD; Yu, JS, 2005)		2.13
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant medication that increases human brain GABA levels."( A randomized placebo-controlled trial of gabapentin for cocaine dependence.
Aharonovich, E; Bisaga, A; Garawi, F; Levin, FR; Nunes, EV; Raby, WN; Rubin, E, 2006)		1.32
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug approved for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia and as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures. "( Gabapentin-induced neurologic toxicities.
Bookwalter, T; Gitlin, M, 2005)		3.21
"Gabapentin is a novel analgesic whose mechanism of action is not known. "( The antiallodynic action target of intrathecal gabapentin: Ca2+ channels, KATP channels or N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors?
Chen, CC; Cheng, JK; Chiou, LC; Yang, JR, 2006)		2.03
"Gabapentin seems to be a safe and effective treatment for idiopathic sweating in advanced cancer patients."( Gabapentin in the treatment of severe sweating experienced by advanced cancer patients.
Aielli, F; Aloisi, P; Cannita, K; Ficorella, C; Marchetti, P; Porto, C; Porzio, G; Ricevuto, E; Verna, L, 2006)		2.5
"Gabapentin (GBP) is an anticonvulsant and widely used in the treatment of epilepsy."( Simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method with fluorimetric detection for the analysis of gabapentin in human plasma.
Chung, TC; Tai, CT; Wu, HL, 2006)		1.27
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug. "( Prophylactic gabapentin for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Ambesh, SP; Pandey, CK; Priye, S; Singh, PK; Singh, S; Singh, U, )		1.94
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain in animal and human studies. "( The analgesic effects of perioperative gabapentin on postoperative pain: a meta-analysis.
Cohen, SP; Hurley, RW; Rowlingson, AJ; Williams, KA; Wu, CL, )		1.84
"Gabapentin thus appears to be an effective treatment for Isaacs' syndrome."( Isaacs' syndrome: clinical and electrophysiological response to gabapentin.
Dhand, UK, 2006)		1.29
"Gabapentin is an established therapy in neuropathic pain and reduces cutaneous pain in healthy volunteers."( Multiple dose gabapentin attenuates cutaneous pain and central sensitisation but not muscle pain in healthy volunteers.
Segerdahl, M, 2006)		1.42
"Gabapentin is a drug that has been widely used in the treatment of chronic pain states. "( alpha2delta and the mechanism of action of gabapentin in the treatment of pain.
Lee, K; Luo, ZD; Maneuf, YP, 2006)		2.04
"Gabapentin (Gp) is an antihyperalgesic drug that selectively affects central sensitization."( Effects of gabapentin on morphine consumption and pain in severely burned patients.
Cuignet, O; Pirson, J; Soudon, O; Zizi, M, 2007)		1.45
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a prescription drug used for the treatment of neuropathic and post-operative pain. "( Inhibitory effect of gabapentin on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Hara, K; Sata, T, 2007)		2.1
"Gabapentin is a nonhormonal agent that also can reduce hot flashes."( Phase III trial of gabapentin alone or in conjunction with an antidepressant in the management of hot flashes in women who have inadequate control with an antidepressant alone: NCCTG N03C5.
Balcueva, EP; Barton, DL; Burger, KN; Carlson, MD; Corso, SW; Duane, SF; Dueck, AC; Jaslowski, AJ; Johnson, DB; Kugler, JW; Loprinzi, CL; Nelimark, RA; Novotny, PJ; Tschetter, LK, 2007)		1.39
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant structurally similar to gamma - amino- butyric acid considered as the central acting GABA- analogue. "( [Gabapentin (GBP) in panic disorders--case report].
Spila, B; Szumiłło, A, )		2.48
"Gabapentin is a structural analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid with strong anticonvulsant and analgesic activities. "( The antinociceptive effect of systemic gabapentin is related to the type of sensitization-induced hyperalgesia.
Curros-Criado, MM; Herrero, JF, 2007)		2.05
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that is widely prescribed for epilepsy and other neuropathic disorders. "( Effects of genetic variation in the novel organic cation transporter, OCTN1, on the renal clearance of gabapentin.
Brett, CM; Brown, C; Burchard, EG; Castro, RA; Giacomini, KM; Huang, Y; Mercer, R; Shah, N; Urban, TJ, 2008)		2
"Gabapentin is an effective drug in the management of neuropathic pain."( Gabapentin: a promising drug for the treatment of uremic pruritus.
Harandi, AA; Khanbabapour, S; Mohseni, M; Naini, AE; Seirafiyan, S; Shahidi, S, 2007)		2.5
"Gabapentin appeared to be a safe, effective, and economical treatment for neuropathic pain in this horse."( Gabapentin for the treatment of neuropathic pain in a pregnant horse.
Davis, JL; Elce, Y; Posner, LP, 2007)		3.23
"Gabapentin (Neurontin) is an analogue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is effective against partial seizures. "( Inhibitory mechanisms of gabapentin, an antiseizure drug, on platelet aggregation.
Chou, DS; Hsiao, G; Pan, CF; Shen, MY; Sheu, JR; Wu, CJ, 2007)		2.09
"Gabapentin at 900 mg/day is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for hot flashes."( Gabapentin for the treatment of menopausal hot flashes: a randomized controlled trial.
Butt, DA; Lewis, JE; Lock, M; Moineddin, R; Ross, S, )		3.02
"Gabapentin is a second generation anticonvulsant that is effective in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. "( Gabapentin: a multimodal perioperative drug?
Irwin, MG; Kong, VK, 2007)		3.23
"Gabapentin is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue, with GABAmimetic pharmacological properties. "( Effects of gabapentin on cocaine self-administration, cocaine-triggered relapse and cocaine-enhanced nucleus accumbens dopamine in rats.
Ashby, CR; Gagare, PD; Gardner, EL; Li, J; Li, X; Peng, XQ; Pratihar, D; Ramachandran, PV; Xi, ZX, 2008)		2.18
"Gabapentin is an adjuvant analgesic and may enhance the spread of subarachnoid block. "( Preoperative gabapentin: the effect on ropivacaine subarachnoid block and hemodynamics.
Chatziara, V; Fassoulaki, A; Melemeni, A; Sarantopoulos, C; Zotou, M, 2008)		2.16
"Gabapentin is a promising medication for the treatment of intractable hiccups for its safety, lack of serious side effects, and rapid onset of action."( Gabapentin for intractable hiccups in palliative care.
Baumrucker, SJ; Tegeler, ML, )		2.3
"Gabapentin is an effective anticonvulsant. "( Gabapentin activates ROMK1 channels by a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent mechanism.
Lee, CH; Liou, HH; Tsai, TS, 2008)		3.23
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic used for neuropathic pain treatment. "( Gabapentin therapy for painful, blind glaucomatous eye: case report.
Dimou, T; Kavalieratos, CS, 2008)		3.23
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant and had been reported to be effective in some chronic pruritus conditions."( Preoperative gabapentin prevents intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus after orthopedic surgery.
Chang, FL; Ho, ST; Lee, CH; Sheen, MJ; Tsung, YC, 2008)		1.44
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a cyclic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analog and investigational antiepileptic drug which is effective in the treatment of a variety of human and experimental seizures. "( Gabapentin actions on ligand- and voltage-gated responses in cultured rodent neurons.
Kelly, KM; Macdonald, RL; Rock, DM, 1993)		3.17
"Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug that is structurally similar to the neurotransmitter GABA and the endogenous amino acid L-leucine."( Emerging perspectives on the mechanism of action of gabapentin.
Taylor, CP, 1994)		1.26
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant drug, which in man is cleared solely by renal excretion and is not bound to plasma proteins. "( Disposition of gabapentin in anuric subjects on hemodialysis.
Bockbrader, HN; Eldon, MA; Halstenson, CE; Keane, WF; Sedman, AJ; Türck, D; Underwood, BA; Wong, MO, 1995)		2.09
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug with an unknown mechanism of action apparently dissimilar to that of other antiepileptic agents, and possessing some desirable pharmacokinetic traits. "( Gabapentin. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical potential in epilepsy.
Goa, KL; Sorkin, EM, 1993)		3.17
"Gabapentin is a new AED not appreciably metabolized by the liver in humans."( Gabapentin treatment of seizures in acute intermittent porphyria.
Tatum, WO; Zachariah, SB, 1995)		2.46
"Gabapentin appears to be a useful new AED. "( Gabapentin: a new agent for the management of epilepsy.
Andrews, CO; Fischer, JH, 1994)		3.17
"Gabapentin is a new, water-soluble, antiepileptic agent with properties of an amino acid."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin.
McLean, MJ, 1994)		1.3
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a non-protein-bound gamma amino acid which is not subjected to metabolic degradation in man. "( Seizure frequency and CSF parameters in a double-blind placebo controlled trial of gabapentin in patients with intractable complex partial seizures.
Ben-Menachem, E; Hamberger, A; Hedner, T; Persson, LI; Söderfelt, B, 1995)		1.96
"Gabapentin is a novel anticonvulsant drug. "( Effects of anticonvulsant drug gabapentin on the enzymes in metabolic pathways of glutamate and GABA.
Goldlust, A; Oxender, DL; Su, TZ; Taylor, CP; Welty, DF, 1995)		2.02
"Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug for add-on therapy in patients above the age of 12 years with otherwise refractory partial seizures. "( [Gabapentin (Neurontin): a new possibility in the add-on therapy of partial epilepsies].
Krämer, G, 1996)		2.65
"Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic for the combination therapy of partial seizures. "( [Clinical studies on gabapentin in Switzerland].
Shokry, A, 1996)		2.06
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) approved for adjunctive treatment of complex partial seizures with or without seizures secondarily generalization in adults. "( Gabapentin associated with aggressive behavior in pediatric patients with seizures.
Lo, W; Nahata, MC; Tallian, KB; Tsao, CY, 1996)		3.18
"Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) with an attractive pharmacokinetic profile. "( Gabapentin: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety.
Beydoun, A; Sackellares, JC; Uthman, BM, 1995)		3.18
"Gabapentin is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analog which passes the blood-brain barrier."( [New medical treatment of epilepsy].
Loiseau, P, 1996)		1.02
"1. Gabapentin is a novel anticonvulsant with an unknown mechanism of action. "( Comparison of the uptake of [3H]-gabapentin with the uptake of L-[3H]-leucine into rat brain synaptosomes.
Hill, DR; Thurlow, RJ; Woodruff, GN, 1996)		1.2
"1. Gabapentin is a novel anticonvulsant with an unknown mechanism of action. "( Comparison of the autoradiographic binding distribution of [3H]-gabapentin with excitatory amino acid receptor and amino acid uptake site distributions in rat brain.
Hill, DR; Thurlow, RJ; Woodruff, GN, 1996)		1.15
"Gabapentin is a novel antiepileptic drug that is generally well tolerated."( Gabapentin for the treatment of hemifacial spasm.
Naritoku, DK; Patel, J, 1996)		2.46
"Gabapentin is a novel antiepileptic drug that has recently been introduced in Canada. "( Gabapentin.
Bruni, J, 1996)		3.18
"Gabapentin is a novel anti-epileptic drug which enhances GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) turnover in certain brain regions, including substantia nigra. "( The anticonvulsant gabapentin decreases firing rates of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons.
Bloms-Funke, P; Löscher, W, 1996)		2.07
"Gabapentin is a well tolerated anticonvulsant, structurally related to gamma-aminobutyric acid, with an unknown mechanism of action. "( Treatment of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin.
Adler, CH, 1997)		2.01
"Gabapentin (Neurontin) is a novel anticonvulsant with an as yet unknown mechanism of action. "( Gabapentin, ineffective in normal rats, markedly reduces C-fibre evoked responses after inflammation.
Dickenson, AH; Singh, L; Stanfa, LC; Williams, RG, 1997)		3.18
"Gabapentin is a novel anticonvulsant that may be of value for the relief of clinical pain. "( Spinal gabapentin is antinociceptive in the rat formalin test.
Davis, AM; Elliott, KJ; Inturrisi, CE; Shimoyama, M; Shimoyama, N, 1997)		2.19
"Gabapentin is a recently available anticonvulsant whose mechanism of action remains unknown. "( Gabapentin for parkinsonism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.
Gruenthal, M; Mueller, ME; Olson, WH; Olson, WL, 1997)		3.18
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a recently licensed antiepileptic, drug whose mode of action remains to be fully elucidated. "( Neurochemical actions of gabapentin in mouse brain.
Brodie, MJ; Butler, E; Forrest, G; Leach, JP; Sills, GJ; Thompson, GG, 1997)		2.04
"1. Gabapentin (neurontin) is a novel antiepileptic agent that binds to the alpha 2 delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels. "( Gabapentin (neurontin) and S-(+)-3-isobutylgaba represent a novel class of selective antihyperalgesic agents.
Field, MJ; Hughes, J; Lewis, AS; McCleary, S; Oles, RJ; Singh, L, 1997)		2.36
"Gabapentin is a recently introduced antiepileptic drug for the treatment of partial seizures. "( Gabapentin for treatment of epilepsy in children.
Holmes, GL, 1997)		3.18
"Gabapentin is an oral antiepileptic agent with an unknown mechanism of action. "( Experience with gabapentin for neuropathic pain in the head and neck: report of ten cases.
Filadora, VA; Lema, M; Miner, M; Sist, TC, )		1.92
"Gabapentin (Neurontin) is a new generation antiepileptic drug which appears to be advantageous in treatment of intractable pain of reflex sympathetic dystrophy."( Open label gabapentin treatment for pain in multiple sclerosis.
Houtchens, MK; Richert, JR; Rose, JW; Sami, A, 1997)		1.41
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a gamma-aminobutyric acid analog originally synthesized for its anticonvulsant actions."( Gabapentin reverses the allodynia produced by the administration of anti-GD2 ganglioside, an immunotherapeutic drug.
Gillin, S; Sorkin, LS, 1998)		2.46
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that may represent a novel class of drugs, which has novel spinal antihyperalgesic activity. "( The effect of intrathecal gabapentin and 3-isobutyl gamma-aminobutyric acid on the hyperalgesia observed after thermal injury in the rat.
Jun, JH; Yaksh, TL, 1998)		2.04
"Gabapentin is an effective option for the treatment of neuropathic pain syndromes because of its efficacy and favorable side-effect profile. "( Gabapentin induced polyneuropathy.
Gould, HJ, 1998)		3.19
"Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug. "( [Gabapentin--a new antiepileptic agent].
Johannessen, SI; Nakken, KO; Rytter, E, 1998)		2.65
"Gabapentin is an amino acid, with a mechanism that differs from those of other anticonvulsant drugs such as phenytoin, carbamazepine or valproate."( A summary of mechanistic hypotheses of gabapentin pharmacology.
Boden, P; Brown, JP; Dooley, DJ; Gee, NS; Kocsis, JD; Singh, L; Su, TZ; Taylor, CP; Welty, DF, 1998)		1.29
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant proposed to have mood-stabilizing properties. "( Clinical experience using gabapentin adjunctively in patients with a history of mania or hypomania.
Knoll, J; Stegman, K; Suppes, T, 1998)		2.04
"Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug with an unknown mechanism of action and very favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. "( Gabapentin in the treatment of adolescent mania: a case report.
Casuto, LS; Keck, PE; Soutullo, CA, 1998)		3.19
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a non-metabolized antiepileptic drug that is eliminated by renal excretion and displays saturable, dose dependent absorption. "( Gabapentin bioavailability: effect of dose and frequency of administration in adult patients with epilepsy.
Bockbrader, HN; DeCerce, J; Gidal, BE; Gonzalez, J; Kruger, S; Pitterle, ME; Ramsay, RE; Rutecki, P, 1998)		3.19
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug used in the treatment of partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. "( Gabapentin. Antiepileptic mechanism of action.
Kelly, KM, 1998)		3.19
"Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug not appreciably metabolized by the liver in humans, and it appears to be safe and effective in the maintenance therapy of epilepsy in these patients."( Treatment of seizures in acute intermittent porphyria: safety and efficacy of gabapentin.
Brambilla, A; Erli, LC; Grandi, R; Mirabile, D; Zadra, M, 1998)		1.25
"Gabapentin is a modulator of the glutamatergic system and has been shown to prolong survival in the transgenic model of familial ALS."( The natural history and the effects of gabapentin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Balzarini, C; Brigatti, M; Comazzi, F; Mazzini, L; Mora, G; Pastore, E; Pirali, I, 1998)		1.29
"Gabapentin (GP) is a new anticonvulsant used in refractory epilepsy. "( In vivo monitoring of gabapentin in rats: a microdialysis study coupled to capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection.
Chuecos, S; Hernández, L; Pérez, J; Rada, P; Teneud, L; Tucci, S, 1998)		2.06
"Gabapentin was concluded to be an effective therapeutic option for neuralgia of the IXth cranial nerve before surgery."( [Use of gabapentin in glossopharyngeal neuralgia].
Esparcia Navarro, M; García Callejo, FJ; Marco Algarra, J; Martínez Beneyto, MP; Morant Ventura, A; Talamantes Escribá, F, 1999)		1.46
"Gabapentin is a relatively new anticonvulsant being investigated for potential use in the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD), anxiety disorders, behavioral dyscontrol, and substance use disorders."( Gabapentin: a review of published experience in the treatment of bipolar disorder and other psychiatric conditions.
Letterman, L; Markowitz, JS, 1999)		2.47
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a new antiepileptic drug approved for clinical treatment of partial seizures in the USA. "( Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of serum gabapentin.
Jiang, Q; Li, S, 1999)		1.98
"Gabapentin is a new, novel antiepileptic drug helpful in the management of other pain states."( Gabapentin for the treatment of dysesthetic pain after reconstructive surgery.
Otley, CC, 1999)		2.47
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant medication used recently as an effective adjuvant agent for treating neuropathic pain. "( Using gabapentin to treat neuropathic pain.
Hays, H; Woodroffe, MA, 1999)		2.23
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a antiepileptic drug (AED) indicated as adjunct therapy for treatment of partial seizures, with and without secondary generalization, in patients 12 and older with epilepsy. "( Gabapentin.
Morris, GL, 1999)		3.19
"Gabapentin is an adjunctive drug for the treatment of resistant partial seizures. "( Antinociceptive effect of gabapentin in the formalin test.
Bhargava, VK; Dixit, R; Kaur, N, 1999)		2.05
"Gabapentin is an anti-epileptic drug approved in the USA in December 1993 as an additional treatment for patients with crises of partial onset. "( [Monotherapy with gabapentin ++].
Padró, L; Rovira, R, )		1.91
"Gabapentin is a new adjunctive medication to antiseizure therapies. "( Gabapentin as an adjunct to standard mood stabilizers in outpatients with mixed bipolar symptomatology.
DeMet, EM; Green, C; Maris, DE; Sokolski, KN, 1999)		3.19
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic agent that is indicated for use as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures. "( A case of sustained massive gabapentin overdose without serious side effects.
Radtke, RA; St Clair, EW; Verma, A, 1999)		2.04
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant with an unknown mechanism of action. "( Allosteric modulation of [(3)H]gabapentin binding by ruthenium red.
Bonhaus, DW; Taylor, MT, 2000)		2.04
"Gabapentin proved to be a significantly better analgesic than placebo, was well tolerated in the elderly population, and had a significant positive impact on several subjective and objective outcome measures."( Gabapentin: a new tool in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Harden, RN, 1999)		2.47
"Gabapentin is a relatively new anticonvulsant indicated for adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures, with and without secondary generalization, in adults with epilepsy. "( Anorgasmia in a patient with bipolar disorder type 1 treated with gabapentin.
Brannon, GE; Rolland, PD, 2000)		1.99
"Gabapentin is a newer generation antiepileptic drug that is commonly used in treatment of neuropathic pain."( Use of gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Gidal, BE; Laird, MA, 2000)		1.48
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a non-metabolized, non-plasma protein bound, renally excreted antiepileptic drug that is actively absorbed via the system L amino acid transporter. "( Inter- and intra-subject variability in gabapentin absorption and absolute bioavailability.
Bockbrader, HN; Gidal, BE; Kruger, S; Pitterle, M; Radulovic, LL; Rutecki, P, 2000)		2.02
"Gabapentin is a novel anticonvulsant that may have a unique effect on voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel currents at postsynaptic dorsal horn neurons."( Gabapentin use in neuropathic pain syndromes.
Nicholson, B, 2000)		2.47
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a new antiepileptic drug whose efficacy and tolerability have been evaluated in clinical trials, although there is little data on its use in everyday clinical practice."( [Gabapentin used in 559 patients with partial seizures. A multicenter observation study. Spanish Gabapentin Work Group].
Hernández, G; Herranz, JL; Sol, JM, )		2.48
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug of new generation that increases brain GABA levels. "( Gabapentin in the prophylaxis of migraine: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study.
Capuano, A; Di Trapani, G; Marra, C; Mazza, S; Mei, D, )		3.02
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a novel antiepileptic drug (AED), currently used as add-on therapy in patients with partial seizures. "( Gabapentin-induced modulation of interictal epileptiform activity related to different vigilance levels.
Bassetti, MA; Marciani, MG; Mattia, D; Placidi, F; Romigi, A; Spanedda, F, 2000)		3.19
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a new, well-tolerated antiepileptic drug found to be effective for painful paroxysmal symptoms (PS) in multiple sclerosis (MS). "( R3 nociceptive reflex in multiple sclerosis patients with paroxysmal symptoms treated with gabapentin.
Bramanti, P; D'Aleo, G; Di Bella, P; Rifici, C; Sessa, E, )		1.79
"Gabapentin is a recently introduced anti-epileptic drug used as an adjuvant in partial and secondarily generalised tonic-clonic seizures. "( [Gabapentin--yet another antiepileptic agent for the treatment of neuropathic pain?].
Kamp-Jensen, M; Werner, MU, 2001)		2.66
"Gabapentin is an effective prophylactic agent for patients with migraine. "( Efficacy of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis.
Klapper, J; Magnus, L; Mathew, NT; Ramadan, N; Rapoport, A; Saper, J; Stacey, B; Tepper, S, 2001)		2.13
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant with unclear but therapeutic effects on neurologic pain."( Oral gabapentin (neurontin) treatment of refractory genitourinary tract pain.
Chancellor, MB; Chuang, YC; Kim, JC; Lee, JY; Sasaki, K; Smith, CP, 2001)		1.55
"Gabapentin (Neurontin) is a gamma-aminobutyric acid analogue indicated in adults for adjunctive treatment of partial seizures with or without secondary generalization. "( Single-dose gabapentin pharmacokinetics and safety in healthy infants and children.
Bockbrader, HN; Boellner, SW; Brown, RR; Haig, GM; Ouellet, D; Posvar, EL; Randinitis, EJ; Wesche, DL, 2001)		2.13
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant shown to alleviate symptoms of RLS in two small studies of nonhemodialysis patients."( A crossover study of gabapentin in treatment of restless legs syndrome among hemodialysis patients.
Bagby, SP; Morris, CD; Thorp, ML, 2001)		1.35
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant drug released in the United States in 1993 for use as adjunctive therapy in refractory partial epilepsy. "( Gabapentin and methylphenidate treatment of a preadolescent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder.
Bailey, K; Hamrin, V, 2001)		3.2
"Gabapentin is a gabaergic agent and therefore it can be useful in dystonia."( [Efficacy and tolerance of gabapentin in dystonia and hemifacial spasm: a pilot study].
Linazasoro Cristóbal, G, )		1.15
"Gabapentin is an anti-epileptic drug (AED) that was approved in 1993 for the adjunct treatment of complex partial seizures (CPS) with and without generalization. "( Gabapentin: a unique anti-epileptic agent.
Dougherty, JA; Rhoney, DH, 2001)		3.2
"Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant agent, also effective in the treatment of mood disorders and anxiety disorders. "( Treatment of alcohol withdrawal with gabapentin.
Bozikas, V; Gamvrula, K; Karavatos, A; Petrikis, P; Savvidou, I, 2002)		2.03
"Gabapentin is an effective, well tolerated drug used as monotherapy in newly diagnosed epilepsy."( [Monotherapy using gabapentin in epilepsy].
López-Trigo, J; Sancho-Rieger, J, )		1.9
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a new anti epileptic drug which is indicated in partial epilepsy as either monotherapy or additional therapy. "( [Titration and dosage of gabapentin].
Arroyo, S, )		1.88
"Gabapentin (GBP) is a neutral amino acid and a GABA analog which in animal experimental models has shown a broad anticonvulsant spectrum. "( Selected CSF biochemistry and gabapentin concentrations in the CSF and plasma in patients with partial seizures after a single oral dose of gabapentin.
Ben-Menachem, E; Hedner, T; Persson, LI, 1992)		2.01
"Gabapentin is a gamma-aminobutyric acid analogue, which has been shown to be an effective antiepileptic. "( Stability studies of gabapentin in aqueous solutions.
Chaturvedi, PR; Lodhi, SA; Nesbitt, RU; Silbering, SB; Zour, E, 1992)		2.05
"Gabapentin is an analogue of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) which has anticonvulsant properties in animals. "( Gabapentin in partial epilepsy. UK Gabapentin Study Group.
, 1990)		3.16

Effects

Gabapentin has an established role in the treatment of neuropathic pain, with evidence supporting a benefit in visceral hypersensitivity. The most common reported effects are dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, weight gain, and peripheral edema.

Gabapentin (GBP) has been shown to reduce paired-pulse inhibition in the dentate gyrus of the urethane-anesthetized rat, which is a proconvulsant effect. Gabapentin has been used clinically as an antihyperalgesic agent to treat certain neuropathic pain states.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Gabapentin has an established role in the treatment of neuropathic pain, with evidence supporting a benefit in visceral hypersensitivity. "( Gabapentin Improves Symptoms of Functional Dyspepsia in a Retrospective, Open-label Cohort Study.
Dimisko, LR; Kuo, B; McGovern, R; Reynolds, JS; Skarbinski, KF; Staller, K; Thurler, AH, )		3.02
"Gabapentin has a similar body of evidence as other pharmacotherapeutic agents used to treat hiccups. "( Gabapentin therapy of hiccups.
Brooks, KG; Thompson, DF, 2013)		3.28
"Gabapentin has a favorable adverse effect profile in therapeutic dosing with the most common reported effects being dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, weight gain, and peripheral edema."( Gabapentin concentrations and postmortem distribution.
Gary, RD; Hamm, CE; McIntyre, IM, 2016)		2.6
"Gabapentin has an antipruritus effect, which its efficacy in reducing pruritus induced by intrathecal morphine has not been well documented. "( Single dose of gabapentin for prophylaxis intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus in orthopedic surgery: a randomized controlled trial.
Chiravanich, W; Kovitwanawong, N; Oofuvong, M, 2012)		2.17
"Gabapentin has a number of original mechanisms of action with which to account for its effects in epilepsies and in many other clinical entities."( [Gabapentin: its mechanisms of action in the year 2003].
Herranz, JL, )		2.48
"Gabapentin has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile and is generally well tolerated."( Gabapentin.
Bruni, J, 1996)		2.46
"Gabapentin has an established, favorable safety profile and has been shown to be effective in various animal models and human studies of chronic neuropathic pain."( Using gabapentin to treat failed back surgery syndrome caused by epidural fibrosis: A report of 2 cases.
Braverman, DL; Lenrow, DA; Slipman, CW, 2001)		1.51
"Gabapentin has been shown to reduce opioid use in head and neck cancer patients. "( Effectiveness of gabapentin in reducing opioid requirements after radiation in head and neck cancer in a single institution.
Biedermann, GB; Bollig, CA; Clark, AD; Dooley, LM; Gilley, DR; Wieser, ME, 2022)		2.5
"Gabapentin has been historically considered a safe medication, including during pregnancy and lactation, with low reported concerns for misuse and use disorders."( Gabapentin Use During Pregnancy and Lactation With and Without Concurrent Opioid Exposure: Considerations and Future Directions.
DeLisle, A; Jansson, LM; Jones, HE, )		2.3
"Gabapentin has been increasingly used as part of a multimodal analgesia regimen to reduce opioid use in perioperative pain management. "( Perioperative Gabapentin Use and In-Hospital Adverse Clinical Events Among Older Adults After Major Surgery.
Bateman, BT; Inouye, SK; Kim, DH; Lee, SB; Levin, R; Lie, JJ; Marcantonio, ER; Metzger, E; Park, CM, 2022)		2.52
"Gabapentin treatment has shown promise for symptomatic improvement for visceral hyperalgesia in some patients."( Gabapentin Can Improve Irritability and Feeding Tolerance in Single Ventricle Interstage Patients: A Case Series.
Allen, CC; Bartlett, H; Canada, K; Schlueter, S; Zhang, X, 2023)		3.07
"Gabapentin has not been shown to improve patient outcomes; however, pregabalin may decrease pain and opioid use after total joint arthroplasty."( A Case Illustrating the Practical Application of the AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline: Pharmacologic, Physical, and Cognitive Pain Alleviation for Musculoskeletal Extremity/Pelvis Surgery.
Patzkowski, JC; Patzkowski, MS, 2022)		1.44
"Gabapentin has been adopted in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols as a means to reduce opioid consumption while maintaining adequate post-operative analgesia. "( Effect of gabapentin on length of stay, opioid use, and pain scores in posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a retrospective review across a multi-hospital system.
Brenn, B; Cho, R; Poon, SC; Samdani, A; Zhang, DA, 2023)		2.76
"Gabapentin has been used as an anxiolytic in various species, but little information is available on its use in rabbits."( Behavioral and Physiologic Effects of a Single Dose of Oral Gabapentin in Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
Burton, M; Conway, RE; Desmarchelier, M; Kendall, LV; Mama, K; Rao, S; Sadar, MJ, )		1.09
"Gabapentin has played an integral role in this evolution of practice."( Perioperative gabapentin usage in pediatric patients: A scoping review.
Afonso, AM; Cadwell, JB; Chen, O; Hagen, J; Matsoukas, K, 2023)		1.99
"Gabapentin has been shown to decrease postoperative pain and opioid use after spine surgery, but it has not yet been investigated as part of a multimodal pain regimen intended to decrease the perioperative use of opioids."( Multimodal pain control in adolescent posterior spinal fusion patients: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial to validate the effect of gabapentin on postoperative pain control, opioid use, and patient satisfaction.
Anderson, DE; Duletzke, NT; Halsey, MF; Pedigo, EB, 2020)		1.48
"Gabapentin has received increased attention due to a growing number of reports of misuse and diversion. "( Descriptions of Gabapentin Misuse and Associated Behaviors among a Sample of Opioid (Mis)users in South Florida.
Buttram, ME; Kurtz, SP, )		1.92
"Gabapentin has been reported in several cases to be effective in hiccup treatment in both the general and post-stroke populations."( Treatment of hiccups in stroke rehabilitation with gabapentin: A case series and focused clinical review.
Fan, C; Got, T; MacNeill, H; Vivas, L, 2021)		1.59
"Gabapentin has been studied for diverse off-label indications, including alcohol use disorder (AUD)."( Gabapentin for Alcohol-Related Disorders: Critical Appraisal of the Symptom-Driven Approach.
Andrade, C, 2020)		2.72
"Gabapentin has antihyperalgesic action, decreasing central sensitization in neuropathic pain models; this effect depends on the mobilization of endogenous pain control pathways. "( Role of the endocannabinoid system on the antihyperalgesic action of gabapentin in animal model of neuropathic pain induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation.
Buffon, AC; Heymanns, AC; Horewicz, VV; Javornik, MA; Martins, DF; Piovezan, AP; Salm, DC, 2020)		2.24
"Gabapentin has efficacy as an add-on treatment in people with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, and seems to be fairly well-tolerated. "( Gabapentin add-on treatment for drug-resistant focal epilepsy.
Al-Bachari, S; Hutton, JL; Marson, AG; Panebianco, M, 2021)		3.51
"Gabapentin has been widely used to manage post-herpetic neuralgia, peripheral neuropathy, seizure disorders, alcohol use disorder (AUD), alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia. "( Gabapentin dependence and withdrawal requiring an 18-month taper in a patient with alcohol use disorder: a case report.
Benhamou, OM; Deng, H; Lembke, A, )		3.02
"Gabapentin has shown initial promise as an opioid-sparing medication in pain patients as well as a treatment for opioid withdrawal and liquid chriomatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is often used for clinical monitoring. "( Development and validation of a rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to quantitate gabapentin and buprenorphine in human serum.
Hendrickson, HP; Mancino, MJ; Oliveto, A; Phillips, SJ, 2021)		2.28
"Gabapentin has emerged as a common therapy for a diverse group of pain syndromes and neurologic conditions in adults."( Gabapentin in Infants: Critical Evaluation of a Novel Sedative/Analgesic Medication.
McPherson, C, 2021)		2.79
"Gabapentin has been extensively prescribed off-label for psychiatric indications, with little established evidence of efficacy. "( Biological rationale and potential clinical use of gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, insomnia and anxiety: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Atkinson, LZ; Awad, A; Cipriani, A; Forrest, A; Geddes, JR; Harrison, PJ; Houghton, KT; Stockton, S, 2017)		2.15
"Gabapentin misuse has been associated with drug-related harm and increased healthcare service utilization in a few studies, including a recent large-sample analysis of commercially insured enrollees in the United States (U.S.) Responding to this emerging base of evidence, a small number of U.S."( Policies to mitigate nonmedical use of prescription medications: how should emerging evidence of gabapentin misuse be addressed?
Fairman, KA; Peckham, AM; Sclar, DA, 2018)		1.42
"Gabapentin has been shown to be effective for postoperative analgesia in a variety of operations."( Perioperative Gabapentin Improves Patient-Centered Outcomes After Inguinal Hernia Repair.
Hannon, M; Quail, J; Spence, D, 2017)		1.54
"Gabapentin has been linked with impaired driving and opioid use, highlighting the need to more fully understand its risk profile."( A qualitative analysis of gabapentin misuse and diversion among people who use drugs in Appalachian Kentucky.
Boland, EM; Havens, JR; Lofwall, MR; Quiroz, A; Staton, M; Vickers Smith, R; Young, AM, 2018)		1.5
"Gabapentin has been shown to be effective in reducing cough number and severity in patients with idiopathic refractory cough."( Gabapentin for Cough in Cancer.
Doberman, DJ; Feliciano, JL; Razzak, R; Smith, TJ; Waldfogel, JM, )		2.3
"Gabapentin has an established role in the treatment of neuropathic pain, with evidence supporting a benefit in visceral hypersensitivity. "( Gabapentin Improves Symptoms of Functional Dyspepsia in a Retrospective, Open-label Cohort Study.
Dimisko, LR; Kuo, B; McGovern, R; Reynolds, JS; Skarbinski, KF; Staller, K; Thurler, AH, )		3.02
"Gabapentinoids have been shown to both decrease postoperative pain and, secondarily, decrease opiate dependence."( Gabapentin as an Adjunct to Standard Postoperative Pain Management Protocol in Lower Extremity Surgery.
Atway, SA; Crisologo, PA; Monson, EK, )		2.3
"Gabapentin has efficacy as an add-on treatment in people with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. "( Gabapentin add-on treatment for drug-resistant focal epilepsy.
Al-Bachari, S; Hutton, JL; Marson, AG; Panebianco, M; Weston, J, 2018)		3.37
"Gabapentin has shown efficacy in the treatment of chronic neuropathic or mixed pain in adults. "( Gabapentin as add-on to morphine for severe neuropathic or mixed pain in children from age 3 months to 18 years - evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of a new gabapentin liquid formulation: study protocol for a randomized controlled t
Ceci, A; de Leeuw, TG; de Wildt, SN; Kaguelidou, F; Lundin, R; Mangiarini, L; Pasqua, OD; Tibboel, D; van der Zanden, T, 2019)		3.4
"Gabapentin has been increasingly used in various indications in recent years. "( Therapeutic drug monitoring of gabapentin in various indications.
Johannessen Landmark, C; Johannessen, SI; Kinge, E; Larsen Burns, M; Stokke Opdal, M, 2019)		2.24
"Gabapentin has growing evidence to support its use in the treatment of alcohol use disorder, however there is limited evidence regarding its role in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal."( Impact of Gabapentin Adjunct use with Benzodiazepines for the Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal in a Psychiatric Hospital.
Kjome, KL; Smith, TL; Vadiei, N; Walton, AE, 2019)		1.64
"Gabapentin has analgesic efficacy for neuropathic pain and is increasingly used in burn care. "( The Effects of Early Neuropathic Pain Control With Gabapentin on Long-Term Chronic Pain and Itch in Burn Patients.
Carrougher, GJ; Gibran, NS; Kneib, CJ; Mandell, SP; Muffley, LA; Sibbett, SH, 2019)		2.21
"Gabapentin (GPT) has become an emerging contaminant in aquatic environments due to its wide application in medical treatment all over the world. "( A transcriptomics-based analysis of the toxicity mechanisms of gabapentin to zebrafish embryos at realistic environmental concentrations.
He, Y; Jia, D; Li, X; Xu, Y; Yu, Y; Zhang, T; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2019)		2.2
"Gabapentin has been proved to be beneficial in promoting abstinence, decreasing alcohol cravings, and improving mood and sleep quality when given at higher doses; however, data are limited regarding the efficacy and safety of using high-dose gabapentin as part of the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). "( High-Dose Gabapentin for the Treatment of Severe Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis.
Carrasquillo, L; Ibrahim, D; Levine, AR; Mueller, J; Naut, ER; Nounou, MI, 2019)		2.36
"Gabapentinoid use has increased substantially in the past several years after initial promising data with regard to acute perioperative pain control. "( The role of gabapentinoids in acute and chronic pain after surgery.
Habib, AS; Kumar, AH, 2019)		2.34
"Gabapentin has also been shown to induce modulate other targets including transient receptor potential channels, NMDA receptors, protein kinase C and inflammatory cytokines."( Implications and mechanism of action of gabapentin in neuropathic pain.
Bali, A; Jaggi, AS; Kukkar, A; Singh, N, 2013)		1.38
"Gabapentin has high and saturable permeability across the BBB, but no mechanistic studies underpinning this process have been reported."( Transport of gabapentin by LAT1 (SLC7A5).
Antonyuk, S; Dickens, D; Giannoudis, A; Hasnain, SS; Owen, A; Pirmohamed, M; Rädisch, S; Webb, SD, 2013)		1.48
"Gabapentin has a similar body of evidence as other pharmacotherapeutic agents used to treat hiccups. "( Gabapentin therapy of hiccups.
Brooks, KG; Thompson, DF, 2013)		3.28
"Gabapentin has efficacy as an add-on treatment in people with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. "( Gabapentin add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy.
Al-Bachari, S; Hutton, JL; Marson, AG; Pulman, J, 2013)		3.28
"Gabapentin has shown to be effective in animals and humans with acute postoperative and chronic pain. "( Gabapentin increases extracellular glutamatergic level in the locus coeruleus via astroglial glutamate transporter-dependent mechanisms.
Eisenach, JC; Hayashida, K; Severino, AL; Suto, T, 2014)		3.29
"Gabapentin has been used for the management of post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). "( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin 1800 mg treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Cao, H; Fan, H; Hu, X; Li, J; Shao, Y; Wang, J; Yu, W; Zhang, Q, 2014)		2.16
"Gabapentin has been shown to disrupt the interaction of thrombospondin (TSP) with α2δ-1, an auxiliary calcium channel subunit."( Gabapentin attenuates hyperexcitability in the freeze-lesion model of developmental cortical malformation.
Andresen, L; Dulla, CG; Hampton, D; Maguire, J; Morel, L; Taylor-Weiner, A; Yang, Y, 2014)		2.57
"Gabapentin has been shown to cause minimal to no toxicity in overdose."( A review on the efficacy and safety of gabapentin in the treatment of chronic cough.
Ryan, NM, 2015)		1.41
"Gabapentin has shown acute postoperative analgesic effects, but the optimal dose and procedure-specific benefits vs harm have not been clarified. "( Analgesic and sedative effects of perioperative gabapentin in total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-finding study.
Hansen, LT; Husted, H; Kehlet, H; Laursen, MB; Lunn, TH, 2015)		2.12
"Gabapentin use has also been recommended for hyperemesis gravidarum and restless leg syndrome in pregnant mothers."( Neonatal Gabapentin Withdrawal Syndrome.
Bearer, CF; Carrasco, M; Rao, SC; Sundararajan, S, 2015)		1.56
"Gabapentin has been used in the management of neuropathic pain, epilepsy and occasionally movement disorders."( Gabapentin can significantly improve dystonia severity and quality of life in children.
Gimeno, H; Kaminska, M; Lin, JP; Liow, NY; Lumsden, DE; Marianczak, J; Tomlin, S, 2016)		3.32
"Gabapentin has a favorable adverse effect profile in therapeutic dosing with the most common reported effects being dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, weight gain, and peripheral edema."( Gabapentin concentrations and postmortem distribution.
Gary, RD; Hamm, CE; McIntyre, IM, 2016)		2.6
"Gabapentin has been used as an adjuvant for treatment of cancer pain. "( The research on long-term clinical effects and patients' satisfaction of gabapentin combined with oxycontin in treatment of severe cancer pain.
Chen, DL; Li, YH; Wang, ZJ; Zhu, YK, 2016)		2.11
"Gabapentin has been used effectively to attenuate the pressor response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation."( Effect of oral gabapentin on the intraocular pressure and haemodynamic responses induced by tracheal intubation.
Altun, GT; Ata, F; Baykara, M; Gülhan, N; Kaya, FN; Yavascaoglu, B, 2008)		1.42
"Gabapentin has been used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy."( Gabapentin therapy improves heart rate variability in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy.
Caliskan, M; Ermis, N; Gullu, H; Kulaksizoglu, M; Muderrisoglu, H; Unsal, A, )		2.3
"Gabapentin has been used as adjuvant in the treatment of postoperative pain with a neuropathic component. "( Review of the use of gabapentin in the control of postoperative pain.
Clivatti, J; Issy, AM; Sakata, RK, )		1.89
"Gabapentin has been recently found to be useful for reducing acute postoperative pain when administered preoperatively. "( A single dose of preoperative gabapentin for pain reduction and requirement of morphine after total mastectomy and axillary dissection: randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial.
Grover, VK; Mathew, PJ; Sehgal, S; Yaddanapudi, S, )		1.86
"Gabapentin has opioid-sparing effects in adult surgical patients, but no reported studies have involved children and adolescents. "( Gabapentin use in pediatric spinal fusion patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.
Berens, RJ; Czarnecki, ML; Hainsworth, KR; Lyon, RM; Nelson, TJ; Rusy, LM; Tassone, JC; Thometz, JG; Weisman, SJ, 2010)		3.25
"Gabapentin has been successfully used for the treatment of multiple neuropathic pain syndromes such as diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia."( Gabapentin for the treatment of cancer-related pain syndromes.
Bar Ad, V, 2010)		2.52
"Gabapentin has been successfully used to treat cutaneous pain and pruritus in a variety of conditions."( A case of post-herpetic itch resolved with gabapentin.
Jagdeo, J; Kroshinsky, D, 2011)		1.35
"Gabapentin has been introduced as an effective agent for post-operative pain control. "( Optimal dose of pre-incision/post-incision gabapentin for pain relief following lumbar laminectomy: a randomized study.
Khan, RH; Khan, ZH; Makarem, J; Rahimi, M, 2011)		2.07
"Gabapentin has been used in the treatment of neuropathic pain as well as postoperative pain with good result. "( Analgesic effect of low gynaecological surgery under general anaesthesia.
Bhattacharya, D; Chakrabarti, J; Chakraborty, S; Chowdhury, L; Mandals, M, 2010)		1.8
"The gabapentin has beneficial effect in the FBSS associated neuropathic pain. "( Beneficial response to gabapentin portraying with interval change of brain SPECT imaging in a case with failed back surgery syndrome.
Chang, ST; Lai, MH; Lu, SC; Wu, YT, 2011)		1.24
"Gabapentin has been specifically synthesized as a potential gamma-amino-butyric-acid (GABA) mimetic with the capability to cross the blood-brain barrier."( The effect of gabapentin on gap detection and forward masking in young and old gerbils.
Gleich, O; Strutz, J, )		1.21
"Gabapentin has demonstrated analgesic effects in some studies. "( Effects of gabapentin on postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting after abdominal hysterectomy: a double blind randomized clinical trial.
Ajori, L; Amiri, Z; Mazloomfard, MM; Nazari, L, 2012)		2.21
"Gabapentin has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials as a pre-emptive analgesic and in acute postoperative pain management. "( Effect of pre-emptive gabapentin on postoperative pain following lower extremity orthopaedic surgery under spinal anaesthesia.
Marashi, SH; Nadjafi, A; Panah Khahi, M; Yaghooti, AA, 2011)		2.13
"Gabapentin has been used to treat a variety of conditions in both human and veterinary medicine, including seizures, neuropathies and chronic pain. "( Effects of intraperitoneal administration of gabapentin on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in adult male rats.
Boruta, DT; Golder, FJ; Sotgiu, G, 2012)		2.08
"Gabapentin has been widely and successfully used in the clinic for many neuropathic pain syndromes since last decade, however its analgesic mechanisms are still elusive. "( Analgesic effect of gabapentin in a rat model for chronic constrictive injury.
Huang, YG; Liu, W; Ma, LL; Yang, N; Zuo, PP, 2011)		2.14
"Gabapentin has an antipruritus effect, which its efficacy in reducing pruritus induced by intrathecal morphine has not been well documented. "( Single dose of gabapentin for prophylaxis intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus in orthopedic surgery: a randomized controlled trial.
Chiravanich, W; Kovitwanawong, N; Oofuvong, M, 2012)		2.17
"Gabapentin has been shown to be effective in reducing postoperative narcotic usage, a reduction that may be associated with a reduction in opioid-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia."( The effects of gabapentin on acute opioid tolerance to remifentanil under sevoflurane anesthesia in rats.
Abreu, M; Aguado, D; Benito, J; Garcia-Fernandez, J; Gómez de Segura, IA, 2012)		1.45
"Gabapentin has antihyperalgesic and potential anxiolytic effects. "( Effects of a single 1200-mg preoperative dose of gabapentin on anxiety and memory.
Adam, F; Bordenave, L; Chauvin, M; Sessler, DI, 2012)		2.08
"Gabapentin has also been demonstrated to be efficacious in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women when administered three times a day."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms.
Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)		1.38
"Gabapentin has been reported to be useful in the management of epilepsy, neuropathic pain and post-dural puncture headache. "( Gabapentin in the treatment of post-dural puncture headache: a case series.
Cope, S; Storr, F; Wagner, Y, 2012)		3.26
"gabapentin has marginal efficacy."( Uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients: treatment with desloratidine versus gabapentin.
Barrón, B; Lauxmann, JE; Marquez, D; Martinatto, C; Novoa, PA; Orías, M; Peixoto, AJ; Ramonda, C; Romero, CA; Vukelic, VL, 2012)		1.33
"Gabapentin has dose-limiting side effects that prevent some patients from achieving therapeutic plasma levels, such as somnolence (27.4%), dizziness (23.9%), and ataxia (7.1%)."( Gabapentin for once-daily treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: a review.
Beal, B; Moeller-Bertram, T; Schilling, JM; Wallace, MS, 2012)		2.54
"Gabapentin has shown promise in treating insomnia in adults."( Gabapentin shows promise in treating refractory insomnia in children.
Malow, BA; Robinson, AA, 2013)		2.55
"Gabapentin has been widely used in human medicine to control acute and chronic pain. "( Long-term use of gabapentin for musculoskeletal disease and trauma in three cats.
Comerford, EJ; Iff, I; Lorenz, ND, 2013)		2.17
"Gabapentin has some beneficial effects on certain types of neuropathic pain. "( Gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial.
Chen, B; DeLisa, JA; Johnston, M; Kirshblum, S; Millis, S; Tai, Q, 2002)		3.2
"Gabapentin has demonstrated efficacy, specifically in painful diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia."( Use of anticonvulsants for treatment of neuropathic pain.
Backonja, MM, 2002)		1.04
"Gabapentin (GBP) has been shown to reduce paired-pulse inhibition in the dentate gyrus of the urethane-anesthetized rat, which is a proconvulsant effect, and to shorten the afterdischarge duration, which is an antiepileptic effect. "( Modulation of the in vivo effects of gabapentin by vigabatrin and SKF89976A.
Aribi, AM; Stringer, JL, 2002)		2.03
"Gabapentin has recently been used clinically as an antihyperalgesic agent to treat certain neuropathic pain states. "( Gabapentin markedly reduces acetic acid-induced visceral nociception.
Cui, M; Feng, Y; Willis, WD, 2003)		3.2
"Gabapentin has a number of original mechanisms of action with which to account for its effects in epilepsies and in many other clinical entities."( [Gabapentin: its mechanisms of action in the year 2003].
Herranz, JL, )		2.48
"Gabapentin has been known to elicit the antinociceptive effect. "( Hemodynamic effects of gabapentin in rats.
Choi, JI; Yoon, MH, 2003)		2.07
"Gabapentin has been shown to be useful in treatment of different conditions which may be caused by increased neuronal excitability."( Treatment of chronic neuropathic pain after traumatic central cervical cord lesion with gabapentin.
Haller, H; Leblhuber, F; Schmidhammer, R; Trenkler, J, 2003)		1.26
"Gabapentin has antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic properties but does not have significant actions as an anti-nociceptive agent."( Gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Bennett, MI; Simpson, KH, 2004)		2.49
"Gabapentin has 172-->154 and 172-->136 transitions and amino-cyclohexane-propionic acid hydrate has a 172-->126 transition which can be detected in tandem MS."( Sample preparation and determination of gabapentin in venous and capillary blood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
Carlsson, KC; Reubsaet, JL, 2004)		1.31
"Gabapentin has been demonstrated to be capable of improving the cerebellar signs in cases of CCA, after single doses and after continued administration of the drug during 4 weeks."( Treatment of ataxia in cortical cerebellar atrophy with the GABAergic drug gabapentin. A preliminary study.
Benavente, I; Errea, JM; Gazulla, J; Tordesillas, CJ, 2004)		1.28
"Gabapentin has been shown to be well tolerated and effective in the management of the pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). "( Gabapentin: a pooled analysis of adverse events from three clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia.
Huang, S; Parsons, B; Tive, L, 2004)		3.21
"Gabapentin has been used to treat dystonias with variable results."( Dystonia induced by gabapentin.
Modrego, PJ; Pina, MA, 2005)		1.37
"Gabapentin (Neurontin) has been successfully used in the treatment of both epilepsy and neuropathic pain. "( Gabapentin fails to alter P/Q-type Ca2+ channel-mediated synaptic transmission in the hippocampus in vitro.
Brown, JT; Randall, A, 2005)		3.21
"Gabapentin has antihyperalgesic and anxiolytic properties. "( Preoperative gabapentin decreases anxiety and improves early functional recovery from knee surgery.
Adam, F; Chauvin, M; Guignard, B; Ménigaux, C; Sessler, DI, 2005)		2.14
"Gabapentin (GBP) has been shown to be effective in animal models of neuropathic pain as well as in chronic pain patients."( Effects of gabapentin on spontaneous discharges and subthreshold membrane potential oscillation of type A neurons in injured DRG.
Duan, JH; Hu, SJ; Xing, JL; Yang, RH, 2005)		1.44
"Gabapentin has been shown to provide pain relief for post-herpetic neuralgia at dosage of 1200 to 2400 mg/day. "( Starting dose of gabapentin for patients with post-herpetic neuralgia--a dose-response study.
Jean, WH; Mok, MS; Sun, WZ; Wu, CC, 2005)		2.11
"Gabapentin has been shown to reduce elements of central sensitization in human experimental hyperalgesia. "( Gabapentin reduces rectal mechanosensitivity and increases rectal compliance in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
Cho, SW; Kim, JH; Lee, KJ, 2005)		3.21
"Gabapentin has been evaluated in the treatment of nonmalignant neuropathic pain, however, there is little direct evidence evaluating its efficacy in cancer-related neuropathic pain."( Gabapentin is effective in the treatment of cancer-related neuropathic pain: a prospective, open-label study.
A'hern, R; Broadley, K; Goller, K; Hardy, J; Riley, J; Ross, JR; Williams, J, 2005)		3.21
"Gabapentin has been used successfully as a non-opioid analgesic adjuvant for postoperative pain management. "( Effect of oral gabapentin on postoperative epidural analgesia.
Apfel, CC; Karamanlioglu, B; Kaya, G; Pamukçu, Z; Turan, A, 2006)		2.13
"Gabapentin has become popular as a first-line treatment for neuropathic pain because of its efficacy as an antineuropathic agent and relatively benign side-effect profile."( The mechanism of action of gabapentin in neuropathic pain.
Baillie, JK; Power, I, 2006)		1.35
"Gabapentin has been suggested to decrease acute postoperative pain. "( Gabapentin attenuates late but not acute pain after abdominal hysterectomy.
Fassoulaki, A; Hassiakos, D; Petropoulos, G; Sarantopoulos, C; Siafaka, I; Stamatakis, E, 2006)		3.22
"Gabapentin has no effect on immediate pain after abdominal hysterectomy but decreases pain 1 month postoperatively."( Gabapentin attenuates late but not acute pain after abdominal hysterectomy.
Fassoulaki, A; Hassiakos, D; Petropoulos, G; Sarantopoulos, C; Siafaka, I; Stamatakis, E, 2006)		3.22
"Gabapentin has been reported to inhibit various acute and chronic pain conditions in animals and humans. "( Gabapentin activates spinal noradrenergic activity in rats and humans and reduces hypersensitivity after surgery.
Curry, R; DeGoes, S; Eisenach, JC; Hayashida, K, 2007)		3.23
"Gabapentin, which has been used in the treatment of neuropathic pain, may be effective in the treatment of symptoms associated with LSS."( The efficiency of gabapentin therapy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.
Ozgönenel, B; Ozgönenel, L; Yaksi, A, 2007)		1.39
"Gabapentin has recently been reported to be efficacious in the treatment of CCH."( The use of gabapentin in chronic cluster headache patients refractory to first-line therapy.
Arnold, G; Israel, H; Neeb, L; Reuter, U; Schuh-Hofer, S, 2007)		1.45
"Gabapentin has demonstrated analgesic effects in clinical trials as a preemptive analgesic and in acute postoperative pain management. "( Pre-emptive gabapentin significantly reduces postoperative pain and morphine demand following lower extremity orthopaedic surgery.
Honarmand, A; Kashefi, P; Montazeri, K, 2007)		2.16
"Gabapentin, which has been suggested as an adjuvant analgesic for neuropathic pain introduced orally, rapidly and significantly alleviated his pain and we could subsequently dispense with ketamine and mexiletine."( [Gabapentin mitigates neuropathic pain in cancer patients--a case report].
Okada, M; Shinjo, T, 2007)		1.97
"Gabapentin has been reported to modulate serotonin release from platelets, but the effects of gabapentin on platelet activation have not been explored."( Inhibitory mechanisms of gabapentin, an antiseizure drug, on platelet aggregation.
Chou, DS; Hsiao, G; Pan, CF; Shen, MY; Sheu, JR; Wu, CJ, 2007)		1.36
"Gabapentin has been used effectively for neuropathic pain with mild side effects. "( Gabapentin and sexual dysfunction: report of two cases.
Dalal, A; Zhou, L, 2008)		3.23
"Gabapentin has been approved in the United States for the treatment of epilepsy and postherpetic neuralgia. "( Gabapentin as a potential option for treatment of sciatica.
Grice, GR; Mertens, MK, 2008)		3.23
"Gabapentin has been administered to several geriatric patients with bipolar disorder and patients with dementia."( Use of gabapentin in the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: a review of the evidence.
Kim, Y; Tampi, RR; Wilkins, KM, 2008)		1.52
"Gabapentin has established efficacy in the reduction of burn-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia in animal and human experimental burn models."( Successful use of gabapentin in acute pain management following burn injury: a case series.
Cramond, T; Gray, P; Williams, B, 2008)		1.4
"Gabapentin has been evaluated for the treatment of UP in 2 small, randomized, placebo-controlled studies, 1 pilot evaluation, and 1 index case."( Role of gabapentin in the treatment of uremic pruritus.
Gommer, J; Scates, AC; Vila, T, 2008)		1.5
"Gabapentin (GBP) has shown antiepileptic efficacy and good tolerance in clinical trials. "( Efficacy and tolerance of long-term, high-dose gabapentin: additional observations.
Handforth, A; Treiman, DM, )		1.83
"Gabapentin, has shown significant promise in the treatment of patients with refractory partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures."( Clinical efficacy and safety of gabapentin.
Ramsay, RE, 1994)		1.29
"Gabapentin has come into clinical use as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of epilepsy. "( The effect of gabapentin on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid in patients with epilepsy.
Behar, KL; Lamoureux, D; Mattson, RH; Petroff, OA; Rothman, DL, 1996)		2.1
"Gabapentin (GBP) has been shown to be effective an add-on drug for the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy. "( Gabapentin in refractory partial epilepsy--a trial in India.
Dixit, SN; Jain, S; Maheshwari, MC; Padma, MV, )		3.02
"Gabapentin has negligible affinity for the strychnine insensitive [3H]glycine binding site."( The antiepileptic agent gabapentin (Neurontin) possesses anxiolytic-like and antinociceptive actions that are reversed by D-serine.
Ferris, P; Field, MJ; Hunter, JC; Oles, RJ; Singh, L; Williams, RG; Woodruff, GN, 1996)		1.32
"Gabapentin has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile and is generally well tolerated."( Gabapentin.
Bruni, J, 1996)		2.46
"Gabapentin has been accepted worldwide as a novel antiepileptic drug with a favourable tolerability profile. "( Isolated ataxia as an idiosyncratic side-effect under gabapentin.
Bittermann, HJ; Herrendorf, G; Kurth, C; Steinhoff, BJ, 1997)		1.99
"Gabapentin has been reported to be effective for essential tremor (ET) based on open-label trials. "( Double-blind controlled trial of gabapentin in essential tremor.
Busenbark, K; Hubble, JP; Koller, WC; Lyons, K; Pahwa, A; Pahwa, R; Rienerth, JD, 1998)		2.02
"Gabapentin has no activity at GABAA or GABAB receptors of GABA uptake carriers of brain."( Mechanisms of action of gabapentin.
Taylor, CP, 1997)		1.33
"Gabapentin (GP) has been shown to have antihyperalgesic properties and the site of drug action is reported to be the central nervous system. "( Attenuation of formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors following local peripheral injection of gabapentin.
Carlton, SM; Zhou, S, 1998)		1.96
"Gabapentin has desirable pharmacokinetic properties and acceptable side effects, which simplify its use."( Using gabapentin to treat neuropathic pain.
Hays, H; Woodroffe, MA, 1999)		1.51
"Gabapentin has few drug-drug interactions, none of which is clinically limiting."( Gabapentin in the management of convulsive disorders.
McLean, MJ, 1999)		2.47
"Gabapentin has been administered in placebo-controlled studies with a thrice daily (T.I.D.) schedule, because of its short half-life. "( Conversion from thrice daily to twice daily administration of gabapentin (GBP) in partial epilepsy: analysis of clinical efficacy and plasma levels.
Arnetoli, G; Balestrieri, F; Chiroli, S; Luceri, F; Mastio, MD; Muscas, GC, 2000)		1.99
"Gabapentin has efficacy as an add-on treatment in patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. "( Gabapentin for drug-resistant partial epilepsy.
Chadwick, DW; Hutton, JL; Kadir, ZA; Marson, AG, 2000)		3.19
"Gabapentin has emerged as a useful new tool based on the results of two large multicenter trials in models of human neuropathy."( Gabapentin: a new tool in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Harden, RN, 1999)		2.47
"Gabapentin has been shown to be efficacious in numerous smaller clinical studies, case reports, and chart reviews in a variety of neuropathic pain syndromes."( Gabapentin use in neuropathic pain syndromes.
Nicholson, B, 2000)		2.47
"Gabapentin has efficacy as an add-on treatment in patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. "( Gabapentin add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy.
Chadwick, DW; Hutton, JL; Kadir, ZA; Marson, AG, 2000)		3.19
"Gabapentin has been shown to reduce paired-pulse inhibition in the dentate gyrus of the urethane-anesthetized rat and has been shown to block calcium channels, but its not known how these possible mechanisms relate to its antiepileptic effect. "( The effects of gabapentin in the rat hippocampus are mimicked by two structural analogs, but not by nimodipine.
Stringer, JL; Taylor, CP, 2000)		2.1
"Gabapentin has been successfully used for a variety of chronic pain conditions and therefore may be of use in the treatment of chronic headache."( Low doses of gabapentin may be helpful in the management of chronic daily headache.
Carrazana, EJ; Fragoso, YD, 2000)		1.4
"Gabapentin, which has been approved for add-on therapy of focal seizures, is increasingly used for treatment of neuropathic pain. "( [Gabapentin therapy for pain].
Block, F, 2001)		2.66
"Gabapentin has an established, favorable safety profile and has been shown to be effective in various animal models and human studies of chronic neuropathic pain."( Using gabapentin to treat failed back surgery syndrome caused by epidural fibrosis: A report of 2 cases.
Braverman, DL; Lenrow, DA; Slipman, CW, 2001)		1.51
"Gabapentin (GBP) has gained wide acceptance in the treatment of pain, migraine, bipolar illness, and epilepsy. "( Gabapentin withdrawal syndrome.
Norton, JW, )		3.02
"Gabapentin, which has been approved for add-on therapy of focal seizures, is increasingly used for treatment of neuropathic pain. "( [Gabapentin for therapy of neuropathic pain].
Block, F, 2001)		2.66
"Gabapentin has been shown to reduce pain associated with diabetic neuropathia and postherpetic neuralgia. "( [Gabapentin in the treatment of chronic intractable pain].
Gustorff, B; Kress, HG; Nahlik, G; Spacek, A, 2002)		2.67
"Gabapentin has been shown to markedly reduce the severity, frequency, and duration of these hot flashes."( Gabapentin for hot flashes in prostate cancer.
Jeffery, SM; Pepe, JJ; Popovich, LM; Vitagliano, G, 2002)		2.48
"Gabapentin has been clearly demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of neuropathic pain in diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia."( Gabapentin: pharmacology and its use in pain management.
Kam, PC; Rose, MA, 2002)		2.48
"Gabapentin has favourable pharmacokinetic properties: lack of hepatic metabolism, no protein binding, and easy to calculate regimen for patients with renal failure. "( [Gabapentin in the treatment of epilepsy in the elderly].
Gil-Nagel, A, )		2.48
"Gabapentin has been approved for the treatment of neuropathic pain in six European countries, New Zealand and Australia, and numerous countries in Latin America. "( Gabapentin. Pfizer.
Wheeler, G, 2002)		3.2

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Gabapentin was chosen because of its reported efficacy in a wide array of complex cranial pain syndromes. Gabapentin did, however, cause inhibition in the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentanoic acid (CGP 37849)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Gabapentinoids also increase the risk of respiratory depression, in particular when paired with opioids."( Gabapentinoid Use in Perioperative Care and Current Controversies.
Abrecht, CR; Patel, AS; Urman, RD, 2022)		2.89
"Gabapentinoids can cause concentration-dependent peripheral edema of early onset. "( Gabapentinoid-induced peripheral edema and acute heart failure: A translational study combining pharmacovigilance data and in vitro animal experiments.
Auffret, M; Bordy, R; Bredeloux, P; Cracowski, JL; Gras-Champel, V; Jonville-Béra, AP; Largeau, B; Lengellé, C; Maupoil, V; Pasqualin, C, 2022)		3.61
"Gabapentin may increase the abuse liability of ALC and OXY + ALC in those with co-occurring OUD and AUD."( Gabapentin increases the abuse liability of alcohol alone and in combination with oxycodone in participants with co-occurring opioid and alcohol use disorder.
Castillo, F; Comer, SD; Evans, SM; Foltin, RW; Jones, JD; Luba, RR; Mogali, S, 2022)		3.61
"Gabapentin did not cause adverse effects on the cardiovascular hemodynamics of young healthy cats."( Evaluation of the effects of gabapentin on the physiologic and echocardiographic variables of healthy cats: a prospective, randomized and blinded study.
da Costa, FV; de Azevedo, AF; Fadel, L; Ferronatto, JV; Franck, KR; Lopes, DJ; Nunes, LN; Spiering, AG; Trojan, MM; Veronezi, TM; Zardo, IL, 2022)		1.73
"Gabapentin promotes neurological recovery histopathologically in peripheral nerve injury due to its neuroprotective properties. "( Effect of gabapentin on primary surgical treatment of experimental sciatic nerve injury in rats.
Bulduk, EB; Çivi, S; Durdağ, E; Kardeş, Ö; Selçuk, FK; Süner, Hİ; Tufan, K, 2018)		2.33
"Gabapentinoids activate the LC by inhibiting the release of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and inducing the release of glutamate, thereby increasing noradrenaline levels in the spinal cord."( Strategies to Treat Chronic Pain and Strengthen Impaired Descending Noradrenergic Inhibitory System.
Hayashida, KI; Obata, H, 2019)		1.24
"Gabapentin displays non-linear drug disposition, which complicates dosing for optimal therapeutic effect. "( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationship of Gabapentin in a CFA-induced Inflammatory Hyperalgesia Rat Model.
Holm, R; Keizer, R; Kreilgaard, M; Larsen, MS; Munro, G; Mørk, A; Savic, R, 2016)		2.13
"Gabapentin did not produce an anti-allodynic effect, whereas the morphine and gabapentin combination completely decreased allodynia behavior at 30 min post-injection, an effect that persisted until 120 min."( Anti-nociceptive synergism of morphine and gabapentin in neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury.
Cortés-Arroyo, AR; De la O-Arciniega, M; Díaz-Reval, MI; Domínguez-Ramírez, AM; López-Muñoz, FJ, 2009)		1.34
"Gabapentin did not produce a significant reduction in symptom severity compared with placebo over an eight-week period."( Gabapentin for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
Hui, AC; Leung, HW; Man, BL; Wong, LK; Wong, SM; Yu, E, 2011)		3.25
"Gabapentin failed to suppress the scratching behavior induced by the intradermal injection of compound 48/80 in normal mice."( Gabapentin and pregabalin inhibit the itch-associated response induced by the repeated application of oxazolone in mice.
Manabe, H; Matsumoto, Y; Miura, H; Tsukumo, Y; Yano, H, 2011)		2.53
"Gabapentin displays nonlinear absorption kinetics, is minimally protein bound (< 3%), has a high mean (SD) volume of distribution (50.4 [8.0] L), and is excreted via the kidneys as unchanged drug. "( The use of gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia.
Kennedy, DH; Singh, D, 2003)		2.15
"Gabapentin did however produce significant dose-related reversal of tactile allodynia in the rat following a single administration."( Comparative activity of the anti-convulsants oxcarbazepine, carbamazepine, lamotrigine and gabapentin in a model of neuropathic pain in the rat and guinea-pig.
Bevan, S; Fox, A; Gentry, C; Kesingland, A; Patel, S, 2003)		1.26
"Gabapentin appears to increase human brain GABA levels."( The effect of gabapentin on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid in patients with epilepsy.
Behar, KL; Lamoureux, D; Mattson, RH; Petroff, OA; Rothman, DL, 1996)		1.38
"Gabapentin will also inhibit the uptake of certain excitatory amino acids in this synaptosomal preparation."( Comparison of the uptake of [3H]-gabapentin with the uptake of L-[3H]-leucine into rat brain synaptosomes.
Hill, DR; Thurlow, RJ; Woodruff, GN, 1996)		1.3
"Gabapentin was chosen because it has properties similar to other anticonvulsant drugs and because previous studies have shown that it is well tolerated and appears to have a benign efficacy-to-toxicity ratio."( Reflex sympathetic dystrophy treated with gabapentin.
Mellick, GA; Mellick, LB, 1997)		1.28
"Gabapentin was chosen because of its GABA-ergic effect and because previously reported studies have shown that it is well tolerated compared with other GABA-mimetic medication."( Gabapentin for relief of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis.
Dunevsky, A; Perel, AB, )		2.3
"Gabapentin displays efficacy against abnormal sensory processing in diabetic rats and may be of benefit for treating painful diabetic neuropathy."( Gabapentin prevents hyperalgesia during the formalin test in diabetic rats.
Calcutt, NA; Ceseña, RM, 1999)		2.47
"Gabapentin did, however, cause inhibition in the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist DL-(E)-2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentanoic acid (CGP 37849)."( Inhibition of neuronal Ca(2+) influx by gabapentin and subsequent reduction of neurotransmitter release from rat neocortical slices.
Dooley, DJ; Fink, K; Göthert, M; Meder, W, 2000)		1.3
"Gabapentin was chosen because of its reported efficacy in a wide array of complex cranial pain syndromes."( Gabapentin produces dose-dependent antinociception in the orofacial formalin test in the rat.
Dougherty, PM; Grabow, TS, )		2.3

Treatment

Gabapentin treatment has shown promise for symptomatic improvement for visceral hyperalgesia in some patients. Gabapentin exposure in treatment-seeking persons with OUD appears to be quite common. Use, both medically and nonmedically, frequently occurs alongside OAMs.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Gabapentin treatment for post-cesarean analgesia."( Post-cesarean gabapentin is not associated with lower opioid consumption or pain scores in women on chronic buprenorphine therapy: A 10-year retrospective cohort study.
Bauchat, JR; Ende, HB; Feng, X; Raymond, BL; Richardson, MG; Shotwell, MS; Sorabella, LL, 2022)		2.52
"Gabapentin treatment was initiated after baseline evaluation, and the RDD and visual analog scale (VAS) score were both evaluated regularly during the 2-week study period."( Rate-Dependent Depression: A Predictor of the Therapeutic Efficacy in Treating Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy.
Calcutt, NA; Guan, Y; Lin, Z; Wang, Z; Xie, C; Zhou, X; Zhu, D; Zhu, Y, 2022)		1.44
"Gabapentin treatment significantly improved the behavioral scores, decreased levels of phosphorylated IκB-α and cleaved caspase3, apoptosis rate, and serum IL-6 level in ICH rats."( Gabapentin Alleviates Brain Injury in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Through Suppressing Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis.
Guo, L; Li, X; Nan, C; Sun, Z; Wang, B; Yang, L; Yu, N; Zhao, Z, 2022)		2.89
"Gabapentin treatment has shown promise for symptomatic improvement for visceral hyperalgesia in some patients."( Gabapentin Can Improve Irritability and Feeding Tolerance in Single Ventricle Interstage Patients: A Case Series.
Allen, CC; Bartlett, H; Canada, K; Schlueter, S; Zhang, X, 2023)		3.07
"Gabapentin exposure in treatment-seeking persons with OUD appears to be quite common, and use, both medically and nonmedically, frequently occurs alongside OAMs. "( Understanding motivations and use typologies of gabapentin with opioid agonist medications.
Buttram, ME; Ellis, MS; Qureshi, R, 2023)		2.61
"Gabapentin-treated participants were more likely to withdraw from treatment for any cause (285/539) than those treated with lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate pooled together (695/1317) (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.25; 3 studies, 1856 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), but not carbamazepine."( Gabapentin monotherapy for epilepsy: A review.
Abakumova, T; Hoyle, CHV; Ziganshina, LE, 2023)		3.07
"Gabapentin-treated patients received a lower number of doses of ondansetron when compared with the placebo group (6 [5-6] vs 7 [6-9], P = 0.02)."( Perioperative Gabapentin in Pediatric Thoracic Surgery Patients-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 4 Trial.
Fenikowski, D; Gawron, D; Komotajtys, H; Maciejewski, P; Tomaszek, L, 2020)		1.64
"More gabapentin-treated individuals had no heavy drinking days (12 of 44 participants [27%]) compared with placebo (4 of 46 participants [9%]), a difference of 18.6% (95% CI, 3.1-34.1; P = .02; number needed to treat [NNT], 5.4), and more total abstinence (8 of 44 [18%]) compared with placebo (2 of 46 [4%]), a difference of 13.8% (95% CI, 1.0-26.7; P = .04; NNT, 6.2)."( Efficacy of Gabapentin for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder in Patients With Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Anton, RF; Book, S; Bristol, E; Hoffman, M; Latham, P; Prisciandaro, J; Voronin, K, 2020)		1.39
"Gabapentin treatment provided a 52% greater reduction in days 5 to 7 baseline adjusted Motherisk-pregnancy-unique quantification of nausea and emesis total scores than treatment with active comparator (95% confidence interval, 16-88; P=.01)."( Effect of gabapentin on hyperemesis gravidarum: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial.
Guttuso, T; Messing, S; Mullin, P; Saha, S; Shepherd, R; Strittmatter, C; Thornburg, LL; Tu, X, 2021)		1.75
"Gabapentin treatment rapidly titrated to a dosage of 3600 mg/day is associated with a reduction in the proportion of HDD per week and an increase in PDA per week in actively drinking outpatients with AUD. "( Pilot randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of high-dose gabapentin for alcohol use disorder.
Basaraba, C; Bisaga, A; Brooks, DJ; Carpenter, KM; Levin, FR; Mamczur-Fuller, A; Mariani, JJ; Nunes, EV; Pavlicova, M, 2021)		2.3
"Gabapentin treatment was well tolerated in this population of cats."( Use of single-dose oral gabapentin to attenuate fear responses in cage-trap confined community cats: a double-blind, placebo-controlled field trial.
Ferris, KK; Griffith, EH; Pankratz, KE; Sherman, BL, 2018)		1.51
"Gabapentin treatment was also initiated in addition to artificial tear and cyclosporine drops treatments to the patients with neuropathic component and DED findings."( Is gabapentin effective in dry eye disease and neuropathic ocular pain?
Ongun, GT; Ongun, N, 2021)		1.96
"Gabapentin treatment was able to reduce reactive gliosis, decrease neuronal loss and normalize PSA-NCAM staining in hippocampal CA-1."( Gabapentin administration reduces reactive gliosis and neurodegeneration after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus.
Angelo, MF; Lukin, J; Ramos, AJ; Rossi, AR; Villarreal, A, 2013)		2.55
"Gabapentin treatment yielded an improvement in pain intensity (risk ratio (RR) 1·88; 95% CI 1·35, 2·29; I(2)  = 64·8%; for 50% reduction and RR 1·43; 95% CI 1·12, 1·83; I(2)  = 0% for 30% reduction, respectively), PGIC (RR 1·49; 95% CI 1·28, 1·74; I(2)  = 0%), and CGIC (RR 1·58; 95% CI 1·29, 1·92; I(2)  = 30·9%)."( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin 1800 mg treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Cao, H; Fan, H; Hu, X; Li, J; Shao, Y; Wang, J; Yu, W; Zhang, Q, 2014)		1.43
"Gabapentinoid treatment was associated with increased sedation, dizziness and visual disturbances, but the clinical relevance needs clarification."( Adverse effects of perioperative paracetamol, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, gabapentinoids and their combinations: a topical review.
Dahl, JB; Hamunen, K; Hansen, MS; Kjer, JJ; Kontinen, VK; Mathiesen, O; Nikolajsen, L; Pommergaard, HC; Rosenberg, J; Wetterslev, J, 2014)		1.36
"Gabapentin is a viable treatment for conservatively managed CKD and ESKD patients with pruritus and/or RLS, but side effects are common. "( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin for uremic pruritus and restless legs syndrome in conservatively managed patients with chronic kidney disease.
Brennan, F; Brown, MA; Cheikh Hassan, HI; Collett, G; Josland, EA, 2015)		2.17
"Gabapentin pretreatment potentiated the interoceptive effects of both experimenter-administered and self-administered alcohol in discrimination-trained rats."( Gabapentin potentiates sensitivity to the interoceptive effects of alcohol and increases alcohol self-administration in rats.
Besheer, J; Frisbee, S; Jaramillo, AA; Masciello, M; Randall, PA, 2016)		2.6
"Gabapentin treatment with acceptable safety profile, improves OAB symptoms and HRQOL domains."( Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin in Comparison to Solifenacin Succinate in Adult Overactive Bladder Treatment.
Balingit, JC; Chua, ME; Esmeňa, EB; Morales, ML; See, MC, 2018)		2.23
"Gabapentin-treated participants exhibited lower abstinence rates than placebo-treated participants; however, this difference was not significant."( Gabapentin for smoking cessation.
Croghan, IT; Ebbert, JO; Hays, JT; Schroeder, DR; Sood, A; Sood, R; Wyatt, KD, 2010)		2.52
"Gabapentin treatment resulted in decreased VAS scores in both groups."( Efficacy of gabapentin for radiculopathy caused by lumbar spinal stenosis and lumbar disk hernia.
Kaptan, H; Kasimcan, O, 2010)		1.46
"Gabapentin pretreatment (200  mg/kg, intravenously) reduced the infarct volume by 23% after transient focal ischemia in mice."( Gabapentin reduces infarct volume but does not suppress peri-infarct depolarizations.
Ayata, C; Eikermann-Haerter, K; Hoffmann, U; Lee, JH; Qin, T, 2011)		2.53
"Gabapentin pre-treatment at lower doses (0.01-7.5 mg/kg) not only antagonized the depressive effect of morphine, but caused facilitation of the reflex."( Dose-dependent opposite effects of gabapentin on the depressive action of morphine on a C-fibre reflex in the rat.
Adam, F; le Bars, D; Pollin, B; Roy-Ledoux, R, 2011)		1.37
"Gabapentin treatment ameliorated tinnitus in a rat model and improved tinnitus annoyance in humans with acoustic trauma."( The effect of gabapentin on gap detection and forward masking in young and old gerbils.
Gleich, O; Strutz, J, )		1.21
"The gabapentin BA in the MgO treatment was significantly lower, by 32% and 39%, compared to the gabapentin alone and with omeprazole treatment, respectively."( Impact of concomitant antacid administration on gabapentin plasma exposure and oral bioavailability in healthy adult subjects.
Kawakami, J; Mino, Y; Naito, T; Umemura, K; Yagi, T, 2012)		1.12
"Gabapentin-treated patients had less motor block when compared with control group."( Effect of oral gabapentin on postoperative epidural analgesia.
Apfel, CC; Karamanlioglu, B; Kaya, G; Pamukçu, Z; Turan, A, 2006)		1.41
"Gabapentin's role in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain is well known. "( Preoperative gabapentin for postoperative analgesia: a meta-analysis.
Paul, JE; Seib, RK, 2006)		2.15
"Gabapentin pre-treatment reduced sensitivity to electrical induction of skin pain by 14%, p=0.016."( Multiple dose gabapentin attenuates cutaneous pain and central sensitisation but not muscle pain in healthy volunteers.
Segerdahl, M, 2006)		1.42
"Gabapentin showed poor treatment retention and ineffectiveness in reducing cocaine use. "( Clinical efficacy of gabapentin versus tiagabine for reducing cocaine use among cocaine dependent methadone-treated patients.
Desai, R; Gonsai, K; González, G; Kosten, TR; Oliveto, A; Poling, J; Sofuoglu, M, 2007)		2.1
"Gabapentin-treated patients displayed a significantly greater improvement in the BPI average pain severity score (P=0.015; estimated difference between groups at week 12=-0.92 [95% confidence interval -1.75, -0.71]). "( Gabapentin in the treatment of fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial.
Arnold, LM; Bishop, F; Goldenberg, DL; Hess, EV; Hudson, JI; Keck, PE; Lalonde, JK; Sandhu, HS; Stanford, KE; Stanford, SB; Welge, JA, 2007)		3.23
"Gabapentin treatment resulted in an increase in the walking distance better than what was obtained with standard treatment (P = 0.001). "( The efficiency of gabapentin therapy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.
Ozgönenel, B; Ozgönenel, L; Yaksi, A, 2007)		2.12
"Gabapentin is used for treatment of neuropathic pain, but its effect on different somatic pain modalities and integrative mechanisms are not completely understood. "( Effects of gabapentin on experimental somatic pain and temporal summation.
Arendt-Nielsen, L; Drewes, AM; Frøkjaer, JB; Graven-Nielsen, T; Huggins, JP; Smart, TS; Staahl, C, )		1.96
"Gabapentin, a novel treatment for neuropathic pain states, also reduced neuronal responses, but the actions of the drug were n"( Effects of systemic carbamazepine and gabapentin on spinal neuronal responses in spinal nerve ligated rats.
Chamarette, HL; Chapman, V; Dickenson, AH; Rygh, LJ; Suzuki, R, 1998)		1.29
"Gabapentin treatment was started at 300 mg/day and increased up to 2000 mg/day."( Clinical experience using adjunctive gabapentin in treatment-resistant bipolar mixed states.
Akiskal, H; Perugi, G; Ruffolo, G; Sartini, S; Simonini, E; Toni, C, 1999)		1.3
"Gabapentin treatment significantly and reversibly changed the responses, consistent with the attenuation of the abnormal sensory behavior, and the attenuated responses lasted for the duration of the drug effect (up to 6 h)."( Rodent model of chronic central pain after spinal cord contusion injury and effects of gabapentin.
Hulsebosch, CE; McAdoo, DJ; Perez-Polo, JR; Taylor, CP; Westlund, KN; Xu, GY, 2000)		1.25
"SCI gabapentin-treated rats did not display differences in total rearing time until PSD 28 and a significant difference in total activity of all measured parameters was not seen until PSD 60."( Changes in exploratory behavior as a measure of chronic central pain following spinal cord injury.
Grady, JJ; Hulsebosch, CE; Mills, CD, 2001)		0.79
"Gabapentin treatment appeared to be effective in blocking a lactate-induced panic response but did not alter the magnitude or time course of an abnormal brain lactate response to lactate infusion in all subjects."( Brain metabolic changes during lactate-induced panic: effects of gabapentin treatment.
Dager, SR; Friedman, SD; Layton, ME, 2001)		1.27
"Treatment with gabapentin and antidepressants should be considered in patients with chronic pruritus unresponsive to conventional treatment."( Gabapentin and oral antidepressants for chronic pruritus: a prospective cohort study evaluating efficacy and side effects in daily dermatological practice.
Kamsteeg, M; Kouwenhoven, TA; van de Kerkhof, PCM, 2023)		2.71
"Treatment with gabapentinoids (GBs) has been shown to reduce pain, but its effects on sleep health have not been systematically evaluated."( Evaluating the impact of gabapentinoids on sleep health in patients with chronic neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bhatia, A; Brull, R; Davidson, A; Kapustin, D; McParland, A; Singh, M; Trivedi, A, 2020)		1.2
"Treatment with gabapentin and pantoprazole exhibited maximum antioxidant effect in comparison with monotherapy."( Combined therapy of gabapentin with pantoprazole exhibited better protective action against forestomach and pylorus ligation-induced gastric esophageal reflux disease in albino Wistar rats.
Arya, P; Kaithwas, G, 2020)		1.22
"Treatment with gabapentin led to recovered behaviour and DH neuronal activity pattern in CFA-treated animals."( Dorsal horn disinhibition and movement-induced behaviour in a rat model of inflammatory arthritis.
Locke, S; Ribeiro-da-Silva, A; Yousefpour, N, 2021)		0.96
"The treatment with gabapentin or LLLT significantly decreased the raised level in total cholesterol in DNP but could not decrease the elevated level of triglycerides, while LDL cholesterol decreased significantly in DNP treated with gabapentin but not affected by LLLT."( Efficiencies of Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) and Gabapentin in the Management of Peripheral Neuropathy: Diabetic Neuropathy.
Abdel-Wahhab, KG; Daoud, EM; El Gendy, A; Mannaa, FA; Mourad, HH; Saber, MM, 2018)		1.05
"Treatment with gabapentin, tricyclic antidepressants, or botulinum toxin may be helpful."( Nummular headache update.
Grosberg, BM; Robbins, MS; Schwartz, DP, 2013)		0.73
"Treatment with gabapentin led to a prompt reduction of the symptoms."( Episodic itch in a case of spinal glioma.
Dihné, M; Lerche, H; Wolking, S, 2013)		0.73
"Treatment with gabapentin 1800 mg/day yielded a significant reduction in PHN up to 14 weeks. "( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin 1800 mg treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Cao, H; Fan, H; Hu, X; Li, J; Shao, Y; Wang, J; Yu, W; Zhang, Q, 2014)		1.07
"Treatment with gabapentin was initiated for OPT presumed secondary to neuro-Behçet disease."( Neuro-Behçet disease presenting with oculopalatal tremor.
Espino Barros Palau, A; Foroozan, R; Lee, AG; Morgan, ML, 2015)		0.76
"Treatment with gabapentin achieved complete remission."( Pressure pain sensitivity map of multifocal nummular headache: a case report.
Barón, J; Carreres, A; Cuadrado, ML; Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, C; Guerrero, AL; Herrero-Velázquez, S; Madeleine, P; Rodríguez, C; Rodríguez-Valencia, E; Ruiz, M, 2015)		0.76
"The treatment with gabapentin at an average dose of 1,135 mg for 14 weeks reduced pain in 80% of the patients (p < 0.0001)."( [Postmastectomy pain syndrome in our region: characteristics, treatment, and experience with gabapentin].
de Miguel-Jimeno, JM; Forner-Cordero, I; Matute-Tobias, B; Zabalza-Azparren, M, 2016)		0.97
"Treatment with gabapentin, but not amitriptyline, was associated with a complete attenuation of hind paw mechanical hypersensitivity observed with indinavir treatment."( A rodent model of HIV protease inhibitor indinavir induced peripheral neuropathy.
Bennett, DLH; Calvo, M; Huang, W; Pheby, T; Rice, ASC, 2017)		0.79
"Pre-treatment with gabapentin reduced the degree of neuronal damage induced by NMDA exposure in cultured hippocampal slices."( Protective effect of gabapentin on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced excitotoxicity in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons.
Chang, HK; Kim, CJ; Kim, H; Kim, SE; Kim, YS; Lee, JW; Park, JH; Shin, MS; Sung, YH; Yi, JW, 2009)		0.99
"Post-treatment, gabapentin-treated participants had less probability of drinking during the follow-up post-treatment period (p = 0.2 for 900 mg and p = 0.3 for 1200 mg) compared to the lorazepam-treated participants (p = 0.55)."( A double-blind trial of gabapentin versus lorazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal.
Anton, RF; Becker, HC; Boyle, E; Malcolm, R; Myrick, H; Randall, CL; Randall, PK, 2009)		0.99
"Treatment with gabapentin versus placebo reported better visual analogue scale (VAS) scores after one, two, three and four days; treatment with hydrocortisone plus conventional treatment showed better VAS scores than conventional treatment alone at six, 24 and 48 hours and treatment with theophylline showed a lower mean "sum of pain" when compared with placebo."( Drug therapy for treating post-dural puncture headache.
Basurto Ona, X; Bonfill Cosp, X; Martínez García, L; Solà, I, 2011)		0.71
"Treatment with gabapentin at 800 mg attenuated the anxiety of subjects that had a decrease on the VAMS item calm-excite."( Effects of gabapentin on anxiety induced by simulated public speaking.
Barichello, T; Busnello, JV; de-Paris, F; Izquierdo, I; Kapczinski, F; Quevedo, J; Sant'Anna, MK; Vianna, MR, 2003)		1.05
"Pretreatment with gabapentin prevented the upregulation of GFAP, S100B, and NSE in all brain regions of diabetic rats."( Novel role for gabapentin in neuroprotection of central nervous system in streptozotocine-induced diabetic rats.
Baydas, G; Donder, E; Sonkaya, E; Tuzcu, M; Yasar, A, 2005)		1
"Pretreatment with gabapentin did not significantly alter subjective and performance effects of alcohol and did not alter alcohol craving."( The acute effects of gabapentin in combination with alcohol in heavy drinkers.
Bisaga, A; Evans, SM, 2006)		0.98
"Pretreatment with gabapentin (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly improved ambulatory movements, anti-anxiety effect (decreased time latency to enter in mirror chamber, increased number of entries and duration in mirror chamber) and antioxidative activity in stressed mice (P < 0.05)."( Possible involvement of GABAergic modulation in the protective effect of gabapentin against immobilization stress-induced behavior alterations and oxidative damage in mice.
Goyal, R; Kumar, A, 2007)		0.89
"Pretreatment with gabapentin had no effect on the spread of sensory block or the regression of motor block but was associated with lower systolic arterial blood pressure values in patients undergoing subarachnoid anesthesia with ropivacaine."( Preoperative gabapentin: the effect on ropivacaine subarachnoid block and hemodynamics.
Chatziara, V; Fassoulaki, A; Melemeni, A; Sarantopoulos, C; Zotou, M, 2008)		1.05
"Treatment with gabapentin (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly increased ambulatory movements, exerted anti-anxiety like effect and reduced oxidative damage in mice subjected to acute hypoxic stress."( Gabapentin attenuates acute hypoxic stress-induced behavioral alterations and oxidative damage in mice: possible involvement of GABAergic mechanism.
Goyal, R; Kumar, A, 2008)		2.13
"Treatment with gabapentin was associated with a substantial decrease in pain, which relapsed after tapering the medication. "( Gabapentin for the treatment of dysesthetic pain after reconstructive surgery.
Otley, CC, 1999)		2.1
"Pretreatment with gabapentin dose dependently decreased flinches and weighted pain scores in phase 2, but not phase 1, at each concentration of formalin."( Intrathecally administered gabapentin inhibits formalin-evoked nociception and the expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the rat.
Hammond, DL; Kaneko, M; Mestre, C; Sánchez, EH, 2000)		0.93
"Treatment with gabapentin was initiated, with good results at 6-month follow-up."( Gabapentin treatment in a child with delayed-onset hemichorea/hemiballismus.
Kothare, SV; Kulberg, AG; Pollack, P; Ravin, PD, 2000)		2.09
"Pretreatment with gabapentin (10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) affected neither the expression nor the induction of sensitization to cocaine."( Effect of riluzole and gabapentin on cocaine- and methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice.
Itzhak, Y; Martin, JL, 2000)		0.94

Toxicity

Gabapentin is safe and effective in improving the sleep quality of patients with sensory nervous-system diseases. In patients undergoing abdominal wall reconstruction, postoperative gabapentin administration was not associated with an increase in adverse effects.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" No adverse maternal or fetal effects were observed in mice or rats given doses up to 1500 or 3000 mg/kg, respectively."( Developmental toxicity studies in mice, rats, and rabbits with the anticonvulsant gabapentin.
Anderson, JA; Petrere, JA, 1994)		0.51
" Although adverse events occur in most patients receiving gabapentin as adjunctive therapy, they are transient and mild to moderate in severity."( Clinical efficacy and safety of gabapentin.
Ramsay, RE, 1994)		0.82
" At the time of data cutoff, 30% of patients had withdrawn from the study due to lack of efficacy, and 4% due to adverse events."( The long-term safety and efficacy of gabapentin (Neurontin) as add-on therapy in drug-resistant partial epilepsy. The US Gabapentin Study Group.
, 1994)		0.56
" It is well tolerated, with transient somnolence and dizziness being the most frequent adverse effects."( Gabapentin: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety.
Beydoun, A; Sackellares, JC; Uthman, BM, 1995)		1.73
"Standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are associated with a wide variety of acute and chronic adverse events and with many interactions with each other and with non-AEDs that complicate patient management."( Overview of the safety of newer antiepileptic drugs.
Shorvon, S; Stefan, H, 1997)		0.3
"We suggest that, in patients with mental retardation and epilepsy, involuntary movements may either occur as reversible side effects of gabapentin therapy or result from a previously undescribed adverse drug interaction with other antiepileptic agents."( Choreoathetosis as a side effect of gabapentin therapy in severely neurologically impaired patients.
Chudnow, RS; Dewey, RB; Lawson, CR, 1997)		0.77
" One general rule that may reduce the risks of toxic drug interactions is to add medication to the patient's current regimen in modest doses and increase the dose slowly."( Mood stabilizer combinations: a review of safety and efficacy.
Freeman, MP; Stoll, AL, 1998)		0.3
" Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug not appreciably metabolized by the liver in humans, and it appears to be safe and effective in the maintenance therapy of epilepsy in these patients."( Treatment of seizures in acute intermittent porphyria: safety and efficacy of gabapentin.
Brambilla, A; Erli, LC; Grandi, R; Mirabile, D; Zadra, M, 1998)		1.44
" Two analyses of adverse events are presented: tolerability and safety."( Safety and tolerability of gabapentin as adjunctive therapy in a large, multicenter study.
Bernstein, P; Faught, RE; Holmes, GL; Magnus-Miller, L; McLean, MJ; Morrell, MJ; Privitera, MD; Rose-Legatt, A; Willmore, LJ, 1999)		0.6
" Within these 281 patients, two mutually exclusive groups were compared (a) those reporting adverse events at only < or =1,800 mg/day (low dose); and (b) those reporting adverse events at only >1,800 mg/day (high dose)."( Safety and tolerability of gabapentin as adjunctive therapy in a large, multicenter study.
Bernstein, P; Faught, RE; Holmes, GL; Magnus-Miller, L; McLean, MJ; Morrell, MJ; Privitera, MD; Rose-Legatt, A; Willmore, LJ, 1999)		0.6
"Gabapentin doses >1,800 mg/day were as well tolerated as doses < or =1,800 mg/day and were not associated with more adverse events."( Safety and tolerability of gabapentin as adjunctive therapy in a large, multicenter study.
Bernstein, P; Faught, RE; Holmes, GL; Magnus-Miller, L; McLean, MJ; Morrell, MJ; Privitera, MD; Rose-Legatt, A; Willmore, LJ, 1999)		2.04
"Although gabapentin seems also to be safe in children, the efficacy in refractory partial seizures was disappointing."( Gabapentin in childhood epilepsy: a prospective evaluation of efficacy and safety.
Boenigk, HE; Borusiak, P; Korn-Merker, E, 2000)		2.17
" It has a relatively benign side effect profile, but little data exists on massive overdoses with this agent."( A case of sustained massive gabapentin overdose without serious side effects.
Radtke, RA; St Clair, EW; Verma, A, 1999)		0.6
" However, on rare occasions, they can progress to more severe cutaneous disorders, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis."( Therapeutic safety monitoring: what to look for and when to look for it.
Harden, CL, 2000)		0.31
" Serious adverse events were assessed individually."( Adverse event monitoring in lamotrigine patients: a pharmacoepidemiologic study in the United Kingdom.
Mawer, GE; Sander, JW; Wong, IC, 2001)		0.31
" The adverse events with LTG reported by this study were similar to those reported in the literature."( Adverse event monitoring in lamotrigine patients: a pharmacoepidemiologic study in the United Kingdom.
Mawer, GE; Sander, JW; Wong, IC, 2001)		0.31
" Life-threatening adverse reactions were rare."( Adverse event monitoring in lamotrigine patients: a pharmacoepidemiologic study in the United Kingdom.
Mawer, GE; Sander, JW; Wong, IC, 2001)		0.31
" Weight gain, somnolence, nystagmus, and dizziness were the major adverse events in these patients, whereas ataxia, tremor, and diplopia were found with gabapentin in a dose higher than 1,800 mg/day."( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin as an add-on therapy in refractory partial epileptic patients.
Rungreangyingyod, L; Suthisisang, C; Towanabut, S, 2001)		0.82
" The most frequent adverse events were dizziness (31%), fatigue (29%), somnolence (27%), headache (21%), and ataxia (20%), with no major increase seen in adverse events necessitating discontinuation as the dose of GBP was titrated upward."( AUStralian study of titration to effect profile of safety (AUS-STEPS): high-dose gabapentin (neurontin) in partial seizures.
Beran, R; Berkovic, S; Black, A; Danta, G; Dunne, J; Frasca, J; Grainger, K; Kilpatrick, C; McKenzie, R; McLaughlin, D; Schapel, G; Somerville, E, 2001)		0.54
"We reviewed the reports in the literature on the safety, adverse effects and tolerance of GBP as treatment, used as monotherapy or associated with other drugs, in epilepsies in patients of all age groups, including children, adults and the elderly."( [Safety and tolerability of gabapentin].
Viteri, C, )		0.43
" The commonest adverse effects seen were somnolence, fainting, ataxia, nystagmus, tremor and headache."( [Safety and tolerability of gabapentin].
Viteri, C, )		0.43
" Mild adverse effects were seen in 62 patients (37."( [Effectiveness and safety of gabapentin in the preventive treatment of migraine].
Friera Acebal, G; Jiménez-Hernández, MD; Torrecillas Nárvaez, MD, )		0.42
"Gabapentin can be considered an effective and safe drug in the preventive treatment of migraine."( [Effectiveness and safety of gabapentin in the preventive treatment of migraine].
Friera Acebal, G; Jiménez-Hernández, MD; Torrecillas Nárvaez, MD, )		1.87
" It is assumed that adverse events occurring with gabapentin are dose related, their frequency and severity increasing with increasing doses."( Gabapentin: a pooled analysis of adverse events from three clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia.
Huang, S; Parsons, B; Tive, L, 2004)		2.02
"The aim of this study was to assess the dose dependence of adverse events with gabapentin by determining the relationship between increasing doses of gabapentin and the onset and/or worsening of adverse events in patients with PHN."( Gabapentin: a pooled analysis of adverse events from three clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia.
Huang, S; Parsons, B; Tive, L, 2004)		1.99
" The analysis of adverse events was based on 3 distinct groups: patients who received gabapentin <1800 mg/d, those who received gabapentin >or=1800 mg/d, and those who received placebo."( Gabapentin: a pooled analysis of adverse events from three clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia.
Huang, S; Parsons, B; Tive, L, 2004)		1.99
" The 3 most common adverse events were dizziness, somnolence, and peripheral edema."( Gabapentin: a pooled analysis of adverse events from three clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia.
Huang, S; Parsons, B; Tive, L, 2004)		1.77
" Dizziness and somnolence, the other most commonly occurring adverse events, were transient and did not occur more frequently or worsen with titration to >or=1800 mg/d."( Gabapentin: a pooled analysis of adverse events from three clinical trials in patients with postherpetic neuralgia.
Huang, S; Parsons, B; Tive, L, 2004)		1.77
" The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of AED utilisation and reported adverse events, in a cohort of MS patients."( Antiepileptic medications in multiple sclerosis: adverse effects in a three-year follow-up study.
Battaglia, MA; Brichetto, G; Mancardi, GL; Messmer Uccelli, M; Solaro, C, 2005)		0.33
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32
" There is also a fairly broad consensus that gabapentin is safe and well tolerated, but the side-effect profile of gabapentin has not been adequately assessed in pain populations."( Adverse effects of gabapentin and lack of anti-allodynic efficacy of amitriptyline in the streptozotocin model of painful diabetic neuropathy.
Bourin, C; Chen, P; Hogan, JB; Leet, JE; Lindner, MD; Machet, F; McElroy, JF; Stock, DA, 2006)		0.92
" In this study we evaluated randomized, controlled trials examining the analgesic efficacy, adverse effects, and clinical value of gabapentinoids in postoperative pain."( Do surgical patients benefit from perioperative gabapentin/pregabalin? A systematic review of efficacy and safety.
Hamunen, K; Kalso, E; Kontinen, VK; Tiippana, EM, 2007)		0.8
" Gabapentin reduced opioid-related adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and urinary retention (number-needed-to-treat 25, 6, and 7, respectively)."( Do surgical patients benefit from perioperative gabapentin/pregabalin? A systematic review of efficacy and safety.
Hamunen, K; Kalso, E; Kontinen, VK; Tiippana, EM, 2007)		1.51
"Gabapentinoids effectively reduce postoperative pain, opioid consumption, and opioid-related adverse effects after surgery."( Do surgical patients benefit from perioperative gabapentin/pregabalin? A systematic review of efficacy and safety.
Hamunen, K; Kalso, E; Kontinen, VK; Tiippana, EM, 2007)		2.04
" A global improvement, especially in anxious and depressive symptomatology, was observed; no adverse events were reported."( [Efficacy and safety of gabapentin in Borderline Personality Disorder: a six-month, open-label study].
Peris, L; Ruíz, M; Szerman, N, )		0.44
" The adverse effects of gabapentin seem to vary from person to person and should be viewed with a high degree of suspicion, especially in patients taking this drug at the beginning."( Gabapentin toxicity: an important cause of altered consciousness in patients with uraemia.
Chen, CC; Chong, CF; Hung, TY; Seow, VK; Wang, TL, 2008)		2.1
"Gabapentin was found to be partially effective and safe in symptomatic treatment of CTS patients."( The efficacy and safety of gabapentin in carpal tunnel patients: open label trial.
Erdemoglu, AK, )		1.87
"8%); toxic manifestations were more severe in group III than in group II."( Gabapentin toxicity in patients with chronic kidney disease: a preventable cause of morbidity.
McKian, KP; Qian, Q; Zand, L, 2010)		1.8
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)		0.36
" The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 20%) with single-agent use are fatigue, nausea, and anorexia."( Pemetrexed-induced cellulitis: a rare toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer treatment.
Katsenos, S; Panagou, C; Psara, A, 2013)		0.39
" After the treatment, more than 95% of the initial blue product was removed from the waste solution and the treated waste was proven to be safe for aquatic organisms, as studied in brine shrimp and guppy fishes."( "From safe source to safe sink" development of colorimetric assay for gabapentin in bulk drug and capsules using naturally derived genipin.
Dejpittayanunt, S; Kongpakwattana, K; Nuntharatanapong, N; Pathomcharoensukchai, S; Rojanarata, T; Suksaran, U; Winotapun, W, 2012)		0.61
"Treatment options for postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), a complication of herpes zoster, are commonly unsatisfactory and associated with adverse events."( Once-daily gastroretentive gabapentin for postherpetic neuralgia: integrated efficacy, time to onset of pain relief and safety analyses of data from two phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies.
Irving, GA; Rauck, RL; Sweeney, M; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, MS, 2013)		0.69
" The most frequently reported adverse events were dizziness (G-GR, 11%; placebo, 2%) and somnolence (G-GR, 5%; placebo, 3%)."( Once-daily gastroretentive gabapentin for postherpetic neuralgia: integrated efficacy, time to onset of pain relief and safety analyses of data from two phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies.
Irving, GA; Rauck, RL; Sweeney, M; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, MS, 2013)		0.69
" Safety assessments included the incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs), the occurrence of serious AEs, changes in physical and neurological examination findings, clinical laboratory assessments, and changes in weight."( Long-term safety of gastroretentive gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia patients.
Irving, G; Jensen, MP; Rauck, R; Sweeney, M; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, M, 2013)		0.66
" Weight loss and numbness were common adverse effects in the topiramate group."( Comparison of efficacy and safety of topiramate with gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis: randomized open label control trial.
Ahmed, S; Alam, R; Khan, M; Zafar, I; Zain, S, 2013)		0.64
" A total of 12 subjects in the gabapentin group and 15 subjects in the amitriptyline group experienced adverse events which were of mild to moderate grades."( A comparative study of efficacy and safety of gabapentin versus amitriptyline as coanalgesics in patients receiving opioid analgesics for neuropathic pain in malignancy.
Banerjee, M; Basu, J; Bhattacharya, B; Ghosh, B; Mondal, S; Pal, S, )		0.68
"This paper presents a new analytical method for the simultaneous determination of baclofen and gabapentin in feeds based on two modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) sample preparation methods and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)."( Evaluation of two modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) sample preparation methods for the analysis of baclofen and gabapentin in feeds by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Chen, RX; Hou, XL; Lv, Y; Wu, YL; Xu, XQ; Zhu, Y, 2014)		0.82
"Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is more complicated in elderly patients, and multiple daily dosing, complex titration, and high incidences of adverse events can be limiting for many pharmacological treatment options."( Safety and efficacy of once-daily gastroretentive gabapentin in patients with postherpetic neuralgia aged 75 years and over.
Gupta, A; Li, S, 2013)		0.64
" We chose the number of patients experiencing = 50% reduction in pain and number of patient withdrawals due to adverse events (AE) as primary outcomes for efficacy and safety, respectively."( Comparative efficacy and safety of six antidepressants and anticonvulsants in painful diabetic neuropathy: a network meta-analysis.
Bansal, D; Bhansali, A; Ghai, B; Gudala, K; Hota, D; Rudroju, N; Talakokkula, ST, )		0.13
"Gabapentin was found to be most efficacious and amitriptyline to be least safe among the treatments included in the study."( Comparative efficacy and safety of six antidepressants and anticonvulsants in painful diabetic neuropathy: a network meta-analysis.
Bansal, D; Bhansali, A; Ghai, B; Gudala, K; Hota, D; Rudroju, N; Talakokkula, ST, )		1.57
" Gabapentin misuse is possible, similar to other medications not typically considered drugs of abuse, but it should be considered safe and appropriate for use in patients with all types of SUDs, including patients who take opioid drugs."( Gabapentin for Substance Use Disorders: Is it Safe and Appropriate?
Howland, RH, 2014)		2.76
" However, gabapentin increased the somnolence (RR 2·03; 95% CI 1·39, 2·98; I(2)  = 2%), dizziness (RR 2·68; 95% CI 1·95, 3·69; I(2)  = 15%), peripheral oedema (RR 9·10; 95% CI 3·23, 25·60; I(2)  = 2%), total adverse effects (RR 1·28; 95% CI 1·16, 1·42; I(2)  = 0%) and withdrawal due to adverse events (RR 1·51; 95% CI 1·06, 2·16; I(2)  = 6%), but these adverse effects were often mild to moderate."( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin 1800 mg treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Cao, H; Fan, H; Hu, X; Li, J; Shao, Y; Wang, J; Yu, W; Zhang, Q, 2014)		1.12
" Gabapentin 1800 mg appeared safe in treating PHN for up to 24 weeks."( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin 1800 mg treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Cao, H; Fan, H; Hu, X; Li, J; Shao, Y; Wang, J; Yu, W; Zhang, Q, 2014)		1.62
" Discontinuation because of adverse events was significantly greater in the duloxetine (19."( Comparative safety and tolerability of duloxetine vs. pregabalin vs. duloxetine plus gabapentin in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain.
Irving, G; Malcolm, S; Raskin, J; Risser, RC; Tanenberg, RJ, 2014)		0.63
"Duloxetine, pregabalin and duloxetine plus gabapentin were generally safe and tolerable for the treatment of DPNP."( Comparative safety and tolerability of duloxetine vs. pregabalin vs. duloxetine plus gabapentin in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain.
Irving, G; Malcolm, S; Raskin, J; Risser, RC; Tanenberg, RJ, 2014)		0.89
" The aim of this review was to provide an update of current knowledge of adverse events (AE) associated with the most common perioperative non-opioid analgesics: paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids (GCCs), gabapentinoids and their combinations."( Adverse effects of perioperative paracetamol, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, gabapentinoids and their combinations: a topical review.
Dahl, JB; Hamunen, K; Hansen, MS; Kjer, JJ; Kontinen, VK; Mathiesen, O; Nikolajsen, L; Pommergaard, HC; Rosenberg, J; Wetterslev, J, 2014)		0.82
" If future pregnancy registry data confirm this positive safety profile, gabapentin therapy would likely be a safe and effective treatment for RLS during pregnancy."( Potential maternal symptomatic benefit of gabapentin and review of its safety in pregnancy.
Guttuso, T; Shaman, M; Thornburg, LL, 2014)		0.9
" Delayed corneal reepithelialization was a common side effect of both topical anesthetics and topical NSAIDs."( Efficacy and safety of pain relief medications after photorefractive keratectomy: review of prospective randomized trials.
Faktorovich, EG; Melwani, K, 2014)		0.4
" However, narcotics can have significant adverse effects."( Safety and tolerability of gabapentin for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) headache and meningismus.
Dhakal, LP; Freeman, WD; Hodge, DO; Mayes, M; Nagal, J; Nagel, J; Ng, LK; Richie, A, 2015)		0.71
"GBP appears to be relatively safe and tolerable in SAH patients with headache and may be a useful narcotic-sparing agent to prevent narcotics-associated complications, such as gastrointestinal immobility, ileus, and constipation."( Safety and tolerability of gabapentin for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) headache and meningismus.
Dhakal, LP; Freeman, WD; Hodge, DO; Mayes, M; Nagal, J; Nagel, J; Ng, LK; Richie, A, 2015)		0.71
"To characterize risk factors for occurrence of adverse events (AEs) and treatment discontinuations due to AEs for improving safety and tolerability of treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)."( Relationships Among Adverse Events, Disease Characteristics, and Demographics in Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia With Gastroretentive Gabapentin.
Bucior, I; Nalamachu, S; Shaparin, N; Slattum, PW, 2015)		0.62
" Considering that GAB was found in raw drinking water, the formation of toxic PTPs during drinking water treatment with UV light might be possible."( Identification of phototransformation products of the antiepileptic drug gabapentin: Biodegradability and initial assessment of toxicity.
Herrmann, M; Kümmerer, K; Menz, J; Olsson, O, 2015)		0.65
" Adverse event were monitored and summarized."( Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin in Comparison to Solifenacin Succinate in Adult Overactive Bladder Treatment.
Balingit, JC; Chua, ME; Esmeňa, EB; Morales, ML; See, MC, 2018)		0.79
" Summary effect for migraine headache days, headache frequency, at least 50% reduction in headache attacks, all-adverse events, nausea, somnolence, dizziness, withdrawal and withdrawal due to adverse events were produced by synthesizing both direct and indirect evidence."( Unveiling the relative efficacy, safety and tolerability of prophylactic medications for migraine: pairwise and network-meta analysis.
He, A; Li, C; Song, D; Zhang, L, 2017)		0.46
" Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, resource utilization data and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) as described in the leaflet were extracted."( Characteristics, resource utilization and safety profile of patients prescribed with neuropathic pain treatments: a real-world evidence study on general practices in Europe - the role of the lidocaine 5% medicated plaster.
Katz, P; Liedgens, H; Pegoraro, V, 2017)		0.46
"This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to compare the use of gabapentin with placebo in open hysterectomy regarding (1) the mean difference (MD) of postoperative opioid requirements; (2) the changes of visual analogue scale (VAS) scores in two groups; and (3) incidence rate of adverse effects."( Is gabapentin effective and safe in open hysterectomy? A PRISMA compliant meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Han, C; Li, XD; Yu, WL, 2017)		1.3
" They necessitate prolonged use and are associated with adverse effects and increased cost."( Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
AlAmri, R; Bhandari, M; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Kamath, S; Rajarathinam, M; Shanthanna, H; Thabane, L, 2017)		0.77
"Existing evidence on the use of gabapentinoids in CLBP is limited and demonstrates significant risk of adverse effects without any demonstrated benefit."( Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
AlAmri, R; Bhandari, M; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Kamath, S; Rajarathinam, M; Shanthanna, H; Thabane, L, 2017)		1.05
" It still remains unclear how much these drugs are safe during pregnancy."( The neurotoxic effects of prenatal gabapentin and oxcarbazepine exposure on newborn rats.
Ayas, B; Ercument Beyhun, N; Erisgin, Z; Nyengaard, JR; Terzi, Y, 2019)		0.79
"3%) patients reported adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of oxycodone/naloxone as add-on therapy to gabapentin or pregabalin for the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in Korea.
Jin, JY; Kang, JH; Kim, BS; Ko, YH; Kwon, JH; Park, HJ; Park, SY; Woo, IS, 2018)		0.72
" Nine adverse drug reactions, mostly mild, nonserious, and nonpreventable, were reported."( An Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Commonly Prescribed Drugs and Effect of These Drugs on Quality of Sleep in Patients Suffering From Zoster-Associated Pain.
Desai, CK; Desai, MK; Kapadia, JD; Nayak, MK; Shah, BJ, 2018)		0.48
"0001], but were more likely to experience incidence of adverse events, such as somnolence, dizziness, and peripheral edema."( A Meta-Analysis of Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin in the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia from Randomized Controlled Trials.
Dai, ZG; Gao, CX; Li, L; Ma, KT; Si, JQ; Wang, S; Zhang, M, 2018)		0.73
"Myalgia and arthralgia immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) present a clinical challenge."( Myalgia and Arthralgia Immune-related Adverse Events (irAEs) in Patients With Genitourinary Malignancies Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.
Allman, KD; Calabrese, C; Calabrese, LH; Garcia, JA; Grivas, P; Kirchner, E; Kontzias, A; Martin, A; Ornstein, MC; Profusek, P; Rini, BI; Wood, LS, 2019)		0.51
"We examined systematic adverse events (AEs) in Part 1 (of 2) of a study describing the assessment and reporting of AEs in clinical trials."( Harms are assessed inconsistently and reported inadequately part 1: systematic adverse events.
Canner, JK; Dickersin, K; Fusco, N; Hong, H; Li, T; Mayo-Wilson, E, 2019)		0.51
"We examined nonsystematic adverse events (AEs) in Part 2 (of 2) of a study describing the assessment and reporting AEs in clinical trials."( Harms are assessed inconsistently and reported inadequately Part 2: nonsystematic adverse events.
Canner, JK; Dickersin, K; Fusco, N; Hong, H; Li, T; Mayo-Wilson, E, 2019)		0.51
" Pharmacovigilance data from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) provides a useful examination of adverse drug event (ADE) reporting for safety signal detection."( Reports of gabapentin and pregabalin abuse, misuse, dependence, or overdose: An analysis of the Food And Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS).
Covvey, JR; Evoy, KE; Hultgren, KE; Ochs, L; Peckham, AM, 2019)		0.9
" Different methods for reporting adverse events across trials or across sources for a single trial may produce inconsistent information about the adverse events associated with interventions."( Opportunities for selective reporting of harms in randomized clinical trials: Selection criteria for non-systematic adverse events.
Canner, JK; Dickersin, K; Fusco, N; Hong, H; Li, T; Mayo-Wilson, E, 2019)		0.51
"Using FDA Adverse Events Reporting System reports from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2015, we calculated pharmacovigilance signal measures (i."( Gabapentin drug misuse signals: A pharmacovigilance assessment using the FDA adverse event reporting system.
Charnigo, RJ; Havens, JR; Lofwall, MR; Sun, J; Vickers-Smith, R; Walsh, SL, 2020)		2
" Recent evidence suggests safety concerns associated with gabapentin including adverse neurologic effects."( Safety of Gabapentin Prescribed for Any Indication in a Large Clinical Cohort of 571,718 US Veterans with and without Alcohol Use Disorder.
Bryant, KJ; Fiellin, DA; Justice, AC; Morford, KL; Rentsch, CT; Tate, JP, 2020)		1.2
" We used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rates and relative risk (RR) of these adverse events in association with gabapentin exposure overall and stratified by age, race/ethnicity, sex, HCV, HIV, AUD, and dose."( Safety of Gabapentin Prescribed for Any Indication in a Large Clinical Cohort of 571,718 US Veterans with and without Alcohol Use Disorder.
Bryant, KJ; Fiellin, DA; Justice, AC; Morford, KL; Rentsch, CT; Tate, JP, 2020)		1.17
" Through molecular screening targeting the C terminal region of Aβ, a region involved in the toxic properties of the peptide, we detected an FDA approved compound, gabapentin (GBP), with neuroprotective effects against Aβ toxicity."( Gabapentin Inhibits Multiple Steps in the Amyloid Beta Toxicity Cascade.
Aguayo, LG; Bascuñán, D; Bobadilla-Azócar, C; Boopathi, S; Burgos, CF; Fernández-Pérez, A; Fernández-Pérez, EJ; Figueroa, M; González, W; González-Sanmiguel, J; Riffo-Lepe, N; Vicente, B, 2020)		2.2
" No serious adverse event occurred during the trial and the most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events involved nervous system, QT prolongation, and gastrointestinal disorders."( Efficacy and Safety of Low Doses of Trazodone in Patients Affected by Painful Diabetic Neuropathy and Treated with Gabapentin: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.
Calisti, F; Cattaneo, A; Comandini, A; Cruccu, G; Del Vecchio, A; Di Loreto, G; Ehler, E; Lipone, P; Nastaj, M; Palka-Kisielowska, I; Pochiero, I; Truini, A, 2020)		0.77
" As this patient population can be more challenging because of comorbidities, the presence of polypharmacy, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic changes, it is important to evaluate the risk of any relevant adverse effects for opioids and adjuncts that can lead to higher risk of opioid toxicities."( Safety and Efficacy Considerations of Gabapentin as Adjunctive Therapy to Opioids in the Perioperative Setting for Older Adults.
Garcia, E; Reinert, JP; Veronin, M, 2020)		0.83
"Cardiotoxicity is one of the most commonly encountered adverse effects observed alongside the therapeutic use of doxorubicin (DOX), thus curbing its therapeutic utility."( Cardio-protective impact of gabapentin against doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in rats; emphasis on modulation of inflammatory-apoptotic signaling.
Amin, MN; Said, E; Samra, YA, 2021)		0.92
"To evaluate the association between perioperative coadministration of gabapentinoids and opioids with inpatient opioid-related adverse events in surgical patients."( Association of Gabapentinoids With the Risk of Opioid-Related Adverse Events in Surgical Patients in the United States.
Bateman, BT; Bykov, K; Franklin, JM; Patorno, E; Vine, SM, 2020)		1.14
" Secondary outcomes included respiratory complications, unspecified adverse effects of opioid use, and a composite of these 3 outcomes."( Association of Gabapentinoids With the Risk of Opioid-Related Adverse Events in Surgical Patients in the United States.
Bateman, BT; Bykov, K; Franklin, JM; Patorno, E; Vine, SM, 2020)		0.91
"In this real-world cohort study of patients who underwent major surgery, concomitant use of gabapentinoids with opioids was associated with increased risk of opioid overdose and other opioid-related adverse events; however, the absolute risk of adverse events was low."( Association of Gabapentinoids With the Risk of Opioid-Related Adverse Events in Surgical Patients in the United States.
Bateman, BT; Bykov, K; Franklin, JM; Patorno, E; Vine, SM, 2020)		1.13
" Secondary outcomes include pain, total opioid use, adverse health events, health related quality of life and costs."( Effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and safety of gabapentin versus placebo as an adjunct to multimodal pain regimens in surgical patients: protocol of a placebo controlled randomised controlled trial with blinding (GAP study).
Abbadi, R; Alzetani, A; Baos, S; Casali, G; Chauhan, N; Collett, L; Culliford, L; de Jesus, SE; Edwards, M; Gibbison, B; Goddard, N; Lamb, J; McKeon, H; Molyneux, M; Pufulete, M; Rogers, CA; Stokes, EA; Wordsworth, S, 2020)		0.81
"This SR aims to assess the effectiveness of pregabalin and gabapentin on pain and disability caused by acute sciatica and the adverse events associated with their clinical use."( A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and adverse events of gabapentin and pregabalin for sciatica pain.
Carbonell-Sanchís, R; Díaz-Cambronero, JI; Giménez-Campos, MS; López-Briz, E; Pimenta-Fermisson-Ramos, P; Ruíz-García, V, 2022)		1.19
"The outcomes were pain, disability and adverse events."( A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and adverse events of gabapentin and pregabalin for sciatica pain.
Carbonell-Sanchís, R; Díaz-Cambronero, JI; Giménez-Campos, MS; López-Briz, E; Pimenta-Fermisson-Ramos, P; Ruíz-García, V, 2022)		0.95
" To inform their safe prescribing in older adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD), we examined the 30-day risk of serious adverse events according to the prescribed starting dose."( Higher-Dose Gabapentinoids and the Risk of Adverse Events in Older Adults With CKD: A Population-Based Cohort Study.
Ahmadi, F; Blake, PG; Cowan, A; Fleet, JL; Garg, AX; Muanda, FT; Sontrop, JM; Weir, MA, 2022)		1.1
" However, the role of gabapentin has been questioned because of concerns of adverse effects, particularly in the elderly."( Analysis of Adverse Effects of Multimodal Gabapentin in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction.
Brower, KI; Janis, JE; Joshi, GP; Sarac, BA; Schoenbrunner, AR, 2022)		1.3
" Furthermore, even among those aged 65 years or older, postoperative gabapentin use was not significantly associated with these adverse events."( Analysis of Adverse Effects of Multimodal Gabapentin in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction.
Brower, KI; Janis, JE; Joshi, GP; Sarac, BA; Schoenbrunner, AR, 2022)		1.22
"In patients undergoing abdominal wall reconstruction, postoperative gabapentin administration was not associated with an increase in adverse effects."( Analysis of Adverse Effects of Multimodal Gabapentin in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction.
Brower, KI; Janis, JE; Joshi, GP; Sarac, BA; Schoenbrunner, AR, 2022)		1.22
" The results showed that, at the end of the study, duloxetine was significantly superior to gabapentin in terms of the incidence of adverse reactions (RR = 0."( Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Duloxetine and Gabapentin in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Meta-Analysis.
Cui, J; Jiang, L; Xiong, Y, 2022)		1.19
"There have been several reports that switching formulations of antiseizure medications (ASMs) has been associated with a deterioration of seizure control, seizure relapse or increased adverse effects."( Analyzing excipient-related adverse events in antiseizure drug formulations.
Ionova, Y; Peterson, T; Wilson, L, 2022)		0.72
" This study evaluated GP prescribing patterns and whether excessive dosing was associated with increased incidence of gabapentinoid-related adverse events (GRAEs)."( Gabapentinoid dosing and adverse events in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Cave, B; Hudson, JQ; Washington, K; Wells, DA; Zhu, R, 2022)		2.37
"Appropriate dosing of GPs is particularly important to minimize the risk of adverse events in patients of older age, with a history of seizures, or concomitant antipsychotic use."( Gabapentinoid dosing and adverse events in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Cave, B; Hudson, JQ; Washington, K; Wells, DA; Zhu, R, 2022)		2.16
"All nine drugs can relieve the pain of CPSP patients to different degrees; among them pregabalin and gabapentin have the most significant effect, and gabapentin and pregabalin also have the most adverse reactions."( Efficacy and safety of different antidepressants and anticonvulsants in central poststroke pain: A network meta-analysis and systematic review.
Chen, KY; Li, RY, 2022)		0.94
" However, there is limited data regarding the opioid-sparing effect and adverse effect profiles of gabapentin in the bariatric surgical population."( Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin on Postoperative Pain Management After Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Bayaua, NE; Bramble, RS; Harmer, CM; Mijares, M; Tubog, TD, 2023)		1.44
" The majority of adverse events pertained to the nervous system (7 effects) or psychiatric (3 effects) disorders."( The safety and efficacy of gabapentinoids in the management of neuropathic pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Eldabe, S; Meaadi, J; Nazar, H; Obara, I, 2023)		1.21
"Despite RCTs documenting the adverse events of gabapentionoids on the nervous system, there was no evidence of gabapentinoid use leading to addiction, suggesting an urgent need to design studies investigating their abusive potential."( The safety and efficacy of gabapentinoids in the management of neuropathic pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Eldabe, S; Meaadi, J; Nazar, H; Obara, I, 2023)		1.42
" The outcome measures included scores: (1) for the improvement in the degree of sleep interference score; (2) for the improvement in sleep quality; (3) for the rate of poor sleep quality; (4) for the rate awakenings of >5 per night; and (5) for the incidence of adverse reactions."( Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin in Improving Sleep Quality of Patients with Sensory Nervous System Diseases: A Meta-Analysis.
Jiang, W; Li, W; Ma, M; Shen, Y, 2023)		1.22
" No statistically significant differences existed in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups."( Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin in Improving Sleep Quality of Patients with Sensory Nervous System Diseases: A Meta-Analysis.
Jiang, W; Li, W; Ma, M; Shen, Y, 2023)		1.22
"Gabapentin is safe and effective in improving the sleep quality of patients with sensory nervous-system diseases."( Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin in Improving Sleep Quality of Patients with Sensory Nervous System Diseases: A Meta-Analysis.
Jiang, W; Li, W; Ma, M; Shen, Y, 2023)		2.66

Pharmacokinetics

A sensitive validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method (LC-MS/MS) for gabapentin (GB) in human plasma has been developed and applied to pharmacokinetic (PK) and bioequivalence (BE) studies in human. This study examined the single-dose Pharmacokinetic profiles of Li in 13 patients receiving placebo and then steady-state gabAPentin (mean daily dose: 3,646.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"This paper describes the pharmacokinetic studies of 1-(aminomethyl)-cyclohexane acetic acid (gabapentin, Gö 3450, CI-945) conducted with the 14C-labelled substance following intravenous and intragastric administration to rats and dogs and oral administration to humans."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of gabapentin in rat, dog and man.
Kölle, EU; Vollmer, KO; von Hodenberg, A, 1986)		0.77
"With the introduction of three new anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in the UK during the past 4 years as adjunctive add-on therapy, the possibility of AED pharmacokinetic interactions has become a relevant consideration."( Phenobarbitone to gabapentin: a guide to 82 years of anti-epileptic drug pharmacokinetic interactions.
Patsalos, PN, 1994)		0.62
" The elimination half-life is approximately 5 to 9 hours."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin.
McLean, MJ, 1994)		0.58
" Apparent oral plasma clearance (CL/F) and renal clearance (CLR) of gabapentin decreased and maximum plasma concentration, time to reach maximum concentration, and half-life values increased as renal function diminished."( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in subjects with various degrees of renal function.
Blum, RA; Bockbrader, H; Busch, JA; Comstock, TJ; Keller, E; Reece, PA; Reetze, P; Schultz, RW; Sica, DA; Tuerck, D, 1994)		0.85
" Three of the new drugs, gabapentin, topiramate and vigabatrin, are more promising on the basis of their pharmacokinetic features."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of the newer antiepileptic drugs.
Bialer, M, 1993)		0.59
"Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in broad use today have a number of pharmacokinetic liabilities, including a propensity for clinically meaningful drug interactions."( Pharmacokinetic profile of topiramate in comparison with other new antiepileptic drugs.
Perucca, E, 1996)		0.29
"Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) with an attractive pharmacokinetic profile."( Gabapentin: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety.
Beydoun, A; Sackellares, JC; Uthman, BM, 1995)		3.18
" The BBB influx (CL1) and efflux (CL2) permeabilities of GBP were estimated with a hybrid pharmacokinetic model assuming that transport between intra- and extracellular space was more rapid than transport across the BBB."( The simultaneous estimation of the influx and efflux blood-brain barrier permeabilities of gabapentin using a microdialysis-pharmacokinetic approach.
Wang, Y; Welty, DF, 1996)		0.51
" All the drugs can be conveniently given as a twice daily dosage apart from gabapentin, which has a short half-life and a midday dose is needed."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of newer antiepileptic drugs. Lamotrigine, vigabatrin, gabapentin and oxcarbazepine.
Binnie, CD; Elwes, RD, 1996)		0.75
" Calculated pharmacokinetic parameters included Cmax' Tmax' AUC and T1/2."( Effect of a high-protein meal on gabapentin pharmacokinetics.
Budde, J; Gidal, BE; Jones, JC; Lensmeyer, GL; Maly, MM; Pitterle, ME, 1996)		0.58
"This article surveys the pharmacokinetic parameters for the new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs): felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, tiagabine, topiramate, and vigabatrin."( Pharmacokinetics of new antiepileptic drugs.
Gram, L, 1996)		0.51
"Standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have a number of pharmacokinetic shortcomings, and AEDs with more favorable profiles would be preferred."( Pharmacokinetics and interaction profile of topiramate: review and comparison with other newer antiepileptic drugs.
Johannessen, SI, 1997)		0.3
" This study examined the single-dose pharmacokinetic profiles of Li in 13 patients receiving placebo and then steady-state gabapentin (mean daily dose: 3,646."( Gabapentin does not alter single-dose lithium pharmacokinetics.
Corá-Locatelli, G; Dunn, RT; Frye, MA; Grothe, D; Ketter, TA; Kimbrell, TA; Piscitelli, S; Post, RM; Vanderham, E, 1998)		1.95
" GBP concentrations in plasma and urine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods."( Effects of age and gender on single-dose pharmacokinetics of gabapentin.
Abel, RB; Bockbrader, HN; Boyd, RA; Sedman, AJ; Türck, D, 1999)		0.54
" No change in maximal GBP plasma concentration (Cmax), time at which Cmax occurred (tmax), or apparent volume of distribution (V/F) with age was noted."( Effects of age and gender on single-dose pharmacokinetics of gabapentin.
Abel, RB; Bockbrader, HN; Boyd, RA; Sedman, AJ; Türck, D, 1999)		0.54
" For all drugs that are metabolized, half-life is shortened and clearance is increased when patients receive concomitant enzyme-inducing agents such as barbiturates, phenytoin, and carbamazepine."( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the new antiepileptic drugs.
Perucca, E, 1999)		0.3
" Orally administered GBP did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of parenteral PT."( Effect of vigabatrin and gabapentin on phenytoin pharmacokinetics in the dog.
Al-Hassan, MI; Bawazir, SA; Matar, KM; Nicholls, PJ; Tekle, A, 2000)		0.61
" Plots of pharmacokinetic parameters versus age suggested significant differences between younger (1 month to < 5 years) and older (> or =5 to 12 years) subjects."( Single-dose gabapentin pharmacokinetics and safety in healthy infants and children.
Bockbrader, HN; Boellner, SW; Brown, RR; Haig, GM; Ouellet, D; Posvar, EL; Randinitis, EJ; Wesche, DL, 2001)		0.69
" Orally administered GBP did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of parental PT."( Effect of vigabatrin and gabapentin on phynytoin pharmacokinetics in the dog.
al-Hassan, MI; Bawazir, SA; Matar, KM; Nicholls, PJ; Tekle, A, )		0.43
" In the meantime, a review of the established pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities of these agents is the first step in defining their optimal uses and limitations in the psychiatric setting."( Pharmacokinetics of new anticonvulsants in psychiatry.
Morris, HH, 1998)		0.3
"The pharmacokinetic properties of a drug are the primary deter-minant of the extent and duration of drug action, and influence susceptibility to clinically important drug interactions."( The ideal pharmacokinetic properties of an antiepileptic drug: how close does levetiracetam come?
Johannessen, SI; Perucca, E, 2003)		0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for gabapentin were determined by non-compartment methods using multivariate regression analysis."( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in paediatric patients with uncontrolled seizures.
Lo, W; Nahata, MC; Tallian, KB; Tsao, CY, 2004)		0.93
"Data from nine patients were suitable for pharmacokinetic analysis."( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in paediatric patients with uncontrolled seizures.
Lo, W; Nahata, MC; Tallian, KB; Tsao, CY, 2004)		0.65
"Human pharmacokinetic parameters are often predicted prior to clinical study from in vivo preclinical pharmacokinetic data."( Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
Jolivette, LJ; Ward, KW, 2005)		0.33
" The pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC(0."( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two gabapentin preparations after a single oral dose in healthy Korean volunteers.
Cho, HY; Kang, HA; Lee, YB, 2006)		0.58
" No statistically significant difference was found for tmax and t1/2 values."( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two gabapentin preparations after a single oral dose in healthy Korean volunteers.
Cho, HY; Kang, HA; Lee, YB, 2006)		0.58
" For drugs that are eliminated renally completely unchanged (gabapentin, pregabalin and vigabatrin) or mainly unchanged (levetiracetam and topiramate), the pharmacokinetic variability is less pronounced and more predictable."( Pharmacokinetic variability of newer antiepileptic drugs: when is monitoring needed?
Johannessen, SI; Tomson, T, 2006)		0.58
" The pharmacokinetic profile of GBP was examined."( The effect of MDR1 G2677T/A polymorphism on pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in healthy Korean subjects.
Cho, HY; Kang, HA; Lee, YB, 2007)		0.58
"A sensitive validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method (LC-MS/MS) for gabapentin (GB) in human plasma has been developed and applied to pharmacokinetic (PK) and bioequivalence (BE) studies in human."( Validated LC-MS/MS method for quantification of gabapentin in human plasma: application to pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies in Korean volunteers.
Jhee, OH; Kang, JS; Kim, KH; Kim, YS; Lee, JH; Lee, JS; Lee, MH; Park, JH; Park, SH; Shaw, LM, 2007)		0.82
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)		0.35
" A single dose (600 mg) of each formulation was orally administered to four beagle dogs under fasted conditions, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."( In Vitro/in vivo relationship of gabapentin from a sustained-release tablet formulation: a pharmacokinetic study in the beagle dog.
Han, SB; Jeon, JW; Lee, DS; Lee, TW; Nam, TY; Oh, TO; Park, CW; Park, ES; Park, S; Rhee, YS, 2008)		0.63
" In contrast, levetiracetam was without affect on tiagabine or vigabatrin concentrations and co-administration with gabapentin, tiagabine or vigabatrin had no effect on levetiracetam brain concentrations, indicating the pharmacodynamic nature of interaction between these antiepileptic drugs in the mouse pentylenetetrazole model."( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction profiles of levetiracetam in combination with gabapentin, tiagabine and vigabatrin in the mouse pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model: an isobolographic analysis.
Andres-Mach, MM; Czuczwar, SJ; Dudra-Jastrzebska, M; Luszczki, JJ; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N; Sielski, M, 2009)		0.78
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined with computer software."( Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in greyhound dogs.
Cohen, RL; Kukanich, B, 2011)		0.67
" Data from all subjects were used for pharmacokinetic and safety analyses unless stated otherwise."( The effect of food with varying fat content on the clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after oral administration of gabapentin enacarbil.
Cundy, KC; Huff, FJ; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J; Zou, J, 2010)		0.59
" The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin delivered from this extended-release formulation allows a reduced dosing frequency while maintaining bioavailability and possibly diminishing the occurrence of adverse events attributable to a slower increase to the peak concentration compared with the immediate-release dosage form."( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in a novel gastric-retentive extended-release formulation: comparison with an immediate-release formulation and effect of dose escalation and food.
Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Hou, E, 2011)		1
" After IV administration, the mean +/- SEM apparent volume of the central compartment, apparent volume of distribution at steady state, and clearance and the harmonic mean +/- jackknife pseudo-SD for terminal half-life were 90."( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in cats.
Ilkiw, JE; Pypendop, BH; Siao, KT, 2010)		0.68
"Pregabalin and gabapentin share a similar mechanism of action, inhibiting calcium influx and subsequent release of excitatory neurotransmitters; however, the compounds differ in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics."( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pregabalin and gabapentin.
Bockbrader, HN; Burger, P; Chapel, S; Janiczek, N; Miller, R; Wesche, D, 2010)		0.94
"Gabapentin is being used in horses although its pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, pharmacodynamic (PD) effects and safety in the equine are not fully investigated."( Pharmacokinetic profile and behavioral effects of gabapentin in the horse.
Driessen, B; Liu, Y; McDonnell, SM; Moate, PJ; Soma, LR; Terry, RL; Uboh, CE; Van Eps, AW, 2010)		2.06
" Plasma drug concentrations were determined over 48h post-administration by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry followed by non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."( Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin alone or co-administered with meloxicam in ruminant beef calves.
Coetzee, JF; Cull, CA; Kelly, LL; Kohake, LE; KuKanich, B; Mosher, RA; Mueting, SL, 2011)		0.67
" The method was proved to be selective, sensitive, rapid and suitable for pharmacokinetic study of gabapentin in human plasma."( [LC-MS/MS method for quantification and pharmacokinetic study of gabapentin in human plasma].
He, JF; Li, FM; Qin, F; Xiong, ZL; Yu, J, 2011)		0.82
" Plasma and milk drug concentrations were determined over 7 days postadministration by HPLC/MS followed by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses."( Pharmacokinetics and milk secretion of gabapentin and meloxicam co-administered orally in Holstein-Friesian cows.
Coetzee, JF; Gehring, R; Kukanich, B; Malreddy, PR, 2013)		0.66
" Therefore, pharmacokinetic of gabapentin is essential for patients who have to receive gabapentin 600 mg."( Pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg tablet in Thai healthy subjects.
Chompootaweep, S; Khemsri, W; Prompila, N; Punyasang, W; Sayankuldilok, N; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2012)		0.99
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg in Thai healthy subjects."( Pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg tablet in Thai healthy subjects.
Chompootaweep, S; Khemsri, W; Prompila, N; Punyasang, W; Sayankuldilok, N; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2012)		0.98
" The relevant pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."( Pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg tablet in Thai healthy subjects.
Chompootaweep, S; Khemsri, W; Prompila, N; Punyasang, W; Sayankuldilok, N; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2012)		0.71
"The data show the pharmacokinetic parameters of gabapentin 600 mg."( Pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg tablet in Thai healthy subjects.
Chompootaweep, S; Khemsri, W; Prompila, N; Punyasang, W; Sayankuldilok, N; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2012)		0.96
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was conducted over a 24-hour period at the end of each study period."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms.
Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)		0.66
"The pharmacokinetic profile of gabapentin-ER may allow for once- or twice-daily dosing while maintaining bioavailability and thus efficacy."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms.
Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)		0.95
" Two different gabapentin to pregabalin transition designs were simulated based on their respective population pharmacokinetic profiles."( Gabapentin to pregabalin therapy transition: a pharmacokinetic simulation.
Bockbrader, HN; Budhwani, MN; Wesche, DL, 2013)		2.19
"This review aims to analyze pharmacokinetic profile, plasma level variations so as the metabolism, interactions and possible relation to clinical effect of several drugs which are used primarily as anxiolytics."( Understanding the pharmacokinetics of anxiolytic drugs.
Altamura, AC; Bareggi, S; Maffini, M; Mauri, MC; Moliterno, D; Paletta, S, 2013)		0.39
"There is a need for a more balanced assessment of the benefits and risks associated with benzodiazepine use, particularly considering pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs to ensure that patients, who would truly benefit from these agents, are not denied appropriate treatment."( Understanding the pharmacokinetics of anxiolytic drugs.
Altamura, AC; Bareggi, S; Maffini, M; Mauri, MC; Moliterno, D; Paletta, S, 2013)		0.39
" The differences in the dosing frequency and tolerability between G-IR and GR are mainly because of the difference in formulations and thus pharmacokinetic properties."( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of a once-daily gastroretentive dosage form of gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia.
Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Han, CH; Sweeney, M, 2013)		0.61
" Using plasma gabapentin concentration data obtained after administration of GEn in 12 phase 1 to 3 GEn studies in healthy adults or patients with RLS (dose range, 300-2400 mg/d), a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed by nonlinear mixed-effect modeling using NONMEM."( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gabapentin after administration of gabapentin enacarbil.
Cundy, KC; Lal, R; Lassauzet, ML; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J; Tovera, J, 2013)		1
" In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetic parameters and effect of preemptive analgesics administered to calves subjected to dehorning with local anesthesia."( The pharmacokinetics and effects of meloxicam, gabapentin, and flunixin in postweaning dairy calves following dehorning with local anesthesia.
Allen, KA; Bergamasco, LL; Coetzee, JF; Dockweiler, JC; Edwards-Callaway, LN; Fraccaro, E; Glynn, HD; Jones, M; KuKanich, B; Lubbers, B, 2013)		0.65
"These data suggest that diet-drug pharmacokinetic interactions may occur during co-exposure to gabapentin and mushroom constituents."( Effect of mushroom diet on pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in healthy Chinese subjects.
Goh, BC; Lee, EJ; Limenta, LM; Murray, M; Toh, DS; Wang, LZ; Yee, JY, 2014)		0.88
"5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, and 24 hours after dosing, to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters of the single dose administration, ie, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to 24 hours (AUCt), AUC from time zero to infinity (AUC(inf)), the peak plasma concentration of the drug (Cmax), time needed to achieve Cmax (tmax), and the elimination half-life (t1/2)."( Single dose pharmacokinetic equivalence study of two gabapentin preparations in healthy subjects.
Amalia, F; Putri, RS; Setiawati, E; Susanto, LW; Tjandrawinata, RR; Yunaidi, DA, 2014)		0.65
" The differences in tmax and t1/2 values between the test and reference drug products for gabapentin were not statistically significant."( Single dose pharmacokinetic equivalence study of two gabapentin preparations in healthy subjects.
Amalia, F; Putri, RS; Setiawati, E; Susanto, LW; Tjandrawinata, RR; Yunaidi, DA, 2014)		0.87
" Pharmacodynamic measures were limited to subject assessment of somnolence, dizziness, and nausea conducted by using a visual analog scale (VAS)."( Gabapentin enacarbil and morphine administered in combination versus alone: a double-blind, randomized, pharmacokinetic, and tolerability comparison.
Arumugham, T; Chen, C; Davy, M; Stier, B; Upward, J, 2015)		1.86
"No significant pharmacokinetic interaction between the 2 drugs was seen in this study."( Gabapentin enacarbil and morphine administered in combination versus alone: a double-blind, randomized, pharmacokinetic, and tolerability comparison.
Arumugham, T; Chen, C; Davy, M; Stier, B; Upward, J, 2015)		1.86
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from plasma concentration-time data using standard non-compartmental methods."( Pharmacokinetic effects of simultaneous administration of single-dose gabapentin 500 mg and zolpidem tartrate 10 mg in healthy volunteers: a randomized, open-label, crossover trial.
Furey, SA; Galitz, LA; Jayawardena, S, 2015)		0.65
" Plasma gabapentin concentrations were estimated by noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."( PHARMACOKINETIC PROPERTIES OF A SINGLE ADMINISTRATION OF ORAL GABAPENTIN IN THE GREAT HORNED OWL (BUBO VIRGINIANUS).
Coetzee, JF; Gall, A; Olds, JE; Papastavros, E; Wulf, L; Yaw, TJ; Zaffarano, BA, 2015)		1.09
" Plasma samples were analyzed for gabapentin concentration, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with both a nonlinear mixed-effect approach and a noncompartmental analysis."( Pharmacokinetics of Compounded Intravenous and Oral Gabapentin in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots ( Amazona ventralis ).
Baine, K; Cox, S; Jones, MP; Martín-Jiménez, T, 2015)		0.95
" Despite the well characterised pharmacodynamic interaction, little is known about possible pharmacokinetic interactions."( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Morphine, Gabapentin and their Combination in the Rat.
Gabel-Jensen, C; Juul, RV; Kreilgaard, M; Lund, TM; Papathanasiou, T, 2016)		0.69
" The combination did not lead to pharmacokinetic interactions for morphine or gabapentin but resulted in an estimated ~33% diminished morphine-3-glucuronide formation."( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Morphine, Gabapentin and their Combination in the Rat.
Gabel-Jensen, C; Juul, RV; Kreilgaard, M; Lund, TM; Papathanasiou, T, 2016)		0.92
"The finding of a lack of pharmacokinetic interaction strengthens the notion that the combination of the two drugs leads to better efficacy in pain treatment due to interaction at the pharmacodynamic level."( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Morphine, Gabapentin and their Combination in the Rat.
Gabel-Jensen, C; Juul, RV; Kreilgaard, M; Lund, TM; Papathanasiou, T, 2016)		0.69
" This was a prospective pharmacokinetic study in elderly nursing home patients (≥60 years) receiving GBP for the management of chronic pain or epilepsy from seven nursing homes."( Pharmacokinetics and Saturable Absorption of Gabapentin in Nursing Home Elderly Patients.
Ahmed, GF; Bathena, SP; Birnbaum, AK; Brundage, RC; Conway, JM; Leppik, IE; Schwartz, JB, 2017)		0.71
" With 2-L exchanges every 2 hours, we document an apparent elimination half-life of 41."( Treatment of Gabapentin Toxicity With Peritoneal Dialysis: Assessment of Gabapentin Clearance.
Edwards, JC; Ibrahim, H; Oman, Z; Schuelke, M, 2017)		0.82
" The purpose of this study was to quantitatively characterize the pharmacodynamic interaction between the two drugs and to identify the optimal concentration-effect relationship of the combination."( Quantification of the Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Morphine and Gabapentin Using a Response Surface Approach.
Gabel-Jensen, C; Heegaard, AM; Juul, RV; Kreilgaard, M; Lund, TM; Papathanasiou, T, 2017)		0.69
" The ultimate aim of our research is to investigate if pharmacokinetic subpopulations exist when subjects are exposed to bioequivalent formulations."( Interchangeability of Generic Drugs: A Nonparametric Pharmacokinetic Model of Gabapentin Generic Drugs.
Burger, DM; Glerum, PJ; Maliepaard, M; Neef, C; Neely, MN; Yamada, WM; Yu, Y, 2018)		0.71
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was based on plasma and urine data concentrations."( The role of organic cation transporter 2 inhibitor cimetidine, experimental diabetes mellitus and metformin on gabapentin pharmacokinetics in rats.
Baviera, AM; Benzi, JRL; de Moraes, NV; Stevens, JH; Yamamoto, PA, 2018)		0.69
"No differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed between vehicle + GAB × cimetidine + GAB and vehicle + GAB × metformin + GAB groups."( The role of organic cation transporter 2 inhibitor cimetidine, experimental diabetes mellitus and metformin on gabapentin pharmacokinetics in rats.
Baviera, AM; Benzi, JRL; de Moraes, NV; Stevens, JH; Yamamoto, PA, 2018)		0.69
" This is the first pharmacokinetic (PK) comparison of all three formulations using FDA-recommended doses for PHN."( Pharmacokinetics of immediate release, extended release, and gastric retentive gabapentin formulations in healthy adults
.
Aronoff, GM; Ciric, S; Lal, R; Swearingen, D, 2018)		0.71
" Despite this common and chronic usage, clinically relevant pharmacokinetic data is lacking."( The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in cats.
Adrian, D; Baynes, R; Lascelles, BDX; Papich, MG; Stafford, E, 2018)		0.79
"Cats were enrolled in a serial order, non-randomized pharmacokinetic study."( The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in cats.
Adrian, D; Baynes, R; Lascelles, BDX; Papich, MG; Stafford, E, 2018)		0.79
"The purpose of this research was to establish an in vitro dissolution testing method to predict the oral pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles and food effects of gabapentin enacarbil formulated as wax matrix extended-release (ER) tablets in humans."( Prediction of the Oral Pharmacokinetics and Food Effects of Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended-Release Tablets Using Biorelevant Dissolution Tests.
Asai, T; Kambayashi, A; Kojima, H; Oku, N; Yamaguchi Ikeuchi, S, 2018)		0.92
" Serum and brain levels of antiepileptic drugs and cannabidiol were determined by using HPLC in order to ascertain any pharmacokinetic contribution to the observed behavioral effects."( Acute effect of cannabidiol on the activity of various novel antiepileptic drugs in the maximal electroshock- and 6 Hz-induced seizures in mice: Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies.
Nieoczym, D; Socała, K; Szafarz, M; Wlaź, P; Wyska, E, 2019)		0.51
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental analysis."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repeat dosing of gabapentin in adult horses.
Cox, S; Gold, JR; Grubb, TL; Malavasi, L; Villarino, NL, 2022)		0.97

Compound-Compound Interactions

Measurement of total brain antiepileptic drug concentrations revealed that levetiracetam in combination with gabapentin at the fixed-ratio of 1:4 significantly elevated. Gabapentin significantly increased drug liking when given in combination with ALC and OXY + ALC (p < 0.5)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In the present study, the effect of gabapentin (GBP) on seizure score and memory is evaluated when it is given alone and in combination with some antidepressants, such as sertraline (SERTR) and alprazolam (ALP)."( Effects of gabapentin and antidepressant drug combinations on convulsions and memory in mice.
Ali, A; Dua, Y; Pal, SN; Pillai, KK; Rizwan, AN, )		0.79
"Acute gabapentin administration was well tolerated in combination with alcohol, but did not alter the effects of alcohol."( The acute effects of gabapentin in combination with alcohol in heavy drinkers.
Bisaga, A; Evans, SM, 2006)		1.13
" Measurement of total brain antiepileptic drug concentrations revealed that levetiracetam in combination with gabapentin at the fixed-ratio of 1:4 significantly elevated (21%) total brain gabapentin concentrations."( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction profiles of levetiracetam in combination with gabapentin, tiagabine and vigabatrin in the mouse pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model: an isobolographic analysis.
Andres-Mach, MM; Czuczwar, SJ; Dudra-Jastrzebska, M; Luszczki, JJ; Patsalos, PN; Ratnaraj, N; Sielski, M, 2009)		0.78
" We, therefore, investigated the analgesic effect of gabapentin, dexamethasone and low-dose ketamine in combination with paracetamol and ketorolac as compared with paracetamol and ketorolac alone after hip arthroplasty."( Multimodal analgesia with gabapentin, ketamine and dexamethasone in combination with paracetamol and ketorolac after hip arthroplasty: a preliminary study.
Christensen, BV; Dahl, JB; Dierking, G; Hilsted, KL; Larsen, TK; Mathiesen, O; Rasmussen, ML, 2010)		0.91
"Preoperative gabapentin, dexamethasone and ketamine combined with paracetamol and ketorolac reduced overall pain scores in patients after hip arthroplasty as compared with paracetamol and ketorolac alone."( Multimodal analgesia with gabapentin, ketamine and dexamethasone in combination with paracetamol and ketorolac after hip arthroplasty: a preliminary study.
Christensen, BV; Dahl, JB; Dierking, G; Hilsted, KL; Larsen, TK; Mathiesen, O; Rasmussen, ML, 2010)		1.03
"To evaluate the effects of high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) in both ventral hippocampi, alone and combined with a subeffective dose of antiepileptic drugs, during the status epilepticus (SE) induced by lithium-pilocarpine (LP)."( Antiepileptic drugs combined with high-frequency electrical stimulation in the ventral hippocampus modify pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats.
Alcantara-Gonzalez, D; Cuellar-Herrera, M; Neri-Bazan, L; Peña, F; Rocha, L, 2010)		0.36
" One minute following pilocarpine injection, HFS (pulses of 60 mus width at 130 Hz at subthreshold intensities and applied during 3 h) was applied alone or combined with subeffective doses of antiepileptic drugs."( Antiepileptic drugs combined with high-frequency electrical stimulation in the ventral hippocampus modify pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats.
Alcantara-Gonzalez, D; Cuellar-Herrera, M; Neri-Bazan, L; Peña, F; Rocha, L, 2010)		0.36
" This effect was not evident when HFS was combined with phenytoin (33."( Antiepileptic drugs combined with high-frequency electrical stimulation in the ventral hippocampus modify pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats.
Alcantara-Gonzalez, D; Cuellar-Herrera, M; Neri-Bazan, L; Peña, F; Rocha, L, 2010)		0.36
" The aim of this study was to see whether low-dose gabapentin is effective in treating cancer-related neuropathic pain when combined with low-dose imipramine."( Low-dose gabapentin as useful adjuvant to opioids for neuropathic cancer pain when combined with low-dose imipramine.
Arai, YC; Arakawa, M; Hayashi, R; Kinoshita, A; Kobayashi, K; Kondo, M; Matsubara, S; Matsubara, T; Nishida, K; Nishihara, M; Shimo, K; Suetomi, K; Suzuki, C; Tohyama, Y; Ushida, T, 2010)		1.03
"Low-dose gabapentin-antidepressant combination with opioids was effective in managing neuropathic cancer pain without severe adverse effects."( Low-dose gabapentin as useful adjuvant to opioids for neuropathic cancer pain when combined with low-dose imipramine.
Arai, YC; Arakawa, M; Hayashi, R; Kinoshita, A; Kobayashi, K; Kondo, M; Matsubara, S; Matsubara, T; Nishida, K; Nishihara, M; Shimo, K; Suetomi, K; Suzuki, C; Tohyama, Y; Ushida, T, 2010)		1.19
"Three-phase hollow fiber microextraction technique combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet (HPLC-UV) was applied for the extraction and determination of gabapentin in biological fluids."( Hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of gabapentin in biological samples.
Ebrahimzadeh, H; Firozjaei, HA; Kamarei, F; Rouini, MR; Tavassoli, N; Yamini, Y, 2010)		0.76
" This study determined the pharmacokinetics of oral (PO) gabapentin alone or in combination with meloxicam in ruminant calves."( Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin alone or co-administered with meloxicam in ruminant beef calves.
Coetzee, JF; Cull, CA; Kelly, LL; Kohake, LE; KuKanich, B; Mosher, RA; Mueting, SL, 2011)		0.92
" We performed unilateral ventralis caudalis deep brain stimulation combined with stereotactic bilateral cingulotomy to maximize the effects of treatment for 3 patients with intractable post-stroke pain."( Impact of ventralis caudalis deep brain stimulation combined with stereotactic bilateral cingulotomy for treatment of post-stroke pain.
Chang, JW; Chang, WS; Kim, JP; Park, YS, 2012)		0.38
"This study examined the pharmacokinetics and analgesic effect of oral meloxicam (MEL) administered alone or in combination with gabapentin (GABA) in an experimental bovine lameness model."( Impact of oral meloxicam administered alone or in combination with gabapentin on experimentally induced lameness in beef calves.
Anderson, DE; Coetzee, JF; Gehring, R; Kohake, LE; Kukanich, B; Mosher, RA; Robert, B; Wang, C; White, BJ, 2014)		0.84
" Previous studies showed that opioids combined with gabapentin for management of cancer pain reduced the dosage of opioids."( The research on long-term clinical effects and patients' satisfaction of gabapentin combined with oxycontin in treatment of severe cancer pain.
Chen, DL; Li, YH; Wang, ZJ; Zhu, YK, 2016)		0.92
"This study investigated the clinical effects of selective dorsal root ganglion pulsed radiofrequency lesioning in combination with oral administration of gabapentin in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)."( Clinical observations on selective dorsal root ganglion pulsed radiofrequency lesioning combined with gabapentin in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia.
He, X; Huang, Y; Luo, F, )		0.54
"Our study demonstrated that radiofrequency combined with gabapentin in the treatment of PHN has a good safety and efficacy profile."( Clinical observations on selective dorsal root ganglion pulsed radiofrequency lesioning combined with gabapentin in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia.
He, X; Huang, Y; Luo, F, )		0.59
"To compare the therapeutic effects of continuous epidural block combined with drugs and oral drugs alone on postherpetic neuralgia (PHN)."( Comparison of therapeutic effects of continuous epidural nerve block combined with drugs on postherpetic neuralgia.
Dong, X; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Yang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2021)		0.62
" Patients in group A had epidural block combined with oral administration of gabapentin and oxycodone-acetaminophen, and patients in group B received oral gabapentin and oxycodone-acetaminophen."( Comparison of therapeutic effects of continuous epidural nerve block combined with drugs on postherpetic neuralgia.
Dong, X; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Yang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2021)		0.85
"Both treatments have certain effects on PHN, but epidural block combined with drug therapy is more effective, especially for patients with severe pain, early use can quickly relieve pain."( Comparison of therapeutic effects of continuous epidural nerve block combined with drugs on postherpetic neuralgia.
Dong, X; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Yang, Q; Zhang, Z, 2021)		0.62
"5/25, 10/100, and 30/300 and investigation of potential drug-drug interaction at a dose of 10/100."( Investigations on dose proportionality and drug-drug interaction for a fixed-dose combination of trazodone and gabapentin.
Blume, HH; Calisti, F; Cattaneo, A; Comandini, A; Del Vecchio, A; Donath, F; Dragone, P; Picollo, R; Rosignoli, MT; Ruggieri, A; Todorova-Sanjari, M; Warnke, A; Wedemeyer, RS, 2021)		0.83
" Gabapentin significantly increased drug liking when given in combination with ALC and OXY + ALC (p < 0."( Gabapentin increases the abuse liability of alcohol alone and in combination with oxycodone in participants with co-occurring opioid and alcohol use disorder.
Castillo, F; Comer, SD; Evans, SM; Foltin, RW; Jones, JD; Luba, RR; Mogali, S, 2022)		3.07

Bioavailability

Gabapentin ER is based on the company's proprietary AcuForm drug delivery technology. This offers improved drug absorption and bioavailability compared with the existing immediate-release formulation of gabapentin (Neurontin)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The substance is well absorbed after oral administration and penetrates the blood-brain barrier."( Intestinal absorption of gabapentin in rats.
Maurer, HH; Rump, AF, 1991)		0.58
" Gabapentin is well absorbed in rats, dogs and in humans, with maximum blood levels, reached within 1-3 h after peroral administration."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of gabapentin in rat, dog and man.
Kölle, EU; Vollmer, KO; von Hodenberg, A, 1986)		1.46
" Oral bioavailability was 40% in monkeys administered 25 mg/kg, 79% in mice and rats receiving 50 mg/kg, and 80% in dogs administered 50 mg/kg."( Disposition of gabapentin (neurontin) in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys.
Bockbrader, HN; Chang, T; DeHart, PD; Hanson, BJ; McNally, WP; Radulovic, LL; Türck, D; Vollmer, KO; von Hodenberg, A, 1995)		0.64
" This drug is rapidly absorbed and exhibits dose-dependent bioavailability as a result of a saturable transport mechanism."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin.
McLean, MJ, 1994)		0.58
" However, GBP concentrations were much lower after rectal administration; therefore, we concluded that the aqueous solution was poorly absorbed rectally."( Failure of absorption of gabapentin after rectal administration.
Birnbaum, AK; Caruso, KJ; Cloyd, JC; Jones Saete, C; Kriel, RL; Ricker, BJ, 1997)		0.6
" The following kinetic parameters were calculated: area under the concentration time curve from zero time to 24 h after the dose, AUC 0-24 h; maximal serum concentration, Cmax; time to the maximal serum concentration, Tmax; absorption rate constant, ka; elimination rate constant, beta; elimination half-time, t1/2beta."( Oral gabapentin disposition in patients with epilepsy after a high-protein meal.
Baraldo, M; Benetello, P; Fortunato, M; Furlanut, M; Pea, F; Testa, G; Tognon, A, 1997)		0.81
" At large daily doses, oral bioavailability (F) may be improved by giving the daily dose more frequently."( Gabapentin bioavailability: effect of dose and frequency of administration in adult patients with epilepsy.
Bockbrader, HN; DeCerce, J; Gidal, BE; Gonzalez, J; Kruger, S; Pitterle, ME; Ramsay, RE; Rutecki, P, 1998)		1.74
" After oral administration, absorption is rapid and relatively efficient for the new AEDs, the most notable exception being gabapentin, whose bioavailability decreases with increasing dosage."( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the new antiepileptic drugs.
Perucca, E, 1999)		0.51
"Study A: 400-mg single dose, randomized, cross-over study to assess bioavailability of four different gabapentin formulations (n=20, 9 males, 11 females; mean age and weight 41 years, 75."( Inter- and intra-subject variability in gabapentin absorption and absolute bioavailability.
Bockbrader, HN; Gidal, BE; Kruger, S; Pitterle, M; Radulovic, LL; Rutecki, P, 2000)		0.79
" Intersubject variability was approximately 30% for oral clearance and volume of distribution and was larger for the absorption rate constant and lag time."( Population pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in infants and children.
Bockbrader, HN; Garofalo, E; Ouellet, D; Shapiro, DY; Wesche, DL, 2001)		0.6
" It is well absorbed when administered orally and displays linear kinetics up to doses of 1,800 mg/day."( [Characteristics and indications of gabapentin].
Sancho-Rieger, J, 2002)		0.59
" It has been suggested that this transportation is capacity limited, thus decreasing GBP bioavailability at higher doses."( The absorption of gabapentin following high dose escalation.
Beran, RG; Berry, DJ; Clarke, LA; Hung, WT; Plunkeft, MJ, 2003)		0.65
" In monkeys, oral bioavailability of gabapentin from XP13512 capsules was 84."( XP13512 [(+/-)-1-([(alpha-isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl] aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexane acetic acid], a novel gabapentin prodrug: II. Improved oral bioavailability, dose proportionality, and colonic absorption compared with gabapentin in rats and monkeys.
Annamalai, T; Barrett, RW; Bu, L; Cundy, KC; De Vera, J; Estrela, J; Gallop, MA; Luo, W; Shirsat, P; Torneros, A; Yao, F; Zou, J, 2004)		0.81
" The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies."( Rapid quantification of gabapentin in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
Chidambara, J; Koteshwara, M; Manoj, S; Ramakrishna, NV; Santosh, M; Sumatha, B; Varma, DP; Vishwottam, KN, 2006)		0.64
" Unlike gabapentin, pregabalin was well absorbed (> 90%), and its absorption was dose independent."( Pregabalin in neuropathic pain: a more "pharmaceutically elegant" gabapentin?
Guay, DR, 2005)		1
" Oral bioavailability of gabapentin was not affected by OCTN1 genotype."( Effects of genetic variation in the novel organic cation transporter, OCTN1, on the renal clearance of gabapentin.
Brett, CM; Brown, C; Burchard, EG; Castro, RA; Giacomini, KM; Huang, Y; Mercer, R; Shah, N; Urban, TJ, 2008)		0.86
" Gabapentin ER is based on the company's proprietary AcuForm drug delivery technology, which is part of the Gastric Retention (GR) family of technologies; this offers improved drug absorption and bioavailability compared with the existing immediate-release formulation of gabapentin (Neurontin), making gabapentin ER suitable for twice-daily dosing."( Gabapentin Extended-Release - Depomed: Gabapentin ER, Gabapentin Gastric Retention, Gabapentin GR.
, 2007)		2.69
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)		0.34
"6 h, oral bioavailability of 37% and 90%) with anti-inflammatory activity (ED 50 = 37 micromol/kg, mouse) and efficacy in pain models (thermal hyperalgesia, ED 50 = 72 micromol/kg, rat)."( Rotationally constrained 2,4-diamino-5,6-disubstituted pyrimidines: a new class of histamine H4 receptor antagonists with improved druglikeness and in vivo efficacy in pain and inflammation models.
Adair, RM; Altenbach, RJ; Bettencourt, BM; Brioni, JD; Cowart, MD; Drizin, I; Esbenshade, TA; Fix-Stenzel, SR; Honore, P; Hsieh, GC; Liu, H; Marsh, KC; McPherson, MJ; Milicic, I; Miller, TR; Sullivan, JP; Wetter, JM; Wishart, N; Witte, DG, 2008)		0.35
" XP13512 immediate-release (up to 2800 mg single dose and 2100 mg twice daily) was well absorbed (>68%, based on urinary recovery of gabapentin), converted rapidly to gabapentin, and provided dose-proportional exposure, whereas absorption of oral gabapentin declined with increasing doses to <27% at 1200 mg."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of XP13512, a novel transported prodrug of gabapentin.
Canafax, DM; Cundy, KC; Luo, W; Moors, TL; Sastry, S; Zou, J, 2008)		0.78
" Bioavailability was included in the models as a function of dose by using a hyperbolic function derived from data previously reported in the literature."( A population pharmacokinetic model of gabapentin developed in nonparametric adaptive grid and nonlinear mixed effects modeling.
Carlsson, KC; Eriksen, HO; Hoem, NO; Karlsson, MO; Moberg, ER; van de Schootbrugge, M, 2009)		0.62
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)		0.36
" Mean (standard deviation) bioavailability (based on urinary recovery) of gabapentin from gabapentin enacarbil was 42."( The effect of food with varying fat content on the clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after oral administration of gabapentin enacarbil.
Cundy, KC; Huff, FJ; Lal, R; Luo, W; Sukbuntherng, J; Zou, J, 2010)		0.82
" The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin delivered from this extended-release formulation allows a reduced dosing frequency while maintaining bioavailability and possibly diminishing the occurrence of adverse events attributable to a slower increase to the peak concentration compared with the immediate-release dosage form."( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in a novel gastric-retentive extended-release formulation: comparison with an immediate-release formulation and effect of dose escalation and food.
Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Hou, E, 2011)		1
" The absolute bioavailability of gabapentin drops from 60% to 33% as the dosage increases from 900 to 3600 mg/day, while the absolute bioavailability of pregabalin remains at > or = 90% irrespective of the dosage."( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pregabalin and gabapentin.
Bockbrader, HN; Burger, P; Chapel, S; Janiczek, N; Miller, R; Wesche, D, 2010)		0.87
" The mean oral bioavailability of gabapentin (± SD) was 16."( Pharmacokinetic profile and behavioral effects of gabapentin in the horse.
Driessen, B; Liu, Y; McDonnell, SM; Moate, PJ; Soma, LR; Terry, RL; Uboh, CE; Van Eps, AW, 2010)		0.89
"The pharmaceutical properties, including the physical and chemical properties, and the bioavailability are greatly influenced by their polymorphism."( [The crystalline polymorph control and selection of gabapentin with polymer heteronuclei].
Lang, MD; Ru, ML; Yang, L, 2010)		0.61
" Oral bioavailability (BA) of gabapentin was estimated by 24-h urine collection."( Impact of concomitant antacid administration on gabapentin plasma exposure and oral bioavailability in healthy adult subjects.
Kawakami, J; Mino, Y; Naito, T; Umemura, K; Yagi, T, 2012)		0.92
" The oral bioavailability of gabapentin displays dose-dependence."( Pharmacokinetic of gabapentin 600 mg tablet in Thai healthy subjects.
Chompootaweep, S; Khemsri, W; Prompila, N; Punyasang, W; Sayankuldilok, N; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2012)		1
"Gabapentin exposure at steady state, as measured by AUC(24), increased with doses from 600 mg/day to 3000 mg/day, although there was a slight decrease in gabapentin's relative bioavailability with increasing dose compared with the 600 mg dose."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms.
Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)		2.1
"The pharmacokinetic profile of gabapentin-ER may allow for once- or twice-daily dosing while maintaining bioavailability and thus efficacy."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms.
Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)		0.95
" It includes the following aspects: 1) the mechanism of gastroretention of gabapentin GR tablets, 2) in vitro dissolution profiles of the GR and IR formulations, 3) site of absorption of gabapentin in the human intestine, 4) studies of the mechanism of gabapentin absorption using intestinal tissue preparations, 5) human PK studies to examine the effects of dose and formulations on PK profiles and the bioavailability of gabapentin at therapeutically relevant doses, and 6) efficacy and safety of gastroretentive gabapentin in patients with PHN."( The intestinal absorption mechanism of gabapentin makes it appropriate for gastroretentive delivery.
Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Sweeney, M, 2013)		0.89
"To investigate the so-called "drift" with generic-generic drug substitution, a single-dose, four-way crossover comparative bioavailability study was performed involving 24 healthy subjects and three generic and one branded formulation of a tablet containing 800 mg gabapentin as test medication."( Interchangeability of gabapentin generic formulations in the Netherlands: a comparative bioavailability study.
Burger, D; Maliepaard, M; Neef, C; Teerenstra, S; Vanmolkot, F; Yu, Y, 2013)		0.88
" Overall, pregabalin is characterized by higher potency, quicker absorption rates and greater bioavailability levels than gabapentin."( Misuse and abuse of pregabalin and gabapentin: cause for concern?
Schifano, F, 2014)		0.89
"Gabapentin was selected to formulate oral controlled release dry suspension because of short biological half life of 5-7 h and low bioavailability (60%)."( Nanosponge-based pediatric-controlled release dry suspension of Gabapentin for reconstitution.
Bhingole, RC; Rao, MR, 2015)		2.1
"To formulate and evaluate controlled release dry suspension for reconstitution to increase the bioavailability and to control bitter taste of drug."( Nanosponge-based pediatric-controlled release dry suspension of Gabapentin for reconstitution.
Bhingole, RC; Rao, MR, 2015)		0.66
" The results of in vivo studies showed increase in bioavailability of controlled release suspension by 24."( Nanosponge-based pediatric-controlled release dry suspension of Gabapentin for reconstitution.
Bhingole, RC; Rao, MR, 2015)		0.66
"The plasma/brain ECF concentration-time profiles of gabapentin were adequately described with a two-compartment plasma model with saturable intestinal absorption rate (K m  = 44."( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationship of Gabapentin in a CFA-induced Inflammatory Hyperalgesia Rat Model.
Holm, R; Keizer, R; Kreilgaard, M; Larsen, MS; Munro, G; Mørk, A; Savic, R, 2016)		0.94
" Dose dependencies were found for morphine absorption rate and gabapentin bioavailability."( Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Morphine, Gabapentin and their Combination in the Rat.
Gabel-Jensen, C; Juul, RV; Kreilgaard, M; Lund, TM; Papathanasiou, T, 2016)		0.93
" Dose-dependent bioavailability of GBP was demonstrated, and the saturable absorption profile was described by a nonlinear hyperbolic function."( Pharmacokinetics and Saturable Absorption of Gabapentin in Nursing Home Elderly Patients.
Ahmed, GF; Bathena, SP; Birnbaum, AK; Brundage, RC; Conway, JM; Leppik, IE; Schwartz, JB, 2017)		0.71
" A significant higher bioavailability of gabapentin administered 30min after meal, compared to fasting conditions or to dose administration 10min before meal, argued in favor of the gastro-retention of gabapentin prolonged release layer."( Multi-kinetics and site-specific release of gabapentin and flurbiprofen from oral fixed-dose combination: in vitro release and in vivo food effect.
Barchielli, M; Bettini, R; Buttini, F; Colombo, G; Colombo, P; Conti, C; Leoni, B; Loprete, L; Rossi, A; Sonvico, F, 2017)		0.98
" For that purpose, we developed a pharmacokinetic model for gabapentin, based on data from a previously conducted bioavailability study comparing gabapentin exposure following administration of the gabapentin originator and three generic gabapentin formulations in healthy subjects."( Interchangeability of Generic Drugs: A Nonparametric Pharmacokinetic Model of Gabapentin Generic Drugs.
Burger, DM; Glerum, PJ; Maliepaard, M; Neef, C; Neely, MN; Yamada, WM; Yu, Y, 2018)		0.95
"Gabapentin (GBP), an antiepileptic and anti-neuropathic agent, suffers from short half-life (5-7 h), has narrow absorption window, and is absorbed via carrier-mediated mechanism resulting in frequent dosing, poor compliance, and poor bioavailability (<60%)."( Gastroretentive raft liquid delivery system as a new approach to release extension for carrier-mediated drug.
Aboelwafa, AA; Abouelatta, SM; El-Gazayerly, ON, 2018)		1.92
" The main objective of developing such systems is to increase the residence time of a specific drug in stomach; controlling its release, increasing its bioavailability and decreasing its side effects and dosing frequency."( Development of Gabapentin Expandable Gastroretentive Controlled Drug Delivery System.
Kanaze, FI; Muqedi, RH; Rimawi, IB, 2019)		0.87
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" Estimated oral bioavailability was 47%."( Pharmacokinetics of oral and compounded intravenous gabapentin in Duroc swine (Sus Scrofa).
Gisclair, AT; Hampton, CE; Martin, A; Oubre, MJ; Pypendop, BH; Queiroz-Williams, P, 2021)		0.87
" Given its faster onset, increased bioavailability and potency, and nonsaturable absorption, pregabalin's pharmacokinetics theoretically enhance its misuse liability versus gabapentin."( Gabapentinoid Pharmacology in the Context of Emerging Misuse Liability.
Covvey, JR; Evoy, KE; Peckham, AM; Tidgewell, KJ, 2021)		2.26
"The absorption and bioavailability of oral gabapentin are associated with a high degree of interindividual variability."( Interindividual Variability in the Bioavailability of Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended Release in Healthy Adults: An Analysis of Data From 6 Phase I Studies.
Ellenbogen, A; Gidal, B; Lal, R, 2022)		1.23
" The distribution of bioavailability values was assessed in all studies."( Interindividual Variability in the Bioavailability of Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended Release in Healthy Adults: An Analysis of Data From 6 Phase I Studies.
Ellenbogen, A; Gidal, B; Lal, R, 2022)		0.97
"4 μg·h/mL, and bioavailability range: 64."( Interindividual Variability in the Bioavailability of Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended Release in Healthy Adults: An Analysis of Data From 6 Phase I Studies.
Ellenbogen, A; Gidal, B; Lal, R, 2022)		0.97
"Oral bioavailability (F), which is evaluated by permeability and solubility, is one of the key parameters in drug discovery."( Comparison of Ussing Chamber and Caco-2 Model in Evaluation of Intestinal Absorption Mechanism of Compounds from Different BCS Classifications.
Du, H; Tian, D; Wang, T; Yang, Y; Zhang, H; Zhou, H, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

This study examines dosing patterns, therapy outcomes, healthcare utilization and costs of patients with PHN who initiate treatment with gabapentin or pregabalin. The mean daily dosage was 826 mg for gab Kapentin and 187 mg for pregABalin. Higher, open-label gab Zapentin dosing was associated with 54% and 67% reductions in hot flash frequency and composite score from baseline, respectively.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The GBP dosage of 900 mg appeared to be ineffective."( Double-blind study of Gabapentin in the treatment of partial seizures.
Kälviäinen, R; Riekkinen, P; Sivenius, J; Ylinen, A, )		0.45
" However, intravenous pharmacokinetics in rats were linear over the dosage range of 4-500 mg/kg."( Disposition of gabapentin (neurontin) in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys.
Bockbrader, HN; Chang, T; DeHart, PD; Hanson, BJ; McNally, WP; Radulovic, LL; Türck, D; Vollmer, KO; von Hodenberg, A, 1995)		0.64
" Plasma concentrations are essentially proportional to dosages up to 1,800 mg daily, which is the highest dosage used in double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin.
McLean, MJ, 1994)		0.58
" Based on pharmacokinetic considerations, it appears that the dosing regimen of gabapentin in subjects with renal impairment may be adjusted on the basis of creatinine clearance."( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in subjects with various degrees of renal function.
Blum, RA; Bockbrader, H; Busch, JA; Comstock, TJ; Keller, E; Reece, PA; Reetze, P; Schultz, RW; Sica, DA; Tuerck, D, 1994)		0.84
" The primary analysis compared data for patients receiving GBP 900 mg/day with placebo; the GBP 1,200-mg/day group provided dose-response data."( Gabapentin (Neurontin) as add-on therapy in patients with partial seizures: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The International Gabapentin Study Group.
Anhut, H; Ashman, P; Feuerstein, TJ; Sauermann, W; Saunders, M; Schmidt, B, )		1.57
" No dosage adjustment is necessary when GBP and CBZ or VPA are coadministered."( Lack of interaction of gabapentin with carbamazepine or valproate.
Bockbrader, HN; Chang, T; Erdman, GR; Leppik, IE; Posvar, EL; Radulovic, LL; Sedman, AJ; Uthman, BM; Wilder, BJ, )		0.44
" Plasma [14C]GBP declined linearly after dosing while brain ISF [14C]GBP concentration peaked at approximately 1 h and then declined in parallel with plasma concentration."( Gabapentin anticonvulsant action in rats: disequilibrium with peak drug concentrations in plasma and brain microdialysate.
Schielke, GP; Taylor, CP; Vartanian, MG; Welty, DF, 1993)		1.73
" ZNS daily dosage is 400-600 mg."( Antiepileptic drugs in development: prospects for the near future.
Leppik, IE, 1994)		0.29
" The mean daily dosage for all 100 patients was 2107 mg, and the mean daily dosage for patients who continued gabapentin treatment was 2270 mg."( Efficacy and tolerability of gabapentin in clinical practice.
Morris, GL, )		0.63
" GBP is also active in this population, but only the 1,800 mg/day dosage was significantly better than placebo with respect to percent responders."( Clinical efficacy of new antiepileptic drugs in refractory partial epilepsy: experience in the United States with three novel drugs.
French, JA, 1996)		0.29
" All the drugs can be conveniently given as a twice daily dosage apart from gabapentin, which has a short half-life and a midday dose is needed."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of newer antiepileptic drugs. Lamotrigine, vigabatrin, gabapentin and oxcarbazepine.
Binnie, CD; Elwes, RD, 1996)		0.75
" Specific indications and dosage schedules have been provided."( New antiepileptic drugs.
Brodie, MJ; Wilson, EA, 1996)		0.29
" Group results during the controlled trial did not reach statistical significance at the dosage used."( Effectiveness of gabapentin in controlling spasticity: a quantitative study.
Graves, DE; Mueller, M; Olson, WH; Priebe, MM; Sherwood, AM, 1997)		0.64
" Gabapentin was well tolerated by patients in both dosage groups, and no patients exited the study due to adverse events, despite rapid initiation of full dose within 24 hours."( Gabapentin monotherapy: I. An 8-day, double-blind, dose-controlled, multicenter study in hospitalized patients with refractory complex partial or secondarily generalized seizures. The US Gabapentin Study Group 88/89.
Bergey, GK; Blume, WT; Crockatt, JG; Garofalo, E; LaMoreaux, L; Leiderman, DB; Morrell, MJ; Morris, HH; Penovich, PE; Pierce, M; Rosenfeld, W, 1997)		2.65
" Results of outcome measures, including time to exit, completion rate, and mean time on monotherapy, showed no significant differences among dosage groups."( Gabapentin monotherapy: II. A 26-week, double-blind, dose-controlled, multicenter study of conversion from polytherapy in outpatients with refractory complex partial or secondarily generalized seizures. The US Gabapentin Study Group 82/83.
Abou-Khalil, B; Beydoun, A; Cantrell, D; Fischer, J; Garofalo, E; Greiner, M; Harden, C; Hayes, A; Labar, DR; Pierce, M; Ramsay, RE; Sackellares, JC; Uthman, BM, 1997)		1.74
" In six patients, including three taking 6000 mg daily, GBP concentrations continued to rise linearly at each dosage increment."( High dose gabapentin in refractory partial epilepsy: clinical observations in 50 patients.
Brodie, MJ; Forrest, G; Sills, GJ; Wilson, EA, 1998)		0.7
" A 6-month multicentre, open-label study, involved addition of gabapentin to pre-existing treatment at the initial dosage of 1200 mg and subsequent adjustment between 900 and 2400 mg/day according to efficacy and tolerability."( Gabapentin add-on therapy with adaptable dosages in 610 patients with partial epilepsy: an open, observational study. The French Gabapentin Collaborative Group.
Arzimanoglou, A; Baulac, M; Cavalcanti, D; Portal, JJ; Semah, F, 1998)		1.98
" Both effects exhibited a tendency to a U-shaped dose-response curve."( Anticonvulsant action of gabapentin during postnatal development in rats.
Haugvicová, R; Mares, P, 1997)		0.6
"When information became available on aplastic anemia and hepatotoxicity associated with felbamate, all patients were advised to taper their felbamate dosage over approximately 2 weeks."( Increased seizure frequency associated with felbamate withdrawal in adults.
Privitera, M; Shukla, R; Welty, TE, 1998)		0.3
" Dosage and side effects were noted."( Clinical experience using gabapentin adjunctively in patients with a history of mania or hypomania.
Knoll, J; Stegman, K; Suppes, T, 1998)		0.6
" dosing were 38."( Gabapentin bioavailability: effect of dose and frequency of administration in adult patients with epilepsy.
Bockbrader, HN; DeCerce, J; Gidal, BE; Gonzalez, J; Kruger, S; Pitterle, ME; Ramsay, RE; Rutecki, P, 1998)		1.74
"Based on the observations of other authors, we used this drug in dosage varying between 900 and 1,200 mg/day, in three patients with neuropathic pain, of both central and peripheral origin, and in whom the usual treatments had been unsatisfactory or could not be tolerated because of side-effects."( [Treatment of neuropathic pain with gabapentin ++].
Sánchez-Valiente, S, 1998)		0.58
"A 4-week titration period to a maximum dosage of 3600 mg/d of gabapentin or matching placebo."( Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial.
Bernstein, P; Harden, N; Magnus-Miller, L; Rowbotham, M; Stacey, B, 1998)		1.98
" Gabapentin therapy proved to be very satisfactory in relieving muscular cramps with a relatively low dosage (600 mg/day) and without any remarkable side effects."( A case of myokymia-cramp syndrome successfully treated with gabapentin.
Cardinali, P; Parisi, L; Pierelli, F; Rossi, P; Serrao, M; Tramutoli, R, 1998)		1.45
"Gabapentin is not available in a liquid dosage form for clinical use."( Development of two stable oral suspensions for gabapentin.
Nahata, MC, 1999)		2
" Reduction of GBP dosage may be required in elderly patients with reduced renal function."( Effects of age and gender on single-dose pharmacokinetics of gabapentin.
Abel, RB; Bockbrader, HN; Boyd, RA; Sedman, AJ; Türck, D, 1999)		0.54
" Further studies are required to confirm this effect and to determine whether a dose-response relationship exists."( Treatment of social phobia with gabapentin: a placebo-controlled study.
Davidson, JR; Greist, JH; Janney, CA; Jefferson, JW; Katzelnick, DJ; Pande, AC; Sutherland, SM; Weisler, RH, 1999)		0.59
" Slow dosage escalation yields good tolerability."( Lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar depression.
Bowden, CL; Mitchell, P; Suppes, T, 1999)		0.3
" Because dosing is often modest, cost should rarely be the overriding factor in choosing a drug for a patient with newly diagnosed epilepsy in the developed world."( Monostars: an aid to choosing an antiepileptic drug as monotherapy.
Brodie, MJ, 1999)		0.3
" Gabapentin was titrated up to a maximal dosage of 3600 mg/day to achieve seizure control or to tolerability."( Dosing to efficacy with neurontin: the STEPS trial. Study of Titration to Effect Profile of Safety.
Morrell, MJ, 1999)		1.21
" The gabapentin dosage was titrated to effective tolerated dose up to 2400 mg/day."( Gabapentin as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures.
Bruni, J, 1999)		2.26
" Therefore, gabapentin dosing must be optimized on an individual basis to achieve an adequate trial of the drug and obtain the best seizure control."( Gabapentin in the management of convulsive disorders.
McLean, MJ, 1999)		2.13
" Lamotrigine may offer a much-needed treatment alternative for bipolar depression and could be found effective for acute mania, but the need for slow dosage adjustment and the risk of rash may limit overall clinical utility."( Gabapentin and lamotrigine in bipolar disorder.
Botts, SR; Raskind, J, 1999)		1.75
" After lamotrigine was added for better seizure control and the dosage of gabapentin was tapered, anorgasmia improved."( Improved sexual function in three men taking lamotrigine for epilepsy.
Carwile, ST; Husain, AM; Miller, PP; Radtke, RA, 2000)		0.54
" We reported that daily dosing increased brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in patients with epilepsy."( Effects of gabapentin on brain GABA, homocarnosine, and pyrrolidinone in epilepsy patients.
Hyder, F; Mattson, RH; Petroff, OA; Rothman, DL, 2000)		0.7
" We report 11 MS patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN): 6 intolerant to a therapeutic dosage of CBZ, showing serious adverse effects and subsequently treated with a combination of low-dose CBZ and gabapentin (GBP) (group 1); 5 treated with lamotrigine (LMT), showing adverse effects and subsequently treated with GBP (group 2)."( Low-dose gabapentin combined with either lamotrigine or carbamazepine can be useful therapies for trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis.
Leandri, M; Mancardi, GL; Messmer Uccelli, M; Solaro, C; Uccelli, A, 2000)		0.91
" Study medication was to be given on a three-times-a-day dosing regimen."( Efficacy of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis.
Klapper, J; Magnus, L; Mathew, NT; Ramadan, N; Rapoport, A; Saper, J; Stacey, B; Tepper, S, 2001)		0.69
"Fourteen of the 18 (78%) treated for hypomania or mania had a positive response to a dosage range of 600-3,600 mg/day."( Gabapentin in the acute treatment of refractory bipolar disorder.
Altshuler, LL; Brown, ES; Denicoff, K; Frye, M; Gitlin, M; Goodman, R; Hwang, S; Keck, PE; Kupka, R; Leverich, G; McElroy, SL; Nolen, W; Post, R; Suppes, T, 1999)		1.75
"Starting gabapentin therapy at an initial therapeutic dosage of 900 mg/day is well tolerated by patients with epilepsy and is as safe as initiating with a titration schedule over 3 days."( Rapid initiation of gabapentin: a randomized, controlled trial.
Bernstein, P; Fisher, RS; Magnus, L; Pellock, J; Penovich, PE; Sachdeo, RC, 2001)		1.05
" Similarly, valproate combined with antipsychotics provided greater improvement in mania than antipsychotic medication alone and resulted in lower dosage of the antipsychotic medication."( Novel treatments for bipolar disorder.
Bowden, CL, 2001)		0.31
" Optimal dosing remains unclear."( Gabapentin for treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
Miller, LJ, 2001)		1.75
" The designs and dosing regimens differed between studies."( Evidence for the use of gabapentin in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Hemstreet, B; Lapointe, M, 2001)		0.62
"A highly sensitive and specific method is proposed for the determination of vigabatrin (I) and gabapentin (II) in their dosage forms and spiked human plasma."( Spectrofluorimetric determination of vigabatrin and gabapentin in dosage forms and spiked plasma samples through derivatization with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole.
Al-Deeb, OA; Belal, F; Hassan, EM; Khalil, NY, )		0.6
" Gabapentin was given at the daily dosage of 900 mg."( Drug-resistant cluster headache responding to gabapentin: a pilot study.
Cruccu, G; Gottlieb, A; Leandri, M; Luzzani, M, 2001)		1.48
" Also, the dosing of the drug in children has been complicated by negative behavioral adverse effects."( Gabapentin: a unique anti-epileptic agent.
Dougherty, JA; Rhoney, DH, 2001)		1.75
" With long-term dosing and once target doses were achieved at 4 weeks, significant elevations in GABA were observed compared with baseline for all three drugs (topiramate 46%, gabapentin 25%, lamotrigine 25%)."( Modulation of cerebral GABA by topiramate, lamotrigine, and gabapentin in healthy adults.
Faught, E; Gilliam, F; Hetherington, H; Ho, S; Kuzniecky, R; Martin, R; Pan, J, 2002)		0.75
" There was no evidence to suggest dosing difficulties due to tolerance over the 3-year period."( Long-term use of gabapentin for treatment of pain after traumatic spinal cord injury.
Hicken, BL; Kezar, L; Ness, TJ; Putzke, JD; Richards, JS, )		0.47
" A slow upward dose titration is recommended to reduce the incidence of serious rash, but this may delay the attainment of adequate dosage for 6 weeks."( Lamotrigine update and its use in mood disorders.
Hurley, SC, 2002)		0.31
" The selection and dosage of antiepileptic drugs requires proper attention to special pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic situations that are common in older individuals."( [Gabapentin in the treatment of epilepsy in the elderly].
Gil-Nagel, A, )		1.04
" The classic AEDs had numerous problems, ranging from inconvenient dosing schedules to frequent side effects due to active metabolites and common drug interactions; newer agents have been developed to avoid some of these pitfalls."( Pharmacokinetics of new anticonvulsants in psychiatry.
Morris, HH, 1998)		0.3
" No significant difference was found among other pain descriptors during the gabapentin and placebo treatment, although this may have been limited by the small sample size and low maximum dosage of gabapentin."( Gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial.
Chen, B; DeLisa, JA; Johnston, M; Kirshblum, S; Millis, S; Tai, Q, 2002)		1.99
" During 2- and 6-week titration periods, respectively, GBP dosage reached 1,800 mg/day, and LTG, 150 mg/day."( Gabapentin versus lamotrigine monotherapy: a double-blind comparison in newly diagnosed epilepsy.
Anhut, H; Brodie, MJ; Chadwick, DW; Garofalo, EA; Maton, S; Messmer, SL; Murray, G; Otte, A; Sauermann, W, 2002)		1.76
" The mean effective dosage at the end of the 6-week treatment period was 1,855 mg, although therapeutic effects were already observed at the end of week 4 (1,391 mg)."( Treatment of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin: a double-blind, cross-over study.
de la Llave, Y; Garcia-Borreguero, D; Hernandez, G; Larrosa, O; Masramon, X; Verger, K, 2002)		0.58
" Mean dosage +/- SD at week 8 was 1270 +/- 561."( Effectiveness of adjunctive gabapentin in resistant bipolar disorder: is it due to anxious-alcohol abuse comorbidity?
Akiskal, HS; Frare, F; Moretti, L; Perugi, G; Ruffolo, G; Toni, C; Torti, C, 2002)		0.61
" After stabilising at each dosage, a sequence of serum and saliva samples were collected within the dosage interval; GBP and co-medication concentrations were determined and the results subjected to PK modelling."( The absorption of gabapentin following high dose escalation.
Beran, RG; Berry, DJ; Clarke, LA; Hung, WT; Plunkeft, MJ, 2003)		0.65
"The influence of age and administered daily dosage on the plasma concentrations of gabapentin (GBP) at steady state was evaluated in a group of 41 children and young adults (aged 3-30 years) receiving long-term adjunctive treatment with GBP for the management of refractory partial-onset seizures."( Plasma gabapentin concentrations in children with epilepsy: influence of age, relationship with dosage, and preliminary observations on correlation with clinical response.
Bonanni, P; Bonomi, I; Ferrari, AR; Gatti, G; Guerrini, R; Perucca, E, 2003)		1
" Higher, open-label gabapentin dosing was associated with 54% and 67% reductions in hot flash frequency and composite score from baseline, respectively."( Gabapentin's effects on hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.
Guttuso, T; Kieburtz, K; Kurlan, R; McDermott, MP, 2003)		2.09
" In this study, conventional analgesics were continued at a therapeutic level, and gabapentin was administrated for an 18-day titration period followed by a 5-week maintenance period at a dosage of 1800 mg/day or the maximum tolerable dosage."( Gabapentin effect on neuropathic pain compared among patients with spinal cord injury and different durations of symptoms.
Ahn, SH; Bae, JH; Jang, SH; Lee, BS; Moon, HW; Park, HW; Sakong, J, 2003)		1.99
"The goals of this article were to review data on the efficacy and tolerability of gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults and to determine the optimal dosing schedule."( Gabapentin dosing for neuropathic pain: evidence from randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials.
Backonja, M; Glanzman, RL, 2003)		1.99
" The recommended dosage in adults is 300 mg at bedtime on day 1,300 mg BID on day 2, and 300 mg TID on day 3, titrating up as needed to 2400 to 3600 mg/d."( The use of gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia.
Kennedy, DH; Singh, D, 2003)		0.71
"The purposes of this review were to assess the gabapentin titration and dosing regimens that have been published in peer-reviewed journals, to develop dosing recommendations to maximize antiseizure efficacy without compromising tolerability, and to formulate guidelines for an adequate therapeutic assessment of gabapentin dosage efficacy."( Gabapentin dosing in the treatment of epilepsy.
Gidal, BE; McLean, MJ, 2003)		2.02
" These were reviewed to assess the range of dosing and titration schedules reported."( Gabapentin dosing in the treatment of epilepsy.
Gidal, BE; McLean, MJ, 2003)		1.76
" Side effects occurred around the onset of dosing and were reported in some studies to be transient."( Gabapentin dosing in the treatment of epilepsy.
Gidal, BE; McLean, MJ, 2003)		1.76
"Based in the literature here, in most adult patients, gabapentin may be initiated at a dosage of 900 mg/d and titrated to maintenance dosages > or = 3600 mg/d."( Gabapentin dosing in the treatment of epilepsy.
Gidal, BE; McLean, MJ, 2003)		2.01
" Patients randomized to GBP started on 1800 mg/d and could have their dosage increased stepwise to 2400 and 3600 mg/d if seizures persisted."( Serum concentrations and effects of gabapentin and vigabatrin: observations from a dose titration study.
Johannessen, SI; Larsson, S; Lindberger, M; Luhr, O; Tomson, T, 2003)		0.59
" Although its half-life is relatively short (6 to 8 hours), its duration of action is longer than anticipated from its pharmacokinetics in plasma, and a twice-daily dosing regimen is adequate to produce the desired response."( The ideal pharmacokinetic properties of an antiepileptic drug: how close does levetiracetam come?
Johannessen, SI; Perucca, E, 2003)		0.32
" Hill slope coefficients for the tested anticonvulsants indicate that the dose-response curve was less steep for gabapentin than for phenytoin, carbamazepine and ethosuximide."( Potent analgesic effects of anticonvulsants on peripheral thermal nociception in rats.
Jevtovic-Todorovic, V; Rastogi, AJ; Todorovic, SM, 2003)		0.53
" This dosage produced a substantial but non-significant decrease in the incidence of postherpetic pain-related responses."( Effects of the suppression of acute herpetic pain by gabapentin and amitriptyline on the incidence of delayed postherpetic pain in mice.
Kuraishi, Y; Nojima, H; Shiraki, K; Takahata, H; Takasaki, I, 2004)		0.57
" This was followed by a 4-week stable dosing period when the patients continued to receive maximum tolerated doses, a 2-week washout period, then a crossover of 4 weeks of medication/placebo titration, and another 4 weeks of stable dosing period."( Gabapentin is a first line drug for the treatment of neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury.
Levendoglu, F; Ogün, CO; Ogün, TC; Ozerbil, O; Ugurlu, H, 2004)		1.77
" Rapid clearance of the drug necessitates dosing three or more times per day to maintain therapeutic levels."( XP13512 [(+/-)-1-([(alpha-isobutanoyloxyethoxy)carbonyl] aminomethyl)-1-cyclohexane acetic acid], a novel gabapentin prodrug: II. Improved oral bioavailability, dose proportionality, and colonic absorption compared with gabapentin in rats and monkeys.
Annamalai, T; Barrett, RW; Bu, L; Cundy, KC; De Vera, J; Estrela, J; Gallop, MA; Luo, W; Shirsat, P; Torneros, A; Yao, F; Zou, J, 2004)		0.54
"5 mg/d, are reasonable initial dosages, and if symptoms do not improve within a week or two, the dosage can be doubled."( Management of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors and men with prostate cancer.
Stearns, V, 2004)		0.32
" On Day 8, an antinociceptive dose-response curve was constructed and the 50% effective dose (ED(50)) values for morphine (given alone) were calculated for each study group."( The effects of intrathecal gabapentin on spinal morphine tolerance in the rat tail-flick and paw pressure tests.
Gilron, I; Hansen, C; Hong, M, 2004)		0.62
" This study examined the effects of gabapentin on signs of central sensitization (brush and pinprick hyperalgesia) in a human model of capsaicin-evoked pain, using a gabapentin dosing regimen similar to that used in the clinic."( Chronic oral gabapentin reduces elements of central sensitization in human experimental hyperalgesia.
Bach, FW; Brown, J; Chizh, BA; Gottrup, H; Jensen, TS; Juhl, G; Kristensen, AD; Lai, R, 2004)		0.97
"01), but GBP daily dosage or concomitant AEDs had no significant influence on the ratio."( Association between patient age and gabapentin serum concentration-to-dose ratio: a preliminary multivariate analysis.
Adín, J; Armijo, JA; Pena, MA; Vega-Gil, N, 2004)		0.6
"01) difference when the highest dosage of the drug was administered."( Oral treatment with PD-0200347, an alpha2delta ligand, reduces the development of experimental osteoarthritis by inhibiting metalloproteinases and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and synthesis in cartilage chondrocytes.
Boileau, C; Boily, M; Brunet, J; El-Kattan, A; Flory, C; Martel-Pelletier, J; Pelletier, JP; Schrier, D; Tardif, G, 2005)		0.33
" Further work is required to establish the optimal dosage and to validate the methods used to quantify the response to treatment."( Gabapentin can improve postural stability and quality of life in primary orthostatic tremor.
Byrnes, ML; Edwards, DJ; Mastaglia, FL; Rodrigues, JP; Stell, R; Thickbroom, G; Walters, SE, 2005)		1.77
"Gabapentin at a dosage of 1200 mg/d is safe and effective in treatment of epilepsy."( [Curative effect of gabapentin on refractory epilepsy].
Ding, MP; Hong, Z; Lü, CZ; Ma, GY; Pan, YF; Pan, YZ; Wang, DS; Wang, DX; Xiao, B; Zhao, QC; Zhu, GX, 2005)		2.09
"6-fold shift in morphine's dose-response curve."( Attenuation of morphine tolerance by intrathecal gabapentin is associated with suppression of morphine-evoked excitatory amino acid release in the rat spinal cord.
Lee, MS; Lin, JA; Lin, SL; Wen, ZH; Wong, CS; Wu, CT; Yeh, CC, 2005)		0.58
"Gabapentin has been shown to provide pain relief for post-herpetic neuralgia at dosage of 1200 to 2400 mg/day."( Starting dose of gabapentin for patients with post-herpetic neuralgia--a dose-response study.
Jean, WH; Mok, MS; Sun, WZ; Wu, CC, 2005)		2.11
"Patients were stabilised using phenobarbitone and/or potassium bromide to produce tolerable therapeutic serum concentrations and dosed additionally with gabapentin at 35 to 50 mg/kg/d (divided twice or three times daily) for 4 months."( Improving seizure control in dogs with refractory epilepsy using gabapentin as an adjunctive agent.
Govendir, M; Malik, R; Perkins, M, 2005)		0.76
" The method was successfully applied to the analysis of gabapentin in plasma from dosed patients for therapeutic drug monitoring."( Simple and sensitive liquid chromatographic method with fluorimetric detection for the analysis of gabapentin in human plasma.
Chung, TC; Tai, CT; Wu, HL, 2006)		0.8
" The improved pharmacokinetic profile of pregabalin relative to gabapentin is manifested in linear and dose-independent absorption and a narrow therapeutic dosing range."( Pregabalin in neuropathic pain: a more "pharmaceutically elegant" gabapentin?
Guay, DR, 2005)		0.8
" First, the maximally effective gabapentin dosage (600-2,700 mg/day) for each patient was determined during an initial dose-titration phase."( Blinded placebo crossover study of gabapentin in primary orthostatic tremor.
Byrnes, ML; Edwards, DJ; Mastaglia, FL; Rodrigues, JP; Stell, R; Thickbroom, GW; Walters, SE, 2006)		0.89
" In conclusion, single or repeated dosing of gabapentin reduced cutaneous but not muscle pain in healthy volunteers."( Multiple dose gabapentin attenuates cutaneous pain and central sensitisation but not muscle pain in healthy volunteers.
Segerdahl, M, 2006)		0.95
" Initial gabapentin dosage was 600 mg/day."( The effect of gabapentin in earlier stage of reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
Duman, I; Hazneci, B; Kalyon, TA; Tan, AK; Taşkaynatan, MA, 2007)		1.12
" For these older drugs it has been common practice to adjust the dosage to achieve a serum drug concentration within a predefined 'therapeutic range', representing an interval where most patients are expected to show an optimal response."( Pharmacokinetic variability of newer antiepileptic drugs: when is monitoring needed?
Johannessen, SI; Tomson, T, 2006)		0.33
" We used a repeated dosing paradigm because there are precedents showing that repeated drug exposure may be necessary to demonstrate analgesia in neuropathic pain models."( Chemotherapy-evoked painful peripheral neuropathy: analgesic effects of gabapentin and effects on expression of the alpha-2-delta type-1 calcium channel subunit.
Bennett, GJ; Boroujerdi, A; Luo, ZD; Xiao, W, 2007)		0.57
"We report the case of a woman with an apparent primary thunderclap headache which occurred frequently until she achieved a therapeutic dosage of gabapentin."( Persistent primary thunderclap headache responsive to gabapentin.
Black, DF; Garza, I, 2006)		0.78
" There was no need to decrease of the dosage of GBP and the side effects were mild and of transitory nature."( [Efficacy, safety and effect on the quality of life of gabapentin in adult epilepsy--results of a prospective open-label quasi naturalistic Hungarian multicenter study (phase human-IV)].
Rajna, P; Szíjártó, E, 2006)		0.58
" Thus, monitoring and dosage adjustment are required, without discontinuation of the drug."( Therapeutic management of chronic neuropathic pain: an examination of pharmacologic treatment.
Argyra, E; Moka, E; Siafaka, I; Vadalouca, A; Vrachnou, E, 2006)		0.33
" The anticonvulsant and acute adverse effects of the combination of TPM with GBP at the fixed ratio of 1:1 were determined using the type I isobolographic analysis for nonparallel dose-response relationship curves (DRRCs)."( Isobolographic analysis of interaction between drugs with nonparallel dose-response relationship curves: a practical application.
Luszczki, JJ, 2007)		0.34
" In contrast, the tmax and terminal half-life of gabapentin did not change after oral dosing for all treatments."( In vivo effects of glycyl-glutamate and glycyl-sarcosine on gabapentin oral absorption in rat.
Fleisher, D; Nguyen, TV; Smith, DE, 2007)		0.84
" Individualization of dosage and avoidance of unnecessary polypharmacy are essential for safe utilization of anti-epileptic drugs."( [Epilepsy in the elderly].
Yoshino, A, 2007)		0.34
"Gabapentin, at a maintenance dosage of 900 to 3600 mg/d for 8 weeks, or lactose placebo."( Relief of idiopathic subjective tinnitus: is gabapentin effective?
Chole, RA; Finnell, J; Piccirillo, JF; Spitznagel, E; Vlahiotis, A, 2007)		2.04
"Adjuvants are compounds which by themselves have undesirable side-effects or low potency but in combination with opioids allow a reduction of narcotic dosing for postoperative pain control."( Useful adjuvants for postoperative pain management.
Buvanendran, A; Kroin, JS, 2007)		0.34
" Treatment was continued for 6 days, during which the dosage was progressively decreased, and the mare was discharged."( Gabapentin for the treatment of neuropathic pain in a pregnant horse.
Davis, JL; Elce, Y; Posner, LP, 2007)		1.78
"A rapid, sensitive and accurate high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection method was developed and validated for the quantification of gabapentin in dosage forms."( Optimization of an HPLC method for determination of gabapentin in dosage forms through derivatization with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.
Jalalizadeh, H; Shafiee, A; Souri, E, 2007)		0.79
"Both gabapentin and pregabalin are approved for the management of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), although dosing and pharmacokinetic differences between these medications may affect their use in actual practice."( A retrospective evaluation of the use of gabapentin and pregabalin in patients with postherpetic neuralgia in usual-care settings.
Gore, M; Sadosky, A; Stacey, B; Tai, KS, 2007)		1.12
" However, the results should not be extrapolated to other gabapentin drug products and to other tablet dosage forms."( Comparison of the stability of split and intact gabapentin tablets.
Ciavarella, AB; Faustino, PJ; Gupta, A; Khan, MA; Sayeed, VA; Volpe, DA, 2008)		0.85
" Further well-designed trials are warranted to establish the most appropriate dosing regimen in patients on HD."( Role of gabapentin in the treatment of uremic pruritus.
Gommer, J; Scates, AC; Vila, T, 2008)		0.78
" Therefore, conventional sustained formulations would likely result in decreased bioavailability, as the dosage form would pass through the window of absorption before the drug could be completely released."( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after a single day and at steady state following the administration of gastric-retentive- extended-release and immediate-release tablets: a randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, three-way crossover, exploratory study in hea
Berner, B; Gordi, T; Hou, E; Kasichayanula, S, 2008)		0.67
" Gabapentin plasma concentrations were measured in serial plasma samples collected >or=48 hours following dosing on days 1 and 8 using a validated high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system with a lowest limit of quantitation of 75 ng/mL."( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after a single day and at steady state following the administration of gastric-retentive- extended-release and immediate-release tablets: a randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, three-way crossover, exploratory study in hea
Berner, B; Gordi, T; Hou, E; Kasichayanula, S, 2008)		1.58
" However, BID dosing resulted in apparently lower C(max) (mean ratio: 81%; CI 90%, 76%-86%) and greater C(min) values (mean ratio: 118%; CI 90%, 107%-130%), while G-ER QD dosing was associated with numerically greater C(max) (mean ratio: 116%; CI 90%, 109%-123%), and lower C(min) values (mean ratio: 52%; CI 90%, 48%-56%) compared with G-IR TID during a 24-hour dosing period."( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after a single day and at steady state following the administration of gastric-retentive- extended-release and immediate-release tablets: a randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, three-way crossover, exploratory study in hea
Berner, B; Gordi, T; Hou, E; Kasichayanula, S, 2008)		0.67
"This exploratory study found that in these healthy subjects, the daily exposure provided by less frequent G-ER dosing was not significantly different from same daily dose with G-IR, administered more frequently."( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after a single day and at steady state following the administration of gastric-retentive- extended-release and immediate-release tablets: a randomized, open-label, multiple-dose, three-way crossover, exploratory study in hea
Berner, B; Gordi, T; Hou, E; Kasichayanula, S, 2008)		0.67
" Recommendations for future research to inform clinical practice should include cost-effectiveness studies and dose-response analysis in order to determine the schema employed and the duration of treatment."( Efficacy of pregabalin and gabapentin for neuropathic pain in spinal-cord injury: an evidence-based evaluation of the literature.
Amaniti, E; Kouvelas, D; Papazisis, G; Tzellos, TG, 2008)		0.64
" Gabapentin and R-PIA were administered to obtain the dose-response curve and the 50% effective dose (ED(50))."( The interaction of gabapentin and N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine R-(-)isomer (R-PIA) on mechanical allodynia in rats with a spinal nerve ligation.
Jun, IG; Park, JY, 2008)		1.58
"In this study, a straightforward and automated pulsed flow-based procedure was developed for the chemiluminometric determination of gabapentin [1-(aminomethyl)cyclo-hexaneacetic acid], a new generation antiepileptic drug, in different formulated dosage forms."( Rapid chemiluminometric determination of gabapentin in pharmaceutical formulations exploiting pulsed-flow analysis.
Cerdà, V; Estela, JM; Lima, JL; Manera, M; Miró, M; Ribeiro, MF; Santos, JL, )		0.6
" Log-probit analysis was used to evaluate dose-response effects and calculate the ED(50) values for gabapentin, tiagabine, and their combination at the fixed-ratio of 1:1 in the phases I and II of the formalin test in mice."( Synergistic interaction of gabapentin with tiagabine in the formalin test in mice: an isobolographic analysis.
Czuczwar, M; Czuczwar, SJ; Kolacz, A; Luszczki, JJ; Przesmycki, K, 2009)		0.87
" XP13512 may therefore provide more predictable gabapentin exposure and decreased dosing frequency."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of XP13512, a novel transported prodrug of gabapentin.
Canafax, DM; Cundy, KC; Luo, W; Moors, TL; Sastry, S; Zou, J, 2008)		0.84
" Steady-state serum concentrations of gabapentin, distributed over a dosage interval, were obtained from 16 adult patients."( A population pharmacokinetic model of gabapentin developed in nonparametric adaptive grid and nonlinear mixed effects modeling.
Carlsson, KC; Eriksen, HO; Hoem, NO; Karlsson, MO; Moberg, ER; van de Schootbrugge, M, 2009)		0.9
" To be included in the meta-analysis, RCTs had to compare gabapentin with placebo in the treatment of hot flashes in women with natural or tamoxifen-induced menopause, regardless of the sample size, dosage used, duration of treatment, or frequency of the episodes."( Gabapentin for the treatment of hot flashes in women with natural or tamoxifen-induced menopause: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Goulis, DG; Kouvelas, D; Toulis, KA; Tzellos, T, 2009)		2.04
" Patients in group B who were receiving gabapentin continued this treatment up to a maximum daily dosage of 2400 mg during the observation period."( Adequacy assessment of oxycodone/paracetamol (acetaminophen) in multimodal chronic pain : a prospective observational study.
Bertini, L; Carucci, A; Gatti, A; Mammucari, M; Occhioni, R; Sabato, AF, 2009)		0.62
"The median dosage of gabapentin was 1800 mg/daily."( The efficacy and safety of gabapentin in carpal tunnel patients: open label trial.
Erdemoglu, AK, )		0.75
" Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the dose-response relationships between logarithms of antiepileptic drug doses and their resultant maximum possible antinociceptive effects in the mouse hot-plate test."( Synergistic interaction of gabapentin with tiagabine in the hot-plate test in mice: an isobolographic analysis.
Czuczwar, M; Czuczwar, SJ; Kołacz, A; Luszczki, JJ; Przesmycki, K; Wojda, E, )		0.43
" The infant continued to receive gabapentin; the dosage was increased to 10 mg/kg at bedtime after 6 days, then to 5 mg/kg in the morning and 10 mg/kg at bedtime 10 days later."( Gabapentin therapy for pain and irritability in a neurologically impaired infant.
Cox, TH; Garner, SS; Haney, AL, 2009)		2.08
" Up to estimated 336 patients (interim analyses) with acute herpes zoster pain (VAS > 30 mm) will be randomised to one of three groups (a) semi-standardised acupuncture (168 patients); (b) gabapentine with individualised dosage between 900-3600 mg/d (84 patients); (c) sham laser acupuncture."( Acupuncture in acute herpes zoster pain therapy (ACUZoster) - design and protocol of a randomised controlled trial.
Fleckenstein, J; Hoffrogge, P; Irnich, D; Kramer, S; Lang, PM; Lehmeyer, L; Mansmann, U; Pfab, F; Ring, J; Schober, GM; Schotten, KJ; Thoma, S; Weisenseel, P, 2009)		0.54
" Gabapentin was rapidly absorbed and eliminated in dogs, indicating that frequent dosing is needed to maintain minimum targeted plasma concentrations."( Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in greyhound dogs.
Cohen, RL; Kukanich, B, 2011)		1.58
" Its normal plasma half-life is 2 - 3 hours; dosage modifications are obligatory in renal insufficiency."( Drug-induced encephalopathy secondary to non renal dosing of common medications in Two dialysis patients.
Iloanya, PC; Nye, D; Onuigbo, MA, 2009)		0.35
" Analysis of the log dose-response curves for oxcarbazepine or gabapentin in a presence of amitriptyline and oxcarbazepine or gabapentin applied alone, revealed a synergism in oxcarbazepine-amitriptyline and additivity in gabapentin-amitriptyline combination."( Analysis of the antinociceptive interactions in two-drug combinations of gabapentin, oxcarbazepine and amitriptyline in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
Bosković, B; Micov, AM; Prostran, MS; Stepanović-Petrović, RM; Tomić, MA; Ugresić, ND; Vucković, SM, 2010)		0.83
"Although not definitive, our findings suggest that gabapentin administered at these doses with this dosing regimen holds little promise for the treatment of tobacco dependence in a population of smokers seeking treatment."( Gabapentin for smoking cessation.
Croghan, IT; Ebbert, JO; Hays, JT; Schroeder, DR; Sood, A; Sood, R; Wyatt, KD, 2010)		2.06
" Patients with chronic kidney disease often receive inappropriately high gabapentin dosage for their kidney function, occasioning overt toxicity; advanced age and comorbidity predispose these patients for toxicity."( Gabapentin toxicity in patients with chronic kidney disease: a preventable cause of morbidity.
McKian, KP; Qian, Q; Zand, L, 2010)		2.03
" Other gabapentin doses or dosing regimens warrant further study."( Clinical evaluation of perioperative administration of gabapentin as an adjunct for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing amputation of a forelimb.
Hellyer, PW; Mich, PM; Uhrig, SR; Wagner, AE, 2010)		1.06
"4%) with gabapentin at a dosage of 900 mg/d and in 9 patients (20."( Gabapentin in the treatment of hiccups in patients with advanced cancer: a 5-year experience.
Aielli, F; Aloisi, P; Ficorella, C; Galletti, B; Porzio, G; Verna, L, 2010)		2.22
"The objectives of the 3 phase I studies described herein were (1) to compare the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin delivered from a novel gastric-retentive dosage form vs an immediate-release formulation, (2) to assess the dose proportionality of the gastric-retentive extended-release formulation, and (3) to determine the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin delivered from this formulation."( Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in a novel gastric-retentive extended-release formulation: comparison with an immediate-release formulation and effect of dose escalation and food.
Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Hou, E, 2011)		0.91
" These findings indicate that preoperative use of gabapentin followed by postoperative dosing for two days did not significantly affect the postoperative pain, sleep, opioid consumption or patient-perceived quality of recovery for patients undergoing cardiac surgery."( Effect of gabapentin on pain after cardiac surgery: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Cornelissen, HR; Fraser, JF; Liessmann, CD; O'Connell, L; Rapchuk, IL, 2010)		1.02
" The absolute bioavailability of gabapentin drops from 60% to 33% as the dosage increases from 900 to 3600 mg/day, while the absolute bioavailability of pregabalin remains at > or = 90% irrespective of the dosage."( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pregabalin and gabapentin.
Bockbrader, HN; Burger, P; Chapel, S; Janiczek, N; Miller, R; Wesche, D, 2010)		0.87
" After confirmation of the established allodynia, gabapentin at 10, 30, 60 and 100μg or clonidine at 5, 15, 30 and 50μg was injected as a monotherapy in conscious rats through the intrathecal catheter to obtain the dose-response curve of %MPE (maximum possible effect) of the antiallodynic effect and its ED(50)."( Intrathecal gabapentin and clonidine synergistically inhibit allodynia in spinal nerve-ligated rats.
Asada, A; Funao, T; Mori, T; Nishikawa, K; Yamama, Y, 2010)		0.99
" Reassessment and modulation of dosing and/or medications occurred at 3- and 6-month intervals."( An open-label comparison of nabilone and gabapentin as adjuvant therapy or monotherapy in the management of neuropathic pain in patients with peripheral neuropathy.
Bestard, JA; Toth, CC, )		0.4
" The PWT in PSL mice was dose-dependently increased by intraperitoneal injection of gabapentin, but the anti-allodynic effects varied according to its dosing time."( Molecular basis for the dosing time-dependency of anti-allodynic effects of gabapentin in a mouse model of neuropathic pain.
Hamamura, K; Inoue, K; Koyanagi, S; Kusunose, N; Matsunaga, N; Ohdo, S; Tsuda, M; Uchida, T; Yoshida, M, 2010)		0.81
"These findings suggest that the dosing time-dependent difference in the anti-allodynic effects of gabapentin is attributable to the circadian oscillation of α2δ-1 subunit expression in the DRG and indicate that the optimizing its dosing schedule helps to achieve rational pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain."( Molecular basis for the dosing time-dependency of anti-allodynic effects of gabapentin in a mouse model of neuropathic pain.
Hamamura, K; Inoue, K; Koyanagi, S; Kusunose, N; Matsunaga, N; Ohdo, S; Tsuda, M; Uchida, T; Yoshida, M, 2010)		0.81
" A therapeutic strategy and optimal dosage of medications including gabapentin should be established for the treatment of SUNCT."( [Japanese SUNCT patient responsive to gabapentin].
Imai, K; Ito, Y; Kato, T; Nishida, S; Suzuki, J; Yasuda, T, 2011)		0.88
" This study assessed the efficacy of GEn vs placebo and compared the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after oral dosing of GEn or gabapentin in patients with PHN."( Efficacy of gabapentin enacarbil vs placebo in patients with postherpetic neuralgia and a pharmacokinetic comparison with oral gabapentin.
Backonja, MM; Canafax, DM; Cundy, KC, 2011)		0.97
" Gabapentin was restarted at the original dosage and the symptoms resolved within 8 hours."( Akathisia induced by gabapentin withdrawal.
Hendriks, E; Hsiung, L; See, S, 2011)		1.6
"In 32 PHN patients being administered gabapentin, without changing the frequency of dosing, the drug was substituted with pregabalin at one-sixth dosage of gabapentin."( Replacement of gabapentin with pregabalin in postherpetic neuralgia therapy.
Hidaka, I; Ifuku, M; Inada, E; Iseki, M; Komatus, S; Morita, Y, 2011)		0.99
"It was suggested that the analgesic action of pregabalin in PHN was six times that of gabapentin in terms of effectiveness in dosage conversion."( Replacement of gabapentin with pregabalin in postherpetic neuralgia therapy.
Hidaka, I; Ifuku, M; Inada, E; Iseki, M; Komatus, S; Morita, Y, 2011)		0.95
" The new drug combines generic gabapentin with a polymeric delivery system allowing for extended release and is licensed to be given only as a once-daily dosing regimen."( Extended-release gabapentin in post-herpetic neuralgia.
Farquhar-Smith, P; Thomas, B, 2011)		0.99
"Although GpER has been approved by the FDA for once-daily use in PHN, there is a relative paucity of data for both its efficacy and the optimum dosing schedule (once or twice a day)."( Extended-release gabapentin in post-herpetic neuralgia.
Farquhar-Smith, P; Thomas, B, 2011)		0.71
"Study limitations include a short timeframe and using data from different dosage schemes for GBP and PGB."( Economic evaluation of duloxetine as a first-line treatment for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Mexico.
Carlos, F; Dueñas, H; Galindo-Suárez, RM; Ramírez-Gámez, J; Ramos, E, 2012)		0.38
" The dosage was adjusted according to the level of pain control and side-effects."( Use of single- and multi-drug regimens in the management of classic (idiopathic) trigeminal neuralgia: an 11-year experience at a single Sri Lankan institution.
Ariyawardana, A; Pallegama, R; Ranasinghe, A; Sitheeque, M, 2012)		0.38
" They have been shown to help in reaching the desired effect when administered at drug-specific modes and at proven effective dosing throughout the perioperative period."( Non-opioid IV adjuvants in the perioperative period: pharmacological and clinical aspects of ketamine and gabapentinoids.
Weinbroum, AA, 2012)		0.59
" These results suggest this dosing regimen of gabapentin is not efficacious in improving outcomes in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy under general anesthesia with an interscalene block."( Perioperative administration of gabapentin for shoulder arthroscopy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Bowen, K; Goff, J; Maye, J; Mohan, E; Osborne, L; Spence, D, 2011)		0.91
" The objective of this paper is to report the steady-state pharmacokinetics and safety of gabapentin with different dosing regimens of gabapentin-ER in postmenopausal women with hot flashes."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms.
Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)		0.88
" C(max) generally increased with increasing dose as did C(min) and C(avg) for the various treatments in a manner that was consistent with the dosing regimen."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms.
Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)		0.66
"The pharmacokinetic profile of gabapentin-ER may allow for once- or twice-daily dosing while maintaining bioavailability and thus efficacy."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after administration of a novel gastroretentive extended-release formulation in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms.
Cowles, VE; Gordi, T; Hou, SY, 2012)		0.95
" The gastroretentive once-daily formulation of gabapentin (G-GR) allows for less frequent dosing while maintaining efficacy and may also reduce adverse events (AEs) associated with high plasma concentration of gabapentin occurring during the waking hours."( Clinical development of a once-daily gastroretentive formulation of gabapentin for treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: an overview.
Argoff, CE; Chen, C; Cowles, VE, 2012)		0.87
" The GR technology used in G-GR resulted in a decreased dosing frequency from three times per day for the IR product to once daily in the treatment of PHN, while maintaining the same efficacy with an apparent reduced incidence of AEs common to G-IR therapy."( Clinical development of a once-daily gastroretentive formulation of gabapentin for treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: an overview.
Argoff, CE; Chen, C; Cowles, VE, 2012)		0.61
" Once-daily dosing has been shown to provide comparable drug exposure with an identical daily dose of the immediate-release formulation when administered three times daily."( Gabapentin for once-daily treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: a review.
Beal, B; Moeller-Bertram, T; Schilling, JM; Wallace, MS, 2012)		1.82
" This review focuses on the ADME properties of gabapentin and illustrates how GR delivery enhances its absorption compared with IR formulations and allows once-daily dosing with the evening meal for the treatment of PHN."( The intestinal absorption mechanism of gabapentin makes it appropriate for gastroretentive delivery.
Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Sweeney, M, 2013)		0.92
"The objective of this modeling study was to assess different dosage regimens that might be used to guide clinicians in transitioning patients from gabapentin to pregabalin therapy when such a transition is clinically warranted."( Gabapentin to pregabalin therapy transition: a pharmacokinetic simulation.
Bockbrader, HN; Budhwani, MN; Wesche, DL, 2013)		2.03
" The effective doses, for 20%, 50%, and 80% response (ED(20), ED(50), and ED(80), respectively), of each drug were calculated using least squares linear regression analysis, and then dose-response curves were compared."( Relative potency of pregabalin, gabapentin, and morphine in a mouse model of visceral pain.
Keyhanfar, F; Shamsi Meymandi, M, 2013)		0.67
" No difference was observed between slopes of dose-response curves."( Relative potency of pregabalin, gabapentin, and morphine in a mouse model of visceral pain.
Keyhanfar, F; Shamsi Meymandi, M, 2013)		0.67
"In this animal model of visceral pain, all three drugs exhibited parallel dose-response curves."( Relative potency of pregabalin, gabapentin, and morphine in a mouse model of visceral pain.
Keyhanfar, F; Shamsi Meymandi, M, 2013)		0.67
"PHN pain reduction after G-GR treatment can be observed as early as the second day of dosing and continues for at least 10 weeks."( Once-daily gastroretentive gabapentin for postherpetic neuralgia: integrated efficacy, time to onset of pain relief and safety analyses of data from two phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies.
Irving, GA; Rauck, RL; Sweeney, M; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, MS, 2013)		0.69
" This study examines dosing patterns, therapy outcomes, healthcare utilization and costs of patients with PHN who initiate treatment with gabapentin or pregabalin."( Real-world treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia with gabapentin or pregabalin.
Becker, L; Halpern, R; Johnson, P; Sweeney, M, 2013)		0.84
" The mean daily dosage was 826 mg for gabapentin and 187 mg for pregabalin."( Real-world treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia with gabapentin or pregabalin.
Becker, L; Halpern, R; Johnson, P; Sweeney, M, 2013)		0.91
" Suboptimal dosing and discontinuation may be associated with supplementary use of other analgesics, especially opioids."( Real-world treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia with gabapentin or pregabalin.
Becker, L; Halpern, R; Johnson, P; Sweeney, M, 2013)		0.64
" Analyses were performed on safety data from patients who received G-GR for 10 weeks in the randomized controlled study and who then received an additional 14 weeks of G-GR, asymmetrically dosed in the current study."( Long-term safety of gastroretentive gabapentin in postherpetic neuralgia patients.
Irving, G; Jensen, MP; Rauck, R; Sweeney, M; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, M, 2013)		0.66
" The effective dosing regimen of gabapentin IR (G-IR) for PHN is 1800 mg/day in three divided doses."( Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of a once-daily gastroretentive dosage form of gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia.
Chen, C; Cowles, VE; Han, CH; Sweeney, M, 2013)		0.89
"67 days of study drug, with eight patients receiving a dosage of 300 mg thrice daily (TID), 24 receiving 600 mg TID, 14 receiving 800 mg TID, and seven receiving 1200 mg TID."( Gabapentin is ineffective as an analgesic adjunct in the immediate postburn period.
Eid, A; Heard, J; Horsfield, A; Kealey, P; Kral, L; Liao, J; Rosenquist, R; Wibbenmeyer, L, )		1.57
"To demonstrate the premise of individualized dosing charts (IDCs) as a clinical-bedside decision-support tool to individualize dosage regimens for drugs in which the interpatient variability is controlled by the pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of the patient, to calculate the optimal sampling schedule (OSS), which minimizes the number of blood samples per patient."( Validation of a novel approach for dose individualization in pharmacotherapy using gabapentin in a proof of principles study.
Anaissie, EJ; Blau, GE; Fausel, C; Laínez, JM; Orcun, S; Reklaitis, GV; Suvannasankha, A, 2013)		0.61
" The dose amount and dosing interval must be adjusted to maximize the probability of staying within the target concentration range."( Validation of a novel approach for dose individualization in pharmacotherapy using gabapentin in a proof of principles study.
Anaissie, EJ; Blau, GE; Fausel, C; Laínez, JM; Orcun, S; Reklaitis, GV; Suvannasankha, A, 2013)		0.61
"IDCs display the risk of a patient violating the target concentration range for any dosage regimen."( Validation of a novel approach for dose individualization in pharmacotherapy using gabapentin in a proof of principles study.
Anaissie, EJ; Blau, GE; Fausel, C; Laínez, JM; Orcun, S; Reklaitis, GV; Suvannasankha, A, 2013)		0.61
"A dosage of 600 mg of gabapentin plus 4 mg of dexamethasone significantly reduced the 24-hour incidence of nausea and PONV."( The effect of gabapentin premedication on postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pain in patients on preoperative dexamethasone undergoing craniotomy for intracranial tumors.
Misra, S; Parthasarathi, G; Vilanilam, GC, 2013)		1.07
" We also summarised data on adverse events from all single dosage studies and calculated risk differences (RDs) and numbers needed to harm (NNHs)."( Gabapentin or pregabalin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults.
Chronicle, EP; Linde, M; McCrory, DC; Mulleners, WM, 2013)		1.83
" One trial of gabapentin enacarbil (523 participants) failed to demonstrate a significant difference versus placebo or between doses for gabapentin enacarbil titrated to between 1200 mg and 3000 mg with regard to proportion of responders; there was also no evidence of a dose-response trend."( Gabapentin or pregabalin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults.
Chronicle, EP; Linde, M; McCrory, DC; Mulleners, WM, 2013)		2.19
" Multiple dosing regimens may be beneficial in reducing acute and chronic pain; however, more robust randomized control studies are needed."( Is there a role for gabapentin in preventing or treating pain following thoracic surgery?
Frazer, S; Hunt, I; Zakkar, M, 2013)		0.71
" Several derivatization methods have been developed and used for their determination in bulk or pharmaceutical dosage forms."( A simple high-throughput method for determination of antiepileptic analogues of γ-aminobutyric acid in pharmaceutical dosage forms using microplate fluorescence reader.
Martinc, B; Vovk, T, 2013)		0.39
" We estimated summary risk ratios for each outcome and evaluated dose-response in regression models."( Gabapentin add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy.
Al-Bachari, S; Hutton, JL; Marson, AG; Pulman, J, 2013)		1.83
"Mean median daily dosage over 6 months was 53."( Effectiveness of duloxetine compared with pregabalin and gabapentin in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: results from a German observational study.
Birklein, F; Boess, FG; Happich, M; Schacht, A; Schneider, E; Wilhelm, S; Ziegler, D, 2014)		0.65
" The extent of liver damage at different dosage and long term treatment with GPN is not yet clear."( Chronic effect of gabapentin on liver function in adult male rats.
Abdollahi, A; Meshkibaf, MH; Miladpoor, B; Shole Var, F, 2013)		0.72
" Time-course data for the dose-response effects were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and the posthoc Tukey-Kramer multiple-comparison test."( Antinociceptive effects of mirtazapine, pregabalin, and gabapentin after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve in rats.
Hashimoto, R; Hosokawa, K; Mashimo, T; Nakae, A; Nakai, K, 2014)		0.65
" However, cost-analysis is only part of the equation when treating chronic pain patients and undervalues the relationships of enhanced compliance due to single-daily dosing and stable and reliable pharmacokinetics associated with extended-duration preparations using either retentive technologies or delayed absorption strategies."( Can Chronic Pain Patients Be Adequately Treated Using Generic Pain Medications to the Exclusion of Brand-Name Ones?
Anantamongkol, U; Candido, KD; Chiweshe, J; Knezevic, NN, )		0.13
" All patients were titrated to 1800 mg G-GR/d over 2 weeks and maintained at that dosage for 6 weeks, for 8 weeks total treatment."( Real-world experience with once-daily gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN).
Dunteman, ED; Kareht, S; Markley, HG; Sweeney, M, 2015)		0.69
" It may be related with using a similar dosage of dopaminergic drugs."( Augmentation in restless legs syndrome patients in Korea.
Cho, YW; Jeon, JY; Lee, HB; Moon, HJ; Song, ML, 2015)		0.42
" We compared dosing and side effects in 34 CKD/ESKD patients with similar patients receiving HD (n = 15)."( Efficacy and safety of gabapentin for uremic pruritus and restless legs syndrome in conservatively managed patients with chronic kidney disease.
Brennan, F; Brown, MA; Cheikh Hassan, HI; Collett, G; Josland, EA, 2015)		0.73
" GBP dosing was rapidly escalated within days of SAH up to a median of 1,200 mg/day, with a range of 300 mg three times a day to 900 mg three times a day."( Safety and tolerability of gabapentin for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) headache and meningismus.
Dhakal, LP; Freeman, WD; Hodge, DO; Mayes, M; Nagal, J; Nagel, J; Ng, LK; Richie, A, 2015)		0.71
" Participants were dosed with gabapentin alone (n = 39), zolpidem tartrate alone (n = 38), and the combination (gabapentin + zolpidem) (n = 38) over three treatment periods, which were separated by ≥7 days."( Pharmacokinetic effects of simultaneous administration of single-dose gabapentin 500 mg and zolpidem tartrate 10 mg in healthy volunteers: a randomized, open-label, crossover trial.
Furey, SA; Galitz, LA; Jayawardena, S, 2015)		0.94
" Dosing information can guide treatment trials and future prospective studies."( Gabapentin for management of recurrent pain in 22 nonverbal children with severe neurological impairment: a retrospective analysis.
Hauer, JM; Solodiuk, JC, 2015)		1.86
" Effects of orally dosed standard analgesics on CRANE were examined 48 h following bilateral CFA injection."( Complete Freund's adjuvant-induced reduction of exploratory activity in a novel environment as an objective nociceptive endpoint for sub-acute inflammatory pain model in rats.
Bannon, AW; Joshi, SK; Zhu, CZ, 2015)		0.42
" GBP has a favorable adverse effect profile in therapeutic dosing with the most common reported effects being dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, weight gain, and peripheral edema."( An acute gabapentin fatality: a case report with postmortem concentrations.
Cantrell, FL; Gary, RD; McIntyre, IM; Mena, O, 2015)		0.83
" Compounded dosage forms of gabapentin are commonly used for pain management, however, the penetration and efficacy of gabapentin in these compounded topical formulations has not been fully studied."( Skin permeation and antinociception of topical gabapentin formulations.
Asbill, S; Bryson, E; Sweitzer, S, )		0.68
"Gabapentin may have a role in the treatment of mild alcohol withdrawal, but future studies should focus on adequate dosing strategies."( The role of gabapentin in the management of alcohol withdrawal and dependence.
Hall-Flavin, D; Leung, JG; Nelson, S; Schak, KM; Schmidt, KA, 2015)		2.24
" The best compartmental, oral model was used to simulate the concentration-time profiles resulting from different dosing scenarios."( Pharmacokinetics of Compounded Intravenous and Oral Gabapentin in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots ( Amazona ventralis ).
Baine, K; Cox, S; Jones, MP; Martín-Jiménez, T, 2015)		0.67
" Since, 5-HT6 antagonists improved the effectiveness of gabapentinoids, reduction in the dosage and frequency of gabapentinoids treatment may reduce the side effects."( 5-HT6 receptor antagonist attenuates the memory deficits associated with neuropathic pain and improves the efficacy of gabapentinoids.
Babu, VA; Bhyrapuneni, G; Goura, V; Jayarajan, P; Nirogi, R; Shinde, A; Yathavakilla, S, 2015)		0.87
"Gabapentin displays non-linear drug disposition, which complicates dosing for optimal therapeutic effect."( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationship of Gabapentin in a CFA-induced Inflammatory Hyperalgesia Rat Model.
Holm, R; Keizer, R; Kreilgaard, M; Larsen, MS; Munro, G; Mørk, A; Savic, R, 2016)		2.13
" Gabapentin has a favorable adverse effect profile in therapeutic dosing with the most common reported effects being dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, weight gain, and peripheral edema."( Gabapentin concentrations and postmortem distribution.
Gary, RD; Hamm, CE; McIntyre, IM, 2016)		2.79
"To evaluate efficacy, appropriate dosing regimen and safety of gabapentin on UP in hemodialysis (HD) patients."( Gabapentin: A promising therapy for uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients: A randomized-controlled trial and review of literature.
Abdelkhalik, Z; Alkot, R; Eldesouky, F; Farag, F; Nofal, A; Nofal, E, 2016)		2.12
" Rodent models of CIPN have been developed using a range of dosing regimens to reproduce pain-like behaviours akin to patient-reported symptoms."( Chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy: pain-like behaviours in rodent models and their response to commonly used analgesics.
Duggett, NA; Flatters, SJL; Hopkins, HL, 2016)		0.43
" We present an overview of dosing regimens to produce CIPN models and their phenotype of pain-like behaviours."( Chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy: pain-like behaviours in rodent models and their response to commonly used analgesics.
Duggett, NA; Flatters, SJL; Hopkins, HL, 2016)		0.43
"The review outlines the latest description of the most-relevant rodent models of CIPN enabling comparison between chemotherapeutics, dosing regimen, rodent strain, and sex."( Chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy: pain-like behaviours in rodent models and their response to commonly used analgesics.
Duggett, NA; Flatters, SJL; Hopkins, HL, 2016)		0.43
" One month later, she reported that she had self-reduced the gabapentin dosage to 300 mg once daily, after which she noticed improvement in her daytime sleepiness and fatigue and experienced one hallucination approximately one week after the dosage reduction."( Visual hallucinations associated with gabapentin use.
Derkits, ME; Parsons, KA, 2016)		0.95
"Databases were searched for peer-reviewed papers demonstrating gabapentin misuse, characterized by taking a larger dosage than prescribed or taking gabapentin without a prescription, and diversion."( Gabapentin misuse, abuse and diversion: a systematic review.
Havens, JR; Smith, RV; Walsh, SL, 2016)		2.12
" Dose-response curves (DRC) and isobolographic analysis were used to confirm their synergistic antihyperalgesic and anti-allodynic responses in a rat neuropathic pain model involving chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve and in von Frey and acetone tests."( The Antinociceptive Effects of Tramadol and/or Gabapentin on Rat Neuropathic Pain Induced by a Chronic Constriction Injury.
Corona-Ramos, JN; De la O-Arciniega, M; Déciga-Campos, M; Domínguez-Ramírez, AM; Espinosa-Juárez, JV; Jaramillo-Morales, OA; López-Muñoz, FJ; Medina-López, JR, 2016)		0.69
"The aim of this review was to evaluate current literature for dosing recommendations for the use of antiepileptic medications in patients receiving renal replacement therapy (RRT)."( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy.
Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)		0.43
" Micromedex® DRUGDEX as well as package inserts were used to obtain known pharmacokinetic properties and dosage adjustment recommendations in RRT if known."( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy.
Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)		0.43
"Data regarding antiepileptic drug use in RRT are limited and mostly consist of case reports limiting our proposed dosing recommendations."( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy.
Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)		0.43
"Additional studies are necessary before specific dosing recommendations can be made for most antiepileptic drugs in critically ill patients receiving RRT, specifically with newer agents."( Antiepileptic dosing for critically ill adult patients receiving renal replacement therapy.
Bastin, ML; Cook, AM; Oyler, DR; Smetana, KS, 2016)		0.43
" Previous studies showed that opioids combined with gabapentin for management of cancer pain reduced the dosage of opioids."( The research on long-term clinical effects and patients' satisfaction of gabapentin combined with oxycontin in treatment of severe cancer pain.
Chen, DL; Li, YH; Wang, ZJ; Zhu, YK, 2016)		0.92
" Therefore, in women with a uterus, it is recommended that physicians prescribe combination therapy only to treat menopausal symptoms such as vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes) and vaginal atrophy, using the smallest effective dosage for the shortest possible duration."( Hormone Therapy and Other Treatments for Symptoms of Menopause.
Crider, M; Hill, DA; Hill, SR, 2016)		0.43
" Cyclobenzaprine specimens were equally likely to be positive whether the dose was oral or topical, although mean levels after topical dosing were approximately 13-21% those after oral dosing."( Urinary Concentrations of Topically Administered Pain Medications.
Bell, P; Glinn, MA; Harvey, A; Lickteig, AJ; Rappold, B; Recer, S; Salske, M; Stensland, J; Weber, L, 2017)		0.46
"In this study, we evaluated the dose-response efficacy of levetiracetam (12."( Combination therapy of levetiracetam and gabapentin against nonconvulsive seizures induced by penetrating traumatic brain injury.
Cao, Y; Liao, Z; Lu, XM; Mountney, A; Shear, DA; Tortella, FC, 2017)		0.72
" However, the two drugs manifested different dose-response profiles."( Combination therapy of levetiracetam and gabapentin against nonconvulsive seizures induced by penetrating traumatic brain injury.
Cao, Y; Liao, Z; Lu, XM; Mountney, A; Shear, DA; Tortella, FC, 2017)		0.72
" We report on a case of a 31 year old female who presented to the emergency department with unilateral leg pain, weakness, and swelling after increasingly titrating her Gabapentin dosage over three weeks."( Radiologic Findings in Gabapentin-Induced Myositis.
Chang, DR; Coupal, TM; Munk, PL; Ouellette, HA; Pennycooke, K, 2017)		0.96
" In addition, there was a negative correlation between the gabapentin dosage and the occurrence of nausea and vomiting."( The efficacy of gabapentin in reducing pain intensity and postoperative nausea and vomiting following laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A meta-analysis.
Dong, Y; Tan, H; Wang, L; Zhang, J, 2017)		1.04
" Dosage regimens varied between and within doctors, particularly for the use of gabapentin and diazepam."( Oral medication prescription practices of tertiary-based specialists for dystonia in children with cerebral palsy.
Harvey, A; Reddihough, D; Scheinberg, A; Williams, K, 2018)		0.71
" Optimal dosing and timing of perioperative gabapentin in the context of specific operations to decrease opioid use should be addressed in further research."( Effect of Perioperative Gabapentin on Postoperative Pain Resolution and Opioid Cessation in a Mixed Surgical Cohort: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Carroll, I; Clay, D; Costouros, JG; Curtin, C; Dirbas, FM; Efron, B; Goodman, S; Hah, J; Huddleston, J; Humphreys, K; Mackey, SC; Maloney, WJ; McCue, R; Ruchelli, G; Schmidt, P; Sharifzadeh, Y; Shrager, J; Trafton, J, 2018)		1.05
" Patients will continue their current pain medication at study onset, conditional upon dosage consistency during the prior 30 days."( Pregabalin versus gabapentin in the treatment of sciatica: study protocol for a randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial (PAGPROS).
Harriss, L; Hennessy, M; Marshman, LAG; Plummer, D; Robertson, K, 2018)		0.81
" The goal of this study was to assess the association between gabapentin dosing and adverse outcomes by obtaining estimates of the 30-day risk of hospitalization with altered mental status and mortality in older adults (mean age 76 years) in Ontario, Canada initiated on high dose (>600 mg/day; n = 34,159) compared to low dose (≤600 mg/day; n = 76,025) oral gabapentin in routine outpatient care."( Gabapentin dose and the 30-day risk of altered mental status in older adults: A retrospective population-based study.
Burneo, J; Dev, VK; Dixon, SN; Fleet, JL; Garg, AX; Kuwornu, PJ; Montero-Odasso, M, 2018)		2.16
" Gabapentin dosing was 600 mg (<65 years) or 300 mg (>65 years)."( Does low-dose gapapentin reduce opioid use postoperatively?: A randomized controlled trial in women undergoing reconstructive pelvic surgery.
Alarab, M; Dawood, A; Lemos, N; Li, ALK; Lovatsis, D; McDermott, CD; Siddiqui, NT; Wadsworth, K, 2019)		1.42
"GEn requires less frequent dosing compared with GBP-IR and fluctuates less with sustained gabapentin exposure throughout the day."( Pharmacokinetics of immediate release, extended release, and gastric retentive gabapentin formulations in healthy adults
.
Aronoff, GM; Ciric, S; Lal, R; Swearingen, D, 2018)		0.93
" Moreover, GBP is a freely water-soluble drug, thus it is considered a challenging candidate to be formulated as extended release dosage form."( Gastroretentive raft liquid delivery system as a new approach to release extension for carrier-mediated drug.
Aboelwafa, AA; Abouelatta, SM; El-Gazayerly, ON, 2018)		0.48
" When sodium channel blockers cannot reach full dosage because of side effects, an add-on treatment with lamotrigine or baclofen should be considered."( Current and Innovative Pharmacological Options to Treat Typical and Atypical Trigeminal Neuralgia.
Cruccu, G; Di Stefano, G; Truini, A, 2018)		0.48
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of clinically relevant dosing regimens of gabapentin in cats."( The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in cats.
Adrian, D; Baynes, R; Lascelles, BDX; Papich, MG; Stafford, E, 2018)		1.02
"Repeated oral dosing of gabapentin did not alter the drug's pharmacokinetics, making dose adjustments unnecessary with long-term treatment."( The pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in cats.
Adrian, D; Baynes, R; Lascelles, BDX; Papich, MG; Stafford, E, 2018)		1.09
" We estimated summary risk ratios (RR) for each outcome and evaluated dose-response in regression models."( Gabapentin add-on treatment for drug-resistant focal epilepsy.
Al-Bachari, S; Hutton, JL; Marson, AG; Panebianco, M; Weston, J, 2018)		1.92
" As only a minority of respondents felt comfortable prescribing these drugs, more education on effective and safe dosing is needed."( Use of Systemic Treatment in Patients with Chronic Pruritus: A Survey of Dermatologists in the Netherlands.
Kamsteeg, M; Kouwenhoven, TA; van de Kerkhof, PCM, 2019)		0.51
"Gabapentin use in posterior spinal fusion (PSF) postoperative pain management for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is increasingly common in order to decrease opioid use and improve pain control, though there is conflicting data on dosing and effectiveness to support this practice in real world settings."( Use of Gabapentin in Posterior Spinal Fusion is Associated With Decreased Postoperative Pain and Opioid Use in Children and Adolescents.
Buckland, AJ; Errico, TJ; Mansky, R; McLeod, L; Rosenberg, RE; Sure, A; Tishelman, J; Tracy, J; Trzcinski, S; Vasquez Montes, D; Zhou, P, 2019)		2.41
" In patients with RLS, intake in the evening/night only was common due to nocturnal symptoms, in contrast to regular dosing regimens in epilepsy."( Therapeutic drug monitoring of gabapentin in various indications.
Johannessen Landmark, C; Johannessen, SI; Kinge, E; Larsen Burns, M; Stokke Opdal, M, 2019)		0.8
" Challenges with applying TDM in new indications such as RLS include different dosage regimens and consequently different interpretation of serum concentrations."( Therapeutic drug monitoring of gabapentin in various indications.
Johannessen Landmark, C; Johannessen, SI; Kinge, E; Larsen Burns, M; Stokke Opdal, M, 2019)		0.8
"Gabapentin is currently used 'off-label' in children and adolescents with chronic neuropathic pain, and reliable evidence of its effects and optimal dosing are lacking."( Non-inferiority double-blind randomised controlled trial comparing gabapentin versus tramadol for the treatment of chronic neuropathic or mixed pain in children and adolescents: the GABA-1 trial-a study protocol.
Alberti, C; Bonifazi, D; Ceci, A; de Leeuw, TG; de Wildt, SN; Della Pasqua, O; Felisi, M; Kaguelidou, F; Le Roux, E; Lundin, R; Mangiarini, L; Tibboel, D, 2019)		2.19
"28), indicating a dose-response relationship."( Pregabalin add-on for drug-resistant focal epilepsy.
Bresnahan, R; Hemming, K; Marson, AG; Panebianco, M, 2019)		0.51
" Optimal standardized dosing and drug combination for preoperative multimodal analgesia remains to be elucidated."( Preoperative multimodal analgesia decreases 24-hour postoperative narcotic consumption in elective spinal fusion patients.
Haffner, M; Hwang, J; Klineberg, E; Migdal, C; Nathe, R; Roberto, R; Saiz, AM, 2019)		0.51
" The main objective of developing such systems is to increase the residence time of a specific drug in stomach; controlling its release, increasing its bioavailability and decreasing its side effects and dosing frequency."( Development of Gabapentin Expandable Gastroretentive Controlled Drug Delivery System.
Kanaze, FI; Muqedi, RH; Rimawi, IB, 2019)		0.87
" The efficacy of MMF as an immunosuppressant and long-term safety in cats of this dosage regimen is unknown."(
Abrams, G; Adolfsson, E; Agarwal, PK; Akkan, AG; Al Alhareth, NS; Alves, VGL; Armentano, R; Bahroos, E; Baig, M; Baldridge, KK; Barman, S; Bartolucci, C; Basit, A; Bertoli, SV; Bian, L; Bigatti, G; Bobenko, AI; Boix, PP; Bokulic, T; Bolink, HJ; Borowiec, J; Bulski, W; Burciaga, J; Butt, NS; Cai, AL; Campos, AM; Cao, G; Cao, Y; Čapo, I; Caruso, ML; Chao, CT; Cheatum, CM; Chelminski, K; Chen, AJW; Chen, C; Chen, CH; Chen, D; Chen, G; Chen, H; Chen, LH; Chen, R; Chen, RX; Chen, X; Cherdtrakulkiat, R; Chirvony, VS; Cho, JG; Chu, K; Ciurlino, D; Coletta, S; Contaldo, G; Crispi, F; Cui, JF; D'Esposito, M; de Biase, S; Demir, B; Deng, W; Deng, Z; Di Pinto, F; Domenech-Ximenos, B; Dong, G; Drácz, L; Du, XJ; Duan, LJ; Duan, Y; Ekendahl, D; Fan, W; Fang, L; Feng, C; Followill, DS; Foreman, SC; Fortunato, G; Frew, R; Fu, M; Gaál, V; Ganzevoort, W; Gao, DM; Gao, X; Gao, ZW; Garcia-Alvarez, A; Garza, MS; Gauthier, L; Gazzaz, ZJ; Ge, RS; Geng, Y; Genovesi, S; Geoffroy, V; Georg, D; Gigli, GL; Gong, J; Gong, Q; Groeneveld, J; Guerra, V; Guo, Q; Guo, X; Güttinger, R; Guyo, U; Haldar, J; Han, DS; Han, S; Hao, W; Hayman, A; He, D; Heidari, A; Heller, S; Ho, CT; Ho, SL; Hong, SN; Hou, YJ; Hu, D; Hu, X; Hu, ZY; Huang, JW; Huang, KC; Huang, Q; Huang, T; Hwang, JK; Izewska, J; Jablonski, CL; Jameel, T; Jeong, HK; Ji, J; Jia, Z; Jiang, W; Jiang, Y; Kalumpha, M; Kang, JH; Kazantsev, P; Kazemier, BM; Kebede, B; Khan, SA; Kiss, J; Kohen, A; Kolbenheyer, E; Konai, MM; Koniarova, I; Kornblith, E; Krawetz, RJ; Kreouzis, T; Kry, SF; Laepple, T; Lalošević, D; Lan, Y; Lawung, R; Lechner, W; Lee, KH; Lee, YH; Leonard, C; Li, C; Li, CF; Li, CM; Li, F; Li, J; Li, L; Li, S; Li, X; Li, Y; Li, YB; Li, Z; Liang, C; Lin, J; Lin, XH; Ling, M; Link, TM; Liu, HH; Liu, J; Liu, M; Liu, W; Liu, YP; Lou, H; Lu, G; Lu, M; Lun, SM; Ma, Z; Mackensen, A; Majumdar, S; Martineau, C; Martínez-Pastor, JP; McQuaid, JR; Mehrabian, H; Meng, Y; Miao, T; Miljković, D; Mo, J; Mohamed, HSH; Mohtadi, M; Mol, BWJ; Moosavi, L; Mosdósi, B; Nabu, S; Nava, E; Ni, L; Novakovic-Agopian, T; Nyamunda, BC; Nyul, Z; Önal, B; Özen, D; Özyazgan, S; Pajkrt, E; Palazon, F; Park, HW; Patai, Á; Patai, ÁV; Patzke, GR; Payette, G; Pedoia, V; Peelen, MJCS; Pellitteri, G; Peng, J; Perea, RJ; Pérez-Del-Rey, D; Popović, DJ; Popović, JK; Popović, KJ; Posecion, L; Povall, J; Prachayasittikul, S; Prachayasittikul, V; Prat-González, S; Qi, B; Qu, B; Rakshit, S; Ravelli, ACJ; Ren, ZG; Rivera, SM; Salo, P; Samaddar, S; Samper, JLA; Samy El Gendy, NM; Schmitt, N; Sekerbayev, KS; Sepúlveda-Martínez, Á; Sessolo, M; Severi, S; Sha, Y; Shen, FF; Shen, X; Shen, Y; Singh, P; Sinthupoom, N; Siri, S; Sitges, M; Slovak, JE; Solymosi, N; Song, H; Song, J; Song, M; Spingler, B; Stewart, I; Su, BL; Su, JF; Suming, L; Sun, JX; Tantimavanich, S; Tashkandi, JM; Taurbayev, TI; Tedgren, AC; Tenhunen, M; Thwaites, DI; Tibrewala, R; Tomsejm, M; Triana, CA; Vakira, FM; Valdez, M; Valente, M; Valentini, AM; Van de Winckel, A; van der Lee, R; Varga, F; Varga, M; Villarino, NF; Villemur, R; Vinatha, SP; Vincenti, A; Voskamp, BJ; Wang, B; Wang, C; Wang, H; Wang, HT; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, N; Wang, NC; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wen, N; Wesolowska, P; Willis, M; Wu, C; Wu, D; Wu, L; Wu, X; Wu, Z; Xia, JM; Xia, X; Xia, Y; Xiao, J; Xiao, Y; Xie, CL; Xie, LM; Xie, S; Xing, Z; Xu, C; Xu, J; Yan, D; Yan, K; Yang, S; Yang, X; Yang, XW; Ye, M; Yin, Z; Yoon, N; Yoon, Y; Yu, H; Yu, K; Yu, ZY; Zhang, B; Zhang, GY; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhang, S; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YW; Zhang, Z; Zhao, D; Zhao, F; Zhao, P; Zhao, W; Zhao, Z; Zheng, C; Zhi, D; Zhou, C; Zhou, FY; Zhu, D; Zhu, J; Zhu, Q; Zinyama, NP; Zou, M; Zou, Z, 2019)		0.51
" We previously reported that once daily treatment with the anti-epileptic and neuropathic pain medication, gabapentin (GBP), at low dosage (50 mg/kg) mitigates experimentally induced AD soon after injections, likely by impeding glutamatergic signaling."( Paradoxical effects of continuous high dose gabapentin treatment on autonomic dysreflexia after complete spinal cord injury.
Cox, DH; Eldahan, KC; Gollihue, JL; Patel, SP; Rabchevsky, AG; Williams, HC, 2020)		1.03
" We hypothesized that use of a gabapentinoid on the day of THA or TKA is associated with an increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications in a dose-response fashion compared with the risk for patients who did not receive the drug."( Dose-Dependent Association of Gabapentinoids with Pulmonary Complications After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasties.
Bartz, RR; Bryan, WE; Ellis, AR; Fuller, M; Haines, KL; Krishnamoorthy, V; Moore, S; Ohnuma, T; Pepin, MJ; Pyati, S; Raghunathan, K; Setoguchi, S; Whittle, J, 2020)		1.13
"Exposure to gabapentinoids at any dose on the day of THA or TKA was associated with increased odds of postoperative pulmonary complications in a dose-response fashion, with minimal effects on perioperative opioid consumption."( Dose-Dependent Association of Gabapentinoids with Pulmonary Complications After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasties.
Bartz, RR; Bryan, WE; Ellis, AR; Fuller, M; Haines, KL; Krishnamoorthy, V; Moore, S; Ohnuma, T; Pepin, MJ; Pyati, S; Raghunathan, K; Setoguchi, S; Whittle, J, 2020)		1.23
" Higher oral dosing and longer treatment regimens of gabapentin may be indicated for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain in horses."( Efficacy of orally administered gabapentin in horses with chronic thoracic limb lameness.
Bauck, AG; Gilliam, LL; Kembel, SL; Schoonover, MJ; Taylor, JD; Young, JM, 2020)		1.09
" Subgroup and meta-regression analyses of gabapentin dosage were performed."( Gabapentin for the treatment of hot flushes in menopause: a meta-analysis.
Kim, SN; Lee, C; Lee, H; Lee, JY; Yoon, SH, 2020)		2.27
" Furthermore, most preclinical antiepileptogenic studies lack information needed for translation, such as dose-blood level relationship, brain target engagement, and dose-response, and many use treatment parameters that cannot be applied clinically, for example, treatment initiation before or at the time of injury and dosing higher than tolerated human equivalent dosing."( Repurposed molecules for antiepileptogenesis: Missing an opportunity to prevent epilepsy?
Bar-Klein, G; Friedman, A; Hameed, MQ; Jozwiak, S; Kaminski, RM; Klein, P; Klitgaard, H; Koepp, M; Löscher, W; Prince, DA; Rotenberg, A; Twyman, R; Vezzani, A; Wong, M, 2020)		0.56
" Only the risk classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemia was significantly associated with the daily morphine dosage (P = ."( Prospective randomized trial of interventions for vincristine-related neuropathic pain.
Anghelescu, DL; Cheng, C; Jeha, S; Pauley, J; Pei, D; Pui, CH; Sandlund, JT; Tesney, JM; Trujillo, L; Wright, BB, 2020)		0.56
" In the meantime, gabapentin appears to be the most evidence-based widely available uremic pruritus treatment, as long as care is taken with dosing and monitoring of side-effects."( Recent advances in the treatment of uremic pruritus.
Collister, D; Rigatto, C; Trachtenberg, AJ, 2020)		0.89
" We estimated summary risk ratios (RR) for each outcome and evaluated dose-response in regression models."( Gabapentin add-on treatment for drug-resistant focal epilepsy.
Al-Bachari, S; Hutton, JL; Marson, AG; Panebianco, M, 2021)		2.06
"The optimal dosing of post-operative total knee arthroplasty (TKA) narcotics is unclear."( Average narcotic usage in a group of TKA patients following a modern TKA protocol.
Chapman, DM; Costales, TG; Dalury, DF; Greenwell, PH; Volkmann, MC, 2021)		0.62
" The main analysis quantified the odds ratio (OR) between opioid overdose and each nonopioid medication dispensed in the 90 days immediately before the opioid overdose date after adjustment for prescription opioid dosage and benzodiazepine codispensing."( Coprescription of Opioids With Other Medications and Risk of Opioid Overdose.
Barnett, ML; Bykov, K; Gagne, JJ; Glynn, RJ; Khan, NF, 2021)		0.62
"Gabapentin treatment rapidly titrated to a dosage of 3600 mg/day is associated with a reduction in the proportion of HDD per week and an increase in PDA per week in actively drinking outpatients with AUD."( Pilot randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of high-dose gabapentin for alcohol use disorder.
Basaraba, C; Bisaga, A; Brooks, DJ; Carpenter, KM; Levin, FR; Mamczur-Fuller, A; Mariani, JJ; Nunes, EV; Pavlicova, M, 2021)		2.3
" Exposure to certain newer ASMs, such as lamotrigine and levetiracetam, does not thus far appear to impact certain aspects of neurodevelopment, but further delineation across the different neurodevelopmental domains and dosage levels is required."( Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children exposed to newer antiseizure medications: A systematic review.
Bromley, RL; Knight, R; Wittkowski, A, 2021)		0.62
" There were issues with adherence to medication dosage regimens and data collection."( A pilot feasibility study of gabapentin for managing pain in children with dystonic cerebral palsy.
Antolovich, G; Baker, F; Chalkiadis, G; Copeland, L; Harvey, A; McKinnon, C; Orsini, F; Rice, J; Scheinberg, A; Stewart, K; Thorley, M; Waugh, MC, 2021)		0.91
" No significant correlation was found for gabapentin dosage and sedation score."( Hemodynamic, Echocardiographic, and Sedative Effects of Oral Gabapentin in Healthy Cats.
Allen, ME; LeBlanc, NL; Scollan, KF, 2021)		1.13
" The analgesic effect of the dosage regimens evaluated in our study warrants further research."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repeat dosing of gabapentin in adult horses.
Cox, S; Gold, JR; Grubb, TL; Malavasi, L; Villarino, NL, 2022)		0.97
" These should be used in reduced doses, avoiding tizanidine with liver disease and reducing baclofen dosing with kidney disease."( Pharmacotherapy for Spine-Related Pain in Older Adults.
Fu, JL; Perloff, MD, 2022)		0.72
" This study evaluated GP prescribing patterns and whether excessive dosing was associated with increased incidence of gabapentinoid-related adverse events (GRAEs)."( Gabapentinoid dosing and adverse events in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Cave, B; Hudson, JQ; Washington, K; Wells, DA; Zhu, R, 2022)		2.37
" Patients were grouped based on whether the average daily dose prescribed was higher than recommended (inappropriately dosed, (ID)) or as recommended (appropriately dosed (AD)) for CKD stage."( Gabapentinoid dosing and adverse events in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Cave, B; Hudson, JQ; Washington, K; Wells, DA; Zhu, R, 2022)		2.16
"Appropriate dosing of GPs is particularly important to minimize the risk of adverse events in patients of older age, with a history of seizures, or concomitant antipsychotic use."( Gabapentinoid dosing and adverse events in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Cave, B; Hudson, JQ; Washington, K; Wells, DA; Zhu, R, 2022)		2.16
"0 % did so while also on a dosage of either buprenorphine or methadone, with 28."( Understanding motivations and use typologies of gabapentin with opioid agonist medications.
Buttram, ME; Ellis, MS; Qureshi, R, 2023)		1.17
" Further research with more enrollment and longer study duration may help elucidate the appropriate dosing and potential associated side effects."( Case Series: Synergistic Effect of Gabapentin and Adjuvant Pregabalin in Neuropathic Pain.
Chow, SP; Donelenko, S; Stevens, S; Tran, S, 2023)		1.19
" However, studies of real-world gabapentinoid dosing demonstrate that the recommended dose targets are frequently not met and do not consider renal insufficiency."( Characterization of Outpatient Gabapentinoid Prescribing for Pain.
A Bowman, L; Banks, C; Merrey, J; Waldfogel, JM, 2023)		1.48
"Individual dose-response curves (DRCs) of PEA, MOR and GBP were evaluated in female mice in which intraplantar nociception was induced with 2% formalin."( N-palmitoylethanolamide synergizes the antinociception of morphine and gabapentin in the formalin test in mice.
Aguilera-Martínez, ME; Déciga-Campos, M; Espinosa-Juárez, JV; Jaramillo-Morales, OA; López-Muñoz, FJ; Ventura-Martínez, R, 2023)		1.14
" Both the administrated dosage and the time of administration are important in the final results and latency time of retention."( The effect of gabapentin and pregabalin administration on memory in clinical and preclinical studies: a meta-analysis and systematic review.
Azizi, H; Behroozi, Z; Jafarpour, M; Janzadeh, A; Kheirandish, A; Kosari-Rad, T; Ramezni, F; Razmgir, M; Saffarpour, S, 2023)		1.27
" They were also excluded if they lacked sufficient information about how long or at what dosage they had been using the drug."( Abuse and addiction in gabapentinoid drug users for neuropathic pain.
Aydin Özaslan, E; Kiliç, Z, 2023)		1.22
" The optimal dosage of pregabalin and gabapentin for pain control and safety in these patients has not been well established."( Different Gabapentin and Pregabalin Dosages for Perioperative Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.
Bydon, M; Durrani, S; El Sammak, S; Fu, TS; Ghaith, AK; Hu, CW; Krzyz, EZ; Lin, CCJ; Lin, TY; Tsai, SHL, 2023)		1.58
" We are most familiar with the incremental dosing strategy where a ceiling dose is eventually attained guided by efficacy and patient tolerance, after which a fixed dosing regimen is prescribed."( Comparative Descriptive Analysis of Physician Versus Patient-Directed Gabapentin Usage In Chronic Pain - A Preliminary Report.
Burns, JC; Gill, JS; Madabhushi, SV; Robinson, CL; Ruan, QZ; Simopoulos, TT, 2023)		1.14
" Of the patients still taking gabapentin, 73% were on a fixed schedule, while 27% were on a variable dosing schedule."( Comparative Descriptive Analysis of Physician Versus Patient-Directed Gabapentin Usage In Chronic Pain - A Preliminary Report.
Burns, JC; Gill, JS; Madabhushi, SV; Robinson, CL; Ruan, QZ; Simopoulos, TT, 2023)		1.43
" None of the patients we surveyed had been given the autonomy to adjust gabapentin doses by their providers and this could significantly reduce the proportion of patients who would be encouraged to run a variable dosing regimen."( Comparative Descriptive Analysis of Physician Versus Patient-Directed Gabapentin Usage In Chronic Pain - A Preliminary Report.
Burns, JC; Gill, JS; Madabhushi, SV; Robinson, CL; Ruan, QZ; Simopoulos, TT, 2023)		1.38
" Based upon this pilot study, the variable dosing option may be an option for improved therapeutic efficacy or as an alternative to those whose lifestyles do not allow for fixed dosing regimens."( Comparative Descriptive Analysis of Physician Versus Patient-Directed Gabapentin Usage In Chronic Pain - A Preliminary Report.
Burns, JC; Gill, JS; Madabhushi, SV; Robinson, CL; Ruan, QZ; Simopoulos, TT, 2023)		1.14
" Eight New Zealand White rabbits were randomly assigned to receive either oral gabapentin at a dosage of 15 mg/kg or an oral placebo, with a 1-week washout period between treatments."( Effects of gabapentin on intraocular pressure, tear production and horizontal pupil diameter in New Zealand White rabbits.
Cinar, H; Danisman, IT; Isil, A; Yanmaz, LE, 2023)		1.53
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (4)

RoleDescription
anticonvulsantA drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
calcium channel blockerOne of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.
environmental contaminantAny minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
xenobioticA xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
gamma-amino acidA non-proteinogenic amino-acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position gamma to the carboxy group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (16)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
USP1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.031637.5844354.8130AID504865
thioredoxin glutathione reductaseSchistosoma mansoniPotency89.12510.100022.9075100.0000AID485364
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency6.30960.011212.4002100.0000AID1030
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.84890.001318.074339.8107AID926
regulator of G-protein signaling 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency8.42880.531815.435837.6858AID504845
EWS/FLI fusion proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency34.18540.001310.157742.8575AID1259252; AID1259253; AID1259255; AID1259256
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.56450.000214.376460.0339AID720691
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.02240.035520.977089.1251AID504332
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency1,584.89000.540617.639296.1227AID2364; AID2528
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform aHomo sapiens (human)Potency14.68920.65619.452025.1189AID463106
survival motor neuron protein isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency1.41250.125912.234435.4813AID1458
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency28.18380.00106.000935.4813AID943
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency14.12540.891312.067628.1838AID1487
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinaseTrypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927Potency0.16940.060110.745337.9330AID485368
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1Mus musculus (house mouse)Ki0.12010.10001.64665.4000AID261154
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1,000.00000.11007.190310.0000AID1449628
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (22)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (8)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (12)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (355)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID242165Inhibition of [3H]leucine uptake into CHO cells by L-amino acid transporters2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
Structure-activity relationships of pregabalin and analogues that target the alpha(2)-delta protein.
AID730191Antiallodynic activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain assessed as reduction of cold allodynia at 100 mg/kg, po after 3 hrs2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(arylethynyl)quinoline derivatives as mGluR5 antagonists for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID588209Literature-mined public compounds from Greene et al multi-species hepatotoxicity modelling dataset2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jul-19, Volume: 23, Issue:7
Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
AID499470Anti-cold allodynic activity in rat assessed as tail withdrawal latency at 60 mg/kg, ip measured within cut-off time of 15 seconds for up to 24 hrs2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16
Synthesis and T-type calcium channel blocking activity of novel diphenylpiperazine compounds, and evaluation of in vivo analgesic activity.
AID540215Volume of distribution at steady state in rat after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID1769937Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as drowsiness at 100 mg/kg, po2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel Aryl Amides as Brain Penetrant Adaptor Protein 2-Associated Kinase 1 (AAK1) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID620584Antiallodynic activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain assessed as inhibition of cold allodynia at 100 mg/kg, po after 5 hrs2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-piperidinecarboxylate and 4-piperidinecyanide derivatives for T-type calcium channel blockers.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID412174Displacement of [3H]gabapentin from alpha2-delta subunit of voltage gated calcium channel in pig brain membrane2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Oxadiazolone bioisosteres of pregabalin and gabapentin.
AID286892Anti-dynamic allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as latency to paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 1.5 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID1597733Half life in human up to 3600 mg2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 29, Issue:16
Sleep modulating agents.
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1890765Antinociceptive activity in CCI surgery-neuropathic pain induced nerve injured rat model assessed as increase in mechanical ipsilateral paw withdrawal threshold at 30 mg/kg for 30 to 240 mins measured on day 142022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 60Synthesis and evaluation of dual fatty acid amide hydrolase-monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition and antinociceptive activities of 4-methylsulfonylaniline-derived semicarbazones.
AID412184Half life in rat plasma2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Oxadiazolone bioisosteres of pregabalin and gabapentin.
AID1744258Analgesic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain assessed as reduction in cold hyperalgesia by measuring increase in paw withdrawal latency at 100 mg/kg, ip measured at 1 to 2 hrs post dosing by Von Frey assay relative2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-14, Volume: 64, Issue:1
Novel Sigma 1 Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for Pain Management.
AID1666351Antinociceptive activity in rat model of chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain assessed as inhibition of CCI-induced mechanical allodynia at 30 mg/kg, po BID administered 22 days post surgery and measured on day 1, 6 and 82020ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-10, Volume: 11, Issue:9
Discovery of Vixotrigine: A Novel Use-Dependent Sodium Channel Blocker for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia.
AID646275Antinociceptive activity in rat capsaicin model of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia assessed as inhibition of tactile allodynia at 150 mg/kg, po2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4
Discovery of diphenyl lactam derivatives as N-type calcium channel blockers.
AID1630259Antiallodynic activity in rat model of spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain assessed as reduction in mechanical threshold for paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, po administered on day 14 after ligation surgery and measured 3 to 5 hrs post dose by Von 2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21
Synthesis and evaluation of 6-pyrazoylamido-3N-substituted azabicyclo[3,1,0]hexane derivatives as T-type calcium channel inhibitors for treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID1826930Toxicity in naive Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as motor impairment at 100 mg/kg, po measured after 5 hrs by rotarod test
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1391980Analgesic activity in rat model of chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain assessed as reversal of mechanical allodynia at 30 mg/kg dosed twice daily for 8 days relative to untreated control2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-01, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Discovery of {4-[4,9-bis(ethyloxy)-1-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[f]isoindol-2-yl]-2-fluorophenyl}acetic acid (GSK726701A), a novel EP
AID1209581Fraction unbound in Sprague-Dawley rat brain homogenates at 5 uM by equilibrium dialysis analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID263850Plasma half life in rat2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 16, Issue:9
Carboxylate bioisosteres of gabapentin.
AID763753Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model assessed as reversal of mechanical allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 120 mins (Rvb = 2.9 +/- 0.3%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID540220Clearance in human after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID603471Antiallodynic activity in Wistar albino rat chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain model assessed as reversal of spontaneous pain response measured as withdrawal duration at 100 mg/kg, ip2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 46, Issue:7
Discovery of molecules for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis, antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furoic-2-acid hydrazones.
AID763776Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat chronic constriction injury model assessed as reversal of spontaneous pain response at 100 mg/kg, ip after 30 mins (Rvb = 8.9 +/- 4.6%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID763768Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat chronic constriction injury model assessed as reversal of tactile allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 120 mins (Rvb = 4.1 +/- 2.1%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID1333062Antineuropathic pain activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model assessed as effect on cold allodynia by measuring frequency of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, po measured at 1 hr relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Synthesis and T-type calcium channel-blocking effects of aryl(1,5-disubstituted-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl sulfonamides for neuropathic pain treatment.
AID540230Dose normalised AUC in rat after po administration2005Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, Feb, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Comparative evaluation of oral systemic exposure of 56 xenobiotics in rat, dog, monkey and human.
AID1070235Toxicity in ip dosed SKH1-hrhr mouse assessed as mortality measured up to 3 hrs2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4
Gabapentin hybrid peptides and bioconjugates.
AID1209592Dissociation constant, pKa of the basic compound by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID779724Analgesic activity in rat assessed reduction formalin-induced second phase pain response at 100 mg/kg, iv administered 8 mins post formalin challenge2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22
Discovery of (S,E)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-(3-(pyridin-3-yloxy)phenyl)ethyl)-acrylamide as a potent and efficacious KCNQ2 (Kv7.2) opener for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID620583Antiallodynic activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain assessed as suppression of mechanical allodynia at 100 mg/kg, po after 5 hrs2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 21, Issue:19
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-piperidinecarboxylate and 4-piperidinecyanide derivatives for T-type calcium channel blockers.
AID313146Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-31, Volume: 50, Issue:11
Ca2+ channel alpha2-delta ligands for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID189469Antiallodynic effect investigated in chronic sciatic nerve constriction injury rats before 1 hr of 60 mg/kg i.p. administration and value reported as paw withdrawal threshold2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-17, Volume: 14, Issue:10
Effect of gabapentin derivates on mechanical allodynia-like behaviour in a rat model of chronic sciatic constriction injury.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID605105Neurotoxicity in C57Bl/6j mouse assessed as inability to maintain equilibrium on rotarod up to 1000 mg/kg, po determined 1 to 3 hrs postdose by rotarod test2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Discovery of dual inducible/neuronal nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/nNOS) inhibitor development candidate 4-((2-cyclobutyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazin-1-yl)methyl)-7,8-difluoroquinolin-2(1H)-one (KD7332) part 2: identification of a novel, potent, and selective
AID540221Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID444053Renal clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID263851AUC in rat2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 16, Issue:9
Carboxylate bioisosteres of gabapentin.
AID1191931Analgesic activity in rat model of spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain assessed as reduction in cold allodynia by measuring paw withdrawal in response to acetone application at 100 mg/kg, po administered on day 14 after ligation surgery and mea2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Synthesis and biological evaluation of aryl isoxazole derivatives as metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonists: a potential treatment for neuropathic pain.
AID598559Displacement of [3H]Gabapentin from alpha2delta calcium channel in pig brain tissue homogenates after 45 mins by scintillation counting2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 21, Issue:12
Part 1: N-alkylated glycines as potent α2δ ligands.
AID477702Displacement of [3H]gabapentin from Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta in pig cerebral cortex by scintillation counting2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 3,4-disubstituted gababutins.
AID1070230Toxicity in ip dosed SKH1-hrhr mouse assessed as change in reward licking events measured up to 3 hrs2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4
Gabapentin hybrid peptides and bioconjugates.
AID412183Clearance in rat2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Oxadiazolone bioisosteres of pregabalin and gabapentin.
AID604020Unbound drug concentration in Sprague-Dawley rat plasma administered in casettes of 2/3 drugs at 4 hr constant rate intravenous infusions using flow rate of 1 (ml/kg)/hr corresponding to dosage rate of 2 (umol/kg)/hr by LC-MS/MS method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID763758Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat chronic constriction injury model assessed as reversal of mechanical allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 30 mins (Rvb = 4.7 +/- 2.1%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID412176Anticonvulsant activity in DBA/2 mouse assessed as protection from audiogenically-induced tonic seizures at 30 mg/kg, po after 1 hr2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Oxadiazolone bioisosteres of pregabalin and gabapentin.
AID286883Anti-dynamic allodynic effect in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as latency to paw withdrawal after 2 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID461906Antinociceptive activity in formalin-treated Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as reduction in hind paw flinches at 100 mg/kg, iv measured during 11 to 60 mins of phase 2 flinches2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
Novel KCNQ2/Q3 agonists as potential therapeutics for epilepsy and neuropathic pain.
AID1333091Antineuropathic pain activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model assessed as effect on mechanical allodynia by measuring frequency of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, po measured at 5 hrs relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Synthesis and T-type calcium channel-blocking effects of aryl(1,5-disubstituted-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl sulfonamides for neuropathic pain treatment.
AID539464Solubility of the compound in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at 600 uM at pH 7.4 after 24 hrs by LC/MS/MS analysis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
Experimental solubility profiling of marketed CNS drugs, exploring solubility limit of CNS discovery candidate.
AID499471Anti-warm allodynic activity in rat assessed as tail withdrawal latency at 60 mg/kg, ip measured within cut-off time of 15 seconds for up to 24 hrs2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16
Synthesis and T-type calcium channel blocking activity of novel diphenylpiperazine compounds, and evaluation of in vivo analgesic activity.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID763764Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat chronic constriction injury model assessed as reversal of cold allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 30 mins (Rvb = 0.6 +/- 2.7%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID1581193Analgesic activity in ip dosed formalin-induced nociception ICR mouse model assessed as reduction in pain behaviour by measuring less licking of formalin injected hind paw pretreated with compound 30 mins prior to formalin induction by formalin test2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-09, Volume: 63, Issue:1
Discovery of Nonpungent Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) Agonist as Strong Topical Analgesic.
AID286886Anti-cold allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 1 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID286894Anti-dynamic allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as latency to paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 2.5 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID461911Analgesic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as reduction of spinal nerve ligation-induced allodynia score at 100 mg/kg, iv2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-28, Volume: 53, Issue:2
Novel KCNQ2/Q3 agonists as potential therapeutics for epilepsy and neuropathic pain.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID412177Anxiolytic activity in DBA/2 mouse assessed as restoration of punished drinking behavior at 30 mg/kg, po relative to pregabalin2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Oxadiazolone bioisosteres of pregabalin and gabapentin.
AID73332Displacement of [3H]gabapentin from alpha2-delta subunit of calcium channel1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-16, Volume: 9, Issue:16
Synthesis and biological evaluation of conformationally restricted Gabapentin analogues.
AID1498741Antiallodynic activity in ip dosed NMRI mouse model of spared nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia assessed as pain relief administered 14 days post spared nerve injury surgery measured at 15 to 60 mins post dose by Von Frey filament assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 28, Issue:14
An imidazole based H-Phe-Phe-NH
AID286893Anti-dynamic allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as latency to paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 2 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID35397Binding affinity towards alpha2-delta subunit of a voltage gated calcium channel using [3H]gabapentin in human brain membrane (A710 membrane)2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-19, Volume: 14, Issue:8
N-Acridin-9-yl-butane-1,4-diamine derivatives: high-affinity ligands of the alpha2delta subunit of voltage gated calcium channels.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1450907Analgesic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as reduction in chronic constriction injury induced hyperalgesic neuropathic pain on ligated side at 100 mg/kg/day administered via oral gavage measured upto 8 days relative to vehicle-treated control2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-28, Volume: 60, Issue:18
Discovery of a para-Acetoxy-benzyl Ester Prodrug of a Hydroxamate-Based Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II Inhibitor as Oral Therapy for Neuropathic Pain.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID540209Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1204478Analgesic activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain assessed as recovery from cold allodynia at 100 mg/kg, po administered on day 14 post ligation surgery measured after 1 hr relative to control2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 97Discovery and biological evaluation of tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivatives as selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonists for the potential treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID386817Antinociceptive efficacy in spinal nerve ligated Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as reduction of neuropathic pain in left side paw at 500 umol/kg, ip administered 30 mins before testing relative to control2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-23, Volume: 51, Issue:20
Rotationally constrained 2,4-diamino-5,6-disubstituted pyrimidines: a new class of histamine H4 receptor antagonists with improved druglikeness and in vivo efficacy in pain and inflammation models.
AID753331Analgesic activity in po dosed rat spinal nerve ligation neuropathic pain model assessed as reversal of allodynia measured at 2 to 4 hrs2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 23, Issue:12
A novel benzazepinone sodium channel blocker with oral efficacy in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
AID444058Volume of distribution at steady state in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID763754Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model assessed as reversal of mechanical allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 60 mins (Rvb = 2.8 +/- 0.3%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID763775Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat chronic constriction injury model assessed as reversal of spontaneous pain response at 100 mg/kg, ip after 60 mins (Rvb = 4.6 +/- 0.6%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1769904Antinociceptive activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain assessed as reduction in paw withdrawal latency at 100 mg/kg, po by Von Frey test2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel Aryl Amides as Brain Penetrant Adaptor Protein 2-Associated Kinase 1 (AAK1) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain.
AID1301974Antinociceptive effect in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as inhibition of spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain response at 100 mg/kg, ip measured after 5 to 7 days of recovery by Von Frey filament assay2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-28, Volume: 59, Issue:8
Gram Scale Syntheses of (-)-Incarvillateine and Its Analogs. Discovery of Potent Analgesics for Neuropathic Pain.
AID662197Analgesic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as inhibition of formalin-induced pain at 100 mg/kg, po2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 22, Issue:11
Discovery and evaluation of selective N-type calcium channel blockers: 6-unsubstituted-1,4-dihydropyridine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives.
AID444055Fraction absorbed in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID286865Antihyperalgesic effects in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.5 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID604021Unbound volume of distribution in Sprague-Dawley rat brain measured per gram of brain tissue administered in casettes of 2/3 drugs at 4 hr constant rate intravenous infusions using flow rate of 1 (ml/kg)/hr corresponding to dosage rate of 2 (umol/kg)/hr b2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID763761Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model assessed as reversal of cold allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 30 mins (Rvb = 4.1 +/- 1.0%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID242017Inhibition of [3H]gabapentin binding to pig brain membranes2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
Structure-activity relationships of pregabalin and analogues that target the alpha(2)-delta protein.
AID1769938Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as dizziness at 100 mg/kg, po2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel Aryl Amides as Brain Penetrant Adaptor Protein 2-Associated Kinase 1 (AAK1) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain.
AID763772Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model assessed as reversal of spontaneous pain response at 100 mg/kg, ip after 60 mins (Rvb = 2.9 +/- 0.3%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID1602078Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 measured after overnight incubation2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166Design, synthesis and anti-bacterial studies of piperazine derivatives against drug resistant bacteria.
AID477063Displacement of [3H]gabapentin binding to voltage gated calcium channel alpha2delta from rat cerebral cortex by scintillation counting2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 45, Issue:4
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro pharmacology of novel pregabalin derivatives.
AID540216Clearance in dog after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID444050Fraction unbound in human plasma2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1498744Antiallodynic activity in NMRI mouse model of spared nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia assessed as pain relief at 585 umol/kg, ip administered 14 days post spared nerve injury surgery measured at 60 mins post dose by Von Frey filament assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 28, Issue:14
An imidazole based H-Phe-Phe-NH
AID1209593Dissociation constant, pKa of the acidic compound by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID1602080Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 measured after overnight incubation2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166Design, synthesis and anti-bacterial studies of piperazine derivatives against drug resistant bacteria.
AID286868Antihyperalgesic effects in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 2 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID286869Antihyperalgesic effects in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 2.5 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID521220Inhibition of neurosphere proliferation of mouse neural precursor cells by MTT assay2007Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 3, Issue:5
Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1581166Analgesic activity in ip dosed L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as increase in paw withdrawal threshold in response to von frey filament compound administered at day 14 after ligation and measured up t2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-09, Volume: 63, Issue:1
Discovery of Nonpungent Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) Agonist as Strong Topical Analgesic.
AID286861Effect on spontaneous pain in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 1 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID286876Antihyperalgesic effects in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 1 hr, ip2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID412186Volume of distribution at steady state in rat2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Oxadiazolone bioisosteres of pregabalin and gabapentin.
AID349992Antiinflammatory activity against gamma carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rat assessed as paw volume at 50 mg/kg, ip administered 2 to 4 hrs before carrageenan challenge relative to control2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Gamma-aminobutyric acid amides of nortriptyline and fluoxetine display improved pain suppressing activity.
AID286873Effect on spontaneous pain in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 2 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID286898Anti-cold allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 2 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID249978The ability of 30 mg/kg oral dose of compound to restore punished drinking behavior in rats expressed as percent reference activity (PRA)2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
Structure-activity relationships of pregabalin and analogues that target the alpha(2)-delta protein.
AID1896195Analgesic activity in chronic constriction injury-induced mechanical pain mouse model assessed as increase in paw withdrawal latency at 60 mg/kg measured after 1 to 7 hrs2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-22, Volume: 65, Issue:24
Mechanism of Action and Structure-Activity Relationship of α-Conotoxin Mr1.1 at the Human α9α10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor.
AID540212Mean residence time in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1769936Induction of motor coordination impairment in Sprague-Dawley rat at 100 mg/kg, po measured up to 180 mins by rotarod test2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel Aryl Amides as Brain Penetrant Adaptor Protein 2-Associated Kinase 1 (AAK1) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain.
AID318484Analgesic activity in ip dosed rat chronic constriction injury model of mechanical allodynia2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, May-15, Volume: 104, Issue:20
A-803467, a potent and selective Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker, attenuates neuropathic and inflammatory pain in the rat.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID286870Effect on spontaneous pain in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.5 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID425653Renal clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID286881Anti-dynamic allodynic effect in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as latency to paw withdrawal after 1 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID763762Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat chronic constriction injury model assessed as reversal of cold allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 120 mins (Rvb = 5.4 +/- 1.9%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID763769Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat chronic constriction injury model assessed as reversal of tactile allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 60 mins (Rvb = 1.3 +/- 0.3%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID1333061Antineuropathic pain activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model assessed as effect on mechanical allodynia by measuring frequency of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, po measured at 1 hr relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Synthesis and T-type calcium channel-blocking effects of aryl(1,5-disubstituted-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl sulfonamides for neuropathic pain treatment.
AID311524Oral bioavailability in human2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
AID352071Anticonvulsant activity against audiogenic tonus seizures in ip dosed DBA/2 mouse epilepsy model administered 30 mins before auditory simulation2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 44, Issue:3
Solution-phase parallel synthesis and evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of N-substituted-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxamides.
AID286880Anti-dynamic allodynic effect in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as latency to paw withdrawal after 0.5 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID710662Antinociceptive activity in Cav2.2 deficient mouse SNL neuropathic pain model assessed as reversal of mechanical allodynia at 30 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22
Aminopiperidine sulfonamide Cav2.2 channel inhibitors for the treatment of chronic pain.
AID763773Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model assessed as reversal of spontaneous pain response at 100 mg/kg, ip after 30 mins (Rvb = 3.2 +/- 0.3%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID286862Effect on spontaneous pain in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 1.5 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID598762Displacement of [3H]gabapentin from voltage gated calcium channel alpha2delta from pig cerebral cortex by scintillation counting2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 21, Issue:12
Part 2: Design, synthesis and evaluation of hydroxyproline-derived α2δ ligands.
AID753342Analgesic activity in rat spinal nerve ligation neuropathic pain model assessed as reversal of allodynia at 30 mg/kg, po measured at 2 hrs relative to control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 23, Issue:12
A novel benzazepinone sodium channel blocker with oral efficacy in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID763765Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model assessed as reversal of tactile allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 120 mins relative to control2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID1488686Antineuropathic pain activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model assessed as effect on mechanical allodynia by measuring frequency of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, po measured up to 3 hrs2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-01, Volume: 27, Issue:17
Neuropathic pain-alleviating effects of pyrazole-conjugated arylsulfonamides as 5-HT
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID261154Displacement of [3H]L-leucine from alpha-2delta containing calcium channel in murine brain2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5
Structure-activity relationships of alpha-amino acid ligands for the alpha2delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels.
AID605101Antiallodynic activity against von Frey hair mechanically stimulated neuropathic pain in mouse Chung model of neuropathic pain assessed as attenuation of tactile allodynia at 300 mg/kg, po2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Discovery of dual inducible/neuronal nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/nNOS) inhibitor development candidate 4-((2-cyclobutyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazin-1-yl)methyl)-7,8-difluoroquinolin-2(1H)-one (KD7332) part 2: identification of a novel, potent, and selective
AID286899Anti-cold allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 2.5 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID1769912Reversal of chronic constriction injury-induced mechanical allodynia in Sprague-Dawley rat model of neuropathic pain at 100 mg/kg, sc measured up to 180 mins relative to control2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel Aryl Amides as Brain Penetrant Adaptor Protein 2-Associated Kinase 1 (AAK1) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain.
AID444057Fraction escaping hepatic elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1449628Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in baculovirus transfected fall armyworm Sf21 cell membranes vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP-dependent [3H]-taurocholate transport into vesicles incubated for 5 mins by Topcount based rapid filtration method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 40, Issue:12
Mitigating the inhibition of human bile salt export pump by drugs: opportunities provided by physicochemical property modulation, in silico modeling, and structural modification.
AID1744227Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as effect on motor coordination at 100 mg/kg, ip measured at 60 to 120 mins post treatment by rotarod test2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-14, Volume: 64, Issue:1
Novel Sigma 1 Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for Pain Management.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID444052Hepatic clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1602081Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 measured after overnight incubation2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166Design, synthesis and anti-bacterial studies of piperazine derivatives against drug resistant bacteria.
AID1769908Antinociceptive activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain assessed as reduction in mechanical hyperalgesia 100 mg/kg, po by Von Frey test relative to control2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel Aryl Amides as Brain Penetrant Adaptor Protein 2-Associated Kinase 1 (AAK1) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain.
AID1209583Unbound drug partitioning coefficient, Kp of the compound assessed as ratio of unbound concentration in Sprague-Dawley rat brain to unbound concentration in plasma2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID1744255Antinociceptive activity in formalin-induced Sprague-Dawley rat model of nociceptive pain assessed as decrease in time spent on licking during late phase at 100 mg/kg, ip administered 30 mins before formalin stimulation and measured at 5 mins interval for2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-14, Volume: 64, Issue:1
Novel Sigma 1 Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for Pain Management.
AID540217Volume of distribution at steady state in dog after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID412185AUC in rat2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Oxadiazolone bioisosteres of pregabalin and gabapentin.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID286878Antihyperalgesic effects in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 2 hrs, ip2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID286864Effect on spontaneous pain in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 2.5 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID540232Dose normalised AUC in monkey after po administration2005Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, Feb, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Comparative evaluation of oral systemic exposure of 56 xenobiotics in rat, dog, monkey and human.
AID710663Antinociceptive activity in Cav2.2 expressing wild type mouse SNL neuropathic pain model assessed as reversal of mechanical allodynia at 30 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 55, Issue:22
Aminopiperidine sulfonamide Cav2.2 channel inhibitors for the treatment of chronic pain.
AID227699Virtual screen for compounds with anticonvulsant activity2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-18, Volume: 13, Issue:16
Topological virtual screening: a way to find new anticonvulsant drugs from chemical diversity.
AID598759Inhibition of Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 21, Issue:12
Part 3: Design and synthesis of proline-derived α2δ ligands.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID263847Potency in DBA/2 mouse anticonvulsant assay2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 16, Issue:9
Carboxylate bioisosteres of gabapentin.
AID286874Effect on spontaneous pain in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 2.5 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID412175Displacement of [3H]leucine from Large neutral amino acids transporter system L in CHO cells2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Oxadiazolone bioisosteres of pregabalin and gabapentin.
AID444056Fraction escaping gut-wall elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID322668Antihyperalgesic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as lesioned paw pressure threshold at 30 ug/kg, icv after 45 mins2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 16, Issue:6
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel dimiracetam derivatives useful for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID1498743Antiallodynic activity in NMRI mouse model of spared nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia assessed as pain relief at 585 umol/kg, ip administered 14 days post spared nerve injury surgery measured at 30 mins post dose Von Frey filament assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 28, Issue:14
An imidazole based H-Phe-Phe-NH
AID263849Clearance in rat2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 16, Issue:9
Carboxylate bioisosteres of gabapentin.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID750685Inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta gabapentin binding site (unknown origin)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 64Augmentation of GABAergic neurotransmission by novel N-(substituted)-2-[4-(substituted)benzylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamides-a potential anticonvulsant approach.
AID331914Reversal of nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia in rat L5 spinal nerve ligation-induced nociception model at 60 mg/kg, ip2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 18, Issue:9
Sulfamoyl benzamides as novel CB2 cannabinoid receptor ligands.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID604022Fraction unbound in Sprague-Dawley rat plasma administered in casettes of 2/3 drugs at 4 hr constant rate intravenous infusions using flow rate of 1 (ml/kg)/hr corresponding to dosage rate of 2 (umol/kg)/hr by LC-MS/MS method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID349989Antiinflammatory activity against gamma carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rat assessed as reduction in paw volume at 50 mg/kg, ip administered 2 hrs before carrageenan challenge measured after 4 hrs relative to control2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Gamma-aminobutyric acid amides of nortriptyline and fluoxetine display improved pain suppressing activity.
AID286896Anti-cold allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 1 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID604023Ratio of total drug level in brain to plasma in Sprague-Dawley rat administered in casettes of 2/3 drugs at 4 hr constant rate intravenous infusions using flow rate of 1 (ml/kg)/hr corresponding to dosage rate of 2 (umol/kg)/hr by LC-MS/MS method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID286888Anti-cold allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 2 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID540214Clearance in rat after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID763771Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model assessed as reversal of spontaneous pain response at 100 mg/kg, ip after 120 mins (Rvb = 1.2 +/- 0.1%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID540210Clearance in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID252186Percent protection of DBA/2 mice from audiogenically induced tonic seizures at a dose of 30 mg/kg of test compound2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
Structure-activity relationships of pregabalin and analogues that target the alpha(2)-delta protein.
AID1276168Antinociceptive activity in Kunming mouse model of STZ-induced diabetic neuropathy pain assessed as increase in paw withdrawal mechanical threshold at 50 mg/kg, po2015Journal of natural products, Dec-24, Volume: 78, Issue:12
Antinociceptive Grayanoids from the Roots of Rhododendron molle.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID286872Effect on spontaneous pain in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 1.5 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID286867Antihyperalgesic effects in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 1.5 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID540233Dose normalised AUC in human after po administration2005Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, Feb, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Comparative evaluation of oral systemic exposure of 56 xenobiotics in rat, dog, monkey and human.
AID1333090Antineuropathic pain activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model assessed as effect on mechanical allodynia by measuring frequency of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, po measured at 3 hrs relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Synthesis and T-type calcium channel-blocking effects of aryl(1,5-disubstituted-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl sulfonamides for neuropathic pain treatment.
AID763756Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat chronic constriction injury model assessed as reversal of mechanical allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 120 mins (Rvb = 5.3 +/- 0.5%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID605029Antinociceptive activity against formalin-induced pain in mouse assessed as attenuation of nocifensive phase 2 behaviors during phase 2 (25 to 45 mins post formalin injection) administered via oral gavage 30 mins before to formalin challenge2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Discovery of dual inducible/neuronal nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/nNOS) inhibitor development candidate 4-((2-cyclobutyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazin-1-yl)methyl)-7,8-difluoroquinolin-2(1H)-one (KD7332) part 2: identification of a novel, potent, and selective
AID476929Human intestinal absorption in po dosed human2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3
Neural computational prediction of oral drug absorption based on CODES 2D descriptors.
AID1204477Analgesic activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain assessed as recovery from mechanical allodynia at 100 mg/kg, po administered on day 14 post ligation surgery measured after 3 hrs relative to control2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 97Discovery and biological evaluation of tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivatives as selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonists for the potential treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID286889Anti-cold allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 2.5 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID74544Tested for activation of Glutamate decarboxylase; the ratio of Vmax in the presence of activators to the Vmax in the absence of activators at a concentration of 2.5 mM.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7
3-Alkyl-4-aminobutyric acids: the first class of anticonvulsant agents that activates L-glutamic acid decarboxylase.
AID539472Solubility of the compound at pH 7.42010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 20, Issue:24
Experimental solubility profiling of marketed CNS drugs, exploring solubility limit of CNS discovery candidate.
AID540231Dose normalised AUC in dog after po administration2005Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems, Feb, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Comparative evaluation of oral systemic exposure of 56 xenobiotics in rat, dog, monkey and human.
AID604024Unbound brain to plasma concentration ratio in Sprague-Dawley rat administered in casettes of 2/3 drugs at 4 hr constant rate intravenous infusions using flow rate of 1 (ml/kg)/hr corresponding to dosage rate of 2 (umol/kg)/hr2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID286875Antihyperalgesic effects in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.5 hr, ip2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID286897Anti-cold allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 1.5 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID352070Anticonvulsant activity against audiogenic clonus seizures in ip dosed DBA/2 mouse epilepsy model administered 30 mins before auditory simulation2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 44, Issue:3
Solution-phase parallel synthesis and evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of N-substituted-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxamides.
AID444051Total clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1890766Antinociceptive activity in CCI surgery-neuropathic pain induced nerve injured rat model assessed as increase in tail flick latency at 30 mg/kg for 60 to 120 mins measured on day 142022Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 60Synthesis and evaluation of dual fatty acid amide hydrolase-monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition and antinociceptive activities of 4-methylsulfonylaniline-derived semicarbazones.
AID779726Analgesic activity in rat assessed reduction formalin-induced initial pain response at 100 mg/kg, iv administered 2 mins before formalin challenge2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22
Discovery of (S,E)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-(3-(pyridin-3-yloxy)phenyl)ethyl)-acrylamide as a potent and efficacious KCNQ2 (Kv7.2) opener for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID1602079Antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 measured after overnight incubation2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 166Design, synthesis and anti-bacterial studies of piperazine derivatives against drug resistant bacteria.
AID1333094Antineuropathic pain activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model assessed as effect on cold allodynia by measuring frequency of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, po measured at 3 hrs relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Synthesis and T-type calcium channel-blocking effects of aryl(1,5-disubstituted-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl sulfonamides for neuropathic pain treatment.
AID286887Anti-cold allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 1.5 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID1668767Antinociceptive activity in CCI-induced C57BL/6 mouse model of neuropathic pain assessed as reduction in paw withdrawal threshold at 60 mg/kg, ip measured after 45 mins by von Frey test relative to control2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-11, Volume: 63, Issue:11
Discovery of Potent, Selective, and State-Dependent Na
AID763770Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat chronic constriction injury model assessed as reversal of tactile allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 30 mins (Rvb = 3.4 +/- 0.8%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID322667Antihyperalgesic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as lesioned paw pressure threshold at 30 ug/kg, icv after 30 mins2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 16, Issue:6
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel dimiracetam derivatives useful for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID444054Oral bioavailability in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID286879Antihyperalgesic effects in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 2.5 hrs, ip2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID454488Displacement of [3H]gabapentin from calcium channel alpha2delta in pig cerebral cortex membrane after 30 mins2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 3-substituted gababutins.
AID74542Tested for activation of Glutamate decarboxylase; the ratio of Vmax in the presence of activators to the Vmax in the absence of activators at a concentration of 1.0 mM.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7
3-Alkyl-4-aminobutyric acids: the first class of anticonvulsant agents that activates L-glutamic acid decarboxylase.
AID263852Volume of distribution in rat2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 16, Issue:9
Carboxylate bioisosteres of gabapentin.
AID286860Effect on spontaneous pain in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.5 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID1233874Antinociceptive activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of capsaicin-induced secondary mechanical hyperalgesia model assessed as attenuation of nociception at 500 uM/kg, ip administered 1 hr before behavioral testing by von Frey filaments test2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-11, Volume: 6, Issue:6
Optimization of ADME Properties for Sulfonamides Leading to the Discovery of a T-Type Calcium Channel Blocker, ABT-639.
AID1058297Activity at rat Nav1.2 expressed in CHL1610 cells up to 300 uM at -67 to -107 mV after 2 to 3 mins by whole-cell patch-clamp assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 56, Issue:22
Novel, broad-spectrum anticonvulsants containing a sulfamide group: pharmacological properties of (S)-N-[(6-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl]sulfamide (JNJ-26489112).
AID286890Anti-dynamic allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as latency to paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.5 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID313145Displacement of [3H]gabapentin from alpha2-delta calcium channel in pig brain2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-31, Volume: 50, Issue:11
Ca2+ channel alpha2-delta ligands for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID588210Human drug-induced liver injury (DILI) modelling dataset from Ekins et al2010Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 38, Issue:12
A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury.
AID286863Effect on spontaneous pain in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 2 hrs2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID412182Bioavailability in rat2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
Oxadiazolone bioisosteres of pregabalin and gabapentin.
AID763774Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat chronic constriction injury model assessed as reversal of spontaneous pain response at 100 mg/kg, ip after 120 mins (Rvb = 4.5 +/- 0.2%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID1744256Analgesic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain assessed as decrease in mechanical allodynia by measuring reduction in pain threshold at 100 mg/kg, ip measured at 0.5 to 1.5 hrs by Von Frey assay relative to control2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 01-14, Volume: 64, Issue:1
Novel Sigma 1 Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for Pain Management.
AID322669Antihyperalgesic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as lesioned paw pressure threshold at 30 ug/kg, icv after 60 mins2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 16, Issue:6
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel dimiracetam derivatives useful for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID1488549Anti-algetic activity in rat streptozotocin-induced neuropathic pain model assessed as reduction in heat hypersensitivity at 100 mg/kg, po measured after 1 to 5 hrs2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and diabetic neuropathic pain-alleviating effects of 2N-(pyrazol-3-yl)methylbenzo[d]isothiazole-1,1-dioxide derivatives.
AID189468Antiallodynic effect investigated in chronic sciatic nerve constriction injury rats after 1 hr of 60 mg/kg i.p. administration and value reported as paw withdrawal threshold2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-17, Volume: 14, Issue:10
Effect of gabapentin derivates on mechanical allodynia-like behaviour in a rat model of chronic sciatic constriction injury.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID730572Antiallodynic activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain assessed as reduction of mechanical allodynia at 100 mg/kg, po after 5 hrs2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 23, Issue:5
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-(arylethynyl)quinoline derivatives as mGluR5 antagonists for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID286884Anti-dynamic allodynic effect in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as latency to paw withdrawal after 2.5 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID349990Antiinflammatory activity against gamma carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rat assessed as reduction in paw volume at 50 mg/kg, ip administered 2 hrs before carrageenan challenge measured after 24 hrs relative to control2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Gamma-aminobutyric acid amides of nortriptyline and fluoxetine display improved pain suppressing activity.
AID349984Antiinflammatory activity against formalin-induced BALB/c mouse skin assessed as reduction in TNFalpha level at 50 mg/kg, ip2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Gamma-aminobutyric acid amides of nortriptyline and fluoxetine display improved pain suppressing activity.
AID763760Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model assessed as reversal of cold allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 60 mins (Rvb = 2.5 +/- 0.3%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID286877Antihyperalgesic effects in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 1.5 hrs, ip2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID763757Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat chronic constriction injury model assessed as reversal of mechanical allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 60 mins (Rvb = 4.9 +/- 1.0%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID603571Antiallodynic activity in Wistar albino rat chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain model assessed as attenuation of cold allodynia after 1 to 2.5 hrs at 100 mg/kg, ip2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 46, Issue:7
Discovery of molecules for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis, antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furoic-2-acid hydrazones.
AID773771Antinociceptive activity in CD-1 mouse assessed as reduction of formalin-induced paw licking activity at 100 mg/kg, ip administered 15 mins prior to formalin-challenge measured after 5 to 30 mins2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-24, Volume: 56, Issue:20
New serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonists endowed with antinociceptive activity in vivo.
AID604026Unbound CSF to plasma concentration ratio in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID386623Inhibition of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium uptake at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells at 100 uM by confocal microscopy2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AID540218Clearance in monkey after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID1209582Unbound volume of distribution in Sprague-Dawley rat brain slices at 100 nM after 5 hrs2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID1594458Analgesic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain model assessed as reversal of mechanical allodynia by measuring increase in paw withdrawal threshold to non-noxious mechanical stimuli at 100 mg/kg, po measured 2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 29, Issue:10
Structural hybridization of pyrrolidine-based T-type calcium channel inhibitors and exploration of their analgesic effects in a neuropathic pain model.
AID763766Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model assessed as reversal of tactile allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 60 mins (Rvb = 12.5 +/- 1.2%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID263844Displacement of [3H]gabapentin from alpha-2delta calcium channel in pig brain membrane2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 16, Issue:9
Carboxylate bioisosteres of gabapentin.
AID1410818Antinociceptive activity in C57Bl/6J mouse assessed as inhibition of icilin induced wet-dog shakes at 25 mg/kg, sc pretreated 1 hr before icillin addition and measured after 30 mins by wet-dog shakes assay2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-26, Volume: 61, Issue:14
Identification of a Potent Tryptophan-Based TRPM8 Antagonist With in Vivo Analgesic Activity.
AID1244173Analgesic activity in intraperitoneally dosed mouse chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain assessed as time of peak protection2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-09, Volume: 6, Issue:7
Rigidified A3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists: 1-Deazaadenine Modification Maintains High in Vivo Efficacy.
AID1388345Antiallodynic activity in ddY mouse partial sciatic nerve ligation-injury model assessed as inhibition of mechanical allodynia by measuring paw withdrawal threshold in response to probing with von Frey hairs administered via iv route2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-12, Volume: 61, Issue:7
Modulation of Glycine-Mediated Spinal Neurotransmission for the Treatment of Chronic Pain.
AID1594460Analgesic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain model assessed as decrease in paw withdrawal threshold to non-noxious cold stimuli at 100 mg/kg, po measured after 5 hrs2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 29, Issue:10
Structural hybridization of pyrrolidine-based T-type calcium channel inhibitors and exploration of their analgesic effects in a neuropathic pain model.
AID540219Volume of distribution at steady state in monkey after iv administration2005Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7
Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID763763Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat chronic constriction injury model assessed as reversal of cold allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 60 mins (Rvb = 6.3 +/- 1.9%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID261155Potency against persistent inflammatory pain in orally dosed rat CFA model2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5
Structure-activity relationships of alpha-amino acid ligands for the alpha2delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels.
AID604025Unbound CSF to plasma concentration ratio in Sprague-Dawley rat administered in casettes of 2/3 drugs at 4 hr constant rate intravenous infusions using flow rate of 1 (ml/kg)/hr corresponding to dosage rate of 2 (umol/kg)/hr by LC-MS/MS method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-22, Volume: 52, Issue:20
Structure-brain exposure relationships in rat and human using a novel data set of unbound drug concentrations in brain interstitial and cerebrospinal fluids.
AID763755Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model assessed as reversal of mechanical allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 30 mins (Rvb = 2.9 +/- 0.3%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID74545Tested for activation of Glutamate decarboxylase; the ratio of Vmax in the presence of activators to the Vmax in the absence of activators at a concentration of 250 uM.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7
3-Alkyl-4-aminobutyric acids: the first class of anticonvulsant agents that activates L-glutamic acid decarboxylase.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID286895Anti-cold allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.5 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID286866Antihyperalgesic effects in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 1 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID261157Concentration in rat brain after 0.75 h at 100 umol/kg, po2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 16, Issue:5
Structure-activity relationships of alpha-amino acid ligands for the alpha2delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels.
AID286871Effect on spontaneous pain in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 1 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID1333095Antineuropathic pain activity in rat spinal nerve ligation model assessed as effect on cold allodynia by measuring frequency of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, po measured at 5 hrs relative to control2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Synthesis and T-type calcium channel-blocking effects of aryl(1,5-disubstituted-pyrazol-3-yl)methyl sulfonamides for neuropathic pain treatment.
AID286885Anti-cold allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as duration of paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, ip after 0.5 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1762196Antiallodynic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of neuropathic mechanical allodynia assessed as increase in paw withdrawal threshold at 100 mg/kg, po measured at 2 to 6 hrs post last dose by von Frey test2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-25, Volume: 64, Issue:6
Alkyne-Bridged α-Conotoxin Vc1.1 Potently Reverses Mechanical Allodynia in Neuropathic Pain Models.
AID471865Inhibition of rat Nav1.2 channel expressed in chinese hamster CHL1610 cells at preconditioning pulse of -107 to -67 mV up to 300 uM after 2 to 3 mins by whole-cell patch-clamp technique2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 52, Issue:23
Novel, broad-spectrum anticonvulsants containing a sulfamide group: advancement of N-((benzo[b]thien-3-yl)methyl)sulfamide (JNJ-26990990) into human clinical studies.
AID1769911Reversal of chronic constriction injury-induced cold allodynia in Sprague-Dawley rat model of neuropathic pain at 100 mg/kg, po measured up to 180 mins relative to control2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel Aryl Amides as Brain Penetrant Adaptor Protein 2-Associated Kinase 1 (AAK1) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain.
AID263848Oral bioavailability in rat2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 16, Issue:9
Carboxylate bioisosteres of gabapentin.
AID779732Analgesic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat L5/L6 spinal nerve injury Chung model of neuropathic pain assessed as reduction of von Frey hair-induced paw withdrawal threshold at 100 mg/kg, iv measured after 15 to 90 mins relative to vehicle-treated control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 23, Issue:22
Discovery of (S,E)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-(3-(pyridin-3-yloxy)phenyl)ethyl)-acrylamide as a potent and efficacious KCNQ2 (Kv7.2) opener for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
AID540213Half life in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID753327Neurotoxicity in rat assessed as reduction in latency time at => 30 mg/kg, po after 2 hrs by rotarod test relative to vehicle-treated control2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 23, Issue:12
A novel benzazepinone sodium channel blocker with oral efficacy in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
AID1191932Analgesic activity in rat model of spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain assessed as reduction in mechanical threshold for paw withdrawal at 100 mg/kg, po administered on day 14 after ligation surgery and measured 3 hrs post dose by Von Frey fila2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Synthesis and biological evaluation of aryl isoxazole derivatives as metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonists: a potential treatment for neuropathic pain.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1769906Antinociceptive activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain assessed as reduction in thermal hyperalgesia 100 mg/kg, po by Von Frey test relative to control2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel Aryl Amides as Brain Penetrant Adaptor Protein 2-Associated Kinase 1 (AAK1) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain.
AID1244172Analgesic activity in intraperitoneally dosed mouse chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-09, Volume: 6, Issue:7
Rigidified A3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists: 1-Deazaadenine Modification Maintains High in Vivo Efficacy.
AID1488548Anti-algetic activity in rat streptozotocin-induced neuropathic pain model assessed as reduction in mechanical allodynia at 100 mg/kg, po measured after 1 to 5 hrs2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Synthesis and diabetic neuropathic pain-alleviating effects of 2N-(pyrazol-3-yl)methylbenzo[d]isothiazole-1,1-dioxide derivatives.
AID763759Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model assessed as reversal of cold allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 120 mins (Rvb = 1.5 +/- 0.5%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID1557164Antiallodynic activity in rat model of capsaicin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia assessed as increase in paw withdrawal threshold at 100 mg/kg, ip administered 30 mins before capsaicin addition relative to control2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 29, Issue:19
Design and evaluation of pyrazolopyrimidines as KCNQ channel modulators.
AID425652Total body clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID1070227Toxicity in mouse2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4
Gabapentin hybrid peptides and bioconjugates.
AID286882Anti-dynamic allodynic effect in Sprague-Dawley rat CCI model assessed as latency to paw withdrawal after 1.5 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID263846Inhibition of potassium-evoked [3H]norepinephrine release from rat neocortex2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 16, Issue:9
Carboxylate bioisosteres of gabapentin.
AID540211Fraction unbound in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1070232Oral bioavailability in cynomolgus monkey at 39 mg/kg2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 22, Issue:4
Gabapentin hybrid peptides and bioconjugates.
AID603472Antiallodynic activity in Wistar albino rat chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain model assessed as attenuation of mechanical allodynia measured as paw withdrawal latency at 100 mg/kg, ip2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 46, Issue:7
Discovery of molecules for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis, antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furoic-2-acid hydrazones.
AID499469Antinociceptive activity against von Frey hair mechanically stimulated neuropathic pain in rat assessed as withdrawal threshold at 60 mg/kg, ip administered 2 weeks after surgery2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16
Synthesis and T-type calcium channel blocking activity of novel diphenylpiperazine compounds, and evaluation of in vivo analgesic activity.
AID246002Inhibition of carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia in rats 1 hr after administration of a 30 mg/kg dose of test compound2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-07, Volume: 48, Issue:7
Structure-activity relationships of pregabalin and analogues that target the alpha(2)-delta protein.
AID763767Antinociceptive activity in Wistar rat partial sciatic nerve ligation model assessed as reversal of tactile allodynia at 100 mg/kg, ip after 30 mins (Rvb = 7.7 +/- 0.7%)2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66Discovery of novel tetrahydro-pyrazolo [4,3-c] pyridines for the treatment of neuropathic pain: synthesis and neuropharmacology.
AID1463708Antihyperalgesic activity in mouse model of chronic constriction injury-induced cold hyperalgesia assessed as reversal of cold hyperalgesia response at 30 mg/kg, po dosed 30 mins before testing starting 5 weeks after surgery2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Discovery of non-zwitterionic aryl sulfonamides as Na
AID1498745Antiallodynic activity in NMRI mouse model of spared nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia assessed as pain relief at 585 umol/kg, ip administered 14 days post spared nerve injury surgery measured at 180 mins post dose by Von Frey filament assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-01, Volume: 28, Issue:14
An imidazole based H-Phe-Phe-NH
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1769939Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as unsteadiness at 100 mg/kg, po2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-12, Volume: 64, Issue:15
Discovery, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel Aryl Amides as Brain Penetrant Adaptor Protein 2-Associated Kinase 1 (AAK1) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain.
AID678119Antinociceptive effect in Sprague-Dawley rat model of sciatic nerve constriction-induced neuropathic pain model assessed as reduction in threshold to von Frey filaments applied to affected hind paw at 30 mg/kg, sc measured 2 hrs post dose2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a fluorescent analog of phenytoin as a potential inhibitor of neuropathic pain and imaging agent.
AID286891Anti-dynamic allodynia effect in Sprague-Dawley rat SNL model assessed as latency to paw withdrawal 100 mg/kg, ip after 1 hr2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-17, Volume: 50, Issue:10
Discovery of 4-aminobutyric acid derivatives possessing anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities: a hybrid pharmacophore approach.
AID349983Antiinflammatory activity against formalin-induced BALB/c mouse skin assessed as reduction in TNFalpha level at to 0.5 mg/kg, po2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Gamma-aminobutyric acid amides of nortriptyline and fluoxetine display improved pain suppressing activity.
AID592681Apparent permeability across human Caco2 cell membrane after 2 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 19, Issue:8
QSAR-based permeability model for drug-like compounds.
AID1347410qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library2019Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID504836Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation2002The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16
Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347405qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347151Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID588378qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID588349qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347057CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347049Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347050Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347045Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347059CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347058CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).2014Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (4,133)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19908 (0.19)18.7374
1990's461 (11.15)18.2507
2000's1427 (34.53)29.6817
2010's1622 (39.25)24.3611
2020's615 (14.88)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 156.00

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index156.00 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.57 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.91 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index294.89 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (156.00)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials767 (17.12%)5.53%
Reviews876 (19.55%)6.00%
Case Studies757 (16.89%)4.05%
Observational29 (0.65%)0.25%
Other2,052 (45.79%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (412)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Imaging Framework for Testing GABAergic/Glutamatergic Drugs in Bipolar Alcoholics [NCT03220776]Phase 254 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-07Completed
Comparison of Gabapentin and Metoclopramide for Treating Hyperemesis Gravidarum [NCT02163434]Phase 231 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
Pregabalin vs. Gabapentin on Reducing Opioid Usage in Trauma Patients [NCT04705480]Phase 4210 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-12Recruiting
A Long-Term Study of XP13512 Versus Placebo Treatment Assessing Maintenance of Efficacy and Safety in Patients With Restless Legs Syndrome. [NCT00311363]Phase 3327 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
The Role of Gabapentin in Postoperative Pain and Epithelialization After Photorefractive Keratectomy A Prospective, Randomized, Double Blinded, Placebo Controlled Study [NCT01177514]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
An Open-Label, 52-Week Extension Study Assessing XP13512 Safety and Efficacy in Patients With Restless Legs Syndrome. [NCT00333359]Phase 3581 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
A Phase 4, Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Placebo and Active-controlled, Single-dose, Five-way Crossover Study Evaluating the Abuse Potential of Three Doses of NEURONTIN® Taken Orally in Healthy, Non-drug Dependent Participants With Sedative Drug [NCT04570436]Phase 452 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-03-29Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) Products Containing Trazodone and Gabapentin in Patients Affected by Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: Randomized, Controlled, Dose Finding Study. [NCT03749642]Phase 2240 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-22Completed
Gabapentin Versus Transdermal Fentanyl Matrix (TDF) for Chronic Neuropathic Pain (of Radicular Origin): A Multicenter Randomized, Parallel Group, Rater Blinded, Non-inferiority Trial [NCT01127100]Phase 4108 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Biomarker-Driven Pharmacological Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder [NCT05063656]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-04Recruiting
A Pilot Study of Gabapentin for Sleep in Critically Ill Patients [NCT04631510]Early Phase 180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-01Active, not recruiting
The Efficacy of Gabapentine and Splint Therapy in Bruxers: a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01255878]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
The Effect of Preoperative Gabapentin on the Duration of Spinal Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Lower Limb Surgery: A Double-blind, Randomized Clinical Study [NCT05659810]Early Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-12-26Completed
A Phase II Randomized Trial of Prophylactic Gabapentin Plus Best Supportive Care Versus Best Supportive Care Alone for Patients Receiving Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Response-Stratified Locoregional Therapy for Locoregionally-Advanced, HPV-Related [NCT03423264]Phase 246 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-01-22Recruiting
The Use of Perioperative Gabapentin in Adolescents Undergoing Posterior Spinal Fusion for Idiopathic Scoliosis to Prevent Chronic Postsurgical Pain, a Pilot Study. [NCT03867240]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Study initially suspended recruitment due to COVID-19. Study withdrawn due to PI leaving institution in early 2021.)
Placebo Controlled Trial Evaluating Gabapentin for the Treatment of Small Fiber Neuropathic Pain in Patients With Fabry Disease [NCT01588314]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to No patients were enrolled. No data & no study results to report.)
Multiple Doses of Gabapentin and Postoperative Morphine Consumption in Total Knee Arthroplasty [NCT01307202]101 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
Randomized Phase III, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study of Prophylactic Gabapentin for the Reduction of Radiation Therapy Induced Pain During the Treatment of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma [NCT03269344]Phase 365 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-05Completed
The Effectiveness of a Pre-operative Single Dose Administration of Gabapentin for Management of Post-operative Pain Following Cesarean Section: a Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose-finding Study [NCT01094925]126 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
Opioid-Free Shoulder Arthroplasty [NCT03540030]Phase 486 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Completed
Randomized, Comparative-effectiveness Study Comparing Epidural Steroid Injections to Conservative Management With Medications and Physical Therapy in Patients With Cervical Radiculopathy [NCT01144923]169 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
Traditional vs. Nonopioid Analgesia After Rotator Cuff Repair [NCT03818919]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-22Recruiting
GRIPP: Gabapentin for Relief of Immediate Postoperative Pain [NCT03750773]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-02Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funding)
Gabapentin for Perioperative Pain Relief in Surgical Abortion: a Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04292171]Early Phase 1219 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-01Completed
Efficacy and Tolerability of Low vs. Standard Daily Doses of Antiepileptic Drugs in Newly Diagnosed, Previously Untreated Epilepsy (STANDLOW). A Multicenter, Randomized, Single-blind, Parallel-group Trial [NCT03689114]Phase 4374 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-07Not yet recruiting
Perioperative Analgesia Using Gabapentin in Head and Neck Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03682367]Phase 38 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-01Terminated(stopped due to Poor Recruitment)
Oral Amantadine Versus Gabapentin to Attenuate the Hemodynamic Response to Laryngoscopy and Tracheal Intubation and Their Effect on β-endorphin [NCT03172234]Phase 2/Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-15Completed
Gabapentin Regimens and Their Effects on Opioid Consumption [NCT03334903]Phase 477 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-15Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Gabapentin Versus Placebo for Postoperative Pain After Sacrospinous Ligament Fixation for Pelvic Organ Prolapse [NCT03123861]Phase 445 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-01Completed
Prospective, Cross Over Gabapentin vs Amitriptyline Study on Patients Suffering From Masticatory Muscle Pain [NCT02339662]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-02-28Recruiting
Gabapentin for Bipolar & Cannabis Use Disorders [NCT03334721]Phase 223 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-01Completed
Effect of Milnacipran Versus Gabapentin or Combination of Both in Fibromyalgia Syndrome [NCT05384210]75 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-30Enrolling by invitation
Gabapentin as an Adjunct for Pain Management During Dilation and Evacuation: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03635905]Phase 4130 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-26Completed
Gabapentin for Pain Control After Osmotic Dilator Insertion and Prior to D&E Procedure: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03080493]Phase 4121 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-20Completed
Discontinuation From Chronic Opioid Therapy For Pain Using a Buprenorphine Taper [NCT02737826]32 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-31Completed
Ultrasound-guided (US) Serratus Anterior Plane Block (SAPB) for Acute Rib Fractures in the Emergency Department (ED) [NCT03619785]Phase 470 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-11-06Recruiting
Comparison of Gabapentin With Doxepin in the Management of Uremic Pruritus: Pilot Study [NCT03758079]Phase 414 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-01Completed
Pilot Study of Opioid-receptor Antagonists to Reduce Pain and Inflammation Among HIV-Infected Persons With Alcohol Problems [NCT04052139]Phase 245 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-01-25Completed
Clinical Trial With Lozenges as Local Anesthetic Treatment for Head/Neck Cancer Patients With Oral Mucositis [NCT02252926]Phase 270 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Gabapentin Enacarbil Post-marketing Clinical Study A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study in Subjects With Restless Legs Syndrome. [NCT03053427]Phase 4375 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-30Completed
Gabapentin for the Reduction of Opiate Use Following Pulmonary Resection (GROUP Trial) [NCT05100160]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-09-15Withdrawn(stopped due to 0 patient accrual)
Primary Prophylactic Gabapentin for Taxane-Induced Arthralgia and Myalgia Syndrome in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Chemotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03566394]Phase 2/Phase 346 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-07-02Not yet recruiting
Effect of Baclofen Treatment on Nocturnal Muscle Cramps in Patients With Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05392361]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-06-09Completed
Effect of Perioperative Gabapentin on Postoperative Opioid Requirements [NCT05494385]Phase 4132 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-07-27Completed
Gabapentin Premedication to Reduce Postoperative Pain for Pediatric Tonsillectomy/Adenoidectomy: Randomized Control Trial [NCT03625011]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-07-31Recruiting
Study PXN110527: The Investigation of the Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of XP13512 in Subjects With Neuropathic Pain Associated With Post-herpetic Neuralgia (PHN) Who Have Had an Inadequate Response to Gabapentin Treatment. [NCT00617461]Phase 296 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Aprepitant Versus Gabapentin Prophylaxis for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Laparoscopic Gynecological Surgeries [NCT02525848]Phase 2/Phase 3150 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
Feasibility of Delivering Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery [NCT03859102]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-17Recruiting
Traditional vs. Nonopioid Analgesia After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction [NCT03818932]Phase 2/Phase 362 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-22Completed
Effect of Early Use of Oxycodone During the Acute Phase of Herpes Zoster on Preventing Postherpetic Neuralgia [NCT03120962]140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-05-31Not yet recruiting
Acute Effects of Gabapentin on Polysomnography Parameters and on Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and Somatotropic Axes During Sleep in Older Men: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT02599701]Phase 48 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Gabapentin increased hypopnea-apnea index in the first 8 recruited subjects.)
Oral Gabapentin Versus Placebo for Treatment of Postoperative Pain Following Photorefractive Keratectomy: A Randomized, Double-masked, Single Center, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial [NCT00793910]106 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
A Multicenter, Open-label, Single-dose Pharmacokinetic and Safety Evaluation of HORIZANT (Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended-release Tablets) in Adolescents Aged 13 to 17 Years Old With Moderate-to-severe Primary Restless Legs Syndrome [NCT02633657]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to lack of enrollment)
A Phase Ib/II Randomized, Open Label Drug Repurposing Trial of Glutamate Signaling Inhibitors in Combination With Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma [NCT05664464]Phase 1/Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-01Recruiting
Comparison of the Prophylactic Anti-emetic Efficacy of Gabapentin and Ramosetron in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Gynecological Surgery [NCT02617121]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-11-30Not yet recruiting
Baclofen Versus Gabapentin in Preventing Postoperative Pain After Laparoscopic Sleeve [NCT05921604]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-30Recruiting
Comparative Clinical Study Among Ondansetron and Gabapentin in Preventing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy [NCT05620641]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-01Recruiting
[NCT01421264]Phase 121 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Does Gabapentin Reduce Quadriceps Muscle Weakness After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? A Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT03496389]Phase 2/Phase 330 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-07-01Not yet recruiting
Bioequivalence Study of Gabapentin 400 mg Capsule [NCT05436886]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-28Completed
Effectiveness of Mirror Therapy in Patients With Amputations of Lower Limbs of Vascular Origin [NCT03149432]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-22Completed
A Phase 2, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter, Proof-of-Concept Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of ROZEREM™ Taken in Combination With Gabapentin for the Treatment of Subjects With Chronic Insomnia [NCT00755508]Phase 2378 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-11-30Completed
Emergency Department-Initiated Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder [NCT05827159]Phase 3240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-30Not yet recruiting
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Commonly Used Drugs in Lactating Women and Breastfed Infants [NCT03511118]1,600 participants (Anticipated)Observational2018-10-04Recruiting
Perioperative Gabapentin Use In Head And Neck Mucosal Surgery Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02926573]Phase 4123 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-24Completed
Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Duloxetine Augmented With Gabapentin and Duloxetine Augmented With Amitriptyline vs Duloxetine Alone in Chemotherapy -Induced Neuropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT06091553]Phase 2160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-20Not yet recruiting
A Multimodal Analgesic Protocol With Gabapentin Dexmedetomidine For Postoperative Pain Managment After Modified Radical Mastectomy Surgery: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study [NCT04976374]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-25Recruiting
Ultrasound Guided Continuous Suprascapular Nerve Block With Oral Gabapentin For Pain Management In Patients With Frozen Shoulder [NCT05037994]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-01Completed
A Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Gabapentin Extended Release (G-ER) Tablets in the Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women [NCT00755417]Phase 3541 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Effectiveness of Preemptive Oral Gabapentin 600 mg on Morphine Requirement After Non Obstetric Lower Abdominal Surgery [NCT04434430]Phase 1/Phase 272 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-11-11Completed
Gabapentin Kinetic Disposition and Renal Excretion: Role of Transporters for Organic Cations and the Effect of Glycemic Control in Patients With Neuropathic Pain. [NCT03047278]Phase 429 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-01Completed
Premedication With Single Dose Gabapentin to Improve Patient Tolerance in ERCP: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01143766]56 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
Acupuncture and Gabapentin for Hot Flashes Among Breast Cancer Survivors [NCT01005108]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Decreasing Narcotics in Advanced Pelvic Surgery: A Randomized Study [NCT02110719]Phase 4138 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
Gabapentin vs. Pregabalin for Post Operative Pain in Lumbar Microdiscectomy: a Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT02120703]Phase 378 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
Phase III Study of the Use of Gabapentin and Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine to Treat Fibromyalgia [NCT01107574]Phase 341 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Analgesic Efficacy of Oral Clonidine and Gabapentin as Part of a Multi-modal Analgesic Regimen for Preventing Pain After Arthroscopic Shoulder or Knee Surgery [NCT01112878]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Several studies going on at the same time.)
A Randomized, Double Blind, Active and Placebo Controlled, 5 Way Crossover Study to Determine the Abuse Potential of Orally Administered Gabapentin Enacarbil Immediate Release Capsules in Healthy, Nondependent Recreational Drug Users With Sedative Experie [NCT06097676]Phase 486 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-09-28Completed
The Effect of Gabapentin on Thoracic Epidural Analgesia Following Thoracotomy - A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT01116583]Phase 3104 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, Actual Use Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Gabapentin 500 mg in a Potential OTC Population [NCT00666575]Phase 32,105 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
"Gabapentin to Reduce Alcohol and Improve Viral Load Suppression - Promoting Treatment as Prevention" [NCT05443555]Phase 2300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-20Recruiting
The Effects of Gabapentin Premedication on Postoperative Pain,Nausea,Vomiting and Sedation in Patients Undergoing Neurosurgery [NCT02306278]122 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-14Completed
Gabapentin for Prophylaxis Intrathecal Morphine-Induced Pruritus After Orthopedics Surgery [NCT01236859]180 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Open-Label Study to Assess the Pain, Toxicity, and Quality of Life Effects of Adding Venlafaxine to the Pain Management Regimen for Patients Treated With Chemoradiation for Head and Neck Cancer [NCT03574792]62 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-03Completed
Prevention of Persistent Pain and Opioid Use in Mothers - POMS [NCT03472521]Phase 478 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-17Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Single-Dose, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study of Gabapentin 250 mg and 500 mg in Transient Insomnia Induced by a Sleep Phase Advance [NCT00667108]Phase 3784 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
CSP #428 - Treatment of Seizures in the Elderly Population [NCT00007670]Phase 3720 participants Interventional1998-01-31Completed
A Pilot Study Comparing the Effectiveness of an Opioid- Sparing Analgesic Regimen and an Opioid Based Regimen on Post- Operative Pain Control in Cardiac Surgery Patients (INOVA OPIOID [NCT03679013]Phase 219 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-19Completed
Gabapentin as an Adjunct to Paracervical Block for Perioperative Pain Management for Surgical Abortion: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02944656]Phase 4114 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-08Completed
PECS Block vs. Multimodal Analgesia for Prevention of Persistent Postoperative Pain in Breast Surgery [NCT03084536]Phase 2134 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-07Completed
Bariatric Surgery and Pharmacokinetics Gabapentin: BAR-MEDS Gabapentin [NCT03476538]12 participants (Anticipated)Observational2016-11-02Recruiting
[NCT01250561]133 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-02-28Completed
Medication-overuse Headache (MOH): Withdrawal or Use of Preventative Medications Directly? A Randomized Multi-centre Follow-up. [NCT00159588]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Evaluation of Anxiolysis and Pain Associated With Retrobulbar Eye Block for Cataract Surgery : Melatonin Versus Gabapentin ( A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study) [NCT01200641]Phase 1/Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
A Controlled Trial of Gabapentin in Vulvodynia: Biological Correlates of Response [NCT01301001]230 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
This is a Study Exploring the Reasons Why People With Alcohol Dependence Have Sleep Disturbances, and Whether or Not a Study Medication, Gabapentin, vs. Placebo, Affects Those Sleep Patterns. [NCT01014533]59 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Comparison of Hypnotherapy Versus Gabapentin in the Treatment of Hot Flashes in Breast Cancer Survivors or Women at Risk of Developing Breast Cancer. [NCT00711529]Phase 327 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare the Efficacy of Medicine Conservative Treatment and Surgical Treatment for Symptomatic Sacral Perineurial Cysts (Tarlov Cysts) and the Applied Value of Resting State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rfMRI). [NCT02595190]Phase 496 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-03-31Recruiting
Comparative, Randomized, Single-Dose, 2-Way Crossover Bioavailability Study of Ranbaxy and Parke-Davis (Neurontin®) 400 mg Gabapentin Capsules in Healthy Adult Volunteers Under Fed Conditions [NCT00778765]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-09-30Completed
Phase 4 Study of Efficacy of Gabapentin in the Treatment of Chest Pain and Paresthesia in Patients With Sternotomy [NCT00800527]Phase 4110 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
Analgesic Effects of Gabapentin After Scoliosis Surgery in Children [NCT00684112]Phase 335 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Effect of Gabapentin Enacarbil on Opioid Consumption and Pain Scores in Patients Having Hip and Knee Arthroplasties With Spinal Anesthesia [NCT02840240]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
A Relative Bioavailability Study of 800 mg Gabapentin Tablets Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00865423]Phase 128 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-02-28Completed
Prospective Analgesic Compound Efficacy (PACE) Study [NCT02403687]300 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2015-06-30Completed
The Effects of Oral Gabapentin Premedication on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting and Early Postoperative Recovery Profile in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Adenotonsillectomy [NCT02384187]Phase 3140 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Multimodal Pain Protocol Versus Hydrocodone-Acetaminophen for Post-Operative Pain Management in Orthopaedic Surgery Patients [NCT05690282]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-17Active, not recruiting
Effect of Gabapentin on Postoperative Pain Control After a Cesarean Section [NCT02490345]Phase 113 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Completed
Nonopioid Pain Control Regimen After Arthroscopic Hip Procedures [NCT05076110]Phase 4188 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-07Recruiting
Effect of Maintenance Gabapentin Therapy on the Rate of Premature Birth in Women With Preterm Labor After Receiving Tocolysis. [NCT02056899]Phase 14 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
The Effect of Pretreated Gabapentin on Hyeralgesia Occurring in the Second Operation in Staged Bilateral Cataract Surgery [NCT02127853]Phase 470 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-07-31Recruiting
A Comparison of Postoperative Tramadol/Gabapentin/Ibuprofen Versus Tramadol/Placebo/Ibuprofen in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy [NCT02076893]Phase 464 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Interim analysis results indicated need to recruit beyond scope of budget.)
Effects of Preoperative Gabapentin Versus Pregabalin on Shoulder Pain After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03241875]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-01Completed
Randomized Comparison of Two Pre-induction Analgesia Regimens: Multimodal vs Acetaminophen in the Reduction of Post-operative Pain Following Ureteroscopy With Lithotripsy for Kidney Stones Evaluated With Text Messaging [NCT03549611]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-01Withdrawn(stopped due to elected not to proceed with the study)
Analysis of Analgesia Regimens During Concurrent Chemoradiation for Head and Neck Cancer: A Pilot Study [NCT02531906]Phase 160 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-24Completed
Effect of a Multimodal Pain Regimen on Pain Control, Patient Satisfaction and Narcotic Use in Orthopaedic Trauma Patients [NCT02160301]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Insufficient infrastructure/funding for enrollment)
A Comparative Study of Melatonin and Gabapentin as Premedication for Patients Undergoing Surgery Following Trauma [NCT05699876]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-15Recruiting
The Impact of Perioperative Gabapentin on Chronic Groin Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair [NCT02419443]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-08-31Active, not recruiting
The Use of Gabapentin for Post-Operative Pain Control and Narcotic Reduction in Scrotal Surgery [NCT04230980]Phase 374 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-07-28Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Gabapentin Extended Release (G-ER) Tablets in the Treatment of Patients With Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy [NCT00712439]Phase 2147 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study Of Lidocaine Patch 5% Alone, Gabapentin Alone, And Lidocaine Patch 5% And Gabapentin In Combination For The Relief Of Pain In Patients With Diverse Peripheral Neuropathic Pa [NCT00904202]Phase 462 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-01-31Completed
Gabapentin - A Solution to Uremic Pruritus? A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study [NCT00577967]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-10-31Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Gabapentin on Post-Operative Pain in Minimally Invasive Sacrocolpopexy: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study [NCT05609682]Early Phase 140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-11-29Recruiting
A Randomized Double Blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose Response Study of Intraspinal Gabapentin (MDT2004) in Subjects With Chronic, Intractable Pain. [NCT00414466]Phase 2254 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Study closed and subject follow-up completed following analysis of blinded study data.)
Does Postoperative Gabapentin Reduce Pain, Opioid Consumption & Anxiety & Have a Positive Effect on Health Related Quality of Life After Radical Prostatectomy? [NCT00982800]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multiple-Dose, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial of Two Doses of PP-01 for the Mitigation of Cannabis Withdrawal Symptoms [NCT05494437]Phase 2234 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-10-27Completed
The Effect of Prolonged Multimodal Analgesic Regimen on Post Hospital Discharge Opioid Use and Pain Control After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty [NCT04003350]216 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-21Completed
Comparative, Randomized, Single-Dose, 2-Way Crossover Bioavailability Study of Ranbaxy and Park:-Davis (Neurontin®) 400 mg Gabapentin Capsules in Healthy Adult Volunteers Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00778271]26 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-09-30Completed
Gabapentin in Functional Dyspepsia Refractory to Proton Pump Inhibition [NCT01052896]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to recruit subjects - unworkable)
Vasomotor Symptoms and Cardiovascular Control [NCT02202707]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to No funding obtained to conduct study)
Clinical Study on Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: Preventive Approach Using Venlafaxine [NCT05875610]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-01Recruiting
Perioperative Administration of Gabapentin for Reducing Inhalational Anesthetic Consumption [NCT05301205]Early Phase 196 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-25Enrolling by invitation
Phase III Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Gabapentin for the Prevention of Delayed CINV (Chemotherapy Induced Nausea and Vomiting) in Patients Receiving Highly Emetogenic Chemotherapy [NCT00880191]Phase 3430 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Single-Dose, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study Of Gabapentin 100 mg and 250 mg in Transient Insomnia Induced By A Sleep Phase Advance [NCT00666939]Phase 3773 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
An Open, Multicenter Study on the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Gabapentin, Titrated for Reaching an Effect for the Treatment of the Painful Diabetic Neuropathy [NCT00644748]Phase 495 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-05-31Completed
Effect of Bilateral Spinae Erector Block (ESP) and Perioperative Gabapentin on Recovery and Length of Stay in Adolescent Spinal Fusion Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Stud [NCT06096480]34 participants (Actual)Observational2023-08-01Active, not recruiting
Gabapentin in Treatment of Muscle Cramps in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis [NCT02642484]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-31Not yet recruiting
A 3-Month, Open-Label, Pharmacy-Based, Actual-Use Trial in a Simulated Over-The-Counter (OTC) Environment to Assess Self-Selection and Consumer Use Patterns of Gabapentin 250 mg for Occasional Sleeplessness [NCT00659100]Phase 31,254 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Long-term Study - Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin Enacarbil in Japanese Restless Legs Syndrome Patients [NCT02658188]Phase 3182 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Pharmacokinetic (PK) Study of ASP8825 - Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics in Patients With Impaired Renal Function and Haemodialysis [NCT02629224]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
A 52 Weeks, Open-Label, Multicenter Study Evaluating The Efficacy And Safety Of Gabapentin As Adjunctive Therapy In Pediatric Patients Who Have Completed The 12 Weeks Treatment In Study A9451162 (NCT00603473) [NCT00620555]Phase 365 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
A Limited Food Effect Study of 800 mg Gabapentin Tablets Versus 400 mg Gabapentin Capsules [NCT00865631]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-06-30Completed
A Relative Bioavailability Study of Gabapentin 400 mg Capsules Under Non-fasting Conditions [NCT00864305]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional1997-12-31Completed
Combination of Preoperative Gabapentin and TAP Blocks in Decreasing Postoperative Pain [NCT02927405]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-04Withdrawn(stopped due to Did not get the study to take off, did not recruit any subjects, and then closed the study.)
A Phase IV, Longitudinal, Observational Study Examining Real-World Outcomes of Non-Hormonal Pharmacotherapies Among Individuals Treated for Bothersome Vasomotor Symptoms [NCT06049797]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-11-15Recruiting
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs [NCT04278404]5,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-03-05Recruiting
Does Peri-Operative Gabapentin Reduce Chronic Post-Thoracotomy Pain? [NCT00934193]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Withdrawn
Treatment of Ilioinguinal Entrapment Syndrome - a Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT01020162]19 participants (Actual)Interventional1995-09-30Completed
An Open-Label, Randomized Comparison of Duloxetine, Pregabalin, and the Combination of Duloxetine and Gabapentin Among Patients With Inadequate Response to Gabapentin for the Management of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain [NCT00385671]Phase 4407 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
Preemptive Gabapentin Administration and Perioperative Plasma Concentrations With Cardiac Bypass [NCT01022736]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
An Open, Randomized, Crossover Study In Healthy Subjects To Assess The Bioequivalence Of Gabapentin Between Japanese Commercial Tablet And Japanese Commercial Image Liquid Formulation And The Effect Of Food On The Pharmacokinetics Of Japanese Commercial I [NCT00987779]Phase 126 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-10-31Completed
Traditional vs. Nonopioid Analgesia After Arthroscopic Meniscus Surgery [NCT03820193]Early Phase 161 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-22Completed
An Open-Label, Multicenter Study Evaluating, The Efficacy, Safety And Pharmacokinetics Of Gabapentin As Adjunctive Therapy In Pediatric Patients With Partial Seizures When Other Antiepileptics Do Not Provide Satisfactory Effects [NCT00603473]Phase 392 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Pharmacokinetic (PK) Study of ASP8825 - Evaluation of the Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics [NCT02632331]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
The Effectiveness and Safety of Gabapentin for Post-operative Pain After Cesarean Section: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT00573664]46 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Terminated(stopped due to Interim analysis showed a significant reduction in the pain scores)
Study RXP110908, a Polysomnography Study of GSK1838262 (XP13512) Extended Release Tablets Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) and Associated Sleep Disturbance [NCT00748098]Phase 3136 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Perioperative Use of Gabapentin To Decrease Opioid Requirements in Pediatric Spinal Fusion Patients [NCT00726999]63 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study To Assess The Reproducibility And The Effect Of Gabapentin On Quantitative Sensory Testing In Neuropathic Pain Patients [NCT00674687]23 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
Gabapentin for Restoring GABA/Glutamate Homeostasis in Co-occurring Bipolar and Cannabis Use Disorders: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, MRI Study [NCT05064319]Phase 268 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-24Recruiting
Preoperative Gabapentin Versus Bisoprolol for Intraoperative Hemodynamic and Surgical Field Optimization During Endoscopic Sinus Surgery [NCT03850093]Phase 463 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
Drug Discrimination in Methadone-Maintained Humans Study 2 [NCT00733239]Phase 115 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-31Completed
A Relative Bioavailability Study of 800 mg Gabapentin Tablets Under Fasting Condition [NCT00778401]28 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Gabapentin in Patients at Clinical Risk for Psychosis [NCT02557945]Phase 1/Phase 29 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-01Terminated(stopped due to Combination of insufficient funding and lack of compelling findings)
A Multimodal Technology-assisted Intervention for the Management of Menopause After Cancer: The Menopause After Cancer Study [NCT04766229]Phase 2205 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-06-21Completed
Comparison of Analgesic Effects of Gabapentin and Paracetamol in Patients With Hand Injury [NCT04068506]Phase 468 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-09-01Completed
Phase 4 Study Comparing the Efficacy of Etoricoxib Versus Gabapentin as Part of a Multimodal Analgesic Regimen for Ambulatory Knee Arthroscopy [NCT00799149]Phase 475 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
A Relative Bioavailability Study of Gabapentin 400 mg Capsules Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00864058]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-01-31Completed
A Relative Bioavailability Study of 800 mg Gabapentin Tablets Versus 400 mg Gabapentin Capsules Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00864760]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-06-30Completed
A Multicenter Open-Label Extension Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of HORIZANT (Gabapentin Enacarbil) Extended-Release Tablets in Adolescents Aged 13 to 17 Years Old With Moderate-to-Severe Primary Restless Legs Syndrome [NCT02633683]Phase 4144 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-01-31Recruiting
Analgetic Effectiveness of Acupuncture When Compared to a Standardised Analgesic Regimen in the Treatment of Herpes Zoster Neuralgia [NCT00885586]Phase 468 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-30Completed
A Multidisciplinary, Multimodal Bundled Care Approach to Chronic Pelvic Pain [NCT05658874]Phase 380 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-01Recruiting
Drug Use Investigation Of Gabapen [NCT00567268]1,273 participants (Actual)Observational2007-08-31Completed
Gabapentin in Fibromyalgia Trial (GIFT) [NCT00057278]Phase 2/Phase 3150 participants Interventional2003-03-31Completed
Multi-centre, Double-blind, Randomized-controlled Trial to Study the Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin to Reduce Strong Opioid Use in Treatment of Radiation-induced Pain in Head and Neck Cancer Patients During Curative Radio(Chemo)Therapy. [NCT03747562]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funding)
Clinical Trial of Gabapentin in the Prevention of Nausea Ond Vomiting Induced by Chemotherapy, a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controled Study [NCT01052844]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Vulvar Pain: Treatment Trial Using Gabapentin-placebo in a Cross-over Design, Pilot Study. [NCT00390013]9 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Terminated(stopped due to poor recruitment)
Three Way Interaction Between Gabapentin, Duloxetine, and Donepezil in Patients With Diabetic Neuropathy [NCT00619983]Phase 422 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Terminated(stopped due to Study terminated due to low enrollment)
Efficacy of Preoperative Administration of Gabapentin in Managing Intraoperative and Postoperative Pain From Third Molar Extractions. [NCT04860141]Phase 498 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-16Recruiting
A Relative Bioavailability Study of 800 mg Gabapentin Tablets Under Non-Fasting Conditions [NCT00865059]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-02-28Completed
Post Operative Pain in Modified Radical Mastectomy. [NCT04620720]Early Phase 151 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-01Recruiting
A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study to Investigate the Effect of Donepezil and Gabapentin Combination on an Experimental Pain Model in Healthy Subjects [NCT01485185]Phase 148 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-11Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active- and Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study Assessing the Effect of 600 mg Gabapentin Enacarbil on Simulated Driving in Healthy Subjects [NCT01411124]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
Comparative Effects of Single Dose Preemptive Gabapentin or Amitriptyline on Postoperative Pain and Opioid Consumption in Single Level Lumbar Laminectomy and Diskectomy: A Double Blind RCT With Placebo Control [NCT01014520]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-05-31Recruiting
Multiple Doses of Gabapentin and Postoperative Morphine Consumption in Primary Hip Arthroplasty [NCT00889148]103 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Single-Dose, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, Polysomnographic Study Of Gabapentin 250 mg And 500 mg In Transient Insomnia Induced By A Sleep Phase Advance [NCT00674752]Phase 3377 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Pain Reduction and Changes in Upper Limb Function Produced by Physiotherapy, Ibuprofen Arginine, Gabapentin and the Absence of Treatment, in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [NCT04025203]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-01Recruiting
Stanford Accelerated Recovery Trial (START) [NCT01067144]Phase 3422 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Trial met futility stopping point)
Cognitive Changes Associated With Initiation of Gabapentin Treatment in Adults With Chronic Pain [NCT04106011]3 participants (Actual)Observational2020-01-10Terminated(stopped due to PI request - low enrollment)
A Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-group Multi-center Comparative Flexible-dose Trial Of Pregabalin Versus Gabapentin As Adjunctive Therapy In Subjects With Partial Seizures. [NCT00537940]Phase 4482 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group, Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of HORIZANT (Gabapentin Enacarbil Extended-Release Tablets) in Adolescents Aged 13 to 17 Years Old With Moderate-to-Severe Primary RLS [NCT02560766]Phase 4132 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-02-29Recruiting
A Relative Bioavailability Study of 800 mg Gabapentin Tablets Under Non-Fasting Conditions [NCT00778232]22 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Does a Perioperative Course of Gabapentin Improve Analgesia After Cesarean Delivery? A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT01848119]204 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
A Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Gabapentin Extended Release (G-ER) Tablets in the Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women [NCT00777023]Phase 3565 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Gabapentin in Neuropathic Pain - Effect of Adjuvant Pharmacotherapy [NCT00967707]Phase 230 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
Study PXN110748: An Efficacy and Safety Study of XP13512 Compared With a Concurrent Placebo Control in Subjects With Neuropathic Pain Associated With Post-herpetic Neuralgia (PHN) [NCT00619476]Phase 2376 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Evaluation of Lamotrigine (Lamictal® (Registered Trademark)) Monotherapy and Gabapentin (Neurontin® (Registered Trademark)) Monotherapy in the Treatment of Mood Disorders [NCT00001482]Phase 260 participants Interventional1995-05-31Completed
A Comparative Study of Oral Gabapentin, Oral Alprazolam and Intravenous Dexmedetomidine on Perioperative Anxiety and Pain During Posterior Segment Eye Surgery Under Peribulbar Block : a Randomized, Double-blind Study. [NCT04658732]Phase 145 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-12-01Recruiting
Gabapentin Premedication to Reduce Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Surgical Patient Receiving Spinal Morphine [NCT02944981]Phase 480 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
A 4 Week, Parallel-Design, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Gabapentin in the Treatment of Neuroleptic-Induced Tremor: Clinical and Instrumental Ratings of Outcome. [NCT00533455]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Failure to recruit due to polypharmacy)
Study PXN110448: A Dose-response Study of XP13512, Compared With Concurrent Placebo Control and LYRICA(Pregabalin), in Subjects With Neuropathic Pain Associated Withdiabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) [NCT00643760]Phase 2421 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Effects of Pain and the Treatment of Pain With Gabapentin (900-3600 Mg) on Driving Ability, Attentional Capacity and Psychomotor Performance in Chronic Neuropathic Pain Patients [NCT00189072]Phase 424 participants Interventional2003-04-30Terminated
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of XP13512 in Patients With Restless Legs Syndrome. [NCT00365352]Phase 3325 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Gabapentin as an Adjunct to Naltrexone for Alcoholism [NCT00183196]Phase 3150 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-01-31Completed
Open Label Pilot Study of Gabapentin for the Treatment of Pruritus Caused by Burn Injuries in Children [NCT01092520]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Withdrawn
Specified Drug Use-Results Survey of Regnite [NCT01887613]1,597 participants (Actual)Observational2012-10-01Completed
Bioequivalence Study Between Two Medications for Administration of Oral Gabapentin in 300 mg Capsules in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01738893]Phase 126 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-14Completed
Investigating the Effect of a Perioperative Analgesia Protocol on Postoperative Opioid Usage and Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Major Head and Neck Cancer Surgery Requiring Microvascular Free Flap Reconstruction [NCT04176419]Phase 330 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-17Active, not recruiting
Gabapentin Vs. Lorazepam in Alcohol Withdrawal [NCT00229125]Phase 2160 participants Interventional2001-07-31Completed
[NCT00209885]Phase 460 participants Interventional2005-10-31Not yet recruiting
Efficiency of Multi-Modal Anesthesia (MMA) Protocol in Pain Control and Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Posterior Lumbar Spinal Fusion Surgery [NCT05413902]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-05Completed
Multimodal Opiate-sparing Analgesia Versus Traditional Opiate Based Analgesia After Cardiac Surgery, a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01966172]Phase 4180 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-03-31Completed
A Randomized Control Trial Evaluating the Utility of Multimodal Opioid-free Anesthesia on Return of Bowel Function in Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery [NCT04144933]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-15Recruiting
Post-marketing Clinical Study of Gabapentin Enacarbil -Non-blinded Study in Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) Patients With Moderate Renal Impairment- [NCT01981941]Phase 419 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-05Completed
Multimodal Pain Management After Robotic-Assisted Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy [NCT04429022]Phase 368 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-24Completed
Efficacy of Opioid-limiting Pain Management Protocol in Men Undergoing Urethroplasty [NCT03859024]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-22Completed
Phase 2 Effect of Gabapentin on Idiopathic Subjective Tinnitus [NCT00555776]Phase 270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-01-31Active, not recruiting
Optimal Dosing of Preoperative Gabapentin for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Abdominal Laparoscopic Surgery: a Randomized Prospective Comparative Study [NCT04622618]Early Phase 1150 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-15Completed
Gabapentin for Postoperative Pain Management After Cardiac Surgery With Median Sternotomy [NCT00572208]64 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-01-31Recruiting
A Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of Gabapentin Extended Release (G-ER_ Tablets in the Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women [NCT01080300]Phase 3600 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Double Blind, Active- and Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Safety Study Assessing Simulated Driving Performance in XP13512-(GSK1838262) Treated Patients With Restless Legs Syndrome [NCT01332318]Phase 2130 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Completed
Drug Discrimination in Methadone-Maintained Humans Study 1 [NCT00593463]Phase 140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-09-30Completed
An Investigation of Post-Operative Pain Scores and Analgesic Requirements After Ambulatory Inguinal Herniorrhaphy With Pre-Operative Gabapentin Therapy [NCT00735124]Phase 2/Phase 35 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-11-06Terminated(stopped due to Changes to surgical practices led to the loss of eligible patients)
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Single-Dose, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, Polysomnographic Study of Gabapentin 250 mg and 500 mg in Transient Insomnia Induced by a Sleep Phase Advance [NCT00666770]Phase 3309 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
Liceo Study: A Prospective, Observational Study On The Effectiveness Of New Antiepileptic Drugs As First Bitherapy In The Daily Clinical Practice [NCT00855738]Phase 4111 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-05-31Completed
Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Active Controlled, Multicentre, Non-inferiority Phase-III Study to Compare Gabapentin Liquid Formulation to Tramadol in Children Experiencing Moderate to Severe Chronic Neuropathic or Mixed Pain [NCT02722603]Phase 32 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-12Terminated(stopped due to The study was early terminated due to insufficient recruitment)
Pain Management in Corneal Collagen Crosslinking for Keratoconus: Prospective Randomized Study [NCT02867176]Phase 425 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Does a Single Preoperative Dose of Gabapentin Reduce Postoperative Tonsillectomy Pain and Subsequent Morphine Requirement in Children? [NCT00624455]Phase 328 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
Oral Gabapentin Versus Control in the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [NCT04285281]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-31Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, 4-way Crossover, Placebo-Controlled, Single Center Trial to Evaluate the Potential Pharmacodynamic Interaction Between Gabapentin 500 mg and Ethanol in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00666796]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Gabapentin vs. Placebo for Adjuvant Pain Control Following Acute Rib Fractures [NCT02856750]Early Phase 1100 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Completed
Evaluation of Ketamine and Multi-modal Analgesics for Postoperative Analgesia, Opioid Sparing, and Early Extubation in ICU Compared With Conventional Analgesia [NCT02815111]0 participants (Actual)Observational2016-07-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Not IRB approved)
A Single Centre, Single-blind, Randomized, Two-part, 6-way Cross-over Study to Investigate the Individual Bioequivalence of Gabasandoz® Relative to Neurontin® in Healthy Volunteers. [NCT01821235]Phase 151 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Efficacy of Gabapentin in Treating Pain in Children With Severe Neurological Impairment [NCT04619862]Phase 210 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-05-15Recruiting
A Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Gabapentin Extended Release (G-ER) Tablets in the Treatment of Patients With Postherpetic Neuralgia [NCT00335933]Phase 3378 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, 28-day, Polysomnographic Study of Gabapentin 250 mg in Transient Insomnia Induced by a Sleep Phase Advance [NCT00163046]Phase 3256 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
Nighttime Agitation and Restless Legs Syndrome in People With Alzheimer's Disease [NCT03082755]Phase 4156 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-07-01Recruiting
Treatment for Alcohol Dependence With Gabapentin: A Double Blind Placebo Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02771925]Phase 425 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Due to poor compliance of patients in the study.)
An Open Label Pharmacokinetic Study Of Gabapentin In Japanese Subjects With Renal Impairment Including Hemodialysis [NCT00584779]Phase 48 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Terminated(stopped due to See detailed description for termination reason)
Feasibility of Early Gabapentin as an Intervention for Neurorecovery [NCT05302999]Phase 442 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-14Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin in Treating Overactive Bladder [NCT01486706]Phase 2/Phase 394 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
Comparison of Intra-articular Infiltration and Gabapentin With Epidural Analgesia After Total Knee Replacement Surgery [NCT01489631]81 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
Efficacy of Gabapentin in Alcohol Dependency Treatment: a Double-blinded Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT03274167]Phase 3112 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Effect of Preoperative Gabapentin on Postoperative Pain Associated With Ureteroscopy and Stents Insertion: a Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT03151746]Phase 420 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-14Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient enrollment)
A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Study of the Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Pharmacodynamics (PD) of Gabapentin Extended Release (G-ER) Tablets in the Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women [NCT00511953]Phase 2108 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
Hyperalgesia in Methadone Patients: Can it be Treated? [NCT00218374]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
Oral Gabapentin in Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Females: A Randomised Placebo-controlled Study. [NCT02918760]Phase 364 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-03-31Recruiting
The Effect of Neurontin on Pain Management in the Acutely Burned Patient [NCT01265056]53 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
Efficacy of Gabapentin for Post-Covid-19 Olfactory Dysfunction [NCT05184192]Phase 250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-10Enrolling by invitation
A Feasibility Study: Understanding and Altering Pain Expectations in Subjects With Osteoarthritis of the Knee or Hip [NCT02155257]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Completed
Comparison of the Effectiveness and Safety Between Tramadol 37.5 Mg/Acetaminophen 325mg And Gabapentin for The Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: Multicenter, Randomized, Open Comparative Study [NCT00634543]Phase 4162 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Completed
The Effect of Gabapentin on Postoperataive Pain ,Morphine Sparing Effect and Preoperative Anxiety in Bariatric Surgical Patients [NCT03023501]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Preoperative Gabapentin Prior to Vaginal Apical Suspension Prolapse Procedures [NCT05658887]Phase 4110 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-01Enrolling by invitation
"Gabapentin Reduces Opioid Use Postoperatively (GROUP Study): A Randomized Control Trial in Women Undergoing Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery" [NCT02999724]Phase 344 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-31Recruiting
Multimodal Narcotic Limited Perioperative Pain Control With Colorectal Surgery as Part of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol: A Randomized Prospective Single- Center Trial. [NCT02958566]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-31Recruiting
Comparison of Aprepitant vs. Gabapentin in the Prevention of Delayed Nausea and Vomiting [NCT00250744]Phase 2200 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-12-31Completed
Preanalgesic Effect of Gabapentin in Total Knee Repair [NCT00279487]24 participants (Actual)InterventionalCompleted
A Phase III Randomized, Trial of Gabapentin Alone or in Conjunction With an Antidepressant in the Management of Hot Flashes in Women Who Have Inadequate Control With an Antidepressant Alone [NCT00087399]Phase 3118 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-11-30Completed
"Preoperative Gabapentin and Its Effects on Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Cosmetic Breast Surgery" [NCT05997355]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-01Not yet recruiting
Multimodal Management for Perioperative Analgesia in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Free Flap Reconstructive Surgery: A Prospective Study [NCT04246697]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-11-01Completed
A Prospective Randomized Double Blind Trial to Assess the Effect of a Single Preoperative Dose of Gabapentin on Postoperative Opioid Consumption in Patients Undergoing Rhinoplasty [NCT03498261]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-30Active, not recruiting
Gabapentin and Oxcarbazepine for Chronic Neuropathic Pain in Children and Adolescents: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Effectiveness Study. [NCT02219373]Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-31Not yet recruiting
Gabapentin for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT00137735]Phase 3150 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-10-31Completed
Perioperative Gabapentin for Chronic Post-thoracotomy Pain: a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Study. [NCT03158376]Phase 3201 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
A Post-Marketing Clinical Pharmacokinetics Study Of Gabapentin In Japanese Epileptic Subjects With Renal Impairment [NCT00785772]Phase 41 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Terminated(stopped due to See termination reason in detailed description.)
The Effect of Gabapentin on Acute Pain and PONV in Bariatric Surgical Patients [NCT00886236]62 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Imaging Biomarkers of Social Cognition and Pharmacologic Target Engagement in Autism Spectrum Disorder [NCT03589898]Early Phase 119 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-14Completed
Gabapentin Treatment of Cannabis Dependence [NCT00974376]Phase 2150 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-04Completed
A Randomised, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Placebo And Active Controlled, 4-Way Crossover Methodology Study To Assess The Effect Of Gabapentin, Diphenhydramine And Morphine On Cold Pain In Healthy Male Volunteers [NCT01119222]Phase 119 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Neuropathic Pain Treatment Using F0434 vs. Gabapentin in Patients With Chronic Distal Diabetic Polyneuropathy: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind Study [NCT01263132]Phase 3104 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Traditional vs. Nonopioid Analgesia After Labral Surgery [NCT03825809]Phase 2/Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-22Recruiting
Gabapentin in the Prevention of Phantom Limb Pain [NCT00169013]Phase 40 participants Interventional2002-05-31Completed
The Impact of Pre-emptive Large Doses of Methylprednisolone Combined With Gabapentin on Pain Treatment and Convalescence After Total Knee Arthroplasty in Elderly: A Double-blind Randomized Study [NCT04653415]Phase 4160 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-01Completed
Influence of Intestinal Transporter Genetic Variants on the Bioavailability of Gabapentin [NCT00187707]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
A Comparison of Gabapentin and Ketamine in Acute and Chronic Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair: a Prospective Randomized Study [NCT04700592]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-02Completed
The Effect of Antidepressants and Gabapentin on Tamoxifen Pharmacokinetics: A Prospective Study [NCT00667121]85 participants (Anticipated)Observational2011-03-16Active, not recruiting
Effectiveness and Safety of Gabapentin for the Treatment of Hot Flashes in Menopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00112138]Phase 3200 participants Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Specific Interventions for Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease [NCT00018291]0 participants Interventional2001-01-31Completed
Alcohol Research Center - Treatment and Implications [NCT00011297]Phase 2160 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Randomized Trial of Gabapentin, Estrogen and Placebo for the Treatment of Postmenopausal Hot Flashes [NCT00276081]Phase 460 participants Interventional2002-05-31Completed
Effect of Acupuncture and Pain Medication on Radicular Pain Using QST [NCT01678586]47 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Control of Vasomotor Symptoms in Women Treated for Breast Cancer [NCT00022074]0 participants Interventional2001-07-31Completed
The Efficacy Of Gabapentin In The Management Of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Phase III Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial [NCT00027963]Phase 3100 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-02-28Completed
Comparison of the Efficacy of Gabapentin With Loratadine in the Treatment of Uremic Pruritus in Patients of Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT05750875]Phase 464 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-05-01Completed
A Single Preoperative Dose of Gabapentin to Decreases Postoperative Pain in Ambulatory Anal Surgeries [NCT05533684]Early Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-09-01Completed
A Phase III Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Gabapentin in the Management of Hot Flashes in Men [NCT00028574]Phase 3223 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-12-31Completed
Study of Gabapentin for the Pruritus of Cholestasis [NCT00058890]Phase 315 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-11-30Completed
[NCT00209872]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-10-31Not yet recruiting
Randomised, Placebo Controlled, Double Blind, Parallel Group 3-Months Study of Gabapentin Efficacy in Asthma Therapy [NCT00153283]Phase 468 participants Interventional2003-09-30Completed
COMPARATION BETWEEN SPHENOPALATINE BLOCK AND MULTIMODAL CLINICAL TREATMENT IN TREATMENT OF HEADACHE AFTER DURAL PUNCTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN. [NCT04148846]45 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-09-20Recruiting
Use of Preoperative Gabapentin in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy [NCT03583892]60 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2018-07-01Recruiting
Efficacy of Opioid-free Anesthesia in Reducing Postoperative Respiratory Depression in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy: a Pilot Study [NCT02987985]Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-15Completed
Gabapentin Premedication for Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Randomized Control Trial [NCT03417479]57 participants (Actual)Observational2015-10-09Completed
Beneficial Side Effects of Topiramate in Obese Patients Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty, a Study of Opiate Consumption and Weight Reduction [NCT04613024]Early Phase 170 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-01Not yet recruiting
Preoperative Gabapentin for Reduction of Post-tonsillectomy Pain in Children [NCT01707420]36 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
Sertraline Augmented With GABA Agents for Cocaine Dependence [NCT00654953]Phase 2102 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Gabapentin for Headache in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage [NCT02330094]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Administration of Pre-Operative Gabapentin to Patients Undergoing Laparoscopy: A Prospective Double-blinded, Placebo Controlled Randomized Study [NCT02359110]Phase 4112 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
Comparative Clinical Study Evaluating the Possible Efficacy of Duloxetine, Gabapentin and Lacosamide on Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Cancer Patients [NCT05510856]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-01Recruiting
Placebo Controlled, Randomized,Gabapentin as Adjuvant for Postoperative Pain in Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery [NCT03005483]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
The Effect of Gabapentin, Low Dose Ketamine, Paracetamol, NSAID and Dexamethasone on Pain and Opioid Requirements in Patients Scheduled for Primary Total Hip Replacement [NCT00236223]Phase 448 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Structural changes that stopped the type of operations used in the study)
Risk of Pancreatic Cancer and Renal Cancer in Patients Exposed to Gabapentin in the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database [NCT01138124]54,202 participants (Actual)Observational2010-03-31Completed
The Effect of Gabapentin on the Sensation and Impact of Tinnitus [NCT00257270]Phase 240 participants Interventional2003-08-31Completed
Gabapentin for Relapse Prevention: Alcohol Withdrawal Effects [NCT02349477]Phase 296 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
Gabapentin for the Relief of Idiopathic Subjective Tinnitus [NCT00317850]Phase 2/Phase 3160 participants Interventional2004-04-30Terminated
Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Superiority Phase II Study to Evaluate the Safety, Pharmacokinetic, Efficacy of Gabapentin as add-on to Morphine in Children From 3 Months to Less Than 18 Years [NCT03275012]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-04Withdrawn(stopped due to Study not started)
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Gabapentin and Amitriptyline for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain in Children and Adolescents [NCT00312260]Phase 334 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
Gabapentin for Cannabis Withdrawal and Use [NCT00395044]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Analgesic Effect of Perioperative Gabapentin in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose-response Study [NCT01507363]Phase 4300 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial of Gabapentin for the Treatment of Benzodiazepine Abuse in Methadone Maintenance Patients [NCT00420771]Phase 219 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
DIalysis Symptom COntrol-Restless Legs Syndrome Trial (DISCO-RLS Trial): A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03806530]Phase 352 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-01Completed
A Comparison Between Pregabalin and Gabapentin as Adjuvants to Opioids in Elective Lumber Micro Discectomy to Control Postoperative Pain. (A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study) [NCT05539924]Phase 372 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-15Enrolling by invitation
Pregabalin Versus Gabapentin Efficacy in the Management of Neuropathic Pain Associated With Failed Back Surgery Syndrome [NCT05324761]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-04-25Completed
Gabapentin Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: Evaluation of Postoperative Opioid Use and Sleep Quality [NCT05800847]Phase 4130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-30Not yet recruiting
Hyperalgesia in Methadone-Maintained Patients: Can it be Treated? [NCT01210079]Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-09-30Completed
A Prospective Randomized Controlled Open Label Trial of Symptom-triggered Benzodiazepine Versus Fixed-dose Gabapentin for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome [NCT03012815]Phase 488 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-02-01Completed
Pain Management of Vaso-Occlusive Crisis in Children and Young Adults With Sickle Cell Disease [NCT01954927]Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-07Completed
[NCT01744444]Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-30Completed
Efficacy of Once Daily Gastroretentive Gabapentin (Gralise) in the Treatment of Post Amputation Pain [NCT01776671]Phase 316 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Gabapentin in the Post-cesarean Pain Management of Buprenorphine Patient [NCT03335436]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of enrollment)
Pilot Study to Assess Tolerability and Preliminary Efficacy of a Titrated Dose of Gabapentin up to 600mg Administered at Bedtime for Insomnia Symptoms and Nighttime Vasomotor Symptoms (VMS) in Peri- and Postmenopausal Women With VMS. [NCT02040532]32 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
The Effect of Multidisciplinary Intervention on Patients With Persistent Post-traumatic Headache [NCT05328635]100 participants (Anticipated)Observational2021-09-01Recruiting
Effect of Gabapentin and Tizanidine on Insomnia in Chronic Pain Patients: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Crossover Trial. [NCT04429347]Phase 224 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-07-29Enrolling by invitation
Effectiveness of Ropinirole and Gabapentin for the Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrom in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis: a Randomized, Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT03708237]Phase 23 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-02-19Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment suspended due to COVID-19 pandemic and will not resume.)
Comparison of Chlordiazepoxide and Gabapentin for Outpatient Alcohol Detoxification Treatment [NCT01573052]Phase 426 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
The Effect of Intramuscular Dexmedetomidine Versus Oral Gabapentin Premedication on the Emergence Agitation After Rhinoplasty. A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Controlled Trial. [NCT05626998]Phase 4153 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-11-01Completed
A Prospective, Randomized Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Early Diuresis Following Colorectal Surgery [NCT02351934]Phase 4123 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
Gabapentin Treatment of Benzodiazepine Dependence [NCT01893632]Phase 22 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient recruitment, funding terminated from sponsor)
Randomized, Open-Label Quality of Life Study Using Gabapentin Versus Venlafaxine in Treating Hot Flashes in Patients With Prostate Cancer [NCT01533753]Phase 25 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Terminated(stopped due to Slow accrual)
Efficacy of Gabapentin in Prevention of Tourniquet Pain and Hypertension During Orif of Tibia Fracture Under General Anesthesia [NCT01441531]Early Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to recruit patient due to surgical case type. Not worth continuing study.)
A Phase II, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double Blind, Cross-over, Study of the Effects of Gabapentin on Chronic Irritability in Neurologically Impaired Children [NCT01675960]Phase 22 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Terminated(stopped due to unable to enroll)
Pain Control in Pediatric Posterior Spine Fusion Patients: The Effect of Gabapentin on Post-operative Opioid Use and Patient Satisfaction [NCT01977937]Phase 455 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
The Effect of Gabapentin Pretreatment on Hyperalgesia in Elderly Patients Undergoing Staged Bilateral Cataract Operations [NCT03826615]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-02-01Completed
Gabapentin to Reduce Opioid Use Postoperatively (GROUP) in Children [NCT04724252]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-23Recruiting
Special Investigation Of Gabapen For Pediatric (Regulatory Post Marketing Commitment Plan) [NCT01441401]82 participants (Actual)Observational2011-12-31Completed
Randomized, Double-blind, Comparative-effectiveness Study Comparing Epidural Steroid Injections to Gabapentin in Patients With Lumbosacral Radiculopathy [NCT01495923]145 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Predicting, Understanding, and Speeding Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty [NCT02685735]Phase 4350 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-02Terminated(stopped due to lack of continued funding support)
Pain Control With Total Knee Replacement: Does Gabapentin Affect Narcotic Usage and Functional Outcome? A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT01680549]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
A Double Blind Evaluation of Flumazenil and Gabapentin for the Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal and Relapse Prevention [NCT00262639]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Fixed-Dose, Parallel-Group Study to Compare the Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of 3 Doses of Gabapentin Enacarbil (GSK1838262) With Placebo in Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Primary RLS [NCT01668667]Phase 4501 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Randomized Single Oral Dose, Open-label, Two-way, Two-periods, Un-replicated Crossover, Bioequivalence Study to Compare Nerpentin600 mg Film Coated Tablet (Gabapentin 600 mg) Manufactured by EGPI (Egyptian Group for Pharmaceutical Industry) - Egypt for Am [NCT04805827]34 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-25Completed
Medication Development for Opioid and Alcohol Abuse: Laboratory Study in Humans [NCT03205423]Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-01Completed
A Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Gabapentin Extended Release (G-ER) Tablets in the Treatment of Patients With Postherpetic Neuralgia [NCT00636636]Phase 3452 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Gabapentin Treatment of Alcohol Dependence [NCT00391716]Phase 2150 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-02-29Completed
Efficacy of Gabapentin as Adjuvant for Postoperative Pain in Pediatric Thoracic Surgery - a Randomized Quadruple Blind Study [NCT03393702]Phase 4104 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-09Completed
A Comparative Study Of Botulinum Toxin Type A Versus Conventional Oral Therapy As A Second Line Treatment Of Diabetic Neuropathy [NCT05296759]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-01Completed
Comparison of Oral Gabapentin and Pregabalin in Postoperative Pain Control After Photorefractive Keratectomy: a Prospective, Randomized Study. [NCT00954187]8 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Terminated(stopped due to PI left institution)
CSP #2016 - National Adaptive Trial for PTSD Related Insomnia [NCT03668041]Phase 31,224 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-25Recruiting
Open Labeled, Non-randomized, Study of Efficacy and Safety of Gralise in Fibromyalgia Patients. [NCT02052414]34 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Patient-Driven Analgesic Protocol Selection for Post-Cesarean Pain Management [NCT02605187]160 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
ACL Repair and Multimodal Analgesia [NCT01868425]Phase 4112 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
A Phase 4, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study Comparing Simulated Driving Performance, Daytime Sedation, and Cognition in Healthy Volunteers Taking Therapeutic Doses of Gralise®, Neurontin®, or Lyrica® [NCT03179345]Phase 432 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-24Completed
A Phase 4 Randomized Double-blind Double-dummy Placebo & Active-controlled Single-dose Six-way Crossover Study Evaluating Abuse Potential of NEURONTIN® Taken Orally With Oxycodone HCL in Healthy Non-drug Dependent Recreational Opioid Users [NCT05319756]Phase 454 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-30Completed
Efficacy of Antidepressants in Chronic Back Pain [NCT00108550]Phase 2108 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-10-31Completed
Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms of OCT2 and OCTN1 on the Kinetic Disposition of Gabapentin in Patients Undergoing Chronic Use of the Drug [NCT02977208]Phase 466 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-09-30Completed
MAST Trial: Multi-modal Analgesic Strategies in Trauma [NCT03472469]Phase 41,561 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-02Completed
Impact of Gabapentin on Slow Wave Sleep in Adult Critically Ill Patient. [NCT04818450]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-19Completed
Evaluation of Initiation Time on the Efficacy of Gabapentin in Treating Neuropathic Pain in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) [NCT04256603]Phase 427 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-01Completed
Prophylaxy of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery [NCT03202459]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-03-02Recruiting
Treatment of Pendular Nystagmus With Gabapentin and Memantine in Patients With Oculopalatal Tremor: a Controled Open-label Study [NCT02466191]Phase 47 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
A Phase I, Double-Blind, PK, Safety, Tolerability Study of KSL + KLS-GABA vs KLS Alone in Healthy Males (Part A) Followed by a Study to Investigate the PD of KLS and KLS + GABA in Healthy Males (Part B) [NCT04802967]Phase 1140 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-08Completed
Prevention Effect of Pregabalin on Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial [NCT03186443]Phase 3342 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-10-01Not yet recruiting
Effects of Gabapentin Enacarbil on Intensity of Cortical Arousal, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Anterior Tibialis EMG Responses Associated With PLMs During Sleep in Patients With RLS Using a Novel Computer Assisted Scoring System [NCT02424695]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-06-30Not yet recruiting
Pre-Emptive Analgesia in Ano-Rectal Surgery [NCT02402543]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
Gabapentin as a Pre-emptive Analgesic in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Procedures [NCT02957097]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Original PI left institution and the PI who took over was not able to initiate the study so it was never started.)
To Examine the Effect of Horizant (Gabapentin Enacarbil) in Primary Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) Patients Who Are on Dopaminergic Agents and Exhibiting Augmentation [NCT02642315]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Efficacy of Hydroxyzine Versus Treatment as Usual for Panic Disorder: An Eight-Week, Open Label, Pilot, Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT05737511]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-30Not yet recruiting
Single Dose Preoperative Gabapentin Use in Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy for Acute Pain Management [NCT02703259]Phase 4137 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-30Completed
Pharmacovigilance in Gerontopsychiatric Patients [NCT02374567]Phase 3407 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Terminated
Effect of Gabapentin on Postoperative Opioid Analgesic Use and Pain in Adolescents Undergoing Tonsillectomy [NCT05024825]Phase 417 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-08-04Terminated(stopped due to recruitment target not met.)
Short-term Effectiveness of Gabapentin Versus Placebo in Acute Lumbosacral Radiculalgia by Herniation Disc: a Prospective, Multicentric, Randomized, Controlled, Double-blind Study [NCT04865042]Phase 4144 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-02Recruiting
Efficacy of Multimodal Analgesia Following Hip Arthroscopy [NCT03351439]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-06Completed
Preoperative Gabapentin for Acute and Chronic Post-thoracotomy Analgesia: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Study [NCT00588159]146 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
Phase I/II Trial of Gabapentin Plus Ketamine for Prevention and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Pain in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Primary or Adjuvant Chemoradiation [NCT05156060]Phase 1/Phase 244 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-24Recruiting
Gabapentin for Abstinence Initiation in Alcohol Dependence [NCT01141049]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Novel Topical Therapies for the Treatment of Genital Pain [NCT02099006]Phase 2/Phase 39 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Effect of Preoperative Gabapentine for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [NCT01632215]Phase 340 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
Comparative Effectiveness of Multi-modal Pain Management Versus Standard Intra- and Post-operative Analgesia: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial to Reduce Post-operative Pain and Opioid Use Among Patients Undergoing Lumbar Spine Surgery [NCT03088306]Early Phase 149 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-01Completed
The Effect of Gabapentin on Postoperative Pain: a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT01546857]Phase 434 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Terminated(stopped due to No longer able to recruit subjects due to unavailability of orthopedic surgeon.)
Improving Treatment Outcomes for Prescription Opioid Dependence [NCT02543944]Phase 2/Phase 3117 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
Therapeutic Interventions For Peripheral Neuropathy/Neuropathic Pain Induced By Vincristine Treatment For Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) On Total XVI Protocol [NCT01506453]Phase 251 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-24Completed
Clinical Trial of Gabapentin to Decrease Postoperative Delirium and Pain in Surgical Patients [NCT00221338]Phase 3750 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
Gralise® for Spine Surgery Pain (GRASSP): A Partially Enriched, Placebo Controlled, Randomized, Double Blind, Cross-Over Trial of Gralise® for the Treatment of Post Laminectomy Pain Syndrome [NCT01764464]Phase 453 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Gabapentin Treatment of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (PoTS): a Pilot Study [NCT04345432]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
A Comparison of Non-Surgical Treatment Methods for Patients With Lumbar Spinal Stenosis [NCT01943435]259 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-20Completed
Investigation and Treatment of Ocular Motor Disorders: Cross-over Comparison of Gabapentin and Memantine as Treatment for Nystagmus [NCT00928954]10 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
[NCT02074267]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
Excessive Crying in Children With Cerebral Palsy and Communication Deficits -a Fixed-sequence, Crossover Clinical Trial [NCT04523935]Phase 4131 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-12-07Completed
Department of Anaesthesiology [NCT04491786]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-01Completed
Role of Combined Therapy of Propranolol and Gabapentin in Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Traumatic Brain Injury at Emergency Intensive Care Unit [NCT05427474]Phase 390 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-12-01Recruiting
A Phase II, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Non-inferiority Trial of EpiCept™ NP-1 Topical Cream (2% Ketamine / 4% Amitriptyline) vs. Oral Gabapentin in Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN) [NCT00475904]Phase 2360 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Parallel Group, Phase IV Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin/B-complex Versus Pregabalin in the Management of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain [NCT01364298]Phase 4353 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
Gabapentin for Smoking Abstinence [NCT00578552]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
Risk of Cancer in Patients Exposed to Gabapentin in the GPRD [NCT01236053]2,323,608 participants (Actual)Observational2010-06-30Completed
Randomized Prospective Study Comparing Variable Gabapentin Dosages for Postoperative Analgesia Following Open Thoracotomy [NCT05172570]Phase 3120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-06Recruiting
The Role of Gabapentin Oral Solution in Decreasing Desflurane Associated Emergence Agitation and Delirium in Children After Strabismus Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Double-blind Study [NCT03347916]75 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-05Recruiting
Gabapentin as an Adjunct to Perioperative Pain Management Regimens for Uterine Aspiration: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02725710]Phase 296 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Completed
A Randomized Double-blinded Study to Evaluate Preincisional Dextromethorphan in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty and Its Effect on Postoperative Opioid Use [NCT02987920]Phase 423 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-31Terminated(stopped due to The surgeon changed pain control protocol for all patients. Continued enrollment impossible under approved protocol.)
The Effect of Gabapentin Used as a Preemptive to the Emergence and Development Chronic Neuropathic Pain in Patients After Spinal Cord Trauma [NCT03255330]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to no participant enrolled)
Preemptive Oral Gabapentin Versus Tramadol on Postoperative Pain After Knee Arthroscopy Done Under Spinal Anesthesia: A Prospective Randomized Trial [NCT06112223]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-10Not yet recruiting
Randomized Placebo Control Trial of Perioperative Gabapentin to Reduce Total Analgesic Requirements in Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy [NCT02355886]Phase 2/Phase 325 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-22Completed
Role of Neurogenic Inflammation and Topical 6% Gabapentin Therapy in Symptomatic Scarring Alopecia [NCT03346668]Early Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-28Completed
Multimodal Analgesia Versus Traditional Opiate Based Analgesia and Cardiac Surgery Outcome [NCT03521167]225 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-05-01Not yet recruiting
Multimodal Analgesia Effect on Post Surgical Patient [NCT04240626]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-20Recruiting
A Randomized Phase III Trial of Gabapentin Versus Standard of Care for Prevention and Treatment of Mucositis in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Primary or Adjuvant Chemoradiation [NCT02480114]Phase 379 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Efficacy of Gralise® for Chronic Pelvic Pain [NCT01678911]Phase 411 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Study ended due to difficulties in recruitment and low enrollment.)
Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of HORIZANT (Gabapentin Enacarbil) Extended-Release Tablets for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder [NCT02252536]Phase 2346 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Completed
Pain Management in Head and Neck Surgery Patients [NCT03121963]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-10Withdrawn(stopped due to This protocol was difficult to enroll into, and changes to personnel have made it difficult to main this study. Data collection was not completed and therefore, no data analysis was performed. The PI has made the decision to close this study.)
Blinded, Randomized Study of Gabapentin (Neurontin®) and Gabapentin Enacarbil (Horizant™) in Restless Leg Syndrome [NCT02117076]Phase 45 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment unsuccessful due to overly restrictive inclusion/exclusion criteria.)
A PHASE 3, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, CROSS-OVER, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, SINGLE DOSE, CLINICAL TRIAL TO ASSESS THE NEXT-DAY RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF GABAPENTIN, DIPHENHYDRAMINE AND TRIAZOLAM ON SIMULATED DRIVING PERFORMANCE IN NORMAL VOLUNTEERS [NCT01888497]Phase 359 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-29Completed
Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome With Once Daily Gastric-Retentive Gabapentin (Gralise) [NCT01623271]5 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Due to limited population of research participants.)
Optimal Multimodal Pain Management Package Versus Regular Bottled Pain Formulation for Outpatient Use Following Microdiscectomies , Foraminotomies, and Spinal Decompressions: A Randomized Control Trial Comparing Two Strategies [NCT05965492]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-02-01Not yet recruiting
Persistent Postoperative Pain Incidence With Long Term Perioperative Gabapentin Used [NCT02693821]Phase 4122 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Completed
Opioid-Free Pain Control Regiment Following Robotic Radical Prostatectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04939987]Phase 2/Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to PI left institution and study was not transferred to new PI)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00108550 (2) [back to overview]Roland and Morris Disability Index Scores Adjusted for Time
NCT00108550 (2) [back to overview]Transformed Descriptor Differential Scale-Pain Intensity Scores Adjusted for Time
NCT00159588 (2) [back to overview]Headache Index
NCT00159588 (2) [back to overview]Headache Days
NCT00183196 (1) [back to overview]Time to Relapse to Drinking
NCT00221338 (6) [back to overview]Median Postoperative Opioid Doses Across Study Follow up Period
NCT00221338 (6) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Score - Postoperative Day 2
NCT00221338 (6) [back to overview]Incidence of Postoperative Delirium by Study Group
NCT00221338 (6) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Score - Postoperative Day 1
NCT00221338 (6) [back to overview]Hospital Length of Stay
NCT00221338 (6) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Score - Postoperative Day 3
NCT00262639 (2) [back to overview]Percent Subjects Completely Abstinent
NCT00262639 (2) [back to overview]Percent Days Abstinent
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Median Time to Onset of First RLS Symptoms Using the 24-hour RLS Symptom Record at Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase)
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Experienced a Relapse During the Double-Blind Treatment Period
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Responded to Treatment Based on Scores on the Investigator-Rated Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) Scale as a Dichotomous Variable at Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Responded to Treatment Based on Scores on the Participant-Rated CGI-I at Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Change From Randomization to Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) in the Mean Sleep Adequacy Domain Score of the MOS Sleep Scale Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Change From Randomization to Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) in the Mean Sleep Quantity Domain Score of the MOS Sleep Scale Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Change From Randomization to Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) in the RLS Quality of Life (QoL) Overall Life-Impact Score
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in the IRLS Scale Total Score at Week 24 (SB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Mean Change From Randomization to Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) in the Mean Daytime Somnolence Domain Score of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Scale Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) Responses to the Question Regarding Their Ability to Function in the Week Prior to Measurement at Randomization and Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Mean Change From Randomization to Week 36 (or End of Treatment) in the IRLS Rating Scale (IRLS) Total Score Using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Each Category of the Investigator-Rated CGI-C at Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Each Category of the Investigator-Rated CGI-I at Week 24/End of Treatment (SB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Each Category of the Participant-Rated CGI-I at Week 24/End of Treatment (SB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Each Category of the Participant-Rated CGI-I Scale at Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With no Reported RLS Symptoms (Sx) During Each of the 4-hour Periods From the 24-hour RLS Record at Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase)
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Number of Nights With RLS Symptoms in the Week Prior to Measurement at Baseline and Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) Responses to the Question Regarding Their Overall Quality of Sleep in the Week Prior to Measurement at Randomization and Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Ability to Function in the Week Prior to Measurement at Baseline and Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Number of Awakenings During Night Due to RLS Symptoms in the Week Prior to Measurement at Randomization and Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Number of Nights With RLS Symptoms in the Week Prior to Measurement at Randomization and Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Number of Hours Awake Per Night Due to RLS Symptoms in the Week Prior to Measurement at Baseline and Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Number of Hours Awake Per Night Due to RLS Symptoms in the Week Prior to Measurement at Randomization and Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Overall Quality of Sleep in the Week Prior to Measurement at Baseline and Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in the MOS Sleep Scale Domain, Sleep Quantity, Score at Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Mean Change From Randomization to Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) in the Mean Sleep Disturbance Domain Score of the MOS Sleep Scale Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in the Overall Quality of Life Impact Score of the RLS Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire at Week 24 (SB Treatment Phase)
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) in the Mean Daytime Somnolence Domain Score of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Scale Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) in the Mean Sleep Adequacy Domain Score of the MOS Sleep Scale Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) in the Mean Sleep Disturbance Domain Score of the MOS Sleep Scale Using LOCF
NCT00311363 (31) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Number of Awakenings During the Night Due to RLS Symptoms in the Week Prior to Measurement at Baseline and Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) Using LOCF
NCT00333359 (12) [back to overview]Median Time to Onset of the First RLS Symptom Using the RLS Symptom Record at Weeks 24 and 52
NCT00333359 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants Classified as Responders to Treatment on the Investigator-rated Clinical Global Impressions of Improvement (CGI-I) at Each Visit Using OC
NCT00333359 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants Classified as Responders to Treatment on the Participant-rated CGI-I at Each Visit Using OC
NCT00333359 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Each Category of the Investigator-rated CGI-I by Visit Using OC
NCT00333359 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Each Category of the Participant-rated CGI-I by Visit Using OC
NCT00333359 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With no Reported RLS Symptoms During Each of the 4-hour Periods From the 24-hour RLS Record at Week 52 Using OC Data
NCT00333359 (12) [back to overview]Overall Quality of Life (QoL) Impact Score of the RLS Quality of Life Questionnaire at Weeks 24 and 52
NCT00333359 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the International Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale (IRLS) at Week 52 Using Observed Case (OC)
NCT00333359 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the IRLS Rating Scale Score at Each Visit Using OC
NCT00333359 (12) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline at Week 24 and Week 52 in Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI:SHP) Individual Items: Hours of Work Missed Due to RLS, Hours of Work Missed Due to Other Reason, and Hours Actually Worked
NCT00333359 (12) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline at Week 24 and Week 52 in Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI:SHP) Summary Scores
NCT00333359 (12) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline at Weeks 24 and 52 in Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI:SHP) Individual Item: RLS Affected Productivity
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants Experiencing No RLS Symptoms in Each of the Seven 4-hour Periods From the 24-hour RLS Record at Week 12 (End of Treatment)
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants Classified as Responders With at Least 30% and 50% Improvement in the Average Daily RLS Pain Score Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants Classified as Responders to Treatment Based on the Participant-Rated CGI of Improvement at Week 1 and Week 12 (End of Treatment)
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants Classified as Investigator-rated CGI-I Scale Responders at Week 12 by RLS Treatment History Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Mean Change in the IRLS Rating Scale Total Score From Baseline at Week 12 by RLS Treatment History Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the IRLS Rating Scale Total Score at Week 12 by Baseline RLS Rating Scale Total Score Category (Baseline RLS Severity) Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Time to Onset of the First RLS Symptom From the 24-hour RLS Record Obtained at the End of Treatment (Week 12)
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]The Time to Onset of the First Response to Treatment on the IRLS Rating Scale Total Score and the Investigator-rated CGI-I
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Number of Total Responders to Treatment Based on the Investigator-Rated CGI of Improvement at the End of One Week of Treatment
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Rating of Excellent for the Overall Quality of Sleep in Past Week Measured by the Post-Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) at the End of Treatment (Week 12) Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Indicated on the Mood Assessment That Their Mood Was Much Improved or Very Much Improved at Week 12 (End of Treatment) Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants Classsified as Responders on the Investigator-rated CGI-I Scale at Week 12 Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to the End of Week 1 in the IRLS Rating Scale Total Score Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in Average Daily Wake Time (Minutes) After Sleep Onset Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in Average Daily Total Sleep Time (Hours) Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment (Week 12) in the IRLS Rating Scale Total Score Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Sleep Disturbance Score, an Item on the MOS Sleep Scale, at Week 12 Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Overall Life-Impact Score of the RLS Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire at Week 12 Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had an Onset of Response to Treatment at the End of Week 1 Based Upon the IRLS Rating Scale Total Score and the Investigator-rated CGI-I Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Profile of Mood State (POMS) Scale at Week 12 Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Daytime Somnolence Score, an Item on the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Scale, at Week 12 Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Average Daily RLS Pain Score to Week 12 for Participants With a Baseline Pain Score of at Least 4 Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Average Daily RLS Pain Score at the End of Treatment (Week 12) for Participants With Pain at Baseline or the End of Week 12 Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Sleep Quantity, an Item on the MOS Sleep Scale, at Week 12 Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Sleep Adequacy, an Item on the MOS Sleep Scale, at Week 12 Using LOCF
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in IRLS Rating Scale Total Score at Week 12 Using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)
NCT00365352 (27) [back to overview]"Number of Participants With a Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved on the Investigator-rated CGI-I Scale (Response) at (Week 12) Using LOCF"
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Hepatic Enzyme Serum Levels
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) Subscales of Ease of Going to Sleep (GTS), Awakening (AFS), and Behavior Following Wakefulness (BFW), Quality of Sleep (QOS)
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Portland Neurotoxicity Scale - Total Score and Subscale Scores
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ) Total Score and Subscale Scores
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) - Total Score and Scores for Items 1 to 3
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Total Bilirubin
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Changes in Body Weight
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Elevated Blood Pressure
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Treatment-Emergent Elevated Laboratory Analytes
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Path Analysis of Improvement in Pain Through Improvement in Depressive Symptoms
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Summary of Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Leading to Discontinuation
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Weekly Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in 24 Hour Average Pain Severity - Only Participants Who Adhered to Key Protocol Requirements (Per-Protocol Population)
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Weekly Mean Change in 24 Hour Average Pain Severity by Week by Gabapentin Exposure Subgroup (de Novo Versus Prior Use)
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) Total Score
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Body Weight
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Heart Rate
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Weekly Mean of Daily 24 Hour Average Pain Score, Duloxetine Compared With Duloxetine+Gabapentin
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Weekly Mean of Daily 24 Hour Average Pain Score, Pregabalin Compared With Duloxetine
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Weekly Mean of Nighttime Pain Severity
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Weekly Mean of the Daily Worst Pain Severity Score
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Time to First ≥ 30% Reduction in Weekly Mean 24 Hour Average Pain Score
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With ≥ 30% Reduction in the Weekly Mean 24 Hour Average Pain Score at 12 Weeks
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a ≥ 2-points Reduction on the Weekly Average of the Daily 24-hour Average Pain Scale at 12 Weeks
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Elevated Heart Rate
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Number of Patients With a Reduction of ≥ 50% in Weekly Mean of 24 Hour Average Pain Score
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Patient's Global Impression of Improvement Scale (PGI - Improvement) at 12 Weeks
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Summary of Number of Participants Who Discontinued
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Time to First ≥ 2 Points Reduction in Weekly Mean 24 Hour Average Pain Score
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Categorial Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Portland Neurotoxicity Scale - Total Score and Subscale Scores
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Categorical Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ) Total Score and Subscale Scores
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Discontinuations for Abnormal Laboratory Analytes, Vital Signs, Overall and for Each Measure
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Blood Pressure
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference With Enjoyment of Life
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference With Mood
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference With Normal Work
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference With Relations With Other People
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference With Sleep
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference With Walking Ability
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference: With General Activity
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Mean Interference Score
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Severity: 24-hour Average Pain
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Severity: Least Pain
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Severity: Pain Right Now
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Severity: Worst Pain
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Categorical Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Number of Patients Using Health Care as Measured by the Resource Utilization Scale
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Clinical Global Impression of Severity Scale (CGI Severity)
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT00385671 (48) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Hemoglobin A1C
NCT00390013 (1) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Vulvar Pain
NCT00391716 (4) [back to overview]Sleep
NCT00391716 (4) [back to overview]Mood
NCT00391716 (4) [back to overview]Drinking
NCT00391716 (4) [back to overview]Craving
NCT00395044 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Cognitive Functioning Using the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) at Week 4
NCT00395044 (7) [back to overview]Change From Week 0 in Cannabis Use Using Urinary CN-THCCOOH Levels at Week 12
NCT00395044 (7) [back to overview]Change From Week 0 in Craving on the Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist Marijuana Craving Question at Week 12
NCT00395044 (7) [back to overview]Change From Week 0 in Withdrawal Symptom Severity on the Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist (MWC) at Week 12
NCT00395044 (7) [back to overview]Change in Sleep Quality on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at Week 12
NCT00395044 (7) [back to overview]Change From Week 0 in Mood on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) at Week 12
NCT00395044 (7) [back to overview]Change From Week 0 in Cannabis-related Problems on the Marijuana Problem Scale (MPS) at Week 12
NCT00414466 (3) [back to overview]Changes in a Pain Rating Scale After 3 Weeks of Blinded Treatment.
NCT00414466 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events
NCT00414466 (3) [back to overview]Responder Analysis Between Active Treatment and Placebo Groups.
NCT00420771 (1) [back to overview]Mean Reduction Change in Benzodiazepine Use Per Day Based on Time Line Follow Back
NCT00475904 (2) [back to overview]Change in Pain Intensity From Baseline to 28 Days of Treatment, Comparison Between NP-1 Topical Cream and Oral Gabapentin
NCT00475904 (2) [back to overview]Change in Pain Scores Comparing NP-1 Cream vs. Placebo Cream for Treatment of the Pain of Post Herpetic Neuralgia(PHN)From Baseline to 28 Days.
NCT00537940 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With 75% Reduction From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Rate at Week 21.
NCT00537940 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With 50% Reduction From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Rate at Week 21.
NCT00537940 (9) [back to overview]Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS) Score.
NCT00537940 (9) [back to overview]Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Score.
NCT00537940 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the 28-day Secondarily Generalized Tonic-clonic (SGTC) Seizure Frequency at Week 21.
NCT00537940 (9) [back to overview]Reduction in Proportion of the 28-day SGTC Seizure Rate Over the Total Partial Seizure Rate at Week 21.
NCT00537940 (9) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Frequency at Week 21.
NCT00537940 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Without Seizures.
NCT00537940 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Optimal Sleep Assessed Using Medical Outcomes Study-Sleep Scale (MOS-SS) Score.
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Baseline Creatinine Clearance
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Age Across 7 Categories
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Age (<65 Versus >=65 Years)
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Clinical Efficacy Rate
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Response Ratio (R Ratio)
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Responder Rate
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Percent Reduction From Baseline in Epileptic Seizure Frequency
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Adverse Events Unexpected From Japanese Package Insert
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Adverse Events by Number of Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs at Baseline
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Adverse Events by Age Across 7 Categories
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Adverse Events
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Severity of Partial Epileptic Seizure
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Presence or Absence of Non-Drug Therapy
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Number of Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs at Baseline
NCT00567268 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Baseline Frequency of Epileptic Seizure
NCT00578552 (1) [back to overview]Biochemically Confirmed 7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Tobacco
NCT00588159 (6) [back to overview]Average Pain Score With Coughing on Second Morning After Surgery
NCT00588159 (6) [back to overview]Average Pain Score With Coughing the First Morning Following Surgery
NCT00588159 (6) [back to overview]Opioid Consumption in First 24 Hours Postoperatively
NCT00588159 (6) [back to overview]Opioid Consumption in Second 24 Hour Hour Period (Hours 24-48) Postoperatively
NCT00588159 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Pain at Thoracotomy Site 3 Months Postoperatively
NCT00588159 (6) [back to overview]Average Pain Score at Rest
NCT00603473 (3) [back to overview]Response Ratio of Gabapentin in Japanese Pediatric Patients With Partial Seizures
NCT00603473 (3) [back to overview]Percent Change in Seizure Frequency (PCH)
NCT00603473 (3) [back to overview]Responder Rate
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Mean Gabapentin Steady-State (ss) Average, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Night-time Worst Pain Intensity Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Achieving Various Levels of Percent Reduction From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data by Period
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Questionnaire at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Questionnaire at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Presented by Period Using LOCF Data
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Severity of Pain and the Impact of Pain as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Achieving Various Levels of Percent Reduction From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Data
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data for Each Treatment Period
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Current (Evening) Pain Intensity Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Current Morning Pain Intensity Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Daily Dose in Milligrams of Rescue Medication at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Day-time Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Day-time Worst Pain Intensity Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Night-time Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Sleep Interference Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data
NCT00617461 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Questionnaire at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Presented by Period Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at the End of Maintenance Treatment (EOMT) Using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Current Evening Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Current Morning Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Night-time Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Achieving Various Levels of Percent Reduction From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Severity of Pain and the Impact of Pain as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Quality of Life as Assessed by the SF-36 at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pain Quality as Assessed by the Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS) Summary Scores at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pain Characteristics and Intensity as Assessed by the Short Form-McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Emotional Functioning as Assessed by the POMS-B at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Time to Onset of Sustained Improvement in the 24-hour Average Pain Intensity Score
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Questionnaire at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Dynamic Allodynia at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Questionnaire at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Sleep Interference Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Night-time Worst Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Day-time Worst Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Day-time Average Pain Intensity(API) Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619476 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Daily Dose in Milligrams of Rescue Medication at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00619983 (1) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scale for Pain
NCT00620555 (4) [back to overview]Response Ratio
NCT00620555 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (All Causalities and Treatment-Related)
NCT00620555 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change in Seizure Frequency
NCT00620555 (4) [back to overview]Responder Rate
NCT00634543 (6) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Pain Relief
NCT00634543 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Score at Day 43
NCT00634543 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pain Intensity Score at Day 43
NCT00634543 (6) [back to overview]Overall Assessment of Study Medication by Participants
NCT00634543 (6) [back to overview]Overall Assessment of Study Medication by Investigator
NCT00634543 (6) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Short Form-36 (SF-36) Score at Day 43
NCT00636636 (5) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC)
NCT00636636 (5) [back to overview]Average Daily Sleep Interference Score
NCT00636636 (5) [back to overview]Mean Change in Baseline Observation Carried Forward (BOCF) Average Daily Pain Score
NCT00636636 (5) [back to overview]Mean Change in Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Average Daily Pain Score
NCT00636636 (5) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC)
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Emotional Functioning as Assessed by the Profile of Mood States-Brief Form (POMS-B) at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pain Characteristics and Intensity as Assessed by the Short Form-McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pain Quality as Assessed by the Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS) Summary Scores at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Quality of Life as Assessed by the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Severity of Pain and the Impact of Pain as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Achieving Various Levels of Percent Reduction From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Night-time Worst Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pain Score After Taking a 50-foot Walk at EOMT
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at End of Maintenance Treatment (EOMT) Using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Current (Evening) Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Current (Morning) Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Daily Dose of Rescue Medication at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Day-time Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Day-time Worst Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Night-time Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Mean Sleep Interference Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Questionnaire at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Questionnaire at EOMT Using LOCF Data
NCT00643760 (19) [back to overview]Time to Onset of Sustained Improvement in the 24-hour Average Pain Intensity Score
NCT00654953 (1) [back to overview]Urine Toxicology Screens for the Presence of Cocaine/Cocaine Metabolites
NCT00711529 (9) [back to overview]Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Score (HFRDIS)
NCT00711529 (9) [back to overview]Number of Daily Hot Flashes
NCT00711529 (9) [back to overview]Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Score (HFRDIS)
NCT00711529 (9) [back to overview]Hot Flash Severity Score
NCT00711529 (9) [back to overview]Hot Flash Severity Score
NCT00711529 (9) [back to overview]Number of Daily Hot Flashes
NCT00711529 (9) [back to overview]Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Score (HFRDIS)
NCT00711529 (9) [back to overview]Hot Flash Severity Score
NCT00711529 (9) [back to overview]Number of Daily Hot Flashes
NCT00726999 (4) [back to overview]Number of Ondansetron Doses Administered for Nausea
NCT00726999 (4) [back to overview]Amount of Morphine Consumed (mg/kg/hr)
NCT00726999 (4) [back to overview]Amount of Morphine Consumed (mg/kg/hr)
NCT00726999 (4) [back to overview]Amount of Morphine Consumed (mg/kg/hr)
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Percentage of Total Sleep Time Spent in the REM Sleep Stage at Week 4/10
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Percentage of Total Sleep Time Spent in the N3 Sleep Stage at Week 4/10
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Percentage of Total Sleep Time Spent in the N2 Sleep Stage at Week 4/10
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Percentage of Total Sleep Time Spent in the N1 Sleep Stage at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Number of Awakenings Measured Objectively by Polysomnography at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Item 4 (Sleep Disturbance) Scores of the IRLS Rating Scale at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the International Restless Legs Rating Scale (IRLS) Total Score at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Clinical Global Impression of Illness - Severity (CGI-S) Score at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Sleep Quality at Week 4/10 as Measured by the Subjective Post Sleep Diary (SPSD) Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Periodic Limb Movements Causing Awakening (PLMAWI) at Week 4/10 as Measured by Polysomnography Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Number of PLMAI Responders at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]"Number of Participants Who Self-reported Very Satisfied or Satisfied With the Investigational Product at Week 4/10 Using LOCF"
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded Affirmatively to Each of the 4 Items of the Participant-completed Patient Global Impression of Therapy at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Periodic Limb Movements Associated With Arousal (PLMAI) at Week 4/10 as Measured by Polysomnography Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Number of Participants With no Self-reported Awakenings (SPSD) Due to RLS at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in the Total Time Spent in Stage N3 Sleep Time at Week 4/10 Measured by PSG Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Wake Time During Sleep (WTDS) at Week 4/10 Measured by Polysomnography (PSG) (Sleep Study) Using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Time Spent in the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep Stage at Week 4/10 as Measured by Polysomnography Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Time Spent in the N2 Sleep Stage as Measured by Polysomnography at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Time Spent in N1 Sleep as Measured by Polysomnography at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO) Measured by Polysomnography (PSG) at Week 4/10 Using LOCF.
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Total Sleep Time Measured by Polysomnography (PSG) at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Suggested Immobilization Test (SIT) PLM Index at Week 4/10
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Self-reported Number of Hours Spent Awake During the Night (SPSD) Due to RLS at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Sleep Efficiency Measured by Polysomnography (PSG) at Week 4/10 Using LOCF
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the SIT MDS (Mean Leg Discomfort Score), Mean of Scores From 0 to 60 Minutes, at Week 4/10
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]"Number of Participants Who Were Defined as Clinical Global Impression of Illness (CGI-I) Scale Responders at Week 4/10 Using LOCF"
NCT00748098 (28) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Participant's Ratings of Feeling Rested Upon Awakening as Measured by the Subjective Post Sleep Diary (SPSD) at Week 4/10 Using LOCF.
NCT00755417 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Daily Frequency of Hot Flashes After 12 Weeks of Treatment With Daily Doses of G-ER 1200 mg or G-ER 1800 mg Compared to Placebo
NCT00755417 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Daily Severity Score of Hot Flashes After 12 Weeks of Treatment With Daily Doses of G-ER 1200 mg or G-ER 1800 mg Compared to Placebo
NCT00755417 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Daily Severity Score of Hot Flashes After 4 Weeks of Treatment With Daily Doses of G-ER 1200 mg or G-ER 1800 mg Compared to Placebo
NCT00755417 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Daily Frequency of Hot Flashes After 4 Weeks of Treatment With Daily Doses of G-ER 1200 mg or G-ER 1800 mg Compared to Placebo
NCT00777023 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Daily Severity Score of Moderate or Severe Hot Flashes After 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00777023 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Daily Severity Score of Moderate or Severe Hot Flashes After 4 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00777023 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Daily Frequency of Moderate or Severe Hot Flashes After 4 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00777023 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Daily Frequency of Moderate or Severe Hot Flashes After 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00785772 (3) [back to overview]Ratio of Observed Plasma Gabapentin Concentration to Individual Predicted Plasma Gabapentin Concentration
NCT00785772 (3) [back to overview]Ratio of Observed Plasma Gabapentin Concentration to Predicted Plasma Gabapentin Concentration Based on Population Pharmacokinetics Model
NCT00785772 (3) [back to overview]Observed Plasma Gabapentin Concentration
NCT00793910 (5) [back to overview]Level of Pain
NCT00793910 (5) [back to overview]Occurence of Use of Rescue Medication
NCT00793910 (5) [back to overview]Level of Pain
NCT00793910 (5) [back to overview]Level of Pain
NCT00793910 (5) [back to overview]Level of Pain
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Time to First Seizure
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Quality of Life 10 Domains (QOLIE-10)
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With Reduction in Number of Seizures >=25% and >=75% During the Last 3 Months of Treatment
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Indicating Optimal Sleep on the Optimal Sleep Subscale: Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS)
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Who Continued on Study Medication to Month 6
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Months 3 and 6 in Health Condition: Euro Quality of Life Scale (EQ-5D) Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Classified as Responders
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Change in Sleep Disturbances From Baseline to Month 6: Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS)
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants Reaching Monotherapy
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Seizure-free Participants During the Last 3 Months Before Discontinuation
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in the Median Number of Seizures During the Last 3 Months of Treatment
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Total Number of Days Hospitalized Because of Epilepsy
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants That Reduced, Maintained and Increased Their Doses of New Antiepileptic Drugs (AED)
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants With Cessation of Occupation, Requirement of Caregiver, or Admission to Intensive Care Unit
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Percent of Participants That Reduced, Maintained and Increased the Doses of the Initial Treatment Administered in Monotherapy
NCT00855738 (17) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Visits to a Specialist or the Emergency Room Because of Epilepsy
NCT00880191 (7) [back to overview]Comparison of Percentage of Complete Responders
NCT00880191 (7) [back to overview]Comparison of Percentages of Complete Responders on Day 1, vs. Days 1 Through 6 vs. Days 2 Through 6.
NCT00880191 (7) [back to overview]Comparison of Sum of the Daily Distress Questions as Well as the Individual Daily Responses
NCT00880191 (7) [back to overview]Comparison of the Percentage of Patients Experiencing Emetic Episodes and the Percentage Needing Rescue Agents
NCT00880191 (7) [back to overview]Level of Satisfaction for the Control of Nausea.
NCT00880191 (7) [back to overview]Comparison of Daily Complete Response Endpoints
NCT00880191 (7) [back to overview]Complete Response
NCT00886236 (3) [back to overview]Evaluate the Amount of Diluadid Given Postoperatively
NCT00886236 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Experience Incidence of Postoperative Nausea.
NCT00886236 (3) [back to overview]Evaluate Incidence of Respiratory Depression as Evidenced by Pulse Oximetry Data
NCT00928954 (2) [back to overview]Change in logMAR Visual Acuity of Each Eye, Measured During Far or Near Viewing
NCT00928954 (2) [back to overview]Percent Change in Median Eye Speed
NCT00974376 (1) [back to overview]Percentage of Negative Urinary Drug Screens (UDS) for Cannabis at 12 Weeks Following Administration of Gabapentin or Placebo During the Double Blind Period
NCT01014533 (3) [back to overview]Wake Time After Sleep Onset (WASO) Measured in Sleep Laboratory Recordings Pre- and Post- Study Medication
NCT01014533 (3) [back to overview]Percentage of Total Sleep Time in Stage 2 Sleep Pre- and Post-study Medication (Stage 2 Percent)
NCT01014533 (3) [back to overview]Relapse to Any Drinking
NCT01052844 (2) [back to overview]Number of Patients With CR During Delayed-onset Phase (24-120 Hours) After Administration of Chemotherapy Course 1
NCT01052844 (2) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Complete Response During Chemotherapy Course 1
NCT01067144 (6) [back to overview]Count of Participants With Continued Pain at 6 Months
NCT01067144 (6) [back to overview]Time to Pain Resolution
NCT01067144 (6) [back to overview]Time to Opioid Cessation
NCT01067144 (6) [back to overview]Count of Participants With Continued Pain at 1 Year
NCT01067144 (6) [back to overview]Count of Participants With Continued Opioid Use at 6 Months
NCT01067144 (6) [back to overview]Count of Participants With Continued Opioid Use at 1 Year
NCT01080300 (12) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline in Quality of Life Scores, Measured by the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) to Weeks, 4, 12, 24 of the Efficacy Treatment Period.
NCT01080300 (12) [back to overview]G-ER at 1800mg Daily Compared With Placebo in Reducing the Average Daily Severity Score of Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes at Week 24 of the Efficacy Treatment Period, Compared With Baseline.
NCT01080300 (12) [back to overview]G-ER at 1800mg Daily Compared With Placebo in Reducing the Average Daily Severity Score of Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes at Weeks 4 & 12 of the Efficacy Treatment Period, Compared With Baseline.
NCT01080300 (12) [back to overview]G-ER at 1800mg Daily Compared With Placebo in Reducing the Average Daily Frequency of Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes at Weeks 4 & 12 of the Efficacy Treatment Period, Compared With Baseline.
NCT01080300 (12) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Scales at Weeks 12 and 24 of the Efficacy Treatment Period.
NCT01080300 (12) [back to overview]Changes From Baseline in Sleep Quality Scores, Measured by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) to Week 4, Week 12, and Week 24 of the Efficacy Treatment Period.
NCT01080300 (12) [back to overview]Percent of Patients With 75% or Greater Reduction in Average Daily Frequency of Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes
NCT01080300 (12) [back to overview]Percent of Patients With 75% or Greater Reduction in Average Daily Severity Score of Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes
NCT01080300 (12) [back to overview]Safety of G-ER Measuring Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS).
NCT01080300 (12) [back to overview]G-ER at 1800mg Daily Compared With Placebo in Reducing the Average Daily Frequency of Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes at Week 24 of the Efficacy Treatment Period, Compared With Baseline.
NCT01080300 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Weeks 4, Week 12, and Week 24 in Average Daily Sleep Interference Score.
NCT01080300 (12) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Scales at Weeks 12 and 24 of the Efficacy Treatment Period.
NCT01119222 (2) [back to overview]Average Pain (0-120 Seconds): Cold Pain Test Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
NCT01119222 (2) [back to overview]Interpolated Average Pain (0-8 Hours)
NCT01138124 (8) [back to overview]Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01138124 (8) [back to overview]Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01138124 (8) [back to overview]Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01138124 (8) [back to overview]Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01138124 (8) [back to overview]Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01138124 (8) [back to overview]Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01138124 (8) [back to overview]Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01138124 (8) [back to overview]Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01141049 (2) [back to overview]Percent Days of Abstinence From Alcohol
NCT01141049 (2) [back to overview]Percent of Heavy Drinking Days Per Week
NCT01143766 (5) [back to overview]Median Anxiety Score at Time of Discharge
NCT01143766 (5) [back to overview]Median Nausea Score at Time of Discharge
NCT01143766 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Sedation-Related Adverse Events
NCT01143766 (5) [back to overview]Dosing Requirements
NCT01143766 (5) [back to overview]Median Pain Score at Time of Discharge
NCT01210079 (1) [back to overview]Change in Pain Threshold Time From Baseline to Week 5
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of All-Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of All-Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of All-Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of All-Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of All-Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Penile Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Stomach Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Stomach Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Stomach Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Stomach Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Anal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Breast Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Anal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Anal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Anal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Anal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Bladder Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Bladder Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Bladder Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Bladder Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Bladder Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Bone/Joint Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Bone/Joint Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Bone/Joint Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Bone/Joint Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Bone/Joint Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Breast Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Breast Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Breast Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Breast Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Stomach Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Lung Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Lung Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Lung Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Lung Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Lung Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Other Nervous System (ONS) Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Other Nervous System (ONS) Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Other Nervous System (ONS) Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Other Nervous System Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Other Nervous System Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Penile Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Penile Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Penile Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01236053 (55) [back to overview]Number of Penile Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin
NCT01263132 (5) [back to overview]Mean Neuropathic Pain Score at Visit 5 (Week 3)
NCT01263132 (5) [back to overview]Mean Neuropathic Pain Score at Visit 6 (Week 4)
NCT01263132 (5) [back to overview]Mean Neuropathic Pain Score at Visit 3 (Week 1)
NCT01263132 (5) [back to overview]Quality of Life Survey Assessed Using Short Form 36 (SF-36) Questionnaire
NCT01263132 (5) [back to overview]Mean Neuropathic Pain Score at Visit 4 (Week 2)
NCT01265056 (3) [back to overview]Difference in Psychological Outcomes on the Sickness Inventory Profile (SIP)
NCT01265056 (3) [back to overview]Psychological Functioning as Evaluated by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) Between Treatment and Placebo Groups
NCT01265056 (3) [back to overview]Opioid Consumption Between the Treatment and the Control Groups (Morphine Equivalents)
NCT01301001 (3) [back to overview]Vulvodynia Pain
NCT01301001 (3) [back to overview]Tampon Test Pain Intensity
NCT01301001 (3) [back to overview]Coital Pain
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Number of Participants With no Reported RLS Symptoms During Each of the 4-hour Periods From the 24-hour RLS Record at Day 14
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Scaled Token Motor Task Test Score
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Composite Score
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Post Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) Responses at Day 14
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment Based on Scores on the Participant-Rated CGI-I at Day 14
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With no Reported RLS Symptoms During the 24-hour RLS Record at Day 14
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in Overall Lane Position Variability (LPV)
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in Brake Reaction Time
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in Overall Average Lane Position
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in Overall Average Speed
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in Overall Speed Variability
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in the Alertness Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in the Pittsburgh Sleep Diary (PghSD) Total Sleep Time Item
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Median Time to Onset of a Participant's First RLS Symptoms Using the 24-hour RLS Symptom Record at Day 14
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Scaled Digit Sequencing Score (DSS)
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) in Overall Lane Position Variability (LPV) on Day 16 (Tmax)
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Scaled Verbal Fluency Test Score
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Scaled Verbal Memory Test Score
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Scaled Symbol Coding Test Score
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Scaled Tower of London (TOL) Score
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in the Pittsburgh Sleep Diary (PghSD) Sleep Quality
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Pittsburgh Sleep Diary (PghSD) Sleep Onset Items
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Each Category of the Investigator-Rated Clinician Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) Scale at Day 14
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Number of Simulated Crashes on Days 14 (Evening), 15 (Morning After Dose), and 16 (Tmax)
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Score
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline (Day -1) at Day 14 in the International Restless Legs Syndrome (IRLS) Rating Scale Total Score
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Number of Participants in Each Category of the Participant-Rated Clinician Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) Scale at Day 14
NCT01332318 (28) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment Based on Scores on the Investigator-Rated CGI-I at Day 14
NCT01364298 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With at Least 30 and 50 Percent (%) Improvement in Numeric Pain Intensity Scale (NPIS) From Baseline at Day 84 (Week 12)
NCT01364298 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Various Health Conditions Based on Global Impression of Patient Change (GIPC) Scale
NCT01364298 (9) [back to overview]Sleep Evaluation: Number of Participants Who Fell Asleep in Pre-specified Time Duration
NCT01364298 (9) [back to overview]Profile of Mood States (POMS) Score
NCT01364298 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) Scale Score at Day 84
NCT01364298 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT01364298 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Score at Day 84
NCT01364298 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Various Health Conditions Based on Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Scale
NCT01364298 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Numeric Pain Intensity Scale (NPIS) Score at Day 84
NCT01441401 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Baseline Severity of Epileptic Seizure
NCT01441401 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Number of Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs at Baseline
NCT01441401 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Treatment Period
NCT01441401 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Key Treatment-Related Adverse Events (Aggressive Behaviors)
NCT01441401 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Key Treatment-Related Adverse Events (Central Nervous System Depressant Actions)
NCT01441401 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Adverse Events
NCT01441401 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-Related Adverse Events Unexpected From Japanese Package Insert
NCT01441401 (12) [back to overview]Clinical Efficacy Rate
NCT01441401 (12) [back to overview]Reduction From Baseline in Epileptic Seizure Frequency
NCT01441401 (12) [back to overview]Responder Rate
NCT01441401 (12) [back to overview]Response Ratio (R Ratio)
NCT01441401 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Baseline Frequency of Epileptic Seizure
NCT01495923 (11) [back to overview]Worst Back Pain at 1 Month Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale
NCT01495923 (11) [back to overview]Proceeded to Surgery Within Year of Enrollment
NCT01495923 (11) [back to overview]Worst Leg Pain at 1 Month Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale
NCT01495923 (11) [back to overview]Outcomes Related to Disability Measured at 3 Month Using the Oswestry Disability Index
NCT01495923 (11) [back to overview]Outcomes Related to Disability Measured at 1 Month Using the Oswestry Disability Index
NCT01495923 (11) [back to overview]Average Leg Pain at 3 Months Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale
NCT01495923 (11) [back to overview]Average Back Pain at 1 Month Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale
NCT01495923 (11) [back to overview]Average Leg Pain at 1 Month Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale
NCT01495923 (11) [back to overview]Worst Leg Pain at 3 Months Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale
NCT01495923 (11) [back to overview]Average Back Pain at 3 Months Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale
NCT01495923 (11) [back to overview]Worst Back Pain at 3 Months Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale
NCT01506453 (6) [back to overview]Daily Total Dose of Oral Morphine (mg/kg/Day).
NCT01506453 (6) [back to overview]Pain Score During the Previous 24 Hours
NCT01506453 (6) [back to overview]Pain Score During the Previous 24 Hours
NCT01506453 (6) [back to overview]Pain Scores Right Now
NCT01506453 (6) [back to overview]Pain Scores Right Now
NCT01506453 (6) [back to overview]Daily Total Dose of Oral Morphine (mg/kg/Day).
NCT01546857 (3) [back to overview]Opioid Consumption
NCT01546857 (3) [back to overview]Visual Analogue Scale for Pain
NCT01546857 (3) [back to overview]Quality of Sleep.
NCT01573052 (3) [back to overview]Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment-Alcohol (Revised)(CIWA-Ar)
NCT01573052 (3) [back to overview]Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
NCT01573052 (3) [back to overview]PENN Alcohol Craving Scale
NCT01623271 (1) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at Visit 3
NCT01632215 (2) [back to overview]Chronic Pain
NCT01632215 (2) [back to overview]Pain Intensity
NCT01668667 (4) [back to overview]The Dose-response Relationship of Change From Baseline in IRLS Rating Scale Total Score at End of Treatment
NCT01668667 (4) [back to overview]"The Proportion of Subjects at the End of Treatment Who Are Responders With Either Much Improved or Very Much Improved on the Investigator-rated Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I)"
NCT01668667 (4) [back to overview]The Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in the International Restless Legs Syndrome (IRLS) Rating Scale Score
NCT01668667 (4) [back to overview]The Dose-response Relationship for Investigator-rated CGI-I Scale at End of Treatment
NCT01678911 (5) [back to overview]Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
NCT01678911 (5) [back to overview]Pain Disability Index
NCT01678911 (5) [back to overview]Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale
NCT01678911 (5) [back to overview]McGill Pain Questionnaire - Short Form
NCT01678911 (5) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Change
NCT01680549 (4) [back to overview]Patient Restfulness
NCT01680549 (4) [back to overview]Knee Range of Motion
NCT01680549 (4) [back to overview]Narcotics Consumption
NCT01680549 (4) [back to overview]Patient Pain Scores
NCT01707420 (3) [back to overview]Self-report Pain Score at Rest
NCT01707420 (3) [back to overview]Total Oral Analgesia Consumption
NCT01707420 (3) [back to overview]Self-report Pain Score When Swallowing
NCT01764464 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change in Patient Global Assessment (PGA)
NCT01764464 (6) [back to overview]Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)
NCT01764464 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change in Modified Brief Pain Inventory- Short Form (mBPI-sf)
NCT01764464 (6) [back to overview]Mean McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 (MPQ-2)
NCT01764464 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change in Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)
NCT01764464 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change in Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
NCT01868425 (12) [back to overview]Incidence of Post-Operative Pruritus
NCT01868425 (12) [back to overview]Intraoperative Medication Use: Ketorolac and Lidocaine
NCT01868425 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Received Medication for Nausea
NCT01868425 (12) [back to overview]Post-Operative Incidence of Nausea
NCT01868425 (12) [back to overview]Post-Operative Nausea Scores
NCT01868425 (12) [back to overview]Post-Operative Pruritis Score
NCT01868425 (12) [back to overview]Sedation Scale
NCT01868425 (12) [back to overview]Time to Discharge
NCT01868425 (12) [back to overview]Pain Scores During Recovery
NCT01868425 (12) [back to overview]Intraoperative Medication Use: Fentanyl
NCT01868425 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Complications From the Procedure
NCT01868425 (12) [back to overview]Opioid Consumption in the Immediate Postoperative Period
NCT01888497 (3) [back to overview]Speed Deviation
NCT01888497 (3) [back to overview]Lane Exceedance
NCT01888497 (3) [back to overview]Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP)
NCT01893632 (1) [back to overview]Abstinence From Benzodiazepine Use
NCT01943435 (3) [back to overview]Sense Wear Armband
NCT01943435 (3) [back to overview]Self Paced Walking Test (SPWT)
NCT01943435 (3) [back to overview]Swiss Spinal Stenosis (SSS) Questionnaire Score
NCT01954927 (7) [back to overview]Absolute Change in Pain From Study Drug to 3 Hours Post Administration of Study Drug
NCT01954927 (7) [back to overview]Absolute Change in Pain, Study Drug to Hospital Discharge Decision
NCT01954927 (7) [back to overview]Morphine Equivalent Doses Administered From Presentation to 3-hours Post Treatment With Gabapentin/Placebo
NCT01954927 (7) [back to overview]Morphine Equivalent Doses Administered From Presentation to the Point of Decision for Either Admission or Discharge to Home
NCT01954927 (7) [back to overview]Hospital Admission
NCT01954927 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Successful Pain Interventions by Arm Between Presentation and 3 Hours Post Administration of Study Drug
NCT01954927 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Successful Pain Interventions by Arm Between Presentation and Point of Decision for Either Hospital Admission or Discharge to Home
NCT01977937 (2) [back to overview]Difference in Pain Control When Adding Gabapentin to a Multimodal Pain Management Protocol in Pediatric Post-operative Posterior Spinal Fusion Patients.
NCT01977937 (2) [back to overview]Opiate Usage in the Gabapentin Group Versus Control.
NCT02040532 (6) [back to overview]Vasomotor Symptoms (VMS) Frequency, Severity, and Bothersomeness During Nighttime
NCT02040532 (6) [back to overview]Quality of Life-Menopause Specific
NCT02040532 (6) [back to overview]Quality of Life-Overall
NCT02040532 (6) [back to overview]Severity of Insomnia
NCT02040532 (6) [back to overview]Sleep Quality and Disturbances Over Past Month
NCT02040532 (6) [back to overview]Vasomotor Symptoms (VMS) Frequency, Severity, and Bothersomeness During Daytime
NCT02052414 (5) [back to overview]Numeric Pain Rating System (NPRS)
NCT02052414 (5) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC)
NCT02052414 (5) [back to overview]Self Reported Side Effects.
NCT02052414 (5) [back to overview]Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ)
NCT02052414 (5) [back to overview]Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Sleep Questionnaires
NCT02099006 (2) [back to overview]Reduction in Tampon Test Pain
NCT02099006 (2) [back to overview]Reduction in Daily Genital Pain.
NCT02155257 (3) [back to overview]Pain Intensity Rating
NCT02155257 (3) [back to overview]Resting Pupil Diameter
NCT02155257 (3) [back to overview]Cognitive Style
NCT02163434 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Adjusted Mean Daily Oral Nutrition Score for Days 5-7
NCT02163434 (6) [back to overview]Desire to Continue Therapy at Study Endpoint
NCT02163434 (6) [back to overview]Global Satisfaction of Treatment at the Study Endpoint.
NCT02163434 (6) [back to overview]Percent of Subjects Requiring Repeat iv Hydration or Hospital Admission for HG From the Outpatient Setting.
NCT02163434 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Adjusted Mean Daily Motherisk-PUQE Total Scores (Pregnancy-unique Quantification of Emesis and Nausea Scale) for Days 5-7
NCT02163434 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Adjusted Mean Daily Nausea Scores From the Motherisk-PUQE for Days 5-7.
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Abstinent From Alcohol (Key Secondary Endpoint)
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Alcohol Related Consequences (ImBIBe) Score
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Score [Alcohol Craving Scale - Short Form (ACQ-SR-R)]
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Weekly Mean Number of Drinks Per Week
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Weekly Mean Drinks Per Drinking Day
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Score
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With no Heavy Drinking Days (PSNHDD)
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With a World Health Organization (WHO) Drinking Risk Category Decrease of at Least 2-levels
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects With a World Health Organization (WHO) Drinking Risk Category Decrease of at Least 1-level
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Per Week
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Days Abstinent Per Week
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Cigarettes Per Week Among Smokers
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Beck Depression Inventory - II
NCT02252536 (14) [back to overview]Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) Score
NCT02330094 (3) [back to overview]Average Numeric Pain Score
NCT02330094 (3) [back to overview]Pain Control Satisfaction Questionnaire
NCT02330094 (3) [back to overview]Average Narcotic Consumption
NCT02349477 (3) [back to overview]Percent of Subjects With no Heavy Drinking Days (PSNHDD)
NCT02349477 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With No Drinking Days by AWS Score and Medication
NCT02349477 (3) [back to overview]Percent of Subjects With no Drinking Days (PSNDD)
NCT02351934 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Readmitted to Mayo Clinic Within 30-days
NCT02351934 (6) [back to overview]Time to Stool Output
NCT02351934 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Acute Kidney Injury
NCT02351934 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Hypokalemia
NCT02351934 (6) [back to overview]Length of Hospital Stay
NCT02351934 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Nasogastric Tube Placement
NCT02355886 (3) [back to overview]Patient Total Equivalent Analgesic Requirement (Morphine Equivalents)
NCT02355886 (3) [back to overview]Patient Self-assessed Pain on Numerical Pain Scale
NCT02355886 (3) [back to overview]Length of Stay Following Radical Cystectomy
NCT02359110 (3) [back to overview]VAS (Visual Analog Scale)
NCT02359110 (3) [back to overview]NRS (Numerical Rating Scale)
NCT02359110 (3) [back to overview]Total Morphine Consumption
NCT02480114 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Events, (Graded Using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Criteria 4.0)
NCT02480114 (3) [back to overview]Frequency and Severity of General Systemic Symptoms (Surveys Such as the Neurotoxicity Scale, Profile of Mood States, and Quality of Life Form)
NCT02480114 (3) [back to overview]Change in Pain Associated With Radiation-induced Mucositis, (Pain Subscale of the Vanderbilt Head and Neck Symptom Survey (VHNSS))
NCT02543944 (4) [back to overview]Detox Phase Completers
NCT02543944 (4) [back to overview]NTX Transition Initiation
NCT02543944 (4) [back to overview]Detoxification Phase: Changes in Percent of Illicit Opioid-positive Urine Samples Over Time
NCT02543944 (4) [back to overview]Vivitrol Injection Receivers
NCT02557945 (3) [back to overview]Change in Positive, Negative, Disorganization, and General Symptoms Over Time as Measured by the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS)/the Scale of Psychosis-Risk Symptoms (SOPS)
NCT02557945 (3) [back to overview]Change in Cognitive Function (Hippocampal-dependent Verbal Memory) as Measured by the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CLVT-II)
NCT02557945 (3) [back to overview]Change in Left CA1 Cerebral Blood Volume (CBV) (MRI Measure)
NCT02605187 (12) [back to overview]Patient Overall Satisfaction With Postoperative Analgesia
NCT02605187 (12) [back to overview]Count of Participants Who Need Opioid Use
NCT02605187 (12) [back to overview]Count of Participants With Presence of Pruritus
NCT02605187 (12) [back to overview]Pruritus Score at 24 and 48 After Delivery
NCT02605187 (12) [back to overview]Pain Scores
NCT02605187 (12) [back to overview]Opioid Consumption in the 0-48 Hour Study Periods.
NCT02605187 (12) [back to overview]Counts of Participants Who Need Medical Treatment for Nausea
NCT02605187 (12) [back to overview]Counts of Participants With Presence of Nausea
NCT02605187 (12) [back to overview]Time to Discharge
NCT02605187 (12) [back to overview]Average Number of Vomiting Episodes After Delivery
NCT02605187 (12) [back to overview]Count of Participants Who Need Medical Treatment of Pruritus
NCT02605187 (12) [back to overview]Nausea Score Score at 24 and 48 After Delivery
NCT02642315 (2) [back to overview]Change in Augmentation Severity Rating Scale Form Day 0 to Day 360 (270 Days After Discontinuation pf Dopaminergic Medication)
NCT02642315 (2) [back to overview]Change in Augmentation Severity From Day 0 to Day 90
NCT02685735 (6) [back to overview]Comparison of Adjusted Trajectory Model for Pain Between Gabapentin and Placebo-- Slope
NCT02685735 (6) [back to overview]Comparison of Adjusted Trajectory Model for Pain Between Gabapentin and Placebo--Intercept
NCT02685735 (6) [back to overview]Effect Pupil Diameter, Catastrophizing-optimism Construct, and Gabapentin on Model Fit of the Trajectory of Change in Worst Daily Pain After Surgery
NCT02685735 (6) [back to overview]Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia
NCT02685735 (6) [back to overview]Wisconsin Card Sort Task
NCT02685735 (6) [back to overview]Iowa Gambling Task
NCT02703259 (6) [back to overview]Subjective Pain at 2 Weeks Postop
NCT02703259 (6) [back to overview]Subjective Pain at 24 Hours Postoperative
NCT02703259 (6) [back to overview]Number of Patient With Gabapentin Adverse Effects at 2 Weeks Postoperatively
NCT02703259 (6) [back to overview]Number of Patient With Gabapentin Adverse Effects at 24 Hours Postoperatively
NCT02703259 (6) [back to overview]Narcotic Use at 24 Hours Postop
NCT02703259 (6) [back to overview]Narcotic Use at 2 Weeks Postop
NCT02725710 (7) [back to overview]Perioperative Nausea as Measured by 100-mm VAS
NCT02725710 (7) [back to overview]Pain Score on 100-mm VAS (Visual Analog Scale) at 5 Minutes Post-procedure
NCT02725710 (7) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Using Pain Medications
NCT02725710 (7) [back to overview]Perioperative Anxiety as Measured by the 100-mm VAS
NCT02725710 (7) [back to overview]Pain Score on the 100-mm VAS
NCT02725710 (7) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Experiencing Perioperative Vomiting
NCT02725710 (7) [back to overview]Number of Subjects Experiencing Side Effects
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Pain Laboratory Measures - Descending Noxious Inhibitory Control (DNIC) - Average, Baseline
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Mean Score of Subjective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (SOWS)
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Mean Score Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Mean Score of Current Opioid Measure (COMM)
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Pain Self-report: Pain Catastrophizing Scale - Baseline
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieve Opioid Cessation
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Who Tolerate Buprenorphine Initiation
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Pain Laboratory Testing: Mechanical - Baseline
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieve Opioid Cessation Post-taper: 1 Month
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieved Opioid Cessation Post-taper - 3 Months
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieved Opioid Cessation Post-taper - 12 Months
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Achieved Opioid Cessation Post-taper - 6 Months
NCT02737826 (13) [back to overview]Mean Score of PROMIS Physical Function Short Form (PROMIS SF 10) - RAW SCORE PH
NCT02926573 (4) [back to overview]Mean Pain With Coughing Score as Measured by VAS
NCT02926573 (4) [back to overview]Change in Daily Narcotic Consumption
NCT02926573 (4) [back to overview]Mean Pain With Swallowing Score as Measured by VAS
NCT02926573 (4) [back to overview]Mean Pain With Resting Score as Measured by VAS
NCT02944656 (10) [back to overview]Nausea or Vomiting at Postoperation Follow-up Assessment
NCT02944656 (10) [back to overview]Moderate Pain at Postoperation Follow-up Assessment
NCT02944656 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants Using Pain Medication
NCT02944656 (10) [back to overview]Severe Pain at Postoperation Follow-up Assessment
NCT02944656 (10) [back to overview]Anxiety Levels
NCT02944656 (10) [back to overview]Pain at Time of Uterine Evacuation
NCT02944656 (10) [back to overview]Perioperative Nausea
NCT02944656 (10) [back to overview]Perioperative Pain Level
NCT02944656 (10) [back to overview]Perioperative Vomiting
NCT02944656 (10) [back to overview]Side Effects
NCT03012815 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Delirium Tremens (DT)
NCT03012815 (8) [back to overview]Change in Anxiety Symptoms as Measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale
NCT03012815 (8) [back to overview]Mean Total Benzodiazepine Use
NCT03012815 (8) [back to overview]Change in Cravings as Assessed by the Penn Alcohol Craving (PACS) Scale
NCT03012815 (8) [back to overview]Change in Sleepiness as Assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale
NCT03012815 (8) [back to overview]Maximun Alcohol Withdrawal Severity Per CIWA-Ar Scale
NCT03012815 (8) [back to overview]Mean Length of Hospital Stay
NCT03012815 (8) [back to overview]Number of Participants Experiencing Seizure
NCT03053427 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT03053427 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in IRLS Score at Each Time Point
NCT03053427 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Total Score (PSQI)
NCT03053427 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With a Patient-rated Clinical Global Impression (PCGI) Response
NCT03053427 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) Pain Score
NCT03053427 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in International Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale (IRLS) Score at Week 12
NCT03053427 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Health Status Score of EuroQol-5 Dimension-5 Level (EQ-5D-5L)
NCT03053427 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Athens Insomnia Scale
NCT03053427 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With an Investigator-rated Clinical Global Impression (ICGI) Response
NCT03080493 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at 4 Hours After Dilator Insertion
NCT03080493 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at Time of Presentation for D&E Procedure (Day Following Dilator Insertion)
NCT03080493 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at 5 Minutes After Last Dilator Insertion
NCT03080493 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at 8 Hours After Dilator Insertion
NCT03080493 (6) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at 2 Hours After Dilator Insertion
NCT03080493 (6) [back to overview]Number of Participants Using Narcotic Pain Medication (Acetaminophen/Codeine)
NCT03084536 (5) [back to overview]Worst Pain as Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at 1 Year
NCT03084536 (5) [back to overview]Change in Quality of Life as Measured by the Veterans RAND12 Questionnaire Physical Health Summary Measure
NCT03084536 (5) [back to overview]Interference as Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at 1 Year
NCT03084536 (5) [back to overview]Change in Quality of Life as Measured by the Veterans RAND12 Questionnaire Mental Health Summary Measure
NCT03084536 (5) [back to overview]Average Pain as Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at 1 Year
NCT03123861 (4) [back to overview]Daily Narcotic Use
NCT03123861 (4) [back to overview]Gluteal Pain During Normal Activities
NCT03123861 (4) [back to overview]Pain During Normal Activities (Surgical Pain Scale Item 2)
NCT03123861 (4) [back to overview]Worst Pain (Surgical Pain Scale Item 4)
NCT03151746 (3) [back to overview]24 Hour Pain Burden
NCT03151746 (3) [back to overview]48 Hours Morphine Equivalents Consumed.
NCT03151746 (3) [back to overview]QOR 40 Questionnaire Scores
NCT03179345 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline Between Gralise® and Neurontin® in the Driving Simulator - Standard Deviation of Vehicle Speed (SDVS).
NCT03179345 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Cognitive Evaluation of Cogstate - Detection Task (DET)
NCT03179345 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Cognitive Evaluation of Cogstate - Groton Maze Learning Test (GMLT).
NCT03179345 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Cognitive Evaluation of Cogstate - Identification Task (IDN).
NCT03179345 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Cognitive Evaluation of Cogstate - International Shopping List Test (ISL)
NCT03179345 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline Between Gralise® and Lyrica® in the Driving Simulator - Standard Deviation of Vehicle Speed (SDVS).
NCT03179345 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Cognitive Evaluation of Cogstate - One Card Learning (OCLT).
NCT03179345 (12) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline in the Standard Deviation of the Lateral Position (SDLP) Measured on the Driving Simulator Between Gralise® and Neurontin®"
NCT03179345 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Sedation Evaluation - Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS).
NCT03179345 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Sedation Evaluation - Portland Neurotoxicity Scale (PNS).
NCT03179345 (12) [back to overview]"Change From Baseline in the Standard Deviation of the Lateral Position (SDLP) Measured on the Driving Simulator Between Gralise® and Lyrica®"
NCT03179345 (12) [back to overview]To Compare the Relative Safety and Tolerability of Gralise®, Neurontin®, and Lyrica®.
NCT03205423 (9) [back to overview]Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Placebo.
NCT03205423 (9) [back to overview]Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Low Alcohol Dose.
NCT03205423 (9) [back to overview]Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Oxycodone (15mg)
NCT03205423 (9) [back to overview]Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Oxycodone (15mg) + High Alcohol Dose.
NCT03205423 (9) [back to overview]Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Oxycodone (15mg) + Low Alcohol Dose.
NCT03205423 (9) [back to overview]Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Oxycodone (30mg)
NCT03205423 (9) [back to overview]Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Oxycodone (30mg) + High Alcohol Dose.
NCT03205423 (9) [back to overview]Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Oxycodone (30mg) + Low Alcohol Dose.
NCT03205423 (9) [back to overview]Peak Positive Subjective Responses to High Alcohol Dose.
NCT03220776 (2) [back to overview]Prefrontal Glx Concentrations
NCT03220776 (2) [back to overview]Prefrontal GABA+ Concentrations
NCT03269344 (6) [back to overview]Change in Quality of Life From Mucositis-related Pain Measured by the Patient-Reported Oral Mucositis Symptoms (PROMS) Scale From Baseline to Follow-up
NCT03269344 (6) [back to overview]Change in Total FACT-HN Scores From Baseline to Follow-up
NCT03269344 (6) [back to overview]Feeding Tube Placement
NCT03269344 (6) [back to overview]Percent Weight Lost
NCT03269344 (6) [back to overview]Average Opioid Use, Measured in Morphine Equivalents Per Day.
NCT03269344 (6) [back to overview]Change in PRO-CTCAE Scores From Baseline to Follow-up
NCT03334721 (1) [back to overview]Prefrontal GABA Concentrations Through Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
NCT03334903 (7) [back to overview]"VAS Score 2: How Much Pain do You Feel in Your Operative Site When Moving?"
NCT03334903 (7) [back to overview]Opioid Consumption
NCT03334903 (7) [back to overview]"VAS Score 4: How Bad is Your Nausea?"
NCT03334903 (7) [back to overview]"VAS Score 1: How Much Pain do You Feel in Your Operative Site When Resting?"
NCT03334903 (7) [back to overview]"VAS Score 3: How Well Are You Sleeping?"
NCT03334903 (7) [back to overview]Days Taking Opioids
NCT03334903 (7) [back to overview]"VAS Score 5: How Satisfied Are You With Your Pain Management?"
NCT03472469 (10) [back to overview]Number of Intensive Care Unti (ICU) Days
NCT03472469 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants Discharged From the Hospital With an Opioid Prescription
NCT03472469 (10) [back to overview]Pain as Assessed by Score on the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)
NCT03472469 (10) [back to overview]Pain as Assessed by Score on the Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS)
NCT03472469 (10) [back to overview]Number of Ventilator Days
NCT03472469 (10) [back to overview]Overall Costs
NCT03472469 (10) [back to overview]Opioid Use Per Day
NCT03472469 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Any Opioid-related Complications
NCT03472469 (10) [back to overview]Pharmacy Costs
NCT03472469 (10) [back to overview]Number of Hospital Days
NCT03472521 (3) [back to overview]Time to Opioid Cessation as a Measure of Opioid Utilization
NCT03472521 (3) [back to overview]Pain Report
NCT03472521 (3) [back to overview]Functional Recovery
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Falls
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Nausea
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Falls
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Constipation
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Constipation
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Additional Post Op Pain
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Simple Shoulder Test
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Simple Shoulder Test
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Veterans RAND 12 Item Health Survey (VR-12©) Physical Health Subscore, and Mental Health Subscore
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Veterans RAND 12 Item Health Survey (VR-12©) Physical Health Subscore, and Mental Health Subscore
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Pain Satisfaction
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Pain Satisfaction
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Post Op Pain
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Nausea
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]Morphine Use
NCT03540030 (16) [back to overview]ASES
NCT03679013 (3) [back to overview]Average Pain Score at 24, 48 and 72 Hours Post-operatively
NCT03679013 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Ileus During Hospitalization
NCT03679013 (3) [back to overview]The Number of Patients With Requests for Breakthrough Opioid Pain Medication in Opioid Standard of Care Regimen Compared to Non-opioid Multimodal Pain Relief Regimen (Experimental Group).
NCT03850093 (10) [back to overview]Changes in Surgical Field Visibility
NCT03850093 (10) [back to overview]Mean Arterial Blood Pressure Change
NCT03850093 (10) [back to overview]Surgeon Satisfaction (Categorical)
NCT03850093 (10) [back to overview]Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for Postoperative Pain
NCT03850093 (10) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Recieve Both IV Nitroglycerin and Propranolol During Operative Procedure
NCT03850093 (10) [back to overview]Blood Loss
NCT03850093 (10) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Recieved Intraoperative IV Nitroglycerin During Operative Procedure
NCT03850093 (10) [back to overview]Number of Patients Who Recieved Intraoperative IV Propranolol During Operative Procedure
NCT03850093 (10) [back to overview]Heart Rate Change
NCT03850093 (10) [back to overview]Time to 1st Postoperative Rescue Analgesia
NCT04052139 (10) [back to overview]Change in TNF-alpha
NCT04052139 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Change in HIV Viral Load Suppression Status
NCT04052139 (10) [back to overview]Change in Past Week Pain Severity
NCT04052139 (10) [back to overview]Change in IL-1beta
NCT04052139 (10) [back to overview]Change in Percentage of Past Month Heavy Drinking Days
NCT04052139 (10) [back to overview]Change in Biomarker IL-10
NCT04052139 (10) [back to overview]Change in Biomarker IL-6
NCT04052139 (10) [back to overview]Change in CD4 Count
NCT04052139 (10) [back to overview]Change in Cold Pain Tolerance
NCT04052139 (10) [back to overview]Change in Past Week Pain Interference
NCT04230980 (2) [back to overview]Pain Score as Measured by the NRS-11 Scale
NCT04230980 (2) [back to overview]Opioid Consumption, as Measured by Number of Tablets Taken.
NCT04256603 (1) [back to overview]Neuropathic Pain
NCT04292171 (5) [back to overview]Pain Score
NCT04292171 (5) [back to overview]Pain Score 24
NCT04292171 (5) [back to overview]Pain Score at 30 Minutes Postoperative
NCT04292171 (5) [back to overview]Vomiting
NCT04292171 (5) [back to overview]Nausea
NCT04429022 (8) [back to overview]Operative Time
NCT04429022 (8) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Return to the Clinic, Emergency Department Due to Post Operative Pain Within a 2 Week Period
NCT04429022 (8) [back to overview]Estimated Blood Loss
NCT04429022 (8) [back to overview]Pain Scores
NCT04429022 (8) [back to overview]Length of Stay in Hours
NCT04429022 (8) [back to overview]Total Opioid Pain Medications Required 0-3h Post op in Morphine Milligram Equivalents (MME)
NCT04429022 (8) [back to overview]Total Opioid Pain Medications Required Through 3-24h Post op in MME
NCT04429022 (8) [back to overview]Pain Scores
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]AUClast of Gabapentin
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]Cmax of Gabapentin
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]Terminal Half-life of Gabapentin
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]Tmax of Gabapentin
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Overall Drug Liking at 72 Hour Post Dose"
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Take Drug Again at 36 Hour Post Dose"
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking (Time for Maximum Effect, Emax [TEmax])"
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking (Area Under the Effect-time Profile From Time 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration [AUEClast])"
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Bipolar Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for Drug Liking Maximum Effect (Emax)."
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Unipolar VAS for High (Area Under the Effect-time Profile From Time 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration [AUEClast])"
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Take Drug Again at 24 Hour Post Dose"
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Overall Drug Liking at 36 Hour Post Dose"
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Take Drug Again at 72 Hour Post Dose"
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Overall Drug Liking at 48 Hour Post Dose"
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Take Drug Again at 48 Hour Post Dose"
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Overall Drug Liking at 24 Hour Post Dose"
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Unipolar VAS for High (Maximum Effect, Emax)"
NCT04570436 (18) [back to overview]"Unipolar VAS for High (Time for Maximum Effect, Emax [TEmax])"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]AUClast of Oxycodone
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]AUClast of Gabapentin
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]AUCinf of Oxycodone
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]AUCinf of Gabapentin
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Unipolar VAS for High: Time to Maximum Effect (TEmax)"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Unipolar VAS for High - Maximum Effect (Emax)"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Unipolar VAS for Good Drug Effect"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Unipolar VAS for Bad Drug Effect"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Unipolar VAS for Any Drug Effect"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]Half-life (t½) of Oxycodone
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Take Drug Again"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Overall Drug Liking"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking: Area Under the Effect Curve to 8 Hours (AUEC8)"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking: Area Under the Effect Curve to 4 Hours (AUEC4)"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking: Area Under the Effect Curve to 3 Hours (AUEC3)"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking - Time to Maximum Effect (TEmax)"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking: Area Under the Effect Curve to 1 Hour (AUEC1)"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking: Area Under the Effect Curve From Time 0 to the Last Available Data (AUEClast)"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Area Under the Effect Curve for High VAS (AUEClast)"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]Tmax of Oxycodone
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking: Area Under the Effect Curve to 2 Hours (AUEC2)"
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]Tmax of Gabapentin
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]Half-life (t½) of Gabapentin
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]Cmax of Oxycodone
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]Cmax of Gabapentin
NCT05319756 (26) [back to overview]"Bipolar Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for Drug Liking Maximum Effect (Emax)."

Roland and Morris Disability Index Scores Adjusted for Time

"This questionnaire measures disability in everyday function due to back pain. It is a 24-item checklist asking patients to endorse whether or not back pain limits activities they normally do (eg, I stay at home most of the time because of my back). Scores range from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater disability in everyday function due to back pain. The single values reported below represent adjusted means of scores over all time points." (NCT00108550)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12 with Interim Measurement at Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo7.50
Gabapentin6.96

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Transformed Descriptor Differential Scale-Pain Intensity Scores Adjusted for Time

"Self-report measure of current pain intensity of chronic back pain. Participants rate pain on a 20 point scale as being greater or less intense relative to 12 adjectival descriptor word anchors (eg, greater or less than faint, moderate, strong). Scores range from 0 to 20 with higher scores indicating higher pain intensity. Prior to analysis an order-preserving mean-matching variance-stabilizing transformation was applied to this measure placing it on a continuous 0-1.5 scale. The single values reported below represent adjusted means of transformed pain intensity over all time points." (NCT00108550)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12 with Interim Measurement at Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo0.6683
Gabapentin0.6988

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Headache Index

Headache index (HI) per month calculated by the sum of products of headache days /month combined with mean daily hours with headache and mean daily headache severity on days with headache. High HI reflect high headache burden (NCT00159588)
Timeframe: 5-month follow-up

Interventionheadache index per month (Mean)
Preventive Drugs From the Start169
Abrupt Withdrawal371
Controls302

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Headache Days

Change in Headache days per month (NCT00159588)
Timeframe: 5 month

Interventiondays/month (Median)
Prophylaxis From the Start7.2
Abrupt Withdrawal4.2
Controls1.6

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Time to Relapse to Drinking

Time to relapse drinking which is 5 standard drinks perday for males and 4 standard drinks per day for females. Subjects had a minimum of 4 days of abstinence prior to being entered into the protocol. (NCT00183196)
Timeframe: 16 weeks

Interventiondays (Mean)
Naltrexone Plus Gabapentin and CBI69.9
Naltrexone Plus Placebo and CBI59.6
Placebo Plus Placebo Plus CBI57.3

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Median Postoperative Opioid Doses Across Study Follow up Period

Postoperative intravenous opioid doses converted to morphine equivalents. Median derived from total opioid doses on first, second and third postoperative days. (NCT00221338)
Timeframe: Study follow up period: postoperative days 1, 2 and 3

Interventionmorphine equivalents, mg (Median)
Gabapentin6.7
Placebo6.7

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Postoperative Pain Score - Postoperative Day 2

Postoperative pain as measured by Visual Analog Pain scale (0=no pain, 10=worst pain imaginable). (NCT00221338)
Timeframe: Postoperative day 2

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin3
Placebo4

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Incidence of Postoperative Delirium by Study Group

Number of subjects who developed postoperative delirium, as measured by the Confusion Assessment Method, a validated tool for assessing delirium based on DSM-III-R, on any of the first three postoperative days. (NCT00221338)
Timeframe: postoperative days 1, 2 and 3

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin84
Placebo72

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Postoperative Pain Score - Postoperative Day 1

Postoperative pain as measured by Visual Analog Pain scale (0=no pain, 10=worst pain imaginable). (NCT00221338)
Timeframe: Postoperative day 1

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin4
Placebo4

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Hospital Length of Stay

(NCT00221338)
Timeframe: Typically within the first week after surgery

Interventiondays (Mean)
Gabapentin4.4
Placebo4.1

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Postoperative Pain Score - Postoperative Day 3

Postoperative pain as measured by Visual Analog Pain scale (0=no pain, 10=worst pain imaginable). (NCT00221338)
Timeframe: Postoperative day 3

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin3
Placebo3

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Percent Subjects Completely Abstinent

percent of subjects completely abstinent during the six week medication study study (NCT00262639)
Timeframe: 6 week trial

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Low CIWA Flumazenil/Gabapentin44
Low CIWAar Placebo19
High CIWAar Placebo33
High CIWAar Flumazenil/Gabapentin71

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Percent Days Abstinent

percent days abstinent during treatment (NCT00262639)
Timeframe: Weeks 1 to 6

Interventionpercent days (Mean)
Low CIWA Flumazenil/Gabapentin70.8
Low CIWAar Placebo86.1
High CIWAar Placebo75.9
High CIWAar Flumazenil/Gabapentin95.9

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Median Time to Onset of First RLS Symptoms Using the 24-hour RLS Symptom Record at Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase)

The 24-hour RLS Record is a diary in which participants report the presence and severity of RLS symptoms (none, mild, moderate, or severe) for a 24-hour period, in 30-min increments beginning at 8AM on the day prior to the visit. Note: The median is not estimable with Kaplan-Meier methodology when fewer than 50% of participants experience an event; thus, no data are presented for the DB GEn 1200 mg arm. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

Interventionhours (Median)
DB Placebo14.5

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Percentage of Participants Who Experienced a Relapse During the Double-Blind Treatment Period

"Relapse was defined as worsening of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) symptoms or withdrawal due to lack of efficacy during the 12-week double-blind (DB) treatment period (the period from Randomization on Visit 14 [Week 24] through the end of treatment). Worsening of symptoms was defined as an increase in the total International RLS (IRLS) Scale score by at least 6 or more points relative to the participant's score at Randomization, achieving an IRLS score of at least 15, and an assessment of much worse or very much worse on the investigator-rated Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C)." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: DB Treatment Period; Days 169 to 252 (Weeks 24 to 36)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
DB Placebo22.7
DB GEn 1200 mg9.4

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Percentage of Participants Who Responded to Treatment Based on Scores on the Investigator-Rated Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI-C) Scale as a Dichotomous Variable at Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF

"The CGI-C scale is a widely used tool designed to allow clinicians to rate the severity of illness and the change over time based on a seven-point rating scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved and a score of 7 being very much worse compared to baseline. For this endpoint, response on the CGI-C was defined as participants with a rating of no change, (score of 4) minimally improved, (score of 3) much improved, (score of 2) or very much improved (score of 1) compared to Randomization (Week 24)." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
DB Placebo67
DB GEn 1200 mg75

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Percentage of Participants Who Responded to Treatment Based on Scores on the Participant-Rated CGI-I at Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF

"The participant-rated CGI-I scale is a self-rated assessment designed to allow participants to rate the change of their disease severity over time based on a seven-point scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved, and a score of 7 being very much worse. Response on the participant-rated CGI-I was defined as a rating of very much improved (score of 1) or much improved (score of 2) compared to Baseline of the SB phase." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
DB Placebo79.4
DB GEn 1200 mg87.5

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Change From Randomization to Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) in the Mean Sleep Adequacy Domain Score of the MOS Sleep Scale Using LOCF

The MOS Sleep Scale is a participant-rated non-disease-specific measure with questions relating to four areas related to sleep: quantity (number of hours slept), sleep disturbance, sleep adequacy, and daytime somnolence. The MOS Sleep Scale sleep adequacy domain is a participant-rated measure of the adequacy of sleep over the month prior to measurement. Questions are scored, and responses are converted to a 0 to 100 scale, with higher scores representing more adequate ratings of sleep. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
RandomizationWeek 36Change from Randomization to Week 36
DB GEn 1200 mg74.670.3-4.3
DB Placebo73.361.6-11.6

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Change From Randomization to Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) in the Mean Sleep Quantity Domain Score of the MOS Sleep Scale Using LOCF

The MOS Sleep Scale is a participant-rated non-disease-specific measure with questions relating to four areas related to sleep: quantity (number of hours slept), sleep disturbance, sleep adequacy, and daytime somnolence. The Sleep Quantity Domain score is a participant-rated estimate of the average number of hours of sleep per night over the month. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionhours (Mean)
RandomizationWeek 36Change from Randomization to Week 36
DB Placebo7.06.8-0.2
GEn 1200 mg7.06.9-0.1

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Change From Randomization to Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) in the RLS Quality of Life (QoL) Overall Life-Impact Score

The RLS QoL is an 18-item scale assessing the impact of RLS on daily life, emotional well-being, social and work life. Responses range from 1 (not at all/never) to 5 (a lot/all of the time). Ten items contribute to a single summary score, the Overall Life Impact, which is standardized to range from 0-100, with lower scores representing better QoL. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
RandomizationWeek 36Change from Randomization to Week 36
DB GEn 1200 mg94.392.1-2.2
DB Placebo94.189.9-4.2

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Mean Change From Baseline in the IRLS Scale Total Score at Week 24 (SB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF

The IRLS Rating scale is a measure of disease severity. The scale reflects participant-reported assessment of sensory and motor features and associated sleep problems in RLS. In addition, items are included that assess the impact of symptoms on participants' mood, daily life, and activities. Total score ranges from 0-40 points, with 40 being the most severe. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Days 1 to 168 (Baseline to Week 24 of SB Phase)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 24Change from Baseline to Week 24
SB GEn 1200 mg24.79.2-15.5

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Mean Change From Randomization to Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) in the Mean Daytime Somnolence Domain Score of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Scale Using LOCF

The MOS Sleep Scale is a participant-rated non-disease-specific measure with questions relating to four areas related to sleep: quantity (hours slept), sleep disturbance, sleep adequacy, and daytime somnolence. Responses are recoded so that a higher score reflects more of the attribute, and then converted to a 0 to 100 scale. The daytime somnolence score is based on questions pertaining to feeling drowsy or sleepy, trouble staying awake, and taking naps > 5 minutes. For daytime somnolence, a negative value indicates an improvement. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
RandomizationWeek 36Change from Randomization to Week 36
DB GEn 1200 mg11.012.61.5
DB Placebo11.815.53.8

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) Responses to the Question Regarding Their Ability to Function in the Week Prior to Measurement at Randomization and Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF

"The PSQ is designed to evaluate sleep quality, ability to function, and the degree to which RLS symptoms interfere with sleep. Participants rated overall sleep quality and their ability to function on scales ranging from excellent to poor and were asked to provide the number of nights they experienced RLS symptoms and the number of times/hours they awoke at night during the week prior to the measurement." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Randomization, ExcellentRandomization, GoodRandomization, ModerateRandomization, PoorWeek 36, ExcellentWeek 36, GoodWeek 36, ModerateWeek 36, Poor
DB GEn 1200 mg632841533283
DB Placebo534220444391

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Mean Change From Randomization to Week 36 (or End of Treatment) in the IRLS Rating Scale (IRLS) Total Score Using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)

The IRLS Rating scale is a measure of RLS disease severity and reflects the participant-reported assessment of primary sensory and motor features and associated sleep problems in RLS. Items are included that assess the impact of symptoms on participants' mood, daily life, and activities. The total score ranges from 0-40 points, with 40 being the most severe. The scale assesses symptoms over the week prior to measurement. LOCF: Missing data (MD) values were imputed using the last non-missing observation prior to the visit with MD; randomization visit data could be carried forward. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
RandomizationWeek 36Mean change from Randomization to Week 36
DB GEn 1200 mg5.17.01.9
DB Placebo5.39.23.9

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Number of Participants in Each Category of the Investigator-Rated CGI-C at Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF

"The CGI scale is a widely used tool designed to allow clinicians to rate the severity of illness and the change over time based on a seven-point rating scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved and a score of 7 being very much worse compared to baseline." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Very much improved (score of 1)Much improved (score of 2)Minimally improved (score of 3)No change (score of 4)Minimally worse (score of 5)Much worse (score of 6)Very much worse (score of 7)
DB GEn 1200 mg10315441392
DB Placebo45124414117

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Number of Participants in Each Category of the Investigator-Rated CGI-I at Week 24/End of Treatment (SB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF

"The CGI-I scale is a widely used tool designed to allow clinicians to rate the severity of illness and the change over time based on a seven-point rating scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved and a score of 7 being very much worse compared to baseline." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 168 or Week 24/End of Treatment of SB Treatment Phase

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Very Much Improved (score of 1)Much Improved (score of 2)Minimally Improved (score of 3)No change (score of 4)Minimally worse (score of 5)Much Worse (score of 6)Very Much Worse (score of 7)
SB GEn 1200 mg170782825442

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Number of Participants in Each Category of the Participant-Rated CGI-I at Week 24/End of Treatment (SB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF

"The participant-rated CGI-I scale is a self-rated assessment designed to allow participants to rate the change of their disease severity over time based on a seven-point rating scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved and a score of 7 being very much worse compared to baseline." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 168 or Week 24/End of Treatment of SB Treatment Phase

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Very Much Improved (score of 1)Much Improved (score of 2)Minimally Improved (score of 3)No Change (score of 4)Minimally Worse (score of 5)Much Worse (score of 6)Very Much Worse (score of 7)
SB GEn 1200 mg163823816702

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Number of Participants in Each Category of the Participant-Rated CGI-I Scale at Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF

"The participant-rated CGI-I scale is a self-rated assessment designed to allow participants to rate the change of their disease severity over time based on a seven-point scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved and a score of 7 being very much worse compared to baseline." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Very much improved (score of 1)Much improved (score of 2)Minimally improved (score of 3)No change (score of 4)Minimally worse (score of 5)Much worse (score of 6)Very much worse (score of 7)
DB GEn 1200 mg602446011
DB Placebo473078311

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Number of Participants With no Reported RLS Symptoms (Sx) During Each of the 4-hour Periods From the 24-hour RLS Record at Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase)

In the 24-hour RLS Record (diary), participants report the presence and severity of RLS symptoms (none, mild, moderate, or severe) for a 24-hour period, in 30-minute increments. The period was divided into 7 four-hr intervals (8 AM to 12 PM, 12 to 4 PM, 4 to 8 PM, 6 to 10 PM, 8 to Midnight, Midnight to 4 AM, 4 to 8 AM) (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
8 AM to 12 PM, Randomization, n=96, 958 AM to 12 PM, Week 36, n=87, 8912 PM to 4 PM, Randomization, n=96, 9512 PM to 4 PM, Week 36, n=87, 894 PM to 8 PM, Randomization, n=96, 954 PM to 8 PM, Week 36, n=87, 896 PM to 10 PM, Randomization, n=96, 956 PM to 10 PM, Week 36, n=87, 898 PM to 12 AM, Randomization, n=96, 958 PM to 12 AM, Week 36, n=87, 8912 AM to 4 AM, Randomization, n=96, 9512 AM to 4 AM, Week 36, n=87, 894 AM to 8 AM, Randomization, n=96, 954 AM to 8 AM, Week 36, n=87, 89
DB GEn 1200mg8883857868726162596179778380
DB Placebo8372857173686653624182668367

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Number of Nights With RLS Symptoms in the Week Prior to Measurement at Baseline and Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) Using LOCF

"The PSQ is designed to evaluate sleep quality, ability to function, and the degree to which RLS symptoms interfere with sleep. Participants rated overall sleep quality and their ability to function on scales ranging from excellent to poor and were asked to provide the number of nights they experienced RLS symptoms and the number of times/hours they awoke at night during the week prior to the measurement." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 168 or Week 24/End of Treatment of SB Treatment Phase

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Baseline, 0 nightsBaseline, 1-2 nightsBaseline 3-4 nightsBaseline 5-6 nightsBaseline, 7 nightsWeek 24, 0 nightsWeek 24, 1-2 nightsWeek 24, 3-4 nightsWeek 24, 5-6 nightsWeek 24, 7 nights
SB GEn 1200 mg113612215110698372446

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) Responses to the Question Regarding Their Overall Quality of Sleep in the Week Prior to Measurement at Randomization and Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF

"The PSQ is designed to evaluate sleep quality, ability to function, and the degree to which RLS symptoms interfere with sleep. Participants rated overall sleep quality and their ability to function on scales ranging from excellent to poor and were asked to provide the number of nights they experienced RLS symptoms and the number of times/hours they awoke at night during the week prior to the measurement." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Randomization, ExcellentRandomization, ReasonableRandomization, PoorWeek 36, ExcellentWeek 36, ReasonableWeek 36, Poor
DB GEn 1200 mg43467384612
DB Placebo38563295117

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Ability to Function in the Week Prior to Measurement at Baseline and Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) Using LOCF

"The PSQ is designed to evaluate sleep quality, ability to function, and the degree to which RLS symptoms interfere with sleep. Participants rated overall sleep quality and their ability to function on scales ranging from excellent to poor and were asked to provide the number of nights they experienced RLS symptoms and the number of times/hours they awoke at night during the week prior to the measurement." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 168 or Week 24/End of Treatment of SB Treatment Phase

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Baseline, ExcellentBaseline, GoodBaseline, ModerateBaseline, PoorWeek 24, ExcellentWeek 24, GoodWeek 24, ModerateWeek 24, Poor
SB GEn 1200 mg20124141261451272910

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Number of Awakenings During Night Due to RLS Symptoms in the Week Prior to Measurement at Randomization and Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF

"The PSQ is designed to evaluate sleep quality, ability to function, and the degree to which RLS symptoms interfere with sleep. Participants rated overall sleep quality and their ability to function on scales ranging from excellent to poor and were asked to provide the number of nights they experienced RLS symptoms and the number of times/hours they awoke at night during the week prior to the measurement." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Randomization, 0 timesRandomization, 1-2 timesRandomization, 3-4 timesRandomization, 5 or more timesWeek 36, 0 timesWeek 36, 1-2 timesWeek 36, 3-4 timesWeek 36, 5 or more times
DB GEn 1200 mg722211682251
DB Placebo732220533572

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Number of Nights With RLS Symptoms in the Week Prior to Measurement at Randomization and Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF

"The PSQ is designed to evaluate sleep quality, ability to function, and the degree to which RLS symptoms interfere with sleep. Participants rated overall sleep quality and their ability to function on scales ranging from excellent to poor and were asked to provide the number of nights they experienced RLS symptoms and the number of times/hours they awoke at night during the week prior to the measurement." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Randomization, 0 nightsRandomization, 1-2 nightsRandomization, 3-4 nightsRandomization, 5-6 nightsRandomization, 7 nightsWeek 36, 0 nightsWeek 36, 1-2 nightsWeek 36, 3-4 nightsWeek 36, 5-6 nightsWeek 36, 7 nights
DB GEn 1200 mg3836115641301267
DB Placebo4735834303017614

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Number of Hours Awake Per Night Due to RLS Symptoms in the Week Prior to Measurement at Baseline and Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) Using LOCF

"The PSQ is designed to evaluate sleep quality, ability to function, and the degree to which RLS symptoms interfere with sleep. Participants rated overall sleep quality and their ability to function on scales ranging from excellent to poor and were asked to provide the number of nights they experienced RLS symptoms and the number of times/hours they awoke at night during the week prior to the measurement." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 168 or Week 24/End of Treatment of SB Treatment Phase

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Baseline, 0 hours (hr)Baseline, less than 1 hrBaseline, 1 hr to less than 2 hrBaseline, 2 hr to less than 3 hrBaseline, 3 or more hrWeek 24, 0 hrWeek 24, less than 1 hrWeek 24, 1 hr to less than 2 hrWeek 24, 2 hr to less than 3 hrWeek 24, 3 or more hr
SB GEn 1200 mg267810760401886337176

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Number of Hours Awake Per Night Due to RLS Symptoms in the Week Prior to Measurement at Randomization and Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) Using LOCF

"The PSQ is designed to evaluate sleep quality, ability to function, and the degree to which RLS symptoms interfere with sleep. Participants rated overall sleep quality and their ability to function on scales ranging from excellent to poor and were asked to provide the number of nights they experienced RLS symptoms and the number of times/hours they awoke at night during the week prior to the measurement." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Randomization, 0 hours (hr)Randomization, less than 1 hrRandomization, 1 hr to less than 2 hrRandomization, 2 hr to less than 3 hrRandomization, 3 or more hrWeek 36, 0 hrWeek 36, less than 1 hrWeek 36, 1 hr to less than 2 hrWeek 36, 2 hr to less than 3 hrWeek 36, 3 or more hr
DB GEn 1200 mg72165306817830
DB Placebo731472153241523

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Overall Quality of Sleep in the Week Prior to Measurement at Baseline and Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) Using LOCF

"The PSQ is designed to evaluate sleep quality, ability to function, and the degree to which RLS symptoms interfere with sleep. Participants rated overall sleep quality and their ability to function on scales ranging from excellent to poor and were asked to provide the number of nights they experienced RLS symptoms and the number of times/hours they awoke at night during the week prior to the measurement." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 168 or Week 24/End of Treatment of SB Treatment Phase

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Baseline, ExcellentBaseline, ReasonableBaseline, PoorWeek 24, ExcellentWeek 24, ReasonableWeek 24, Poor
SB GEn 1200 mg39721110216445

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Mean Change From Baseline in the MOS Sleep Scale Domain, Sleep Quantity, Score at Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) Using LOCF

The MOS Sleep Scale is a participant-rated non-disease-specific measure with questions relating to four areas related to sleep: quantity (number of hours slept), sleep disturbance, sleep adequacy, and somnolence. The Sleep Quantity Domain score is a participant-rated estimate of the average number of hours of sleep per night over the month. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 168 or Week 24/End of Treatment of SB Treatment Phase

Interventionhours (Mean)
SB GEn 1200 mg1.0

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Mean Change From Randomization to Week 36 (DB Treatment Phase) in the Mean Sleep Disturbance Domain Score of the MOS Sleep Scale Using LOCF

The MOS Sleep Scale is a participant-rated non-disease-specific measure with questions relating to four areas related to sleep: quantity (number of hours slept), sleep disturbance, sleep adequacy, and daytime somnolence. The MOS Sleep Scale sleep disturbance domain is a participant-rated measure of sleep disturbance over the month prior to the measurement. Questions are scored, and responses are converted to a 0 to 100 scale, with lower scores representing less sleep disturbance. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Randomization (Week 24) and Week 36 (or end of DB treatment)

,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
RandomizationWeek 36Change from Randomization to Week 36
DB GEn 1200 mg18.821.02.3
DB Placebo16.726.910.2

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Mean Change From Baseline in the Overall Quality of Life Impact Score of the RLS Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire at Week 24 (SB Treatment Phase)

The RLS QoL is an 18-item scale assessing the impact of RLS on daily life, emotional well-being, social and work life. Responses range from 1 (not at all/never) to 5 (a lot/all of the time). Ten items contribute to a single summary score, the Overall Life Impact, which is standardized to range from 0-100, with lower scores representing better QoL. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 168 or Week 24/End of Treatment of SB Treatment Phase

Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
SB GEn 1200 mg25.7

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) in the Mean Daytime Somnolence Domain Score of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Scale Using LOCF

The MOS Sleep Scale is a participant-rated non-disease-specific measure with questions relating to four areas related to sleep: quantity (hours slept), sleep disturbance, sleep adequacy, and daytime somnolence. Responses are recoded so that a higher score reflects more of the attribute, and then converted to a 0 to 100 scale. The daytime somnolence score is based on questions pertaining to feeling drowsy or sleepy, trouble staying awake, and taking naps > 5 minutes. For daytime somnolence, a negative value indicates an improvement. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 168 or Week 24/End of Treatment of SB Treatment Phase

Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
SB GEn 1200 mg-21.8

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) in the Mean Sleep Adequacy Domain Score of the MOS Sleep Scale Using LOCF

The MOS Sleep Scale is a participant-rated non-disease-specific measure with questions relating to four areas related to sleep: quantity (number of hours slept), sleep disturbance, sleep adequacy, and daytime somnolence. The MOS Sleep Scale sleep adequacy domain is a participant-rated measure of the adequacy of sleep over the month prior to measurement. Questions are scored, and responses are converted to a 0 to 100 scale, with higher scores representing more adequate ratings of sleep. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 168 or Week 24/End of Treatment of SB Treatment Phase

Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
SB GEn 1200 mg35.7

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Mean Change From Baseline to Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) in the Mean Sleep Disturbance Domain Score of the MOS Sleep Scale Using LOCF

The MOS Sleep Scale is a participant-rated non-disease-specific measure with questions relating to four areas related to sleep: quantity (number of hours slept), sleep disturbance, sleep adequacy, and daytime somnolence. . The MOS Sleep Scale sleep disturbance domain is a participant-rated measure of sleep disturbance over the month prior to the measurement. Questions are scored, and responses are converted to a 0 to 100 scale, with lower scores representing less sleep disturbance. (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 168 or Week 24/End of Treatment of SB Treatment Phase

Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
SB GEn 1200 mg-35.3

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Post-Sleep Questionnaire Responses to the Question Regarding the Number of Awakenings During the Night Due to RLS Symptoms in the Week Prior to Measurement at Baseline and Week 24 (SB Treatment Period) Using LOCF

"The PSQ is designed to evaluate sleep quality, ability to function, and the degree to which RLS symptoms interfere with sleep. Participants rated overall sleep quality and their ability to function on scales ranging from excellent to poor and were asked to provide the number of nights they experienced RLS symptoms and the number of times/hours they awoke at night during the week prior to the measurement." (NCT00311363)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 168 or Week 24/End of Treatment of SB Treatment Phase

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Baseline, 0 timesBaseline, 1-2 timesBaseline, 3-4 timesBaseline, 5 or more timesWeek 24, 0 timesWeek 24, 1-2 timesWeek 24, 3-4 timesWeek 24, 5 or more times
SB GEn 1200 mg261311134118898187

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Median Time to Onset of the First RLS Symptom Using the RLS Symptom Record at Weeks 24 and 52

The 24-Hour RLS Record is a diary in which participants report the presence and severity of RLS symptoms for a 24-hour period, in 30-min increments, beginning at 8AM on the day prior to the visit. (NCT00333359)
Timeframe: Weeks 24 and 52

,,
Interventionhours (Median)
Week 24, n=127, 285, 412Week 52, n=123, 241, 364
All Participants; 1200 mg GEn18NA
Naïve; 1200 mg GEn15.5NA
Non-naïve; 1200 mg GEn20NA

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Number of Participants Classified as Responders to Treatment on the Investigator-rated Clinical Global Impressions of Improvement (CGI-I) at Each Visit Using OC

"The CGI-I is a widely used tool designed to allow clinicians to rate the severity of illness and the change over time based on a seven-point rating scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved and a score of 7 being very much worse compared to the start of the study. Responders on the CGI-I are defined as those with a score of 1 or 2, corresponding to very much improved or improved, respectively." (NCT00333359)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 1, 4, 12, 24, 36, and 52

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 0, n=197, 376, 573Week 1, n=185, 363, 548Week 4, n=171, 354, 525Week 12, n=150, 324, 474Week 24, n=138, 305, 443Week 36, n=132, 281, 413Week 52, n=126, 262, 388
All Participants; 1200 mg GEn384446451430401380362
Naïve; 1200 mg GEn84152143133126120115
Non-naïve; 1200 mg GEn300294308297275260247

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Number of Participants Classified as Responders to Treatment on the Participant-rated CGI-I at Each Visit Using OC

"The Participant-rated CGI-I is a self-reported measure completed by the participant, who rates the change from the start of the study in the severity of their illness using a seven-point rating scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved and a score of 7 being very much worse. Responders on the Participant-rated CGI-I are defined as those with a score of 1 or 2, corresponding to very much improved and improved, respectively." (NCT00333359)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 1, 4, 12, 24, 36, and 52

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 0, n=197, 376, 573Week 1, n=182, 351, 533Week 4, n=171, 348, 519Week 12, n=148, 318, 466Week 24, n=133, 300, 433Week 36, n=129, 276, 405Week 52, n=122, 247, 369
All Participants; 1200 mg GEn390406442414392367334
Naïve; 1200 mg GEn86145143131117115107
Non-naïve; 1200 mg GEn304261299283275252227

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Number of Participants in Each Category of the Investigator-rated CGI-I by Visit Using OC

"The CGI-I is a widely used tool designed to allow clinicians to rate the severity of illness and the change over time based on a seven-point rating scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved, 2 being much improved, 3 being minimally improved, 4 being no change, 5 being minimally worse, 6 being much worse, and 7 being very much worse compared to the start of the study." (NCT00333359)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 1, and 52

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 0, Very much improved, n=197, 376, 573Week 0, Much improved, n=197, 376, 573Week 0, Minimally improved, n=197, 376, 573Week 0, No change, n=197, 376, 573Week 0, Minimally worse, n=197, 376, 573Week 0, Much worse, n=197, 376, 573Week 0, Very much worse, n=197, 376, 573Week 1, Very much improved, n=185, 363, 548Week 1, Much improved, n=185, 363, 548Week 1, Minimally improved, n=185, 363, 548Week 1, No change, n=185, 363, 548Week 1, Minimally worse, n=185, 363, 548Week 1, Much worse, n=185, 363, 548Week 1, Very much worse, n=185, 363, 548Week 52, Very much improved, n=126, 262, 388Week 52, Much improved, n=126, 262, 388Week 52, Minimally improved, n=126, 262, 388Week 52, No change, n=126, 262, 388Week 52, Minimally worse, n=126, 262, 388Week 52, Much worse, n=126, 262, 388Week 52, Very much worse, n=126, 262, 388
All Participants; 1200 mg GEn23015484919412372096829320259103168011
Naïve; 1200 mg GEn384647559208270284010724374000
Non-naïve; 1200 mg GEn192108373602115513940253101876094011

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Number of Participants in Each Category of the Participant-rated CGI-I by Visit Using OC

"The Participant-rated CGI-I is a self-reported measure completed by the participant who rates the change from the start of the study in the severity of their illness using a seven-point rating scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved, 2 being much improved, 3 being minimally improved, 4 being no change, 5 being minimally worse, 6 being much worse, and 7 being very much worse compared to the start of the study." (NCT00333359)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 1, and 52

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Week 0, Very much improved, n=197, 376, 573Week 0, Much improved, n=197, 376, 573Week 0, Minimally improved, =197, 376, 573Week 0, No change, n=197, 376, 573Week 0, Minimally worse, n=197, 376, 573Week 0, Much worse, n=197, 376, 573Week 0, Very much worse, n=197, 376, 573Week 1, Very much improved, n=182, 351, 533Week 1, Much improved, n=182, 351, 533Week 1, Minimally improved, n=182, 351, 533Week 1, No change, n=182, 351, 533Week 1, Minimally worse, n=182, 351, 533Week 1, Much worse, n=182, 351, 533Week 1, Very much worse, n=182, 351, 533Week 52, Very much improved, n=122, 247, 369Week 52, Much improved, n=122, 247, 369Week 52, Minimally improved, n=122, 247, 369Week 52, No change, n=122, 247, 369Week 52, Minimally worse, n=122, 247, 369Week 52, Much worse, n=122, 247, 369Week 52, Very much worse, n=122, 247, 369
All Participants; 1200 mg GEn23315782791462262144773279225777248012
Naïve; 1200 mg GEn3947475085191542941218027113001
Non-naïve; 1200 mg GEn194110352961117190482867117750135011

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Number of Participants With no Reported RLS Symptoms During Each of the 4-hour Periods From the 24-hour RLS Record at Week 52 Using OC Data

In the 24-Hour RLS Record (diary), participants report the presence and severity of RLS symptoms (none, mild, moderate, or severe) for a 24-hour period, in 30-minute increments. The period was divided into 7 four-hour intervals (8 AM to 12PM, 12 to 4PM, 4 to 8PM, 6 to 10PM, 8 to 12 Midnight, Midnight to 4AM, 4 to 8AM). (NCT00333359)
Timeframe: Week 52

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
8 AM to 12 PM, n=123, 241, 36412 PM to 4 PM, n=122, 240, 3624 PM to 8 PM, n=122, 240, 3626 PM to 10 PM, n=122, 241, 3638 PM to 12 AM, n=122, 241, 36312 AM to 4 AM, n=123, 241, 3644 AM to 8 AM, n=123, 241, 364
All Participants; 1200 mg GEn330322272255237293318
Naïve; 1200 mg GEn10610688807598104
Non-naïve; 1200 mg GEn224216184175162195214

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Overall Quality of Life (QoL) Impact Score of the RLS Quality of Life Questionnaire at Weeks 24 and 52

The RLS QoL is an 18-item scale assessing the impact of RLS on daily life, emotional well-being, social and work life. Responses range from 1 (not at all/never) to 5 (a lot/all of the time). Ten items contribute to a single summary score, the Overall Life Impact, which is standardized to range from 0-100, with lower scores representing better QoL. (NCT00333359)
Timeframe: Weeks 24 and 52

,,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
Week 24, n=164, 328, 492Week 52, n=121, 264, 385
All Participants; 1200 mg GEn90.792.0
Naïve; 1200 mg GEn89.892.0
Non-naïve; 1200 mg GEn91.192.0

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Change From Baseline in the International Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale (IRLS) at Week 52 Using Observed Case (OC)

The IRLS rating scale is a measure of RLS disease severity. The score reflects participant-reported assessment of primary sensory and motor features and associated sleep problems in RLS. Also, items are included that assess the impact of symptoms on participants' mood, daily life, and activities. The total score on the IRLS ranges from 0 to 40, with higher values representing more severe RLS symptoms. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 52 value minus the baseline value. Change scores with higher value represents greater improvement in RLS symptoms. (NCT00333359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
Naïve; 1200 mg GEn-16.3
Non-naïve; 1200 mg GEn-17.0
All Participants; 1200 mg GEn-16.8

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Change From Baseline in the IRLS Rating Scale Score at Each Visit Using OC

The IRLS rating scale is a measure of RLS disease severity. The score reflects participant-reported assessment of primary sensory and motor features and associated sleep problems in RLS. Also, items are included that assess the impact of symptoms on participants' mood, daily life, and activities. The total score on the IRLS ranges from 0 to 40, with higher values representing more severe RLS symptoms. Change from baseline was calculated as the value at each visit minus the baseline value. Change scores with higher values represent greater improvement in RLS symptoms. (NCT00333359)
Timeframe: Weeks 0, 1, 4, 12, 24, and 36

,,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
Week 0, n=197, 376, 573Week 1, n=186, 360, 546Week 4, n=174, 352, 526Week 12, n=150, 322, 472Week 24, n=139, 305, 444Week 36, n=130, 281, 411
All Participants; 1200 mg GEn-12.8-14.2-15.7-16.1-16.4-16.7
Naïve; 1200 mg GEn-9.4-15.6-15.6-15.8-16.2-16.8
Non-naïve; 1200 mg GEn-14.6-13.5-15.8-16.3-16.5-16.6

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Mean Change From Baseline at Week 24 and Week 52 in Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI:SHP) Individual Items: Hours of Work Missed Due to RLS, Hours of Work Missed Due to Other Reason, and Hours Actually Worked

The WPAI:SHP estimates work productivity and social activities lost over the past week due to RLS symptoms. Change is calculated as the observed value at Week 24/52 minus the observed value at baseline. Absenteeism is recorded as the number of hours missed from work. W, Week; hr, hour. (NCT00333359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 24 and 52

,,
Interventionhours (Mean)
W24, hr missed due to RLS, n=108, 199, 307W24, hr missed for other reason, n=108, 199, 307HW24, hr actually worked, n=108, 199, 307W52, hr missed due to RLS, n=82, 175, 257W52, hr missed other reason, n=82, 175, 257W52, hr actually worked, n=82, 175, 257
All Participants; 1200 mg GEn-0.1-0.81.90.2-1.01.5
Naïve; 1200 mg GEn-0.1-1.80.80.10.50.0
Non-naïve; 1200 mg GEn-0.1-0.22.50.2-1.82.2

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Mean Change From Baseline at Week 24 and Week 52 in Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI:SHP) Summary Scores

The WPAI:SHP estimates work productivity and social activities lost over the past week due to RLS symptoms. Each summary score is expressed as a percentage and ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating more work missed; a negative change from baseline indicates less work missed. Change = the observed value at the current visit minus the observed value at Week 0. Change is calculated only for participants who had a value at both the current visit and at Week 0. (NCT00333359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 24 and 52

,,
Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Week 24, Work Time Missed, n=108, 199, 307Week 24, Impairment While Working, n=101, 185, 286Week 24, Overall Work Impairment, n=101, 185, 286Week 24, Daily Activity Impairment, n=158,309,467Week 52, Work Time Missed, n=82, 175, 257Week 52, Impairment While Working n=78, 170, 248Week 52, Overall Work Impairment, n=78, 170, 248Week 52, Daily Activity Impairment, n=117,261,378
All Participants; 1200 mg GEn0.0-4.2-4.1-6.30.6-3.3-3.3-6.3
Naïve; 1200 mg GEn-0.2-7.6-7.6-10.3-0.2-8.7-8.9-11.5
Non-naïve; 1200 mg GEn0.1-2.3-2.2-4.31.0-0.9-0.8-3.9

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Mean Change From Baseline at Weeks 24 and 52 in Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI:SHP) Individual Item: RLS Affected Productivity

The WPAI:SHP estimates work productivity and social activities lost over the past week due to RLS symptoms. Change is calculated as the observed value at Week 52 minus the observed value at baseline. Productivity affected while working is estimated on a 0 (no effect) to 10 scale (completely preventing productivity). (NCT00333359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 24 and 52

,,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
Week 24, n=101, 185, 286Week 52, n=78, 170, 248
All Participants; 1200 mg GEn-0.4-0.3
Naïve; 1200 mg GEn-0.8-0.9
Non-naïve; 1200 mg GEn-0.2-0.1

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Number of Participants Experiencing No RLS Symptoms in Each of the Seven 4-hour Periods From the 24-hour RLS Record at Week 12 (End of Treatment)

RLS severity ratings were summarized in 6 non-overlapping 4-hour periods beginning at 8 AM. A 4-hour period from 6 PM to 10 PM was also prospectively included to reflect the time frame when the most participants would experience their first symptoms of the day. (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
8 AM to 12 PM12 PM to 4 PM4 PM to 8 PM6 PM to 10 PM8 PM to 12 AM12 AM to 4 AM4 AM to 8 AM
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg74696155486772
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg85746855497479
Placebo52514539273856

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Number of Participants Classified as Responders With at Least 30% and 50% Improvement in the Average Daily RLS Pain Score Using LOCF

"The Mean Daily RLS pain was assessed by participants reporting whether they experienced any pain associated with RLS in the last 24 hours and rating their pain levels on an 11-point numerical rating scale, with 0 being no pain and 10 the most intense pain imaginable. The assessment was performed for 7 days prior to Baseline and pre-defined visits A Responder is a participant with a score of much improved or very much improved on the investigator rated CGI I Scale at the end of treatment (Week 12 using LOCF)." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Week 12

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
> or equal to 30% response> or equal to 50% response
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg7666
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg7562
Placebo4841

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Number of Participants Classified as Responders to Treatment Based on the Participant-Rated CGI of Improvement at Week 1 and Week 12 (End of Treatment)

"The CGI-I scale is a standardized tool that is widely used in psychopharmacologic trials. For the CGI-I, the investigator was asked to rate the participant's overall change in RLS symptoms from Baseline. Scores ranged from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Participants who were much improved (score of 2) or very much improved on the CGI-I scale at the end of treatment (Week 12) are classified as Responders." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Week 1 and Week 12

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Responders at the End of Treatment (Week 12)Responders at the End of One Week
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg8352
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg9055
Placebo4620

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Number of Participants Classified as Investigator-rated CGI-I Scale Responders at Week 12 by RLS Treatment History Using LOCF

"The CGI-I scale is a standardized tool that is widely used in psychopharmacologic trials. For the CGI-I, the investigator was asked to rate the participant's overall change in RLS symptoms from Baseline. Scores ranged from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Participants who were much improved (score of 2) or very much improved on the CGI-I scale at the end of treatment (Week 12) are classified as Responders." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Basline and Week 12

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
No RLS Treatment HistoryTreatment terminatedTreatment within 1 month of study start
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg571315
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg54918
Placebo26511

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Mean Change in the IRLS Rating Scale Total Score From Baseline at Week 12 by RLS Treatment History Using LOCF

The IRLS Rating scale is a measure of RLS disease severity. The scale reflects the participant-reported assessment of primary sensory and motor features and associated sleep problems in RLS. Ten items (individually scored from 0 to 4) are included that assess the impact of symptoms on participants' mood, daily life, and activities. The total scale score is a sum of all of the individual item scores and ranges from 0-40 points, with 40 being the most severe. The scale assesses symptoms over the week prior to measurement. (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and Week 12

,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
No RLS Treatment HistoryTreatment terminatedTreatment within 1 month of study start
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg-12.5-17.1-12.1
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg-13.7-12.4-14.6
Placebo-8.8-13.3-10.7

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Change From Baseline in the IRLS Rating Scale Total Score at Week 12 by Baseline RLS Rating Scale Total Score Category (Baseline RLS Severity) Using LOCF

The IRLS Rating scale is a measure of RLS disease severity. The scale reflects the participant-reported assessment of primary sensory and motor features and associated sleep problems in RLS. Ten items (individually scored from 0 to 4) are included that assess the impact of symptoms on participants' mood, daily life, and activities. The total scale score is a sum of all of the individual item scores and ranges from 0-40 points, with 40 being the most severe. The scale assesses symptoms over the week prior to measurement. (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and Week 12

,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
IRLS Total Score < 17.5IRLS Total Score 17.5 to < 22.5IRLS Total Score 22.5 to < 27.5IRLS Total Score >= 27.5
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg-7.9-8.8-15.5-19.6
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg-8.9-11.9-15.1-18.2
Placebo-6.3-8.5-9.6-13.3

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Time to Onset of the First RLS Symptom From the 24-hour RLS Record Obtained at the End of Treatment (Week 12)

The time to onset of the first RLS symptoms from the 24-hour RLS Record is defined as the length of time from the start of the 24-hour assessment period (8:00 AM) to the time when 50% of participants experienced their first symptom. (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionhours (Median)
Placebo12.8
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg13.5
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg13.8

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The Time to Onset of the First Response to Treatment on the IRLS Rating Scale Total Score and the Investigator-rated CGI-I

The Response was defined by an IRLS Rating Scale total score at the end of Week 1 < 15 and at least a 6-point reduction from the participant's Baseline score and an investigator-rated CGI-I response of much improved or very much improved. The median time to onset is estimated using the product-limit estimation method. (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to End of Treatment (Week 12)

Interventionweeks (Median)
PlaceboNA
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 Milligrams(mg) Taken Orally4.1
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg Taken Orally Once a Day2.1

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Number of Total Responders to Treatment Based on the Investigator-Rated CGI of Improvement at the End of One Week of Treatment

"The CGI-I scale is a standardized tool that is widely used in psychopharmacologic trials. For the CGI-I, the investigator was asked to rate the participant's overall change in RLS symptoms from Baseline. Scores ranged from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Participants who were much improved (score of 2) or very much improved on the CGI-I scale at the end of treatment (Week 12) are classified as Responders." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: End of Week 1

Interventionresponders (Number)
Placebo26
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg54
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg59

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Number of Participants With a Rating of Excellent for the Overall Quality of Sleep in Past Week Measured by the Post-Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) at the End of Treatment (Week 12) Using LOCF

"The Post-Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was designed to evaluate overall sleep quality, ability to function, and RLS symptoms' interference with sleep over the past week. Participants were asked to rate overall sleep quality (as either Excellent, Reasonable, or Poor), ability to function, number of nights with RLS symptoms, number of nights awakened by RLS symptoms, and the number of hours spent awake due to RLS symptoms over the past week." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: End of Treatment (Week 12)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo14
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg24
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg30

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Number of Participants Who Indicated on the Mood Assessment That Their Mood Was Much Improved or Very Much Improved at Week 12 (End of Treatment) Using LOCF

The Mood Assessment is a non-disease-specific question surveying global change in a participant's overall mood. Participants were asked to rate their overall change in mood since the start of the study by choosing a score in a range from 1 (Very Much Improved) to 7 (Very Much Worse). The assessment was completed at Day 1 and the ends of Weeks 4, 8, and 12 or (Early Termination). (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo19
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg35
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg39

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Number of Participants Classsified as Responders on the Investigator-rated CGI-I Scale at Week 12 Using LOCF

"The CGI-I scale is a standardized tool that is widely used in psychopharmacologic trials. For the CGI-I, the investigator was asked to rate the participant's overall change in RLS symptoms from Baseline. Scores ranged from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Participants who were much improved (score of 2) or very much improved on the CGI-I scale at the end of treatment (Week 12) are classified as Responders." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo43
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg83

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Change From Baseline to the End of Week 1 in the IRLS Rating Scale Total Score Using LOCF

The IRLS Rating scale is a measure of RLS disease severity. The scale reflects the participant-reported assessment of primary sensory and motor features and associated sleep problems in RLS. Items (individually scored from 0 to 4) are included that assess the impact of symptoms on participants' mood, daily life, and activities. The total scale score is a sum of all of the individual item scores and ranges from 0-40 points, with 40 being the most severe. The scale assesses symptoms over the week prior to measurement. (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline and the End of Week 1

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-6.0
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg-9.8
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg-8.7

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Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in Average Daily Wake Time (Minutes) After Sleep Onset Using LOCF

Average daily wake time after sleep onset was derived from the Pittsburgh Sleep Diary (PghSD) as the mean of non-missing total hours awake during the night after falling asleep over the 7 days before each visit. The change was calculated as the end of treatment (Week 12) value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline to End of Treatment (Week 12)

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Placebo-12.5
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg-16.4
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg-18.5

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Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in Average Daily Total Sleep Time (Hours) Using LOCF

Average daily total sleep time was derived from the Pittsburgh Sleep Diary (PghSD; an instrument with separate components to be completed [self-reported] at bedtime and waketime) as the mean of non-missing total sleep time over the 7 days before each visit, where total sleep time = [(wake up time - lights out time) - time to fall asleep - time awake during the night] in hours. The change was calculated as the end of treatment (Week 12) value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline to End of Treatment (Week 12)

Interventionhours (Mean)
Placebo0.6
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg0.7
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg1.0

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Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment (Week 12) in the IRLS Rating Scale Total Score Using LOCF

The IRLS Rating scale is a measure of RLS disease severity. The scale reflects the participant-reported assessment of primary sensory and motor features and associated sleep problems in RLS. Items (individually scored from 0 to 4) are included that assess the impact of symptoms on participants' mood, daily life, and activities. The total scale score is a sum of all of the individual item scores and ranges from 0-40 points, with 40 being the most severe. The scale assesses symptoms over the week prior to measurement. (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and End of Treatment (Week 12)

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-9.8
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg-13.8

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Change From Baseline in the Sleep Disturbance Score, an Item on the MOS Sleep Scale, at Week 12 Using LOCF

"The MOS Sleep Scale measures most constructs of sleep. The scale has a battery of questions to measure specific aspects of sleep in participants with co-morbidities. The four domains scored from the MOS Sleep Scale were sleep disturbance,' sleep quantity,' sleep adequacy, and daytime somnolence. The scores of the sleep disturbance domain ranged from 1 to 100, with a high score indicating greater impairment of sleep. The assessment was completed at Baseline (Day 1) and end of Weeks, 4, 8, and 12 (or end of Treatment)." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-17.0
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg-29.5
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg-30.7

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Change From Baseline in the Overall Life-Impact Score of the RLS Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire at Week 12 Using LOCF

The Restless Legs Syndrome Quality of Life (RLS-QoL) questionnaire is a disease-specific, participant-rated questionnaire that assesses the impact of RLS on daily life, emotional well-being, social life, and work life of the participants. The RLS-QoL Questionnaire is presented on a 0 (lowest possible score) to 100 (highest possible score) scale. It was completed at Day 1 and at the end of Weeks 4, 8, and 12 (or Early Termination). (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo14.5
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg19.3
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg20.4

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Number of Participants Who Had an Onset of Response to Treatment at the End of Week 1 Based Upon the IRLS Rating Scale Total Score and the Investigator-rated CGI-I Using LOCF

"The IRLS Rating scale is a measure of RLS disease severity. Items (individually scored from 0 to 4) are included that assess the impact of symptoms on participants' mood, daily life, and activities. The total scale score is a sum of all of the individual item scores and ranges from 0-40 points, with 40 being the most severe. Response was defined by an IRLS Rating Scale total score at the end of Week 1 < 15 and at least a 6-point reduction from the participant's Baseline score and an investigator-rated CGI-I response of much improved or very much improved." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: End of Week 1

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo13
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg36
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg40

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Change From Baseline in the Profile of Mood State (POMS) Scale at Week 12 Using LOCF

"The Profile of Mood States (POMS) Brief Form contains 30 adjectives; each participant is asked to rate the degree to which each adjective describes themselves based on how they felt during the past week including the date on which the adjective was rated. The possible ratings range from 0 (Not all all) to 4 (Extremely). The Total Mood Disturbance Score (range of 0 to 120) is obtained by summing the values of six domains. Higher scores indicate a more negative mood disturbance. The POMS was completed at Baseline (Day 1), and at the end of Weeks 4, 8, and 12 (or Early Termination)." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline to End of Treatment (Week 12)

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-7.3
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg-10.9
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg-11.5

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Change From Baseline in the Daytime Somnolence Score, an Item on the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Scale, at Week 12 Using LOCF

"The MOS Sleep Scale measures most constructs of sleep. The scale has a battery of questions to measure specific aspects of sleep in participants with co-morbidities. The four domains scored from the MOS Sleep Scale were sleep disturbance,' sleep quantity,' sleep adequacy, and daytime somnolence. The scores of the daytime somnolence domain ranged from 1 to 100, with a high score indicating greater daytime somnolence. The assessment was completed at Baseline (Day 1) and end of Weeks, 4, 8, and 12 (or end of Treatment)." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-9.7
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg-9.8
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg-16.1

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Change From Baseline in the Average Daily RLS Pain Score to Week 12 for Participants With a Baseline Pain Score of at Least 4 Using LOCF

The Average Daily RLS pain was assessed by participants reporting whether they experienced any pain associated with RLS in the last 24 hours and rating their pain levels on an 11-point numerical rating scale, with 0 being no pain and 10 the most intense pain imaginable. The assessment was performed for 7 days prior to Baseline and pre-defined visits. The change from baseline was calculated as the End of Treatment (Week 12) value minus the Baseline (Day 1) value. (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-2.3
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg-3.5
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg-3.5

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Change From Baseline in the Average Daily RLS Pain Score at the End of Treatment (Week 12) for Participants With Pain at Baseline or the End of Week 12 Using LOCF

The Daily RLS pain score was assessed by participants reporting whether they experienced any pain associated with RLS in the last 24 hours and rating their pain levels on an 11-point numerical rating scale, with 0 being no pain and 10 the most intense pain imaginable. The assessment was performed for 7 days prior to Baseline and pre-defined study visits. The change from baseline was calculated as the End of Treatment (Week 12) value minus the Baseline (Day 1) value. (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Week 12)

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-1.7
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg-2.5
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg-2.6

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Change From Baseline in Sleep Quantity, an Item on the MOS Sleep Scale, at Week 12 Using LOCF

"The MOS Sleep Scale measures most constructs of sleep. The scale has a battery of questions to measure specific aspects of sleep in participants with co-morbidities. The four domains scored from the MOS Sleep Scale were sleep disturbance,' sleep quantity,' sleep adequacy, and daytime somnolence. The scores of the sleep quantity domain were measured in time (number of hours of sleep each night). The assessment was completed at Baseline (Day 1) and end of Weeks, 4, 8, and 12 (or end of Treatment)." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionhours (Mean)
Placebo0.3
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg0.6
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg0.8

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Change From Baseline in Sleep Adequacy, an Item on the MOS Sleep Scale, at Week 12 Using LOCF

"The MOS Sleep Scale measures most constructs of sleep. The scale has a battery of questions to measure specific aspects of sleep in participants with co-morbidities. The four domains scored from the MOS Sleep Scale were sleep disturbance,' sleep quantity,' sleep adequacy, and daytime somnolence. The scores of the sleep adequacy domain ranged from 1 to 100, with a high score indicating greater adequacy. The assessment was completed at Baseline (Day 1) and end of Weeks, 4, 8, and 12 (or end of Treatment)." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Basline and Week 12

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo13.6
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 600 mg29.1
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg27.7

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Change From Baseline in IRLS Rating Scale Total Score at Week 12 Using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)

The International Restless Legs Syndrome (IRLS) Rating scale is a measure of RLS disease severity. The scale reflects the participant-reported assessment of primary sensory and motor features and associated sleep problems in RLS. Ten items (individually scored from 0 to 4) are included that assess the impact of symptoms on participants' mood, daily life, and activities. The total scale score is a sum of all of the individual item scores and ranges from 0-40 points, with 40 being the most severe. The scale assesses symptoms over the week prior to measurement. (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-9.8
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg-13.0

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"Number of Participants With a Score of Much Improved or Very Much Improved on the Investigator-rated CGI-I Scale (Response) at (Week 12) Using LOCF"

"The investigator -rated Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) scale is an assessment designed to allow investigators to rate the change of a participant's disease severity over time based on a seven-point scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved, a score of 2 being much improved, a score of 3 being minimally improved, a score of 4 being no change, a score of 5 being minimally improved,a score of 6 being much worse, and a score of 7 being very much worse. Participants with a response of much improved or very much improved were classified as responders." (NCT00365352)
Timeframe: Week 12

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo43
GEn (XP13512/GSK1838262) 1200 mg86

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Hepatic Enzyme Serum Levels

Aspartate aminotransferase = AST Alanine aminotransferase = ALT Gamma glutamyl transferase = GGT Alkaline phosphatase = AlkPhos (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits/liter (Mean)
baseline, AST, n=119, n=121, n=118change, AST, n=119, n=121, n=118baseline, ALT, n=120, n=122, n=120change, ALT, n=120, n=122, n=120baseline, GGT, n=121, n=123, n=120change, GGT, n=121, n=123, n=120baseline, AlkPhos, n=121, n=123, n=120change, AlkPhos, n=121, n=123, n=120
Duloxetine22.84-0.5225.04-0.1634.29-3.0383.740.55
Gabapentin + Duloxetine23.42-0.4824.390.0343.93-2.5582.181.78
Pregabalin22.551.1223.88-0.1340.801.1784.972.80

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) Subscales of Ease of Going to Sleep (GTS), Awakening (AFS), and Behavior Following Wakefulness (BFW), Quality of Sleep (QOS)

The LSEQ assesses the effects of psychoactive compounds on sleep and early morning behavior. Participants mark a series of 100 mm line analogue scales, indicating the direction and magnitude of any changes in behavioral state they experience following administration of the drug. Scores are represented in millimeters, higher scores indicate better sleep and better early morning behavior. Subscale score ranges: GTS=0-300, QOS=0-200, AFS=0-200, BFW=0-300. Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GTS, n=122, n=119, n=118QOS, n=121, n=118, n=118AFS, n=122, n=118, n=118BFW, n=124, n=115, n=118
Duloxetine17.407.398.1421.04
Gabapentin + Duloxetine14.759.6411.8614.33
Pregabalin10.969.3210.0219.67

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Portland Neurotoxicity Scale - Total Score and Subscale Scores

The Portland Neurotoxicity Scale is a 15-item, patient-completed questionnaire designed to assess the degree of impact of anti-epileptic drug therapy on a number of cognitive and somatomotor parameters. The total score ranges from 15-135 with higher scores indicating more toxicity. The cognitive toxicity score ranges from 10-90 and the somatomotor toxicity score ranges from 5-45, for both higher scores indicate more toxicity. Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
total, n=122, n=126, n=128cognitive toxicity, n=126, n=129, n=128somatomotor toxicity, n=122, n=126, n=129
Duloxetine-8.92-6.23-2.58
Gabapentin + Duloxetine-7.29-5.29-1.91
Pregabalin-6.27-5.12-1.36

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ) Total Score and Subscale Scores

14-item subject-rated scale assessing medication related changes in sexual activity + functioning. Structured interview/questionnaire. It measures five dimensions of sexual behavior: pleasure; desire/frequency; desire/interest; arousal; and orgasm. The total score is obtained across all 5 dimensions, ranging from 14 to 70. Subscale score ranges: desire/frequency=2-10; desire/interest=3-15; pleasure=1-5; arousal=3-15; orgasm=3-15. Higher scores = better sexual functioning. Least-squares means: adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
male, total; n=62, n=67, n=66female, total; n=39; n=42, n=43male, pleasure; n=64, n=67, n=69female, pleasure; n=40, n=42, n=43male, desire/frequency; n=65, n=67, n=69female, desire/frequency; n=42, n=42, n=43male, desire/interest; n=65, n=67, n=70female, desire/interest; n=42, n=42, n=45male, arousal; n=65, n=67, n=70female, arousal; n=40, n=42, n=45male, orgasm; n=64, n=67, n=69female, orgasm; n=40, n=42, n=43
Duloxetine0.481.12-0.060.470.060.26-0.190.340.520.070.18-0.05
Gabapentin + Duloxetine1.29-0.610.13-0.090.160.300.050.010.52-0.300.17-0.85
Pregabalin-0.53-0.010.080.15-0.020.21-0.27-0.170.17-0.11-0.390.31

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) - Total Score and Scores for Items 1 to 3

The SDS is completed by the patient and is used to assess the effect of the patient's symptoms on their work/social/family life. Total scores range from 0 to 30, higher values indicate greater disruption in the patient's life. Item 1 assesses the effect of the patient's symptoms on their work/school schedule, Item 2 on their social life/leisure activities, and Item 3 on their family life/home responsibilities. Subscales scores range: 0-10, higher values indicate greater disruption in the patient's life. Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
TotalItem 1Item 2Item 3
Duloxetine-3.47-1.21-1.12-1.17
Gabapentin + Duloxetine-4.54-1.95-1.53-1.54
Pregabalin-4.96-1.96-1.64-1.70

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Total Bilirubin

(NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionmicromole/liter (Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine8.07-0.28
Gabapentin + Duloxetine8.23-0.42
Pregabalin8.43-0.51

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Changes in Body Weight

"Treatment-emergent high body weight: weight at last visit >=107% of baseline weight.~Treatment-emergent low body weight: weight at last visit <=93% of baseline weight." (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
highlow
Duloxetine110
Gabapentin + Duloxetine38
Pregabalin62

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Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Elevated Blood Pressure

"Elevated systolic blood pressure: >=130 millimeter mercury (mm Hg) + an increase of >=10 mm Hg if baseline <130 mm Hg.~Elevated diastolic blood pressure: >=85 mm Hg + an increase of >=10 mm Hg if baseline <85 mm Hg." (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
diastolic, n=94, n=98, n=100systolic, n=42, n=39, n=56
Duloxetine1215
Gabapentin + Duloxetine1316
Pregabalin1120

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Number of Patients With Treatment-Emergent Elevated Laboratory Analytes

Treatment-emergent: within range at baseline, out of range after baseline. Ranges in Units/Liter (U/L). Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST): female (f): >34, male (m): >36. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT): f:<69 years (yr) >34, ≥69yr >32; m: <69yr >43, ≥69yr >35. Total Bilirubin (TBili): >21. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT): f: <59yr >49, ≥59yr >50; m: <59yr >61, ≥59yr >50. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG): <59yr >6.4, ≥59yr >6.7. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) >6%. Alkaline Phosphatase (AlkPhos): f: 18-50yr >106, 50-70yr >123, 70-80yr >164, ≥80yr >221; m: 18-50yr >129, 50-70yr >131, 70-80yr >156, ≥80yr >187 (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
AST, n=113, n=116, n=109ALT, n=111, n=104, n=110TBili, n=119, n=121, n=116GGT, n=102, n=105, n=96FPG, n=33, n=30, n=36HbA1C, n=17, n=18, n=29AlkPhos, n=112, n=114, n=113
Duloxetine66061123
Gabapentin + Duloxetine4100618104
Pregabalin4322764

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Path Analysis of Improvement in Pain Through Improvement in Depressive Symptoms

Contribution to reduction in pain directly by treatment and indirectly by treatment through the reduction of depressive symptoms using path analysis. The direct treatment effect estimates the mean drug difference in pain reduction directly through treatment; the indirect treatment effect estimates the contribution that treatment plays to the mean drug difference in pain reduction indirectly through the reduction in mood symptoms; the total effect estimates the drug difference in reducing pain in sum through the specified path of direct and indirect treatment effects. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

Interventioncoefficient (Number)
Direct Treatment EffectIndirect Treatment EffectTotal Treatment Effect
Ordinary Coefficient-0.4490.014-0.435

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Summary of Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events Leading to Discontinuation

(NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
NauseaPeripheral OedemaInsomniaSomnolenceAnxietyDizzinessDysuriaHeadacheHyperhidrosisSedationAllergic OedemaAnorgasmiaIncreased Blood CreatineIncreased Blood GlucoseBruxismCerebrovascular AccidentChest DiscomfortDepressionDermatitisDiarrhoeaDry mouthEnterovirus InfectionFatigueGeneralized OedemaFacial HypoaesthesiaLacunar InfarctionLoss of ConsciousnessLymphomaMental ImpairmentMuscular WeaknessMyoclonusPollakiuriaPulomnary EmbolismRashSleep DisorderUrticariaVomiting
Duloxetine4042102210010011011010100010001000101
Gabapentin + Duloxetine4000120011001000100101000001010111000
Pregabalin0501000001100100000000011100100000010

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Weekly Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in 24 Hour Average Pain Severity - Only Participants Who Adhered to Key Protocol Requirements (Per-Protocol Population)

Ordinal scale: 0=no pain, 10=worst possible pain. Data=weekly mean of scores of average pain severity over last 24 hours (h). Scores: daily assessments recorded by patients in diaries. Only patients adhering to key protocol criteria included: baseline Weekly Mean 24h Average Pain Score ≥4; 80-120% compliant with study Drug, each visit; baseline Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Physical Assessment Total Score ≥3; gabapentin taper ≤14 days, no HbA1c ≥12% post randomization; no contraindicated medications used. Least-squares means=adjustment due to baseline severity + investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine6.02-2.58
Gabapentin + Duloxetine5.74-2.40
Pregabalin5.74-2.12

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Weekly Mean Change in 24 Hour Average Pain Severity by Week by Gabapentin Exposure Subgroup (de Novo Versus Prior Use)

This is an ordinal scale with scores from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Data presented represent the weekly mean of the scores of the average pain severity over the last 24 hours. Scores are based on daily assessments recorded by patients in their diaries. De novo: use of gabapentin for <56 contiguous days prior to randomization. Prior use: use of gabapentin for >=56 contiguous days prior to randomization. Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
de novo, baselinede novo, week 1de novo, week 2de novo, week 3de novo, week 4de novo, week 5de novo, week 6de novo, week 7de novo, week 8de novo, week 9de novo, week 10de novo, week 11de novo, week 12prior use, baselineprior use, week 1prior use, week 2prior use, week 3prior use, week 4prior use, week 5prior use, week 6prior use, week 7prior use, week 8prior use, week 9prior use, week 10prior use, week 11prior use, week 12
Duloxetine5.39-0.71-1.22-1.83-2.35-2.65-2.64-2.73-2.78-2.89-2.86-2.98-3.085.99-0.48-0.99-1.32-1.61-1.95-2.03-2.14-2.16-2.38-2.45-2.46-2.46
Gabapentin + Duloxetine5.49-0.38-1.10-1.62-1.67-1.81-1.88-2.07-2.06-2.10-1.92-2.09-2.105.92-0.65-1.28-1.68-1.75-1.96-1.98-2.17-2.31-2.37-2.44-2.41-2.53
Pregabalin5.24-0.22-0.39-0.71-0.84-0.95-1.09-1.08-1.26-1.21-1.42-1.48-1.625.91-0.30-0.70-1.18-1.64-1.72-1.92-1.93-1.89-2.04-2.14-2.27-2.39

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) Total Score

A 21-item, patient-completed questionnaire to assess characteristics of depression. Each of the 21 items corresponding to a symptom of depression is summed to give a single score. There is a four-point scale for each item ranging from 0 to 3. Total score of 0-13 is considered minimal range, 14-19 is mild, 20-28 is moderate, and 29-63 is severe. Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin-2.57
Duloxetine-3.13
Gabapentin + Duloxetine-2.54

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Body Weight

Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

Interventionkilogram (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin1.00
Duloxetine-2.39
Gabapentin + Duloxetine-1.06

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Heart Rate

Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

Interventionbeats per minute (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin-1.30
Duloxetine0.80
Gabapentin + Duloxetine1.05

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Weekly Mean of Daily 24 Hour Average Pain Score, Duloxetine Compared With Duloxetine+Gabapentin

This is an ordinal scale with scores from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Data presented represent the weekly mean of the scores of the average pain severity over the last 24 hours. Scores are based on daily assessments recorded by patients in their diaries. Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Gabapentin + Duloxetine-2.39
Duloxetine-2.62

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Weekly Mean of Daily 24 Hour Average Pain Score, Pregabalin Compared With Duloxetine

This is an ordinal scale with scores from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Data presented represent the weekly mean of the scores of the average pain severity over the last 24 hours. Scores are based on daily assessments recorded by patients in their diaries. Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin-2.12
Duloxetine-2.62

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Weekly Mean of Nighttime Pain Severity

This is an ordinal scale with scores from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Data presented represent the weekly mean of the scores of the daily nighttime pain severity over the last 24 hours. Scores are based on daily assessments recorded by patients in their diaries. Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin-2.30
Duloxetine-2.71
Gabapentin + Duloxetine-2.49

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Weekly Mean of the Daily Worst Pain Severity Score

This is an ordinal scale with scores from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Data presented represent the weekly mean of the scores of the daily worst pain severity over the last 24 hours. Scores are based on daily assessments recorded by patients in their diaries. Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Pregabalin-2.59
Duloxetine-3.08
Gabapentin + Duloxetine-2.86

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Time to First ≥ 30% Reduction in Weekly Mean 24 Hour Average Pain Score

This is the number of days required to first achieve a nominal outcome reflecting whether or not a clinically-important efficacy outcome was achieved. It is based on a comparison between baseline and post-baseline scores on an ordinal scale with scores from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Used were the weekly mean of the scores of the average pain severity over the last 24 hours. The weekly averages were based on daily assessments recorded by patients in their diaries. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

Interventiondays (Median)
Pregabalin35.0
Duloxetine28.0
Gabapentin + Duloxetine28.0

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Number of Participants With ≥ 30% Reduction in the Weekly Mean 24 Hour Average Pain Score at 12 Weeks

This is a nominal outcome reflecting whether or not a clinically-important efficacy outcome was achieved at endpoint. It is based on a comparison between baseline and endpoint scores on an ordinal scale with scores from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Used were the weekly mean of the scores of the average pain severity over the last 24 hours. The weekly averages were based on daily assessments recorded by patients in their diaries. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pregabalin65
Duloxetine68
Gabapentin + Duloxetine72

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Number of Participants With a ≥ 2-points Reduction on the Weekly Average of the Daily 24-hour Average Pain Scale at 12 Weeks

This is a nominal outcome reflecting whether or not a clinically-important efficacy outcome was achieved at endpoint. It is based on a comparison between baseline and endpoint scores on an ordinal scale with scores from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Used were the weekly mean of the scores of the average pain severity over the last 24 hours. The weekly averages were based on daily assessments recorded by patients in their diaries. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pregabalin59
Duloxetine64
Gabapentin + Duloxetine68

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Elevated Heart Rate

Elevated heart rate: >=100 beats per minute (bpm) + an increase of >=10 bpm if baseline <100 bpm. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pregabalin2
Duloxetine9
Gabapentin + Duloxetine6

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Number of Patients With a Reduction of ≥ 50% in Weekly Mean of 24 Hour Average Pain Score

This is a nominal outcome reflecting whether or not a clinically-important efficacy outcome was achieved at endpoint. It is based on a comparison between baseline and endpoint scores on an ordinal scale with scores from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Used were the weekly mean of the scores of the average pain severity over the last 24 hours. The weekly averages were based on daily assessments recorded by patients in their diaries. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pregabalin48
Duloxetine50
Gabapentin + Duloxetine47

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Patient's Global Impression of Improvement Scale (PGI - Improvement) at 12 Weeks

A scale that measures the patient's perception of improvement at the time of assessment compared with the start of treatment. The score ranges from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse). (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pregabalin3.03
Duloxetine3.01
Gabapentin + Duloxetine2.83

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Summary of Number of Participants Who Discontinued

Number of participants who discontinued. The reasons for discontinuation are presented in the participant flow. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Pregabalin38
Duloxetine51
Gabapentin + Duloxetine36

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Time to First ≥ 2 Points Reduction in Weekly Mean 24 Hour Average Pain Score

This is the number of days required to first achieve a nominal outcome reflecting whether or not a clinically-important efficacy outcome was achieved. It is based on a comparison between baseline and post-baseline scores on an ordinal scale with scores from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Used were the weekly mean of the scores of the average pain severity over the last 24 hours. The weekly averages were based on daily assessments recorded by patients in their diaries. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

Interventiondays (Median)
Pregabalin56.0
Duloxetine35.0
Gabapentin + Duloxetine28.0

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Categorial Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Portland Neurotoxicity Scale - Total Score and Subscale Scores

The Portland Neurotoxicity Scale is a 15-item, patient-completed questionnaire designed to assess the degree of impact of anti-epileptic drug therapy on a number of cognitive and somatomotor parameters. Categories: better=negative change in score; same=no change in score; worse=positive change in score. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
better, total; n=122, n=126, n=128same, total; n=122, n=126, n=128worse, total; n=122, n=126, n=128better, cognitive toxicity; n=126, n=129, n=128same, cognitive toxicity; n=126, n=129, n=128worse, cognitive toxicity; n=126, n=129, n=128better, somatomotor toxicity; n=122, n=126, n=129same, somatomotor toxicity; n=122, n=126, n=129worse, somatomotor toxicity; n=122, n=126, n=129
Duloxetine8453780643741933
Gabapentin + Duloxetine8643882541741936
Pregabalin6884675942601547

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Categorical Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ) Total Score and Subscale Scores

14-item subject-rated scale assessing changes in sexual activity and functioning; structured interview/questionnaire, designed to measure medication related changes in sexual functioning. 5 dimensions of sexual behavior: pleasure; desire/frequency; desire/interest; arousal; orgasm. Total score: obtained across all 5 dimensions, ranges from 14 to 70. Subscale scores: desire/frequency=2-10; desire/interest=3-15; pleasure=1-5; arousal=3-15; orgasm=3-15. Higher scores = better sexual functioning. Categories: better=positive change in score; same=no change in score; worse=negative change in score. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
male, total, better; n=62, n=67, n=66male, total, same; n=62, n=67, n=66male, total, worse; n=62, n=67, n=66female, total, better; n=39, n=42, n=43female, total, same; n=39, n=42, n=43female, total, worse; n=39, n=42, n=43male, pleasure, better; n=64, n=67, n=69male, pleasure, same; n=64, n=67, n=69male, pleasure, worse; n=64, n=67, n=69female, pleasure, better; n=40, n=42, n=43female, pleasure, same; n=40, n=42, n=43female, pleasure, worse; n=40, n=42, n=43male, desire/frequency, better; n=65, n=67, n=69male, desire/frequency, same; n=65, n=67, n=69male, desire/frequency, worse; n=65, n=67, n=69female, desire/frequency, better; n=42, n=42, n=43female, desire/frequency, same; n=42, n=42, n=43female, desire/frequency, worse; n=42, n=42, n=43male, desire/interest, better; n=65, n=67, n=70male, desire/interest, same; n=65, n=67, n=70male, desire/interest, worse; n=65, n=67, n=70female, desire/interest, better; n=42, n=42, n=45female, desire/interest, same; n=42, n=42, n=45female, desire/interest, worse; n=42, n=42, n=45male, arousal, better; n=65, n=67, n=70male, arousal, same; n=65, n=67, n=70male, arousal, worse; n=65, n=67, n=70female, arousal, better; n=40, n=42, n=45female, arousal, same; n=40, n=42, n=45female, arousal, worse; n=40, n=42, n=45male, orgasm, better; n=64, n=67, n=69male, orgasm, same; n=64, n=67, n=69male, orgasm, worse; n=64, n=67, n=69female, orgasm, better; n=40, n=42, n=43female, orgasm, same; n=40, n=42, n=43female, orgasm, worse; n=40, n=42, n=43
Duloxetine26932235141140161621520291812219181930181410242914181014183118171312
Gabapentin + Duloxetine31112418718213216632524232212247261727161712233314151614172923111616
Pregabalin249291352113391210237123617112110201926131217202817111415122923151312

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Discontinuations for Abnormal Laboratory Analytes, Vital Signs, Overall and for Each Measure

Presented are numbers of participants who discontinued due to a change from baseline in laboratory analytes or vital signs. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Increased blood creatinineIncreased blood glucose
Duloxetine00
Gabapentin + Duloxetine10
Pregabalin01

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Blood Pressure

Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline through 12 weeks

,,
Interventionmillimeter mercury (Least Squares Mean)
DiastolicSystolic
Duloxetine2.24-3.08
Gabapentin + Duloxetine-0.79-2.08
Pregabalin0.18-3.31

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference With Enjoyment of Life

A self-reported scale that measures the interference of pain in the past 24 hours on enjoyment of life. The Interference scores range from 0 (does not interfere) to 10 (completely interferes). Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine4.63-2.09
Gabapentin + Duloxetine5.02-2.33
Pregabalin4.38-1.82

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference With Mood

A self-reported scale that measures the interference of pain in the past 24 hours on mood. The Interference scores range from 0 (does not interfere) to 10 (completely interferes). Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine4.08-1.85
Gabapentin + Duloxetine4.10-1.43
Pregabalin3.42-1.46

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference With Normal Work

A self-reported scale that measures the interference of pain in the past 24 hours on normal work. The Interference scores range from 0 (does not interfere) to 10 (completely interferes). Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine4.98-1.86
Gabapentin + Duloxetine5.15-1.88
Pregabalin4.61-1.63

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference With Relations With Other People

A self-reported scale that measures the interference of pain in the past 24 hours on relations with other people. The Interference scores range from 0 (does not interfere) to 10 (completely interferes). Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine3.08-1.27
Gabapentin + Duloxetine3.29-1.17
Pregabalin2.96-0.97

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference With Sleep

A self-reported scale that measures the interference of pain in the past 24 hours on sleep. The Interference scores range from 0 (does not interfere) to 10 (completely interferes). Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine4.97-2.12
Gabapentin + Duloxetine5.40-2.50
Pregabalin4.91-2.29

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference With Walking Ability

A self-reported scale that measures the interference of pain in the past 24 hours on walking ability. The Interference scores range from 0 (does not interfere) to 10 (completely interferes). Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine5.52-2.56
Gabapentin + Duloxetine5.79-2.09
Pregabalin5.25-1.88

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Interference: With General Activity

A self-reported scale that measures the interference of pain in the past 24 hours on general activity. The Interference scores range from 0 (does not interfere) to 10 (completely interferes). Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine5.03-2.38
Gabapentin + Duloxetine5.03-1.86
Pregabalin4.24-1.51

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Mean Interference Score

The Interference scores range from 0 (does not interfere) to 10 (completely interferes). There are 7 questions assessing the interference of pain in the past 24 hours for general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other people, sleep, and enjoyment of life. Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine4.61-2.00
Gabapentin + Duloxetine4.83-1.90
Pregabalin4.25-1.62

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Severity: 24-hour Average Pain

A self-reported scale that measures the severity of pain based on the average pain over the past 24-hours. The severity scores range from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as severe as you can imagine). Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine5.65-2.44
Gabapentin + Duloxetine5.75-2.29
Pregabalin5.53-1.80

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Severity: Least Pain

A self-reported scale that measures the severity of pain based on the least pain experienced over the past 24-hours. The severity scores range from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as severe as you can imagine). Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine4.18-1.55
Gabapentin + Duloxetine4.07-1.54
Pregabalin4.23-1.27

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Severity: Pain Right Now

A self-reported scale that measures the severity of pain based on the pain right now. The severity scores range from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as severe as you can imagine). Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine5.03-2.24
Gabapentin + Duloxetine5.36-2.19
Pregabalin4.98-1.77

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Severity: Worst Pain

A self-reported scale that measures the severity of pain based on the worst pain experienced over the past 24-hours. The severity scores range from 0 (no pain) to 10 (pain as severe as you can imagine). Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 Weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine6.87-3.02
Gabapentin + Duloxetine7.00-2.64
Pregabalin6.73-2.34

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Categorical Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Number of Patients Using Health Care as Measured by the Resource Utilization Scale

The Resource Utilization Scale measures direct and indirect costs (collected only for US sites). Direct costs include inpatient and outpatient costs, while indirect costs include lost days of work and caregiver time spent with patients. Inpatient costs include costs associated with hospitalizations and time spent in emergency rooms and psychiatric rooms. Outpatient costs include costs associated with visits to various health care providers, home health care by health care providers, and partial care. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
hours worked, greater, n=86, n=90, n=83hours worked, same, n=86, n=90, n=83hours worked, lower, n=86, n=90, n=83hours volunteered, greater, n=86, n=91, n=82hours volunteered, same, n=86, n=91, n=82hours volunteered, lower, n=86, n=91, n=82psychiatric visits, greater, n=92, n=93, n=90psychiatric visits, same, n=92, n=93, n=90psychiatric visits, lower, n=92, n=93, n=90outpatient group visits, greater, n=91, n=92, n=91outpatient group visits, same, n=91, n=92, n=91outpatient group visits, lower, n=91, n=92, n=91outpatient ind. visits, greater, n=91, n=88, n=90outpatient ind. visits, same, n=91, n=88, n=90outpatient ind. visits, lower, n=91, n=88, n=90days of partial care, greater, n=93, n=95, n=90days of partial care, same, n=93, n=95, n=90days of partial care, lower, n=93, n=95, n=90nights of partial care, greater, n=92, n=95, n=91nights of partial care, same, n=92, n=95, n=91nights of partial care, lower, n=92, n=95, n=91ER visits-psychiatric, greater, n=93, n=94, n=91ER visits-psychiatric, same, n=93, n=94, n=91ER visits-psychiatric, lower, n=93, n=94, n=91ER visits-nonpsychiatric, greater,n=91, n=95, n=88ER visits-nonpsychiatric, same,n=91, n=95, n=88ER visits-nonpsychiatric, lower,n=91, n=95, n=88phone mental health, greater,n=94, n=95, n=90phone mental health, same,n=94, n=95, n=90phone mental health, lower,n=94, n=95, n=90nonpsychiatric visits, greater, n=89, n=94, n=83nonpsychiatric visits, same, n=89, n=94, n=83nonpsychiatric visits, lower, n=89, n=94, n=83unpaid care, greater, n=84, n=87, n=86unpaid care, same, n=84, n=87, n=86unpaid care, lower, n=84, n=87, n=86missed work caregiver, greater, n=6, n=9, n=5missed work caregiver, same, n=6, n=9, n=5missed work caregiver, lower, n=6, n=9, n=5paid care, greater, n=60, n=58, n=58paid care, same, n=60, n=58, n=58paid care, less, n=60, n=58, n=58
Duloxetine12661287760912092018431940194009404856193120462808700810580
Gabapentin + Duloxetine135911106662844189148152871289009104786287118452008510500580
Pregabalin106511766132882090138442910191009123835192124442128200600600

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Clinical Global Impression of Severity Scale (CGI Severity)

Measures severity of illness at the time of assessment compared with start of treatment. Scores range from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). Least-squares means represent adjustment due to baseline severity and investigative site. (NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine4.47-1.16
Gabapentin + Duloxetine4.40-1.13
Pregabalin4.27-1.06

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Fasting Plasma Glucose

(NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionmillimole/liter (Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine8.450.19
Gabapentin + Duloxetine7.990.67
Pregabalin8.240.16

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Mean Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Hemoglobin A1C

(NCT00385671)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks

,,
Interventionpercent (Mean)
baselinechange
Duloxetine7.51-0.01
Gabapentin + Duloxetine7.160.07
Pregabalin7.57-0.12

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Change From Baseline in Vulvar Pain

change in vulvar pain following gabapentin compared to placebo - will evaluate the efficacy of gabapentin to decrease vulvar pain compared to placebo. end of 1st treatment (after 8 weeks) and end of 2nd treatment (after 19 weeks). Pain was assessed using ordinal scale (0-10): 0 = no pain, 10 = most severe pain. (NCT00390013)
Timeframe: 19 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin-1.3
Placebo-1.3

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Sleep

The Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire Inventory consists of 9 questions about sleep habits which are answered on a scale of 0-3. Results are sorted into 7 sub scales re-scored 0-3, then sub scales are summed for a weekly total score between 0 and 21, with higher total scores indicating greater sleep impairment. Cumulative mean total sleep scores over the 12 weeks of study are assessed by ANOVA for differences between treatment groups. (NCT00391716)
Timeframe: 12-week

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin 900mg Daily4.04
Gabapentin 1800mg Daily3.24
Placebo Daily4.50

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Mood

Beck Depression Inventory II consists of 21 questions assessing depression symptoms answered with scores between 0 and 3, summed for a weekly total score between 0 and 63; higher scores indicate more depression. The cumulative mean total depression scores over the 12 week study are tested by ANOVA for differences in cumulative means between treatment groups. (NCT00391716)
Timeframe: 12-week

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin 900mg Daily5.08
Gabapentin 1800mg Daily3.62
Placebo Daily5.40

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Drinking

Rate of complete abstinence was defined as the number of participants who drank no alcohol during 12 weeks of treatment, where the denominator is the intent to treat population. Rate of heavy drinking abstinence is defined as no heavy drinking days while on study (4 or more for women, 5 or more for men). (NCT00391716)
Timeframe: 12-week

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Gabapentin 900mg Daily6
Gabapentin 1800mg Daily8
Placebo Daily2

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Craving

Alcohol Craving Questionnaire has 12 questions about alcohol craving which are each scored 1-7, then summed for a weekly score between 7 and 84, with higher scores indicating greater craving. Cumulative mean total craving scores are tested by ANOVA for differences between treatment groups. (NCT00391716)
Timeframe: 12-week

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin 900mg Daily33.66
Gabapentin 1800mg Daily32.31
Placebo Daily34.27

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Change From Baseline in Cognitive Functioning Using the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) at Week 4

The D-KEFS is a testing battery designed to measure executive functioning, a critical component of participating in cognitive behavioral therapy used to treat marijuana dependence. Data were obtained from the D-KEFS test instruments completed at baseline and week 4, which included the Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency Test, and Color-Word Interference Test. Scaled scores range from 1 (worst) to 19 (best). Change = (Week 4 score - Week 0 score). Positive values indicate increased executive functioning. (NCT00395044)
Timeframe: Week 0 and Week 4

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin.28
Placebo-.20

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Change From Week 0 in Cannabis Use Using Urinary CN-THCCOOH Levels at Week 12

Urinary THC/Cr ratio, also known as CN-THCCOOH (creatinine normalized tetrahydrocannabinol carboxylic acid), is a highly sensitive and specific quantitative analytic procedure to determine current marijuana metabolite levels in the urine as well as new marijuana use or abstinence. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric levels of 11-nor-9-carboxy-9-THC (THC-COOH), the primary marijuana metabolite, are normalized to the urine creatinine (CN) concentration to reduce the variability of drug measurement attributable to urine dilution. Negative values indicate decreased use. (NCT00395044)
Timeframe: Week 0 and Week 12

Interventionng/ml (Mean)
Gabapentin-966.00
Placebo-532.81

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Change From Week 0 in Craving on the Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist Marijuana Craving Question at Week 12

The Marijuana Craving question of the Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist assesses severity of craving to smoke marijuana. The craving question is rated on a scale of 0-3 where 0=best outcome (no symptoms) and 3=worst outcome (severe symptoms). Change = (Week 12 score - Week 0 score). (NCT00395044)
Timeframe: Week 0 and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin-1.55
Placebo-1.46

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Change From Week 0 in Withdrawal Symptom Severity on the Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist (MWC) at Week 12

The MWC is an instrument to assess the severity of frequently reported cannabis withdrawal symptoms. Each question on the measure is recorded as a severity rating between 0-3: 0=best outcome; 3=worst outcome. The severity rating of each question was averaged to obtain a single marijuana withdrawal severity score. Change = (Week 12 score - Week 0 score). (NCT00395044)
Timeframe: Week 0 and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin1.42
Placebo2.12

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Change in Sleep Quality on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at Week 12

The PSQI is an instrument to assess subjective sleep quality and disturbance. The range on the measure is from 0-21: 0=best outcome; 21=worst outcome. Change = (Week 12 score - Week 0 score). (NCT00395044)
Timeframe: Week 0 and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin-4.27
Placebo-1.72

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Change From Week 0 in Mood on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) at Week 12

The BDI-II is a self-rating of severity of depressive symptoms. The Total score range on the BDI-II is from 0-63; 0=best outcome; 63=worst outcome. Change = (Week 12 score - Week 0 score). (NCT00395044)
Timeframe: Week 0 and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin3.71
Placebo5.22

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Changes in a Pain Rating Scale After 3 Weeks of Blinded Treatment.

Average pain score calculated over last 7 days of baseline minus average pain score calculated over last 7 days of follow-up using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale where 0=no pain, 10=worst possible pain. (NCT00414466)
Timeframe: Baseline and Post-randomization Day 22

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
1 Placebo0.48
2 Gabapentin Low0.40
3 Gabapentin Medium0.10
4 Gabapentin High-0.02

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Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events

Evaluation of adverse event profiles between placebo and active treatment groups. (NCT00414466)
Timeframe: Randomization to Post-randomization Day 29 (includes dose reduction)

InterventionParticipants (Number)
1 Placebo40
2 Gabapentin Low32
3 Gabapentin Medium37
4 Gabapentin High36

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Responder Analysis Between Active Treatment and Placebo Groups.

Responders were subjects that reported at least a 30% decrease in average daily pain scores between baseline and Day 22. (NCT00414466)
Timeframe: Baseline to Post-randomization Day 22

InterventionParticipants (Number)
1 Placebo4
2 Gabapentin Low4
3 Gabapentin Medium1
4 Gabapentin High2

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Mean Reduction Change in Benzodiazepine Use Per Day Based on Time Line Follow Back

Comparing the mean reduction change in Benzodiazepine use per day when comparing the baseline week prior to study entry to the last week of study participation based on the Time Line Follow Back (NCT00420771)
Timeframe: data collected during 8 weeks of trial or length of participation

Interventionmilligrams/day (Mean)
Active Medication4.0
Placebo2.3

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Change in Pain Intensity From Baseline to 28 Days of Treatment, Comparison Between NP-1 Topical Cream and Oral Gabapentin

Change in pain intensity scores between NP-1 cream vs. oral gabapentin for the treatment of the pain of PHN. Baseline pain scores were compared to the pain scores after 28 days of treatment. Pain scores were rated on a 11 point numerical rating scale (0-10) where 0 was no pain and 10 was worst possible pain. (NCT00475904)
Timeframe: baseline to 28 Days

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Amitriptyline 4% Ketamine 2% Cream, Placebo Capsules2.424
Gabapentin Capsules, Placebo Cream2.471
Placebo Cream and Capsules1.877

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Change in Pain Scores Comparing NP-1 Cream vs. Placebo Cream for Treatment of the Pain of Post Herpetic Neuralgia(PHN)From Baseline to 28 Days.

Difference in pain scores between NP-1 cream vs. placebo cream for the treatment of the pain of PHN. Baseline pain scores were compared to the pain scores after 28 days of treatment. Pain scores were rated on a 11 point numerical rating scale (0-10) where 0 was no pain and 10 was worst possible pain. (NCT00475904)
Timeframe: baseline and 28 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Amitriptyline 4% Ketamine 2% Cream, Placebo Capsules2.424
Gabapentin Capsules, Placebo Cream2.471
Placebo Cream and Capsules1.877

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Percentage of Participants With 75% Reduction From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Rate at Week 21.

Participants who had at least 75% reduction in seizure frequency from Baseline to double-blind treatment (TP + MP) were considered as 75% responders. If percent change from baseline <= -75 then 75% responder rate = 1 (yes) otherwise responder rate = 0 (no). Total partial seizure is defined as the total number of (simple partial seizure + complex partial seizure + SGTC). (NCT00537940)
Timeframe: 6 weeks Baseline, 21 weeks through End of MP for 27 weeks

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
All Partial Seizure (n=238, 240)Simple Partial (n=87, 88)Complex Partial (n=161, 158)SGTC (n=112, 114)
Gabapentin34.233.036.143.9
Pregabalin33.636.837.338.4

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Percentage of Participants With 50% Reduction From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Rate at Week 21.

Participants who had at least 50% reduction in seizure frequency from Baseline to double-blind treatment (TP + MP) were considered as 50% responders. If percent change from baseline <= -50 then responder rate = 1 (yes) otherwise responder rate = 0 (no). (NCT00537940)
Timeframe: 6 weeks Baseline, 21 weeks through End of MP for 27 weeks

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
All Partial Seizure (n=238, 240)Simple Partial (n=87, 88)Complex Partial (n=161, 158)SGTC (n=112, 114)
Gabapentin58.353.455.160.5
Pregabalin56.355.256.550.9

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Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS) Score.

Participant-rated 12-item questionnaire to assess constructs of sleep over past week; 7 subscales: sleep disturbance, snoring, awakened short of breath, sleep adequacy, somnolence (range:0-100); sleep quantity (range:0-24), optimal sleep (yes/no), and 9 item index measures of sleep disturbance provide composite scores: sleep problem summary, overall sleep problem. Except adequacy, optimal sleep and quantity, higher scores=more impairment. Scores transformed (actual raw score [RS] minus lowest possible score divided by possible RS range*100); total score range:0-100; higher score=more intensity of attribute. (NCT00537940)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 21

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Baseline: Sleep Disturbance (n=238, 240)Baseline: Snoring (n=238, 240)Baseline: Awaken Short of Breath (n=238, 240)Baseline: Quantity of Sleep (n=238, 240)Baseline: Adequacy of Sleep (n=238, 240)Baseline: Somnolence (n=238, 240)Baseline: Sleep Problem Index (9) (n=238, 240)Week 21: Sleep Disturbance (n=212, 210)Week 21: Snoring (n=212, 210)Week 21: Awaken Short of Breath (n=212, 210)Week 21: Quantity of Sleep (n=212, 210)Week 21: Adequacy of Sleep (n=212, 210)Week 21: Somnolence (n=212, 210)Week 21: Sleep Problem Index (9) (n=212, 210)
Gabapentin26.4328.0919.617.5963.6729.3128.1525.3126.1218.208.7764.5329.9827.54
Pregabalin29.6829.2823.647.5661.3032.2931.6024.9928.0716.268.7963.8732.0427.88

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Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) Score.

HADS: participant rated questionnaire with 2 subscales. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - anxiety (HADS-A) assesses state of generalized anxiety (anxious mood, restlessness, anxious thoughts, panic attacks); Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - depression (HADS-D) assesses state of lost interest and diminished pleasure response (lowering of hedonic tone). Each subscale comprised of 7 items with range 0 (no presence of anxiety or depression) to 3 (severe feeling of anxiety or depression). Total score 0 to 21 for each subscale; higher score indicates greater severity of anxiety and depression symptoms. (NCT00537940)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 21

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Baseline HADS-A (n=238, 240)HADS- A Change at Week 21/ET (n=212, 210)Baseline HADS-D (n=238, 240)HADS-D Change at Week 21/ET (n=212, 210)
Gabapentin7.60-0.835.65-0.42
Pregabalin7.82-0.925.94-0.59

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Change From Baseline in the 28-day Secondarily Generalized Tonic-clonic (SGTC) Seizure Frequency at Week 21.

Change in SGTC = (Proportion of SGTC/All Partial Seizure rate during at the double-blind phase) - (Proportion of SGTC/All Partial Seizure rate at Baseline). Negative values indicate reduction from baseline. (NCT00537940)
Timeframe: 6 weeks Baseline, 21 weeks through End of MP for 27 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of all partial seizure/28days (Mean)
Baseline (n=114, 114)Change from Baseline at Double Blind (n=104, 98)
Gabapentin59.60-2.17
Pregabalin56.531.59

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Reduction in Proportion of the 28-day SGTC Seizure Rate Over the Total Partial Seizure Rate at Week 21.

SGTC Responder is defined as a participant who shows reduction from Baseline to double-blind phase in proportion of 28-Day SGTC Seizure Rate to 28-Day All Partial Seizure Rate. (NCT00537940)
Timeframe: 6 weeks Baseline, 21 weeks through End of MP for 27 weeks

Interventionpercentage of responders (Number)
Pregabalin30.8
Gabapentin39.8

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Percent Change From Baseline in 28-day Seizure Frequency at Week 21.

The seizures were recorded by the participants, by a family member, by a caregiver, or by a legal guardian and documented in a daily seizure diary. Participant's 28-day seizure frequency of all partial seizure was assessed during double blind (TP + MP) phase compared with baseline. Total partial seizure is defined as the total number of (simple partial seizure + complex partial seizure + secondary generalized tonic clonic seizure [SGTC]). (NCT00537940)
Timeframe: 6 weeks Baseline, 21 weeks through End of MP for 27 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Median)
Pregabalin-58.65
Gabapentin-57.43

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Percentage of Participants Without Seizures.

Seizure free for 28 days was defined as participants who have not experienced any seizure (simple partial, complex partial and SGTC) for at least 28 consecutive days from their last seizure until the end of the MP. Same participant could be seizure free for a specific type of seizure but not necessarily for the other types of seizure. (NCT00537940)
Timeframe: 6 weeks Baseline, 21 weeks through End of MP for 27 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
All Partial Seizure (n=189, 182)Simple Partial (n=74, 66)Complex Partial (n=126, 123)SGTC (n=95, 91)
Gabapentin34.136.440.742.9
Pregabalin30.729.737.346.3

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Percentage of Participants With Optimal Sleep Assessed Using Medical Outcomes Study-Sleep Scale (MOS-SS) Score.

MOS-SS: participant-rated 12 item questionnaire to assess constructs of sleep over past week. It included 7 subscales: sleep disturbance, snoring, awakened short of breath, sleep adequacy, somnolence, sleep quantity and optimal sleep. Participants responded whether their sleep was optimal or not by choosing yes or no. Percentage of participants with optimal sleep are reported. (NCT00537940)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 21

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Baseline (n=238, 240)Week 21 (n=212, 210)
Gabapentin58.858.6
Pregabalin49.251.4

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Baseline Creatinine Clearance

Participants who responded to the treatment with gabapentin were counted by the baseline creatinine clearance (CLcr) across 6 categories to assess whether the baseline CLcr was a factor affecting the treatment efficacy. (NCT00567268)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
CLcr >=60 mL/Min284
CLcr >=30 and <60 mL/Min28
CLcr >=15 and <30 mL/Min4
CLcr >=5 and <15 mL/Min1
Unkown322

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Age Across 7 Categories

Participants who responded to the treatment with gabapentin were counted by age across 7 categories to assess whether the age was a factor affecting the treatment efficacy. (NCT00567268)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Age <15 Years93
Age >=15 and <25 Years91
Age >=25 and <35 Years102
Age >=35 and <45 Years113
Age >=45 and <55 Years64
Age >=55 and <65 Years82
Age >=65 Years94

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Age (<65 Versus >=65 Years)

Participants who responded to the treatment with gabapentin were counted by age (<65 vs. >=65 years) to assess whether the age was a factor affecting the treatment efficacy. (NCT00567268)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Age <65 Years545
Age >=65 Years94

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Clinical Efficacy Rate

Clinical efficacy rate, which was defined as the percentage of participants who achieved clinical efficacy over the total number of efficacy analysis population, was presented along with the corresponding exact 2-sided 95% CI. For the basis of efficacy evaluation, frequencies of epileptic seizure were recorded for the periods during the previous 4 weeks from the treatment start date, and that from the end date of observation (12 weeks after the treatment start date, or date of which treatment was terminated before reaching 12 weeks). Clinical efficacy was assessed according to the following categories: (1) effective, (2) not effective, or (3) not assessable. (NCT00567268)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Gabapentin 200, 300, 400 mg Tablets61.1

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Response Ratio (R Ratio)

Response Ratio (R Ratio) was calculated by the following formula, where B represented the frequency of epileptic seizures during 4 weeks before gabapentin treatment, whereas T represented the frequency of epileptic seizures during 4 weeks at the end of observation period of gabapentin treatment: R Ratio= (T-B) / (T+B). R Ratio was within the range of -1 to +1, and a negative value represented a reduction in the frequency of seizure. (NCT00567268)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionRatio (Mean)
Gabapentin 200, 300, 400 mg Tablets-0.410

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Responder Rate

Responder rate, which was defined as the percentage of participants whose R ratio was -0.333 or less, was presented along with the corresponding exact 2-sided 95% CI. R ratio of -0.333 or less corresponded to the decrease of epileptic seizure frequency by 50% or more. (NCT00567268)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Gabapentin 200, 300, 400 mg Tablets55.0

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Percent Reduction From Baseline in Epileptic Seizure Frequency

Percent reduction from the baseline in epileptic seizure frequency, was calculated by the following formula, where B represented the frequency of epileptic seizures during 4 weeks before gabapentin treatment, whereas T represented the frequency of epileptic seizures during 4 weeks at the end of observation period of gabapentin treatment: Reduction from the baseline in epileptic seizure frequency (%) = [(T-B)/B] X 100. (NCT00567268)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Mean)
Gabapentin 200, 300, 400 mg Tablets-34.0

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Severity of Partial Epileptic Seizure

Participants who responded to the treatment with gabapentin were counted by the severity of partial epileptic seizure (mild, moderate and severe) to assess whether the severity of partial epileptic seizure was a factor affecting the treatment efficacy. (NCT00567268)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Mild150
Moderate363
Severe118

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Presence or Absence of Non-Drug Therapy

Participants who responded to the treatment with gabapentin were counted by the presence or absence of non-drug therapy to assess whether the non-drug therapy was a factor affecting the treatment efficacy. (NCT00567268)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Presence of Non-Drug Therapy34
Absence of Non-Drug Therapy605

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Number of Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs at Baseline

Participants who responded to the treatment with gabapentin were counted by the number of concomitant epileptic drugs at baseline across 5 categories to assess whether the number of concomitant epileptic drugs at baseline was a factor affecting the treatment efficacy. (NCT00567268)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
No Concomitant Antiepileptic Drug32
One Concomitant Antiepileptic Drug295
Two Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs190
Three Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs98
Four or More Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs24

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Baseline Frequency of Epileptic Seizure

Participants who responded to the treatment with gabapentin were counted by the baseline frequency of epileptic seizure (<=8 vs. >8 episodes) to assess whether the baseline frequency of epileptic seizure was a factor affecting the treatment efficacy. (NCT00567268)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
<=8 Episodes432
>8 Episodes166
Unknown41

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Biochemically Confirmed 7-day Point Prevalence Abstinence From Tobacco

"Point prevalence tobacco abstinence was adjudicated if the following conditions were met: (a) self-reported tobacco abstinence for the previous 7 days with a negative response to the question Have you used any type of tobacco, even a puff, in the past 7 days? and (b) Expired Carbon Monoxide equal or less then 8 parts per million." (NCT00578552)
Timeframe: 12 weeks following start of medication

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo5
Gabapentin - 1800 mg /Day4
Gabapentin - 2700 mg/Day0

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Average Pain Score With Coughing on Second Morning After Surgery

Numeric rating scale pain score with coughing on second morning after surgery, range 0-10. (NCT00588159)
Timeframe: Second morning after surgery

InterventionUnites on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin Preoperatively5.0
Active Placebo5.1

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Average Pain Score With Coughing the First Morning Following Surgery

Patients were asked on the first morning following surgery how they rated their pain with coughing utilizing the Numeric Rating Scale for pain, with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain imaginable. The range is 0-10. (NCT00588159)
Timeframe: First morning following surgery

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin Preoperatively5.2
Active Placebo5.0

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Opioid Consumption in First 24 Hours Postoperatively

(NCT00588159)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionmg (Mean)
Gabapentin Preoperatively111.9
Active Placebo118.1

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Opioid Consumption in Second 24 Hour Hour Period (Hours 24-48) Postoperatively

Opioid equivalents (parenteral and/or oral) utilized by patient between hours 24-48 postoperatively (NCT00588159)
Timeframe: 48 hours postoperatively

Interventionmg (Mean)
Gabapentin Preoperatively114.4
Active Placebo121.6

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Number of Participants With Pain at Thoracotomy Site 3 Months Postoperatively

Patients were contacted at 3 months post-thoracotomy and asked if they had pain at the thoracotomy site. We observed the number of participants with the presence of pain at thoracotomy site at 3 months postoperatively. (NCT00588159)
Timeframe: 3 months postoperatively

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Gabapentin Preoperatively37
Active Placebo38

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Average Pain Score at Rest

Pain scores every 4 hours for 48 hours postoperatively, utilizing the numeric rating scale with 0 being no pain and 10 the most severe pain you can imagine. (NCT00588159)
Timeframe: 48 hours

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin Preoperatively3.1
Active Placebo2.9

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Response Ratio of Gabapentin in Japanese Pediatric Patients With Partial Seizures

The Response Ratio calculated by the following equation was assessed as the primary endpoint: R Ratio = (T-B) / (T+B) where T is seizure frequency per 28 days (i.e., the number of seizures per 28 days) calculated from the total number of seizures for the 12-week treatment period, and B is seizure frequency per 28 days (i.e., the number of seizures per 28 days) calculated from the total number of seizures for the 6-week baseline period. (NCT00603473)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionratio (Mean)
Gabapentin-0.158

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Percent Change in Seizure Frequency (PCH)

PCH calculated by the following equation was assessed as secondary endpoint: PCH = 100 (T-B) / B where T is seizure frequency per 28 days (i.e., the number of seizures per 28 days) calculated from the total number of seizures for the 12-week treatment period, and B is seizure frequency per 28 days (i.e., the number of seizures per 28 days) calculated from the total number of seizures for the 6-week baseline period. (NCT00603473)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionPercent Change (Median)
Gabapentin-24.4

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Responder Rate

Responder Rate was defined as the percentage of subjects with a 50% or greater reduction in the seizure frequency per 28 days for the 12-week treatment period in comparison with the frequency per 28 days for the 6-week baseline period. (NCT00603473)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionPercentage of Subjects (Mean)
Gabapentin19.8

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Mean Gabapentin Steady-State (ss) Average, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations

"Steady-state average (Cave, ss), maximum (Cmax, ss), and minimum (Cmin,ss) plasma concentration of gabapentin in each participant were estimated using the gabapentin plasma concentration data and with the aid of a population pharmacokinetic model. Dispersion is represented by the fifth to ninety-fifth percentile, though labeled as Full Range. A total of 10 blood samples were collected per participant over the Baseline, Period 1, and Period 2 at various timepoints during the dosing interval. Plasma concentration of gabapentin in these samples was measured." (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: A total of 10 blood samples (2 samples at each visit) were collected per participant at Baseline, and the Week 1 and Week 4 visits for each period

,,
Interventionmicrograms per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
Cave,ssCmin, ssCmax, ss
Gabapentin 1800 mg6.84.37.4
GEn 1200 mg4.13.05.1
GEn 3600 mg12.49.215.2

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Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data

"The PGIC is a single-item questionnaire designed to provide an overall assessment of treatment from the participant's perspective since the start of the study. It is measured on a 7-point scale, where 1=very much improved and 7=very much worse. A participant is considered a responder if they have a response of very much improved or much improved Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period." (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
GEn 1200 mg17
GEn 3600 mg28

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Night-time Worst Pain Intensity Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF

Night-time worst pain is defined as the participant's assessment of their worst pain intensity between going to bed and rising in the morning. Participants recorded night-time worst pain in the morning upon wakening using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and end of treatment scores are as defined for primary endpoint. Change from baseline = the end of treatment score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period. (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GEn 1200 mg-0.97
GEn 3600 mg-1.33

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Number of Participants Achieving Various Levels of Percent Reduction From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data by Period

Baseline and end of treatment scores are the calculated means of the 24-hour average pain scores for each participant during the last 7 days prior to randomization (Baseline) and the 7 days prior to the last on-treatment completed diary (end of treatment). Percent reduction from baseline was calculated as the [(end of treatment score minus the baseline score) divided by the baseline score], multiplied by 100. The PI-NRS is an 11-point scale (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine) by which a participant assesses their 24-hour average pain intensity. Data are summarized by period. (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
0% or more10% or more20% or more30% or more40% or more50% or more60% or more70% or more80% or more90% or more100%
GEn 1200 mg in First Intervention Period382619139710000
GEn 1200 mg in Second Intervention Period302520158854110
GEn 3600 mg in First Intervention Period3423191310530000
GEn 3600 mg in Second Intervention Period37262319161185222

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Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Questionnaire at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data

"The CGIC is a single-item questionnaire designed to provide an overall assessment of treatment from the clinician's perspective since the start of the study. It is measured on a 7-point scale, where 1=very much improved and 7=very much worse. A participant is considered a responder if they have a response of very much improved or much improved. Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period." (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
GEn 1200 mg15
GEn 3600 mg18

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Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Questionnaire at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Presented by Period Using LOCF Data

"The PGIC is a single-item questionnaire designed to provide an overall assessment of treatment from the participant's perspective since the start of the study. It is measured on a 7-point scale, where 1=very much improved and 7=very much worse. A participant is considered a responder if they have a response of very much improved or much improved. Data are summarized by dose within each treatment period." (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
GEn 1200 mg in First Intervention Period6
GEn 3600 mg in First Intervention Period11
GEn 1200 mg in Second Intervention Period11
GEn 3600 mg in Second Intervention Period17

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Change From Baseline in the Severity of Pain and the Impact of Pain as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF

The BPI assesses the severity and interference of pain; and consists of 6 items assessed on an 11-point NRS (0=no impact to 10=greatest impact). 2 summary scores are calculated: BPI Severity Score (average of first 4 items) and BPI Interference Score (average of 7 responses to item 6); where scores range from 0 to 10 (0=no impact to 10=greatest impact). Analysis of this endpoint is based on the change from baseline (BL) (EOMT score minus the BL score) using an ANCOVA model with BL value, BMI, grouped center as covariates. Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period. (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of treatment)

,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Brief Pain Inventory Severity of PainBrief Pain Inventory Interference of Pain
GEn 1200 mg-1.17-0.82
GEn 3600 mg-1.63-1.57

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Number of Participants Achieving Various Levels of Percent Reduction From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data

Baseline and end of treatment (EOT) scores are the calculated means of the 24-hour average pain scores for each participant during the last 7 days prior to randomization (Baseline) and the 7 days prior to the last on-treatment completed diary (EOT). Percent reduction from baseline was calculated as the [(EOT score minus baseline score) divided by the baseline score], multiplied by 100. The PI-NRS is an 11-point scale (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine) by which a participant assesses their 24-hour average pain intensity. Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period. (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
0% or more10% or more20% or more30% or more40% or more50% or more60% or more70% or more80% or more90% or more100%
GEn 1200 mg68513928171564110
GEn 3600 mg714942322616115222

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Change From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Data

Baseline and end of treatment values are the calculated means of the daily 24-hour API scores for each participant during the last 7 days prior to randomization (baseline) and the last 7 days on treatment within each period (end of treatment). Participants rated their API over the preceding 24 hours, using an 11-point PI-Numerical Rating Scale (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). LOCF was used if less than 4 days of diary data were provided. Change from baseline was calculated as end of treatment minus baseline. Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period. (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GEn 1200 mg-1.18
GEn 3600 mg-1.47

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Change From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data for Each Treatment Period

Baseline and end of treatment values are the calculated means of the daily 24-hour API scores for each participant during the last 7 days prior to randomization (baseline) and the last 7 days on treatment within each period (end of treatment). Participants used a hand-held diary to rate their average pain intensity over the preceding 24 hours, using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). LOCF was used if less than 4 days of diary data were provided. The by period summary is provided as a sensitivity analysis for the primary analysis. (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Mean)
GEn 1200 mg in First Intervention Period-1.11
GEn 3600 mg in First Intervention Period-1.09
GEn 1200 mg in Second Intervention Period-1.29
GEn 3600 mg in Second Interevention Period-1.92

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Current (Evening) Pain Intensity Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data

"Current pain is defined as the participant's assessment of pain intensity right now. Participants recorded their current evening pain intensity in the evening before bedtime using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and end of treatment scores are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline is calculated as the end of treatment score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period." (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GEn 1200 mg-1.10
GEn 3600 mg-1.39

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Current Morning Pain Intensity Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF

"Current pain is defined as the participant's assessment of pain intensity right now. Participants recorded their current morning pain intensity in the morning upon wakening using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and end of treatment scores are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline is calculated as the end of treatment score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period." (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GEn 1200 mg-1.11
GEn 3600 mg-1.46

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Daily Dose in Milligrams of Rescue Medication at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period

Mean daily use of rescue medication (milligrams of acetaminophen) was calculated by determining the average number of tablets taken per day of rescue medication (Commercial Tylenol) during treatment and multiplying that by 500 mg. Baseline and end of treatment scores are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline is calculated as the end of treatment score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period. (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionmilligrams (Least Squares Mean)
GEn 1200 mg-68.18
GEn 3600 mg-71.26

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Day-time Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data

Day-time is defined as the time between rising in the morning and going to bed at night. Participants recorded day-time API on a daily basis in the evening before bedtime using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and end of treatment scores are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline is calculated as the end of treatment score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period. (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GEn 1200 mg-1.17
GEn 3600 mg-1.48

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Day-time Worst Pain Intensity Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data

Day-time worst pain is defined as the participant's assessment of their worst pain intensity between rising in the morning and going to bed at night. Day-time worst pain was recorded in the evening before bedtime using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and end of treatment scores are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline is calculated as the end of treatment score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period. (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GEn 1200 mg-1.17
GEn 3600 mg-1.50

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Night-time Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF

Night-time is defined as the time between going to bed in the evening and rising in the morning. Participants recorded night-time API on a daily basis in the morning upon wakening using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and end of treatment scores are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline is calculated as the end of treatment score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period. (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GEn 1200 mg-0.92
GEn 3600 mg-1.21

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Sleep Interference Score at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Using LOCF Data

Participants assessed sleep interference due to pain on a daily basis using the 11-point NRS (0=pain does not interfere with sleep, 10=pain completely interferes with sleep). Baseline and end of treatment scores are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline is calculated as the end of treatment score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. Data are summarized by dose, independent of treatment period. (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: Baseline and End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GEn 1200 mg-0.97
GEn 3600 mg-1.23

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Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Questionnaire at the Last Week of Each Treatment Period Presented by Period Using LOCF Data

"The CGIC is a single-item questionnaire designed to provide an overall assessment of treatment from the clinician's perspective since the start of the study. It is measured on a 7-point scale, where 1=very much improved and 7=very much worse. A participant is considered a responder if they have a response of very much improved or much improved. Data are summarized by dose within each treatment period." (NCT00617461)
Timeframe: End of Treatment (Weeks 4 and 9, representing the last week of each treatment period)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
GEn 1200 mg in First Intervention Period5
GEn 3600 mg in First Intervention Period8
GEn 1200 mg in Second Intervention Period10
GEn 3600 mg in Second Intervention Period10

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Change From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at the End of Maintenance Treatment (EOMT) Using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Data

Baseline and EOMT values are the calculated means of the daily 24-hour API scores for each participant during the last 7 days prior to randomization (Baseline) and the earliest date of Week 13 visit/Withdrawal visit/last dose of study drug (EOMT). Participants used a hand-held diary to rate their average pain intensity over the preceding 24 hours, using an 11-point PI-Numerical Rating Scale (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). LOCF was used if less than 4 days of diary data were provided. Change from baseline was calculated as EOMT score minus Baseline score. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.66
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.47
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.36
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.72

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Current Evening Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

"Current pain is defined as the participant's assessment of pain intensity right now. Participants recorded their current evening pain intensity in the evening before bedtime using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used." (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.45
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.45
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.24
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.69

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Current Morning Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

"Current pain is defined as the participant's assessment of pain intensity right now. Participants recorded their current morning pain intensity in the morning upon wakening using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used." (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.34
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.29
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.13
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.41

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Night-time Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Night-time is defined as the time between going to bed at night and rising in the morning. Participants recorded night-time API on a daily basis in the morning upon awakening using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline wss calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.65
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.35
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.44
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.50

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Number of Participants Achieving Various Levels of Percent Reduction From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Baseline and EOMT scores are the calculated means of the 24-hour average pain scores for each participant during the last 7 days prior to randomization and EOMT, respectively. Percent reduction from baseline was calculated as the [(EOMT score minus the baseline score)divided by the baseline score], multiplied by 100. The PI-NRS is an 11-point scale (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine) by which a participant assesses their 24-hour average pain intensity. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
>=0 reducation from baseline>= 10% reduction from baseline>= 20% reduction from baseline>= 30% reduction from baseline>= 40% reduction from baseline>= 50% reduction from baseline>= 60% reduction from baseline>= 70% reduction from baseline>= 80% reduction from baseline>= 90% reduction from baseline100% reduction from baseline
GEn 1200 mg/Day94837157504434251796
GEn 2400 mg/Day71615548392814181293
GEn 3600 mg/Day847065524637312419127
Placebo796250403222159831

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Change From Baseline in Severity of Pain and the Impact of Pain as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at EOMT Using LOCF Data

The BPI, a general pain instrument, assesses the severity and interference of pain; and consists of 6 items assessed on an 11-point NRS (0=no impact and 10=greatest impact). 2 summary scores are calculated: BPI Severity Score (average of first 4 items) and BPI Interference Score (average of 7 responses to item 6); where each summary score ranges from 0 to 10 (0=no impact and 10=greatest impact). Analysis of this endpoint is based on the change from baseline (BL) (EOMT score minus the BL score) using an ANCOVA model with BL value, BMI, grouped center as covariates. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

,,,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Brief Pain Inventory Severity of PainBrief Pain Inventory Interference of Pain
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.4-2.2
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.4-2.2
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.5-2.3
Placebo-1.8-2.0

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Change From Baseline in Quality of Life as Assessed by the SF-36 at EOMT Using LOCF Data

The SF-36 is a general health-related quality of life instrument consisting of 36 items with various response options (Yes/No, 5- to 6-point Likert scale). Summary scores are calculated for 8 domains and 2 components (physical and mental); where scores range from 0 to 100 (higher scores = better quality of life). Analysis of this endpoint is based on the change from baseline (BL) (EOMT score minus the BL score) using an ANCOVA model with BL value, BMI, grouped center as covariates. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

,,,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
SF-36 Physical Component Summary ScoreSF-36 Mental Component Summary Score
GEn 1200 mg/Day4.35.1
GEn 2400 mg/Day4.44.5
GEn 3600 mg/Day4.95.8
Placebo3.33.2

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Change From Baseline in Pain Quality as Assessed by the Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS) Summary Scores at EOMT Using LOCF Data

The NPS assesses pain qualities and consists of 11-items, 10 assessed on an 11-point NRS (0=no impact to 10=greatest impact); and 1 open-ended question not used in score calculation. 4 summary scores are calculated: NPS 10 (items 1-7, 9-11), NPS 8 (8 pain descriptor items), NPS Non-Allodynic (NA) (8 NA items), and NPS 4 (4 pain quality items); and range from 0 to 100 (0=no impact and 100=greatest impact). The analysis is based on the change from baseline (BL) (EOMT score minus the BL score) using an ANCOVA model with BL value, BMI, grouped center as covariates. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

,,,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NPS 10 ScoreNPS 8 ScoreNPS Non-Allodynic ScoreNPS 4 Score
GEn 1200 mg/Day-22.78-22.23-22.58-24.37
GEn 2400 mg/Day-24.02-23.77-24.18-26.08
GEn 3600 mg/Day-25.2-24.49-24.54-26.55
Placebo-17.17-17.05-16.87-18.25

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Change From Baseline in Pain Characteristics and Intensity as Assessed by the Short Form-McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) at EOMT Using LOCF Data

The SF-MPQ, a general pain instrument, assesses the characteristics and intensity of pain and consists of 15-items assessed on a 4-point scale (0=none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, and 3=severe). 3 summary scores are calculated: sensory score (sum of items 1-11, range 0-33), affective score (sum of items 12-15, range 0-12), total score (sum of items 1-15, range 0-45), where lower scores = lower pain/impact. Analysis is based on the change from baseline (BL) (EOMT score minus the BL score) using an ANCOVA model with BL value, BMI, grouped center as covariates. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

,,,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
SF-MPQ Total ScoreSF-MPQ Sensory ScoreSF-MPQ Affective Score
GEn 1200 mg/Day-8.35-6.07-2.27
GEn 2400 mg/Day-7.45-5.43-2.08
GEn 3600 mg/Day-8.15-6.13-1.99
Placebo-6.08-4.51-1.58

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Change From Baseline in Emotional Functioning as Assessed by the POMS-B at EOMT Using LOCF Data

The POMS-B, an emotional functioning instrument, assesses mood, tension, and other psychological symptoms and consists of 30-items assessed on a 5-point scale (0=not at all to 4=extremely). 6 summary scores are calculated: Tension/Anxiety, Depression/Rejection, Anger/Hostility, Vigor/Activity, Fatigue/Inertia, and Confusion/Bewilderment; and range from 0-20 (higher scores = more negative mood state). Analysis of this endpoint is based on the change from baseline (BL) (EOMT score minus the BL score) using an ANCOVA model with BL value, BMI, grouped center as covariates. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

,,,
Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Tension/Anxiety Domain ScoreDepression/Rejection Domain ScoreAnger/Hostility Domain ScoreVigor/Activity Domain ScoreFatigue/Inertia Domain ScoreConfusion/Bewilderment Domain Score
GEn 1200 mg/Day-1.8-1.5-2.00.8-1.9-0.5
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.0-1.9-2.40.5-2.4-1.0
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.0-1.7-1.71.4-2.5-0.5
Placebo-1.6-1.4-1.60.4-1.4-0.7

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Time to Onset of Sustained Improvement in the 24-hour Average Pain Intensity Score

Sustained improvement in the 24-hour average pain intensity score is defined as at least 2 consecutive days on which the 24-hour average pain intensity score is >=2 points less than the mean 24-hour average pain intensity score at baseline. Time to onset is measured from baseline and was calculated as the first day of event minus the last day of baseline and is expressed in days. Baseline score is the calculated mean of the 24-hour average pain score for each participant during the last 7 days prior to randomization. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Anytime post-baseline until date of last dose of study medication (up to Week 13)

Interventiondays (Median)
Placebo49
GEn 1200 mg/Day27
GEn 2400 mg/Day10
GEn 3600 mg/Day10

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Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Questionnaire at EOMT Using LOCF Data

"The PGIC is a single-item questionnaire designed to provide an overall assessment of treatment from the participant's perspective since the start of the study. It is measured on a 7-point scale, where 1=very much improved and 7=very much worse. A participant is considered a responder if they have a response of very much improved or much improved. EOMT response is defined as the score recorded at the Week13/Withdrawal visit." (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo24
GEn 1200 mg/Day45
GEn 2400 mg/Day35
GEn 3600 mg/Day39

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Change From Baseline in Dynamic Allodynia at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Dynamic allodynia (pain in response to a standardized light touch stimulus, a foam brush applied with light pressure to the site of maximum pain) was assessed by an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.29
GEn 1200 mg/Day-1.97
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.16
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.25

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Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Questionnaire at EOMT Using LOCF Data

"The CGIC is a single-item questionnaire designed to provide an overall assessment of treatment from the clinician's perspective since the start of the study. It is measured on a 7-point scale, where 1=very much improved and 7=very much worse. A participant is considered a responder if they have a response of very much improved or much improved. EOMT response is defined as the score recorded at the Week13/Withdrawal visit." (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo21
GEn 1200 mg/Day38
GEn 2400 mg/Day34
GEn 3600 mg/Day33

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Sleep Interference Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Participants assessed sleep interference due to pain on a daily basis using the 11-point NRS (0=pain does not interfere with sleep, 10=pain completely interferes with sleep). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.04
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.72
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.58
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.78

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Night-time Worst Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Night-time worst pain is defined as the participant's assessment of their worst pain between going to bed at night and rising in the morning. Participants recorded night-time worst pain in the morning upon awakening using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.76
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.49
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.65
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.71

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Day-time Worst Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Day-time worst pain is defined as the participant's assessment of their worst pain between rising in the morning and going to bed at night. Participants recorded day-time worst pain in the evening before bedtime using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.74
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.61
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.41
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.82

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Day-time Average Pain Intensity(API) Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Day-time is defined as the time between rising in the morning and going to bed at night. Participants recorded day-time API on a daily basis in the evening before bedtime using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionpoints on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.59
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.47
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.23
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.67

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Daily Dose in Milligrams of Rescue Medication at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Mean daily use of rescue medication (milligrams of acetaminophen) was calculated by determining the average number of tablets taken per day of rescue medication (Commerical Tylenol) during treatment and multiplying that by 500 mg. Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00619476)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (Week 13 or early withdrawal)

Interventionmilligrams (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-41.00
GEn 1200 mg/Day-289.94
GEn 2400 mg/Day-260.03
GEn 3600 mg/Day-266.21

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Visual Analog Scale for Pain

"The primary outcome measure is the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, a 10 cm line upon which the subject marks their intensity of pain. The line is anchored on the left as No pain at all and on the right as The worst pain imaginable. The score is the number of millimeters from the left origin of the line. The primary outcome measure for each period was the average value of all assessments for that period (2 weeks of measures for baseline, 6 weeks of measures for test drug alone, 6 weeks of measures for test drug plus gabapentin, and 2 weeks of measures for gabapentin alone)." (NCT00619983)
Timeframe: Study completion (16 weeks)

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Baseilne ( weeks)Test drug alone (6 weeks)Drug plus gabapentin (6 weeks)Gabapentin alone (2 weeks)
Donepezil3.34.12.92.2
Donepezil + Duloxetine5.85.23.94.3
Duloxetine6.42.92.73.0
Placebo4.93.94.14.1

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Response Ratio

The Response Ratio calculated by the following equation : Response Ratio = (T minus B) divided by (T plus B), where T is seizure frequency per 28 days (i.e., the number of seizures per 28 days) calculated from the total number of seizures for the 52-week treatment period, and B is seizure frequency per 28 days (i.e., the number of seizures per 28 days) calculated from the total number of seizures for the 6-week baseline period of the previous study A9451162 (NCT00603473). (NCT00620555)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks

InterventionRatio (Mean)
Week 1 to 8 (n=65)Week 9 to 16 (n=60)Week 17 to 24 (n=58)Week 25 to 36 (n=54)Week 37 to 52 (n=47)
Gabapentin-0.263-0.256-0.300-0.280-0.327

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Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (All Causalities and Treatment-Related)

Any untoward medical occurrence in a participant who received study drug was considered an adverse event (AE), without regard to possibility of causal relationship. Treatment-emergent adverse events: those which occurred or worsened after baseline. Severe AEs: those which interferes significantly with participant's usual function. An AE resulting in any of the following outcomes, was considered to be a serious adverse event: death; life-threatening; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly/birth defect. (NCT00620555)
Timeframe: up to 53 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
All-causality adverse events (AEs)Treatment-related AEsAll-causality serious AEsTreatment-related serious AEsAll-causality severe AEsTreatment-related severe AEsDiscontinuation due to all-causality AEsDiscontinuation due to treatment-related AEsDose reduction due to all-causality AEsDose reduction due to treatment-related AEs
Gabapentin581320104222

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Percent Change in Seizure Frequency

Percent change in seizure frequency (PCH) was calculated as follows: PCH = 100*(T minus B) divided by B, where T is seizure frequency per 28 days (i.e., the number of seizures per 28 days) calculated from the total number of seizures for the 52-week treatment period, and B is seizure frequency per 28 days (i.e., the number of seizures per 28 days) calculated from the total number of seizures for the 6-week baseline period of the previous study A9451162 (NCT00603473). (NCT00620555)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks

InterventionPercent change (Median)
Week 1 to 8 (n=65)Week 9 to 16 (n=60)Week 17 to 24 (n=58)Week 25 to 36 (n=54)Week 37 to 52 (n=47)
Gabapentin-34.2-33.0-42.0-41.6-49.2

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Responder Rate

Responder Rate was defined as the percentage of subjects with a 50 percent or greater reduction in the seizure frequency per 28 days for the 52-week treatment period in comparison with the frequency per 28 days for the 6-week baseline period of the previous study A9451162 (NCT00603473). (NCT00620555)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Week 1 to 8 (n=65)Week 9 to 16 (n=60)Week 17 to 24 (n=58)Week 25 to 36 (n=54)Week 37 to 52 (n=47)
Gabapentin35.440.039.740.746.8

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Percentage of Participants With Pain Relief

Pain relief was assessed on a scale ranging from -1 to 4, where -1=became worse, 0=no change, 1=relieved a little, 2=relieved moderately, 3=relieved a lot and 4=completely resolved. (NCT00634543)
Timeframe: Day 15, Day 29 and Day 43

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Day 15: Became worseDay 15: No changeDay 15: Relieved a littleDay 15: Relieved moderatelyDay 15: Relieved a lotDay 15: Completely resolvedDay 29: Became worseDay 29: No changeDay 29: Relieved a littleDay 29: Relieved moderatelyDay 29: Relieved a lotDay 29: Completely resolvedDay 43: Became worseDay 43: No changeDay 43: Relieved a littleDay 43: Relieved moderatelyDay 43: Relieved a lotDay 43: Completely resolved
Gabapentin4.014.534.221.126.30.01.310.529.014.544.70.01.311.825.015.842.14.0
Tramadol Hydrochloride/ Acetaminophen1.412.731.026.826.81.44.29.925.421.138.01.42.87.022.519.746.51.4

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Change From Baseline in Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Score at Day 43

The BPI is a questionnaire designed to assess the severity and impact of pain on quality of life. Pain severity score is caculated by sum of all severity items (pain worst, pain least, pain average and pain now) divided by pain now. Total score for pain severity ranges from 0=no pain to 10=extreme pain. Pain interference score was calculated by sum of all interference items (general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work, relations with other people, sleep, and enjoyment of life) score. Total score for pain interference ranges from 0=no interference to 70= interferes completely. (NCT00634543)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 43

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline: Pain severity score (n=68, 73)Change at Day 43: Pain severity score (n=60, 60)Baseline: Pain interference score (n=71, 76)Change at Day 43:Pain interference score(n=63, 68)
Gabapentin4.90.129.8-8.8
Tramadol Hydrochloride/ Acetaminophen4.50.130.2-11.0

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Change From Baseline in Pain Intensity Score at Day 43

Pain intensity was assessed on 11-point numerical rating scale ranging from 0=no pain to 10=pain as bad as you can imagine. (NCT00634543)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 43

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineChange at Day 43
Gabapentin6.302.76
Tramadol Hydrochloride/ Acetaminophen6.653.15

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Overall Assessment of Study Medication by Participants

Overall assessment of study medication was done by participants. Assessment was made on a scale of -2 to 2 where, -2=very bad, -1=bad, 0=no change, 1= good and 2=very good. (NCT00634543)
Timeframe: Day 43

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
BadNo changeGoodVery good
Gabapentin12.529.241.716.7
Tramadol Hydrochloride/ Acetaminophen4.529.950.814.9

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Overall Assessment of Study Medication by Investigator

Overall assessment of study medication was done by Investigator. Assessment was made on a scale of -2 to 2 where, -2=very bad, -1=bad, 0=no change, 1= good and 2=very good. (NCT00634543)
Timeframe: Day 43

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
BadNo changeGoodVery good
Gabapentin2.830.651.415.3
Tramadol Hydrochloride/ Acetaminophen031.350.817.9

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Change From Baseline in Short Form-36 (SF-36) Score at Day 43

The SF-36 is designed to assess the health status of participants. The SF-36 includes 1 multi-item scale measuring physical health and mental health. Physical health includes physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, pain and general health. Mantal health includes role limitations due to emotional problems, energy/fatigue, emotional well being and social functioning. Each item is scored on a 0-100 range so that the lowest and highest possible scores are set at 0 and 100, respectively. All items are scored so that a high score defines a more favorable health state. (NCT00634543)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 43

,
InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline: Phiysical functioning (n=71,76)Change at Day 43: Physical functioning (n=63, 68))Baseline: Physical role limitation (n=71,76)Change at Day 43:Physical role limitation(n=62,68)Baseline: Pain (n=71,76)Change at Day 43: Pain (n=63, 68)Baseline: General health (n=71,76)Change at Day 43: General health (n=63, 68)Baseline: Emotional role limitation (n=71,76)Change at Day43:Emotional role limitation(n=63,68)Baseline: Energy/Fatigue (n=71,76)Change at Day 43: Energy/Fatigue (n=63, 68)Baseline: Emotional well-being (n=71,76)Change at Day 43: Emotional well being (n=63, 68)Baseline: Social functioning (n=71,76)Change at Dya 43: Social functioning (n=63, 68)
Gabapentin60.63.249.310.750.810.440.34.450.418.142.610.061.47.072.25.5
Tramadol Hydrochloride/ Acetaminophen56.33.242.313.749.315.638.04.646.912.739.45.757.25.368.39.9

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Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC)

"Investigator assessment of patient's overall PHN symptoms at end of treatment period (Week 10) compared to overall PHN symptoms at baseline; scored on 7-point numerical rating scale (where 1 = very much improved, 7 = very much worse). Results presented as number of participants categorized at end of treatment (Week 10) as very much improved (score = 1) or much improved (score = 2)." (NCT00636636)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
G-ER97
Placebo78

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Average Daily Sleep Interference Score

Assessed on 11-point numeric rating scale (where 0 = pain does not interfere with sleep, 10 = pain completely interferes with sleep); evaluated from daily sleep entry in electronic diary. Results presented as least squares (LS) mean change in baseline observation carried forward (BOCF) average daily sleep interference score from baseline to final week of treatment period (Week 10). (NCT00636636)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER-2.30
Placebo-1.59

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Mean Change in Baseline Observation Carried Forward (BOCF) Average Daily Pain Score

Average daily pain scored on 11-point numerical rating scale (where 0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain). Results presented as least squares (LS) mean change in baseline observation carried forward (BOCF) average daily pain score from baseline to the final week of efficacy treatment period (Week 10). (NCT00636636)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER-2.12
Placebo-1.63

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Mean Change in Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Average Daily Pain Score

Average daily pain scored on 11-point numerical rating scale (where 0 = no pain, 10 = worst possible pain). Results presented as least squares (LS) mean change in last observation carried forward (LOCF) average daily pain score from baseline to final week of efficacy treatment period (Week 10). (NCT00636636)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER-2.40
Placebo-1.85

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Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC)

"Patient self-assessment of how much pain had changed at end of treatment period (Week 10) compared to pain at baseline; scored on 7-point numerical rating scale (where 1 = very much improved, 7 = very much worse). Results presented as number of participants categorized at end of treatment (Week 10) as very much improved (score = 1) or much improved (score = 2)." (NCT00636636)
Timeframe: 10 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
G-ER94
Placebo77

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Change From Baseline in Emotional Functioning as Assessed by the Profile of Mood States-Brief Form (POMS-B) at EOMT Using LOCF Data

The POMS-B, an emotional functioning instrument, assesses mood, tension, and other psychological symptoms and consists of 30-items assessed on a 5-point scale (0=not at all to 4=extremely). 6 summary scores are calculated: Tension/Anxiety, Depression/Rejection, Anger/Hostility, Vigor/Activity, Fatigue/Inertia, and Confusion/Bewilderment; and range from 0-20 (higher scores = more negative mood state). Analysis of this endpoint is based on the change from baseline (BL) (EOMT score minus the BL score) using an ANCOVA model with BL value, BMI, grouped center as covariates. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

,,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Tension/Anxiety Domain ScoreDepression/Rejection Domain ScoreAnger/Hostility Domain ScoreVigor/Activity Domain ScoreFatigue/Inertia Domain ScoreConfusion/Bewilderment Domain Score
GEn 1200 mg/Day-0.6-0.2-0.8-0.1-0.50.2
GEn 2400 mg/Day-0.7-0.6-0.50.1-1.1-0.1
GEn 3600 mg/Day-0.9-0.3-0.30.7-1.10.0
PGB 300 mg/Day-0.30.4-0.3-0.4-0.1-0.2
Placebo-1.0-0.5-0.50.6-0.8-0.3

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Change From Baseline in Pain Characteristics and Intensity as Assessed by the Short Form-McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) at EOMT Using LOCF Data

The SF-MPQ, a general pain instrument, assesses the characteristics and intensity of pain and consists of 15-items assessed on a 4-point scale (0=none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, and 3=severe). 3 summary scores are calculated: sensory score (sum of items 1-11, range 0-33), affective score (sum of items 12-15, range 0-12), total score (sum of items 1-15, range 0-45), where lower scores = lower pain/impact. Analysis is based on the change from baseline (BL) (EOMT score minus the BL score) using an ANCOVA model with BL value, BMI, grouped center as covariates. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

,,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
SF-MPQ Total ScoreSF-MPQ Sensory ScoreSF-MPQ Affective Score
GEn 1200 mg/Day-6.55-4.83-1.65
GEn 2400 mg/Day-6.75-5.31-1.45
GEn 3600 mg/Day-7.56-5.50-2.07
PGB 300 mg/Day-4.01-2.73-1.26
Placebo-5.85-4.25-1.63

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Change From Baseline in Pain Quality as Assessed by the Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS) Summary Scores at EOMT Using LOCF Data

The NPS assesses pain qualities and consists of 11-items, 10 assessed on an 11-point NRS (0=no impact to 10=greatest impact); and 1 open-ended question not used in score calculation. 4 summary scores are calculated: NPS 10 (items 1-7, 9-11), NPS 8 (8 pain descriptor items), NPS Non-Allodynic (NA) (8 NA items), and NPS 4 (4 pain quality items); and range from 0 to 100 (0=no impact and 100=greatest impact). The analysis is based on the change from baseline (BL) (EOMT score minus the BL score) using an ANCOVA model with BL value, BMI, grouped center as covariates. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

,,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
NPS 10 ScoreNPS 8 ScoreNPS Non-Allodynic ScoreNPS 4 Score
GEn 1200 mg/Day-18.43-17.83-18.89-20.90
GEn 2400 mg/Day-22.24-21.84-22.86-25.15
GEn 3600 mg/Day-25.49-25.14-26.35-27.84
PGB 300 mg/Day-16.16-16.19-15.63-16.06
Placebo-18.92-18.73-19.37-20.54

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Change From Baseline in Quality of Life as Assessed by the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) at EOMT Using LOCF Data

The SF-36 is a general health-related quality of life instrument consisting of 36 items with various response options (Yes/No, 5- to 6-point Likert scale). Summary scores are calculated for 8 domains and 2 components (physical and mental); where scores range from 0 to 100 (higher scores = better quality of life). Analysis of this endpoint is based on the change from baseline (BL) (EOMT score minus the BL score) using an ANCOVA model with BL value, BMI, grouped center as covariates. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

,,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
SF-36 Physical Component Summary ScoreSF-36 Mental Component Summary Score
GEn 1200 mg/Day3.50.4
GEn 2400 mg/Day3.71.5
GEn 3600 mg/Day4.61.6
PGB 300 mg/Day3.70.7
Placebo3.12.5

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Change From Baseline in Severity of Pain and the Impact of Pain as Assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at EOMT Using LOCF Data

The BPI, a general pain instrument, assesses the severity and interference of pain; and consists of 6 items assessed on an 11-point NRS (0=no impact and 10=greatest impact). 2 summary scores are calculated: BPI Severity Score (average of first 4 items) and BPI Interference Score (average of 7 responses to item 6); where each summary score ranges from 0 to 10 (0=no impact and 10=greatest impact). Analysis of this endpoint is based on the change from baseline (BL) (EOMT score minus the BL score) using an ANCOVA model with BL value, BMI, grouped center as covariates. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT

,,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Brief Pain Inventory Severity of PainBrief Pain Inventory Interference of Pain
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.3-2.0
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.4-2.1
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.8-2.5
PGB 300 mg/Day-1.7-1.9
Placebo-2.1-2.0

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Number of Participants Achieving Various Levels of Percent Reduction From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Baseline and EOMT scores are the calculated means of the 24-hour average pain scores for each participant during the last 7 days prior to randomization and EOMT, respectively. Percent reduction from baseline was calculated as the [(EOMT score minus the baseline score)divided by the baseline score], multiplied by 100. The PI-NRS is an 11-point scale (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine) by which a participant assesses their 24-hour average pain intensity. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
>= 0% reduction from baseline>= 10% reduction from baseline>= 20% reduction from baseline>= 30% reduction from baseline>= 40% reduction from baseline>= 50% reduction from baseline>= 60% reduction from baseline>= 70% reduction from baseline>= 80% reduction from baseline>= 90% reduction from baseline100% reduction from baseline
GEn 1200 mg/Day55433631282621171154
GEn 2400 mg/Day504234251915116521
GEn 3600 mg/Day101917866554641251785
PGB 300 mg/Day55423628201495433
Placebo103867357463526151143

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Night-time Worst Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Night-time worst pain is defined as the partipant's assessment of their worst pain between going to bed at night and rising in the morning. Participants recorded night-time worst pain in the morning upon awakening using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.25
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.24
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.25
GEn 3600 mg/Day-3.00
PGB 300 mg/Day-1.86

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Change From Baseline in Pain Score After Taking a 50-foot Walk at EOMT

Baseline and EOMT scores are the pain scores each participant reported after taking a 50-foot walk at the randomization and Week 13/Withdrawal visits, respectively, using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with BMI, baseline pain intensity after 50-foot walk, pain intensity prior to 50-foot walk at the visit being assessed, and grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.38
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.32
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.36
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.52
PGB 300 mg/Day-2.17

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Change From Baseline in the Mean 24-hour Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at End of Maintenance Treatment (EOMT) Using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Data

Baseline and EOMT values are the calculated means of the daily 24-hour API scores for each participant during the last 7 days prior to randomization (Baseline) and the earliest date of Week 13 visit/Withdrawal visit/last dose of study drug (EOMT). Participants used a hand-held diary to rate their API over the preceding 24 hours, using an 11-point Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale (PI-NRS) (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). LOCF was used if less than 4 days of diary data were provided. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the Baseline score. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.08
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.43
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.10
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.63
PGB 300 mg/Day-1.65

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Current (Evening) Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

"Current pain is defined as the participant's assessment of pain intensity right now. Participants recorded their current evening pain intensity in the evening before bedtime using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used." (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.19
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.24
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.10
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.66
PGB 300 mg/Day-1.65

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Current (Morning) Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

"Current pain is defined as the participant's assessment of pain intensity right now. Participants recorded their current morning pain intensity in the morning upon wakening using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used." (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.90
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.08
GEn 2400 mg/Day-1.95
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.40
PGB 300 mg/Day-1.50

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Daily Dose of Rescue Medication at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Mean daily use of rescue medication (milligrams of acetaminophen) was calculated by determining the average number of tablets taken per day of rescue medication (Commerical Tylenol) during treatment and multiplying that by 500 mg. Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionmilligrams (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-261.99
GEn 1200 mg/Day-171.64
GEn 2400 mg/Day-102.51
GEn 3600 mg/Day-228.54
PGB 300 mg/Day-246.07

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Day-time Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Day-time is defined as the time between rising in the morning and going to bed at night. Participants recorded day-time API on a daily basis in the evening before bedtime using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.07
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.35
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.06
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.54
PGB 300 mg/Day-1.50

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Day-time Worst Pain Intensity Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Day-time worst pain is defined as the partipant's assessment of their worst pain between rising in the morning and going to bed at night. Participants recorded day-time worst pain in the evening before bedtime using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.33
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.35
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.25
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.88
PGB 300 mg/Day-1.62

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Night-time Average Pain Intensity (API) Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Night-time is defined as the time between going to bed at night and rising in the morning. Participants recorded night-time API on a daily basis in the morning upon awakening using an 11-point PI-NRS (0=no pain, 10=pain as bad as you can imagine). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.99
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.15
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.04
GEn 3600 mg/Day-2.71
PGB 300 mg/Day-1.83

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Change From Baseline in the Mean Sleep Interference Score at EOMT Using LOCF Data

Participants assessed sleep interference due to pain on a daily basis in the morning upon awakening using an 11-point NRS (0=pain does not interfere with sleep, 10=pain completely interferes with sleep). Baseline and EOMT are as defined for the primary endpoint. Change from baseline was calculated as the EOMT score minus the baseline score. An ANCOVA model with baseline value, BMI, grouped center as covariates was used. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Baseline and EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.35
GEn 1200 mg/Day-2.54
GEn 2400 mg/Day-2.45
GEn 3600 mg/Day-3.01
PGB 300 mg/Day-2.24

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Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Questionnaire at EOMT Using LOCF Data

"The CGIC is a single-item questionnaire designed to provide an overall assessment of treatment from the clinician's perspective since the start of the study. It is measured on a 7-point scale, where 1=very much improved and 7=very much worse. A participant is considered a responder if they have a response of very much improved or much improved. EOMT response is defined as the score recorded at the Week 13/Withdrawal visit." (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo39
GEn 1200 mg/Day20
GEn 2400 mg/Day22
GEn 3600 mg/Day50
PGB 300 mg/Day17

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Number of Participants Who Are Responders on the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Questionnaire at EOMT Using LOCF Data

"The PGIC is a single-item questionnaire designed to provide an overall assessment of treatment from the participant's perspective since the start of the study. It is measured on a 7-point scale, where 1=very much improved and 7=very much worse. A participant is considered a responder if they have a response of very much improved or much improved. EOMT response is defined as the score recorded at the Week 13/Withdrawal visit." (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: EOMT (representing the earliest date of Week 13 visit/withdrawal visit)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo46
GEn 1200 mg/Day22
GEn 2400 mg/Day24
GEn 3600 mg/Day53
PGB 300 mg/Day62

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Time to Onset of Sustained Improvement in the 24-hour Average Pain Intensity Score

Sustained improvement in the 24-hour average pain intensity score is defined as at least 2 consecutive days on which the 24-hour average pain intensity score is >=2 points less than the mean 24-hour average pain intensity score at baseline. Time to onset is measured from baseline and was calculated as first day of event minus last day of baseline and is expressed in days. Baseline score is the calculated mean of the 24-hour average pain score for each participant during the last 7 days prior to randomization. (NCT00643760)
Timeframe: Any time post-baseline until date of last dose of study medication (up to Week 13)

Interventiondays (Median)
Placebo24
GEn 1200 mg/Day25
GEn 2400 mg/Day22
GEn 3600 mg/Day15
PGB 300 mg/Day29

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Urine Toxicology Screens for the Presence of Cocaine/Cocaine Metabolites

Thrice-weekly urine samples were analyzed for the presence of cocaine/cocaine metabolite. Days to Relapse was defined as time to the second of two urine results consecutively positive for cocaine. (NCT00654953)
Timeframe: 70 days

InterventionDays to relapse (two consec coc+ urines) (Mean)
Placebo19.93
Sertraline23.38
Sertraline Plus Gabapentin17.27

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Number of Daily Hot Flashes

"Patients kept daily diaries of their hot flashes. The absolute number of hot flashes in a 24 hour period is number of daily hot flashes. The median number was calculated for each week of data. The median number of daily hot flashes for the first week (7 days) of participation is used as baseline. The median number of daily hot flashes for the fourth week (over 7 day interval) is reported for the week four time point. The median number of daily hot flashes for the eighth week (over 7 day interval) is reported for the week eight time point (study completion). One woman in the hypnotherapy arm and 3 women in the gabapentin arm stopped keeping their diary before the 8 week mark." (NCT00711529)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventiondaily hot flashes (Median)
Hypnotherapy1
Gabapentin3

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Hot Flash Severity Score

The patients kept daily hot flash diaries, including the total number of hot flashes they characterized as mild, moderate,severe and very severe. Hot flash severity scores were calculated by assigning one point to each mild hot flash, two points for each moderate hot flash, three points for each severe hot flash and four points for each very severe hot flash. The hot flash severity score for a 24 hour period was the sum of these scores. The score was calculated for each day in the diary. For each subject, median scores were calculated for each week (7 day period) of participation. The median hot flash severity score for the first week was considered the baseline. The median hot flash severity score for the fourth week is considered the week 4 time point. The median hot flash severity score for the eighth week is considered the week 8 time point. The median result for the group was then calculated at each of the timepoints. (NCT00711529)
Timeframe: Week 4

Interventionunits on a scale (severity score) (Median)
Hypnotherapy6.5
Gabapentin4

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Hot Flash Severity Score

The patients kept daily hot flash diaries, including the total number of hot flashes they characterized as mild, moderate,severe and very severe. Hot flash severity scores were calculated by assigning one point to each mild hot flash, two points for each moderate hot flash, three points for each severe hot flash and four points for each very severe hot flash. The hot flash severity score for a 24 hour period was the sum of these scores. The score was calculated for each day in the diary. For each subject, median scores were calculated for each week (7 day period) of participation. The median hot flash severity score for the first week was considered the baseline. The median hot flash severity score for the fourth week is considered the week 4 time point. The median hot flash severity score for the eighth week is considered the week 8 time point. The median result for the group was then calculated at each of the timepoints. (NCT00711529)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionunits on a scale (severity score) (Median)
Hypnotherapy10
Gabapentin7.5

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Number of Daily Hot Flashes

"Patients kept daily diaries of their hot flashes. The absolute number of hot flashes in a 24 hour period is number of daily hot flashes. The median number was calculated for each week of data. The median number of daily hot flashes for the first week (7 days) of participation is used as baseline. The median number of daily hot flashes for the fourth week (over 7 day interval) is reported for the week four time point. The median number of daily hot flashes for the eighth week (over 7 day interval) is reported for the week eight time point (study completion). Of the 13 women randomized to the hypnotherapy arm, 2 women were ineligible and therefore not included in analysis. Two women were unable to initiate treatment and did not submit diaries. An additional two women completed treatment but lost their diaries, leaving 7 diaries for analysis at baseline. Of the 14 randomized to receive gabapentin, 6 dropped out of the study and did not submit diaries." (NCT00711529)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventiondaily hot flashes (Median)
Hypnotherapy5
Gabapentin4.5

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Hot Flash Severity Score

The patients kept daily hot flash diaries, including the total number of hot flashes they characterized as mild, moderate,severe and very severe. Hot flash severity scores were calculated by assigning one point to each mild hot flash, two points for each moderate hot flash, three points for each severe hot flash and four points for each very severe hot flash. The hot flash severity score for a 24 hour period was the sum of these scores. The score was calculated for each day in the diary. For each subject, median scores were calculated for each week (7 day period) of participation. The median hot flash severity score for the first week was considered the baseline. The median hot flash severity score for the fourth week is considered the week 4 time point. The median hot flash severity score for the eighth week is considered the week 8 time point. The median result for the group was then calculated at each of the timepoints. (NCT00711529)
Timeframe: Week 8

Interventionunits on a scale (severity score) (Median)
Hypnotherapy1.5
Gabapentin5

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Number of Daily Hot Flashes

"Patients kept daily diaries of their hot flashes. The absolute number of hot flashes in a 24 hour period is number of daily hot flashes. The median number was calculated for each week of data. The median number of daily hot flashes for the first week (7 days) of participation is used as baseline. The median number of daily hot flashes for the fourth week (over 7 day interval) is reported for the week four time point. The median number of daily hot flashes for the eighth week (over 7 day interval) is reported for the week eight time point (study completion). A total of 15 diaries were submitted (7 hypnotherapy, 8 gabapentin). One person in each arm stopped recording in her diary before the 4 week mark." (NCT00711529)
Timeframe: Week 4

Interventiondaily hot flashes (Median)
Hypnotherapy4
Gabapentin4

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Number of Ondansetron Doses Administered for Nausea

The number of doses of Ondansetron given for nausea to participants in both groups. (NCT00726999)
Timeframe: First 10 days after surgery

Interventiondoses of medication administered (Median)
Gabapentin Group2.0
Placebo Group2.0

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Amount of Morphine Consumed (mg/kg/hr)

Patients are taken to the PARU immediately after surgery, and typically remain for a period of 1 hour. (NCT00726999)
Timeframe: PARU (Postanesthesia Recovery Unit - participants typically remain in PARU for 1 hour)

Interventionmg/kg/h (Mean)
Gabapentin/Morphine0.064
Placebo/Morphine0.044

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Amount of Morphine Consumed (mg/kg/hr)

(NCT00726999)
Timeframe: Day 2

Interventionmg/kg/h (Mean)
Gabapentin/Morphine0.047
Placebo/Morphine0.036

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Amount of Morphine Consumed (mg/kg/hr)

(NCT00726999)
Timeframe: Day 1

Interventionmg/kg/h (Mean)
Gabapentin/Morphine0.055
Placebo/Morphine0.046

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Percentage of Total Sleep Time Spent in the REM Sleep Stage at Week 4/10

Percentage of stage REM sleep time was defined as the time spent in stage REM sleep divided by total sleep time. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionpercentage of total sleep time (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.49
GEn 1200 mg-0.71

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Percentage of Total Sleep Time Spent in the N3 Sleep Stage at Week 4/10

Percentage of stage N3 sleep time was defined as the time spent in stage N3 sleep divided by total sleep time. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionpercentage of total sleep time (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.57
GEn 1200 mg2.62

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Percentage of Total Sleep Time Spent in the N2 Sleep Stage at Week 4/10

Percentage of stage N2 sleep time was defined as the time spent in stage N2 sleep divided by total sleep time. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionpercentage of total sleep time (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.16
GEn 1200 mg0.64

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Percentage of Total Sleep Time Spent in the N1 Sleep Stage at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

Percentage of stage N1 sleep time was defined as the time spent in stage N1 sleep divided by total sleep time. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionpercentage of total sleep time (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.23
GEn 1200 mg-2.55

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Number of Awakenings Measured Objectively by Polysomnography at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

The number of awakenings was measured by PSG and is defined as the number of wake periods lasting at least 1 minute. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionawakenings (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.56
GEn 1200 mg-3.04

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Item 4 (Sleep Disturbance) Scores of the IRLS Rating Scale at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

"The IRLS is a measure of RLS disease severity. Item 4 of the IRLS evaluates RLS-related sleep impairment. It asks: In the past week, how severe was your sleep disturbance due to your RLS symptoms?. The item is participant rated using a 5-point scale, where 0 is the absence of any sleep disturbance and 4 is very severe disturbance. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects." (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.47
GEn 1200 mg-2.27

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the International Restless Legs Rating Scale (IRLS) Total Score at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

The IRLS is a measure of RLS disease severity. Ten items (individually scored from 0 to 4) are included that assess the impact of symptoms on participants' mood, daily life, and activities. The total scale score is a sum of all of the individual item scores and ranges from 0-40 points, with 40 being the most severe. The scale assesses symptoms over the week prior to measurement. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-8.42
GEn 1200 mg-14.99

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Clinical Global Impression of Illness - Severity (CGI-S) Score at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

The CGI-S scale allows the investigator to rate the severity of participants' illness considering their total clinical experience with the participant population being studied and based on all information available at the time of rating. The scale is rated from 1-7 (1=Normal, not at all ill; 7=Among the most extremely ill patients). Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.18
GEn 1200 mg-2.43

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Sleep Quality at Week 4/10 as Measured by the Subjective Post Sleep Diary (SPSD) Using LOCF

Each day upon awakening, participants rated their overall sleep quality for the previous night on an 11-point scale (0=poor to 10=excellent) using the SPSD. Response to sleep quality was calculated for each visit by averaging the last 7 available diary days. Only participants with at least 4 days of diary data available (not in consecutive order) at any visit were included in the analysis. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.85
GEn 1200 mg1.95

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Periodic Limb Movements Causing Awakening (PLMAWI) at Week 4/10 as Measured by Polysomnography Using LOCF

PLMAWI is defined as the number of PLMs (involuntary leg movements) that caused participants to wake up per hour of sleep. It is calculated by dividing the number of PLMs causing awakening by the total number of hours of sleep. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionnumber of PLMs/total hours of sleep (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.08
GEn 1200 mg-0.22

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Number of PLMAI Responders at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

PLMAI is defined as the number of PLMs associated with arousal per hour of sleep. Participants with <=5 PLMAI were evaluated as responders. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo44
GEn 1200 mg64

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"Number of Participants Who Self-reported Very Satisfied or Satisfied With the Investigational Product at Week 4/10 Using LOCF"

"Participant satisfaction with RLS medication was captured on a seven-point ordinal scale. The scale asked Overall, how satisfied are you with the medication you received for the treatment of your RLS symptoms during the study. The participant responses ranged from 1 (Very satisfied) to 7 (Very dissatisfied). A satisfied response was scored a 2." (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Very SatisfiedSatisfied
GEn 1200 mg3835
Placebo2223

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Number of Participants Who Responded Affirmatively to Each of the 4 Items of the Participant-completed Patient Global Impression of Therapy at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

"Each participant completed the participant-completed Patient Global Impression questionnaire at the end of each Treatment Period (Weeks 4 and 10) or Early Withdrawal. This instrument was developed to capture a participant's subjective assessment of therapy and is composed of the following 4 questions with dichotomous (Yes or No) responses: Helped me sleep, Helped me fall asleep faster, Helped me sleep longer, and Helped me get a better night's sleep." (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Helped me sleepHelped me fall asleep fasterHelped me sleep longerHelped me get a better night's sleep
GEn 1200 mg95778089
Placebo53393150

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Periodic Limb Movements Associated With Arousal (PLMAI) at Week 4/10 as Measured by Polysomnography Using LOCF

PLMAI is defined as the number of Periodic Limb Movements (PLMs or involuntary jerks of the legs that cause a participant to arouse from sleep per hour of sleep). Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionlimb movements per hour (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.52
GEn 1200 mg-4.59

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Number of Participants With no Self-reported Awakenings (SPSD) Due to RLS at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

Each day upon awakening, participants recorded, using the SPSD, the number of awakenings due to RLS they experienced the previous night. Number of awakenings was calculated for each visit by averaging the last 7 available diary days. Only participants with at least 4 days of diary data available (not in consecutive order) at any visit were included in the analysis. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo68
GEn 1200 mg87

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Mean Change From Baseline in the Total Time Spent in Stage N3 Sleep Time at Week 4/10 Measured by PSG Using LOCF

Stage N3 is referred to as deep sleep; it is very difficult to wake a participant in this stage of sleep. In deep sleep, there is no eye movement or muscle activity. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo2.89
GEn 1200 mg15.02

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Wake Time During Sleep (WTDS) at Week 4/10 Measured by Polysomnography (PSG) (Sleep Study) Using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF)

"PSG is a comprehensive recording of the bio-physiological changes that occur during sleep. It is also known as a sleep study that monitors participants as they sleep or try to sleep. WTDS, defined as the total amount of time spent awake after falling asleep until the last awakening, was measured by PSG. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects." (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-6.02
GEn 1200 mg-32.02

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Time Spent in the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep Stage at Week 4/10 as Measured by Polysomnography Using LOCF

In REM sleep, a participant's breathing becomes more rapid, irregular, and shallow; eyes jerk rapidly; and limb muscles are temporarily paralyzed. Brain waves during this stage increase to levels experienced when a person is awake. This is the stage when most dreams occur. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.21
GEn 1200 mg4.22

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Time Spent in the N2 Sleep Stage as Measured by Polysomnography at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

In stage N2 of sleep, eye movement stops and brain waves become slower, with only an occasional burst of rapid brain waves. Participants may also experience spontaneous periods of muscle tone mixed with periods of muscle relaxation. During this stage, muscular activity, and conscious awareness of the external environment disappears. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo2.78
GEn 1200 mg22.95

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Time Spent in N1 Sleep as Measured by Polysomnography at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

"Stage N1 is considered light sleep, during which participants drift in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily. In this stage, the eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows. This stage is sometimes referred to as somnolence or drowsy sleep. Sudden twitches and hypnic jerks may be associated with the onset of sleep during N1. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects." (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.95
GEn 1200 mg-6.19

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO) Measured by Polysomnography (PSG) at Week 4/10 Using LOCF.

Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO) is defined as the total amount of time spent awake after falling asleep until the end of PSG recording. This endpoint is measured objectively by PSG. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-3.76
GEn 1200 mg-32.24

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Total Sleep Time Measured by Polysomnography (PSG) at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

Total sleep time is the number of minutes participants slept on average during the 8-hour polysomnography. Scoring of PSG data to yield measure of total sleep time was conducted at a central site in the United States. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effect. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionminutes (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo3.62
GEn 1200 mg36.32

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Suggested Immobilization Test (SIT) PLM Index at Week 4/10

During the SIT, participants sat in bed with legs extended for 1 hour and were asked to rate their leg discomfort on a 100 millimeters visual analog scale every 5 minutes (score of 0-100, 0=none, higher numbers indicate more discomfort) and PLMs were assessed. The SIT-PLM Index is defined as the number of PLMs per hour during the SIT. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. Only results from SITs performed before a PSG assessment and of at least 60 minutes in length are included in the analysis. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionnumber of PLMs per hour (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-3.73
GEn 1200 mg-30.52

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Self-reported Number of Hours Spent Awake During the Night (SPSD) Due to RLS at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

Each day upon awakening, participants recorded, using the SPSD, the total number of hours spent awake the previous night due to RLS. Response to number of hours awake was calculated for each visit by averaging the last 7 available diary days. Only participants with at least 4 days of diary data available (not in consecutive order) at any visit were included in the analysis. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionhours (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.45
GEn 1200 mg-0.56

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Sleep Efficiency Measured by Polysomnography (PSG) at Week 4/10 Using LOCF

Sleep efficiency is a percentage that is calculated by dividing total sleep time by the amount of time the participant was in bed during the PSG. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effect. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionminutes/hour (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.76
GEn 1200 mg7.57

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the SIT MDS (Mean Leg Discomfort Score), Mean of Scores From 0 to 60 Minutes, at Week 4/10

During the SIT, participants sat in bed with legs extended for 1 hour and rated their leg discomfort on a visual analog scale every 5 minutes (range 0-100, 0=none, higher numbers indicate more discomfort). The SIT MDS is the average rating of leg discomfort during the specified time frame. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. Only results from SITs performed before a PSG assessment and of at least 60 minutes in length are included in the analysis. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-8.57
GEn 1200 mg-21.24

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"Number of Participants Who Were Defined as Clinical Global Impression of Illness (CGI-I) Scale Responders at Week 4/10 Using LOCF"

"The CGI-I scale allows the investigator to rate the participant's global improvement or worsening compared with the condition at baseline (i.e., Day 1), and whether or not the change is thought to be due to treatment with study medication. The scale is rated from 1-7 (1=Very much improved to 7=Very much worse). Participants with a score of 1 (Very much improved) or 2 (Much improved) are considered to be responders." (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Placebo46
GEn 1200 mg91

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Participant's Ratings of Feeling Rested Upon Awakening as Measured by the Subjective Post Sleep Diary (SPSD) at Week 4/10 Using LOCF.

Each day upon awakening, participants rated how rested they felt upon awakening on an 11-point scale (0=poor to 10=excellent) using the SPSD. Response to feeling rested upon awakening was calculated for each visit by averaging the last 7 available diary days. Only participants with at least 4 days of diary data available (not in consecutive order) at any visit were included in the analysis. Change from baseline was calculated as the Week 4 and Week 10 values minus the baseline value. Mean change from baseline was adjusted for treatment, pooled center, and period effects. (NCT00748098)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4/10 (representing the last week of each intervention period, i.e. Weeks 4 and 10)

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.83
GEn 1200 mg1.68

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Frequency of Hot Flashes After 12 Weeks of Treatment With Daily Doses of G-ER 1200 mg or G-ER 1800 mg Compared to Placebo

Change from baseline in average daily frequency of moderate to severe hot flashes after 12 weeks of treatment with stable daily doses of G-ER 1200 mg or G-ER 1800 mg compared with placebo, using last observation carried forward (LOCF) method of imputation for missing data in intent-to-treat (ITT) population. (NCT00755417)
Timeframe: Form baseline to 12 weeks

InterventionModerate or severe hot flashes (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER 1200 mg-7.4
G-ER 1800 mg-7.4
Sugar Pill-6.9

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Severity Score of Hot Flashes After 12 Weeks of Treatment With Daily Doses of G-ER 1200 mg or G-ER 1800 mg Compared to Placebo

Change from baseline in average daily severity score of moderate to severe hot flashes after 12 weeks of treatment with stable daily doses of G-ER 1200 mg or G-ER 1800 mg compared with placebo, using last observation carried forward (LOCF) method of imputation for missing data in intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Severity score is on a 3-point scale were 1=Mild, 2=Moderate, and 3=Severe. (NCT00755417)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 weeks

InterventionScore on a numerical scale (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER 1200 mg-0.7
G-ER 1800 mg-0.7
Sugar Pill-0.5

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Severity Score of Hot Flashes After 4 Weeks of Treatment With Daily Doses of G-ER 1200 mg or G-ER 1800 mg Compared to Placebo

Change from baseline in average daily severity score of moderate to severe hot flashes after 4 weeks of treatment with stable daily doses of G-ER 1200 mg or G-ER 1800 mg compared with placebo, using last observation carried forward (LOCF) method of imputation for missing data in intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Severity score is on a 3-point scale where 1=Mild, 2=Moderate, and 3=Severe. (NCT00755417)
Timeframe: From baseline to 4 weeks

InterventionScore on a numerical scale (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER 1200 mg-0.5
G-ER 1800 mg-0.6
Sugar Pill-0.3

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Frequency of Hot Flashes After 4 Weeks of Treatment With Daily Doses of G-ER 1200 mg or G-ER 1800 mg Compared to Placebo

Change from baseline in average daily frequency of moderate to severe hot flashes after 4 weeks of treatment with stable daily doses of G-ER 1200 mg or G-ER 1800 mg compared with placebo, using last observation carried forward (LOCF) method of imputation for missing data in intent-to-treat (ITT) population. (NCT00755417)
Timeframe: From baseline to 4 weeks

InterventionModerate or severe hot flashes (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER 1200 mg-6.8
G-ER 1800 mg-7.3
Sugar Pill-5.8

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Severity Score of Moderate or Severe Hot Flashes After 12 Weeks of Treatment

"Mean change from baseline in average daily severity score of moderate or severe hot flashes at stable dose week (SDW) 12 of treatment relative to placebo; last observation carried forward (LOCF) analysis.~Severity of hot flashes is scored on a scale of 1 to 3 where 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe." (NCT00777023)
Timeframe: At baseline and 12 weeks of treatment

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER 1200 mg-0.8
G-ER 1800 mg-0.8
Sugar Pill-0.5

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Severity Score of Moderate or Severe Hot Flashes After 4 Weeks of Treatment

"Mean change from baseline in average daily severity score of moderate or severe hot flashes at stable dose week (SDW) 4 of treatment relative to placebo; last observation carried forward (LOCF) analysis.~Severity of hot flashes is scored on a scale of 1 to 3 where 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe." (NCT00777023)
Timeframe: At baseline and 4 weeks of treatment

InterventionUnits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER 1200 mg-0.5
G-ER 1800 mg-0.6
Sugar Pill-0.4

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Frequency of Moderate or Severe Hot Flashes After 4 Weeks of Treatment

Mean change from baseline in average daily number of moderate or severe hot flashes at stable dose week (SDW) 4 of treatment relative to placebo; last observation carried forward (LOCF) analysis (NCT00777023)
Timeframe: At baseline and 4 weeks of treatment

InterventionHot flashes (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER 1200 mg-7.0
G-ER 1800 mg-6.9
Sugar Pill-5.4

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Frequency of Moderate or Severe Hot Flashes After 12 Weeks of Treatment

Mean change from baseline in average daily number of moderate or severe hot flashes at stable dose week (SDW) 12 of treatment relative to placebo; last observation carried forward (LOCF) analysis (NCT00777023)
Timeframe: At baseline and 12 weeks of treatment

InterventionHot flashes (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER 1200 mg-7.7
G-ER 1800 mg-7.3
Sugar Pill-6.2

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Ratio of Observed Plasma Gabapentin Concentration to Individual Predicted Plasma Gabapentin Concentration

Ratio of observed plasma gabapentin concentration to individual predicted plasma gabapentin concentration were calculated on Day 8 and Day 15, respectively. (NCT00785772)
Timeframe: Days 8 and 15

InterventionRatio (Number)
Day 8Day 15
Gabapentin1.151.37

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Ratio of Observed Plasma Gabapentin Concentration to Predicted Plasma Gabapentin Concentration Based on Population Pharmacokinetics Model

Ratio of observed plasma gabapentin concentration to predicted plasma gabapentin concentration based on population pharmacokinetics model were calculated on Day 8 and Day 15, respectively. (NCT00785772)
Timeframe: Days 8 and 15

InterventionRatio (Number)
Day 8Day 15
Gabapentin2.162.59

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Observed Plasma Gabapentin Concentration

Plasma gabapentin concentrations were measured on Day 8 and Day 15 (NCT00785772)
Timeframe: Days 8 and 15

Interventionµg/mL (Mean)
Day 8Day 15
Gabapentin38.4044.64

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Level of Pain

level of pain was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)ranging from 0 (none) to 10 (worst possible pain) (NCT00793910)
Timeframe: 4 days postoperatively

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin1.30
Placebo1.86

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Occurence of Use of Rescue Medication

Occurrence of use of either ketorolac eyedrops(Acular) or oxycodone-acetaminophen tablet (Percocet), or both was measured (NCT00793910)
Timeframe: 2 hours to 4 days postoperatively

Intervention# of times rescue meds were used (Mean)
Gabapentin7.54
Placebo7.15

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Level of Pain

level of pain was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)ranging from 0 (none) to 10 (worst possible pain) (NCT00793910)
Timeframe: 3 days postoperatively

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin2.09
Placebo2.58

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Level of Pain

level of pain was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)ranging from 0 (none) to 10 (worst possible pain) (NCT00793910)
Timeframe: day 1 postoperatively

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin3.00
Placebo4.00

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Level of Pain

level of pain was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)ranging from 0 (none) to 10 (worst possible pain) (NCT00793910)
Timeframe: 2 hours postoperatively

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin3.85
Placebo4.09

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Time to First Seizure

Number of days to first seizure after baseline. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6 (or end of treatment)

Interventiondays (Mean)
All Antiepileptic Drugs35.9

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Change From Baseline to Month 6 in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

HADS: subject rated questionnaire with 2 subscales. HADS-A assesses state of generalized anxiety (anxious mood, restlessness, anxious thoughts, panic attacks); HADS-D assesses state of lost interest and diminished pleasure response (lowering of hedonic tone). Each subscale comprised of 7 items with range 0 (no presence of anxiety or depression) to 3 (severe feeling of anxiety or depression). Total score 0 to 21 for each subscale; higher score indicates greater severity of anxiety and depression symptoms. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

Interventionscores on scale (Mean)
DepressionAnxiety
All Antiepileptic Drugs-0.5-0.6

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Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Quality of Life 10 Domains (QOLIE-10)

QOLIE-10: 10-item questionnaire evaluates health-related quality of life in individuals with epliepsy. Comprised of 7 components: seizure worry, overall quality of life, emotional well-being, energy, cognitive functioning, medication effects (physical and mental effects), and social function (work, driving, social function). Total score rated 0 to 100; higher score = higher quality of life. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

Interventionscores on scale (Mean)
EnergyEmotions (mood)Daily activitiesMental functionMedication effects (physical/ mental)Worry about seizures (impact of seizures)Overall quality of life
All Antiepileptic Drugs0.40.70.61.2-1.19.03.8

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Percent of Participants With Reduction in Number of Seizures >=25% and >=75% During the Last 3 Months of Treatment

Percent of participants with reduction in number of seizures >=25% and >=75% during the last 3 months of treatment before discontinuation (assessed at Month 3 and Month 6) versus the 3 month period before the baseline visit. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (last 3 months of treatment)

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Month 3: >=25%Month 3: >=75%Month 6: >= 25%Month 6: >=75%
All Antiepileptic Drugs86.727.886.754.4

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Percent of Participants Indicating Optimal Sleep on the Optimal Sleep Subscale: Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS)

MOS-SS: subject rated instrument used to assess the key constructs of sleep; assesses sleep quantity and quality and is comprised of 12 items yielding 7 subscale scores and 2 composite index scores. Optimal sleep subscale is derived from sleep quantity average hours of sleep over the past 4 weeks; percent of participants with response YES (optimal) if sleep quantilty was 7-8 hours of sleep per night. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 6

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
BaselineMonth 6
All Antiepileptic Drugs56.565.7

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Percent of Participants Who Continued on Study Medication to Month 6

Retention rate: percent of participants who continued on study medication throughout the 6 Month period after inclusion in the study. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
All Antiepileptic Drugs97.1

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Change From Baseline to Months 3 and 6 in Health Condition: Euro Quality of Life Scale (EQ-5D) Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

Assessment of the health condition of the subjects using the EQ-5D VAS: subject rated questionnaire to assess health-related quality of life in terms of a single index value. Using the VAS subjects rated current health state on a scale from 0 (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state); higher scores indicate a better health state. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6

Interventionscores on scale (Mean)
Month 3Month 6
All Antiepileptic Drugs-0.41.2

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Percent of Participants Classified as Responders

Responder = decrease in number of seizures by >=50 percent (%) during the last 3 months of treatment before discontinuation (assessed at Month 3 and Month 6) versus the number of seizures that occurred during the 3 months before the baseline visit (baseline). (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (last 3 months of treatment)

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Month 3Month 6
All Antiepileptic Drugs76.780.0

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Change in Sleep Disturbances From Baseline to Month 6: Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS)

Subject rated instrument to assess key constructs of sleep; assesses sleep quality and quantity. Consists of a 6-item and 9-item overall sleep problems index measuring time to fall asleep and sleep duration in past 4 weeks; 5 subscales rated 1 (all the time) to 6 (none of the time): sleep disturbance, snoring, awaken short of breath, somnolence, and adequacy. Transformed scores range = 0 to 100; higher score indicates greater intensity of attribute. Two additional subscales = sleep quantity (range 0-24 hours) and optimal sleep (number of participants with optimal sleep 7-8 hours per night). (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

Interventionscores on scale (Mean)
Sleep disturbanceSnoringAwake short of breathQuantityAdequacySomnolenceSleep problems (summary 6)Sleep problems (summary 9)
All Antiepileptic Drugs-1.70.01.10.22.80.6-0.9-0.9

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Percent of Participants Reaching Monotherapy

Percent of participants who started on more than one treatment (bitherapy) and reached monotherapy by end of study. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 6 (or end of study)

Interventionpercent of partipants (Number)
All Antiepileptic Drugs2.9

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Percent of Seizure-free Participants During the Last 3 Months Before Discontinuation

(NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (last 3 months of treatment)

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Month 3Month 6
All Antiepileptic Drugs10.020.0

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Percent Change From Baseline in the Median Number of Seizures During the Last 3 Months of Treatment

(NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline, Month 3, Month 6 (last 3 months of treatment)

Interventionpercent change (Median)
All Antiepileptic Drugs-75.0

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Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Total Number of Days Hospitalized Because of Epilepsy

Numerical assessment of change in total number of days hospitalized because of epilepsy during the study. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

InterventionDays (Mean)
All Antiepileptic Drugs-8.0

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Percent of Participants That Reduced, Maintained and Increased Their Doses of New Antiepileptic Drugs (AED)

(NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6 (or end of treatment)

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
ReducedMaintainedIncreased
All Antiepileptic Drugs0.968.530.6

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Percent of Participants With Cessation of Occupation, Requirement of Caregiver, or Admission to Intensive Care Unit

Percent of participants with cessation of usual occupation, requirement of an informal caregiver, and who required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Month 6

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Stopped Usual OccupationRequired Informal CaregiverRequired Admission to ICU
All Antiepileptic Drugs16.26.60.0

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Percent of Participants That Reduced, Maintained and Increased the Doses of the Initial Treatment Administered in Monotherapy

(NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline through Month 6 (or end of treatment)

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
ReducedMaintainedIncreased
All Antiepileptic Drugs0.0100.00.0

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Change From Baseline to Month 6 in Visits to a Specialist or the Emergency Room Because of Epilepsy

Numerical assessment of change in the number of visits to a specialist or the emergency room because of epilepsy needed during the study. (NCT00855738)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 6

Interventionvisits (Mean)
Number of visits to a specialist (n=94)Number of visits to the emergency room (n=79)
All Antiepileptic Drugs-0.6-0.3

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Comparison of Percentage of Complete Responders

Complete response being defined as no emetic episodes and no use of rescue therapy for days 2 through 6. If a patient does not complete the study or does not provide complete data, they will be assumed to be a non-responder. (NCT00880191)
Timeframe: Days 2 through 6

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Response Days 2-6: NoResponse Days 2-6: Yes
Gabapentin53.146.9
Placebo59.240.8

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Comparison of Percentages of Complete Responders on Day 1, vs. Days 1 Through 6 vs. Days 2 Through 6.

The percentages of complete responders on day 1, vs. days 1 through 6 vs. days 2 through 6 will be compared between arms. Complete response being defined as no emetic episodes and no use of rescue therapy. If a patient does not complete the study or does not provide complete data, they will be assumed to be a non-responder. (NCT00880191)
Timeframe: Days 1 through 6

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Response Day 1: NoResponse Day 1: YesResponse Day 1-6: NoResponse Day 1-6: YesResponse Day 2-6: NoResponse Day 2-6: Yes
Gabapentin32.467.660.439.662.337.7
Placebo33.566.563.636.46535

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Comparison of Sum of the Daily Distress Questions as Well as the Individual Daily Responses

The sum of the daily distress questions as well as the individual daily responses from the Nausea and Vomiting Diary (NVD) on a 0-10 scale (Lower score is better) will be compared. (NCT00880191)
Timeframe: Days 1 through 6

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
NVD Nausea Distress Day 1NVD Nausea Distress Day 2NVD Nausea Distress Day 3NVD Nausea Distress Day 4NVD Nausea Distress Day 5NVD Nausea Distress Day 6NVD Nausea Distress Sum Days 1-6
Gabapentin1.10.90.90.70.90.85.1
Placebo1.21.11.21.11.10.96.4

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Comparison of the Percentage of Patients Experiencing Emetic Episodes and the Percentage Needing Rescue Agents

The percentage of patients experiencing emetic episodes and the percentage needing rescue agents was compared between groups. (NCT00880191)
Timeframe: Days1 through 6

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Rescue Agent Status: NoRescue Agent Status: YesEmetic Status: NoEmetic Status: Yes
Gabapentin55457030
Placebo47537030

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Level of Satisfaction for the Control of Nausea.

Level of satisfaction for the control of nausea with the mean severity of nausea over the six days in the diary (on a 0 - 10 scale, higher the better) as well as the nausea subscale on the Functional Living Index - Emesis (FLIE) questionnaire ( 1-7 scale, lower the better) (NCT00880191)
Timeframe: Days 1 through 6

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Satisfaction Nausea Control (0-10 scale)FLIE Nausea Subscale Day 6
Gabapentin8.32.8
Placebo8.12.9

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Comparison of Daily Complete Response Endpoints

Daily complete response is defined as no emetic episodes and no use of rescue therapy. (NCT00880191)
Timeframe: Days 1 through 6

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Response Day 1: NoResponse Day 1: YesResponse Day 2: NoResponse Day 2: YesResponse Day 3: NoResponse Day 3: YesResponse Day 4: NoResponse Day 4: YesResponse Day 5: NoResponse Day 5: YesResponse Day 6: NoResponse Day 6: Yes
Gabapentin32.467.626.673.422.277.819.380.732.967.128.072.0
Placebo33.566.536.463.634.565.530.169.934.066.031.668.4

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Complete Response

The primary analysis described above was repeated using a slightly different alternate definition of complete response: no emetic episodes, no more than a mean of 2.5 on the nausea numeric analogue scale (0 - 10 (As bad as it could be)), and no rescue agents. (NCT00880191)
Timeframe: Days 2-6

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Response Days 2-6: NoResponse Days 2-6: Yes
Gabapentin5644
Placebo60.739.3

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Evaluate the Amount of Diluadid Given Postoperatively

The amount of intraoperative and postoperative opioids used will be collected and analyzed for the three different arms. (NCT00886236)
Timeframe: 120 hours

Interventionml (Mean)
1 Preoperative Gabapentin Liquid11.035
2 Preoperative and Postoperative Gabapentin Liquid8.7
3 Preoperative and Postoperative Placebo Liquid12.4

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Number of Participants Who Experience Incidence of Postoperative Nausea.

(NCT00886236)
Timeframe: 120 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
1 Preoperative Gabapentin Liquid12
2 Preoperative and Postoperative Gabapentin Liquid11
3 Preoperative and Postoperative Placebo Liquid12

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Evaluate Incidence of Respiratory Depression as Evidenced by Pulse Oximetry Data

(NCT00886236)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Intervention% oxygen saturation (Mean)
1 Preoperative Gabapentin Liquid93
2 Preoperative and Postoperative Gabapentin Liquid94
3 Preoperative and Postoperative Placebo Liquid95

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Change in logMAR Visual Acuity of Each Eye, Measured During Far or Near Viewing

(NCT00928954)
Timeframe: After 2 weeks of therapy, for both drugs

,
InterventionlogMAR (Number)
Participant 1, Right EyeParticipant 1, Left EyeParticipant 2, Right EyeParticipant 2, Left EyeParticipant 3, RIght EyeParticipant 3, Left EyePatricipant 4, RIght EyeParticipant 4, Left EyeParticipant 5, Right EyeParticpant 5, Left EyeParticpant 6, RIght EyeParticpant 6, Left EyeParticpant 7, Right EyeParticpant 7, Left EyeParticipant 8, Right EyeParticipant 8, Left EyeParticpant 9, Right EyeParticipant 9, Left EyeParticipant 10, Right EyeParticipant 10. Left Eye
Gabapentin00.20.10.2-0.1NA0.30.10.100.40.2-0.10.10.1000-0.10.1
Memantine0.10.20.20-0.2NA-0.10.10.20.100.20.10.100.1000.30.2

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Percent Change in Median Eye Speed

Median eye speed during attempted visual fixation by each eye (NCT00928954)
Timeframe: After 2 weeks of therapy, for both drugs

,
InterventionPercent change (Number)
Participant 1, Right EyeParticipant 1, Left EyeParticipant 2, Right EyeParticipant 2, Left EyeParticipant 3, RIght EyeParticipant 3, Left EyePatricipant 4, RIght EyeParticipant 4, Left EyeParticipant 5, Right EyeParticpant 5, Left EyeParticpant 6, RIght EyeParticpant 6, Left EyeParticpant 7, Right EyeParticpant 7, Left EyeParticipant 8, Right EyeParticipant 8, Left EyeParticpant 9, Right EyeParticipant 9, Left EyeParticipant 10, Right EyeParticipant 10. Left Eye
Gabapentin-59.1-69.8-19.9-19.8-53.5-41.3-72.8-76.6-56.6-42.0-26.0-25.949.526.5-0.9-0.7-39.5-44.1159104.4
Memantine-21.5-35.1-26.0-35.5-44.6-40.2-8.611.4-35.5-26.5-44.8-29.5-29.0-24.1-60.4-24.82.2-19.4-80.6-79.3

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Percentage of Negative Urinary Drug Screens (UDS) for Cannabis at 12 Weeks Following Administration of Gabapentin or Placebo During the Double Blind Period

Express Results Integrated Multi-Drug Screen Cups were used to obtain a semi-quantitative urine drug screen for delta-9-THC. Submitted UDS would yield a positive result when the concentration of THC-COOH in urine exceeded 50 ng/mL. Specimens were collected weekly. Two analytical approaches were used: one where any missed UDS test was assumed positive (i.e intent-to-treat (ITT)) and another where missed UDS were considered missing at random (MAR). (NCT00974376)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of negative UDS (Mean)
% Negative UDS ITT% Negative UDS Observed
Gabapentin 1200mg/Day11.2212.48
Placebo8.009.93

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Wake Time After Sleep Onset (WASO) Measured in Sleep Laboratory Recordings Pre- and Post- Study Medication

Wake time after sleep onset (WASO) (number of minutes awake throughout the night after initial sleep onset) (NCT01014533)
Timeframe: 1 week

,
Interventionminutes (Mean)
pre-interventionpost-intervention
Gabapentin26.514.2
Placebo16.721.9

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Percentage of Total Sleep Time in Stage 2 Sleep Pre- and Post-study Medication (Stage 2 Percent)

Electrophysiological measures of sleep stages: percent of total sleep time in stage 2 sleep (NCT01014533)
Timeframe: 1 week

,
Interventionpercentage of total sleep time (Mean)
Stage 2 % pre-interventionStage 2 % post-intervention
Gabapentin53.859.6
Placebo51.350.2

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Relapse to Any Drinking

Relapse to any drinking is counted as participants who drank any beverage alcohol from end of sleep laboratory study (night 10) to twelve weeks later (NCT01014533)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo13
Gabapentin14

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Number of Patients With CR During Delayed-onset Phase (24-120 Hours) After Administration of Chemotherapy Course 1

Complete response during delayed-onset phase was defined as the absence of any episode of nausea or vomiting and no use of rescue medication when occurring during the period from days 2 through 5 after chemotherapy (NCT01052844)
Timeframe: 6 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Control Group21
Gabapentin29

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Number of Patients With Complete Response During Chemotherapy Course 1

The CR was defined as no emetic episodes and no nausea episodes from day 1 to day 5 (0-120h) (NCT01052844)
Timeframe: 5 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Control Group17
Gabapentin26

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Count of Participants With Continued Pain at 6 Months

"Continued pain was defined as a report of at least 1 average pain at the surgical site (as reported by the patient on a scale of 0-10, with lower scores corresponding to less pain (0 = no pain) and higher scores corresponding to more pain)." (NCT01067144)
Timeframe: Month 6

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Control37
Gabapentin42

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Time to Pain Resolution

"Time to pain resolution was defined as 5 consecutive reports of 0 average pain at the surgical site (as reported by the patient on a scale of 0-10, with lower scores corresponding to less pain (0 = no pain) and higher scores corresponding to more pain). Planned call frequency was daily for 3 months, weekly thereafter up to 6 months, and monthly thereafter up to 2 years after surgery." (NCT01067144)
Timeframe: Up to 2 years

Interventiondays (Median)
Control73
Gabapentin84

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Time to Opioid Cessation

Time to opioid cessation was defined as 5 consecutive reports of no opioid use. Planned call frequency was daily for 3 months, weekly thereafter up to 6 months, and monthly thereafter up to 2 years after surgery. (NCT01067144)
Timeframe: Up to 2 years

Interventiondays (Median)
Control32
Gabapentin25

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Count of Participants With Continued Pain at 1 Year

"Continued pain was defined as a report of at least 1 average pain at the surgical site (as reported by the patient on a scale of 0-10, with lower scores corresponding to less pain (0 = no pain) and higher scores corresponding to more pain)." (NCT01067144)
Timeframe: Year 1

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Control18
Gabapentin21

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Count of Participants With Continued Opioid Use at 6 Months

Continued opioid use was defined as any report of any continued opioid use at Month 6. (NCT01067144)
Timeframe: Month 6

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Control4
Gabapentin5

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Count of Participants With Continued Opioid Use at 1 Year

Continued opioid use was defined as any report of any continued opioid use at Year 1. (NCT01067144)
Timeframe: Year 1

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Control3
Gabapentin4

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Changes From Baseline in Quality of Life Scores, Measured by the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL) to Weeks, 4, 12, 24 of the Efficacy Treatment Period.

"4 sub-categories each scored individually: Minimum value = 1, maximum value = 8.~Overall summary score was mean of the 4 sub-category scores (minimum = 1 and maximum = 8).~Lower scores indicate better outcome (ie, less severity)" (NCT01080300)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 12, and Week 24

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Baseline LOCF MENQOL score at Week 4Baseline LOCF MENQOL score at Week 12Baseline LOCF MENQOL score at Week 24
G-ER 1800 mg-0.91-1.01-1.01
Sugar Pill-0.71-0.87-0.96

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G-ER at 1800mg Daily Compared With Placebo in Reducing the Average Daily Severity Score of Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes at Week 24 of the Efficacy Treatment Period, Compared With Baseline.

"G-ER dosed at 1800mg daily(600mg AM, 1200mg PM), compared with placebo in reducing the average daily severity score of moderate to severe hot flashes in post menopausal women (score defined as Mild (1), Moderate (2), and Severe (3)) at Week 24 of the efficacy treatment period compared with Baseline." (NCT01080300)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER 1800 mg-0.86
Sugar Pill-0.64

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G-ER at 1800mg Daily Compared With Placebo in Reducing the Average Daily Severity Score of Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes at Weeks 4 & 12 of the Efficacy Treatment Period, Compared With Baseline.

"G-ER dosed at 1800mg daily(600mg AM, 1200mg PM), compared with placebo in reducing the average daily severity score of moderate to severe hot flashes in post menopausal women (score defined as Mild (1), Moderate (2), and Severe (3)) at Week 4 of the efficacy treatment period compared with Baseline and at Week 12 of the efficacy treatment period compared with Baseline." (NCT01080300)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, and Week 12

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Baseline LOCF Average Daily Severity at Week 4Baseline LOCF Average Daily Severity at Week 12
G-ER 1800 mg-0.42-0.65
Sugar Pill-0.22-0.46

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G-ER at 1800mg Daily Compared With Placebo in Reducing the Average Daily Frequency of Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes at Weeks 4 & 12 of the Efficacy Treatment Period, Compared With Baseline.

G-ER dosed at 1800mg daily(600mg AM, 1200mg PM), compared with placebo in reducing the average daily frequency of moderate to severe hot flashes in post menopausal women at Week 4 of the efficacy treatment period compared with Baseline and at Week 12 of the efficacy treatment period compared with Baseline. (NCT01080300)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, and Week 12

,
Interventionhot flashes (Least Squares Mean)
Baseline LOCF Average Daily Frequency at Week 4Baseline LOCF Average Daily Frequency at Week 12
G-ER 1800 mg-6.72-7.64
Sugar Pill-5.01-6.50

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Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Scales at Weeks 12 and 24 of the Efficacy Treatment Period.

"Proportion of patients who were categorized as very much or much improved for PGIC at Week 12 and Week 24. Scale range is 6 categories: minimum value = very much worse to maximum value = very much improved." (NCT01080300)
Timeframe: Week 12 and Week 24

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baseline LOCF Proportion at Week 12Baseline LOCF Proportion at Week 24
G-ER 1800 mg173156
Sugar Pill130114

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Changes From Baseline in Sleep Quality Scores, Measured by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) to Week 4, Week 12, and Week 24 of the Efficacy Treatment Period.

Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scored on 4-point Likert-scales ('0' not at all - '4' extremely) for 7 sub-categories. Final score is sum of each sub-category generating a total sleep quality score (0-28). Minimum value = 0, maximum value = 28 (Lower scores indicate better outcome (ie, less severity)). (NCT01080300)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 12, and Week 24

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Change from Baseline to Week 4: LOCF ISI ratingChange from Baseline to Week 12: LOCF ISI ratingChange from Baseline to Week 24: LOCF ISI rating
G-ER 1800 mg-6.47-7.02-6.71
Sugar Pill-4.13-5.17-4.95

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Percent of Patients With 75% or Greater Reduction in Average Daily Frequency of Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes

(NCT01080300)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, and Week 24

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baseline LOCF Proportion at Week 12Baseline LOCF Proportion at Week 24
G-ER 1800 mg125146
Sugar Pill101122

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Percent of Patients With 75% or Greater Reduction in Average Daily Severity Score of Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes

(NCT01080300)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, and Week 24

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baseline LOCF Average Daily Score at Week 12Baseline LOCF Average Daily Score at Week 24
G-ER 1800 mg4862
Sugar Pill3648

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Safety of G-ER Measuring Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS).

"Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Subjects were classified as 0=no suicidal ideation or 1=suicidal ideation. Outcome Measure is number of participants with or without suicidal ideation.~Higher counts without suicidal ideation = better outcome." (NCT01080300)
Timeframe: Week 4, Week 12, Week 24/Early Termination, Week 28

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Patients Taking C-SSRS at Week 472302449Patients Taking C-SSRS at Week 472302448Patients Taking C-SSRS at Week 1272302448Patients Taking C-SSRS at Week 1272302449Patients Taking C-SSRS at Week 24/EarlyTermination72302448Patients Taking C-SSRS at Week 24/EarlyTermination72302449Patients Taking C-SSRS at Week 2872302448Patients Taking C-SSRS at Week 2872302449
Without Suicidal IdeationWith Suicidal Ideation
Gabapentin Extended Release260
Placebo257
Placebo0
Gabapentin Extended Release224
Placebo215
Gabapentin Extended Release0
Placebo1
Gabapentin Extended Release271
Placebo266
Gabapentin Extended Release1
Gabapentin Extended Release256
Placebo243

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G-ER at 1800mg Daily Compared With Placebo in Reducing the Average Daily Frequency of Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes at Week 24 of the Efficacy Treatment Period, Compared With Baseline.

G-ER dosed at 1800mg daily(600mg AM, 1200mg PM), compared with placebo in reducing the average daily frequency of moderate to severe hot flashes in post menopausal women at Week 24 of the efficacy treatment period compared with Baseline. (NCT01080300)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 24

Interventionhot flashes (Least Squares Mean)
G-ER 1800 mg-8.99
Sugar Pill-7.91

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Change From Baseline to Weeks 4, Week 12, and Week 24 in Average Daily Sleep Interference Score.

Sleep Interference Score Range: Minimum value = 0, maximum value = 10 Lower scores indicate better outcome (ie, less interference) (NCT01080300)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 12, and Week 24

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Change from Baseline to Week 4: LOCF daily ratingChange from Baseline to Week 12: LOCF daily ratingChange from Baseline to Week 24: LOCF daily rating
G-ER 1800 mg-2.67-3.09-3.15
Sugar Pill-1.31-2.17-2.20

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Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Scales at Weeks 12 and 24 of the Efficacy Treatment Period.

"Proportion of patients who were categorized as very much or much improved in CGIC at Week 12 and Week 24. Scale range is 6 categories: minimum value = very much worse to maximum value = very much improved." (NCT01080300)
Timeframe: Week 12 and Week 24

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baseline LOCF Proportion at Week 12Baseline LOCF Proportion at Week 24
G-ER 1800 mg173159
Sugar Pill122124

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Average Pain (0-120 Seconds): Cold Pain Test Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

"Area under the cold pain test Visual Analog Scale (VAS) time curve (AUCcpt 0 to 120 seconds [sec]) averaged over the 120 sec for each time point assessed. Participant adjusted 100 millimeter (mm) electronic VAS with range of no pain (0) to maximum pain (100) at the anchor endpoints of the scale and moderate pain at the midpoint. Pain reported while non-dominant hand was placed in thermostatically controlled water bath at 2±1°C for a maximum of 120 sec." (NCT01119222)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, and 8 hours post-dose

,,,
Interventionmm (Mean)
Pre-dose1 hour1.5 hours2 hours4 hours8 hours
Diphenhydramine45.045.142.340.544.243.8
Gabapentin45.241.939.440.441.944.7
Morphine45.528.626.125.634.736.7
Placebo44.938.440.239.544.344.2

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Interpolated Average Pain (0-8 Hours)

Interpolated average pain (0 to 8 hours): area under the curve (AUC) of average pain (0 to 120 seconds) recorded at each of the time points taken over 8 hour time period divided by 8. (NCT01119222)
Timeframe: Pre-dose to 8 hours post-dose

Interventionhours (Least Squares Mean)
Gabpentin42.2
Morphine33.4
Diphenhydramine43.6
Placebo42.8

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Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident pancreatic cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.55 months), Tertile 2 (1.56 - 6.44 months), and Tertile 3 (6.45 - 78.36 months). Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.78 months), Tertile 2 (1.79 - 7.20 months), and Tertile 3 (7.21 - 64.13 months). (NCT01138124)
Timeframe: The case index date (ID) was the date of incident pancreatic cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control ID was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)
Cases309328141431251347
Controls2977383799129883444752

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Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident pancreatic cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). (NCT01138124)
Timeframe: The case index date (ID) was the date of incident pancreatic cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control ID was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)
Cases563093243125
Controls2532977314329883

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Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incident pancreatic cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Tertiles without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions),Tertile 2 (3-8 prescriptions), and Tertile 3 (9-218 prescriptions). Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-10 prescriptions),Tertile 3 (11-191 prescriptions). (NCT01138124)
Timeframe: The case index date (ID) was the date of incident pancreatic cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control ID was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)
Cases309330121431251437
Controls2977399649029883484946

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Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incident renal cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 33.6 grams), Tertile 2 (33.7 - 185.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (185.1 - 7500.2 grams). Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 39.0 grams), Tertile 2 (39.1 - 210.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (210.1 - 5623.8 grams). (NCT01138124)
Timeframe: The case index date (ID) was the date of incident renal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control ID was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)
Cases194991761968553
Controls1888045635818970242626

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Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident renal cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.55 months), Tertile 2 (1.56 - 6.44 months), and Tertile 3 (6.45 - 78.36 months). Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.78 months), Tertile 2 (1.79 - 7.20 months), and Tertile 3 (7.21 - 64.13 months). (NCT01138124)
Timeframe: The case index date (ID) was the date of incident renal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control ID was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)
Cases1949151071968634
Controls1888044675518970233122

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Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident renal cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). (NCT01138124)
Timeframe: The case index date (ID) was the date of incident renal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control ID was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)
Cases321949131968
Controls166188807618970

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Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incident renal cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Tertiles without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions),Tertile 2 (3-8 prescriptions), and Tertile 3 (9-218 prescriptions). Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-10 prescriptions),Tertile 3 (11-191 prescriptions). (NCT01138124)
Timeframe: The case index date (ID) was the date of incident renal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control ID was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)
Cases1949161151968643
Controls1888058555318970272821

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Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incident pancreatic cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 33.6 grams), Tertile 2 (33.7 - 185.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (185.1 - 7500.2 grams). Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 39.0 grams), Tertile 2 (39.1 - 210.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (210.1 - 5623.8 grams). (NCT01138124)
Timeframe: The case index date (ID) was the date of incident pancreatic cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control ID was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)
Cases309328141431251176
Controls2977388749129883464750

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Percent Days of Abstinence From Alcohol

During the course of 8 weeks the medication aims to determine whether it is effective in reducing alcohol consumption, and promoting abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients. (NCT01141049)
Timeframe: assessed for up to 8 weeks, presented at week 8 of trial

Interventionpercent of days abstinent (Mean)
Gabapentin50
Placebo27.5

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Percent of Heavy Drinking Days Per Week

percent of heavy drinking days as defined as 5 drinks per day for males and 4 drinks per day for females over the course of a study week. (NCT01141049)
Timeframe: assesed over 8 weeks, presented for week 8 of trial

Interventionpercent of heavy drinking days (Mean)
Gabapentin22.5
Placebo53.9

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Median Anxiety Score at Time of Discharge

Assess the effect of a single 900mg dose of gabapentin on anxiety at time of discharge, measured by a visual analog scale ranging from 0 (worst anxiety) to 100 (no anxiety). (NCT01143766)
Timeframe: At time of discharge post-procedure

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Standard Sedation99
Gapabentin98

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Median Nausea Score at Time of Discharge

Assess the effect of a single 900mg dose of gabapentin on nausea at time of discharge, measured by a visual analog scale ranging from 0 (worst nausea) to 100 (no nausea). (NCT01143766)
Timeframe: At time of discharge post-procedure

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Standard Sedation99
Gapabentin95

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Dosing Requirements

Assess the effect of a single 900mg dose of gabapentin pre- ERCP on intra and post procedure narcotic/sedative requirements. (NCT01143766)
Timeframe: At time of discharge post-procedure

InterventionTOTAL DOSE OF MEPERIDINE, mg (Median)
Standard Sedation100
Gapabentin100

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Median Pain Score at Time of Discharge

Assess the effect of a single 900mg dose of gabapentin on pain at time of discharge, measured by a visual analog scale ranging from 0 (worst pain) to 100 (no pain). (NCT01143766)
Timeframe: At time of discharge post-procedure

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Standard Sedation80
Gapabentin95

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Change in Pain Threshold Time From Baseline to Week 5

Change in pain threshold time from baseline (pre-gabapentin) to week 5 (post gabapentin)measured during cold pressor task administered at peak methadone blood levels. Pain threshold time is the amount of time that passes before pain is detected after administration of the cold pressor. (NCT01210079)
Timeframe: baseline, 5 weeks

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Gabapentin2.95
Placebo-3.49

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Number of All-Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incidence of all cancers. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-7 prescriptions), Tertile 3 (8-298 prescriptions). Tertiles without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-7 prescriptions), and Tertile 3 (8-388 prescriptions). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident All-cancer Patients178334319216269177409781413535
Matched Controls for Incident All-cancer Patients17044432739164521231698480528530334152

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Number of All-Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incidence of all cancers. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)> 1 year (with 2 year lag)> 2 year (with 2 year lag)> 3 year (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)> 1 year (without 2 year lag)> 2 year (without 2 year lag)> 3 year (without 2 year lag)
Incident All-cancer Patients178334157642517740930115976
Matched Controls for Incident All-cancer Patients17044431217463197169848024991207549

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Number of All-Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incidence of all cancers. Gabapentin Exposure Description: Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)
Incident All-cancer Patients8041783341729177409
Matched Controls for Incident All-cancer Patients65071704443124701698480

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Number of All-Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incidence of all cancers. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.38 months), Tertile 2 (1.39 - 5.56 months), and Tertile 3 (5.57 - 105.82 months). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.38 months), Tertile 2 (1.39 - 5.72 months), and Tertile 3 (5.73 - 123.70 months). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident All-cancer Patients178334258269277177409620587522
Matched Controls for Incident All-cancer Patients17044432175216321691698480421341044153

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Number of All-Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incidence of all cancers. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.1 - 30.0 grams), Tertile 2 (30.1 - 189.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (189.1 - 9600.0 grams). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.1 - 30.0 grams), Tertile 2 (30.1 - 189.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (189.1 - 11610.0 grams). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident All-cancer Patients178334269268267177409640585504
Matched Controls for Incident All-cancer Patients17044432222211821671698480443838824150

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Number of Penile Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incident penile cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (1-2 prescriptions [prescrip.]), T 2 (3-7 prescrip.), T 3 (8-298 prescrip.). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (1-2 prescrip.), T 2 (3-7 prescrip.), and T 3 (8-388 prescrip.). Inestimable OR/95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident penile cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Penile Cancer Patients147100147100
Matched Controls for Incident Penile Cancer Patients13941011390132

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Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incident renal cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.1 - 30.0 grams), Tertile 2 (30.1 - 189.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (189.1 - 9600.0 grams). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.1 - 30.0 grams), Tertile 2 (30.1 - 189.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (189.1 - 11610.0 grams). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident renal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Renal Cancer Patients12634321257564
Matched Controls for Incident Renal Cancer Patients1211415191912060324035

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Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident renal cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.38 months), Tertile 2 (1.39 - 5.56 months), and Tertile 3 (5.57 - 105.82 months). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.38 months), Tertile 2 (1.39 - 5.72 months), and Tertile 3 (5.73 - 123.70 months). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident renal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Renal Cancer Patients12633331257546
Matched Controls for Incident Renal Cancer Patients1211416221512060324431

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Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident renal cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident pancreatic cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)
Incident Renal Cancer Patients91263151257
Matched Controls for Incident Renal Cancer Patients531211410712060

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Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident renal cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident renal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)> 1 year (with 2 year lag)> 2 year (with 2 year lag)> 3 year (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)> 1 year (without 2 year lag)> 2 year (without 2 year lag)> 3 year (without 2 year lag)
Incident Renal Cancer Patients12632001257442
Matched Controls for Incident Renal Cancer Patients12114621120601673

[back to top]

Number of Renal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incident renal cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-7 prescriptions), Tertile 3 (8-298 prescriptions). Tertiles without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-7 prescriptions), and Tertile 3 (8-388 prescriptions). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident renal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Renal Cancer Patients12634231257636
Matched Controls for Incident Renal Cancer Patients1211421151712060462932

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Number of Stomach Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incident stomach cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.1-30.0 grams [g]), T 2 (30.1-189.0 g), and T 3 (189.1-9600.0 g). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.1-30.0 g), T 2 (30.1-189.0 g), and T 3 (189.1-11610.0 g). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident stomach cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Stomach Cancer Patients18720321864364
Matched Controls for Incident Stomach Cancer Patients1778322212717733463143

[back to top]

Number of Stomach Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident stomach cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.01-1.38 months [mo.]), T 2 (1.3-5.56 mo.), and T 3 (5.57-105.82 mo.). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.01-1.38 m.), T 2 (1.39-5.72 mo.), and T 3 (5.73-123.70 mo.). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident stomach cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Stomach Cancer Patients18720231864445
Matched Controls for Incident Stomach Cancer Patients1778324143217733443046

[back to top]

Number of Stomach Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident stomach cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident stomach cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)
Incident Stomach Cancer Patients51872131864
Matched Controls for Incident Stomach Cancer Patients70177832017733

[back to top]

Number of Stomach Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident stomach cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident stomach cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)> 1 year (with 2 year lag)> 2 year (with 2 year lag)> 3 year (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)> 1 year (without 2 year lag)> 2 year (without 2 year lag)> 3 year (without 2 year lag)
Incident Stomach Cancer Patients18722111864321
Matched Controls for Incident Stomach Cancer Patients17783158417733331911

[back to top]

Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incident pancreatic cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.1 - 30.0 grams), Tertile 2 (30.1 - 189.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (189.1 - 9600.0 grams). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.1 - 30.0 grams), Tertile 2 (30.1 - 189.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (189.1 - 11610.0 grams). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident pancreatic cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Pancreatic Cancer Patients2135965212015812
Matched Controls for Incident Pancreatic Cancer Patients2029633223120222564559

[back to top]

Number of Anal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incident anal cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.1-30.0 grams [g]), T 2 (30.1-189.0 g), and T 3 (189.1-9600.0 g). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.1-30.0 g), T 2 (30.1-189.0 g), and T 3 (189.1-11610.0 g). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident anal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Anal Cancer Patients208211207302
Matched Controls for Incident Anal Cancer Patients20611322052735

[back to top]

Number of Breast Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incident breast cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-7 prescriptions), Tertile 3 (8-298 prescriptions). Tertiles without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-7 prescriptions), and Tertile 3 (8-388 prescriptions). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident breast cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Cases1946838243419390753267
Controls188199306182237187532577355460

[back to top]

Number of Anal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident anal cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.01-1.38 months [mo.]), T 2 (1.39-5.56 mo.), and T 3 (5.57 -105.82 mo.). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.01-1.38 mo.), T 2 (1.39-5.72 mo.), and T 3 (5.73-123.70 mo.). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident anal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Anal Cancer Patients208211207302
Matched Controls for Incident Anal Cancer Patients20611232052555

[back to top]

Number of Anal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident Anal cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident anal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)
Incident Anal Cancer Patients42085207
Matched Controls for Incident Anal Cancer Patients62061152052

[back to top]

Number of Anal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident anal cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident anal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)> 1 year (with 2 year lag)> 2 year (with 2 year lag)> 3 year (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)> 1 year (without 2 year lag)> 2 year (without 2 year lag)> 3 year (without 2 year lag)
Incident Anal Cancer Patients208000207200
Matched Controls for Incident Anal Cancer Patients20611112052311

[back to top]

Number of Anal Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incident anal cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (1-2 prescriptions [prescrip.]), T 2 (3-7 prescrip.), T 3 (8-298 prescrip.). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (1-2 prescrip.), T 2 (3-7 prescrip.), and T 3 (8-388 prescrip.). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident anal cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Anal Cancer Patients208211207302
Matched Controls for Incident Anal Cancer Patients20611232052735

[back to top]

Number of Bladder Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incident bladder cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.1 - 30.0 grams), Tertile 2 (30.1 - 189.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (189.1 - 9600.0 grams). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.1 - 30.0 grams), Tertile 2 (30.1 - 189.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (189.1 - 11610.0 grams). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident bladder cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Bladder Cancer Patients4585645456714109
Matched Controls for Incident Bladder Cancer Patients434155251414326011210384

[back to top]

Number of Bladder Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident bladder cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.38 months), Tertile 2 (1.39 - 5.56 months), and Tertile 3 (5.57 - 105.82 months). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.38 months), Tertile 2 (1.39 - 5.72 months), and Tertile 3 (5.73 - 123.70 months). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident bladder cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Bladder Cancer Patients45855464567121110
Matched Controls for Incident Bladder Cancer Patients434155152414326011210087

[back to top]

Number of Bladder Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident bladder cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident bladder cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)
Incident Bladder Cancer Patients154585334567
Matched Controls for Incident Bladder Cancer Patients1444341529943260

[back to top]

Number of Bladder Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident bladder cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident bladder cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)> 1 year (with 2 year lag)> 2 year (with 2 year lag)> 3 year (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)> 1 year (without 2 year lag)> 2 year (without 2 year lag)> 3 year (without 2 year lag)
Incident Bladder Cancer Patients45852004567621
Matched Controls for Incident Bladder Cancer Patients43415217343260522410

[back to top]

Number of Bladder Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incident bladder cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-7 prescriptions), Tertile 3 (8-298 prescriptions). Tertiles without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-7 prescriptions), and Tertile 3 (8-388 prescriptions). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident bladder cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Bladder Cancer Patients45856364567131010
Matched Controls for Incident Bladder Cancer Patients43415683541432601387190

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Number of Bone/Joint Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incident bone/joint cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.1-30.0 grams [g]), T 2 (30.1-189.0 g), and T 3 (189.1-9600.0 g). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.1-30.0 g), T 2 (30.1-189.0 g), and T 3 (189.1-11610.0 g). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident bone/joint cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Bone/Joint Cancer Patients300000299100
Matched Controls for Incident Bone/Joint Cancer Patients29254602916838

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Number of Bone/Joint Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident bone/joint cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.01-1.38 months [mo.]), T 2 (1.39-5.56 mo.), and T 3 (5.57-105.82 mo.). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.01-1.38 mo.), T 2 (1.39-5.72 mo.), and T 3 (5.73-123.70 mo.). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident bone/joint cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Bone/Joint Cancer Patients300000299100
Matched Controls for Incident Bone/Joint Cancer Patients29254152916559

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Number of Bone/Joint Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident bone/joint cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gabapentin-exposed cancer cases or no gabapentin-exposed controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident bone/joint cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)
Incident Bone/Joint Cancer Patients03001299
Matched Controls for Incident Bone/Joint Cancer Patients102925192916

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Number of Bone/Joint Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident bone/joint cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident bone/joint cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)> 1 year (with 2 year lag)> 2 year (with 2 year lag)> 3 year (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)> 1 year (without 2 year lag)> 2 year (without 2 year lag)> 3 year (without 2 year lag)
Incident Bone/Joint Cancer Patients300000299000
Matched Controls for Incident Bone/Joint Cancer Patients29253002916510

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Number of Bone/Joint Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incident bone/joint cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (1-2 prescriptions [prescrip.]), T 2 (3-7 prescrip.), T 3 (8-298 prescrip.). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (1-2 prescrip.), T 2 (3-7 prescrip.), and T 3 (8-388 prescrip.). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident bone/joint cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Bone/Joint Cancer Patients300000299100
Matched Controls for Incident Bone/Joint Cancer Patients29254242916748

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Number of Breast Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incident breast cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.1 - 30.0 grams), Tertile 2 (30.1 - 189.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (189.1 - 9600.0 grams). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.1 - 30.0 grams), Tertile 2 (30.1 - 189.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (189.1 - 11610.0 grams). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident breast cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Breast Cancer Patients1946831303519390664464
Matched Controls for Incident Breast Cancer Patients188199254225246187532493423476

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Number of Breast Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident breast cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.38 months), Tertile 2 (1.39 - 5.56 months), and Tertile 3 (5.57 - 105.82 months). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.38 months), Tertile 2 (1.39 - 5.72 months), and Tertile 3 (5.73 - 123.70 months). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident breast cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Breast Cancer Patients1946829323519390585264
Matched Controls for Incident Breast Cancer Patients188199245247233187532465473454

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Number of Breast Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident breast cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident breast cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)
Incident Breast Cancer Patients961946817419390
Matched Controls for Incident Breast Cancer Patients7251881991392187532

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Number of Breast Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident breast cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident breast cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)> 1 year (with 2 year lag)> 2 year (with 2 year lag)> 3 year (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)> 1 year (without 2 year lag)> 2 year (without 2 year lag)> 3 year (without 2 year lag)
Incident Breast Cancer Patients19468209219390462410
Matched Controls for Incident Breast Cancer Patients188199131542718753229113354

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Number of Stomach Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incident stomach cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (1-2 prescriptions [prescrip]), T 2 (3-7 prescrip), T 3 (8-298 prescrip). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (1-2 prescrip), T 2 (3-7 prescrip), and T 3 (8-388 prescrip). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident stomach cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Stomach Cancer Patients18720231864373
Matched Controls for Incident Stomach Cancer Patients1778329103117733551946

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Number of Lung Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incident lung cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.1 - 30.0 grams), Tertile 2 (30.1 - 189.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (189.1 - 9600.0 grams). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.1 - 30.0 grams), Tertile 2 (30.1 - 189.0 grams), and Tertile 3 (189.1 - 11610.0 grams). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident lung cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Lung Cancer Patients1080021161810700625637
Matched Controls for Incident Lung Cancer Patients102434139120143102053288224271

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Number of Lung Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident lung cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.38 months), Tertile 2 (1.39 - 5.56 months), and Tertile 3 (5.57 - 105.82 months). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.38 months), Tertile 2 (1.39 - 5.72 months), and Tertile 3 (5.73 - 123.70 months). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident lung cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Lung Cancer Patients1080021151910700674840
Matched Controls for Incident Lung Cancer Patients102434131130141102053267247269

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Number of Lung Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident lung cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident lung cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)
Incident Lung Cancer Patients551080015510700
Matched Controls for Incident Lung Cancer Patients402102434783102053

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Number of Lung Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident lung cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident lung cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)> 1 year (with 2 year lag)> 2 year (with 2 year lag)> 3 year (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)> 1 year (without 2 year lag)> 2 year (without 2 year lag)> 3 year (without 2 year lag)
Incident Lung Cancer Patients1080010411070021114
Matched Controls for Incident Lung Cancer Patients102434752461020531677733

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Number of Lung Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incident lung cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-7 prescriptions), Tertile 3 (8-298 prescriptions). Tertiles without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-7 prescriptions), and Tertile 3 (8-388 prescriptions). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident lung cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Lung Cancer Patients1080024131810700813242
Matched Controls for Incident Lung Cancer Patients102434160105137102053327186270

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Number of Other Nervous System (ONS) Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incident ONS cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.1-30.0 grams [g]), T 2 (30.1-189.0 g), and T 3 (189.1-9600.0 g). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.1-30.0 g), T 2 (30.1-189.0 g), and T 3 (189.1-11610.0 g). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident other nervous system cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was same as for case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Other Nervous System Cancer Patients3800036011
Matched Controls for Incident ONS Cancer Patients380000379010

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Number of Other Nervous System (ONS) Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident ONS cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.01-1.38 months [mo.]), T 2 (1.39-5.56 mo.), and T 3 (5.57-105.82 mo.). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.01-1.38 mo.), T 2 (1.39-5.72 mo.), and T 3 (5.73-123.70 mo.). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident other nervous system cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was same as for case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Other Nervous System Cancer Patients3800036011
Matched Controls for Incident ONS Cancer Patients380000379010

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Number of Other Nervous System (ONS) Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incident ONS cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (1-2 prescriptions [prescrip.]), T 2 (3-7 prescrip.), T 3 (8-298 prescrip.). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (1-2 prescrip.), T 2 (3-7 prescrip.), and T 3 (8-388 prescrip.). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident other nervous system cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his cohort entry was same as for case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Other Nervous System Cancer Patients3800036011
Matched Controls for Incident ONS Cancer Patients380000379010

[back to top]

Number of Other Nervous System Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident other nervous system cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gabapentin-exposed cancer cases or no gabapentin-exposed controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident other nervous system cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his cohort entry was the same as case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)
Incident Other Nervous System Cancer Patients038236
Matched Controls for Incident ONS Cancer Patients03801379

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Number of Other Nervous System Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident other nervous system cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident other nervous system cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was same as for case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)> 1 year (with 2 year lag)> 2 year (with 2 year lag)> 3 year (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)> 1 year (without 2 year lag)> 2 year (without 2 year lag)> 3 year (without 2 year lag)
Incident Other Nervous System Cancer Patients3800036100
Matched Controls for Incident ONS Cancer Patients380000379000

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Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident pancreatic cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.38 months), Tertile 2 (1.39 - 5.56 months), and Tertile 3 (5.57 - 105.82 months). Tertile's without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (0.01 - 1.38 months), Tertile 2 (1.39 - 5.72 months), and Tertile 3 (5.73 - 123.70 months). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident pancreatic cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Pancreatic Cancer Patients21351127212015515
Matched Controls for Incident Pancreatic Cancer Patients2029628273120222534364

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Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident pancreatic cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident pancreatic cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)
Incident Pancreatic Cancer Patients202135352120
Matched Controls for Incident Pancreatic Cancer Patients862029616020222

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Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident pancreatic cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident pancreatic cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as for the case

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)> 1 year (with 2 year lag)> 2 year (with 2 year lag)> 3 year (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)> 1 year (without 2 year lag)> 2 year (without 2 year lag)> 3 year (without 2 year lag)
Incident Pancreatic Cancer Patients21355212120721
Matched Controls for Incident Pancreatic Cancer Patients2029618622022246236

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Number of Pancreatic Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Number of Gabapentin Prescriptions

Incident pancreatic cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertile's with 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-7 prescriptions), Tertile 3 (8-298 prescriptions). Tertiles without 2 year lag: Tertile 1 (1-2 prescriptions), Tertile 2 (3-7 prescriptions), and Tertile 3 (8-388 prescriptions). (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident pancreatic cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Pancreatic Cancer Patients21351226212017414
Matched Controls for Incident Pancreatic Cancer Patients2029634223020222623068

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Number of Penile Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Cumulative Dose of Gabapentin

Incident penile cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.1-30.0 grams [g]), T 2 (30.1-189.0 g), and T 3 (189.1-9600.0 g). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.1-30.0 g), T 2 (30.1-189.0 g), and T 3 (189.1-11610.0 g). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident penile cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Penile Cancer Patients147100147100
Matched Controls for Incident Penile Cancer Patients13941011390123

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Number of Penile Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident penile cancer. Gabapentin (Gaba.) Exposure Description: With 2 year (yr) lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to 2 yr prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 yr lag=Gaba. exposure from cohort entry to index date. Tertiles (T) with 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.01-1.38 months [mo.]), T 2 (1.39-5.56 mo.), and T 3 (5.57-105.82 mo.). Tertiles without 2 yr lag: T 1 (0.01-1.38 mo.), T 2 (1.39-5.72 mo.), and T 3 (5.73-123.70 mo.). Inestimable OR and 95% CI when no gaba.-exposed cancer cases or controls at the exposure level. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident penile cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (with 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)Tertile 1 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 2 (without 2 year lag)Tertile 3 (without 2 year lag)
Incident Penile Cancer Patients147100147100
Matched Controls for Incident Penile Cancer Patients13941011390132

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Number of Penile Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident penile cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin prescription from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident penile cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ever (with 2 year lag)Never (with 2 year lag)Ever (without 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)
Incident Penile Cancer Patients11471147
Matched Controls for Incident Penile Cancer Patients2139461390

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Number of Penile Cancer Cases and Matched Controls With the Indicated Long Duration of Exposure to Gabapentin

Incident penile cancer. Gabapentin Exposure Description: With 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to 2 years prior to index date (to control for prediagnostic prescribing for pain symptoms possibly related to cancer). Without 2 year lag = Gabapentin exposure from cohort entry to index date. (NCT01236053)
Timeframe: The case index date was the date of incident penile cancer diagnosis ascertained in the GPRD study cohort 1995-2008. The matched control index date was the date at which the follow-up time from his/her cohort entry was the same as that for the case.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Never (with 2 year lag)> 1 year (with 2 year lag)> 2 year (with 2 year lag)> 3 year (with 2 year lag)Never (without 2 year lag)> 1 year (without 2 year lag)> 2 year (without 2 year lag)> 3 year (without 2 year lag)
Incident Penile Cancer Patients147000147000
Matched Controls for Incident Penile Cancer Patients13941001390111

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Mean Neuropathic Pain Score at Visit 5 (Week 3)

Neuropathic pain score included 10 pain descriptors (intensity, stinging, burning, dull pain, coldness, sensitivity, numbness, depth, superficial and unpleasant) quantified on a 0 (no symptoms) to 10 (worst symptoms imaginable). Questionnaire generated a score in each of the relevant dimensions and a total score of 0-100. Higher score indicated a greater intensity of pain. (NCT01263132)
Timeframe: Visit 5 (Week 3)

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Gabapentin33.74
MF0434 + Gabapentin24.86

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Mean Neuropathic Pain Score at Visit 6 (Week 4)

Neuropathic pain score included 10 pain descriptors (intensity, stinging, burning, dull pain, coldness, sensitivity, numbness, depth, superficial and unpleasant) quantified on a 0 (no symptoms) to 10 (worst symptoms imaginable). Questionnaire generated a score in each of the relevant dimensions and a total score of 0-100. Higher score indicated a greater intensity of pain. (NCT01263132)
Timeframe: Visit 6 (Week 4)

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Gabapentin22.08
MF0434 + Gabapentin17.29

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Mean Neuropathic Pain Score at Visit 3 (Week 1)

Neuropathic pain score included 10 pain descriptors (intensity, stinging, burning, dull pain, coldness, sensitivity, numbness, depth, superficial and unpleasant) quantified on a 0 (no symptoms) to 10 (worst symptoms imaginable). Questionnaire generated a score in each of the relevant dimensions and a total score of 0-100. Higher score indicated a greater intensity of pain. (NCT01263132)
Timeframe: Visit 3 (Week 1)

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Gabapentin51.00
MF0434 + Gabapentin50.70

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Quality of Life Survey Assessed Using Short Form 36 (SF-36) Questionnaire

SF-36 is a standardized health survey consisting of 36 questions to measure functional health status. Summary scores are calculated using the following 8 dimensions: physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health. The score for a component is obtained by SF-36 algorithm and it is represented as an average of the individual question scores, which are scaled 0 (not functioning) to 100 (highest functioning). Higher scores are indicative of a better health status. (NCT01263132)
Timeframe: Visit 2 (Baseline) to Visit 6 (Week 4)

,
InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Baseline (Visit 2): General SF-36 QoL IndexWeek 1 (Visit 3): General SF-36 QoL IndexWeek 2 (Visit 4): General SF-36 QoL IndexWeek 3 (Visit 5): General SF-36 QoL IndexWeek 4 (Visit 6): General SF-36 QoL Index
Gabapentin53.04465.77969.53173.05878.869
MF0434 + Gabapentin56.50765.61074.37078.07582.331

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Mean Neuropathic Pain Score at Visit 4 (Week 2)

Neuropathic pain score included 10 pain descriptors (intensity, stinging, burning, dull pain, coldness, sensitivity, numbness, depth, superficial and unpleasant) quantified on a 0 (no symptoms) to 10 (worst symptoms imaginable). Questionnaire generated a score in each of the relevant dimensions and a total score of 0-100. Higher score indicated a greater intensity of pain. (NCT01263132)
Timeframe: Visit 4 (Week 2)

InterventionUnits on a Scale (Mean)
Gabapentin41.24
MF0434 + Gabapentin36.94

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Difference in Psychological Outcomes on the Sickness Inventory Profile (SIP)

The sickness inventory profile (SIP) is a behaviorally based measure of health status. Scores range from 0-68 with higher numbers indicating worse outcomes. The study report total SIP score. The higher the score the worse the function. (NCT01265056)
Timeframe: First Clinic Follow Up After Discharge

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo34.9
Gabapentin36.0

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Psychological Functioning as Evaluated by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) Between Treatment and Placebo Groups

The Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI 18) is designed with reliability in mind. The BSI 18 assessment gathers patient-reported data to help measure psychological distress and psychiatric disorders in medical and community populations. As the latest in an integrated series of test instruments that include the SCL-90-R®, BSI® (53 questions), and DPRS® instruments, the BSI 18 test offers a more effective, easy-to-administer tool to help support clinical decision-making and monitor progress throughout treatment. BSI-18 measures three dimensions with 6 questions a piece (somatization , depression , anxiety) and overall psychological distress scores (Global severity index, GSI). Each of the 18 items range from a score of 0-4; total score ranges from 0-72 with higher scores indicating worse function. The GSI score is calculated as the mean of the three subscales. The study reported the GSI score. Higher score is worse. (NCT01265056)
Timeframe: First Clinic Follow Up After Discharge

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo9
Gabapentin7.3

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Opioid Consumption Between the Treatment and the Control Groups (Morphine Equivalents)

(NCT01265056)
Timeframe: From time of enrollment to 2 weeks after being discharged

Interventionmorphine equivalents (Mean)
Placebo7.0
Gabapentin6.7

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Vulvodynia Pain

Overall vulvodynia pain on an 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (0 = no pain at all; 10 = worse pain ever). Pain was assessed daily during the last week of treatment. Daily scores were averaged. (NCT01301001)
Timeframe: Week 6 for each treatment arm

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo2.88
Gabapentin2.71

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Tampon Test Pain Intensity

Tampon pain on a 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (0 = no pain at all; 10 = worse pain ever). One tampon was inserted each week. Tampon pain was assessed during last week of maintenance phase (7 days). (NCT01301001)
Timeframe: Week 6 for each treatment arm

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo4.29
Gabapentin3.96

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Coital Pain

Coital pain on an 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (0 = no pain at all; 10 = worse pain ever), assessed after each sexual intercourse event. The number of sexual intercourse events was averaged during final week of each treatment arm. (NCT01301001)
Timeframe: Week 6 of each treatment arm

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo3.97
Gabapentin3.85

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Number of Participants With no Reported RLS Symptoms During Each of the 4-hour Periods From the 24-hour RLS Record at Day 14

The 24-Hour RLS Record is a diary in which participants report the presence and severity of RLS symptoms (none, mild, moderate, or severe) for a 24-hour period, in 30-minute increments. The period was divided into 7 four-hour intervals (8 AM to 12 PM, 12 PM to 4 PM, 4 PM to 8 PM, 6 PM to 10 PM, 8 PM to 12 Midnight, Midnight to 4 AM, and 4 AM to 8 AM). (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Day 14

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
8 AM to 12 PM12 PM to 4 PM4 PM to 8 PM6 PM to 10 PM8 PM to 12 AM12 AM to 4 AM4 AM to 8 AM
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo21201918131723
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo27232623182426
GEn Placebo and DPH37353627182439

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Scaled Token Motor Task Test Score

Participants were given 100 plastic tokens and asked to place them in a container, 2 at a time, as quickly as possible for 60 seconds. The number of tokens correctly placed in the container was the Token Motor Task score (range: 0-100). The BAC was conducted prior to each simulated driving test. The Token Motor Task scaled test score was calculated as indicated for the Verbal Memory Test. Change from baseline was calculated as the Day composite score minus the Baseline composite score. The scaled test score range is -6.95 to 3.35, with higher scaled scores indicating better cognition. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Day 14, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 15, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 16, n=32, 28, 33, 28
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo0.4-0.00.4
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo0.2-0.20.1
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 160.30.20.4
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo0.20.40.4

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Composite Score

The BAC was designed as a comprehensive measure of cognitive function, including 6 individual tests: Verbal Memory Recall, Digit Sequencing, Token Motor Task, Verbal Fluency, Symbol Coding, and Tower of London. The composite/total BAC score is calculated by scoring each individual test, comparing each score to a healthy control sample (matched for sex and age category) to create z-scores, summing the z-scores, and rescaling the sum. The composite score range is -2127.8 to 1878.8, with higher scores indicating better cognition. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1 and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Day 14, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 15, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 16, n=32, 28, 33, 28
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo5.33.49.1
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo5.30.27.1
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 167.04.810.7
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo4.64.87.2

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Post Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) Responses at Day 14

The PSQ is designed to evaluate sleep quality, ability to function, and the degree to which RLS symptoms interfere with sleep. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Day 14

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Sleep Quality: ExcellentSleep Quality: ReasonableSleep Quality: PoorAbility to Function: ExcellentAbility to Function: GoodAbility to Function: ModerateAbility to Function: Poor0 Nights with RLS Symptoms1-2 Nights with RLS Symptoms3-4 Nights with RLS Symptoms5-6 Nights with RLS Symptoms7 Nights with RLS Symptoms0 Awakenings/Night due to RLS1-2 Wakenings/Night due to RLS3-4 Awakenings/Night due to RLS5+ Awakenings/Night due to RLS0 Hours Awake/Night due to RLS<1 Hour Awake/Night due to RLS1-<2 Hours Awake/Night due to RLS2-<3 Hours Awake/Night due to RLS3+ Hours Awake/Night due to RLS
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo5185617508761671821234010
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo1417211184010983382311310020
GEn Placebo and DPH93121832201812171311104182533320

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment Based on Scores on the Participant-Rated CGI-I at Day 14

"The participant-rated CGI-I is a self-rated assessment designed to allow participants to rate the change of their disease severity over time based on a seven-point scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved, and a score of 7 being very much worse. Response was defined as a rating of very much improved or much improved (score of 1 or 2 on the scale)." (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Day 14

Interventionparticipants (Number)
GEn Placebo and DPH23
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo20
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo23

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Percentage of Participants With no Reported RLS Symptoms During the 24-hour RLS Record at Day 14

The 24-Hour RLS Record is a diary in which participants report the presence and severity of RLS symptoms (none, mild, moderate, or severe) for a 24-hour period, in 30-min increments beginning at 8AM on the day prior to the visit. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Day 14

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
GEn Placebo and DPH9.84
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo35.71
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo42.42

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in Overall Lane Position Variability (LPV)

Lane position variability (LPV) was defined as the standard deviation of lane position, and was measured from the center line of the 26 foot wide 2-lane paved road to the center of the vehicle. Change from baseline in overall LPV was calculated as the Day 14 (in the evening) or Day 15 (in the morning after GEn dosed at 5 PM) mean LPV over the 1-hour drive minus the Baseline (Day -1 or Day 1) mean LPV over the 1-hour drive. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1 and 1) and Days 14 and 15

,,,
Interventionfeet (Mean)
Day 14, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 15, n=32, 28, 31, 27
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo0.170.13
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo-0.010.02
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 16-0.08-0.10
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo-0.06-0.01

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in Brake Reaction Time

Brake reaction time was assessed as the time it took for each participant to move their foot off the accelerator and onto the brake pedal after the appearance of a stop sign on the simulation screen. Change from baseline was calculated as the Day 14, 15, or 16 mean reaction time minus the Baseline (Days -1 and 1) mean reaction time. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1 and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,,
Interventionseconds (Mean)
Day 14, n=33, 25, 32, 27Day 15, n=32, 25, 30, 25Day 16, n=30, 28, 33, 27
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo-0.07-0.03-0.05
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo-0.03-0.01-0.03
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 16-0.04-0.05-0.03
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo-0.04-0.00-0.04

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in Overall Average Lane Position

Lane position was measured from the center line of the 26 foot wide 2-lane paved road to the center of the vehicle. Change from baseline in overall average lane position was calculated as the Day 14 (in the evening), 15 (in the morning after GEn dosed at 5 PM), or 16 (assessment at Tmax of GEn and DPH) mean lane position over the 1-hour drive minus the Baseline (Days -1 and 1) mean lane position over the 1-hour drive. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1 and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,,
Interventionfeet (Mean)
Day 14, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 15, n=32, 28, 31, 27Day 16, n=30, 28, 33, 28
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo-0.020.120.13
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo0.030.040.14
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 160.080.040.08
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo0.050.010.17

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in Overall Average Speed

Participants were instructed to maintain a speed of 55 miles per hour during the driving assessment. Change from baseline in overall average speed was calculated as the Day 14 (in the evening), 15 (in the morning), or 16 (at Tmax of GEn and DPH) mean speed over the 1-hour drive minus the Baseline (Days -1 and 1) mean speed over the 1-hour drive. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1 and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,,
Interventionmiles per hour (Mean)
Day 14, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 15, n=32, 28, 31, 27Day 16, n=30, 28, 33, 28
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo0.660.330.90
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo0.420.300.92
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 160.120.370.84
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo1.240.751.70

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in Overall Speed Variability

Speed variability was defined as the standard deviation of the speed (measured in miles per hour). Participants were instructed to maintain a speed of 55 miles per hour during the test drive. Change from baseline in overall speed variability was calculated as the Day 14 (in the evening), 15 (in the morning), or 16 (at Tmax of GEn and DPH) mean speed variability over the 1-hour drive minus the Baseline (Days -1 and 1) mean speed variability over the 1-hour drive. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1) and Days 14 and 16; baseline (Day 1) and Day 15

,,,
Interventionmiles per hour (Mean)
Day 14, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 15, n=32, 28, 31, 27Day 16, n=30, 28, 33, 28
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo-0.190.43-0.12
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo-0.32-0.070.23
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 16-0.47-0.33-0.08
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo-0.22-0.26-0.54

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in the Alertness Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Score

"Alertness VAS was completed immediately before and after each simulated driving assessment. Participants indicated their alertness by marking a vertical line on a horizontal scale anchored by responses extremely sleepy and extremely alert. VAS score was determined by measuring the distance in millimeters (mm) from the left hand end of the line to the point the participant marked. Scores ranged from 0-100 mm, with higher scores indicating more alertness and lower scores indicating more sleepiness. Change score was calculated as the Day 14, 15, or 16 VAS score minus the Baseline VAS score." (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1 and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,,
Interventionmillimeters (Mean)
Day 14; Pre-Drive, n=33, 28, 32, 28Day 14; Post-Drive, n=33, 28, 32, 28Day 14; Post-Pre Drive Difference, n=33,28,32,28Day 15; Pre-Drive, n=33, 27, 33, 28Day 15; Post-Drive, n=33, 27, 32, 27Day 15; Post-Pre Drive Difference, n=33,27,32,27Day 16; Pre-Drive, n=32, 28, 33, 28Day 16; Post-Drive, n=31, 28, 33, 28Day 16; Post-Pre Drive Difference, n=31,28,33,28
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo-2.63.25.90.2-6.1-6.30.8-3.6-4.5
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo-3.53.34.97.24.8-2.2-8.8-7.51.3
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 16-3.1-3.00.10.4-3.1-3.7-11.8-14.0-2.3
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo4.57.73.11.5-3.2-4.76.314.37.7

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in the Pittsburgh Sleep Diary (PghSD) Total Sleep Time Item

The PghSD assessed a participant's previous night's sleep. Change from baseline was calculated as the Day 14 (in the evening), 15 (in the morning after dose), and 16 (at Tmax)value minus the Baseline (Days -1 and 1) value. Total sleep time is expressed in hours. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1 and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,
Interventionhours (Mean)
Day 14, n=59, 26, 33Day 15, n=60, 28, 33Day 16, n=59, 26, 33
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo0.20.20.3
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo1.00.30.4
GEn Placebo and DPH0.3-0.20.5

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Median Time to Onset of a Participant's First RLS Symptoms Using the 24-hour RLS Symptom Record at Day 14

The 24-Hour RLS Record is a diary in which participants report the presence and severity of RLS symptoms (none, mild, moderate, or severe) for a 24-hour period, in 30-min increments beginning at 8AM on the day prior to the visit. For Arms 2 and 3, upper limits of the confidence intervals are not available, as they are beyond the 24-hour time frame. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Day 14

Interventionparticipants (Median)
GEn Placebo and DPH7.0
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo14.3
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo15.5

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Scaled Digit Sequencing Score (DSS)

Participants (par.) were presented with sets of numbers of increasing length and asked to tell the experimenter the numbers in order from lowest to highest. The task has 7 levels; the first level had 2 digits in the set (e.g., 5, 2); the second level had 3 digits in the set, etc. The number of times the par. correctly arranged the numbers was recorded as the score for each level. The DSS is the sum of the 7 level scores (range: 0-28). The scaled test score was calculated as indicated for the Verbal Memory Test and ranges from -6.68 to 2.73; higher scaled scores indicate better cognition. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Day 14, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 15, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 16, n=32, 28, 33, 28
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo0.20.30.4
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo0.4-0.20.5
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 160.30.10.7
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo0.30.20.3

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) in Overall Lane Position Variability (LPV) on Day 16 (Tmax)

Lane position variability (LPV) was defined as the standard deviation of lane position, and was measured from the center line of the 26 foot wide 2-lane paved road to the center of the vehicle. Change from baseline in overall LPV was calculated as the Day 16 mean LPV over the 1-hour drive minus the Baseline mean LPV over the 1-hour drive. The Day 16 measurement is at the time of maximum concentration (Tmax) for both GEn and DPH. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1) and Day 16

Interventionfeet (Least Squares Mean)
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo-0.10
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo0.15
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo0.15
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 160.16

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Scaled Verbal Fluency Test Score

Verbal Fluency included one semantic fluency and two letter fluency tasks. Participants were given 60 seconds to name as many words as possible within a given semantic category (supermarket items), and in two separate trials, participants were given 60 seconds to generate as many words as possible that began with a given letter. The total number of words from all of the 3 trials was the Verbal Fluency score (range: 0-150). The scaled test score was calculated as indicated for the Verbal Memory Test. The scaled test score range is -5 to 10.83; higher scaled scores indicate better cognition. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1 and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Day 14, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 15, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 16, n=32, 28, 33, 28
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo0.50.10.7
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo0.40.20.4
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 160.60.40.9
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo0.20.40.7

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Scaled Verbal Memory Test Score

Participants were presented with 15 words and asked to recall as many as possible; the procedure was repeated 5 times. The total number of words recalled correctly across the 5 administrations of the list was the participant's Verbal Memory Recall score (range: 0-75). The scaled test score was calculated as ((BAC component raw test score - healthy control sample test mean)/healthy control sample test standard deviation); a healthy control sample was matched to the participant's sex and age category. The scaled test score range is -7.37 to 4.86; higher scaled scores indicate better cognition. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Day 14, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 15, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 16, n=32, 28, 33, 28
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo0.10.1-0.1
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo0.2-0.00.1
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 160.10.10.0
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo0.10.2-0.2

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Scaled Symbol Coding Test Score

Participants were given a list of numbers (numerals 1-9) that were each associated with a unique symbol. Participants decoded a list of 110 symbols as quickly as possible in 90 seconds. The total number of symbols correctly decoded was the Symbol Coding Score (range: 0-110). The Symbol Coding scaled test score was calculated as indicated for the Verbal Memory Test. Change from baseline was calculated as the Day composite score minus the Baseline composite score. The scaled test score range is -7 to 10.08, with higher scaled scores indicating better cognition. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Day 14, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 15, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 16, n=32, 28, 33, 28
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo0.60.51.4
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo0.5-0.01.0
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 160.60.41.3
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo0.60.51.3

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC) Scaled Tower of London (TOL) Score

Participants (par.) were asked to look at 2 pictures simultaneously; each picture showed 3 different colored balls arranged on 3 pegs. Par. were to estimate the number of times the balls in 1 picture would have to be moved to make the arrangement of balls identical to that of the second picture. Par. were allowed 20 seconds to respond to each pair of pictures. The number of correct items was the TOL Score (range: 0-22). The TOL scaled test score was calculated as indicated for the Verbal Memory Test. The scaled test score range is -7.53 to 2.76; higher scaled scores indicate better cognition. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Day 14, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 15, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 16, n=32, 28, 33, 28
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo0.20.30.5
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo0.30.40.5
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 160.50.50.6
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo0.30.20.1

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Mean Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) in the Pittsburgh Sleep Diary (PghSD) Sleep Quality

"The PghSD assessed a participant's previous night's sleep. Sleep quality was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Participants indicated their sleep quality by marking a vertical line on a horizontal scale anchored by responses very bad and very good. VAS score was determined by measuring the distance in millimeters (mm) from the left hand end of the line to the point that the participant marked. Scores ranged from 0 to 100 mm with higher scores indicating better sleep quality and lower scores indicating worse sleep quality." (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,
Interventionmillimeters (Mean)
Day 14, n=61, 28, 33Day 15, n=61, 28, 33Day 16, n=59, 28, 33
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo29.924.627.4
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo35.118.016.7
GEn Placebo and DPH21.211.820.7

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Mean Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) and Day 16 (at Tmax) and Change From Baseline (Day 1) to Day 15 (Morning After Dose) on the Pittsburgh Sleep Diary (PghSD) Sleep Onset Items

The PghSD assessed participant's previous night's sleep. Change from baseline was calculated as the Day 14 (in the evening), 15 (in the morning), and 16 (at Tmax of GEn and DPH) value minus the Baseline (Days -1 and 1) value. Latency to sleep onset (time to fall asleep) and wake time after sleep onset are expressed in minutes. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Days -1and 1) and Days 14, 15, and 16

,,
Interventionminutes (Mean)
Day 14; Latency to Sleep Onset, n=61, 28, 33Day 14; Wake Time After Sleep Onset, n=59, 26, 33Day 15; Latency to Sleep Onset n=61, 28, 33Day 15; Wake Time After Sleep Onset, n=60, 28, 33Day 16; Latency to Sleep Onset, n=60, 28, 23Day 16; Wake Time After Sleep Onset, n=59, 26, 33
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo-3.2-23.3-14.9-30.8-3.3-26.3
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo-25.7-26.9-35.8-14.8-19.3-9.9
GEn Placebo and DPH-8.1-14.0-8.74.9-17.3-15.8

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Number of Participants in Each Category of the Investigator-Rated Clinician Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) Scale at Day 14

"The CGI scale is a widely used tool designed to allow clinicians to rate the severity of illness and the change of the disease severity over time based on a seven-point rating scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved and a score of 7 being very much worse compared to baseline." (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Day 14

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Very Much Improved, score of 1Much Improved, score of 2Minimally Improved, score of 3No Change, score of 4Minimally Worse, score of 5Much Worse, score of 6Very Much Worse, score of 7
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo10774000
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo15864000
GEn Placebo and DPH7151915410

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Number of Simulated Crashes on Days 14 (Evening), 15 (Morning After Dose), and 16 (Tmax)

A simulated crash was defined as a collision with an oncoming car or obstacle (e.g., tree) or when the distance to the center line was greater than 18 feet on either side of the road. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Days 14, 15, and 16

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Day 14; 1 Crash, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 14; 2 Crashes, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 14; 3 Crashes, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 14; 4 Crashes, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 14; 5 Crashes, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 14; 13 Crashes, n=33, 28, 33, 28Day 15; 1 Crash, n=33, 28, 31, 28Day 15; 2 Crashes, n=33, 28, 31, 28Day 15; 4 Crashes, n=33, 28, 31, 28Day 15; 13 Crashes, n=33, 28, 31, 28Day 16; 1 Crash, n=30, 28, 33, 28Day 16; 3 Crashes, n=30, 28, 33, 28Day 16; 4 Crashes, n=30, 28, 33, 28Day 16; 5 Crashes, n=30, 28, 33, 28Day 16; 13 Crashes, n=30, 28, 33, 28Day 16; 17 Crashes, n=30, 28, 33, 28
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo1201114321511001
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo0010001000320010
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 161000000000200100
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo2200001000000000

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Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 14 (Evening) in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Total Score

"The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a questionnaire designed to evaluate daytime sleepiness. Participants were asked to rate how likely they were to doze or fall asleep during 8 activities on a scale of 0 (would never do) to 3 (high chance of dozing). The total score ranges from 0-24, with a score greater than 10 representing excessive daytime sleepiness (an increased chance of dozing). Change from baseline was calculated as the Day 14 total score minus the Baseline total score." (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1) and Day 14

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
GEn Placebo and DPH Placebo-2.6
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo-2.3
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo-2.4
GEn Placebo and DPH 50 mg on Day 16-2.4

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Mean Change From Baseline (Day -1) at Day 14 in the International Restless Legs Syndrome (IRLS) Rating Scale Total Score

The IRLS Rating scale is a measure of RLS disease severity and reflects the participant-reported assessment of primary sensory and motor features and associated sleep problems in RLS. Items are included that assess the impact of symptoms on participants' mood, daily life, and activities. The total score ranges from 0-40 points, with 40 being the most severe. The scale assesses symptoms over the week prior to measurement. (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1) and Day 14

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
GEn Placebo and DPH-7.6
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo-12.4
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo-13.1

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Number of Participants in Each Category of the Participant-Rated Clinician Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) Scale at Day 14

"The participant-rated CGI-I scale is a self-rated assessment designed to allow participants to rate the change of their disease severity over time based on a seven-point scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved and a score of 7 being very much worse." (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Day 14

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Very Much Improved, score of 1Much Improved, score of 2Minimally Improved, score of 3No Change, score of 4Minimally Worse, score of 5Much Worse, score of 6Very Much Worse, score of 7
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo91133200
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo14964000
GEn Placebo and DPH7161417520

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment Based on Scores on the Investigator-Rated CGI-I at Day 14

"The investigator-rated CGI-I is a clinician-rated assessment designed to allow clinicians to rate the change of their participant's disease severity over time based on a seven-point scale, with a score of 1 being very much improved, and a score of 7 being very much worse compared to baseline. For this endpoint, response was defined as a rating of very much improved or much improved (score of 1 or 2 on the scale) compared to baseline." (NCT01332318)
Timeframe: Day 14

Interventionparticipants (Number)
GEn Placebo and DPH22
GEn 1200 mg and DPH Placebo17
GEn 1800 mg and DPH Placebo23

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Percentage of Participants With at Least 30 and 50 Percent (%) Improvement in Numeric Pain Intensity Scale (NPIS) From Baseline at Day 84 (Week 12)

NPIS is a 11-point scale, with 0 representing no pain and 10 representing the worst possible pain. The participants were asked to mark the number that best represents the current level of pain they have experienced during the previous 24 hours. (NCT01364298)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 84 (Week 12)

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
At least 30% improvementAt least 50% improvement
Gabapentin/B-complex76.966.0
Pregabalin85.472.4

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Number of Participants With Various Health Conditions Based on Global Impression of Patient Change (GIPC) Scale

GIPC is an assessment that the participant's global change in health condition from start of the study on a 7-point scale (1 = extremely improved, 2 = much improved, 3 = minimally improved, 4 = no change, 5 = minimally worse 6 = much worse, 7 = extremely worse). (NCT01364298)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 84 (Week 12)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Health: extremely improvedHealth: much improvedHealth: minimally improved
Gabapentin/B-complex627310
Pregabalin476510

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Sleep Evaluation: Number of Participants Who Fell Asleep in Pre-specified Time Duration

Sleep evaluation was performed by assessing number of participants who fell asleep in a particular pre-specified range of time duration, that is, 0-15 minutes, 16-30 minutes, 31-45 minutes, 46-60 minutes and greater than 60 minutes at Day 84 (Week 12). (NCT01364298)
Timeframe: Day 84 (Week 12)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
0 to 15 minutes16 to 30 minutes31 to 45 minutes46 to 60 minutesGreater than 60 minutes
Gabapentin/B-complex85331388
Pregabalin72331242

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Profile of Mood States (POMS) Score

"POMS is a rating scale, which comprises of 65 items that are evaluated in a 0-4 scale, where 0 means not at all and 4 extremely. The scores for the 65 items are added in various combinations to throw six validated factors which are used to calculate total POMS score: (tension-anxiety) + (depression-dejection) + (anger-hostility)+ (fatigue-Inertia) + (confusion-bewilderment) - (vigor-activity). Score range (-40 to 192). Score -40 denotes the best score and score 192 denotes the worst score." (NCT01364298)
Timeframe: Day 84 (Week 12)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin/B-complex1.3
Pregabalin3.4

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Change From Baseline in Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) Scale Score at Day 84

The LANSS scale score is 7-item pain scale that consists of grouped sensory description and sensory examination with simple scoring system. Evaluations in two main areas: pain and sensorial exploration. The first 5 questions asks for presence of unpleasant skin sensations (pricking, tingling, pins and needles), appearance of skin (mottled, red, or pink), increased sensitivity of skin to touch, sudden bursts of electric shock sensations, and hot or burning skin sensations. Last 2 questions involve sensory testing for the presence of allodynia and altered pinprick threshold. Different numbers of points, relative to their significance to neuropathic pain, are given to positive answers for maximum of 24 points. A score less than 12 makes unlikely that participant's symptoms are neuropathic in nature, whereas score more than 12 make neuropathic mechanisms likely to be contributing to participant's pain. Change from baseline data has been calculated as value at baseline minus value at Day 84. (NCT01364298)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 84 (Week 12)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=147, 123)Change at Day 84 (n=146, 122)
Gabapentin/B-complex16.28.082
Pregabalin15.86.967

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)

An adverse event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in the form of signs, symptoms, abnormal laboratory findings, or diseases that emerges or worsens relative to Baseline during a clinical study with an investigational medicinal product (IMP), regardless of causal relationship and even if no IMP has been administered. (NCT01364298)
Timeframe: Day 7 up to Day 84 (+7 days)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Gabapentin/B-complex80
Pregabalin93

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Change From Baseline in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Score at Day 84

VAS is used to rate the pain as per 10 centimeter (cm) line. The pain intensity score ranges from '0=no pain' to '10=worst possible pain'. Change from baseline data has been calculated as value at baseline minus value at Day 84. (NCT01364298)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 84 (Week 12)

,
Interventioncentimeter (Mean)
Baseline (n=147, 123)Change at Day 84 (n=146, 122)
Gabapentin/B-complex7.04.182
Pregabalin7.14.529

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Number of Participants With Various Health Conditions Based on Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Scale

CGIC is an assessment that the physician performs to assess the participant's global change in health condition from start of the study on a 7-point scale (1 = extremely improved, 2 = much improved, 3 = minimally improved, 4 = no change, 5 = minimally worse 6 = much worse, 7 = extremely worse). (NCT01364298)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 84 (Week 12)

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Health: extremely improvedHealth: much improvedHealth: minimally improved
Gabapentin/B-complex557911
Pregabalin47696

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Change From Baseline in Average Numeric Pain Intensity Scale (NPIS) Score at Day 84

An average NPIS pain score (daily average records of the past seven days) was evaluated. Numeric pain intensity scale (NPIS) is a 11-point scale, with 0 representing no pain and 10 representing the worst possible pain. The participants were asked to mark the number that best represents the current level of pain they have experienced during the previous 24 hours. Change from baseline data has been calculated as value at baseline minus value at Day 84. (NCT01364298)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 84 (Week 12)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline (n=147, 123)Change at Day 84 (n=146, 122)
Gabapentin/B-complex6.73.905
Pregabalin6.84.260

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Baseline Severity of Epileptic Seizure

Participants who responded to the treatment with gabapentin were counted by the baseline severity of epileptic seizure (mild, moderate and severe) to assess whether the baseline severity of epileptic seizure was a factor affecting the treatment efficacy. (NCT01441401)
Timeframe: MAX 104 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Mild6
Moderate15
Severe6
Unknown1

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Number of Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs at Baseline

Participants who responded to the treatment with gabapentin were counted by the number of concomitant epileptic drugs at baseline across 5 categories (no drug, 1 drug, 2 drugs, 3 drugs, and 4 or more drugs) to assess whether the number of concomitant epileptic drugs at baseline was a factor affecting the treatment efficacy. (NCT01441401)
Timeframe: MAX 104 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
No Concomitant Antiepileptic Drug1
One Concomitant Antiepileptic Drug13
Two Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs7
Three Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs4
Four or More Concomitant Antiepileptic Drugs3

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Treatment Period

Participants who responded to the treatment with gabapentin were counted by the treatment period (non-long term [less than 1 year] or long term [1 year or more]) to assess whether the treatment period with gabapentin was a factor affecting the treatment efficacy. (NCT01441401)
Timeframe: MAX 104 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Non-Long Term2
Long Term26

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Clinical Efficacy Rate

Clinical efficacy rate, which was defined as the percentage of participants who achieved clinical efficacy over the total number of efficacy analysis population, was presented along with the corresponding exact 2-sided 95% CI. For the basis of efficacy evaluation, frequencies of epileptic seizure were recorded during the previous 4 weeks from the treatment start date, and that from the end date of assessment period. Clinical efficacy was assessed according to the following categories: (1) effective, (2) not effective, or (3) not assessable. (NCT01441401)
Timeframe: MAX 104 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Week 12 (n = 73)Week 52 (n = 52)Week 104 (n = 14)End of assessment period (n = 66)
Gabapentin Tablets/Syrup56.257.764.342.4

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Reduction From Baseline in Epileptic Seizure Frequency

Reduction from baseline in epileptic seizure frequency was defined by the following formula, where B represented the baseline frequency of epileptic seizures during the previous 4 weeks from the treatment start date, whereas T represented the frequency of epileptic seizures during the previous 4 weeks from the end of assessment period: Reduction from baseline in epileptic seizure frequency (%) = [(T-B) / B] X 100. The median percentages were presented along with the corresponding minimum and maximum percentages. (NCT01441401)
Timeframe: MAX 104 weeks

InterventionPercentage (Median)
Week 12 (n = 72)Week 52 (n = 56)Week 104 (n = 16)End of assessment period (n = 73)
Gabapentin Tablets/Syrup-25.0-49.0-60.0-47.9

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Responder Rate

Responder rate, which was defined as the percentage of participants whose R ratio was - 0.333 or less, was presented along with the corresponding exact 2-sided 95% CI. R ratio of - 0.333 or less corresponded to the decrease of epileptic seizure frequency by 50% or more. (NCT01441401)
Timeframe: MAX 104 weeks

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Week 12 (n = 72)Week 52 (n = 56)Week 104 (n = 16)End of assessment period (n = 73)
Gabapentin Tablets/Syrup43.150.062.549.3

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Response Ratio (R Ratio)

R Ratio was calculated by the following formula, where B represented the baseline frequency of epileptic seizures during the previous 4 weeks from the treatment start date, whereas T represented the frequency of epileptic seizures during the previous 4 weeks from the end of assessment period: R Ratio = (T - B) / (T + B). R Ratio is within the range of -1 to +1, and a negative value represents a reduction in the frequency of seizure. (NCT01441401)
Timeframe: MAX 104 weeks

InterventionRatio (Mean)
Week 12 (n = 72)Week 52 (n = 56)Week 104 (n = 16)End of assessment period (n = 73)
Gabapentin Tablets/Syrup-0.332-0.409-0.456-0.369

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Number of Participants Who Responded to Treatment With Gabapentin by Baseline Frequency of Epileptic Seizure

Participants who responded to the treatment with gabapentin were counted by the baseline frequency of epileptic seizure (<=8 versus >8 episodes/per 4 weeks) to assess whether the baseline frequency of epileptic seizure was a factor affecting the treatment efficacy. (NCT01441401)
Timeframe: MAX 104 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Number)
<=8 Episodes15
>8 Episodes11
Unknown2

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Worst Back Pain at 1 Month Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

This outcome measure compares the worst back pain at baseline to the worst back pain at 1 months after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 1 month from the start of treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection5.1
Gabapentin5.4

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Proceeded to Surgery Within Year of Enrollment

This is a measure of participants that proceeded to surgery within a year of enrollment (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: Measured within the year of enrollment in the study

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Epidural Steroid Injection9
Gabapentin10

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Worst Leg Pain at 1 Month Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

This outcome measure compares the average leg pain at baseline to the average leg pain 1 month after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 1 month from the start of treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection4.9
Gabapentin5.8

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Average Leg Pain at 3 Months Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

This outcome measure compares the average leg pain at baseline to the average leg pain 3 month after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 3 months from the start of treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin Group3.7
Epidural Steroid3.4

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Average Back Pain at 1 Month Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

This outcome measure compares the average back pain at baseline to the average back pain 1 month after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 1 month fromt he start of treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection3.5
Gabapentin3.6

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Average Leg Pain at 1 Month Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

This outcome measure compares the average leg pain at baseline to the average leg pain 1 month after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 1 month after the start of treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection3.3
Gabapentin3.7

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Worst Leg Pain at 3 Months Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

This outcome measure compares the worst leg pain at baseline to the worst leg pain at 3 months after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 3 months from the start of treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection5.2
Gabapentin5.5

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Average Back Pain at 3 Months Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

This outcome measure compares the average back pain at baseline to the average back pain at 3 months after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 3 months from the start of treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection3.9
Gabapentin3.7

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Worst Back Pain at 3 Months Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

This outcome measure compares the worst back pain at baseline to the worst back pain at 3 months after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 3 months after the start of treatment

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection5.6
Gabapentin5.6

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Daily Total Dose of Oral Morphine (mg/kg/Day).

The response to therapy will be measured by pain intensity scores and daily use of morphine doses for breakthrough pain as described in the study objectives. Daily assessments will continue during treatment with the study drug (gabapentin or placebo) irrespective of patient response to study treatment. and toddlers (less than age 4 years) or other children who cannot self report, use the FLACC Scale Score each component as a subscore (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) Total subscores to determine FLACC score Older children (ages 4 to 7 years) who can self-report, use the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) Ages >7 years, Self report using a numeric scale 0-10 without reference to Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) Pain score 0 means no pain and 10 means worst pain. The scale information for the FLACC and FPS-R scales are similar. (NCT01506453)
Timeframe: Daily beginning day 1 for a maximum of 21 days.

Interventionmg/kg/day (Mean)
Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7Day 8Day 9Day 10Day 11Day 12Day 13Day 14Day 15Day 16Day 17Day 18Day 19Day 20Day 21
Gabapentin0.382670.436850.372810.403840.376620.456790.509610.507670.492340.443920.509810.577980.681830.530280.559390.376430.388370.650130.845861.123580.14981

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Pain Scores Right Now

A score ranging from 0 to 10, measured by age appropriate validated pain scale. Because there was only one patient during day 21 time point for this treatment group, the mean and standard deviation could not be calculated. Infants and toddlers (less than age 4 years) or other children who cannot self report, use the FLACC Scale Score each component as a subscore (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) Total subscores to determine FLACC score Older children (ages 4 to 7 years) who can self-report, use the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) Ages >7 years, Self report using a numeric scale 0-10 without reference to Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) Pain score 0 means no pain and 10 means worst pain.The scale information for the FLACC and FPS-R scales are similar. (NCT01506453)
Timeframe: Daily beginning day 1 through a maximum of 21 days.

Interventionscore on a scale 0-10 (Mean)
Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7Day 8Day 9Day 10Day 11Day 12Day 13Day 14Day 15Day 16Day 17Day 18Day 19Day 20
Gabapentin1.640002.000001.880001.920001.640001.400002.200001.320001.480001.160001.160001.217391.043480.826090.909091.294120.400001.454551.000001.33333

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Pain Scores Right Now

A score ranging from 0 to 10, measured by age appropriate validated pain scale. Because there was only one patient during day 21 time point for this treatment group, the mean and standard deviation could not be calculated. Infants and toddlers (less than age 4 years) or other children who cannot self report, use the FLACC Scale Score each component as a subscore (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) Total subscores to determine FLACC score Older children (ages 4 to 7 years) who can self-report, use the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) Ages >7 years, Self report using a numeric scale 0-10 without reference to Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) Pain score 0 means no pain and 10 means worst pain.The scale information for the FLACC and FPS-R scales are similar. (NCT01506453)
Timeframe: Daily beginning day 1 through a maximum of 21 days.

Interventionscore on a scale 0-10 (Mean)
Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7Day 8Day 9Day 10Day 11Day 12Day 13Day 14Day 15Day 16Day 17Day 18Day 19Day 20Day 21
Placebo1.695651.166670.750000.833331.000000.791670.916670.565220.869570.391300.826091.000000.695650.521740.608700.312500.214290.25000000

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Daily Total Dose of Oral Morphine (mg/kg/Day).

The response to therapy will be measured by pain intensity scores and daily use of morphine doses for breakthrough pain as described in the study objectives. Daily assessments will continue during treatment with the study drug (gabapentin or placebo) irrespective of patient response to study treatment. and toddlers (less than age 4 years) or other children who cannot self report, use the FLACC Scale Score each component as a subscore (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) Total subscores to determine FLACC score Older children (ages 4 to 7 years) who can self-report, use the Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) Ages >7 years, Self report using a numeric scale 0-10 without reference to Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) Pain score 0 means no pain and 10 means worst pain. The scale information for the FLACC and FPS-R scales are similar. (NCT01506453)
Timeframe: Daily beginning day 1 for a maximum of 21 days.

Interventionmg/kg/day (Mean)
Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7Day 8Day 9Day 10Day 11Day 12Day 13Day 14Day 15Day 16Day 17Day 18Day 19Day 20
Placebo0.274330.318160.279610.353430.379200.439720.371810.381880.345240.346600.299370.400900.459330.349570.367310.484810.549600.136050.141230.15108

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Opioid Consumption

Patient Controlled Analgesia use over 48 hours reported in Morphine equivalent dosage. (NCT01546857)
Timeframe: 48 hours post operatively

Interventionmg (Mean)
Placebo11.88
Gabapentin11.02

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Visual Analogue Scale for Pain

Severity of pain measure on a scale from zero to ten. Zero no pain to ten severe pain. (NCT01546857)
Timeframe: 48 hours post operatively

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo5.15
Gabapentin4.38

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Quality of Sleep.

A questionnaire was administered asking participants about the quality of their sleep on the night of surgery asked on postoperative day 1, and on the first postoperative night ( POD 2) . Scored on a scale of zero to 3. Zero meaning poor postoperative sleep and 3 indicating better postoperative sleep. (NCT01546857)
Timeframe: Night of surgery (POD 1) and Postoperative Day 2.(POD 2)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
POD 1POD 2
Gabapentin1.2350.647
Placebo1.3331

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Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment-Alcohol (Revised)(CIWA-Ar)

CIWA-Ar measures severity of 10 observed or measured alcohol withdrawal signs or symptoms. Total score ranges from 0 (best possible outcome)-67 (worst possible outcome). Many previously publications suggest a total score of 8-10 is severe enough to warrant medication treatment. Lower scores (0-8) represent fewer withdrawal symptoms and less severity, scores > 8 represent more withdrawal symptoms and greater severity (NCT01573052)
Timeframe: 1 week

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Chlordiazepoxide3.29
Gabapentin4.33

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Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)

ESS is an 8 item-scale and scores range between 0 and 24. The higher the score implies more daytime sleepiness. (NCT01573052)
Timeframe: 1 week

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Chlordiazepoxide6.35
Gabapentin2.65

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PENN Alcohol Craving Scale

PENN is a 5 item self-rated scale of alcohol craving. Scores range from 0 (little craving for alcohol) to 30 (irresistable urge to drink alcohol) (NCT01573052)
Timeframe: 1 week

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Chlordiazepoxide16.78
Gabapentin10.74

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Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at Visit 3

Subjects rated their pain using the VAS at visit 3, which was the last day of their maintenance phase. After this visit, subjects begin to taper the gralise. The VAS is subject reported on a scale of 0-10 with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain they can imagine. Results reported are an average of the 3 subjects who completed visit 3. (NCT01623271)
Timeframe: At visit 3

Interventionunits on the VAS (Mean)
CRPS I Pain Subjects3.67

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Chronic Pain

"Numerical score from 0 to 10 scale:~Minimum value= zero (means no pain) and Maximum value= 10 (more intense pain)" (NCT01632215)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionpoints (Mean)
30 minutes after surgery1 hour after surgery2h after2 weeks after1 month after3 months after6 months after
Preoperative Gabapentine,5.52.40.33.63.21.81.3
Sugar Pill6.93.40.64.63.61.61.2

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Pain Intensity

Numerical score from 0 to 10; zero means no pain and 10 is the more intense pain (NCT01632215)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Preoperative Gabapentine,0.3
Sugar Pill0.4

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The Dose-response Relationship of Change From Baseline in IRLS Rating Scale Total Score at End of Treatment

"International Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale: Very severe=31-40, Severe=21-30, Moderate=11-20, Mild=1-10, None=0.~This model only includes treatment in the model. Least squares mean is used for analysis." (NCT01668667)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
GSK1838262 600 mg-12.1
GSK1838262 450 mg-12.7
GSK1838262 300 mg-11.3
GSK1838262 Placebo Match-9.8

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"The Proportion of Subjects at the End of Treatment Who Are Responders With Either Much Improved or Very Much Improved on the Investigator-rated Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I)"

Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale (CGI-I): 7-point clinician rated scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Improvement is defined as a score of 1 (very much improved), 2 (much improved), on the scale. Higher score = more affected. Number of subjects responding to treatment at Week 12 with respect to dose level. CGI-I Responders = subjects who reported CGI-I scores of very much improved or much improved. (NCT01668667)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
GSK1838262 600 mg67
GSK1838262 450 mg67
GSK1838262 300 mg68
GSK1838262 Placebo Match50

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The Change From Baseline to the End of Treatment in the International Restless Legs Syndrome (IRLS) Rating Scale Score

"International Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale: Very severe=31-40, Severe=21-30, Moderate=11-20, Mild=1-10, None=0.~Change from Baseline = LOCF value at current visit - value at Baseline (the last nonmissing assessment before the first dose of study medication). A negative treatment difference indicates a benefit relative to placebo.~The change from baseline data is analyzed using an ANCOVA model with treatment and pooled site as the main effects and the baseline IRLS Rating Scale total score as a covariate." (NCT01668667)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
GSK1838262 600 mg-12.50
GSK1838262 450 mg-12.54
GSK1838262 300 mg-11.48
GSK1838262 Placebo Match-9.93

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The Dose-response Relationship for Investigator-rated CGI-I Scale at End of Treatment

(NCT01668667)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks

,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
ResponderNon-Responder
GSK1838262 300 mg6832
GSK1838262 450 mg6733
GSK1838262 600 mg6733
GSK1838262 Placebo Match5050

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Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale

The CES-D 10 is a 10-item questionnaire that has been validated for the assessment of depressive symptomatology. The Depression Scale is a scale with a sum score from 0 - 30, where 0 = no Depression and 30 = the most Depression. (NCT01678911)
Timeframe: 4 visits over 15 week period

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
change after intervention 1change after intervention 2
Gralise Then Placebo-10
Placebo Then Gralise4.57

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Pain Disability Index

The PDI is a seven-item, validated instrument that assesses perceived disability in seven key life areas. It provides a total disability score, and is an indirect measure of self efficacy. The Pain Disability Scale is a scale from 0 - 70, where 0 = no Disability and 70 = the most Disability. (NCT01678911)
Timeframe: 4 visits over an 8 week period

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
change after intervention 1change after intervention 2
Gralise Then Placebo1014
Placebo Then Gralise4.819

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Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale

The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS) is an anxiety scale from 0 - 100, where 0 = no anxiety and 100 = the most anxiety. (NCT01678911)
Timeframe: 4 Visits over an 8 week period

,
Interventionunits on the PASS scale (Mean)
mean change after intervention 1mean change after intervention 2
Gralise Then Placebo-4-5
Placebo Then Gralise-5.89.0

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McGill Pain Questionnaire - Short Form

The MPQ-SF is a well-validated pain measure that permits separation of the sensory and affective components of pain, which are averaged to compute a total score. The scale ranges from 0-10 (0=no pain, 10=the most pain). (NCT01678911)
Timeframe: 4 Visits over a 15 week period

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
change from baseline after intervention 1change from baseline after intervention 2
Gralise Then Placebo.04.41
Placebo Then Gralise-0.341.05

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Patient Global Impression of Change

Patient Global Impression of Change is a self-report questionnaire on which patient indicate their perceived impression of change since the start of the study given the following options: Very Much Improved, Much Improved, Minimally Improved, No Change, Minimally Worse, Much Worse, or Very much Worse. (NCT01678911)
Timeframe: 4 Visits over 15 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
improved after intervention 1no change after intervention 1worse after intervention 1improved after intervention 2no change after intervention 2worse after intervention 2
Gralise Then Placebo010001
Placebo Then Gralise301110

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Patient Restfulness

Percentage of self reported patient restfulness was recorded on postoperative days 0, 1 and 2. (NCT01680549)
Timeframe: 3 days

,
InterventionPercent(%) of participants (Number)
Day 0Day 1Day 2
Gabapentin55.075.065.0
Placebo35.352.958.5

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Knee Range of Motion

Patient knee range of motion was assessed on postoperative days 0, 1 and 2. (NCT01680549)
Timeframe: 3 days

,
InterventionDegrees (Mean)
Day 0Day 1Day 2
Gabapentin57.8562.7465.94
Placebo53.1266.8167.47

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Narcotics Consumption

Narcotics consumption was recorded on postoperative days 0, 1, and 2. (NCT01680549)
Timeframe: 3 days

,
InterventionMorphine dose equivalents (Mean)
Day 0Day 1Day 2
Gabapentin4.1611.5311.61
Placebo7.4025.0221.62

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Patient Pain Scores

"Patient's pain assessed by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS - Units on a scale) on postoperative days 0, 1 and 2.~Scale range: 0-100 Higher Values = More Pain" (NCT01680549)
Timeframe: 3 days

,
Interventionunits on a scale- VAS (Mean)
Day 0Day 1Day 2
Gabapentin40.046.339.6
Placebo33.634.938.0

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Self-report Pain Score at Rest

Self-report pain scores at rest, using Bieri Faces Scale-Revised. The Bieri Faces Scale-Revised is a patient-reported measure in which patients indicate their pain level by selecting a face with an expression corresponding to their level of pain. Scores range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating worse pain. Pain was assessed at eight time points ranging from 0.5 to 36 hours post op. (NCT01707420)
Timeframe: Up to 36 hours

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
0.5 hours1.0 hours1.5 hours4 hours8 hours12 hours24 hours36 hours
Gabapentin Group5.334.334.003.463.912.693.041.95
Placebo Group5.085.803.603.002.714.204.614.00

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Total Oral Analgesia Consumption

Total mean oral analgesic requirement (cumulative hydrocodone dose (mg/kg)) at nine time points between 0 and 36 hrs post operatively. (NCT01707420)
Timeframe: Up to 36 hours

,
Interventioncumulative hydrocodone (mg/kg) (Mean)
cumulative hydrocodone (mg/kg) at 36hcumulative hydrocodone (mg/kg) at 24hcumulative hydrocodone (mg/kg) at 12hcumulative hydrocodone (mg/kg) at 8hcumulative hydrocodone (mg/kg) at 4hcumulative hydrocodone (mg/kg) at 1.5hcumulative hydrocodone (mg/kg) at 1hcumulative hydrocodone (mg/kg) at 0.5hcumulative hydrocodone (mg/kg) at 0h
Gabapentin Group0.2240.1930.1650.1320.1090.0870.0870.0680.011
Placebo Group0.2280.2000.1710.1570.1350.1270.1210.1070.079

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Self-report Pain Score When Swallowing

Self-report pain scores when swallowing using Bieri Faces Scale-Revised. The Bieri Faces Scale-Revised is a patient-reported measure in which patients indicate their pain level by selecting a face with an expression corresponding to their level of pain. Scores range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating worse pain. Pain was assessed at eight time points ranging from 0 to 36 hours post op. (NCT01707420)
Timeframe: Up to 36 hours

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
0.5 Hours1 Hours1.5 Hours4 Hours8 Hours12 Hours24 Hours36 Hours
Gabapentin Group6.474.785.404.305.303.865.463.70
Placebo Group5.426.005.504.274.004.805.655.13

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Mean Change in Patient Global Assessment (PGA)

Subjects will be asked to rate their low back pain according to the PGA. PGA is the impact of disease activity. PGA is measured on a 5-point scale, where 1=very good, 2=good, 3=fair, 4=poor, and 5=very poor. (NCT01764464)
Timeframe: baseline to 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise-0.04
Placebo-0.00

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Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)

The ISI has 7 questions with each question ranging from 0-4 for a total of 28 points with higher scores indicating more severe insomnia. (NCT01764464)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gralise16.81
Placebo18.40

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Mean Change in Modified Brief Pain Inventory- Short Form (mBPI-sf)

The mBPI is a series of questions that rates the severity and impact of pain on daily function. The questionnaire is made up of 4 pain severity items using the NRS scale, and seven 11-point pain interference scales (0 indicating no interference and 10 indicating complete interference). The scale ranges from 0 to 70. Higher scores indicate worse outcome. (NCT01764464)
Timeframe: baseline to 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise-0.07
Placebo-0.07

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Mean McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 (MPQ-2)

The McGill Pain questionnaire is 22 questions where patient rate their pain symptoms with each question scaled 0-10 for a total 220 points where a higher score indicates worse outcome. (NCT01764464)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gralise2.97
Placebo3.13

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Mean Change in Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)

Using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) (0=no pain, 10=worst pain imaginable). (NCT01764464)
Timeframe: baseline to 6 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise-0.56
Placebo-0.54

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Mean Change in Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

The VAS asks subjects to place a mark indicative of their low back pain during the past day on a 100mm line, with 0mm representing no pain and 100mm representing extreme pain. (NCT01764464)
Timeframe: baseline to 6 weeks

Interventionmm (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise-0.47
Placebo0.31

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Incidence of Post-Operative Pruritus

Pruritus in recovery and through the first 24 hours post-op. (NCT01868425)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Number of patients with pruritis OR to dischargeNumber of patients with pruritis discharge to 24 h
Multimodal:Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Ketamine, Bupivacaine813
Placebo Pills and Injectables1019

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Intraoperative Medication Use: Ketorolac and Lidocaine

All participants received standard induction medications. (NCT01868425)
Timeframe: From induction until arrival in post anesthesia care unit.

,
Interventionmg (Mean)
Intraoperative KetorolacIntraoperative Lidocaine
Multimodal:Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Ketamine, Bupivacaine15.071.5
Placebo Pills and Injectables14.765.6

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Number of Participants Who Received Medication for Nausea

Number of participant who received medication for nausea prior to discharge and after discharge, up to 24 hours post-op. (NCT01868425)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Anti-Nausea Medication Before DischargeAnti-Nausea Medication after Discharge
Multimodal:Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Ketamine, Bupivacaine86
Placebo Pills and Injectables73

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Post-Operative Incidence of Nausea

Incidence of nausea as recorded in the electronic medical record (EMR) in the recovery room through the first 24-hrs post-op. (NCT01868425)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Nausea Post op to dischargeNausea - discharge to 24 hour
Multimodal:Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Ketamine, Bupivacaine1624
Placebo Pills and Injectables1223

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Post-Operative Nausea Scores

Nausea scores will be collected in post-operative recovery and 24 hours later (via phone). The participant will be asked to rate their nausea on a scale of 0 (no nausea) - 10 (worst possible). (NCT01868425)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Post Operative (recovery room)24 hours post-op
Multimodal:Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Ketamine, Bupivacaine1.22.2
Placebo Pills and Injectables0.71.6

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Post-Operative Pruritis Score

Participants will be asked to rate their pruritis on a scale of 0 (no itching) - 10 (worst itchiness) while in post-op recovery room and then at 24 hours post-op via phone call. (NCT01868425)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Post Operative (recovery room)24 hours post-op
Multimodal:Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Ketamine, Bupivacaine0.40.7
Placebo Pills and Injectables0.71.2

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Sedation Scale

Sedation scale measured in recovery room, 1-hr post op, and 24 hrs op. The Sedation Scale is scored from 0-10 where 0 = normal, no sleepier than average, 10 = sleepy, hard to stay awake. (NCT01868425)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
1 hour post-op in Recovery Room24 hours post-op
Multimodal:Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Ketamine, Bupivacaine5.04.2
Placebo Pills and Injectables4.64.3

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Time to Discharge

Time to discharge from the recovery room (Phase I recovery) and the outpatient surgery center (Phase II recovery). (NCT01868425)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

,
Interventionminutes (Mean)
Discharge from Recovery RoomDischarge from Outpatient Center
Multimodal:Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Ketamine, Bupivacaine64.8132.1
Placebo Pills and Injectables61.4123.6

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Pain Scores During Recovery

Pain scores during recovery period through the first 24 hours of recovery, recorded upon arrival to recovery room, 1-hr post-op, 24-hrs post-op. This outcome reports lowest and highest pain score since discharge to 24 hour phone call. Pain scores are collected verbally on a scale of 0-10 where 10 is the most severe pain. (NCT01868425)
Timeframe: up to 24 hours postoperatively

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Lowest Score Upon Arrival to Recovery RoomHighest Score Upon Arrival to Recovery Room1 hour post-op24 hours post-op
Multimodal:Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Ketamine, Bupivacaine2.34.83.42.4
Placebo Pills and Injectables3.05.53.82.6

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Intraoperative Medication Use: Fentanyl

All participants received standard induction medications. (NCT01868425)
Timeframe: From induction until arrival in post anesthesia care unit.

Interventionmcg (Mean)
Multimodal:Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Ketamine, Bupivacaine125
Placebo Pills and Injectables128

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Number of Participants With Complications From the Procedure

(NCT01868425)
Timeframe: Up to 24 hours following surgery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Multimodal:Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Ketamine, Bupivacaine0
Placebo Pills and Injectables0

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Opioid Consumption in the Immediate Postoperative Period

"This data will be entered into the participants electronic medical record and collected from their chart once the participant has been discharged. The immediate postoperative period covers the participant's entire time in the outpatient surgery center after they have entered the recovery room postoperatively. The amount of time they remain in the outpatient surgery center postoperatively varies from a minimum of 1 hour to a maximum of 10 hours and an average of 4 hours." (NCT01868425)
Timeframe: Up to 10 hours

Interventionmorphine mg equivalents (Mean)
Multimodal:Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Ketamine, Bupivacaine12.0
Placebo Pills and Injectables14.4

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Speed Deviation

Driving performance assessment for the participants were measured by simulated driving test using Cognitive Research Corporation Driving Simulator (CRCDS-MiniSim). The assessment was performed after 45 minutes of awakening from approximately 6.5 hours of sleep on testing day (after 7.25 hours of study drug administration). Standard deviation of speed was reported in the outcome measure. (NCT01888497)
Timeframe: 7.25 hours post dose

Interventionmeters per second (m/sec) (Mean)
Placebo0.9
Gabapentin0.9
Diphenhydramine Citrate1.0
Triazolam1.3

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Lane Exceedance

Driving performance assessment for the participants were measured by simulated driving test using Cognitive Research Corporation Driving Simulator (CRCDS-MiniSim). The assessment was performed after 45 minutes of awakening from approximately 6.5 hours of sleep on testing day (after 7.25 hours of study drug administration). Mean lanes excursed/exceeded was reported in the outcome measure. (NCT01888497)
Timeframe: 7.25 hours post-dose

Interventionlanes exceeded (Mean)
Placebo37.8
Gabapentin46.7
Diphenhydramine Citrate52.4
Triazolam147.7

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Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP)

Driving performance assessment for the participants were measured by simulated driving test using Cognitive Research Corporation Driving Simulator (CRCDS-MiniSim). The assessment was performed after 45 minutes of awakening from approximately 6.5 hours of sleep on testing day (after 7.25 hours of study drug administration). SDLP was used to assess driver's ability to track their lane and was the standard deviation of lane positions through the entire drive. (NCT01888497)
Timeframe: 7.25 hours post-dose

Interventioncentimeter (cm) (Mean)
Placebo33.2
Gabapentin34.2
Diphenhydramine Citrate35.4
Triazolam47.4

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Abstinence From Benzodiazepine Use

Achievement of two weeks abstinence from benzodiazepine use at end of trial (NCT01893632)
Timeframe: last two weeks of 12 week trial

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin0
Placebo0

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Sense Wear Armband

Our secondary aim was to measure the change in physical activity between baseline and 8 weeks using the Sense Wear armband (SWA). The outcome measure was the average number of minutes spent daily performing physical activities >1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs).The SWA is a small device that collects information from multiple sensors: a triaxial accelerometer, heat flux, skin temperature, and galvanic signal. The information is integrated and processed by software using proprietary algorithms utilizing subjects' demographic characteristics (gender, age, height, and weight) to provide minute-by-minute estimates of physical activity. The SWA has shown good reliability and validity. The research participants in our study will wear the SWA for a week before and after they complete the treatment interventions. (NCT01943435)
Timeframe: Primary End-Point was 8 weeks ( 2 weeks after completion of 6-week intervention).

Interventionminutes per day (Mean)
Medical Care-23.1
Group Exercise4.3
Manual Therapy and Exercise-6.0

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Self Paced Walking Test (SPWT)

Our primary aim also included a performance-based outcome measure, which was the distance walked during the SPWT. The analysis was a comparison of between-group changes in SPWT between baseline and 8 weeks. The Self-Paced Walking Test (SPWT) is a validated objective measure of a patient's walking capacity, which is performed on a level walking surface. The patient is instructed to walk at their own pace and to stop when the symptoms are troublesome enough that s/he needs to sit down to rest. The total time and total distance walked are measured by the research assistant. Our unit of measure was the total distance walked, expressed in meters. (NCT01943435)
Timeframe: Primary end-point was 8 weeks ( 2 weeks after 6 week intervention is completed).

Interventionmeters (Mean)
Medical Care130.5
Group Exercise219.2
Manual Therapy and Exercise267.8

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Swiss Spinal Stenosis (SSS) Questionnaire Score

Our primary aim included a primary outcome measure of self-reported pain/function, which was the change in SSS total score between baseline and 8 weeks. The Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire (SSS) is a validated 12-item condition-specific instrument for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. It provides a patient self-report measure of pain and physical function. Higher scores represent worse symptoms and less physical function. The 12-item SSS total score range is 12-55. For our analysis, we compared the change in the 12-item Total score from baseline to 8 weeks. (NCT01943435)
Timeframe: Primary End-Point was 8 weeks ( 2 weeks after completion of 6-week intervention).

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Medical Care-2.0
Group Exercise-1.7
Manual Therapy and Exercise-4.1

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Absolute Change in Pain From Study Drug to 3 Hours Post Administration of Study Drug

To compare the change in pain score from time of administration of study drug to assessment at 3 hours post administration of study drug in the gabapentin vs. placebo groups. (0=no pain and 10=worst possible pain) (NCT01954927)
Timeframe: Study drug administration to 3-hours post study drug administration

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Gabapentin0
Placebo0.5

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Absolute Change in Pain, Study Drug to Hospital Discharge Decision

To compare the change in pain score from time of administration of study drug to the point of decision for either admission or discharge to home, in the gabapentin and placebo groups. (0=no pain and 10=worst possible pain) (NCT01954927)
Timeframe: From time of presentation to the acute care setting until time of either discharge to home or admission to the hospital, up to 8 hours.

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Gabapentin1.0
Placebo0.5

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Morphine Equivalent Doses Administered From Presentation to 3-hours Post Treatment With Gabapentin/Placebo

The equivalent dose of morphine in mg (NCT01954927)
Timeframe: The 3-hour pain assessment was the pain assessment closest in time to the 3-hour time and was typically within 30 minutes of target. The time period was extended for 12 patients that were sleeping.

Interventionmg/kg (Median)
Gabapentin0.12
Placebo0.13

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Morphine Equivalent Doses Administered From Presentation to the Point of Decision for Either Admission or Discharge to Home

To compare the total morphine equivalent dose (mg/kg) used to control pain during VOC between presentation to the acute care setting and the point of decision for either admission or discharge to home, in the gabapentin and placebo groups. (NCT01954927)
Timeframe: From time of presentation to the acute care setting until time of either discharge to home or admission to the hospital, up to 8 hours.

Interventionmg/kg (Median)
Gabapentin0.13
Placebo0.13

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Hospital Admission

To compare the rate of admission related to pain management, in the gabapentin vs. placebo groups. (Outcome: binary response - admitted or discharged) (NCT01954927)
Timeframe: From time of presentation to the acute care setting until time of either discharge to home or admission to the hospital, up to 8 hours.

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
NoYes
Gabapentin3210
Placebo3212

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Number of Participants With Successful Pain Interventions by Arm Between Presentation and 3 Hours Post Administration of Study Drug

Pain scales used are the numerical rating system, the Faces Pain Scale, and the Faces, Legs, Arms, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) pain scale (for patients 7 years or older, ages 4-6 years, or less than 4 years, respectively). For each patient, if the reduction of the pain scores (0=no pain and 10=worst possible pain) between presentation to the acute care setting and 3 hours post administration of study drug is 33% or greater, then this patient will be defined as having a successful intervention. The proportions of successful interventions in the gabapentin and placebo groups will be estimated and compared using Z-test. (NCT01954927)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 hours (±30 minutes) post administration of study drug. The 3-hour pain assessment time-period was extended for subjects that were sleep until the first available measurement.

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
NoYes
Gabapentin1327
Placebo1725

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Number of Participants With Successful Pain Interventions by Arm Between Presentation and Point of Decision for Either Hospital Admission or Discharge to Home

For each patient, if the reduction of the pain scores (0=no pain and 10=worst possible pain) between presentation to the acute care setting and Point of decision for either hospital admission or discharge to home is 33% or greater, then this patient will be defined as having a successful intervention. (NCT01954927)
Timeframe: From time of presentation to the acute care setting until time of either discharge to home or admission to the hospital, up to 8 hours.

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
NoYes
Gabapentin1030
Placebo1727

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Difference in Pain Control When Adding Gabapentin to a Multimodal Pain Management Protocol in Pediatric Post-operative Posterior Spinal Fusion Patients.

"Patients will rate their pain using the Visual Analog Pain Scale (VAS). The VAS is a 10 cm line with anchors of no pain and worst pain imaginable. Patients rate their pain by marking on the 10 cm line where they feel their pain is at the time. The mark is then measured according to where it is along the 10 cm line and reported (range is 0.0 at the no pain end on the left up to 10.0 at the worst pain imaginable on the right). Lower pain scores on the VAS scale are considered a better outcome. The numbers seen in the outcome measure data table below represent an average of the total postoperative VAS scores recorded for each patient from each arm for the duration of their hospital stay." (NCT01977937)
Timeframe: five days

Interventionpain score on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin2.46
Simple Syrup3.46

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Opiate Usage in the Gabapentin Group Versus Control.

Total the amount of Hydromorphone and Oxycodone used in milligrams per kilogram in each patient post-operatively, convert this amount to morphine equivalents, and determine if there is a significant difference between the Gabapentin versus Placebo group. (NCT01977937)
Timeframe: Five Days

Interventionmorphine equivalents mg per kg (Mean)
Gabapentin3.58
Simple Syrup5.33

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Vasomotor Symptoms (VMS) Frequency, Severity, and Bothersomeness During Nighttime

Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) were tracked and quantified prospectively using a daily hot flash diary. The hot flash diary was adapted from a 7-day self-report tool for vasomotor symptoms originally developed by the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG). The diary asks for the subject to log number of hot flashes during the day and night, severity of hot flashes during day and night, and how bothersome the hot flashes were during day and night. Vasomotor symptoms were also systematically assessed at baseline, week 4, and week 7 using the Hot Flash-Related Daily Interference Scale (HFRDIS), a 10-item self-report questionnaire to determine perceived hot flash interference with quality of life and daily activities. (NCT02040532)
Timeframe: Baseline, study completion at 7 weeks

Interventionvasomotor symptoms (VMS) per night (Mean)
mean VMS per night at baselinemean VMS per night at study completion
Open-label Gabapentin3.51.1

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Quality of Life-Menopause Specific

"The Quality of life-Menopause specific is assessed by the Menopause Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL).~The MENQOL is self-administered and consists of a total of 29 items in a Likert-scale format. Each item assesses the impact of one of four domains of menopausal symptoms, as experienced over the last month: vasomotor (items 1-3), psychosocial (items 4-10), physical (items 11-26), and sexual (items 27-29). Items pertaining to a specific symptom are rated as present or not present, and if present, how bothersome on a zero (not bothersome) to six (extremely bothersome) scale. Means are computed for each subscale by dividing the sum of the domain's items by the number of items within that domain. Non-endorsement of an item is scored a 1 and endorsement a 2, plus the number of the particular rating, so that the possible score on any item ranges from 1-8. Total score also ranges from 1-8." (NCT02040532)
Timeframe: Baseline, study completion at 7 weeks

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
MENQOL scores at baselineMENQOL scores at study completion
Open-label Gabapentin3.21.9

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Quality of Life-Overall

Quality of life-Overall was assessed with the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q). The Q-LES-Q is a 16-item self-report questionnaire that assesses enjoyment of and satisfaction with life. The scoring of the Q-LES-Q-SF involves summing only the first 14 items to yield a raw total score. The last two items are not included in the total score but are standalone items. The raw total score ranges from 14 to 70 with higher scores indicating higher quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction. (NCT02040532)
Timeframe: Baseline, study completion at 7 weeks

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Q-LES-Q scores at baselineQ-LES-Q scores at study completion
Open-label Gabapentin60.361.7

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Severity of Insomnia

"Severity of insomnia was measured throughout the study using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) .The ISI is a 7-item scale that evaluates the severity of insomnia retrospectively over the past week. The scale is more specific to insomnia symptoms than the Pittsburgh scale (PSQI), which focuses more broadly on overall sleep quality.~The ISI score ranges from a minimum of 0 to 28. A score of 0-7=no clinically significant insomnia, 8-14=subthreshold insomnia, 5-21=clinical insomnia (moderate severity), 22-28=clinical insomnia (severe), with higher values indicating more severe insomnia." (NCT02040532)
Timeframe: Baseline, study completion at 7 weeks

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
mean ISI score at baselinemean ISI score at study completion
Open-label Gabapentin15.66.0

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Sleep Quality and Disturbances Over Past Month

"Sleep quality and disturbances during the past month were assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The PSQI also incorporates daytime functioning into the total score.~In scoring the PSQI, seven component scores are derived, each scored 0 (no difficulty) to 3 (severe difficulty). The component scores are summed to produce a global score (range 0 to 21). Higher scores indicate worse sleep quality." (NCT02040532)
Timeframe: Baseline, study completion at 7 weeks

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
PSQI total score at baselinePSQI total score at study completion
Open-label Gabapentin9.64.9

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Vasomotor Symptoms (VMS) Frequency, Severity, and Bothersomeness During Daytime

Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) were tracked and quantified prospectively using a daily hot flash diary. The hot flash diary was adapted from a 7-day self-report tool for vasomotor symptoms originally developed by the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG). The diary asks for the subject to log number of hot flashes during the day and night, severity of hot flashes during day and night, and how bothersome the hot flashes were during day and night. Vasomotor symptoms were also systematically assessed at baseline, week 4, and week 7 using the Hot Flash-Related Daily Interference Scale (HFRDIS), a 10-item self-report questionnaire to determine perceived hot flash interference with quality of life and daily activities. (NCT02040532)
Timeframe: Baseline, study completion at 7 weeks

Interventionvasomotor symptoms (VMS) per day (Mean)
mean VMS per day at baselinemean VMS per day at study completion
Open-label Gabapentin4.12.2

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Numeric Pain Rating System (NPRS)

Fibromyalgia pain experienced by study subjects will be captured using NPRS at baseline visit, at each follow visits that are scheduled to occur every 4 weeks over 12 weeks of treatment period, and at the end of treatment visit that will occur 3 weeks after treatment period (12 weeks treatment period + 3 weeks = 15 weeks). Any difference in NPRS scores between baseline and any subsequent visits will indicate the magnitude of pain relief as reflected in digital scale of 0-10 (0=no pain, 10=worst pain imaginable). (NCT02052414)
Timeframe: 15 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
NPRS Baseline (Visit 1)NPRS on Week 4 (Visit 2)NPRS on week 8 (Visit 3)NPRS on Week 12 (Visit 4)NPRS on week 15 (Visit 5)
Gralise (Gabapentin ER)7.294.723.953.836.94

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Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC)

Patient Global impression of Change (PGIC) is an outcome commonly used measure of the efficacy of treatments. PGIC is a 7 point scale that requires the subjects to assess how much the patient's illness has improved or worsened relative to a baseline state at the beginning of the intervention. and rated as: 1, very much improved; 2, much improved; 3, minimally improved; 4, no change; 5, minimally worse; 6, much worse; or 7, very much worse. (NCT02052414)
Timeframe: 15 Weeks.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
PGIC After 4 weeksPGIC After 8 weeksPGIC After 12 weeksPGIC After 15 weeks
Gralise (Gabapentin ER)4.965.405.374.44

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Self Reported Side Effects.

Side / adverse effects were assessed at each follow up visits and resulted are as follows. (NCT02052414)
Timeframe: 15 Weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Extremity SwellingWeight GainDrowsyDizzyIrritabilityDry EyesPainMood ChangesDifficulty ConcentratingDry MouthSuspected Drug interactionAcute DeleriumAdhesionNone
Gralise (Gabapentin ER)228332122111112

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Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ)

The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) is an instrument designed to quantitate the overall impact of fibromyalgia over many dimensions (e.g. function, pain level, fatigue, sleep disturbance, psychological distress etc.). It is scored from 0 to 100 with the latter number being the worst case. The average score for patients seen in tertiary care settings is about 50. The FIQ is widely used to assess change in fibromyalgia status. (NCT02052414)
Timeframe: 15 weeks.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
FIQ BaselineFIQ Week 4FIQ Week 8FIQ Week 12FIQ Week 15
Gralise (Gabapentin ER)71.0441.8240.7939.2761.86

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Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Sleep Questionnaires

"Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) sleep questionnaires to assess how Fibromyalgia impacts patients' sleep in various areas.~Specifically, Data reported below measured number of hours subjects spent per night sleeping. MOS sleep questionnaires were assessed at each follow up visits. (visits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5)." (NCT02052414)
Timeframe: 15 weeks

InterventionHours (Mean)
Sleep Quantity BaselineSleep Quantity week 4Sleep quantity week 8Sleep quantity week 12Sleep quantity week 15
Gralise (Gabapentin ER)5.867.176.817.046.23

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Reduction in Tampon Test Pain

"Reduction in the pain, as measured on a 10 point Likert scale, associated with the insertion and removal of a tampon. This is a validated surrogate for pain associated with intercourse. Subjects were asked to insert and remove a tampon each week and report the degree of pain associated with this. A score of 0 was defined as no pain, and a score of 10 was defined as worst imaginable pain." (NCT02099006)
Timeframe: 13 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
loperamideketaminegabapentinketoprofenamitriptyline/baclofen
Medications4.715.925.1256.175.43
Placebo5.295.924.8756.05.36

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Reduction in Daily Genital Pain.

"Each subject was asked to keep a symptom diary recording her daily genital pain, measured on a 10 point Likert scale. A score of 0 was defined as no pain and a score of 10 was defined as worst imaginable pain. These daily values were collected and a mean pain score for the period of treatment was calculated." (NCT02099006)
Timeframe: 13 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
LoperamideKetamineGabapentinamtriptyline/baclofenketoprofen
Medications2.43.423.703.875.05
Placebo2.922.773.413.615.05

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Pain Intensity Rating

Pain is reported verbally after each stimulus by the subject on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imagineable pain). For each individual the value used is the average of all presentations of the 50 degree stimulus. (NCT02155257)
Timeframe: Reported 5 seconds after each stimulus

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil3.2
Placebo2.8
Gabapentin2.8

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Resting Pupil Diameter

Resting pupil diameter will be measured using an infrared camera to obtain baseline measurements 2 hours after dosing subject pupil diameter measurements will be repeated (NCT02155257)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 hours

,,
Interventionmm (Mean)
Baseline2 Hours
Gabapentin6966.1
Modafinil6466.9
Placebo7270.9

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Cognitive Style

Cognitive style determined for each individual by subtracting the score in the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (CATS) questionnaire (with a score range of 0-52 with higher score showing more catastrophizing) from the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R) questionnaire (score range of 0-24, with a higher score denoting a better outcome). Thus, the total score could range from ranges from -52 to 24, with lower scores indicating worse cognitive style related to pain reporting and higher scores indicating better cognitive style related to pain reporting. There are no subscales here. (NCT02155257)
Timeframe: baseline

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Modafinil18.2
Placebo15.5
Gabapentin14.8

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Baseline Adjusted Mean Daily Oral Nutrition Score for Days 5-7

Score range: 0-15 with higher score indicating a better outcome. (NCT02163434)
Timeframe: 1 week

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin7.86
Metoclopramide4.01

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Desire to Continue Therapy at Study Endpoint

Scores: 0=no, 1=yes. Thus, a higher score indicates a better outcome. (NCT02163434)
Timeframe: 1 week

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin0.67
Metoclopramide0.14

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Global Satisfaction of Treatment at the Study Endpoint.

Score range: 0-4 with higher score indicating a better outcome. (NCT02163434)
Timeframe: 1 week

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin2.22
Metoclopramide0.63

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Percent of Subjects Requiring Repeat iv Hydration or Hospital Admission for HG From the Outpatient Setting.

(NCT02163434)
Timeframe: 1 week

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin5
Metoclopramide5

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Baseline Adjusted Mean Daily Motherisk-PUQE Total Scores (Pregnancy-unique Quantification of Emesis and Nausea Scale) for Days 5-7

Score range: 6-30 with higher score indicating a worse outcome. (NCT02163434)
Timeframe: 1 week

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin6.35
Metoclopramide13.22

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Baseline Adjusted Mean Daily Nausea Scores From the Motherisk-PUQE for Days 5-7.

Score range: 2-10 with higher score indicating a worse outcome. (NCT02163434)
Timeframe: 1 week

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin2.01
Metoclopramide3.69

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Percentage of Subjects Abstinent From Alcohol (Key Secondary Endpoint)

Timeline Follow-back drinking data is used to calculate the % of subjects that report not drinking alcohol during weeks 22-25 (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-25

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sugar Pill16
Gabapentin Enacarbil17

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Alcohol Craving Score [Alcohol Craving Scale - Short Form (ACQ-SR-R)]

"The ACQ-SR-R contains 12-items adapted from the 47-item ACQ-NOW developed by Singleton et al (1994) to assess craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (right now). Each item has a 1 to 7 raw score (from strongly disagree to strongly agree). Items 3, 8, and 11 are reverse keyed. A general craving index is derived by summing all items and dividing by 12. Minimum score is 1 and maximum score is 7. Higher scores are indicative of higher craving.~Mixed effects models as stated in Section 9.4.3 of the SAP will be generated for the total score and for the 4 subscales. Covariates for these models will be identified" (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Weeks 24 and 26

Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Sugar Pill2.5
Gabapentin Enacarbil2.5

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Weekly Mean Number of Drinks Per Week

Timeline Follow Back data used to calculate the weekly mean number of drinks per week (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-25

Interventiondrinks per week (Least Squares Mean)
Sugar Pill21.4
Gabapentin Enacarbil23.1

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Weekly Mean Drinks Per Drinking Day

Timeline Follow Back daily drinking data used to calculate the weekly mean drinks per drinking day (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-25

Interventiondrinks per drinking day (Least Squares Mean)
Sugar Pill3.9
Gabapentin Enacarbil4.1

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Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Score

"The PSQI is a 19-item questionnaire assessing the subject's overall sleep experience in the past 30 days (Buysse et al-1989). The lower the overall score, the better the person sleeps. The tool has an adequate internal reliability, validity and consistency for clinical and community samples of the various populations. Range is (0-21); >6 indicative of poor sleep quality." (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Week 26

Interventionscore (Least Squares Mean)
Sugar Pill4.4
Gabapentin Enacarbil4.9

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Percentage of Subjects With no Heavy Drinking Days (PSNHDD)

The primary objective of the study is to compare the efficacy of HORIZANT (gabapentin enacarbil) Extended-Release Tablets 600 mg twice daily (BID) with matched placebo on the primary alcohol consumption outcome endpoint, percentage of subjects with no heavy drinking days (PSNHDD) during the last 4 weeks of treatment, among patients with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-25

Interventionpercentage of subjects with NHDD (Number)
Sugar Pill17.3
Gabapentin Enacarbil24.1

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Percentage of Subjects With a World Health Organization (WHO) Drinking Risk Category Decrease of at Least 2-levels

"Timeline Follow Back data is used to calculate the % of participants that decrease at least 1-level WHO drinking risk category. The WHO has developed a drinking risk categorical scale that can be used in a responder analysis approach to assess clinically relevant decreases in alcohol consumption (Aubin et al-2015). The WHO 1- and 2-level decrease endpoints are the percentage of subjects experiencing at least 1- and 2-level decrease in WHO levels of alcohol consumption, respectively, from the level at baseline (the period including the 28 days before screening) to the level during the last 4 weeks of the maintenance phase (Study Weeks 22-25). The WHO levels are as follows:~Males Females Low Risk 1 to 40g 1 to 20g Medium Risk 41 to 60g 21 to 40g High Risk 61 to 100g 41 to 60g Very High Risk 101+g 61+g" (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-25

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sugar Pill69
Gabapentin Enacarbil80

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Percentage of Subjects With a World Health Organization (WHO) Drinking Risk Category Decrease of at Least 1-level

"Timeline Follow Back data is used to calculate the % of participants that decrease at least 1-level WHO drinking risk category. The WHO has developed a drinking risk categorical scale that can be used in a responder analysis approach to assess clinically relevant decreases in alcohol consumption (Aubin et al-2015). The WHO 1- and 2-level decrease endpoints are the percentage of subjects experiencing at least 1- and 2-level decrease in WHO levels of alcohol consumption, respectively, from the level at baseline (the period including the 28 days before screening) to the level during the last 4 weeks of the maintenance phase (Study Weeks 22-25). The WHO levels are as follows:~Males Females Low Risk 1 to 40g 1 to 20g Medium Risk 41 to 60g 21 to 40g High Risk 61 to 100g 41 to 60g Very High Risk 101+g 61+g" (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-25

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Sugar Pill107
Gabapentin Enacarbil115

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Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Per Week

Timeline Follow Back data used to calculate the % of heavy drinking days per week. Heavy drinking is 4+ drinks per day for females and 5+ drinks per day for males (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-25

Interventionpercentage of days (Least Squares Mean)
Sugar Pill46.5
Gabapentin Enacarbil43.1

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Percentage of Days Abstinent Per Week

Timeline Follow Back daily drinking data used to calculate the % of days abstinent per week. (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-25

Interventionpercentage of days (Least Squares Mean)
Sugar Pill49
Gabapentin Enacarbil49.3

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Cigarettes Per Week Among Smokers

"A quantity frequency interview of three questions to assess cigarette smoking behavior and other tobacco/nicotine containing products use during the study: 1) Over the past week, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes?, 2) On the days you smoked during the past week, how many cigarettes did you smoke on average?, and 3) Have you used any other tobacco or nicotine containing products besides cigarettes in the past week (e.g., cigars, cigarellos, pipes, bidis, or smokeless tobacco such as pan, chewing tobacco, or snuff, or nicotine replacement therapies such as patch or gum)?." (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Weeks 22-25

Interventioncigarettes per week (Least Squares Mean)
Sugar Pill61.4
Gabapentin Enacarbil71

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Beck Depression Inventory - II

"The BDI-II is a 21-item multiple choice questionnaire that is used for measuring the severity of depression (Beck et al-1966). Each item is scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. The standardized cutoffs for depression severity are:~0-13: minimal depression 14-19: mild depression 20-28: moderate depression 29-63: severe depression" (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Week 26

Interventionscore (Least Squares Mean)
Sugar Pill5.2
Gabapentin Enacarbil6.5

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Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) Score

The BAI consists of 21 questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week, expressed as common symptoms of anxiety (such as numbness and tingling, sweating not due to heat, and fear of the worst happening). This inventory was designed to minimize the overlap with depression scales (Beck et al-1988).The BAI has a maximum score of 63. The standardized cutoffs for anxiety severity are: 0-7: minimal level of anxiety 8-15: mild anxiety 16-25: moderate anxiety 26-63: severe anxiety (NCT02252536)
Timeframe: Week 26

Interventionscore (Least Squares Mean)
Sugar Pill3.3
Gabapentin Enacarbil4.6

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Average Numeric Pain Score

Pain was measured on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) rated from 0-10, where 0 was no pain and 10 was the worst pain imaginable. The numeric pain score was measured every 4 hours and the total score over 24 hours was averaged as the daily numeric pain score. The daily scores were then averaged over a 7 day period for a single average pain score. (NCT02330094)
Timeframe: baseline through day 7

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin5.2
Control5.8

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Pain Control Satisfaction Questionnaire

The Brigham and Women's Hospital Management of Post-operative Pain Patients discharge questionnaire (BWQ) was used to measure pain control satisfaction. The questionnaire was modified and transformed into a uniform scale so all numbers were on the same direction. Subjects were asked to answer six questions on a score of 0-5, for a total possible range of 0-30. A lower score indicated a better outcome (less pain) and higher pain control satisfaction and a higher score indicated a worse outcome (more pain) and lower pain control satisfaction. (NCT02330094)
Timeframe: Day 8

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin14
Control12.6

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Average Narcotic Consumption

The amount of narcotics administered, averaged over a 7 day period, calculated in total morphine equivalents (ME). (NCT02330094)
Timeframe: baseline through day 7

Interventionmilligrams (Mean)
Gabapentin19.4
Control20.2

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Percent of Subjects With no Heavy Drinking Days (PSNHDD)

The primary dependent variable will be the percent of subjects with no heavy drinking days (4 or more standard drinks for women and 5 or more standard drinks for men). Participants will report their daily alcohol use with using a daily calendar. No heavy drinking days is corrected for %dCDT. (NCT02349477)
Timeframe: 4 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin12
Placebo4

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Number of Participants With No Drinking Days by AWS Score and Medication

This analysis examines the interaction of medication group with a median split of the baseline Alcohol Withdrawal Scale (AWS) scores on the primary outcome variable (no heavy drinking days, corrected for %dCDT). Participants will report their daily alcohol use with using a daily calendar. AWS ranges from 0 to 44 where higher values correspond with more serious withdrawal (worse outcome). (NCT02349477)
Timeframe: 4 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low AWS/Gabapentin2
Low AWS/Placebo3
High AWS/Gabapentin10
High AWS/Placebo1

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Percent of Subjects With no Drinking Days (PSNDD)

The secondary dependent variable will be percent of subjects with no drinking days (total abstinence). Participants will report their daily alcohol use with using a daily calendar. Abstinence is corrected for %dCDT. (NCT02349477)
Timeframe: 4 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin8
Placebo2

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Number of Participants Readmitted to Mayo Clinic Within 30-days

(NCT02351934)
Timeframe: Within 30 days of release from hospital

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide + Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)13
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)10

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Time to Stool Output

(NCT02351934)
Timeframe: Up to 4 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Furosemide + Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)48.8
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)45.4

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Number of Participants With Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to an abrupt decrease in kidney function, resulting in the retention of urea and other nitrogenous waste products and in the dysregulation of extracellular volume and electrolytes. The term AKI has largely replaced acute renal failure (ARF), reflecting the recognition that smaller decrements in kidney function that do not result in overt organ failure are of substantial clinical relevance and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The AKI experienced by these patients was not considered an adverse event. (NCT02351934)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide + Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)2
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)2

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Number of Participants With Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia is generally defined as a serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mmol/L. (NCT02351934)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide + Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)2
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)3

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Length of Hospital Stay

Participants will be followed for the duration of hospital stay, an expected average of 2-7 days. (NCT02351934)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days

Interventionhours (Median)
Furosemide + Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)99.6
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)80.6

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Number of Participants Requiring Nasogastric Tube Placement

(NCT02351934)
Timeframe: Up to 7 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Furosemide + Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)6
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)1

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Patient Total Equivalent Analgesic Requirement (Morphine Equivalents)

Geometric Mean and Standard Deviation of patient total equivalent analgesic (NCT02355886)
Timeframe: 48 hours post-radical cystectomy

InterventionTotal oral morphine equivalents in mg (Geometric Mean)
Arm I (Gabapentin)297.65
Arm II (Placebo)396.16

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Patient Self-assessed Pain on Numerical Pain Scale

The two study groups compared on Patient self-assessed pain on numerical pain likert scale. Numeric Pain Scale was utilized with values of 0-10 with increasing severity. (NCT02355886)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours post-radical cystectomy

InterventionSore on a scale (Mean)
Arm I (Gabapentin)5.15
Arm II (Placebo)7.67

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Length of Stay Following Radical Cystectomy

The two study groups will be compared by Length of stay following radical cystectomy (NCT02355886)
Timeframe: duration of hospital stay. Days to weeks

Interventiondays (Mean)
Arm I (Gabapentin)6.58
Arm II (Placebo)6.73

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VAS (Visual Analog Scale)

"The VAS is scored using a horizontal line 100mm in length. The scale is anchored by no pain (score of 0) and worst pain (score of 100)." (NCT02359110)
Timeframe: 2 -6 hours

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Hour 2Hour 6
Gabapentin37.838.7
Placebo33.936.9

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NRS (Numerical Rating Scale)

The NRS is a numerical scale ranging from 0-10 implemented with adults. Having no pain is rated as a 0 and the worst pain the patient could tolerate is rated as a 10. (NCT02359110)
Timeframe: 2-8 hours

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Hour 2Hour 4Hour 6Hour 8
Gabapentin3.55.45.35.7
Placebo3.45.55.85.1

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Total Morphine Consumption

(NCT02359110)
Timeframe: 12 hours post-operatively

Interventionmg (Mean)
Gabapentin14.3
Placebo14.7

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Number of Participants With Grade 3 or 4 Adverse Events, (Graded Using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Criteria 4.0)

Graphical and descriptive statistical summaries will be generated. Mixed-level general linear modeling will be used. All tests of statistical significance will maintain maximum Type I error of 0.05 (p < 0.05). Frequency distributions will summarize the safety outcome. (NCT02480114)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months post-treatment

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I Standard of Care0
Arm II Standard of Care Plus Gabapentin0

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Frequency and Severity of General Systemic Symptoms (Surveys Such as the Neurotoxicity Scale, Profile of Mood States, and Quality of Life Form)

Pain severity will be correlated with frequency and severity of general systemic symptoms. Graphical and descriptive statistical summaries will be generated. Mixed-level general linear modeling will be used. All tests of statistical significance will maintain maximum Type I error of 0.05 (p < 0.05). Baseline pain scores will be included as a covariate in the analyses of the outcome. The General Symptom Survey is a ten item patient reported outcome measure and outcomes were averaged as there is only one item per symptom category. 0 represented no presence of the symptom with a score of 10 representing the most severe symptom. (NCT02480114)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months post-treatment

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Arm I Standard of Care1.91
Arm II Standard of Care Plus Gabapentin1.23

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Change in Pain Associated With Radiation-induced Mucositis, (Pain Subscale of the Vanderbilt Head and Neck Symptom Survey (VHNSS))

The pain subscale is composed of 4 items of the Vanderbilt Head and Neck Symptom Survey. The subscale score was calculated by taking the first non-negative principle component of the 4 items. The scale was scores range from 0 to 10 with 10 representing the worst pain. (NCT02480114)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months post-treatment

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Arm I Standard of Care4.26
Arm II Standard of Care Plus Gabapentin3.68

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Detox Phase Completers

% of enrolled participants who completed the Detox Phase (NCT02543944)
Timeframe: 3 weeks (week 1-3)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin41
Placebo34

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NTX Transition Initiation

% of Participants who completed the detox and started the NTX transition (NCT02543944)
Timeframe: 3 days (wk 4 day 1 - week 4 day 3)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin33
Placebo29

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Detoxification Phase: Changes in Percent of Illicit Opioid-positive Urine Samples Over Time

Thrice weekly urine samples obtained during weeks 1-3; data include assessments from week 1 day 1 through week 4 day 1 (up to 10 total samples per participant) (NCT02543944)
Timeframe: Week 1 day 1 (study entry) through Week 4 day 1 (first day of NTX transition)

Interventionpercentage of urine positive samples (Mean)
Gabapentin35.0
Placebo41.6

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Vivitrol Injection Receivers

% of participants starting the NTX transition who received Vivitrol injection (NCT02543944)
Timeframe: 5 days (week 4 day 1 to week 4 day 5)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin12
Placebo12

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Change in Positive, Negative, Disorganization, and General Symptoms Over Time as Measured by the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS)/the Scale of Psychosis-Risk Symptoms (SOPS)

Exploratory analyses will be conducted examining the effects of gabapentin on changes in Positive symptoms (P scores), negative symptoms (N scores) and general symptoms (G scores) and disorganization symptoms (D scores) compared to placebo. There are 19 items on the SIPS. Each item is scored 0-6. There are 5 positive symptom items (range=0-30), 6 negative symptom items (range=0-36), 4 disorganization symptom items (range=0-24), and 4 general symptom items (range=0-24). The range of scores is 0-114. A lower score at baseline indicates less symptoms, and therefore a negative change over the 6 week period indicates an improvement, and a positive change indicates worsening of symptoms. (NCT02557945)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
P score changeN score changeG score changeD score change
Gabapentin-1.5-1-1.52
Placebo0.66-1.660.5-2.5

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Change in Cognitive Function (Hippocampal-dependent Verbal Memory) as Measured by the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CLVT-II)

Exploratory analyses will be conducted on changes between gabapentin and placebo groups on the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CLVT-II) measures. The unit measured was 'learning slope', where higher slope indicates better memory and a lower slope indicates poorer memory. (NCT02557945)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

InterventionChange in raw learning slope (Mean)
Gabapentin0.1
Placebo-0.3

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Change in Left CA1 Cerebral Blood Volume (CBV) (MRI Measure)

Change from 6 week follow up minus baseline of left CA1 CBV (MRI measure) in patients who receive active drug vs. placebo, after 6 weeks of treatment. (NCT02557945)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Gabapentin-0.005
Placebo0.38

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Patient Overall Satisfaction With Postoperative Analgesia

Score was rated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0=completely unsatisfied and 100=completely satisfied. (NCT02605187)
Timeframe: 24 and 48 hours after delivery

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
24 hours after delivery48 hours after delivery
Choice: High Protocol93.389.3
Choice: Low Protocol90.392.6
Choice: Medium Protocol94.191.2
No Choice87.289.9

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Count of Participants Who Need Opioid Use

Count of participants who need opioid use through 48 hours after delivery. (NCT02605187)
Timeframe: 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
0-24 hours after delivery24-48 hours after delivery
Choice: High Protocol1314
Choice: Low Protocol148
Choice: Medium Protocol5042
No Choice2723

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Count of Participants With Presence of Pruritus

Count of participants with pruritus through 48 hours after delivery. (NCT02605187)
Timeframe: 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
0-24 hours after delivery24-48 hours after delivery
Choice: High Protocol137
Choice: Low Protocol113
Choice: Medium Protocol6329
No Choice2712

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Pruritus Score at 24 and 48 After Delivery

Score was rated on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0=no itching and 10=most itching. (NCT02605187)
Timeframe: 24 and 48 hours following delivery

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
24 hours after delivery48 hours after delivery
Choice: High Protocol4.51.1
Choice: Low Protocol1.70.2
Choice: Medium Protocol3.71.0
No Choice4.20.8

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Pain Scores

Pain scores at rest and at movement post-cesarean delivery. Score was rated on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0=no pain and 10=worst imaginable pain. (NCT02605187)
Timeframe: 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after delivery

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pain at rest at 3 hoursPain at movement at 3 hoursPain at rest at 6 hoursPain at movement at 6 hoursPain at rest at 12 hoursPain at movement at 12 hoursPain at rest at 24 hoursPain at movement at 24 hoursPain at rest tat 36 hoursPain at movement at 36 hoursPain at rest at 48 hoursPain at movement at 48 hours
Choice: High Protocol2.24.11.53.81.73.22.33.63.14.83.34.8
Choice: Low Protocol1.83.42.74.42.14.71.94.11.74.02.03.9
Choice: Medium Protocol1.93.22.23.81.93.62.24.32.64.52.03.6
No Choice1.63.22.34.01.53.02.24.51.53.51.73.5

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Opioid Consumption in the 0-48 Hour Study Periods.

Opioid consumption was measured in milligram morphine equivalents in the 0-24 and 24-48 hour study periods. (NCT02605187)
Timeframe: 0-24 and 24-48 hour postoperative periods

,,,
Interventionmilligram morphine equivalents (MMEQ) (Median)
0-24 hours24-48 hours
Choice: High Protocol530
Choice: Low Protocol50
Choice: Medium Protocol105
No Choice1010

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Counts of Participants Who Need Medical Treatment for Nausea

Counts of participants who need medical treatment of nausea through 48 hours after delivery. (NCT02605187)
Timeframe: 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
0-24 hours after delivery24-48 hours after delivery
Choice: High Protocol90
Choice: Low Protocol91
Choice: Medium Protocol200
No Choice80

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Counts of Participants With Presence of Nausea

Count of participants with nausea through 48 hours after delivery. (NCT02605187)
Timeframe: 0-48 hours after delivery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No Choice11
Choice: Low Protocol7
Choice: Medium Protocol33
Choice: High Protocol10

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Time to Discharge

Minutes from delivery until discharge. (NCT02605187)
Timeframe: Delivery through discharge (average 4 days)

Interventionminutes (Mean)
No Choice4771.9
Choice: Low Protocol4652.1
Choice: Medium Protocol5278.9
Choice: High Protocol5722.3

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Average Number of Vomiting Episodes After Delivery

(NCT02605187)
Timeframe: 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery

,,,
Interventionvomiting episodes (Mean)
0-24 hours after delivery24-48 hours after delivery
Choice: High Protocol1.30
Choice: Low Protocol0.30
Choice: Medium Protocol0.50
No Choice0.60

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Count of Participants Who Need Medical Treatment of Pruritus

Count of participants who need medical treatment of pruritus during first 48 hours after delivery. (NCT02605187)
Timeframe: 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
0-24 hours after delivery24-48 hours after delivery
Choice: High Protocol30
Choice: Low Protocol20
Choice: Medium Protocol122
No Choice72

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Nausea Score Score at 24 and 48 After Delivery

Score was rated on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0=no nausea and 10=most nausea. (NCT02605187)
Timeframe: 0-24 and 24-48 hours after delivery

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
0-24 hours after delivery24-48 hours after delivery
Choice: High Protocol1.80.2
Choice: Low Protocol1.10.2
Choice: Medium Protocol1.50.2
No Choice1.30.3

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Change in Augmentation Severity Rating Scale Form Day 0 to Day 360 (270 Days After Discontinuation pf Dopaminergic Medication)

"Numeric Scale to assess degree of augmentation; Range 0-24; 0 is better, 24 is worst.~We compared the Augmentation severity scale on day 0 to day 360 (which is 270 days after this decrease of dopaminergic medication)" (NCT02642315)
Timeframe: Day 0 to day 360 (270 days after discontinuing dopaminergic medication)

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Day 0 augmentation scale scoreDay 360 Augmentation scale score
Open-label6.50

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Change in Augmentation Severity From Day 0 to Day 90

Augmentation severity rating scale; 0-24, 0 is better, 24 is worst (NCT02642315)
Timeframe: From Day 0 (Baseline) to Day 90

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Baseline90 days
Open-label6.50

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Comparison of Adjusted Trajectory Model for Pain Between Gabapentin and Placebo-- Slope

"Daily pain intensity report for each subject was fitted using growth curve model with parameters of intercept (modeled initial pain) and slope of change in natural log of time, adjusted for prognostic predictors for gabapentin and placebo group separately. The daily pain intensity was the WORST pain (not the average pain) in the past 24 hr on a scale where 0 is no pain and 10 is worst imaginable pain.~Slope is defined as change in pain . Values represent the slope of modeled worst daily pain (0-10 scale as described above) divided by the natural log of time (days) across all participants, extracted from the mixed effect model. The slope is a number representative of all participants in the Arm and is an estimate with confidence limits based on the model." (NCT02685735)
Timeframe: Postoperative Day 1 through Postoperative Day 60

Interventionscore on a scale/ln(day) (Mean)
Gabapentin-0.107
Placebo-0.113

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Comparison of Adjusted Trajectory Model for Pain Between Gabapentin and Placebo--Intercept

"Daily pain intensity report for each subject was fitted using growth curve model with parameters of intercept (modeled initial pain) and slope of change in natural log of time, adjusted for prognostic predictors for gabapentin and placebo group separately. The daily pain intensity was the WORST pain (not the average pain) in the past 24 hr on a scale where 0 is no pain and 10 is worst imaginable pain.~Values represent an intercept of modeled worst daily pain on the first day after hospital discharge across all participants, extracted from the mixed effect model. The intercept is a number representative of all participants in the Arm and is an estimate with confidence limits based on the model." (NCT02685735)
Timeframe: The first day after hospital discharge up to 5 days post surgery

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin7.47
Placebo7.40

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Effect Pupil Diameter, Catastrophizing-optimism Construct, and Gabapentin on Model Fit of the Trajectory of Change in Worst Daily Pain After Surgery

"Daily pain intensity report for each subject was fitted using growth curve model, adjusted for pre-specified prognostic predictors . The daily pain intensity was the WORST pain (not the average pain) in the past 24 hr on a scale where 0 is no pain and 10 is worst imaginable pain.~Deviance values were calculated from the model fit with just pre-specified prognostic predictors (Model 1) and the model fit with these predictors plus pupil diameter, catastrophizing-optimism construct, gabapentin treatment and their interaction. Deviance is a goodness-of-fit statistic for a statistical model; it is often used for statistical hypothesis testing. It is a generalization of the idea of using the sum of squares of residuals (SSR) in ordinary least squares to cases where model-fitting is achieved by maximum likelihood. Deviance ranges from 0 to infinity. The smaller the number the better the model fits the sample data.~Model fits were compared using Chi-squared test." (NCT02685735)
Timeframe: Postoperative Day 1 through Postoperative Day 60

Interventionunitless (Number)
Adjusted Daily Worst Pain Trajectory Model (Model 1)37466
Pain Trajectory Model Plus Pupil, Cognitive Style, and Study Drug Factors (Model 2)37358

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Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia

This 17-question scale assesses the degree of fear of pain from joint movement and is commonly used in orthopedic injury or surgery studies. The scale ranges from 17 to 68 with 17 indicating no fear of movement and 68 indicating severe fear. (NCT02685735)
Timeframe: Preoperative, 2 months after surgery, 6 months after surgery

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Preoperative2 months after surgery6 months after surgery
Gabapentin363433
Placebo373533

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Wisconsin Card Sort Task

This is a physical card sorting game which measures attention to shifts in implicit rules as the game progresses. Perseverative errors are the number of sequential errors when rules of the game shift and reflect dysfunction of attention. This score ranges from 0 to 64 with larger numbers reflecting more dysfunction of attention. (NCT02685735)
Timeframe: Preoperative, 2 months after surgery, 6 months after surgery

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Preoperative2 months after surgery6 months after surgery
Gabapentin7.06.05.0
Placebo6.06.05.0

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Iowa Gambling Task

This is a computer based card game which assesses risk taking and impulsivity in which a score of -100 to 100 is calculated. Lower numbers indicate greater impulsiivity (NCT02685735)
Timeframe: Preoperative, 2 months after surgery, 6 months after surgery

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Preoperative2 months after surgery6 months after surgery
Gabapentin41013
Placebo21216

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Subjective Pain at 2 Weeks Postop

"Assessment of the subject pain score postoperatively at 2 weeks. will use a numeric analog scale from 0-10.~The pain scale ranging from 0-10 with 0 representing No Pain and 10 representing the Worst Pain Possible" (NCT02703259)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin1.3
Control1.4

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Subjective Pain at 24 Hours Postoperative

Pain score assesses patient subjective pain via patient reported numeric analogue scale, range 0-10 with 0 being no pain and 10 being severe pain. (NCT02703259)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin3.4
Control3.4

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Number of Patient With Gabapentin Adverse Effects at 2 Weeks Postoperatively

Will assess for known symptoms of gabapentin postoperatively at 2 weeks. We will survey subjects regarding their experience of the following symptoms: dizziness/drowsiness, fatigue, loss of balance, blurry vision, tremulousness, swelling, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and allergic reaction (NCT02703259)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
DizzinessBlurred visionSomnolenceDifficulty walkingTremulousnessNauseaVomiting
Control83215271
Gabapentin1241854120

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Number of Patient With Gabapentin Adverse Effects at 24 Hours Postoperatively

Will assess for known symptoms of gabapentin postoperatively at 24 hours. We will survey subjects regarding their experience of the following symptoms: dizziness/drowsiness, fatigue, loss of balance, blurry vision, tremulousness, swelling, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and allergic reaction (NCT02703259)
Timeframe: 24 hours

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
DizzinessBlurred VisionSomnolenceDifficulty walkingTremulousnessNauseaVomiting
Control84231162515
Gabapentin177201311249

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Narcotic Use at 24 Hours Postop

Assessment of the amount of narcotic use postoperatively at 24 hours. will use opioid equivalence table to convert all narcotic use to oxycodone equivalents (NCT02703259)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionmorphine milligram equivalents (Mean)
Gabapentin158.8
Control175.0

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Narcotic Use at 2 Weeks Postop

Assessment of the amount of narcotic use postoperatively at 2 weeks. will use opioid equivalence table to convert all narcotic use to oxycodone equivalents (NCT02703259)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

Interventionmorphine milligram equivalents (Mean)
Gabapentin167.2
Control187.3

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Perioperative Nausea as Measured by 100-mm VAS

Score range of 0 to 100, where 0 means no nausea and 100 means worst nausea in my life. (NCT02725710)
Timeframe: Baseline (pre-operatively immediately prior to the procedure), 10 minutes, 30 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Baseline10 minutes30 minutes
Group 1: Placebo3.02.52.3
Group 2: Gabapentin3.01.01.0

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Pain Score on 100-mm VAS (Visual Analog Scale) at 5 Minutes Post-procedure

Score range of 0 to 100, where 0 means no pain and 100 means worst pain in my life. (NCT02725710)
Timeframe: 5 minutes

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Group 1: Placebo35.7
Group 2: Gabapentin37.1

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Number of Subjects Using Pain Medications

Pain medications included ibuprofen and oxycodone. (NCT02725710)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operatively

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
No pain medicationIbuprofen onlyIbuprofen and oxycodoneOxycodone only
Group 1: Placebo102396
Group 2: Gabapentin172361

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Perioperative Anxiety as Measured by the 100-mm VAS

Score range of 0 to 100, where 0 means no anxiety and 100 means extremely anxious. (NCT02725710)
Timeframe: 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes, discharge

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
5 minutes10 minutes30 minutesDischarge
Group 1: Placebo24.514.513.310.5
Group 2: Gabapentin23.511.07.08.0

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Pain Score on the 100-mm VAS

Measured at baseline, 10 minutes post-procedure, and 30 minutes post-procedure. Score range of 0 to 100, where 0 means no pain and 100 means worst pain in my life. (NCT02725710)
Timeframe: Baseline (pre-operatively immediately prior to the procedure), 10 minutes, 30 minute

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Baseline10 minutes30 minutes
Group 1: Placebo3.319.812.6
Group 2: Gabapentin3.020.09.5

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Number of Subjects Experiencing Perioperative Vomiting

(NCT02725710)
Timeframe: Baseline (pre-operatively immediately prior to the procedure), 10 minutes, 30 minutes

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Baseline10 minutes30 minutes
Group 1: Placebo111
Group 2: Gabapentin025

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Number of Subjects Experiencing Side Effects

Side effects noted are dizziness, ataxia, somnolence, asthenia, headache, and amblyopia. (NCT02725710)
Timeframe: 10 minutes post-procedure

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
DizzinessAtaxiaSomnolenceAstheniaHeadacheAmblyopia
Group 1: Placebo148373153
Group 2: Gabapentin206412753

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Pain Laboratory Measures - Descending Noxious Inhibitory Control (DNIC) - Average, Baseline

DNIC will be measured as the percent change in PPTh during the cold pressor tasks relative to baseline. A percent increase represents normal functioning of pain inhibitory processes. (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Gabapentin + Buprenorphine Taper312.5
Placebo + Buprenorphine Taper326.4

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Mean Score of Subjective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (SOWS)

The Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) consist of 16 symptoms rated in intensity by patients on a 5-point scale of intensity as follows: 0=not at all, 1=a little, 2=moderately, 3=quite a bit, 4=extremely. The total score is a sum of item ratings, and ranges from 0 to 64. (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: baseline

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin + Buprenorphine Taper17.3
Placebo + Buprenorphine Taper11.9

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Mean Score Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

The PSQI is a 19 item self-report questionnaire that assesses sleep quality over a 1-month time interval. The measure consists of 19 individual items, creating 7 components (time gone to bed, how long it takes to go to sleep, wake up time, hours slept, issues sleeping, total hours slept etc.) that produce one global score. Each item is weighted on a 0-3 interval scale. The global score is calculated by totaling the seven component scores, providing an overall score ranging from 0 to 21, A lower scale is indicative of better sleep quality and higher score represents poor sleep quality. (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: baseline

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin + Buprenorphine Taper12.5
Placebo + Buprenorphine Taper10.6

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Mean Score of Current Opioid Measure (COMM)

COMM is a 17 item questionnaire that is used to examine concurrent misuse. The score range is from 0-28. A lower score represents participant showing less aberrant behaviors associates with misuse of option medications, and a higher score represents more aberrant behaviors associated with opioid medical misuse. (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin + Buprenorphine Taper16
Placebo + Buprenorphine Taper15

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Pain Self-report: Pain Catastrophizing Scale - Baseline

The Self Reporting Pain Catastrophizing scale consists of 13 items scored from 0 to 4. The total possible score is 52. A higher score indicates more catastrophizing thoughts are present. A lower score indicates less catastrophizing thoughts. (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin + Buprenorphine Taper21.9
Placebo + Buprenorphine Taper21.2

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Number of Participants Who Achieve Opioid Cessation

For Phase II, the primary outcome measure will be number of participants opioid who achieve cessation 8 weeks after stabilization at Week 10, evidenced as a score of 3 points when summing the following measures: self-report of no opioid use = 1 point; prescription drug monitoring data showing no opioid prescriptions filled in past 30 days = 1 point; and confirmatory negative urine toxicology for a full panel of opioids = 1 point. (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: 8 weeks after stabilization at Week 10

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Phase II - Gabapentin + Buprenorphine Taper1
Phase II - Placebo + Buprenorphine Taper0

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Percentage of Patients Who Tolerate Buprenorphine Initiation

"For Phase I, the primary outcome measure is the percentage of patients who tolerate buprenorphine initiation within an 8-hour initiation period, as evidenced by a total score of 3 points when summing the following measures (1) moderate-good level of pain control (same or improved rating on a 0-10 visual analogue scale for pain) = 1 point, (2) mild to no withdrawal symptoms (≤10 on the Subjective Opioid Withdrawal Scale) = 1 point, and (3) willingness to continue to the stabilization and tapering phase of the study; yes = 1 point." (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: 8 hours post dose

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Phase I - Buprenorphine Initiation27

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Pain Laboratory Testing: Mechanical - Baseline

Mechanical (Pressure) Pain Threshold Assessment (PPTh): A digital anesthesiometer (IITC Life Sciences ElectroVonFrey) will be used to assess mechanical pain perception. Pain threshold to static mechanical stimuli will be determined by applying the rigid monofilament to the dorsum of each subject's right hand with increasing pressure (10 grams per second) until the participant indicates verbally that the pain threshold has been reached. (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventiongrams per second (Mean)
Gabapentin + Buprenorphine Taper284.2
Placebo + Buprenorphine Taper289.1

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Number of Participants Who Achieve Opioid Cessation Post-taper: 1 Month

Opioid cessation post taper: 1 month with opioid cessation measured through self-report, prescription drug monitoring data, and confirmatory UDS for a full panel of opioids. (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: 1 month post-taper

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin + Buprenorphine Taper - Opioid Cessation 1 Month Post-taper0
Placebo + Buprenorphine Taper - Opioid Cessation 1 Month Post-taper0

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Number of Participants Who Achieved Opioid Cessation Post-taper - 3 Months

Opioid cessation is evidenced as a score of 3 points when summing the following measures: self-report of no opioid use = 1 point; prescription drug monitoring data showing no opioid prescriptions filled in past 30 days = 1 point; and confirmatory negative urine toxicology for a full panel of opioids = 1 point. (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: Post-taper - 3 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin + Buprenorphine Taper - Opioid Cessation 3 Months Post-taper1
Placebo + Buprenorphine Taper - Opioid Cessation 3 Months Post-taper0

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Number of Participants Who Achieved Opioid Cessation Post-taper - 12 Months

Opioid cessation is evidenced as a score of 3 points when summing the following measures: self-report of no opioid use = 1 point; prescription drug monitoring data showing no opioid prescriptions filled in past 30 days = 1 point; and confirmatory negative urine toxicology for a full panel of opioids = 1 point. (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: Post-taper - 12 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin + Buprenorphine Taper - Opioid Cessation 12 Months Post-taper1
Placebo + Buprenorphine Taper - Opioid Cessation 12 Months Post-taper0

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Number of Participants Who Achieved Opioid Cessation Post-taper - 6 Months

Opioid cessation is evidenced as a score of 3 points when summing the following measures: self-report of no opioid use = 1 point; prescription drug monitoring data showing no opioid prescriptions filled in past 30 days = 1 point; and confirmatory negative urine toxicology for a full panel of opioids = 1 point. (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: Post-taper - 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin + Buprenorphine Taper - Opioid Cessation 6 Months Post-taper1
Placebo + Buprenorphine Taper - Opioid Cessation 6 Months Post-taper0

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Mean Score of PROMIS Physical Function Short Form (PROMIS SF 10) - RAW SCORE PH

"The Mean score of Physical Function on PROMIS short form. The global physical health score is a sum of responses to 4 questions. The range is from 4-20. A lower score represents lower physical function.~The following questions will be asked: In general, how would you rate your physical health? (range is 1-5; 1 represents poor rating in health, 5 represents excellent rating of physical health) To what extent are you able to carry out your everyday physical activities such as walking, climbing stairs, carrying groceries, or moving a chair? (range is 1-5; 1 represents score of not at all, 5 represents score of completely) How would you rate your fatigue on average? (range is 1-5; 1 represents very severe fatigue, and 5 represents no fatigue) How would you rate your pain on average (range is 0-10; 0 represents no pain, 10 represents worst pain imaginable). The pain score is then recoded: 0, no pain = 5; 1, 2, or 3 = 4; 4, 5, or 6 =3; 7, 8, 9 =2;10 =1" (NCT02737826)
Timeframe: baseline

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin + Buprenorphine Taper10.3
Placebo + Buprenorphine Taper11

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Mean Pain With Coughing Score as Measured by VAS

"Subjective pain scores were captured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Subjects were asked to Please rate your current pain level with no movement (rest), with a cough, and with a swallow. Subjects marked a point on a 100-mm line anchored no pain on the left end and worst possible pain on the right end.~Pain literature reports that scores in the 10-30mm range correlate clinically with mild pain, in the 30-60 or 70mm range with moderate pain, and in the >70 range with severe pain" (NCT02926573)
Timeframe: Baseline through post operative day 3

,
Interventionmm (Mean)
Post-operative Day 1 7AMPost-operative Day 1 10AMPost-operative Day 1 7PMPost-operative Day 2 7AMPost-operative Day 2 10AMPost-operative Day 2 7PMPost-operative Day 3 7AM
Gabapentin36363434283027
Placebo46454139394539

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Change in Daily Narcotic Consumption

Total amount of narcotic use in morphine equivalents will be divided by the total hours of inpatient hospitalization, multiplied by 24 hours, to obtain the daily narcotic consumption. (NCT02926573)
Timeframe: Daily from date of randomization until post-op day 2 or date of discharge, whichever comes first.

Interventionmg/hour (Median)
Gabapentin1.60
Placebo1.59

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Mean Pain With Swallowing Score as Measured by VAS

"Subjective pain scores were captured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Subjects were asked to Please rate your current pain level with no movement (rest), with a cough, and with a swallow. Subjects marked a point on a 100-mm line anchored no pain on the left end and worst possible pain on the right end.~Pain literature reports that scores in the 10-30mm range correlate clinically with mild pain, in the 30-60 or 70mm range with moderate pain, and in the >70 range with severe pain" (NCT02926573)
Timeframe: Baseline through post operative day 3

,
Interventionmm (Mean)
Post-operative Day 1 7AMPost-operative Day 1 10AMPost-operative Day 1 7PMPost-operative Day 2 7AMPost-operative Day 2 10AMPost-operative Day 2 7PMPost-operative Day 3 7AM
Gabapentin49464141374035
Placebo48515248455652

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Mean Pain With Resting Score as Measured by VAS

"Subjective pain scores were captured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Subjects were asked to Please rate your current pain level with no movement (rest), with a cough, and with a swallow. Subjects marked a point on a 100-mm line anchored no pain on the left end and worst possible pain on the right end.~Pain literature reports that scores in the 10-30mm range correlate clinically with mild pain, in the 30-60 or 70mm range with moderate pain, and in the >70 range with severe pain" (NCT02926573)
Timeframe: Baseline through post operative day 3

,
Interventionmm (Mean)
Post-operative Day 1 7AMPost-operative Day 1 10AMPost-operative Day 1 7PMPost-operative Day 2 7AMPost-operative Day 2 10AMPost-operative Day 2 7PMPost-operative Day 3 7AM
Gabapentin44292527232522
Placebo46373232303332

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Nausea or Vomiting at Postoperation Follow-up Assessment

During the Postoperative Day 1 phone call, participants self reported how much they experienced nausea or vomiting in the last 24 hours where 10 = none of the time and 0 = all of the time. Nausea and vomiting were self-reported together as a single outcome. (NCT02944656)
Timeframe: Postoperative Day 1

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin Group2.3
Placebo Group3.2

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Moderate Pain at Postoperation Follow-up Assessment

"During the Postoperative Day 1 phone call, participants self reported how much they experienced moderate pain in the last 24 hours where 10 = none of the time and 0 = all of the time. Moderate pain was defined according to the perception of each participant." (NCT02944656)
Timeframe: Postoperative Day 1

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin Group5.2
Placebo Group5.2

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Number of Participants Using Pain Medication

The number of participants reporting filling and using the prescription for ibuprofen postoperatively. During the follow-up phone call on the day after the procedure, participants were asked whether or not they filled the pain medication prescription and if they took any of the medication. (NCT02944656)
Timeframe: Postoperative Day 1

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin Group24
Placebo Group27

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Severe Pain at Postoperation Follow-up Assessment

"During the Postoperative Day 1 phone call, participants self reported how much they experienced severe pain in the last 24 hours where 10 = none of the time and 0 = all of the time. Severe pain was defined according to the perception of each participant." (NCT02944656)
Timeframe: Postoperative Day 1

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin Group3.5
Placebo Group3.2

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Anxiety Levels

"Participants reported how much anxiety they were currently experiencing on a 100-point scale where No Anxiety is scored as 0 and Extremely Anxious is scored as 100. Anxiety is reported for the time periods of immediately prior to the procedure, 10 minutes after the procedure, and 30 minutes after the procedure." (NCT02944656)
Timeframe: Pre-procedure through post-procedure on Study Day 1

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Prior to procedure10 minutes post-procedure30 minutes post-procedure
Gabapentin Group66144
Placebo Group72172

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Pain at Time of Uterine Evacuation

"The primary outcome measure is a pain score using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) measured intraoperatively at time of evacuation. No pain is scored as 0 and worst pain imaginable is scored as 100." (NCT02944656)
Timeframe: During the procedure on Study Day 1

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Paracervical blockDilationAspiration
Gabapentin Group63.7964.5867.77
Placebo Group62.2166.1271.06

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Perioperative Nausea

"Nausea level was measured using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) to log the change in nausea levels between the study arms. No nausea is reported as 0 while worst nausea I have ever felt is reported at 100. Nausea was reported immediately prior to the procedure, 10 minutes following the procedure, and 30 minutes following the procedure." (NCT02944656)
Timeframe: Pre-procedure through post-procedure on Study Day 1

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Prior to procedure10 minutes post-procedure30 minutes post-procedure
Gabapentin Group2610
Placebo Group26125

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Perioperative Pain Level

"Pain level at a variety of time points will be measured using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) to log the change in pain levels between the study arms. No pain is scored as 0 and worst pain imaginable is scored as 100. Pain will be assessed immediately prior to the procedure, at completion of the procedure (removal of the speculum), 10 minutes following the procedure, and 30 minutes following the procedure (at discharge)." (NCT02944656)
Timeframe: Pre-procedure through post-procedure on Study Day 1

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Prior to procedureSpeculum removal10 minutes post-procedure30 minutes post-procedure
Gabapentin Group20.7644.1030.6420.89
Placebo Group22.4847.6143.6831.65

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Perioperative Vomiting

Participants reported if they vomited during the perioperative period to assess changes in vomiting incidences between the study arms. Vomiting is reported for the time periods of immediately prior to the procedure, 10 minutes following the procedure, and 30 minutes following the procedure. (NCT02944656)
Timeframe: Pre-procedure through post-procedure on Study Day 1

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Prior to procedure10 minutes post-procedure30 minutes post-procedure
Gabapentin Group455
Placebo Group725

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Side Effects

Participants were asked if they experienced dizziness, lack of muscle control, sleepiness or drowsiness, weakness or lack of energy, headache, or visual changes. (NCT02944656)
Timeframe: 10 and 30 minutes post procedure on Study Day 1

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Dizziness 10 minutes post-procedureDizziness 30 minutes post-procedureLack of muscle control 10 minutes post-procedureLack of muscle control 30 minutes post-procedureSleepiness/drowsiness 10 minutes post-procedureSleepiness/drowsiness 30 minutes post-procedureWeakness 10 minutes post-procedureWeakness 30 minutes post-procedureHeadache 10 minutes post-procedureHeadache 30 minutes post-procedureVision changes 10 minutes post-procedureVision changes 30 minutes post-procedure
Gabapentin Group271995383033205493
Placebo Group23159103429342844115

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Number of Participants With Delirium Tremens (DT)

The number of participants experiencing delirium tremens during their hospitalization (between admission and discharge). (NCT03012815)
Timeframe: During hospitalization (up to 240 hours)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin0
Benzodiazepine0

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Change in Anxiety Symptoms as Measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale

GAD-7 is GAD-7 is a 7-item self-administered scale of Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms (0 = not at all to 3 = nearly every day). Total scores range from 0 to 21. Total scores of 0-4 = minimal anxiety, Total scores of 5-9 = mild anxiety, total scores of 10-14 = moderate anxiety and total scores of 15-21 = severe anxiety. (NCT03012815)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 days

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin-0.07
Benzodiazepine-3.79

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Mean Total Benzodiazepine Use

The total amount of benzodiazepines administered. Measured by lorazepam equivalent, mg. (NCT03012815)
Timeframe: Time to discharge or time to CIWA-Ar score < 10 for 36 hours (whichever came first) up to 240 hrs.

Interventionmilligrams (Mean)
Gabapentin5.2
Benzodiazepine10.8

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Change in Cravings as Assessed by the Penn Alcohol Craving (PACS) Scale

PACS is a 5 item self-rated scale of alcohol craving (0 = none to 6 = strong urge). Total scores range from 0 (little craving for alcohol) to 30 (irresistible urge to drink alcohol) (NCT03012815)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 days

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin-8.12
Benzodiazepine-8.45

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Change in Sleepiness as Assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale

The ESS is a self-administered questionnaire with 8 questions. Respondents are asked to rate, on a 4-point scale (0-3), their usual chances of dozing off or falling asleep while engaged in eight different activities. Most people engage in those activities at least occasionally, although not necessarily every day. The ESS score (the sum of 8 item scores, 0-3) can range from 0 to 24. The higher the ESS score, the higher that person's average sleep propensity in daily life (ASP), or their daytime sleepiness. (NCT03012815)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2 days

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin-0.03
Benzodiazepine0.07

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Maximun Alcohol Withdrawal Severity Per CIWA-Ar Scale

CIWA-Ar measures severity of 10 observed or measured alcohol withdrawal signs or symptoms. Zero to 7 points are assigned to each item, except for the last item, which is assigned 0-4 points, with a total possible score of 67. Total score ranges from 0 (best possible outcome)-67 (worst possible outcome). Lower scores (0-8) represent fewer withdrawal symptoms and less severity, scores > 8 represent more withdrawal symptoms and greater severity (NCT03012815)
Timeframe: 4 days

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin13.15
Benzodiazepine12.81

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Mean Length of Hospital Stay

The length of hospital stay for Alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The time interval between admission and either discharge or the time at which Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment - Alcohol revised (CIWA-Ar) scores are <10 for 36 hours (up to 240 hours). Measured in hours. CIWA-Ar measures severity of 10 observed or measured alcohol withdrawal signs or symptoms. Zero to 7 points are assigned to each item, except for the last item, which is assigned 0-4 points, with a total possible score of 67. Total score ranges from 0 (best possible outcome)-67 (worst possible outcome). Lower scores (0-8) represent fewer withdrawal symptoms and less severity, scores > 8 represent more withdrawal symptoms and greater severity (NCT03012815)
Timeframe: Time to discharge or time to CIWA-Ar score < 10 for 36 hours (whichever came first) up to 240 hrs.

Interventionhours (Mean)
Gabapentin44.91
Benzodiazepine50.50

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Number of Participants Experiencing Seizure

The number of subjects who developed seizure during their hospitalization. (NCT03012815)
Timeframe: During hospitalization (up to 240 hours).

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin0
Benzodiazepine0

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events

Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) was defined as an adverse event (AE) with onset after the start of the run-in period. A drug-related TEAE was a TEAE with at least a possible relationship to the study drug as assessed by the investigator. Serious TEAE was an AE considered serious. (NCT03053427)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug up to week 13

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any TEAEsDrug-related TEAEsTEAEs leading to deathSerious TEAEsDrug-related serious TEAEsTEAEs leading to discontinuation of study drugDrug-related TEAEs leading to disc. of study drug
Gabapentin Enacarbil946003044
Placebo713600043

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Change From Baseline in IRLS Score at Each Time Point

ANCOVA model with the baseline value as a covariate was used. (NCT03053427)
Timeframe: Baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and EoT (week 12)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Week 1Week 2Week 4Week 6Week 8Week 10Week 12EoT
Gabapentin Enacarbil-4.2-5.8-7.5-8.8-9.8-11.2-11.9-11.1
Placebo-3.1-4.3-6.0-7.4-8.8-9.6-10.5-10.2

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Change From Baseline in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Total Score (PSQI)

The self-rated items of the PSQI generate seven component scores (range of subscale scores, 0-3). The sum of these seven component scores yielded one global score of subjective sleep quality (range, 0-21). Higher scores represent poorer subjective sleep. ANCOVA model with the baseline value as a covariate was used. (NCT03053427)
Timeframe: Baseline and EoT (week 12)

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-1.7
Gabapentin Enacarbil-1.7

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Percentage of Participants With a Patient-rated Clinical Global Impression (PCGI) Response

"PCGI was assessed by 7-point ordinate scale. Participants who were Very much improved or Much improved were defined as responders." (NCT03053427)
Timeframe: EoT (week 12)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo50.5
Gabapentin Enacarbil56.4

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Change From Baseline in Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) Pain Score

The scale range of RLS pain score was 0-10. Higher scores represent greater RLS pain intensity. ANCOVA model with the baseline value as a covariate was used. (NCT03053427)
Timeframe: Baseline and EoT (week 12)

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.9
Gabapentin Enacarbil-1.0

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Change From Baseline in International Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale (IRLS) Score at Week 12

The IRLS consisted of 10-item scale for assessing severity of restless legs syndrome (RLS) with each item ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (very severe symptoms). The total IRLS score ranges from 0 to 40. Higher IRLS score indicated greater disease activity. Mixed Model of Repeated Measurements (MMRM) model with compound symmetry as a covariance structure was used. The explanatory variables of the model included treatment group, IRLS score at baseline, age category, estimated creatinine clearance category, time point, and interaction of treatment group and time point. (NCT03053427)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-10.5
Gabapentin Enacarbil-11.7

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Change From Baseline in Health Status Score of EuroQol-5 Dimension-5 Level (EQ-5D-5L)

Health status was assessed by general visual analog scale (VAS). The VAS ranges from 0 (worst health status) and 100 (best health status). (NCT03053427)
Timeframe: Baseline and EoT (week 12)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo2.7
Gabapentin Enacarbil4.2

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Change From Baseline in Athens Insomnia Scale

Athens Insomnia Scale consisted of 8-item scale (range of subscale scores, 0-3). The scale range of Athens Insomnia was 0-24. Higher scores represent poorer sleep quality. ANCOVA model with the baseline value as a covariate was used. (NCT03053427)
Timeframe: Baseline and EoT (week 12)

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-2.5
Gabapentin Enacarbil-2.5

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Percentage of Participants With an Investigator-rated Clinical Global Impression (ICGI) Response

"ICGI was assessed by 7-point ordinate scale. Participants who were Very much improved or Much improved were defined as responders." (NCT03053427)
Timeframe: EoT (week 12)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo53.2
Gabapentin Enacarbil57.4

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Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at 4 Hours After Dilator Insertion

Pain score based on numeric rating scale (NRS [0 lowest value to 10 highest value, in which 0 is the lowest amount of pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain]); Baseline obtained prior to study drug ingestion/dilator insertion. NRS pain score obtained via text message. (NCT03080493)
Timeframe: 4 hours after insertion of last osmotic dilator

InterventionNumeric rating scale pain score change (Mean)
Gabapentin3
Placebo Oral Capsule3.5

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Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at Time of Presentation for D&E Procedure (Day Following Dilator Insertion)

Pain score based on numeric rating scale (NRS [0 lowest value to 10 highest value, in which 0 is the lowest amount of pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain]); Baseline obtained prior to study drug ingestion/dilator insertion. NRS pain score obtained in person upon presentation for D&E procedure. (NCT03080493)
Timeframe: Time of presentation for D&E (day after dilator insertion)

InterventionNumeric rating scale pain score change (Median)
Gabapentin0.5
Placebo Oral Capsule1

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Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at 5 Minutes After Last Dilator Insertion

Pain score based on numeric rating scale (NRS [0 lowest value to 10 highest value, in which 0 is the lowest amount of pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain]); Baseline obtained prior to study drug ingestion/dilator insertion. NRS pain score obtained in person before subject leaves clinic appointment. (NCT03080493)
Timeframe: 5 minutes after insertion of last osmotic dilator

InterventionNumeric rating scale pain score change (Median)
Gabapentin1
Placebo Oral Capsule2

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Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at 8 Hours After Dilator Insertion

Pain score based on numeric rating scale (NRS [0 lowest value to 10 highest value, in which 0 is the lowest amount of pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain]); Baseline obtained prior to study drug ingestion/dilator insertion. NRS pain score obtained via text message. (NCT03080493)
Timeframe: 8 hours after insertion of last osmotic dilator

InterventionNumeric rating scale pain score change (Median)
Gabapentin2
Placebo Oral Capsule2.5

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Mean Change From Baseline in NRS Pain Score at 2 Hours After Dilator Insertion

Pain score based on numeric rating scale (NRS [0 lowest value to 10 highest value, in which 0 is the lowest amount of pain and 10 is the highest amount of pain]); Baseline obtained prior to study drug ingestion/dilator insertion. NRS pain score obtained via text message. (NCT03080493)
Timeframe: 2 hours after insertion of last osmotic dilator

InterventionNumeric rating scale pain score change (Median)
Gabapentin3.5
Placebo Oral Capsule4

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Number of Participants Using Narcotic Pain Medication (Acetaminophen/Codeine)

Subject account of how many used acetaminophen/codeine (standard medications given for supplement NSAID as needed after dilator insertion) (NCT03080493)
Timeframe: Collected between each subject contact (2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours after dilator insertion and at time of presentation for D&E procedure)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin35
Placebo Oral Capsule40

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Worst Pain as Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at 1 Year

"The participant is asked to rate their pain by circling the one number that best describes their pain at its worst in the past week.~0=no pain and 10 = pain as bad as they can imagine. The higher number indicates worse pain." (NCT03084536)
Timeframe: At 1 year

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Preoperative PECS Blocks0
Placebo PECS Blocks0

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Change in Quality of Life as Measured by the Veterans RAND12 Questionnaire Physical Health Summary Measure

"The 12 items in the questionnaire correspond to eight principal physical and mental health domains including general health perceptions; physical functioning; role limitations due to physical and emotional problems; bodily pain; energy-fatigue, social functioning and mental health. The 12 items are summarized into two scores, a Physical Health Summary Measure (PCS) and a Mental Health Summary Measure (MCS).~The higher the score the better quality of life.~Scores are standardized to a mean of 50 with a range of -0.809-70.71." (NCT03084536)
Timeframe: At baseline and 1 year post-surgery

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Preoperative PECS Blocks-3.1
Placebo PECS Blocks-0.8

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Interference as Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at 1 Year

"The participant is asked circle the one number that describes how much, during the past week pain has interfered with general activity, mood, walking ability, normal work (includes both work outside the home and housework), relations with other people, sleep, and enjoyment of life.~0=does not interference and 10 = completely interferes. The higher number indicates more interference from pain.~The scores for each subsection will be averaged." (NCT03084536)
Timeframe: At 1 year

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Preoperative PECS Blocks0
Placebo PECS Blocks0

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Change in Quality of Life as Measured by the Veterans RAND12 Questionnaire Mental Health Summary Measure

"The 12 items in the questionnaire correspond to eight principal physical and mental health domains including general health perceptions; physical functioning; role limitations due to physical and emotional problems; bodily pain; energy-fatigue, social functioning and mental health. The 12 items are summarized into two scores, a Physical Health Summary Measure (PCS) and a Mental Health Summary Measure (MCS).~The higher the score the better quality of life.~Scores are standardized to a mean of 50 with a range of -1.465-77.09." (NCT03084536)
Timeframe: At baseline and 1 year post-surgery

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Preoperative PECS Blocks0
Placebo PECS Blocks1.9

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Average Pain as Measured by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at 1 Year

"The participant is asked to rate their pain by circling the one number that best describes their pain on the average.~0=no pain and 10 = pain as bad as they can imagine. The higher number indicates worse pain." (NCT03084536)
Timeframe: At 1 year

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Preoperative PECS Blocks0
Placebo PECS Blocks0

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Daily Narcotic Use

Median daily post-op narcotic pain medication in morphine milliequivalents per day during the first 14 days after surgery (NCT03123861)
Timeframe: First 14 days after surgery

Interventionmorphine milliequivalents per day (Median)
Gabapentin1.6
Placebo Oral Capsule1.6

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Gluteal Pain During Normal Activities

Gluteal post-op pain will be measured by an item similar to that used for the primary outcome which asks for the average amount of gluteal pain felt during normal activity in the last 24 hours on a scale of 1-10 with 10 representing the most intense/worst pain. (NCT03123861)
Timeframe: 7 days after surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin2.1
Placebo Oral Capsule3.4

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Pain During Normal Activities (Surgical Pain Scale Item 2)

Post-operative pain at week 1 will be measured by item 2 of the surgical pain scale (SPS). This item asks for the average amount of pain felt during normal activity in the last 24 hours on a scale of 1-10 with 10 representing the most intense/worst pain. (NCT03123861)
Timeframe: 7 days after surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin1.6
Placebo Oral Capsule3.2

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Worst Pain (Surgical Pain Scale Item 4)

Post-operative pain will be measured by item 4 of the surgical pain scale (SPS). This item asks for how unpleasant or disturbing the worst pain was in the last 24 hours on a scale of 1-10 with 10 representing the most intense/worst pain (NCT03123861)
Timeframe: 7 days after surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin2.4
Placebo Oral Capsule4.0

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24 Hour Pain Burden

Pain scores using an 11 point numeric pain rating scale 0=no pain 10 = worst pain imaginable (NCT03151746)
Timeframe: 24 hours after surgery

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo4.11
Gabapentin3.11

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48 Hours Morphine Equivalents Consumed.

Total morphine equivalents in milligrams consumed during the first 48 hours after surgery. (NCT03151746)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after surgery

Interventionmorphine milligrams (Mean)
Placebo51.87
Gabapentin15.71

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QOR 40 Questionnaire Scores

Evaluate quality of recovery using the Quality of Recovery 40 (QoR 40) questionnaire a 40 question survey scored from 40 ( poor recovery) to 200 high (good recovery) 48 hours after the surgical procedure. (NCT03151746)
Timeframe: 48 hours after surgical procedure

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo181.3
Gabapentin187.5

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Change From Baseline Between Gralise® and Neurontin® in the Driving Simulator - Standard Deviation of Vehicle Speed (SDVS).

Miles per Hour (mph) (NCT03179345)
Timeframe: Baseline and Hour 3 on Day 3

Interventionmph (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise® (Gabapentin)0.831
Neurontin® (Gabapentin)0.947
Placebo0.851

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Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Cognitive Evaluation of Cogstate - Detection Task (DET)

Cogstate - Detection Task (DET) is a simple reaction time test of Psychomotor Function. Higher change from baseline means better performance. (NCT03179345)
Timeframe: Baseline and Hour 3 on Day 3

Interventionmsec (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise® (Gabapentin)0.00
Neurontin® (Gabapentin)0.00
Lyrica® (Pregabalin)-0.01
Placebo (Sugar Pill)-0.00

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Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Cognitive Evaluation of Cogstate - Groton Maze Learning Test (GMLT).

Cogstate - The Groton Maze Learning test is a measure Executive Function. Total number of errors made while attempting to learn the same hidden pathway across the consecutive learning trials performed at a single assessment. Lower score means better performance. Higher change from baseline means better performance. (NCT03179345)
Timeframe: Baseline and Hour 3 on Day 3

InterventionNumber of errors on test (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise® (Gabapentin)-0.40
Neurontin® (Gabapentin)-0.01
Lyrica® (Pregabalin)-0.64
Placebo (Sugar Pill)3.32

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Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Cognitive Evaluation of Cogstate - Identification Task (IDN).

Cogstate - Identification Task (IDN) assesses Attention. Score is speed of performance (mean of the log10 transformed reaction times for correct responses). Lower score (quicker speed) is better performance. Higher change from baseline means better performance. (NCT03179345)
Timeframe: Baseline and Hour 3 on Day 3

InterventionScore on Scale (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise® (Gabapentin)-0.00
Neurontin® (Gabapentin)0.00
Lyrica® (Pregabalin)-0.00
Placebo (Sugar Pill)0.01

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Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Cognitive Evaluation of Cogstate - International Shopping List Test (ISL)

Cogstate - International Shopping List (ISL) test is a measure of verbal learning and uses a well-validated list-learning paradigm. Total number of correct responses remembering the word list on three consecutive trials at a single assessment. Higher score is better performance. Higher change from baseline means better performance. (NCT03179345)
Timeframe: Baseline and Hour 3 on Day 3

InterventionScore on Scale (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise® (Gabapentin)0.36
Neurontin® (Gabapentin)0.82
Lyrica® (Pregabalin)0.03
Placebo (Sugar Pill)-0.01

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Change From Baseline Between Gralise® and Lyrica® in the Driving Simulator - Standard Deviation of Vehicle Speed (SDVS).

Miles per Hour (mph) (NCT03179345)
Timeframe: Baseline and Hour 3 on Day 3

Interventionmph (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise® (Gabapentin)0.831
Lyrica® (Pregabalin)1.319
Placebo0.851

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Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Cognitive Evaluation of Cogstate - One Card Learning (OCLT).

Cogstate - The One Card Learning Test (OCLT) is a measure of visual learning and uses a well-validated pattern separation paradigm with playing card stimuli. Higher Score is better performance. Higher change from baseline means better performance. (NCT03179345)
Timeframe: Baseline and Hour 3 on Day 3

InterventionScore on Scale (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise® (Gabapentin)0.02
Neurontin® (Gabapentin)0.06
Lyrica® (Pregabalin)0.00
Placebo (Sugar Pill)0.03

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"Change From Baseline in the Standard Deviation of the Lateral Position (SDLP) Measured on the Driving Simulator Between Gralise® and Neurontin®"

SDLP (feet): This is a measurement of change from maintaining the normal driving position in the lane over time and / or distance. (NCT03179345)
Timeframe: Baseline and Hour 3 on Day 3

Interventionfeet (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise® (Gabapentin)0.255
Neurontin® (Gabapentin)0.395
Placebo0.135

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Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Sedation Evaluation - Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS).

Scale: 1-9, 1=extremely alert, 9 = very sleepy, great effort to keep awake, fighting sleep (NCT03179345)
Timeframe: Baseline and Hour 3 on Day 3

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise® (Gabapentin).774
Neurontin® (Gabapentin).264
Lyrica® (Pregabalin).868
Placebo (Sugar Pill).264

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Change From Baseline Between, Gralise® and Neurontin®, Gralise® and Lyrica® for Sedation Evaluation - Portland Neurotoxicity Scale (PNS).

Portland Neurotoxicity Scale (PNS) comprises 15 questions measured on a 10-point scale. [1=No problem, 2, 3, 4, 5=Often a problem, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10=Severe problem] in 16 categories. Each question was analyzed and is presented in the same way as the primary endpoints. (NCT03179345)
Timeframe: Baseline and Hour 3 on Day 3

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Vision (blurring, double vision)Energy Level (get up and go)Memory (ability to remember people, places, or thiWalking (balance)Interest (in activities)CoordinationTremor (shakiness)Concentration (ability to concentrate on a task)Speech (slurring words)ForgetfulnessSleepiness (fatigue, sedation, tiredness)MoodinessAlertnessAttention SpanMotivation
Gralise® (Gabapentin)0.0360.0990.0770.2060.0460.180-0.1030.0800.0350.1180.6930.1810.2970.0200.185
Lyrica® (Pregabalin)0.2490.3150.1250.4050.0960.350-0.0310.1370.0650.1751.1760.0980.6070.1460.368
Neurontin® (Gabapentin)0.3220.2560.1230.3270.0300.3920.0370.1640.1330.2270.6350.1630.4510.1330.232
Placebo (Sugar Pill)0.1150.331-0.0410.1070.0700.2180.0680.1820.1030.0790.5410.1000.3530.0150.271

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"Change From Baseline in the Standard Deviation of the Lateral Position (SDLP) Measured on the Driving Simulator Between Gralise® and Lyrica®"

SDLP (feet): This is a measurement of change from maintaining the normal driving position in the lane over time and / or distance. (NCT03179345)
Timeframe: Baseline and Hour 3 on Day 3

Interventionfeet (Least Squares Mean)
Gralise® (Gabapentin)0.255
Lyrica® (Pregabalin)0.356
Placebo0.135

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To Compare the Relative Safety and Tolerability of Gralise®, Neurontin®, and Lyrica®.

"Number of subjects with Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)~Number of subjects with Serious Adverse Event (SAE)~Number of subjects discontinued due to Adverse Event (AE)" (NCT03179345)
Timeframe: Screening to 1 week after Period 4 discharge

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Subjects with TEAESubjects with SAESubjects Discontinued due to AE
Gralise® (Gabapentin)600
Lyrica® (Pregabalin)1601
Neurontin® (Gabapentin)1301
Placebo (Sugar Pill)500

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Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Placebo.

"Self-reported High measured on a 0-100 self-report visual analog scale. 0= Not-At-All 100=Extremely" (NCT03205423)
Timeframe: "Assessed every 15 minutes following drug administration,for a total of 360 minutes. Peak drug effect is the highest rating throughout the entire testing session."

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin 0 mg3.3
Gabapentin 1800 mg2.3

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Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Low Alcohol Dose.

"Self-reported High measured on a 0-100 self-report visual analog scale. 0= Not-At-All 100=Extremely" (NCT03205423)
Timeframe: "Assessed every 15 minutes following drug administration, for a total of 360 minutes. Peak drug effect is the highest rating throughout the entire testing session."

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin 0 mg4.1
Gabapentin 1800 mg11.4

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Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Oxycodone (15mg)

"Self-reported High measured on a 0-100 self-report visual analog scale. 0= Not-At-All 100=Extremely" (NCT03205423)
Timeframe: "Assessed every 15 minutes following drug administration, for a total of 360 minutes. Peak drug effect is the highest rating throughout the entire testing session."

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin 0 mg1.9
Gabapentin 1800 mg4.7

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Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Oxycodone (15mg) + High Alcohol Dose.

"Self-reported High measured on a 0-100 self-report visual analog scale. 0= Not-At-All 100=Extremely" (NCT03205423)
Timeframe: "Assessed every 15 minutes following drug administration, for a total of 360 minutes. Peak drug effect is the highest rating throughout the entire testing session."

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin 0 mg6.3
Gabapentin 1800 mg9.7

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Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Oxycodone (15mg) + Low Alcohol Dose.

"Self-reported High measured on a 0-100 self-report visual analog scale. 0= Not-At-All 100=Extremely" (NCT03205423)
Timeframe: "Assessed every 15 minutes following drug administration, for a total of 360 minutes. Peak drug effect is the highest rating throughout the entire testing session."

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin 0 mg3.7
Gabapentin 18008.0

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Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Oxycodone (30mg)

"Self-reported High measured on a 0-100 self-report visual analog scale. 0= Not-At-All 100=Extremely" (NCT03205423)
Timeframe: "Assessed every 15 minutes following drug administration, for a total of 360 minutes. Peak drug effect is the highest rating throughout the entire testing session."

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin 0 mg2.7
Gabapentin 1800 mg5.3

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Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Oxycodone (30mg) + High Alcohol Dose.

"Self-reported High measured on a 0-100 self-report visual analog scale. 0= Not-At-All 100=Extremely" (NCT03205423)
Timeframe: "Assessed every 15 minutes following drug administration, for a total of 360 minutes. Peak drug effect is the highest rating throughout the entire testing session."

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin 0 mg6.7
Gabapentin 1800 mg10.9

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Peak Positive Subjective Responses to Oxycodone (30mg) + Low Alcohol Dose.

"Self-reported High measured on a 0-100 self-report visual analog scale. 0= Not-At-All 100=Extremely" (NCT03205423)
Timeframe: "Assessed every 15 minutes following drug administration, for a total of 360 minutes. Peak drug effect is the highest rating throughout the entire testing session."

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin 0 mg3.0
Gabapentin 1800 mg9.1

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Peak Positive Subjective Responses to High Alcohol Dose.

"Self-reported High measured on a 0-100 self-report visual analog scale. 0= Not-At-All 100=Extremely" (NCT03205423)
Timeframe: "Assessed every 15 minutes following drug administration, for a total of 360 minutes. Peak drug effect is the highest rating throughout the entire testing session."

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin 0 mg4.8
Gabapentin 1800 mg8.6

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Prefrontal Glx Concentrations

Concentrations of Glx (i.e., glutamate + glutamine), referenced to unsuppressed water and corrected for within-voxel CSF proportion, in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex measured via Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. (NCT03220776)
Timeframe: Day 5 of each experimental condition

Interventionmmol/kg (Mean)
N-Acetylcysteine21.59
Gabapentin21.69
Placebo Oral Tablet22.25

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Prefrontal GABA+ Concentrations

Concentrations of GABA+, referenced to unsuppressed water and corrected for within-voxel CSF proportion, in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex measured via Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (i.e., MEGA-PRESS). (NCT03220776)
Timeframe: Day 5 of each experimental condition

Interventionmmol/kg (Mean)
N-Acetylcysteine3.90
Gabapentin3.93
Placebo Oral Tablet3.73

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Change in Total FACT-HN Scores From Baseline to Follow-up

Scale: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Trial Outcome (FACT-HN), range 0-148, higher scores indicate better outcomes (NCT03269344)
Timeframe: Administered at baseline and at 6-week follow-up endpoint, approximately 13 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Control Arm-15.0
Experimental Arm-20.0

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Feeding Tube Placement

Measure of number of patients who required feeding tube placement at any time during the study period (NCT03269344)
Timeframe: Evaluated placement of feeding tube from baseline (start of radiation) to 6 weeks post-treatment, approximately 13 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Control Arm6
Experimental Arm18

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Percent Weight Lost

Percent weight lost from baseline to week 7 of treatment (end of treatment) (NCT03269344)
Timeframe: Percent change from baseline to week 7 of treatment

InterventionPercent change (Median)
Control Arm-10.7
Experimental Arm-11.4

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Average Opioid Use, Measured in Morphine Equivalents Per Day.

(NCT03269344)
Timeframe: Over the entire study period from baseline to follow-up, approximately 13 weeks

InterventionDaily morphine equivalents (Median)
Control Arm15.6
Experimental Arm22.2

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Change in PRO-CTCAE Scores From Baseline to Follow-up

Scale: Patient-reported outcomes of Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE), 5-point Likert scale, higher scores indicate worse outcomes. Range of scores 0-40 (min-max). (NCT03269344)
Timeframe: Evaluated change in scores from baseline to 6 weeks post-treatment, approximately 13 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Control Arm1.0
Experimental Arm6.5

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Prefrontal GABA Concentrations Through Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Concentrations of GABA, normalized to water and corrected for CSF%, in dorsal anterior cingulate measured via Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. (NCT03334721)
Timeframe: Day 5 of each experimental condition

,
InterventionInstitutional Units (Mean)
GABA (randomization order 1, gabapentin 1st)GABA (randomization order 2, placebo 1st)
Gabapentin2.6252.609
Placebo Oral Capsule2.6962.720

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"VAS Score 2: How Much Pain do You Feel in Your Operative Site When Moving?"

Surgical site pain. Scale 0-10, with 0 best and 10 worst. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

Interventionscore on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care3.84
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen3.54

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Opioid Consumption

Mean opioid consumption, measured in mg of morphine equivalents. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (total amount measured at second postoperative appointment; means assessed afterwards).

Interventionmorphine equivalents (Mean)
Standard of Care287.0
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen281.1

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"VAS Score 4: How Bad is Your Nausea?"

Nausea. Scale 0-10, with 0 best and 10 worst. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

Interventionscore on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care0.36
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen0.17

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"VAS Score 1: How Much Pain do You Feel in Your Operative Site When Resting?"

Surgical site pain. Scale 0-10, with 0 best and 10 worst (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months after surgery (at 2nd postoperative appointment)

Interventionscore on 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care2.26
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen2.46

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"VAS Score 3: How Well Are You Sleeping?"

Sleep quality. Scale 0-10 with 0 worst and 10 best. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

Interventionscore on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care5.73
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen6.38

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Days Taking Opioids

Number of days until patients are finished consuming opioid medications after discharge. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

Interventiondays (Mean)
Standard of Care14.8
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen18.7

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"VAS Score 5: How Satisfied Are You With Your Pain Management?"

Satisfaction. Scale 0-10 with 0 worst and 10 best. (NCT03334903)
Timeframe: 2-3 months following surgery (measured at second postoperative appointment).

Interventionscore on a 10-point scale (Mean)
Standard of Care7.83
Postoperative Gabapentin Regimen8.48

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Number of Intensive Care Unti (ICU) Days

"The number of days the patient was in the ICU post injury or up to 30 days (whichever is sooner). Zero-inflated models are presented as estimated marginal means (95% Credible Interval). The data reported as mean actually refers to marginal mean, and the data reported as 95% Confidence Interval actually refers to a 95% Credible Interval." (NCT03472469)
Timeframe: 30 days

InterventionICU days (Mean)
Original MMPR - Descending Dose Arm0.21
MAST MMPR - Escalating Dose Arm0.21

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Number of Participants Discharged From the Hospital With an Opioid Prescription

(NCT03472469)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Original MMPR - Descending Dose Arm527
MAST MMPR - Escalating Dose Arm476

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Pain as Assessed by Score on the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)

An average will be calculated of the daily numeric rating scale (NRS) for pain (0=no pain, 10=worst pain). This assessment is used in verbal participants. (NCT03472469)
Timeframe: until discharge from hospital or 30 days post admission (whichever is sooner)

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Original MMPR - Descending Dose Arm3.3
MAST MMPR - Escalating Dose Arm3.3

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Pain as Assessed by Score on the Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS)

An average will be calculated of the daily score on the Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS). BPS score ranges from 3-12, with higher scores indicating worse pain. This assessment is used in non-verbal participants. (NCT03472469)
Timeframe: until discharge from hospital or 30 days post admission (whichever is sooner)

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Original MMPR - Descending Dose Arm2.5
MAST MMPR - Escalating Dose Arm2.3

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Number of Ventilator Days

"The number of days the patient on a ventilator post injury or up to 30 days (whichever is sooner). Zero-inflated models are presented as estimated marginal means (95% Credible Interval). The data reported as mean actually refers to marginal mean, and the data reported as 95% Confidence Interval actually refers to a 95% Credible Interval." (NCT03472469)
Timeframe: 30 days

Interventionventilator days (Mean)
Original MMPR - Descending Dose Arm0.08
MAST MMPR - Escalating Dose Arm0.06

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Overall Costs

the costs associated with the overall hospitalization or the first 30 days (whichever is sooner) related to post trauma care and complications incurred. (NCT03472469)
Timeframe: until discharge from hospital or 30 days post admission (whichever is sooner)

Interventiondollars (Median)
Original MMPR - Descending Dose Arm20093
MAST MMPR - Escalating Dose Arm19561

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Opioid Use Per Day

Opioid use per day is calculated by tallying the dose equivalency of all opioids received and dividing by the number of days hospitalized. Morphine milligram equivalents (MME) per day are reported. (NCT03472469)
Timeframe: until discharge from hospital or 30 days post admission (whichever is sooner)

InterventionMME per day (Median)
Original MMPR - Descending Dose Arm48
MAST MMPR - Escalating Dose Arm34

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Pharmacy Costs

The costs of the pain medications given during the specified time period. (NCT03472469)
Timeframe: until discharge from hospital or 30 days post admission (whichever is sooner)

Interventiondollars (Median)
Original MMPR - Descending Dose Arm507
MAST MMPR - Escalating Dose Arm397

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Number of Hospital Days

"The number of days the patient was hospitalized post injury or up to 30 days (whichever is sooner). Zero-inflated models are presented as estimated marginal means (95% Credible Interval). The data reported as mean actually refers to marginal mean, and the data reported as 95% Confidence Interval actually refers to a 95% Credible Interval." (NCT03472469)
Timeframe: 30 days

Interventionhospital days (Mean)
Original MMPR - Descending Dose Arm4.97
MAST MMPR - Escalating Dose Arm5.12

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Time to Opioid Cessation as a Measure of Opioid Utilization

(NCT03472521)
Timeframe: Up to 12 weeks

Interventionweeks (Median)
Gabapentin2
Control2

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Pain Report

Number of weeks after delivery until resolution of pain as reported by participants. Pain score was averaged each week from daily reporting by participants using a numerical rating scale (range: 1-10, 1 = no pain; 10 = worst pain). (NCT03472521)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionweeks (Median)
Gabapentin7
Control12

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Functional Recovery

Functional recovery was assessed as the number of weeks after delivery until participants reported they were able to return to pre-delivery function. (NCT03472521)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Interventionweeks (Median)
Gabapentin8
Control11

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Falls

rate of falls (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
YesNoUnknown
Non-Opioid Intervention5300
Observational1272

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Nausea

rate of nausea (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
YesNoUnknown
Non-Opioid Intervention1340
Observational5232

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Falls

rate of falls (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
YesNoUnknown
Non-Opioid Intervention4274
Observational4242

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Constipation

rate of constipation (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
YesNoUnknown
Non-Opioid Intervention13220
Observational1992

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Constipation

rate of constipation (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
YesNoUnknown
Non-Opioid Intervention4274
Observational7212

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Additional Post Op Pain

post-operative pain: measured on a 0 (no pain) -10 (worst) numeric rating scale (NRS) at 6hrs, 12hrs, 2 weeks, and 2 months. A score of 0(no pain) is preferable to 10(worst possible pain) (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 6hrs, 12hrs, 2weeks, 2 months

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
6 Hrs12 hrs2 weeks2 months
Non-Opioid Intervention0.000.820
Observational241.30.7

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Simple Shoulder Test

Simple Shoulder Test (SST) activity score. Range 0-12. 0 = worse activity score. (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Observational2.0
Non-Opioid Intervention2.0

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Simple Shoulder Test

Simple Shoulder Test (SST) activity score. Range 0-12. 0 = worse activity score. (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Months

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Observational6
Non-Opioid Intervention6

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Veterans RAND 12 Item Health Survey (VR-12©) Physical Health Subscore, and Mental Health Subscore

quality of life using VR-12 subscores. Physical Health (PCS) subscore and Mental Health (MCS) subscore, not summed. Range reported in weighted units. Physical Health subscore: 1 point increase in PCS is associated with 6% lower total health care expenditures, 5% lower pharmacy expenditures, 9% lower rate of hospital inpatient visits, 4% lower rate of medical provider visits, 5% lower rate of hospital outpatient visits. Mental Health sub score a 1 point increase in MCS is associated with 7% lower total health care expenditures, 4% lower pharmacy expenditures, 15% lower rate of hospital inpatient visits, and 4% lower rate of medical provider visits. Both PCS/MCS are score 0-100 with 100 indicating the highest level of health. (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Weeks

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
PCSMCS
Non-Opioid Intervention35.059.1
Observational36.756.3

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Veterans RAND 12 Item Health Survey (VR-12©) Physical Health Subscore, and Mental Health Subscore

quality of life using VR-12 subscores. Physical Health (PCS) subscore and Mental Health (MCS) subscore, not summed. Range reported in weighted units. Physical Health subscore: 1 point increase in PCS is associated with 6% lower total health care expenditures, 5% lower pharmacy expenditures, 9% lower rate of hospital inpatient visits, 4% lower rate of medical provider visits, 5% lower rate of hospital outpatient visits. Mental Health sub score a 1 point increase in MCS is associated with 7% lower total health care expenditures, 4% lower pharmacy expenditures, 15% lower rate of hospital inpatient visits, and 4% lower rate of medical provider visits. Both PCS/MCS are score 0-100 with 100 indicating the highest level of health. (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Months

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
PCSMCS
Non-Opioid Intervention40.360.8
Observational38.458.7

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Pain Satisfaction

Satisfaction with overall pain using Numeric Pain Rating (NRS) scale. yes, no. No being better than yes. (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Weeks

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
YesNoUnknown
Non-Opioid Intervention3410
Observational2712

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Pain Satisfaction

Satisfaction with overall pain using Numeric Pain Rating (NRS) scale. yes, no. No being better than yes. (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
YesNoUnknown
Non-Opioid Intervention2924
Observational2352

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Post Op Pain

Pain at patient discharge or 24-hours, whichever comes first - measured on a 0 (no pain) -10 (worst possible pain) numeric rating scale (NRS). A score of 0(no pain) is preferable to 10(worst possible pain) (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Observational3.0
Non-Opioid Intervention2.0

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Nausea

rate of nausea (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Months

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
YesNoUnknown
Non-Opioid Intervention1300
Observational0282

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Morphine Use

Morphine milli-equivalents In-hospital post-operative. Continuous scale of MME, no defined better/worse. Measured as number and dose of medications taken. For example, if the patient received an opioid, the drug and dose was recorded and converted to MME. A time frame of when to assess opioid use in-hospital post-operative was not used but was a continuous monitor for rescue opioid from in-hospital post-operative through discharge. (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: In-hospital Stay

InterventionMorphine milli-equivalents (Median)
Observational45.0
Non-Opioid Intervention19.0

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ASES

American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Shoulder Score for pain and function. Range 0-100. Low score = worse shoulder condition. Function, disability, and pain subscores (all ranges 0-50), and are summed for total ASES score. (NCT03540030)
Timeframe: 2 Weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Observational54.3
Non-Opioid Intervention54.2

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Average Pain Score at 24, 48 and 72 Hours Post-operatively

"Participants were assessed by rating their pain according to the Numeric Rating Scale: a dimensional measurement of pain intensity; 0-10 scale for scoring pain (0= no pain, 10=worst pain imaginable)~The minimum and maximum pain scores per participant were aggregated at timepoints of 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after the start of post-operative treatment" (NCT03679013)
Timeframe: at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the start of post-operative treatment

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Minimum Pain Score at 24 hoursMaximum Pain Score at 24 hoursMinimum Pain Score at 48 hoursMaximum Pain Score at 48 hoursMinimum Pain Score at 72 hoursMaximum Pain Score at 72 hours
Opioid Based Standard of Care Regimen.1716.7502.5
Opioid Sparing Pain Regimen.0.093.180.183.6402.36

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Number of Participants With Ileus During Hospitalization

The number of participants with occurrences of ileus during hospitalization. (NCT03679013)
Timeframe: Surgery completion through study completion up to one week.

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Opioid Based Standard of Care Regimen.0
Opioid Sparing Pain Regimen.0

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The Number of Patients With Requests for Breakthrough Opioid Pain Medication in Opioid Standard of Care Regimen Compared to Non-opioid Multimodal Pain Relief Regimen (Experimental Group).

"Number of patients with requests for breakthrough pain medication. Requests for breakthrough pain medication is defined as having pain scores >4 using the Numeric Rating Scale: a dimensional measurement of pain intensity; 0-10 scale for scoring pain (0= no pain, 10worst pain imaginable)" (NCT03679013)
Timeframe: 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours after post-surgical treatment

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
24 hours48 hours72 hours
Opioid Based Standard of Care Regimen.771
Opioid Sparing Pain Regimen.211

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Changes in Surgical Field Visibility

"according to change in Fromm and Boezaart surgical field category scale ranging from 0 (no bleeding) to 5 (severe bleeding) where: 0 No Bleeding.~Slight bleeding- no blood suctioning required.~Slight bleeding- occasional blood suctioning required.~Slight bleeding- frequent blood suctioning required, operative field is visible for some seconds after evacuation.~Moderate bleeding- frequent blood suctioning required, operative field is only visible immediately after evacuation.~Severe bleeding- constant blood suctioning required, bleeding appears faster than can be removed by suction .Surgery is hardly possible, and sometimes impossible." (NCT03850093)
Timeframe: scale was assessed by the surgeon every 15 minutes from the start of surgical procedure till the end

,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
15 minutes30 minutes45 minutes60 minutes75 minutes90 minutes105 minutes
Bisoprolol2111100
Control4333232
Gabapentin2111111

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Mean Arterial Blood Pressure Change

effect of intervention on the change of mean arterial blood pressure allover study period (NCT03850093)
Timeframe: were recorded before oral premedication (baseline), pre-induction, after induction of anesthesia, 1, 5, 10, 15 minutes after intubation and then every 15 minutes until the end of surgery

,,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
preinductionafter induction1 minute after intubation5 minutes after intubation10 minutes after intubation15 minutes after intubation30 minutes after intubation45 minutes after intubation60 minutes after intubation75 minutes after intubation90 minutes after intubation105 minutes after intubation
Bisoprolol86.472.376.267.267.770.266.264.766.769.466.167.2
Control92.478.292.278.676.57466.664.669.967.762.770
Gabapentin85.674.480.670.766.465.464.463.361.962.56363.1

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Surgeon Satisfaction (Categorical)

surgeon satisfaction score where given 5 for very satisfied, 4 for satisfied, 3 for neutral, 2 for dissatisfied and 1 for very dissatisfied then number of satisfied (satisfaction score = 5) and disatisfied (satisfaction score less than 5) surgeons was compared between groups (NCT03850093)
Timeframe: at the end of surgery

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
surgeon satisfaction achieved (score≥ 4)surgeon satisfaction not achieved(score< 4)
Bisoprolol220
Control107
Gabapentin210

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Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for Postoperative Pain

postoperative visual analogue score (VAS) for pain where 0 is no pain and 10 severe intolerable pain (NCT03850093)
Timeframe: 0n full recovery, 3 and 6 hrs. after recovery

,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
on full recovery3hrs. after recovery6hrs after recovery
Bisoprolol433
Control543
Gabapentin211

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Number of Patients Who Recieve Both IV Nitroglycerin and Propranolol During Operative Procedure

need for both IV nitroglycerine and propranolol intraoperatively (NCT03850093)
Timeframe: at the end of surgery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin0
Bisoprolol0
Control6

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Blood Loss

total intraoperative blood loss (mL) (NCT03850093)
Timeframe: at the end of surgery

InterventionmL (Median)
Gabapentin20
Bisoprolol20
Control80

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Number of Patients Who Recieved Intraoperative IV Nitroglycerin During Operative Procedure

need for additional intraoperative IV vasodilators (nitroglycerine (NCT03850093)
Timeframe: at the end of surgery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin0
Bisoprolol0
Control5

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Number of Patients Who Recieved Intraoperative IV Propranolol During Operative Procedure

the need for additional beta blockers (propranolol) (NCT03850093)
Timeframe: at the end of surgery

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin0
Bisoprolol0
Control1

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Heart Rate Change

effect of intervention on the change of heart rate allover study period (NCT03850093)
Timeframe: were recorded before oral premedication (baseline), pre-induction, after induction of anesthesia, 1, 5, 10, 15 minutes after intubation and then every 15 minutes until the end of surgery

,,
Interventionbeats/ minute (Mean)
preinductionafter induction1 minute after intubation5 minutes after intubation10 minutes after intubation15 minutes after intubation30 minutes after intubation45 minutes after intubation60 minutes after intubation75 minutes after intubation90 minutes after intubation105 minutes after intubation
Bisoprolol73.167.873.370.666.366.667.767.166.36666.567.4
Control85.885.996.289.387.890.285.880.187.384.588.197
Gabapentin82.674.983.377.175.474.773.47575.375.772.775.7

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Time to 1st Postoperative Rescue Analgesia

time to 1st postoperative rescue analgesia (starting from administration of the studied drug) (NCT03850093)
Timeframe: on administration of 1st postoperative rescue analgesia

Interventionminutes (Median)
Gabapentin60
Bisoprolol30
Control20

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Change in TNF-alpha

Mean change in TNF-alpha values measured on blood samples collected using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (R&D Systems). (NCT04052139)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8-weeks

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Low-dose Naltrexone0.27
Gabapentin0.47
Placebo0.21

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Number of Participants With a Change in HIV Viral Load Suppression Status

Defined as number of participants who change from suppressed to unsuppressed or unsuppressed to suppressed from lab tests (NCT04052139)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8-weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low-dose Naltrexone1
Gabapentin0
Placebo0

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Change in Past Week Pain Severity

Change in past week pain severity (score 0 [no pain] -10 [high pain]) from baseline to week 8. Pain severity will be measured using the Brief Pain Inventory, which allows patients to rate the severity of their pain and the degree to which their pain interferes with common dimensions of feeling and function (NCT04052139)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8-weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Low-dose Naltrexone-0.97
Gabapentin-2.12
Placebo-1.85

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Change in IL-1beta

Mean change in IL-1beta values measured on blood samples collected using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (R&D Systems). (NCT04052139)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8-weeks

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Low-dose Naltrexone0.30
Gabapentin0.95
Placebo0.41

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Change in Percentage of Past Month Heavy Drinking Days

Mean percentage of change in self-reported heavy drinking in the past 30 days of alcohol consumption obtained via the Timeline Followback (TLFB) method. The NIAAA definition of heavy drinking is used (> 4 drinks in a day for men; > 3 drinks in a day for women). Participants were asked about their alcohol consumption on each day in the previous 30 days. (NCT04052139)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8-weeks

Intervention% of change in heavy drinking days (Mean)
Low-dose Naltrexone3.07
Gabapentin-4.22
Placebo-4.63

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Change in Biomarker IL-10

Mean change in IL-10 values measured on blood samples collected using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (R&D Systems). (NCT04052139)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Low-dose Naltrexone-0.13
Gabapentin0.07
Placebo-0.26

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Change in Biomarker IL-6

Mean change in IL-6 values measured on blood samples collected using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (R&D Systems). (NCT04052139)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8-weeks

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Low-dose Naltrexone-0.12
Gabapentin0.04
Placebo0.29

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Change in CD4 Count

Defined as mean change in CD4 values from lab assay (NCT04052139)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8-weeks

Interventioncell/mm^3 (Mean)
Low-dose Naltrexone15.85
Gabapentin-106.47
Placebo-52.13

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Change in Cold Pain Tolerance

Mean change in the number of seconds a participant can keep their hand submerged in a container of iced water. Participants were instructed to keep their hand in as long as they could, up to 3 minutes. (NCT04052139)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8-weeks

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Low-dose Naltrexone-14.78
Gabapentin-3.33
Placebo-3.15

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Change in Past Week Pain Interference

Change in past week pain interference (score 0 [no pain]-10 [high pain]) from baseline to week 8. Pain interference will be measured using the Brief Pain Inventory, which allows patients to rate the severity of their pain and the degree to which their pain interferes with common dimensions of feeling and function (NCT04052139)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8-weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Low-dose Naltrexone-1.73
Gabapentin-1.97
Placebo-2.14

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Pain Score as Measured by the NRS-11 Scale

The Numerical pain Rating Scale (NRS-11) is an 11-point numerical pain rating scale used to measure levels of pain. The lowest possible score is 0 with 0 meaning no pain, and the highest possible score is 10 with 10 meaning severe pain. (NCT04230980)
Timeframe: Post-operative day 0 (the day of surgery, after surgery was completed) through post-operative day 7

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Post-Operative Day 0Post-Operative Day 1, midnightPost-Operative Day 1, before noonPost-Operative Day 1, after noonPost-Operative Day 2, midnightPost-Operative Day 2, before noonPost-Operative Day 2, after noonPost-Operative Day 3, before noonPost-Operative Day 3, after noonPost-Operative Day 4, before noonPost-Operative Day 4, after noonPost-Operative Day 5, before noonPost-Operative Day 5, after noonPost-Operative Day 6, before noonPost-Operative Day 6, after noonPost-Operative Day 7, before noonPost-Operative Day 7, after noon
Gabapentin1.912.272.022.522.191.941.811.571.561.141.291.641.481.561.411.36.99
Placebo3.053.243.333.653.833.773.53.162.982.442.932.542.792.262.502.252.12

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Opioid Consumption, as Measured by Number of Tablets Taken.

Participants were requested to self-report the number of opioid tablets (oxycodone, 5mg) that they had taken since the last survey. (NCT04230980)
Timeframe: Post-operative day 0 (the day of surgery, after surgery was completed) through post-operative day 7

,
InterventionNumber of oxycodone 5mg tablets consumed (Mean)
Post-Operative Day 0Post-Operative Day 1, midnightPost-Operative Day 1, before noonPost-Operative Day 1, after noonPost-Operative Day 2, midnightPost-Operative Day 2, before noonPost-Operative Day 2, after noonPost-Operative Day 3, before noonPost-Operative Day 3, after noonPost-Operative Day 4, before noonPost-Operative Day 4, after noonPost-Operative Day 5, before noonPost-Operative Day 5, after noonPost-Operative Day 6, before noonPost-Operative Day 6, after noonPost-Operative Day 7, before noonPost-Operative Day 7, after noon
Gabapentin1.111.141.21.141.181.181.121.091.091.061.031.001.071.001.0011
Placebo1.541.241.381.271.231.481.521.21.111.101.001.001.081.121.041.051.05

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Neuropathic Pain

To determine if the time from injury influences the prevalence of neuropathic pain in acute SCI. Average of the pain during the previous 7 days on self-identified nerve or neuropathic pain levels (0-10) on 5 different measurements at the time of discharge on the Neuropathic Pain Scale. 0 being best (no pain)- 10 being worst pain. Total score range from 0 to 50. (NCT04256603)
Timeframe: Through completion of the study, up to 4 weeks after injury.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin Group13.3
No Gabapentin Group15.6

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Pain Score

100mm Visual analog scale (VAS) for level of pain, 1-100, 1=no pain, 100= extreme pain (NCT04292171)
Timeframe: 5 minutes postoperative

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Gabapentin Arm17
Placebo Arm17

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Pain Score 24

Pain at 24 hours postoperative on 100mm VAS, 1=no pain, 100=extreme pain (NCT04292171)
Timeframe: 24 hours postop

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Gabapentin Arm0
Placebo Arm1

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Pain Score at 30 Minutes Postoperative

100mm Visual analog scale for level of pain, 1-100, 1=no pain, 100= extreme pain (NCT04292171)
Timeframe: 30 minutes postoperative

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Gabapentin Arm20
Placebo Arm23

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Vomiting

Vomiting at 24 hrs, 100mm VAS, 1=none, 100=extreme (NCT04292171)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperative

InterventionVAS 100mm (Mean)
Gabapentin Arm0.85
Placebo Arm0.74

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Nausea

Nausea at 24 hours using 100mm VAS, 1=none, 100=extreme (NCT04292171)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperative

InterventionVAS 100mm (Mean)
Gabapentin Arm1.74
Placebo Arm1.74

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Operative Time

minutes (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 0-300 minutes

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Prospective Cohort128.80
Historical Control139.69

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Number of Patients With Return to the Clinic, Emergency Department Due to Post Operative Pain Within a 2 Week Period

Number of patients with return to the clinic, emergency department due to post operative pain within a 2 week period (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 0-14 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Prospective Cohort1
Historical Control3

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Estimated Blood Loss

milliliters (mL) (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 0-300 minutes

Interventionmilliliters (Mean)
Prospective Cohort63.50
Historical Control58.46

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Pain Scores

Subjective, Score 0-10 with 0 being no pain and 10 being severe pain (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 3-24 hours after surgery

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Prospective Cohort1.75
Historical Control5.43

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Length of Stay in Hours

Length of stay in hours (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 0- 240 hours

Interventionhours (Mean)
Prospective Cohort12.05
Historical Control35.82

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Total Opioid Pain Medications Required 0-3h Post op in Morphine Milligram Equivalents (MME)

Total opioid pain medications required 0-3h post op in morphine milligram equivalents (MME) (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 0-3 hours after surgery

Interventionmorphine milligram equivalents (MME) (Mean)
Prospective Cohort2.00
Historical Control5.32

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Total Opioid Pain Medications Required Through 3-24h Post op in MME

Total opioid pain medications required through 3-24h post op in MME (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 3-24 hours after surgery

Interventionmorphine milligram equivalents (MME) (Mean)
Prospective Cohort.20
Historical Control12.27

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Pain Scores

Subjective, Score 0-10 with 0 being no pain and 10 being severe pain (NCT04429022)
Timeframe: 0-3 hours after surgery

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Prospective Cohort3.82
Historical Control5.13

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AUClast of Gabapentin

Area under the effect time profile from time 0 to the time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUClast) of gabapentin (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: up to 72 hours after treatment (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for thisoutcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours)

Interventionnanograms*hour/milliliter (Mean)
Gabapentin 600 mg41848.88
Gabapentin 1200 mg66972.60
Gabapentin 1800 mg80483.05

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Cmax of Gabapentin

Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of gabapentin (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: Up to 72 hours after treatments (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours)

Interventionnanograms/milliliter (Mean)
Gabapentin 600 mg4223.47
Gabapentin 1200 mg6106.90
Gabapentin 1800 mg7373.15

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Terminal Half-life of Gabapentin

Terminal half-life (t½) of gabapentin (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: up to 72 hours after treatment (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for thisoutcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours)

InterventionHours (Mean)
Gabapentin 600 mg7.69
Gabapentin 1200 mg13.83
Gabapentin 1800 mg14.43

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Tmax of Gabapentin

Time when the maximum concentration of gabapentin is reached (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: Up to 72 hours after treatments (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for thisoutcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours)

InterventionHours (Median)
Gabapentin 600 mg2.78
Gabapentin 1200 mg2.55
Gabapentin 1800 mg2.55

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"Bipolar VAS for Overall Drug Liking at 72 Hour Post Dose"

"100 mm visual analog scale for the question Overall, my liking for this drug is where0 = definitely not, 50 = neutral, and 100 = definitely so." (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: At 72 hours after treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo49.56
Diazepam 20 mg61.46
Gabapentin 600 mg55.68
Gabapentin 1200 mg55.10
Gabapentin 1800 mg53.46

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"Bipolar VAS for Take Drug Again at 36 Hour Post Dose"

"100 mm visual analog scale for the question I would take this drug again where 0 =definitely not, 50 = neutral, and 100 = definitely so." (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: At 36 hours after treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo49.27
Diazepam 20 mg64.95
Gabapentin 600 mg55.33
Gabapentin 1200 mg55.73
Gabapentin 1800 mg54.93

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"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking (Time for Maximum Effect, Emax [TEmax])"

Time after dosing when the maximum effect for Drug Liking VAS is reached (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: up to 72 hours after treatments

InterventionHours (Median)
Placebo0.2
Diazepam 20 mg1.51
Gabapentin 600 mg2.0
Gabapentin 1200 mg2.0
Gabapentin 1800 mg2.5

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"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking (Area Under the Effect-time Profile From Time 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration [AUEClast])"

"Area under the effect-time profile from time 0 to the time of the last available data for the Drug liking visual analog scale which assesses how much a participant likes or dislikes a drug effect at the time the question (at this moment, my liking this drug is) is being asked. It is scored using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 mm = Strong Disliking, 50 mm = Neither Like nor Dislike, and 100 mm = Strong Liking. The minimum and maximum possible scores are approximately 0 and 7200 if a subject scores 0 mm (strong disliking) and 100 mm (strong liking) respectively at every timepoint up to 72 hours." (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: Up to 72 hours after treatments (Assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment: 0, 0.25, 0.5,1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours)

Interventionunits on a scale * hour (Mean)
Placebo3441.77
Diazepam 20 mg3778.02
Gabapentin 600 mg3588.67
Gabapentin 1200 mg3601.72
Gabapentin 1800 mg3652.27

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"Bipolar Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for Drug Liking Maximum Effect (Emax)."

"Drug liking assesses how much a participant likes or dislikes a drug effect at the time the question is being asked. It is scored using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 mm = Strong Disliking, 50 mm = Neither Like nor Dislike, and 100 mm = Strong Liking" (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: up to 72 hours after treatments

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo51.98
Diazepam 20 mg79.37
Gabapentin 600 mg61.95
Gabapentin 1200 mg61.39
Gabapentin 1800 mg60.95

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"Unipolar VAS for High (Area Under the Effect-time Profile From Time 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration [AUEClast])"

"Area under the effect-time profile from time 0 to the time of the last available data for the High visual analog scale which measures on a 100 mm visual analog scale the subject's response to the question I am feeling high where 0 =not at all and 100 =extremely. The minimum and maximum possible scores are 0 and approximately 7200 if a subject scores 0 mm (not at all) and 100 mm (extremely) respectively at every timepoint up to 72 hours." (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: Up to 72 hours after treatments (Assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment: 0, 0.25, 0.5,1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours)

Interventionunits on a scale * hour (Mean)
Placebo15.06
Diazepam 20 mg250.38
Gabapentin 600 mg83.08
Gabapentin 1200 mg112.74
Gabapentin 1800 mg109.07

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"Bipolar VAS for Take Drug Again at 24 Hour Post Dose"

"100 mm visual analog scale for the question I would take this drug again where 0 =definitely not, 50 = neutral, and 100 = definitely so." (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: At 24 hours after treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo48.66
Diazepam 20 mg63.10
Gabapentin 600 mg58.28
Gabapentin 1200 mg55.63
Gabapentin 1800 mg54.90

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"Bipolar VAS for Overall Drug Liking at 36 Hour Post Dose"

"100 mm visual analog scale for the question Overall, my liking for this drug is where0 = definitely not, 50 = neutral, and 100 = definitely so." (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: At 36 hours after treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo49.59
Diazepam 20 mg61.83
Gabapentin 600 mg54.75
Gabapentin 1200 mg55.63
Gabapentin 1800 mg53.49

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"Bipolar VAS for Take Drug Again at 72 Hour Post Dose"

"100 mm visual analog scale for the question I would take this drug again where 0 =definitely not, 50 = neutral, and 100 = definitely so." (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: At 72 hours after treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo49.17
Diazepam 20 mg63.88
Gabapentin 600 mg55.90
Gabapentin 1200 mg53.76
Gabapentin 1800 mg54.46

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"Bipolar VAS for Overall Drug Liking at 48 Hour Post Dose"

"100 mm visual analog scale for the question Overall, my liking for this drug is where0 = definitely not, 50 = neutral, and 100 = definitely so." (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: At 48 hours after treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo49.68
Diazepam 20 mg61.07
Gabapentin 600 mg54.83
Gabapentin 1200 mg54.66
Gabapentin 1800 mg53.37

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"Bipolar VAS for Take Drug Again at 48 Hour Post Dose"

"100 mm visual analog scale for the question I would take this drug again where 0 =definitely not, 50 = neutral, and 100 = definitely so." (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: At 48 hours after treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo49.24
Diazepam 20 mg62.24
Gabapentin 600 mg55.90
Gabapentin 1200 mg52.80
Gabapentin 1800 mg53.59

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"Bipolar VAS for Overall Drug Liking at 24 Hour Post Dose"

"100 mm visual analog scale for the question Overall, my liking for this drug is where0 = definitely not, 50 = neutral, and 100 = definitely so." (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: At 24 hours after treatment

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo48.20
Diazepam 20 mg63.66
Gabapentin 600 mg57.10
Gabapentin 1200 mg54.15
Gabapentin 1800 mg53.90

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"Unipolar VAS for High (Maximum Effect, Emax)"

"Maximum effect on the 100 mm visual analog scale for the question I am feeling high where 0 = not at all and 100 =extremely" (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: up to 72 hours after treatments

InterventionScore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo5.80
Diazepam 20 mg61.56
Gabapentin 600 mg23.02
Gabapentin 1200 mg26.93
Gabapentin 1800 mg27.66

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"Unipolar VAS for High (Time for Maximum Effect, Emax [TEmax])"

"Time after dosing when the maximum effect for High VAS is reached" (NCT04570436)
Timeframe: up to 72 hours after treatments

InterventionHours (Median)
Placebo0.20
Diazepam 20 mg1.96
Gabapentin 600 mg1.50
Gabapentin 1200 mg2.00
Gabapentin 1800 mg2.50

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AUClast of Oxycodone

Area under the plasma concentration/time profile from time 0 to the time of the last quantifiable concentration of Oxycodone (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours)

Interventionnanograms*hour/milliliter (Mean)
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose229.31
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg224.79
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg234.65

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AUClast of Gabapentin

Area under the plasma concentration/time profile from time 0 to the time of the last quantifiable concentration of gabapentin (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatment (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours)

Interventionmicrograms*hour/milliliter (Mean)
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose39.76
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose61.42
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg47.31
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg72.73

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AUCinf of Oxycodone

Area under the plasma concentration/time curve from time 0 extrapolated to infinity time of Oxycodone (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours)

Interventionnanograms*hour/milliliter (Mean)
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose233.29
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg228.40
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg234.94

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AUCinf of Gabapentin

Area under the plasma concentration/time curve from time 0 extrapolated to infinity time of gabapentin (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours)

Interventionmicrograms*hour/milliliter (Mean)
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose41.42
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose65.38
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg48.58
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg75.18

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"Unipolar VAS for High: Time to Maximum Effect (TEmax)"

"Time after dosing when the maximum effect for High VAS is reached" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: up to 48 hours after treatments

Interventionhours (Median)
Placebo Single Dose0.25
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose1.00
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose0.26
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose0.27
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg1.00
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg1.50

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"Unipolar VAS for High - Maximum Effect (Emax)"

"Maximum effect on the 100 mm visual analog scale for the question I am feeling high where 0 = not at all and 100 = extremely" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: up to 48 hours after treatments

InterventionScore on a 100 mm scale (Mean)
Placebo Single Dose13.45
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose77.36
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose28.61
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose25.21
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg81.86
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg88.74

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"Unipolar VAS for Good Drug Effect"

"100 mm visual analog scale for the question At this moment, I can feel good drug effects where 0 = not at all and 100 = extremely" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: up to 48 hours after treatments

InterventionScore on a 100 mm scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo2.54
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose27.91
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose6.13
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose8.73
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg34.72
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg32.71

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"Unipolar VAS for Bad Drug Effect"

"100 mm visual analog scale for the question At this moment, I can feel bad drug effects where 0 = not at all and 100 = extremely" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: up to 48 hours after treatments

InterventionScore on a 100 mm scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.19
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose4.41
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose0.82
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose0.97
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg4.10
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg3.41

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"Unipolar VAS for Any Drug Effect"

"100 mm visual analog scale for the question At this moment, I can feel any drug effects where 0 = not at all and 100 = extremely" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: up to 48 hours after treatments

InterventionScore on a 100 mm scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo3.77
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose28.46
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose6.63
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose7.88
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg34.34
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg33.76

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Half-life (t½) of Oxycodone

Half-life (t½) of Oxycodone (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours)

Interventionhours (Median)
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose4.12
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg3.84
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg3.90

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"Bipolar VAS for Take Drug Again"

"100 mm visual analog scale at 24, 36, and 48 hours post-dose for the question I would take this drug again where 0 = definitely not, 50 = neutral, and 100 = definitely so. The data from the 24, 36, and 48 hours postdose measurements were combined into a single overall model-adjusted value for 24 to 48 hours post-treatment timeframe by estimation from a mixed model with treatment, period, treatment sequence, time, and treatment*time as fixed effects, subject nested within sequence as a random effect. The compound symmetric covariance matrix was employed. Data from all time points were included" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (Assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 24, 36, and 48 hours)

InterventionScore on a 100 mm scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Single Dose53.43
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose72.16
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose55.19
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose58.05
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg79.16
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg77.85

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"Bipolar VAS for Overall Drug Liking"

"100 mm visual analog scale at 24, 36, and 48 hours post-dose for the question Overall, my liking for this drug is where 0 = definitely not, 50 = neutral, and 100 = definitely so. The data from the 24, 36, and 48 hours postdose measurements were combined into a single overall model-adjusted value for 24 to 48 hours post-treatment timeframe by estimation from a mixed model with treatment, period, treatment sequence, time, and treatment*time as fixed effects, subject nested within sequence as a random effect. The compound symmetric covariance matrix was employed. Data from all time points were included" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (Assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 24, 36, and 48 hours)

InterventionScore on a 100 mm scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo Single Dose51.75
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose72.06
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose54.40
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose58.25
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg75.90
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg79.94

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"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking: Area Under the Effect Curve to 8 Hours (AUEC8)"

"Area under the effect-time profile from time 0 to 8 hours post-dose for the Drug liking visual analog scale which assesses how much a participant likes or dislikes a drug effect at the time the question (at this moment, my liking this drug is) is being asked. It is scored using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 mm = Strong Disliking, 50 mm = Neither Like nor Dislike, and 100 mm = Strong Liking" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 8 hours after treatments (Assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, and 8 hours)

Interventionunits on a scale * hour (Mean)
Placebo411.58
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose551.53
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose421.12
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose438.30
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg599.96
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg574.98

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"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking: Area Under the Effect Curve to 4 Hours (AUEC4)"

"Area under the effect-time profile from time 0 to 4 hours post-dose for the Drug liking visual analog scale which assesses how much a participant likes or dislikes a drug effect at the time the question (at this moment, my liking this drug is) is being asked. It is scored using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 mm = Strong Disliking, 50 mm = Neither Like nor Dislike, and 100 mm = Strong Liking" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 4 hours after treatments (Assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 hours)

Interventionunits on a scale * hour (Mean)
Placebo208.32
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose294.28
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose214.53
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose220.08
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg305.08
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg293.99

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"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking: Area Under the Effect Curve to 3 Hours (AUEC3)"

"Area under the effect-time profile from time 0 to 3 hours post-dose for the Drug liking visual analog scale which assesses how much a participant likes or dislikes a drug effect at the time the question (at this moment, my liking this drug is) is being asked. It is scored using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 mm = Strong Disliking, 50 mm = Neither Like nor Dislike, and 100 mm = Strong Liking" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: up to 3 hours after treatments (Assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 hours)

Interventionunits on a scale * hour (Mean)
Placebo155.48
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose219.31
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose161.07
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose164.03
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg223.22
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg214.99

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"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking - Time to Maximum Effect (TEmax)"

Time after dosing when the maximum effect for Drug Liking VAS is reached (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: up to 48 hours after treatments

Interventionhours (Median)
Placebo Single Dose0.25
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose1.00
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose0.25
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose0.28
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg1.00
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg1.50

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"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking: Area Under the Effect Curve to 1 Hour (AUEC1)"

"Area under the effect-time profile from time 0 to 1 hour post-dose for the Drug liking visual analog scale which assesses how much a participant likes or dislikes a drug effect at the time the question (at this moment, my liking this drug is) is being asked. It is scored using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 mm = Strong Disliking, 50 mm = Neither Like nor Dislike, and 100 mm = Strong Liking" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 1 hour post-dose (Assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 hour)

Interventionunits on a scale * hour (Mean)
Placebo50.17
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose58.86
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose51.28
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose50.61
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg57.02
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg55.76

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"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking: Area Under the Effect Curve From Time 0 to the Last Available Data (AUEClast)"

"Area under the effect-time profile from time 0 to the time of the last available data for the Drug liking visual analog scale which assesses how much a participant likes or dislikes a drug effect at the time the question (at this moment, my liking this drug is) is being asked. It is scored using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 mm = Strong Disliking, 50 mm = Neither Like nor Dislike, and 100 mm = Strong Liking" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (Assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours)

Interventionunits on a scale * hour (Mean)
Placebo Single Dose2394.21
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose2661.43
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose2422.37
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose2444.4
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg2744.86
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg2759.57

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"Area Under the Effect Curve for High VAS (AUEClast)"

"Area under the effect-time profile from time 0 to the time of the last available data for the High visual analog scale which measures on a 100 mm visual analog scale the subject's response to the question I am feeling high where 0 = not at all and 100 =extremely" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (Assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours)

Interventionunits on a scale * hour (Mean)
Placebo Single Dose33.45
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose321.75
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose86.41
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose123.74
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg512.08
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg425.01

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Tmax of Oxycodone

Time when the maximum concentration of Oxycodone is reached (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours)

Interventionhours (Median)
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose1.15
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg1.15
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg1.63

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"Bipolar VAS for Drug Liking: Area Under the Effect Curve to 2 Hours (AUEC2)"

"Area under the effect-time profile from time 0 to 2 hours post-dose for the Drug liking visual analog scale which assesses how much a participant likes or dislikes a drug effect at the time the question (at this moment, my liking this drug is) is being asked. It is scored using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 mm = Strong Disliking, 50 mm = Neither Like nor Dislike, and 100 mm = Strong Liking" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 2 hours after treatments (Assessments were made at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 hours)

Interventionunits on a scale * hour (Mean)
Placebo102.62
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose140.44
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose105.20
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose107.19
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg138.72
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg133.84

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Tmax of Gabapentin

Time when the maximum concentration of gabapentin is reached (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours)

InterventionHours (Median)
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose3.13
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose3.13
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg3.13
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg3.13

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Half-life (t½) of Gabapentin

Half-life (t½) of gabapentin (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours)

InterventionHours (Mean)
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose9.14
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose10.62
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg8.20
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg9.19

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Cmax of Oxycodone

Maximum plasma concentration of Oxycodone (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours)

Interventionnanograms/milliliter (Mean)
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose44.92
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg43.82
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg40.79

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Cmax of Gabapentin

Maximum plasma concentration of gabapentin (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: Up to 48 hours after treatments (concentrations were measured at the following timepoints after each treatment for this outcome measure: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours)

Interventionmicrograms/milliliter (Mean)
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose4.16
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose6.07
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg4.17
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg6.18

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"Bipolar Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for Drug Liking Maximum Effect (Emax)."

"Drug liking assesses how much a participant likes or dislikes a drug effect at the time the question (at this moment, my liking this drug is) is being asked. It is scored using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 mm = Strong Disliking, 50 mm = Neither Like nor Dislike, and 100 mm = Strong Liking" (NCT05319756)
Timeframe: up to 48 hours after treatments

InterventionScore on a 100 mm scale (Mean)
Placebo54.89
Oxycodone HCl 20 mg Single Dose87.40
Gabapentin 600 mg Single Dose57.89
Gabapentin 1200 mg Single Dose63.62
Gabapentin 600 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg88.43
Gabapentin 1200 mg and Oxycodone HCl 20 mg92.17

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		4.0820O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.4620chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
2-keto-4-methylvalerate
alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.		2102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
branched-chain keto acid		algal metabolite;
human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		30.993,363663amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		1.9910hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.4620ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		8.250monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.0310acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.0710ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		3.84216-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		2.0410guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		3.3110azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.7430acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.620amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		4.5440halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.0810alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		11.86246amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		210carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.110monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		6.9710amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
carnitine
[no description available]		3.1850amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.0310catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
choline
[no description available]		4.1331cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.0310tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.610chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.7330coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		6.3360monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		3.3110gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol
4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.		2.0510aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		2.1310(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		12.48122aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.0710guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
taxifolin
[no description available]		2.03103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroflavonols;
pentahydroxyflavanone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
oxoproline : A pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid consisting of proline bearing a single oxo substituent.		2.0110oxoproline;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		human metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		ethylene releasers;
plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0310monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.0310catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		4.460amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine
[no description available]		4.9140glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.39112-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		2.0310alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		5.51250aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.		2.4620chlorocyclohexane
glycine
[no description available]		5.8871alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		2.0210carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		2.9840aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.0310benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		1.9910hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		2.1510aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
pipecolic acid
pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.		3.0950piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		11.11151dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		3.0140alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.4620cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		8.73133acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
n-acetylserotonin
N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.		2.0310acetamides;
N-acylserotonin;
phenols		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.4420acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.0210metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		4.0840pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.7230monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.0710monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		9.9921gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.2110aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.3110long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		4.1410phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0810propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		4.0840monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.3110methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		4.0940hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.4120pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		3.2710N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
spermidine
[no description available]		1.9810polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		8.2660polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
taurine
[no description available]		3.8730amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		9.3393primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		3.4211pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		3.7120isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		3.1350non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		2.4920phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.4620non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
[no description available]		2.0310
bremazocine
[no description available]		2.0610
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source		2.0310
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		2.0510benzenes;
organic amino compound
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		2.0410catecholamine
n(8)-bromoacetyl-n(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane
N(8)-bromoacetyl-N(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane: structure given in first source		2.0310
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.0310benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		2.03102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.2510p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,10-diaminodecane
[no description available]		2.0310
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.4420oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0310
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.0310isoquinolinolEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		2.0310aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse		2.0310imidazoles
1-aminobenzotriazole
[no description available]		2.0310
1-methylimidazole
1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.		2.0310imidazoles
edelfosine
edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.		2.0310glycerophosphocholine
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.2110long-chain fatty acid
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.4420oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.0310bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.4620dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-hydroxysaclofen
2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source		2.0310organochlorine compound
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.		2.0310isocoumarins;
organochlorine compound		geroprotector;
serine protease inhibitor
phaclofen
phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source		3.5220organophosphate oxoanion;
zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.0310benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-bromo-7-nitroindazole
[no description available]		2.0310
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.0510ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.9640oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		7.4620C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;		2.0310benzoisoquinoline;
dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		6.69110aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		3.7921guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide. 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.		2.0310carbohydrazide;
phenols
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source. 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation.		2.03101,2,5-oxadiazole;
benzenes;
N-oxide;
nitrile		geroprotector;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.03101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		14.25995imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site		2.0310quinolines
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride
5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.		2.0310aromatic amine;
azepanes;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
odorant receptor antagonist;
sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		2.0310aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-carboxamidotryptamine
5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source		2.0810tryptamines
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist		2.0310indolyl carboxylic acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		4.3441indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenanthridone
phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.		2.0310lactam;
phenanthridines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mutagen
6-chloromelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
6-hydroxymelatonin
6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.		2.0310acetamides;
tryptamines		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline
6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310
6-nitroso-1,2-benzopyrone
[no description available]		2.0310
7-chlorokynurenic acid
7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.		2.4820organochlorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.4420
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist		2.0310
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		2.0310oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline
8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist		2.0310
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.0710monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.6690acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		4.6580aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		20.4115747acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
salophen
salophen: structure given in first source		2.0110carbonyl compound
acetarsol
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		5.71100monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.7430acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.5620acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
Acetylpheneturide
[no description available]		2.0110organic molecular entity
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		2.0710acridines
4-(acetylamino)benzeneacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0710acetamides;
anilide
adiphenine
adiphenine: was heading 1963-94; use DIPHENYLACETIC ACIDS to search ADIPHENINE 1966-94		2.0710diarylmethane
ag 127
tyrphostin AG 126: inhibits development of postoperative ileus induced by surgical manipulation of murine colon		2.0310nitrophenol
rtki cpd
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
geroprotector
tyrphostin a23
tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source		2.0310catechols
tyrphostin 25
[no description available]		2.0310benzenetriol
tyrphostin a1
[no description available]		2.0310methoxybenzenesgeroprotector
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source		2.0310
aklomide
aklomide: structure		2.0710carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		4.0740aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		4.5370phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.56201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.5820monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alminoprofen
alminoprofen: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alminoprofen : A substituted aniline that is ibuprofen in which the isobutyl group is replaced by a (2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used for treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders.		2.0610amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.8530imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine
alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6004		2.0210monocarboxylic acid
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		7.74201organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		3.4470secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		4.0740triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		10.96100adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		3.8520aromatic amine
amfenac
amfenac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. amfenac : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is benzophenone in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by an amino group and a carboxymethyl group at position 2 and 3, respectively. The corresponding carboxamide, nepafenac, is a prodrug of amfenac and is used for the treatment of pain and inflammation following cataract surgery.		2.0610amino acid;
benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amfonelic acid
amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant		2.0310
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.5820acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.8430diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.9640dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		3.620N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.		2.01103-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid
theophylline
[no description available]		7.24150dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		4.851001-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.9740aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		17.5113616carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.4220monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		4.7790dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		2.0710aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		4.460dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amprolium
Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.		2.0710pyridinium ioncoccidiostat
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.4420acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		3.8430nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.4520N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0710aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		11.33111pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version		2.0310
6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol
[no description available]		2.0710aporphine alkaloid
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
arcaine
arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.		2.0410guanidines
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		2.4420enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i
aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.		2.0110aristolochic acids;
aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
cyclic acetal;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mutagen;
nephrotoxin;
toxin
arotinolol
arotinolol: structure given in first source; arotinolol is the (+-)-isomer		2.0110aromatic amide;
thiophenes
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		13.26192benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.9640benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		7.41201ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist		2.0310alpha-amino acid
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		2.0310monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		4.84100aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.4320alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.7330monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
azosemide
azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide;
tetrazoles;
thiophenes		loop diuretic
baclofen
[no description available]		15.6883amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.4220(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.2310indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.620benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benphothiamine
benfotiamine : A thioester that is a synthetic analogue of thiamine obtained by acylative cleavage of the thiazole ring and O-phospohorylation.		5.9841aminopyrimidine;
formamides;
organic phosphate;
thioester		antioxidant;
immunological adjuvant;
nutraceutical;
protective agent;
provitamin B1
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.0710carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0310benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		3.86301-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.4420benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.0710benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.7330pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
betahistine
Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.		3.1310aminoalkylpyridine;
secondary amino compound		H1-receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		4.5470propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.620carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.4520propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		4.0740(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		4.0640piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.620diarylmethane
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		4.2550secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bithionol
Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol		antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
bml 190
indomethacin morpholinylamide: an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor		2.0310N-acylindole
bretylium
bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0710quaternary ammonium ionadrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.4320imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		3.1550organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.0710organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4520benzamides
seratrodast
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0410organic molecular entity
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		2.7430aromatic ketone
buformin
Buformin: An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation.. buformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide substituted by a butyl group at position 1. It is an antidiabetic drug with potential antitumor effect.		2.1310biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
radiosensitizing agent
bumetanide
[no description available]		4.94110amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		2.0410quinazolines
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		11.26254aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		4.6580azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		4.7690methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butacaine
butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92		2.0710benzoate ester
butamben
butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		local anaesthetic
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		8.86191purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		13.33231aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.4520monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.2550benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cannabinol
Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.		2.0110dibenzopyran
carbamylcholine
[no description available]		2.0710
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		18.9824324dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4320benzenes
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.620monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		4.7650carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.9540N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		8.0640carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.4420quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		4.5570carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		14.224212organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		5.9471ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cgs 12066
4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline : A pyrroloquinoxaline that is pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline bearing additional 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 4 and 7 respectively. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0310N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
pyrroloquinoxaline		serotonergic agonist
cgs 15943
9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.		2.4320aromatic amine;
biaryl;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines;
triazoloquinazoline		adenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
antineoplastic agent;
central nervous system stimulant
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		4.460aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		4.9160benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.84301,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.2550aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.8530benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.0710monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		11.3461monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		7.34131organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		4.6680monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		4.0840isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		4.25501,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.7430diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.7330cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.4620aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostamide
cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure		2.0310quinolines
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.5720lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		10.17140aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
aricine
[no description available]		2.0710cinchona alkaloid
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.4320cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.7430cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		5.17140aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		3.5380benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		6.61602-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		8.681421,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		4.4160aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.8730tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		5.37100dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		11.394421,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		15844clonidine;
imidazoline
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		4.06401,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotrimazole
[no description available]		4.5370conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cloxyquin
cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source		2.0710organochlorine compound;
quinolines
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.7530chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cx546
1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source		2.0310
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.0710carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		4.2950carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.0110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclothiazide
cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.		3.8430benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		4.0720piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		6.7760hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		4.6680substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.0710carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.2310acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dephostatin
dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source		2.0310
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		5.68140dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.74301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
nonivamide
nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.		2.0310capsaicinoid;
phenols		lachrymator
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		4.5670primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.4520alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
r 59022
R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist		2.0310diarylmethane
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		16.624141,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		4.6580benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene
dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.0710dibenzothiophenes;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		keratolytic drug
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.0710aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		10.77324amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		1.9910benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.620dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.620carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		3.8230N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.5720pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		4.460monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilacor xr
5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate : A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.		2.0710acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
benzothiazepine;
lactam;
tertiary amino compound
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.8630dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		2.4420oxazolidinone
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		12.93133ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0310organic cation
diphenylpyraline
diphenylpyraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allergen : A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.. diphenylpyraline : A member of the class of piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.		2.0710piperidines;
tertiary amine		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		4.2750piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.7590monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		5.1880organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		16.211468branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
p-chloroamphetamine
p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.		2.4120
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.		2.03101,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		3.1450benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		8.88142aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.8630morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.2450aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		11.4571dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.620pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		5.0470aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyclonine
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic ketone;
piperidines		topical anaesthetic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		4.2950oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.4620benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.4420dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ellipticine
ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.		2.0310indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polycyclic heteroarene		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.0310trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.0210ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.43201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		4.3930triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		3.5820aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.0710phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		8.39260dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.8530imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.85301,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		2.7430phenols
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.5120organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		3.8430monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		5.84902-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		2.4620aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		11.92830carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.93110dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.4260aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.620benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.5920monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.7530resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.4520azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		14.554522anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		4.4260piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.8630benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		4.5470aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		3.2960difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		4.7690conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		4.6580aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.4620aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		4.2550N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		11.37237ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.45201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.8630benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		6.84110nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		9.79314(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.0210decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		11.0581fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		2.7430diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		4.5470(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.2310pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
formoterol fumarate
N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide : A phenylethanoloamine having 4-hydroxy and 3-formamido substituents on the phenyl ring and an N-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl substituent.		2.0310formamides;
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		4.6580carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
fpl 64176
FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.		2.0310carboxylic ester;
pyrroles		calcium channel agonist
furafylline
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		5.16140chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
fusaric acid
Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
gaboxadol
gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure		3.830oxazole
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure		2.0310
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		4.0740aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		4.0940aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		3.3160N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.7690sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.6580aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.7330piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		5.27160monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
granisetron
[no description available]		4.6580aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.620methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		4.0640azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		9.4260acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
guvacine
guvacine: RN given refers to parent cpd. guvacine : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which has been hydrogenated at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions of the pyridine ring.		2.0110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
beta-amino acid;
pyridine alkaloid;
secondary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		GABA reuptake inhibitor;
plant metabolite
gyki 52466
GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0510benzodiazepine
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.1110isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.0310isoquinolines
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		6.95230aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.0210haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hemicholinium 3
[no description available]		2.0310morpholines
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.4620bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol
[no description available]		2.0310
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.4520barbiturates
hexoprenaline
Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.		2.0710
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		2.0710acetamides
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.0710phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.7530thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		4.2650azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.7690benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		4.0840benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.8930aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		5.7100one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		13.25102hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.0410
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.0310pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		18.32418monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
ic 261
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		4.9160primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		16.69828benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
idebenone
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		2.4220piperidines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.6580ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		8.08152dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.6680bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		3.8530indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indirubin-3'-monoxime
indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.0310
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		13.73351aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0210organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
iodoquinol
Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.		2.0710monohydroxyquinoline;
organoiodine compound		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiseptic drug
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.4320benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.7330dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.0410organic molecular entity
ioversol
[no description available]		3.5620amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		4.2550carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		4.5470azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.03103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.8630benzenes
isoetharine
Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.		2.0710catecholamine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		4.2850organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.6780carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.0310
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.8630catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.620alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.2350benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.460piperazines
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline
WHI P131: a quinazoline derivative, inhibitor of glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration		2.0310
jl 18
JL 18: a pyridobenzodiazepine derivative bioisoster of clozapine		2.0310
staurosporine aglycone
staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor		2.0610
nsc 664704
kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).		2.0310indolobenzazepine;
lactam;
organobromine compound		cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		16.977311cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.9740aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		4.5470dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		10.18140benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		11.83238amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.7530cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		2.4820monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.		2.0310alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phosphonic acids		human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		4.85100benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		20.12285211,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.6580benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.0310benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		4.2650(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		4.4160nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
linopirdine
linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug		2.7330indoles
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.8930fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.2310N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		10.5580monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		6.5551benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		9.9214benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		5.46110biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.5620dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		2.4520cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
ly 171883
LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.		2.0710acetophenones;
aromatic ether;
phenols;
tetrazoles		anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.0310chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		4.2550anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		3.3110organic molecular entity
edaravone
[no description available]		3.1610pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.5470aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.8430primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.5820diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.8530aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.7430organic sodium salt
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		5.1750aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.0210organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		11.61285adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.46201,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		8.9693ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		2.0710aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		4.5640imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.5820piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		4.0840organic molecular entity
benzoic acid [2-methyl-2-(propylamino)propyl] ester
[no description available]		2.0710benzoate ester
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		4.0740amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		4.0840aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		6.96200guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		12.05278benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.9740ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
metharbital
metharbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ENDIEMAL, METHARBITONE, & METHOBARBITONE were see METHARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search METHARBITAL 1976-94; long-acting barbiturate that is demethylated to barbital in the liver; has broad-spectrum anticonvulsant action, but used mainly to treat myoclonic spasms in infants		2.0110organic molecular entity
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methiothepin
Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).		2.0310aryl sulfide;
dibenzothiepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		4.3830aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoctramine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether;
tetramine		muscarinic antagonist
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.2310aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.7430aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.0310benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		11.5390beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		6.6691benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		4.7690organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		5.75150aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		4.6580C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.620aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		9.98212aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		4.86100dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.7530dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		9.96183imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.5620amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		4.460bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		4.2550dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		7.34131benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.8630diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		5.0570dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
ml 7
ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).		2.0310N-sulfonyldiazepane;
organoiodine compound		EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		3.1450benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		9.8250monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.2310monoterpenoid
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		2.9540alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.0310naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		3.1450acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
n-bromoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.4320maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		2.0310beta-carbolines
deoxyepinephrine
Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.		2.0110catecholamine
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0310aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		7.5220purine nucleoside
n 0840
N(6)-cyclopentyl-9-methyladenine: selective, orally active A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0310
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		3.5620methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.9330tetralins
nafronyl
Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.		2.0710naphthalenes
naftopidil
[no description available]		2.0710piperazines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.86301,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		2.0710naphthalenes
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		4.5470heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		11.41121aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		6.4140benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		10.0370quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.7790cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.5720organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		4.7590benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		2.0310benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		5.5200C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.8430(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		2.0710dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		10.6551aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam
nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.		2.01101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		5.081302-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		8.2560beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.93110C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		3.13501,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		3.4270C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		3.2310nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nitromide
nitromide: antibacterial agent for prevention & treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chickens & turkeys & for fowl typhoid & paratyphoid; used in feed; structure		2.0710
nizatidine
[no description available]		4.53701,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		4.5470isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.4320catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		4.2550fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
norfluoxetine
norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.3110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		13.56316organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.0310nitrobenzoic acid
ns 2028
NS 2028: structure in first source		2.0310
ns 1619
NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).		2.0310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzimidazoles;
phenols		potassium channel opener
nylidrin
Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.		2.0710alkylbenzene
o(6)-benzylguanine
O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity		2.0310
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		5.031203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine
olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.		2.03102,6-diaminopurines;
ethanolamines		EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.7590aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		11.89236carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		4.5940ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.4601,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.4520benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		8.1921,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.0710amino acid amide
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.7530benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.2110benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.7330organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		2.0310N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		3.3160aromatic ether
benoxinate
benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.		2.0710amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		9.13112acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.8630aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		2.43201,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		2.0310phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		340endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		4.2550phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		9.4260aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		4.4160benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.4620dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
1,7-dimethylxanthine
1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.		2.0310dimethylxanthinecentral nervous system stimulant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		2.7530aromatic amine
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.4720aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		4.07401,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.2550aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		4.5540barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		4.7650oxopurine
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		4.0940piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		5.4670N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.4420acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.9740acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		12.17403barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		2.02102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.5820aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0310guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		7.9940pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin
[no description available]		2.0310dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.		2.0210benzaldehydes;
dialdehyde		epitope
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.9640organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
1,3a,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl methylcarbamate
[no description available]		2.0710pyrroloindole
picotamide
picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure		2.0310benzamides
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.0410benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		8.5480pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		5.02120indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.0940aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist		2.0310
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		11.84640organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.4420pyridines
pirenperone
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ketone
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		6.7270pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.7430aromatic ether
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		3.6490inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.1650acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.620pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0610pyridochromene
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		4.5470isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		4.94110aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.4420amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		3.8630aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		8.32171pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		2.0710diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		4.86100benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.7530dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		4.5370benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		3.5420benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.5620benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		4.0840N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		3.8630pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.4720benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.4420phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		4.2550phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		4.2550aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.5920xanthenes
propentofylline
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
propiverine
propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome		2.0510diarylmethane
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		11.752010phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		11.01323naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.8630carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		4.0840pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.5420aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		4.2650aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.8530benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		4.4130dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone: structure in first source. quinalizarin : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone having the four hydroxy groups at the 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-positions.		2.0810tetrahydroxyanthraquinoneEC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		4.0840benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		4.08401-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		3.5580aralkylamine
pf 5901
alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist		2.0310quinolines
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		8.11191benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.5620alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		7.661901,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.0310organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		4.2550tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		2.0310methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib
[no description available]		7.1173butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.4920pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		9.83161indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
roxarsone
Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.		2.07102-nitrophenols;
organoarsonic acid		agrochemical;
animal growth promotant;
antibacterial drug;
coccidiostat
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		7.77301,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.0710phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.4320ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.620benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 202190
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase		2.0310imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
phenols;
pyridines		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
carbamylhydrazine
carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.730carbohydrazide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound;
ureas
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		4.9242ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.5920organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.460pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sobuzoxane
sobuzoxane: used in treatment of leukemia L1210		2.0310organic molecular entity
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		3.3110fluoride saltmutagen
fluoroacetic acid
fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.		2.0610haloacetic acid;
organofluorine compound		EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		2.2110haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		4.0840pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		4.6580ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		2.0710aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
spiroxatrine
spiroxatrine: structure		2.0310imidazolidines
sq 22536
9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.		2.0310nucleoside analogue;
oxolanes		EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
imatinib
[no description available]		4.0840aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.5820dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		5.9421quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole
succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure		2.07101,3-thiazoles
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfabenzamide
sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.		2.4620benzenes;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial drug
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.0710N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.0710aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.0710pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0710pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		4.0940sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.9740isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.9740substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.0310primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		4.86100
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		3.1550pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.9740isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		2.05102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		4.94110benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sulthiame
sulthiame: was heading 1964-94 (see under THIAZINES 1964-90); use THIAZINES to search SULTHIAME 1966-94		4.3130organic molecular entity
sultopride
[no description available]		2.0510salicylamides
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		7.89170sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		3.1350aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.7430naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
t0156
[no description available]		2.0310naphthyridine derivative
talipexole
talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0510azepine
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		3.1550N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0210acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source		2.0310
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.7430benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		4.3730benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.8630imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		4.5370furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		4.5470phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		3.4470diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.0710benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.4620quaternary ammonium ion
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.		2.0310phosphoramide
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone: structure. tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone : A hydroxybenzoquinone in which all four protons of the benzoquinone structure are substituted by hydroxy groups. A systemic keratolytic, it is normally supplied as its hydrate (CHEBI:137471).		2.0710hydroxybenzoquinonekeratolytic drug
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		10.5280phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		2.0310dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.6201,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
2-thiosalicylic acid
2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.		2.0710sulfanylbenzoic acidantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		4.2550phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		4.2550aziridines
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0610aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		4.4260monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		4.9360imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.5620N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		7.68190benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.2650N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		2.0710imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		4.94110N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		3.8630aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0710monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		3.5420aromatic ketone
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
ici 136,753
[no description available]		2.0310pyrazolopyridine
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		4.94110aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		4.2750amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.4720triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		8.94143monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		4.2550pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		11.0481triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.0210polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		4.2550N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.0710aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0710organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		10.331amine
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.0710trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		2.0710phenothiazines
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		5.0270oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		5.02120aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		4.0640
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		4.0640dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trioxsalen
Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.		2.0710psoralensdermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		4.5370chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		2.4620acetamides
tulobuterol
[no description available]		2.0710organochlorine compound
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		2.0310alkylbenzenegeroprotector
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.0840aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil
[no description available]		2.9740piperazines
5-methylurapidil
[no description available]		2.0410
urethane
[no description available]		2.0710carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		5.45110cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vigabatrin
[no description available]		16.131466gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.4520aromatic ether
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.0510aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0310
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2.07101,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
xylometazoline
xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710alkylbenzene
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.		2.0310aromatic primary alcohol;
furans;
indazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.0740carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		5.4170nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cn 100
CN 100: structure given in first source		2.0610organic molecular entity
zardaverine
zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.		2.0310organofluorine compound;
pyridazinone		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
peripheral nervous system drug
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		12.34131imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7330aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		17.884711,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		6.0581monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.5720corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.2310mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium
Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.		2.4620acylcholine
corticosterone
[no description available]		4.084011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		5.0212011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.071016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		10.6651alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.7430beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.620imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.8630glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.7330nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.0710benzodioxolespesticide synergist
procaine hydrochloride
Gerovital H3: Contains mainly procaine & small amounts of benzoic acid, potassium metabisulfite & disodium phosphate		2.0310organic molecular entity
isoproterenol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430catechols
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.06104-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.0310
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		4.26502-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		4.41301-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.4320ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		4.65803-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
aldosterone
[no description available]		3.311011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		3.5620non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		11.1122011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		4.265017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methylprednisolone acetate
Methylprednisolone Acetate: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. methylprednisolone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.		3.171011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
glucocorticoid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
androsterone
[no description available]		2.492017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		21017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430hydrochloride
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		2.05102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		4.5470penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		3.8330organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.4420phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine hydrochloride
pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.		2.0310hydrochloride
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		5.02120pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		2.0310N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		4.45210organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine
Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.		5.2630aminopyridine
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		3.86302-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
isonicotinic acid
isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.		2.0510pyridinemonocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite
racepinephrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		2.0310
hexamethonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		2.1310guanidines
cystamine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.4620chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		2.0310cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
tetraethylammonium chloride
tetraethylammonium chloride : A quarternary ammonium chloride salt in which the cation has four ethyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.0310organic chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		potassium channel blocker
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.7130alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		3.6290L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.0110corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		4.7690C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		5.5892aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		9.2350amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		8.3260aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vincristine
[no description available]		4.2450acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		4.5370carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		3.6420glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		10.039117-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.0210steroid ester
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		4.2550aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.0610pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
promethazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.5520benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0410azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.5820kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
ethopabate
Ethopabate: An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry.		2.0710amidobenzoic acid
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.0310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0410phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		9.43232amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.2310ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.8630amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.8630quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		2.4820aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430dimethoxybenzene
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		2.0710amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
papaverine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		4.0840penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		2.0310organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.7330organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.0710benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		4.97120amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition
berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.		2.4620dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
lipoic acid;
thia fatty acid		cofactor;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.0310quaternary ammonium salt
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.4620nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.442017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.9840lactose
primaquine phosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.2310aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.9240amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.071020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		4.6680alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
yohimbine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.7430
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
uracil mustard
Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.		2.4620aminouracil;
nitrogen mustard
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.8530penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.0310antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.0310diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.7530chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.0510formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		9.525117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0210oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		4.24504-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.2310aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		2.031017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
quinacrine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
chlorpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.5370beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		6.0481mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cytarabine
[no description available]		3.5620beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.4420nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		2.4420C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		710amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		4.064020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		13.81132L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		2.733017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.0310erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		2.9540aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lidocaine hydrochloride
lidocaine hydrochloride : The anhydrous form of the hydrochloride salt of lidocaine.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		4.7590arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		7.7430aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		1.9910fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		4.163111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.4620diarylmethane
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		3.4270benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
caramiphen
caramiphen: structure		2.0110benzenes
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.5520organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.8630primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.4620chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.0710pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.7220bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
sulfachlorpyridazine
Sulfachlorpyridazine: A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.. sulfachloropyridazine : A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.		2.0710organochlorine compound;
pyridazines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
alpha-pinene
[no description available]		2.0510pineneplant metabolite
1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone
1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone: structure in first source		2.1110imidazolidinone
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.0610amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.4620N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		15.562226-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.7430organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		2.0510organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
phthalimide
phthalimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalimide : A dicarboximide that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole substituted by oxo groups at positions 1 and 3.		2.0110phthalimides
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
phensuximide
phensuximide: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4420pyrrolidines
amido-g-acid
amido-G-acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110
dimethisoquin
[no description available]		2.0710isoquinolines
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		4.4160penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		6.7970glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure		2.0510organochlorine compound
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.0310pyrrolidin-2-ones
salicylaldehyde
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source		2.6120hydroxybenzaldehydenematicide;
plant metabolite
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.2310phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		3.4270mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		2.4620phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
synephrine
[no description available]		2.4620ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
2-bromophenol
bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.		2.4620bromophenolmarine metabolite
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.6411butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		2.0210phosphonic ester
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		2.05105-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.0310trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-dinitrobenzene
dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.		2.0510dinitrobenzeneneurotoxin
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		3.1310quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		3.2960pyridinium salt
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
4-bromodiphenyl ether: induces apoptosis. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether : An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether substituted at position 4 by a bromo group.		3.3110aromatic ether;
organobromine compound
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.		2.4620aromatic amineallergen;
carcinogenic agent
cyclopentamine
cyclopentamine: structure		2.0110secondary amino compound
phenylisothiocyanate
phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.		2.4620isothiocyanateallergen;
reagent
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.620benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0110caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
4-bromophenol
4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.		2.4620bromophenolhuman urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant;
rat metabolite
2-bromoethylamine
[no description available]		2.4620
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.4620primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.0110alkane
bromobenzene
[no description available]		2.4620bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		11.47255cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		2.0510short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.9940pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		2.0410cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		15544mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
1,4-butanediol
butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).		2.1310butanediol;
glycol		neurotoxin;
prodrug;
protic solvent
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		2.0310cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		9.1331peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.0210steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.2310ergoline alkaloid
imipramine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430hydrochlorideantidepressant
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.9640bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.0710biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.7330barbituratesanticonvulsant
paramethadione
paramethadione: structure		2.0110oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant
edrophonium chloride
edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.7430chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.0510aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
cyclopentanone
[no description available]		2.0110cyclopentanonesMaillard reaction product
suramin sodium
suramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness.		2.0310organic sodium saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.0310anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
di-n-pentyl phthalate
dipentyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the dipentyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.4620diester;
phthalate ester		plasticiser
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		4.0940quinolines
chloroprocaine
chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.		2.0710benzoate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		central nervous system depressant;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
methapyrilene hydrochloride
methapyrilene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.4620hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
tetrracaine hydrochloride
leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride		2.7430benzoate ester
chelidamic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.9640methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.0310purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		5.72100hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		4.0640penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.0710dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.8430acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
fluocortolone
Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.		2.031021-hydroxy steroid
tripelennamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
cysteamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		5.0431azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		2.0310indazole
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		8.5420adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		4.7550cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		12.62411isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		7.831231,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		3.3460diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate
Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.4620steroid ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
estrogen receptor modulator;
synthetic oral contraceptive
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.4620xanthenes
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		2.110calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		3.5620phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.7630azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
benactyzine
Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.		2.0110diarylmethane
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		2.7530nitrile
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0410
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydralazine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of hydralazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0310hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
ethamivan
ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.		2.0310methoxybenzenes;
phenols
pargyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.4620pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		8.8530mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		4.2550N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
flurothyl
Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.		7.4220ether
orphenadrine hydrochloride
orphenadrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of ophenadrine and hydrogen chloride.		2.0310hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of pseudoephedrine.		2.4620hydrochlorideplant metabolite
phetharbital
[no description available]		2.0110barbiturates
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.8530benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		5.2430ergoline alkaloid
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.4620hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		3.296011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.0110diarylmethane
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0310
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.964020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.4620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
2-aminopurine
2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.		5.07502-aminopurines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.1710monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		3.86301-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ketobemidone
ketobemidone: structure		4.7421piperidines
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.2550bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.0710phthalazines
ninhydrin
Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.		7.4420aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone;
indanones;
ketone hydrate		colour indicator;
human metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		4.790benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.9640dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		3.1310amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
beclamide
beclamide: structure		2.0110benzenes
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.63204-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		4.7250
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.5920ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.4320furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		4.723017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate
1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid: a nonpermeable electron acceptor. 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is 1,2-naphthoquinone substituted at position 4 with a sulfonic acid group. Used principally as a reagent in colorimetric determinations.		2.0610arenesulfonic acid;
naphthalenone		colorimetric reagent
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of tetryzoline. It is used as a nasal decongestant.		2.0310hydrochloridenasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dequalinium chloride
dequalinium chloride : An organic chloride salt that is the dichloride salt of dequalinium.		2.0310organic chloride saltantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.620diarylmethane
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid: Bepask is calcium salt		2.0710benzamides
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		4.6661thiazoles
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		2.0310methoxybenzenes;
phenols
glybuthiazol
[no description available]		2.0110benzenes;
sulfonamide
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		7.6192amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
tricaprylin
tricaprylin: 13C-labeled trioctanoin used in breath tests to detect fat malabsorption. trioctanoin : A triglyceride obtained by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by octanoic acid. Used as an alternative energy source to glucose for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.		2.0610octanoate ester;
triglyceride		anticonvulsant;
plant metabolite
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.5620carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.0310
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.1950dialdehydebiomarker
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.3110long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.730arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
amitriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430organic tricyclic compound
naphazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.4620isothiocyanateinsecticide
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		7.9982carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
doxylamine succinate
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
carbamylhydrazine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
formestane
[no description available]		2.031017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enol;
hydroxy steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lactulose
[no description available]		3.8730glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
isoxsuprine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620alkylbenzene
debrisoquin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310organic sulfate salt
betaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430
bethanechol chloride
bethanechol chloride : The chloride salt of bethanechol. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		2.0310carbamate ester;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscarinic agonist
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.442020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
dansyl chloride
dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.4420aminonaphthalene;
sulfonic acid derivative
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		11.35120acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
3-hydroxyacetanilide
metacetamol : A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug.		2.4620acetamides;
phenols		non-narcotic analgesic
methoxyacetic acid
methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.4620ether;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mutagen
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.0710morpholines
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		5.01120cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		21017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
docosanol
Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.		2.0710docosanol;
long-chain primary fatty alcohol		antiviral drug;
plant metabolite
dibutyldichlorotin
[no description available]		2.0510
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.926017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
Mecamylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310monoterpenoid
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		2.96401,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		3.2960
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous)
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.		2.7430hydrochloride
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.4320steroid ester
cytidine diphosphate choline
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.		2.1510nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.460ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid: phenyl deriv of GABA; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.5220organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		2.5220alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		1.9910
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		4.5470glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		8.13121alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.0510aliphatic nitrile
flurandrenolone
Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)		2.071021-hydroxy steroid
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.8630monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410aromatic ketone
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.5620aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.5820cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A mixture of isomers.		2.0510polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol
5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.		2.0310androstane-3alpha,17beta-diolDaphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.4620organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		5.2450tertiary amine
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		9.62142benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		2.0510methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		4.0840aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		5.36100benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		2.0410aromatic ketone
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.		2.0310azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
guanoxan
guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage		2.4620benzodioxine
muscarine
[no description available]		2.0310
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.0210corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.0710pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
antazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
lorazepam acetate
lorazepam acetate: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		2.0110
chlordesmethyldiazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzodiazepine
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		4.6580dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.9640organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		4.2650dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		1.9910fluorescein isothiocyanate
pronarcon
pronarcon: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0110barbiturates
improsan
improsan: synonyms NSC-102627, alkylating agent 864 & yoshi 864 refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0110organosulfonic ester
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.02101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.0210penicillinantibacterial drug
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0110aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.582017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
meclofenoxate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.44202-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.0840antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clonidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430dichlorobenzene
cladribine
[no description available]		4.460organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.733011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
ethylene dimethanesulfonate
ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure		2.4620
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.0310diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.9640penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310acridines
mexiletine hydrochloride
mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride.		2.7430hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.743011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.4620beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
levomethadone
levomethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneantitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		4.460azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
cyclophosphamide
cyclophosphamide hydrate : The monohydrate of cyclophosphamide.		2.0310hydratealkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
suxamethonium chloride
succinylcholine chloride (anhydrous) : A chloride salt in which the negative charge of the chloride ions is balanced by succinylcholine dications.		2.0310chloride saltmuscle relaxant
aminopentamide
aminopentamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0110diarylmethane
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclobenzaprine. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant;
muscle relaxant
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		10.85270amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine
3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.0310
terodiline
[no description available]		2.7430diarylmethane
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
phenylethylmalonamide
Phenylethylmalonamide: A metabolite of primidone.		2.4420amine
metoclopramide hydrochloride
metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.		2.7430
isoetharine mesylate
[no description available]		2.0310
lanthanum
[no description available]		2.0510f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.5420elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		3.3110metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		3.3110manganese group element atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.2510titanium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		3.3110titanium group element atom
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.4370pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		4.3730magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
metocurine iodide
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
propionylpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0310delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		7.6320elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.0510cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		9.1331benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
nsc-145,668
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		4.5670
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.44201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.4620benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
reproterol
reproterol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0510oxopurine
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		2.7430S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.2510titanium oxidesfood colouring
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1S,2R)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.07102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0210anthraquinone
metopimazine
metopimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310phenothiazines
parbendazole
parbendazole: anthelmintic used against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZIMIDAZOLES; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		4.2550selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.44206-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
benserazide hydrochloride
benserazide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of benserazide. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide hydrochloride has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.0310hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.5820monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.0310bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		3.4111benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.7690beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		640organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		3.1350glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.4220acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		4.668017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.7430carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
clonixin
Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.		3.8721aminopyridine;
organochlorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
benomyl
[no description available]		2.0110aromatic amide;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
anthelminthic drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.620
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		2.0310monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		3.5620aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
capobenic acid
[no description available]		2.0710benzamides
lofexidine
lofexidine: reduces narcotic withdrawal symptoms; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6247		3.1910aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
diftalone
[no description available]		2.0710
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.2310nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
disopyramide phosphate
[no description available]		2.7430organoammonium phosphate
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.5520aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.07101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		4.0640indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
ergocristine
ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.		2.0310ergot alkaloid
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		25.431,071205benzenes;
phenyl acetates
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.2310indoles
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		4.9360bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		3.86303-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.4620phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		3.2710alkylbenzene;
phenols		antioxidant
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.0210acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0210organic molecular entity
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.4320benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
carticaine
Carticaine: A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.		2.0110thiophenecarboxylic acid
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		3.3110
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0710
n-methyl-n-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide
N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide : An N-silyl compound that is N-methyltrifluoroacetamide in which the amide nitrogen is replaced by a trimethylsilyl group. N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.		2.110monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-silyl compound;
trifluoroacetamide		chromatographic reagent
l-amphetamine
(R)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has R configuration.		3.31101-phenylpropan-2-amine
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		13.85565glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		10.0421chlorphenamine
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		3.3110glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.0410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.5370beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoscanate
amoscanate: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. amoscanate : An isothiocyanate that is phenyl isothiocyanate in which the hydrogen at the para- position has been replaced by a 4-nitroanilinyl group.		2.0110C-nitro compound;
isothiocyanate;
secondary amino compound		schistosomicide drug
halofenate
Halofenate: An antihyperlipoproteinemic agent and uricosuric agent.		2.0210
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		5.54120penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		4.6580timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4620tryptamines
carfecillin
Carfecillin: The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.		2.0510penicillin
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		17.3984142-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
eterobarb
[no description available]		3.520barbiturates
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		14.94913cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.620catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC		2.0310
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.4520oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine hydrochloride
moricizine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained from equimola amounts of moricizine and hydrogen chloride.		2.4620hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.5620carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.2310amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		5.16140azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.8630pyrroline
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		2.4520amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
serentil
mesoridazine besylate : The benzenesulfonate salt of mesoridazine prepared using equimolar amounts of mesoridazine and benzenesulfonic acid.		2.4620organosulfonate saltdopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		3.1450amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		10.9294taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
buspirone hydrochloride
buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride.		2.0310hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
etoposide
[no description available]		4.85100beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		3.5480peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
acetosulfame
acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.		2.1110organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
sulfamate ester		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
propafenone hydrochloride
propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.7430hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.8530catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trimazosin
trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410N-arylpiperazine
etazolate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
butaclamol
[no description available]		2.0310amino alcohol;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		3.5620ethanolamines
fenclorac
fenclorac: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		4.851001-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		2.9540triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.5820alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		2.0110butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.0410
fluorescamine
Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.		7.4420
flunixin
flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.		3.8721aminopyridine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.9640catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		4.5470beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.8630aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		6.01130L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		4.2450monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.7530aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		3.75100
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		5.021205-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.0610pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
nonachlazine
Nonachlazine: Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent.		2.0510
lonidamine
lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.		2.0310dichlorobenzene;
indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
antispermatogenic agent;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.4320organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.9640alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		2.4420ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		4.09401,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.7330cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.0310pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
flecainide acetate
flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.7430acetate saltanti-arrhythmia drug
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.7430azepanes
nicardipine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430dihydropyridinegeroprotector
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.2310benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		5.9571anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.2310tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.6580aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
medroxalol
medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410salicylamides
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		4.2650aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.7230cephalosporinantibacterial drug
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		9.7721organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone
indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4620
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.7430acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.3960anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		2.9540conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ceforanide
ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.2550penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		7.44150aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		5.02120alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		4.0240diarylmethane
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		4.0640cephalosporinantibacterial drug
terazosin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0310
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
brofaromine
brofaromine: short-acting specific type A monoamine oxidase inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.1110
Arbaclofen
[no description available]		3.3110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
indalpine
indalpine: selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710indoles
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.8430diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
gabapentin-lactam
gabapentin-lactam: structure in first source		3.5480azaspiro compound
butoconazole nitrate
butoconazole nitrate : An organic nitrate salt obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of butaconazole and nitric acid. An antifungal agent, it is used in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
organic nitrate salt
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.9640cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
lidamidine
lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure		2.4420ureas
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4420benzamides
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.8530diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0310methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
ranitidine hydrochloride
label : A role played by a part of a molecular entity distinguishable by the observer but not by the system and used to identify a tracer.		2.0310
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.7530acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.6580cephalosporinantibacterial drug
agreal
veralipride: used in treatment of menopausal disorders; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.1110sulfonamide
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.9540benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0710benzofurans
tiotidine
tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.0610thiazoles
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.4420dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.8630
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.0640cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
bucindolol
bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative		2.0410
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		3.1450fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
mitoxantrone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
pirazolac
[no description available]		2.0310
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		4.5370monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		5.4782aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
acifran
acifran: structure given in first source		2.0110
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.5620piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
alo 2145
apraclonidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of apraclonidine.		2.0310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
dazoxiben
dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		4.460
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		3.2960
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		4.5370delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		4.6480aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.8730naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
milacemide
milacemide: ampakine activity at AMPA Receptors; structure given in first source		2.3820
denzimol
denzimol: structure in first source		1.9710
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.9540aromatic ketone
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		4.460delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		4.8271benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.1550dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.851003-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.5620N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.7430carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		4.7690aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.2550dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		4.2750imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.0310hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
eproxindine
eproxindine: structure given in first source		2.0310
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.88303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone
piroximone: structure in first source		2.0510
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV		4.5640
quinpirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
dopexamine
dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0710catecholamine
amifloxacin
amifloxacin: structure in UD		2.0210quinolines
trospectomycin
trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer		2.0410dioxanes
imazodan
imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;		2.0310
(S)-nomifensine
(S)-nomifensine : The S enantiomer of nomifensine.		2.0310nomifensine
lonapalene
RS 43179: used in treatment of psoriasis		2.0710naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		11.52110imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
ipsapirone
[no description available]		2.0710N-arylpiperazine
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.0210
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		4.25503-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.9740
n 0437, (-)-isomer
rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		5.6250tetralins
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		4.0640aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
temafloxacin
temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.4620amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
(2S)-2-[[oxo-(4-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl)methyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid
[no description available]		2.0310phenylalanine derivative
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		3.1550quinolines
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.0510heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0210adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		4.26506-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.4520organic molecular entity
aromasil
[no description available]		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.9540fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		4.25501-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		5.260stilbenoid
tebufelone
tebufelone: structure given in first source		2.0210
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.2310methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.2550phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		14.45823beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		3.78100tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		4.2450pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		2.4620
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		4.4160aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.0640organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		4.0640benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		4.6140aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		7.8683alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		5.0670aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
befloxatone
befloxatone: selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase A; structure in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer		2.0610
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.85100monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		16.61799duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.9130duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.2450carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aptiganel hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		4.6680biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5820
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		5.27901,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.9640guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		4.4160oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.5720monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mifobate
mifobate: has antiatherosclerotic properties		2.0510trialkyl phosphate
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.8630biphenyls
saquinavir monomethanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.4620organic molecular entity
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.8430organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.2310carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		5.01120adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
safranal
safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.		2.0710monoterpenoid
phenelzine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
allyl formate
[no description available]		2.4620
d-lactic acid
(R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.		2.01102-hydroxypropanoic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
heptenophos
heptenophos: structure		2.0110organochlorine compound;
organophosphate insecticide;
trialkyl phosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
fluoxetine hydrochloride
fluoxetine hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.0310hydrochloride;
N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
pipothiazine
pipothiazine: was heading 1975-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PIPOTHIAZINE 1975-94; a member of the family of phenothiazine tranquilizers		2.0310
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0710hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
desferrioxamine b mesylate
desferrioxamine B mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of desferrioxamine B with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. It is an iron-chelating medicine used to remove excess iron from the body. It binds to iron in the blood, which is then passed out in the urine.		2.4620methanesulfonate saltantidote;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator
propranolol hydrochloride
Inderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertension		2.0310hydrochloride
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430aromatic ketone
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		2.0410diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
diltiazem hydrochloride
Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.4520hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		12.83306hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.7430hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fosinoprilat
fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.		2.0410L-proline derivative;
phosphinic acids		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		4.85100
verapamil hydrochloride
verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.		2.9740
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.8430cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.0310methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
ciprofloxacin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
terfenadine
[no description available]		2.0310diarylmethane
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.5820acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		3.8630aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
amantadine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
dopamine agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.110D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.03102-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0310
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
n-methylnicotinamide
N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		2.0410pyridinecarboxamidemetabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.2310azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.5720acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		4.6632N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
dobutamine hydrochloride
dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.7430hydrochloridebeta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		2.0310hydrochloridedrug allergen
dopamine hydrochloride
P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498		2.0310catecholamine
proadifen hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
fenclofenac
fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710aromatic ether
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1		2.0310purine nucleoside
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.9640benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
proxicromil
proxicromil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710
sulconazole, mononitrate, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4620conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
imipramine n-oxide
imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.2310benzimidazoles
ritipenem
ritipenem: carbapenem antibiotic; structure given in first source		2.0210
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
metrifudil
[no description available]		2.0310
rutecarpine
rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules		2.0310beta-carbolines
milnacipran
Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.		2.7630acetamides
flomoxef
flomoxef: structure given in first source; RN given refers to sodium salt. flomoxef : A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.		2.0210N-acyl-amino acid;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
torbafylline
torbafylline: structure given in first source		2.0710
dexloxiglumide
dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.7430glutamic acid derivative
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0410pyridoindole
dimiracetam
dimiracetam: structure given in first source; an antiamnestic agent		2.0410
repaglinide
[no description available]		4.460piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		4.88100benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
inogatran
inogatran: a direct low molecular weight thrombin inhibitor		2.0210
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4320aralkylamine
thioridazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloridefirst generation antipsychotic;
geroprotector
procainamide hydrochloride
procainamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride which has procainamide as the amino component.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
siquil
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent
sotalol hydrochloride
sotalol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is the monohydrochloride of sotalol. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
oxymetazoline hydrochloride
oxymetazoline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar quantities of oxymetazoline and hydrogen chloride. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used to relieve nasal congestion.		2.0310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		3.1350fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
alprenolol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.442017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410
fluphenazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310phenothiazinesanticoronaviral agent
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		6.98911,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole
tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.		2.0310one-carbon compound;
tetrazole
g 29505
G 29505: structure		2.0110methoxybenzenes
tryptamine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
trimethobenzamide monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
clomipramine hydrochloride
clomipramine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clomipramine and hydrogen chloride. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.0310hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug
amiloride hydrochloride
amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.		2.7430hydratediuretic;
sodium channel blocker
prazosin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects.		2.0310hydrochloridegeroprotector
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
steroid sulfate		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen
econazole nitrate
econazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole nitrate. Used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.		2.4620
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.1102-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		11.44121dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
lomefloxacin hydrochloride
lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media.		2.7430hydrochlorideantimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
fenspiride hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
nilverm
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
sanguinarine chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cefcanel
cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure		2.4520
ibuproxam
ibuproxam: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6312. ibuproxam : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of ibuprofen with the amino group of hydroxylamine. Used for treatment of pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders.		2.0610hydroxamic acidiron chelator;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ropinirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		3.85301,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
epristeride
epristeride: structure given in first source		2.7430steroid acid
talinolol
[no description available]		2.9640ureas
plasmenylserine
plasmenylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. O-phospho-L-serine : The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.. O-phosphoserine : A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.		2.0310O-phosphoserineEC 1.4.7.1 [glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.49 (O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
flunoxaprofen
flunoxaprofen: structure given in first source. flunoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group (the S-enantiomer). Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the clinical use of flunoxaprofen was discontinued due to possible hepatotoxic side-effects.		2.73301,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		antirheumatic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		4.0940dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.03103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
fenflumizole
fenflumizole: structure in first source		2.0310
5-aminovaleric acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
acefylline
acefylline: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110oxopurine
n-acetyltryptamine
N-acetyltryptamine: antagonizes the melatonin-induced inhibition of dopamine release from retina; RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetyltryptamine : A tryptamine compound having an acetyl substituent attached to the side-chain amino function.		2.0310acetamides;
indoles
D-serine
[no description available]		2.0310D-alpha-amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.0110fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
denaverine
denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
pafenolol
pafenolol: structure given in first source		2.0510
nefiracetam
[no description available]		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		6.1250acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
dihydroergotamine mesylate
dihydroergotamine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergotamine, a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine. Both the mesylate and the tartrate salts are used for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.0310methanesulfonate saltnon-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		2.0610
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.0710cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		2.4520aromatic compound
metaclazepam
Ka-2547: benzodiazepine deriv		2.0510benzodiazepine
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
ranolazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.5820chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		4.2650aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
ljc 10627
biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.7330carbapenems;
organic sulfide;
pyrazolotriazole		antibacterial drug
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		4.0640razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.0310succinate saltgeroprotector
guanfacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310acetamidesgeroprotector
pirenzepine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
labetalol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310salicylamides
acecainide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
loperamide hydrochloride
loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.7430hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
maprotiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310anthracenes
protoporphyrin ix, disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.8430conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.4420organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
mepindolol
mepindolol: 2-methyl deriv of pindolol; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0710indoles
fpl 52791
FPL 52791: also has anti-allergic properties; related to sodium cromoglycate; structure		2.0710
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.7430benzofurans
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.8530amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amphotalide
[no description available]		2.0110phthalimides
fluoresone
[no description available]		2.0110sulfonamide
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
alacepril
[no description available]		2.0110dipeptide;
thioacetate ester		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
epanolol
epanolol: structure given in first source		2.0710acetamides
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		2.4420organic molecular entity
perindoprilat
perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
L-alanine derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fluparoxan
fluparoxan: structure given in first source		2.0610
prednisolone phosphate
prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glucocorticoid receptor agonist;
prodrug
(S)-flurbiprofen
[no description available]		2.0310flurbiprofen
siguazodan
[no description available]		2.0310pyridazinone
tolmesoxide
tolmesoxide: structure		2.0510
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine: anti-HIV agent; RN & structure given in first source		2.0310
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		2.0410
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		2.7530phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
chelerythrine chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
9-aminocamptothecin
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
sch 34343
Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer		2.7330
grepafloxacin
grepafloxacin: structure in first source		2.4620fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
squalamine
squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source		2.0410bile acid
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone
[no description available]		2.0310
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.2310carbapenems
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride
5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter		2.0310
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from anileridine and two molar equivalents of hydrogen chloride.		2.0310hydrochlorideEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
amperozide hydrochloride
amperozide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of amperozide.		2.0310hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
geroprotector;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
agroclavine
agroclavine: structure. agroclavine : An ergot alkaloid that is ergoline which contains a double bond between positions 8 and 9, and which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 6 and 8.		2.4320ergot alkaloid
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		2.4420carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
2-naphthylisothiocyanate
[no description available]		2.4620
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		4.460hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
s-methylisothiourea sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
p-Aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
n-(hydroxymethyl)nicotinamide
N-(hydroxymethyl)nicotinamide: structure		2.0110pyridinecarboxamide
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.8530carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		4.0840carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		4.0740indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		4.6680aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
benzamidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.2310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.5120acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.944011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
biocytin
biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.		2.0110azabicycloalkane;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thiabicycloalkane;
ureas		mouse metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
orphenadrine citrate
orphenadrine citrate : A citrate salt which comprises equimolar amounts of orphenadrine and citric acid.		2.4620citrate saltH1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.9740organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		5.6290macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
phenylalanylphenylalanylamide
[no description available]		2.1710
methionine sulfoximine
L-methionine sulfoximine : A methionine sulfoximine in which the amino group has S-stereochemistry.		2.0310L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine derivative;
methionine sulfoximine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretazicar
tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)		2.0310
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		8.65903-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane citrate
[no description available]		2.0310carbonyl compound
n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide
N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors		2.4620pyrrolidines
moexipril
[no description available]		3.8430peptide
phentolamine mesylate
[no description available]		2.7430
mephentermine
sphinganine : A 2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.		2.03102-aminooctadecane-1,3-diolEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxybutynin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430hydrochloride
1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene
[no description available]		2.0510secondary alcohol
nimustine
nimustine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining nimustine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0310hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
cordium
bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.		2.7430hydrate;
hydrochloride
L-2-aminoadipic acid
L-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.		2.03102-aminoadipic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
prilocaine hydrochloride
prilocaine hydrochloride : The monohydrochloride salt of prilocaine.		2.0310hydrochloridelocal anaesthetic
levobupivacaine
Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.		2.25101-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamideadrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
lekoptin
(S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.		2.03102-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
tarenflurbil
tarenflurbil: R-enantiomer of flurbiprofen but not a COX inhibitor; modulates NF-kB, gamma-secretase, amyloid beta-protein;		2.0310flurbiprofen
mor-14
N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor		2.0310hydroxypiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
n-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid
N-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid: structure given in first source		2.0110diarylmethane
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.5820peptide
brexanolone
brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.		2.03103-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-oneantidepressant;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
glycylsarcosine
glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.		7.7330dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide
phenylisopropyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic amine;
benzenes;
hydrocarbyladenosine;
purine nucleoside;
secondary amino compound		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
levcromakalim
[no description available]		2.07101-benzopyran
hexamethonium chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport		2.0310
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.		2.0310phosphonic acids;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		GABAB receptor agonist
6-methoxyflavanone
6-methoxyflavanone: structure in first source		2.1310
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine
5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		2.4720
n-glycylglutamic acid
N-glycylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-Glu : A dipeptide formed from glycyl and L-glutamic acid residues.		2.0310dipeptidemetabolite
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs		2.0310
zpck
ZPCK: alkylates histidine residue at active center of bovine chymotrypsin		2.0310
n(6)-phenyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310purine nucleoside
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer		2.031021-hydroxy steroid
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.0310methyladenosine
hexylcaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0710
2-amino-4-phenylbutyric acid
2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid: structure in first source		2.0310
phenglutarimide
phenglutarimide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510piperidines
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.0310imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		2.0310
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination
[no description available]		3.511
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		2.0310aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		2.0510
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.7530beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
alphaxalone
alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure		2.0310corticosteroid hormone
sr141716
[no description available]		2.9840amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		2.0310glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		4.5470primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
cp-55,940
[no description available]		2.0310
vanoxerine
vanoxerine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of vanoxerine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0310hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.0310beta-carbolines
fpl 55712
FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors		2.0710aromatic ketone
beauvericin
beauvericin: 18-membered cyclodepsipeptides. beauvericin : A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.		2.0110
epibatidine
epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors		3.1410
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		2.0310monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
indobufen
indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist		2.0610isoindoles
cv 3988
CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0310
cgp 35348
CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors		2.4420
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source		2.0310beta-carbolines
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		2.0710N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
dihydroergocristine
Dihydroergocristine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position of the molecule.. dihydroergocristine : Ergocristine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. It is used as the mesylate salt for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease.		2.0110ergot alkaloidadrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol
HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer		2.0210
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine
[no description available]		2.0310aminosulfinic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dihydrokainate
[no description available]		2.4620dicarboxylic acid
gabazine
[no description available]		2.0310
asulacrine
asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source		2.0410acridines
cl 218872
CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure		2.0310pyridazines;
ring assembly
betaxolol hydrochloride
betaxolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of betaxolol.		2.0310hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
catechin
(+)-catechin monohydrate : The monohydrate of (+)-catechin.		2.0310hydrategeroprotector
hydroxycotinine
hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine
NAN 190 hydrobromide : A hydrobromide obtained by reaction of NAN 190 with one equivalent of hydrobromic acid.		2.0310hydrobromideserotonergic antagonist
s-methylthiocitrulline
S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.		2.0310imidothiocarbamic ester;
L-arginine derivative;
L-ornithine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		3.620hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
dihydrocapsaicin
[no description available]		2.0310capsaicinoid
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		2.7430dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ramosetron
[no description available]		9.4511indoles
ml 9
[no description available]		2.0310
2-hydroxyimipramine
2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520dibenzoazepine
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.0310germacranolide
entonox
Entonox: combination drug containing premixed 50% nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide) & 50% oxygen		8.6411
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0410acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
kt 5823
KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.		2.4320gamma-lactam;
hemiaminal;
indolocarbazole;
methyl ester;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
tadalafil
[no description available]		4.1520benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
10-hydroxycarbamazepine
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine: main metabolite of oxcarbazepine; structure given in first source. licarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine, reduced across the C-10,11 positions and carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen and a hydroxy function at C-10. A voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects, it is related to oxcarbazepine and is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine.		3.0910carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart		2.0310guanidines;
pyrazines
n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine
N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		2.0410
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310ibuprofen
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable		2.0310straight-chain fatty acid
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate
3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source		2.1710purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		2.7330monoterpenoid
2-iodomelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
arcaine, sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.2310adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
gr 113808
GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.		2.0310indolyl carboxylate ester;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		serotonergic antagonist
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.0610fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gallopamil hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
buthionine sulfoximine
L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine : A 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid which has S-configuration. It is a inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and is capable of enhancing the apoptotic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents.		2.03102-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acidEC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		11.88150benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.2310isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sb 204070a
SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist		2.0310
ezogabine
ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.		6.290carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anticonvulsant;
potassium channel modulator
fpl-52694
FPL-52694: mast cell stabilizer; RN given refers to parent cpd; FPL-52694 is mono-Na salt; structure given in first source		2.0710
1-(2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
LY 165163: structure given in first source; a serotonin agonist. LY-165163 : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and 5-HT1D serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.0310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		geroprotector;
serotonergic agonist
l 655240
L 655240: thromboxane and prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd		2.0310methylindole
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole
[no description available]		3.8621
san 58035
[no description available]		2.0310
saccharolactone
saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.		3.3110aldarolactone;
delta-lactone
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.0710nitrogen oxoacid
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		4.0740indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.7330bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		6.5551aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
nnc 711
NNC 711: structure in first source		2.7430
norketamine
norketamine: metabolite of ketamine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		310organochlorine compound
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain		2.2110
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine
2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors		2.0710
ramatroban
[no description available]		2.0710organic molecular entity
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0310diarylmethane
zd 7288
ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function		2.9840
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.0310dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		5.921benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: activates neuronal metabotropic receptors; RN given refers to (trans-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/93		2.0310
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		4.1820cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		2.0410
l 687414
L 687414: RN given refers to (3S-cis)-isomer		210
pre 084
2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.0310morpholines
methotrexate
[no description available]		5.35170dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol: irreversibly inactivates the dihydroalprenolol binding site; alprenolol analog; isopropylamino group of alprenolol replaced by 8-bromoacetylamino-1-amino-p-menthane moiety in the 1 position; structure given in first source		2.0310
reboxetine
Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		2.4420aromatic ether
1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl-1-((3-phenyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)methyl)pyridine
1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-phenyl-1-((3-phenyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl)methyl)pyridine: RN refers to (R)-isomer; a dopamine autoreceptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.0210
rs 45041-190
4-chloro-2-(imidazolin-2-yl)isoindoline: a selective high-affinity radioligand for I2 imidazoline receptors; structure given in first source		210isoindoles
sr 2640
SR 2640: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist		2.0310quinolines
xaliproden
xaliproden : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl group and at position 4 by a m-trifluoromethylphenyl group.		2.0710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		serotonergic agonist
tamsulosin
[no description available]		4.08405-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		10.5360aromatic amide;
heteroarene
ici 204448
[no description available]		2.0310
1-naphthylacetylspermine
[no description available]		2.1110naphthalenes
n-isobutyrylcysteine
N-isobutyrylcysteine: RN given refers to L-isomer		2.0710
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.4520penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.2310biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.620amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
safinamide
safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source		210amino acid amide
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source		2.0310
quilostigmine
quilostigmine: RN given for (3aS,cis)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710pyrroloindole
cgp 52432
[no description available]		3.5220dichlorobenzene
n,n-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide
N,N-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide: binds with high affinity to glial mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptors & increases mitochondrial steroidogenesis		2.0310phenylindole
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist		2.0310
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
pd 142505-0028
[no description available]		3.1310
imiloxan
[no description available]		2.0710benzodioxine
l 741626
3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source		2.0310piperidines
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.23101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.45202-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
nisoxetine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
aspartame
[no description available]		2.0710carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
17alpha-ethynylestr-5(10)-ene-3alpha,17beta-diol
17alpha-ethynylestr-5(10)-ene-3alpha,17beta-diol: metabolite of norethynodrel		2.021017-hydroxy steroid
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tilarginine acetate
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid: identified in the convulsive period of cobalt-induced seizures from cat cerebral cortex; RN given for cpd with unspecified guanidino-locant		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-(+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		2.2110beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
tempol
[no description available]		2.0710aminoxyls;
hydroxypiperidine		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
catalyst;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
perrhenate
perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re		3.3110monovalent inorganic anion;
rhenium oxoanion
imidazole-4-acetic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		4.3560amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.85301-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
6-methoxyflavone
6-methoxyflavone: suppresses NFAT-mediated T cell activation; structure in first source		2.1510ether;
flavonoids
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.7330hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.7430secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		2.0410cyclohexenones
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.2310carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
ym 872
YM 872: structure in first source		2.0410
nsc-141549
[no description available]		2.7430
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		5.021209-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.2310azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.5820carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
dx 8951
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.5920amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast
[no description available]		2.7430methoxybenzenes
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.8630benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0410
vatalanib
[no description available]		2.0710monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sabarubicin
sabarubicin: structure given in first source		2.0410
2-chloro-2-deoxyglucose
[no description available]		2.0310
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		4.6580aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.8630dihydropyridine
solifenacin
[no description available]		4.0840isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
bazedoxifene
[no description available]		4.1410phenylindole
hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.		2.0710tropane alkaloid
idazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
isoguvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.7430morpholines
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I		2.0310oxopurine
disopyramide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		8.78182methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lactitol
lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.		2.0710glycosyl alditolcathartic;
excipient;
laxative
gemcabene
[no description available]		3.1310
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
isradipine, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.4520biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
camphora
camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.		2.4720camphor
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.2310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.03102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
Serotonin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310tryptamines
n-phthaloylglutamic acid
N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is L-glutamic acid in which the two hydrogens on the amino group are substituted by a phthaloyl group.		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative;
phthalimides
tevenel
tevenel: sulfamoyl analog of D-threo-chloramphenicol; structure		2.0110sulfonamide
fluoracizine
fluoracizine: Russian drug; 2-trifluoromethyl analog of chloracizine; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110phenothiazines
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
ag 3-5
icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8		2.0310C-nitro compound
fpl 52757
FPL 52757: FPL 52758 is Na salt of FPL 52757; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710
1-methyl-1,2-diphenylethylamine monohydrochloride
FPL 12495: ARL-12495AA is the (S,R)-isomer, monohydrochloride; a remacemide metabolite; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer		3.0910
abanoquil
[no description available]		2.0410
ly 300164
talampanel: AMPA receptor antagonist		3.1310benzodioxoles
chlorocarbonic acid
[no description available]		2.0810organooxygen compound
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.620amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
clorazepate dipotassium
Clorazepate Dipotassium: A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions.		3.0910potassium saltanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
n-n-propylnorapomorphine
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
urapidil monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		2.0310dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
azepexole, dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.9130
2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.4620biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
abt 980
[no description available]		2.0310
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
4-chlorokynurenine
4-chlorokynurenine: about 80x sweeter than sucrose; structure in first source		2.1510
fpl 59257
FPL 59257: abolishes cough response & partly inhibits bronchoconstriction produced by leukotrienes C & D		2.0710
sk&f 75670
SK&F 75670: RN refers to HBr; N-methyl derivative of SK&F 38393		2.0310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		4.7690
esatenolol
esatenolol : The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenololbeta-adrenergic antagonist
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		7.63106piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
nbi 27914
[no description available]		2.0310dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
sb 216763
[no description available]		2.0310indoles;
maleimides
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.620aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
zeneca zd 6169
Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source		2.0710
manzacidin a
manzacidin A: structure in first source		7.1110
eslicarbazepine acetate
eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.		3.4110acetate ester;
carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
ketoprofen
[no description available]		2.0310
(R)-atenolol
(R)-atenolol : The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenolol
memantine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4320hydrochlorideantidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
melagatran
[no description available]		2.9640azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
sibenadet
sibenadet: structure in first source		2.0710
pefabloc
[no description available]		2.0310
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.4620aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
ezlopitant
ezlopitant: structure in first source		2.0210
pongidae
[no description available]		2.0310
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
succinylproline
[no description available]		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
latrepirdine
latrepirdine: structure		2.0710methylpyridines;
pyridoindole		geroprotector
cgp 54626
CGP 54626: RN given for (S-(R*,R*))-isomer		2.0210
sb 205384
SB 205384: structure in first source		2.0310thienopyridine
hydrastine
[no description available]		2.0310isoquinolinesmetabolite
gabaculine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
etiron monohydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.4620acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tesaglitazar
tesaglitazar: structure in first source		2.9940
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		4.4230indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.8730furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
firocoxib
firocoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor; structure in first source. firocoxib : An enol ether that is the cyclopropylmethyl ether of 3-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-4-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]furan-2-one. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in horses and dogs.		3.6411butenolide;
cyclopropanes;
enol ether;
sulfone		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bmy 7378
[no description available]		2.0310
vesamicol
[no description available]		2.0310
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
cimicoxib
cimicoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor; structure in first source. cimicoxib : An imidazole substituted at positions 1, 4 and 5 by 4-aminosulfonylphenyl, chloro and 3-fluoro-4-methyoxyphenyl groups respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.		3.5611aromatic ether;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
eglumetad
eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source		2.0310L-alpha-amino acid
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.2310benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.0410
fosfluconazole
fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		prodrug
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.2310benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.2310benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.620(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.620aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
solifenacin succinate
Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.		11.731isoquinolines
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		14.37180N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.9540
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		2.753011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fludrocortisone acetate
fludrocortisone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.7430organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.7630
potassium bromide
potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.		3.5120potassium salt
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.23101-benzofurans
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.4520carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.562017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
n-methylserotonin oxalate salt
[no description available]		2.0310
nsc 95397
[no description available]		2.03101,4-naphthoquinones
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.4620penicillin allergen;
penicillin
acivicin
[no description available]		3.1550isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.0310acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
n-ethylglycine
[no description available]		3.2710N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine
bortezomib
[no description available]		9.2750amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		4.53701,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.0510
3-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid
3-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source; a selective GABA-A agonist; a cyclopentane analog of GABA; RN given for (trans)-isomer		3.0810
carboplatin
[no description available]		5.0320
rimiterol
rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol		2.0510catechols
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.4520inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
bradykinin
[no description available]		2.0210oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
canavanine
L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.7430D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		4.3340amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.0310raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
hydroxytryptophan : A hydroxy-amino acid that is tryptophan substituted by at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan : The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.		2.03105-hydroxytryptophan;
amino acid zwitterion;
hydroxy-L-tryptophan;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		5.7531heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		2.0310myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		3.155011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
salicin
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic primary alcohol;
aryl beta-D-glucoside;
benzyl alcohols		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
puromycin
[no description available]		2.4620puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		2.0310alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.5620coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		2.0510bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0310guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
willardiine
willardiine: isolated from seeds of Acacia willariana; structure. 3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : The 3-(uracil-1-yl) derivative of L-alanine.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		2.0310deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
(+)-limonene
(4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.		2.4620limoneneplant metabolite
arbutin
hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0110beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		5.23150cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.2450alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		4.25501-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		4.2550beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.7430cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
moxalactam disodium
[no description available]		2.7330
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.6580L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		8.8621benzazocine
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.8530acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		10.66323alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.41602,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.7330
miglitol
[no description available]		4.0840piperidines
amiodarone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ketone
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
dicyclomine hydrochloride
dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0310hydrochlorideantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.8430L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0210organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
nortriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430organic tricyclic compoundgeroprotector
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.4620aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
kanamycin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620aminoglycoside sulfate saltantibacterial drug;
geroprotector
paromomycin sulfate
paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.7430
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.0210penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		4.5470acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
(S)-bicalutamide
(S)-bicalutamide : A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.		2.0710N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide
genipin
[no description available]		7.0710iridoid monoterpenoidanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
hepatotoxic agent;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
Dubinidine
[no description available]		2.0310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.0310piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.0110
s-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione
S-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione: photoaffinity label deriv of glutathione; inhibits glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5)		2.0310peptide
hydroxylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.07101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
chloramphenicol palmitate
chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer)		2.7430hexadecanoate ester
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
sb 228357
SB 228357: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor		2.0310indolyl carboxylic acid
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine
(S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
resorcinols
actinonin
actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure		2.0310
calcium pantothenate
[no description available]		2.4620polymer
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.23103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		4.0840tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620anthracycline
halcinonide
Halcinonide: A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of DERMATITIS; ECZEMA; or PSORIASIS. It may cause skin irritation.		2.0710organic molecular entitySMO receptor agonist
metrizamide
Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.		2.0710amino sugar
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.0210cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0310alkaloidgeroprotector
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		3.532017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.58201-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
dihydroergocristine monomesylate
dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.		2.0310methanesulfonate saltalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.4120cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		2.9540amino cyclitol;
glycoside
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		2.4620butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		4.460retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.0310resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.2310retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		2.4620microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.0310octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		11.22130macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		2.1710D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		3.360dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		4.0840dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		6.19123benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.4320butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		4.59402-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0210alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.2550
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		2.0310
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol: estrogen receptor ligand; structure in first source. (R,R)-5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-2,8-chrysenediol : A carbotetracyclic compound that is 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8 and by ethyl groups at positions 5 and 11 (the 5R,11R-stereoisomer). It is an agonist of ER-alpha and antagonist of ER-beta receptors.		2.0310carbotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		estrogen receptor agonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent
lycopene
[no description available]		2.1310acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		4.460epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		4.6580macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid: structure in first source		2.0310
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.4620
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		2.0310adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
bms 214662
7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.		2.0410benzenes;
benzodiazepine;
imidazoles;
nitrile;
sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.5820homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
L-cycloserine
L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.		2.03104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0510N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
gs 4071
GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.		2.7430acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
decitabine
[no description available]		3.85302'-deoxyribonucleoside
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol
[no description available]		2.0310
sm 8668
Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive		2.4520
teniposide
[no description available]		4.0640aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.0710
troxacitabine
troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity		2.0410carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
purvalanol a
6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;		2.0310purvalanol
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.7330cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		4.0740actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.44201,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		2.4620carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		9.7790L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin
[no description available]		2.7430fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		2.0510pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		3.8530nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
euscaphic acid
euscaphic acid: isolated from medicinal plant, Euscaphis japonica Pax.; structure; RN given refers to 2alpha,3alpha-isomer. euscaphic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 19 respectively (the 2alpha,3alpha-stereoisomer). It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.		2.0110hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
triol		plant metabolite
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.2310flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.5920one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.8630arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.9740organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
idarubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620anthracycline
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.7730triterpenoid
cefpiramide
cefpiramide: antipseudomonal cephalosporin derivative. cefpiramide : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (R)-2-{[(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.		2.0210carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2.25103-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
isoliquiritigenin
[no description available]		2.0310chalconesantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
GABA modulator;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor antagonist
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0310chloroquine
rauwolscine
Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.		2.0310methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
dextromethadone
D-methadone: an NMDA receptor antagonist analgesic that lacks opioid activity. dextromethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (S)-configuration. It is the less active enantiomer of methadone and has very little activity on opioid receptors and mainly responsible for the inhibition of hERG K+ channels and thus for cardiac toxicity. The drug is currently under clinical development for the treatment of major depressive disorder.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneNMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		6.2360olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		9.48233morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.5920vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.0310benzamides
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calmidazolium
calmidazolium chloride : The organic choride salt of calmidazolium.		2.0310organic chloride saltapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.7330penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
tropisetron hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.4520indolyl carboxylic acid
Reactive blue 2
[no description available]		2.0310anthraquinone
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazol-2-one
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one: stimulates Cl- secretion in the mouse jejunum		2.0310dichlorobenzene
quinidine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0410oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.4320purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		4.6580pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4320
methamilane methiodide
[no description available]		2.0310
pilocarpine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0310
r 59949
R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor		2.0310diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310
methylatropine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0310
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		2.4620chlorprothixene
doxepin hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.3110
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		4.0740ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.460aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.0710pyrimidone
dexketoprofen
dexketoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.		2.0310benzophenones;
monocarboxylic acid		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sb 366791
N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
ag-213
tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;		2.0310
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.0310catechols;
polyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron
[no description available]		2.0310
crotamiton
[no description available]		2.0710
(S)-(-)-pindolol
[no description available]		2.0310pindolol
cinromide
[no description available]		2.0110cinnamamides;
secondary carboxamide
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.0310sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.0310caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
ondansetron, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine : A L-phenylalanine derivative that is L-phenylalanine in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.03104-fluorophenylalanine;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		2.0310urocanic acidhuman metabolite
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.7330N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		4.7350diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		4.2550N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		4.430zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		2.0710aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		4.0640diarylmethane
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		4.54701,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
urb 597
cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1110biphenyls
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.0310diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		4.7690monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
zucapsaicin
[no description available]		2.2510methoxybenzenes;
phenols
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		19.06415capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.0210
terbinafine
[no description available]		3.5620acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
cysteine sulfinic acid
3-sulfino-L-alanine : The organosulfinic acid arising from oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of L-cysteine.		2.0310organosulfinic acid;
S-substituted L-cysteine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
mouse metabolite
d-ap7
[no description available]		2.0310
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		7.0610
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7430isoquinolines
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		4.07402-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.7430hydrochloride
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		18.2716913cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.4620thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
4-bromotetramisole, oxalate (1:1), salt(s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
n-methyl-n-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide
N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide : An N-silyl compound that is N-methyltrifluoroacetamide in which the amide nitrogen is replaced by a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group.		1.9910monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-silyl compound;
trifluoroacetamide		chromatographic reagent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.5620dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		5.04120cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, hydrochloride, (dl)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
streptozocin
[no description available]		4.0740
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.0310benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
diphenyleneiodium chloride
dibenziodolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having dibenziodolium as the counterion.		2.0310organic chloride saltEC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
G-protein-coupled receptor agonist
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, (cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
tamoxifen citrate
[no description available]		2.0310citrate saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent
tamoxifen
[no description available]		9.35142stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
pimagedine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
Betaine Aldehyde Chloride
[no description available]		2.0310quaternary ammonium salt
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.8530pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.5820
eskazine
[no description available]		2.0310
monastrol
monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.		2.0310enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
phenols;
racemate;
thioureas		antileishmanial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
scopolamine
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy carboxylic acid
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.8630carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		3.360barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		7.6352C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.4160
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.2310tropane alkaloid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		3.5920aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0310aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
zinc oxide
Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.		310
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.5820beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide
4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.		2.0310iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		cholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.9640aromatic ether
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		10.08205alkali metal atom
albutoin
albutoin: structure		2.0110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
adrafinil
[no description available]		2.0110diarylmethane
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		2.0610salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		5.860indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0410hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
almokalant
almokalant: structure given in first source		2.0710
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.2310beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine
[no description available]		5.45110cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
mitragynine
[no description available]		2.1710monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/87		2.0310
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide
2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source		2.0310
thioperamide
thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist		2.0510primary aliphatic amine
cystine
[no description available]		3.4110
ospemifene
Ospemifene: structure in first source. ospemifene : An organochlorine compound that is a selective estrogen receptor modulator; used for treatment of dyspareunia.		4.1410aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor modulator
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		2.0510benzazepine
beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate
beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
isepamicin
[no description available]		2.0410
ifetroban
ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative		2.7230benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
lamifiban
lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass		2.4420N-acylglycine
bp 897
BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.0310naphthalenecarboxamide
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
vx-745
[no description available]		2.0710aryl sulfide;
dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidopyridazine		anti-inflammatory drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
deracoxib
SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.		2.0710organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
trequinsin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.6201,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
neboglamine
neboglamine: potential memory enhancer		2.0310
2-aminohippuric acid
[no description available]		2.0710N-acylglycine
tocainide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
sr 144528
SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).		2.0310bridged compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles;
secondary carboxamide		CB2 receptor antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		2.0410glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		2.110
ly 368975
thionisoxetine: norepinephrine inhibitor; an analog of nisoxetine; (R)-enantionmer is significantly more potent than (S)-enantiomer		2.0210
susalimod
susalimod: analogue of sulphasalazine, was designed for use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis		2.0210
benzatropine methanesulfonate
benzatropine mesylate : The methanesulfonate salt of benzatropine. An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		2.0310
sb 203186
[no description available]		2.0310indolyl carboxylic acid
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		2.9440naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea
N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.		2.03101,2-thiazoles;
indoles;
ureas		receptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		7.1710
rs-130830
RS-130830: orally-active broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor		2.0710
gw 7647
GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.		2.0310aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
ureas		PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.1110organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
ro 41-0960
[no description available]		2.0310
crocin
crocin: a free radical scavenger		2.0710
cgp 13501
CGP 13501: structure in first source		2.0310alkylbenzene
n-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide
N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide: dopamine D4 ligand; structure in first source		2.0310
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		2.0310aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
brl 15572
3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol : An N-alkylpiperazine that is 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine carrying a 3,3-diphenyl-2-hydroxyprop-1-yl group at position 4. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.		2.0310monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol		geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
mrs 1523
2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist		2.0310
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		2.4420quinoxaline derivative
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		2.110
sb 225002
[no description available]		2.110nitrophenol
or486
OR486: structure given in first source		2.0310
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		2.0310quinoxaline derivative
alizarin red s
Alizarin Red S: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. alizarin red S : An organic sodium salt having 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
organosulfonate salt		histological dye
iik7
IIK7: structure in first source		2.0310
sb 415286
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0310C-nitro compound;
maleimides;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dm 235
DM 235: structure in first source		2.0310
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.0610
jhw 015
[no description available]		2.0310indolecarboxamide
bw 723c86
[no description available]		2.0310tryptamines
sc 560
SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.		2.0310aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sc-19220
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether
le 300
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.2650triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.2110long-chain fatty acid
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940		2.4220alkylbenzene;
ring assembly
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.0210quinolines
ly 367265
LY 367265: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibitor; a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source. LY-367,265 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by 1-[2-(2,2-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2lambda(6)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[4,3,2-ij]quinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (Ki = 2.3 nM) and an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor (Ki = 0.81 nM).		2.0310dihydropyridine;
fluoroindole;
tertiary amino compound;
thiadiazoloquinoline		antidepressant;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.54702-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		2.8230
jnj 7777120
1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0410
diclofenac sodium
Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.		2.0310organic sodium salt
cgp 7930
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenol: structure in first source		2.0310alkylbenzene
1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1h-pyrazole
4,4',4''-(4-propylpyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol : A pyrazole that is 1H-pyrazole bearing three 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5 as well as a propyl substituent at position 4. Potent, subtype-selective estrogen receptor agonist (EC50 ~ 200 pM); displays 410-fold selectivity for ERalpha over ERbeta. Prevents ovariectomy-induced weight gain and loss of bone mineral density, and induces gene expression in the hypothalamus following systemic administration in vivo.		2.0310phenols;
pyrazoles		estrogen receptor agonist
sib 1757
SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.4420sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		2.04107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.0810biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.3460prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.0310trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.03103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.4120octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		3.8430D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.0710
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.0710carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		2.0310epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		2.4620all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
daphnetin
[no description available]		2.0310hydroxycoumarin
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.		2.2110fatty acid 20:3;
long-chain fatty acid		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
nutraceutical
alprostadil
[no description available]		4.4520prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.8630hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
gamma-linolenic acid
gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.		4.1320linolenic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		2.48207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.5370antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.9640oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.658011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.2310
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.4160dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		7.2103aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.5820isoquinolines
timolol maleate
(S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.		2.7430maleate saltanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.7430maleate saltanti-allergic agent
chlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.7430organic molecular entity
clemastine fumarate
clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		2.7430fumarate saltanti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.4420
methylergonovine maleate
[no description available]		2.7430ergoline alkaloidgeroprotector
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		4.41602-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		4.0840hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.0310carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
harman
harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.		2.0310harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		6.7932alpha-humulene
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.03107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
myricetin
[no description available]		2.03107-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.03107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.0310alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		2.0310aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
ellagic acid
[no description available]		7.610catechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		2.7330flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0410homodetic cyclic peptide
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide
17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.46203-hydroxy steroid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.0210quinolines
n-oleoyldopamine
N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.		2.0310catechols;
fatty amide;
N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine;
secondary carboxamide		TRPV1 agonist
lafutidine
lafutidine: structure given in first source		3.1710organic molecular entity
cilnidipine
[no description available]		2.05102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug
pheniramine maleate
Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution		2.4620organic molecular entity
sorivudine
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0310amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
gemeprost
gemeprost: used for preoperative dilation of cervix before surgical abortion; RN given refers to (2E,11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer		2.0110aliphatic alcohol
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.5620cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
iobenguane (131i)
3-((aminoiminomethyl)thio)-2-propenoic acid: potent agonist at GABA-receptors; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/89		3.0810
glyceryl 2-arachidonate
glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.		2.15102-acylglycerol 20:4;
endocannabinoid		human metabolite
trimipramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310maleate saltantidepressant
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.0210enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		4.2550retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.0210
xylometazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
flunarizine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310diarylmethane
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.0310organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.5620prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.620N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.2310cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol.		2.4520hydrochloridegeroprotector
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.2310
homatropine
[no description available]		2.0710tropane alkaloid
n-arachidonylglycine
N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide		3.5820fatty amide;
N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine
N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.		2.0310endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-acylethanolamine 18:1		EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.06101-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		6.98122morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.86100homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		2.0310hydrochloride
mepyramine maleate
histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent		2.0310
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		9.1140acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
acrivastine
acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.		2.4620alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		2.041017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		7.87112morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		7.7101morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		12.37860pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		4.4160carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		10.9321
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		5.1880morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		7.99241morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		12.93711organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.8630morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.4520organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		4.6240antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		18.5919714cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.0310macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0410dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.0310monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		20.5322169morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).		2.0310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
ar c67085mx
PSB-0413: a selective antagonist radioligand for platelet P2Y12 receptors		2.0710
l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine
[no description available]		2.0310
4-aminocrotonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0410monoterpenoid
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
cp 99994
3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer		2.4120
denopamine
denopamine: structure given in first source		2.4420dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
desoximetasone
Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		9.16143medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
endomorphin 2
endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain		2.1710
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		4.3730organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.7630carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
l 365260
L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively		7.7150benzodiazepine
l 655,708
[no description available]		2.0310
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		2.07101-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		4.9260organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
ro 41-1049
Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source		2.0310
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.0840phenylalanine derivative
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
sb 200646a
[no description available]		2.0310
sb 223412
SB 223412: SB-223412 is the (S)-(-)-isomer; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0710
seglitide
seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist		2.0310
sib 1893
SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
stiripentol
stiripentol: structure		6.1170
vinorelbine
[no description available]		4.0640acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
su 6656
SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.		2.0310
sulprostone
sulprostone: structure		2.0410prostanoid
koumine
koumine: structure in first source		2.110indoles
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.7330
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		4.4160(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tyrphostin ag 555
[no description available]		2.0310
tyrphostin ag-494
AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source		2.0310
tyrphostin b44
tyrphostin B44: inhibits protein kinases; an analog of tyrphostin B46; B44(+) is B50, and is the stereoisomer of B44(-)		2.0310
ag-490
[no description available]		2.0310catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
ag 112
[no description available]		2.0310
ag 183
AG 183: structure given in first source		2.0310
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.0310olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
su 11248
[no description available]		3.8930monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
ergothioneine
ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.		4.22311,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
amino-acid betaine;
L-histidine derivative;
sulfur-containing amino acid		antioxidant;
chelator;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
romidepsin
depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.		2.0410cyclodepsipeptide;
heterocyclic antibiotic;
organic disulfide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.		2.0310monochlorobenzenes;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7085
BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.		2.0310benzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.7590dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0310ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.03101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		2.0110alkali metal atom
octylmethoxycinnamate
[no description available]		2.4620cinnamate ester
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		2.0110alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
nomifensine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		3.3110metal atom;
pnictogen
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		11.42284cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.7430morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		9.841356-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
nalbuphine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.2550morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.44201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		2.0410phenanthrenes
cefixime
[no description available]		4.5570cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.7690dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		4.0740benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		3.5620azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.5470dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.620styrenes
zr-512
ethyl-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,4-dodecadienoate: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer. hydroprene : The ethyl ester of (2E,4E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoic acid		2.0110ethyl ester;
farnesane sesquiterpenoid		juvenile hormone mimic
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		2.0310benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		4.5470dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
vinblastine sulfate
[no description available]		2.7430
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.8630
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.5720
sinomenine
sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic		7.2110morphinane alkaloid
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.2310bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.0510cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		3.8621morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
dextromethorphan hydrobromide
dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.		2.7430hydrate;
hydrobromide
indinavir sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510azaheterocycle sulfate salt
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		4.4160dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
naloxone hydrochloride
naloxone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of naloxone and hydrogen chloride. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid
farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source		2.0310sesquiterpenoid
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.0310monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.5920amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		4.54703-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		4.65801,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.460cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		4.460cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
ici 118551
ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).		2.0510aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.8430dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
morphine-3-glucuronide
morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.4620morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone hydrochloride
naltrexone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of oxycodone with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. it is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		2.0410
n-methylnaloxone
N-methylnaloxone: quaternary derivative of naloxone		2.0410
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		23.7156631gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
tiotropium
tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.0710
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		2.7430cephalosporin
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.9930peptide
oxyfedrine
Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.		2.0510aromatic ketone
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		2.2110isoquinolines
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.0310dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.9640dichlorobenzene
nylidrin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310alkylbenzene
triprolidine hydrochloride anhydrous
triprolidine hydrochloride (anh.) : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of triprolidine and hydrogen chloride. Its monohydrate is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.0310hydrochlorideH1-receptor antagonist
famotidine
[no description available]		4.75901,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fenoterol
fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.7430hydrobromidebeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
tiapridex
Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.		2.0310benzamides
quipazine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride
Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source		2.0310
tulobuterol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
hp 029
[no description available]		2.0310
resiniferatoxin
resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diterpenoid;
enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ortho ester;
phenols;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		analgesic;
neurotoxin;
plant metabolite;
TRPV1 agonist
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		4.24501,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		4.7590beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
nw 1029
Ralfinamide: Sodium Channel Blocker; structure in first source		2.5220
n,n,n-trimethyl-1-(4-stilbenoxy)-2-propylammonium iodide
[no description available]		2.0310
cinidon-ethyl
Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.		3.9911ethyl ester;
isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2		2.0310naphthalenes
cgp 37849
2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer		210
nf023
[no description available]		2.0310
nf 449
[no description available]		2.0310
magnesium citrate
magnesium citrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.. trimagnesium dicitrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.		2.0310magnesium saltlaxative
(R)-citalopram
(R)-citalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.		2.03101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile
7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine
[no description available]		2.0310
gr 46611
GR 46611: known to lower body temperature in guinea pigs		2.0310
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.4420cephalosporin
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.4520
ro 42-5892
remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).		2.7330cyclopropanes;
diol;
L-histidine derivative;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor;
peptidomimetic;
vasodilator agent
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		3.5380azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		2.1110chalcogen;
metalloid atom
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.5620carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.5820azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
diacetylmonoxime
diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.		2.0310
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		3.1550amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
homatropine hydrobromide, (endo-(+-)-isomer)
[no description available]		2.0310
enclomiphene citrate
[no description available]		2.0510
vancomycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
moxisylyte hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310monoterpenoid
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		4.05140maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
diphenoxylate hydrochloride
diphenoxylate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenoxylate.		2.4620hydrochlorideantidiarrhoeal drug
eniporide
eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source		2.0410
neramexane
[no description available]		3.5920
ferrous fumarate
ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt		2.0810dicarboxylic acid
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate: RN given refers to unspecified fumarate		2.0310
flupirtine
[no description available]		2.0310
tiacrilast
tiacrilast: structure given in first source		2.0610
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.4520carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
zimelidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
ergonovine maleate
ergometrine maleate : A maleate salt resulting form the reaction of equimolar amounts of maleic acid and ergometrine. It is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		2.4620maleate saltdiagnostic agent;
oxytocic
1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-(beta)(2-(di-n-butylamino)-6-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium betaine
[no description available]		2.0310
limaprost
limaprost: RN given refers to (2E,11alpha,13E,15S,17S)-isomer		4.0710long-chain fatty acid
ici d1542
ICI D1542: redirects arachidonic acid metabolism; an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthetase and of thromboxane receptors		2.0710
everolimus
[no description available]		4.2220cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
trk 820
TRK 820: structure in first source		6.0440phenanthrenes
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.58201,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
ganglioside, gd2
[no description available]		1.9910
gavestinel
[no description available]		2.4520
indiplon
indiplon: structure in first source		2.0410pyrimidines
su 4312
SU4312 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a p-(dimethylamino)phenyl group. SU 4312 is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor protein tyrosine kinase 1/2 and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitor. It also inhibits the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and exhibits neuroprotection against NO-mediated neurotoxicity.		2.0310
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
fm1 43
FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source		2.0210organic bromide salt;
pyridinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt;
tertiary amine		fluorochrome
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0410
gw 1929
GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source		2.0310benzophenones
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.0210carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		4.460cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefclidin
cefclidin: structure given in first source. cefclidin : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (4-carbamoyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0210cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.8630ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam
carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.		2.0410monobactamantibacterial drug
protriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(3-(cyclohexylidene-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl))phenyl)ethanesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide
N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source		2.0310
cb 34
CB 34: ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors; structure in first source		2.0310
b 43
RK-24466 : A member of the class of pyrrolopyrimidines that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by amino, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and cyclopentyl groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of Lck that inhibits Lck (64-509) and LckCD isoforms (IC50 of less than 1 and 2 nM, respectively).		2.0310aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
cyclopentanes;
primary amino compound;
pyrrolopyrimidine		EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
(8R)-7-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
(8R)-7-propyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane: structure in first source		2.0310
2-(3,3-diphenylpropylamino)acetamide
[no description available]		2.0310diarylmethane
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide: structure given in first source		2.0310
gw2974
GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2		2.0310pyridopyrimidine
l 162313
L 162313: a biphenylimidazole derivative; a non-peptide angiotensin agonist; no further information available 2/95		2.0310
l-165041
4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.		2.0310aromatic ketone
mrs 1754
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.0310nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pd 404182
[no description available]		2.0310
sb 222200
[no description available]		2.0310quinolines
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.7430
cr 2945
CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist		2.0310
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.85100imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
sb 218795
SB 218795: structure in first source		2.0310quinolines
ro 25-6981
Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.		210benzenes;
phenols;
piperidines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
alx 5407
[no description available]		3.2710biphenyls
dihydroceramide
N-acetylsphinganine : A dihydroceramide in which the ceramide acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.0310N-acylsphinganine
epinephrine bitartrate
[no description available]		2.0310
bicuculline methobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.0310
butaclamol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		6.2450isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		3.1710diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).		2.0710nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		2.0410lipid As
dantrolene
[no description available]		4.0740
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.2110roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
a 38503
[no description available]		2.0310
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
sk&f 89976-a
[no description available]		2.0310
cv 1808
2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects		2.0310purine nucleoside
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.0410artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
tipredane
[no description available]		2.07103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
dexniguldipine
niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance		2.0410diarylmethane
napsagatran
napsagatran: structure given in first source		2.4420
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.5820macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.5720(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
ganaxolone
ganaxolone: a selective, high-affinity, steroid modulator of the GABA(A) receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer		3.5320corticosteroid hormone
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.2310diarylmethane
bms188797
[no description available]		2.0410
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
bentiromide
bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.		2.0710dipeptidediagnostic agent;
indicator;
reagent
sun
[no description available]		2.0810
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nidroxyzone
nidroxyzone: structure		2.0110C-nitro compound;
furans
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		2.4320imidazolidine-2,4-dione
cefozopran
[no description available]		2.0210cephalosporin;
imidazopyridazine;
thiadiazoles
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.86301,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
naloxone benzoylhydrazone
[no description available]		2.0310
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.5620
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		4.18202-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.0310hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
amiprilose
[no description available]		2.0310
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (R)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
desvenlafaxine succinate
Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		3.1710
utibapril
utibapril: structure given in first source; prodrug for FPL 63547 diacid		2.0710
tomopenem
[no description available]		2.4520
norfenfluramine
Dexnorfenfluramine: D-isomer of Norfenfluramine		2.0310amphetamines
s 22153
[no description available]		2.1510
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
ucb 34714
brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.		4.120gamma-lactam;
non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative		anticonvulsant
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		6.3740alkylbenzene
zd 9379
ZD 9379: structure given in first source		2.0710
ly 450139
[no description available]		2.0710peptide
ketoprofen lysine
ketoprofen lysine: lysine salt of ketoprofen; structure in first source		7.610
ro 64-6198
Ro 64-6198: an orphanin FQ/nociceptin receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.0310
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		2.0510bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
bb-83698
BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor		2.0410
paliperidone palmitate
Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		2.15101,2-benzoxazoles;
fatty acid ester;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cangrelor
cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.		2.0710adenosine 5'-phosphate;
aryl sulfide;
nucleoside triphosphate analogue;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
desmethylselegiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
sb 242235
SB 242235: p38 MAP kinase antagonist		2.0210
f 13640
befiradol: a selective serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist		2.0110
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.830aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
sch 527123
[no description available]		2.0710
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
t 1032
T 1032: a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0310
incarvillateine
incarvillateine: isolated from the plant Incarvillea sinensis; structure in first source		2.1310
zotarolimus
zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source		2.0410lactam;
macrolide
eslicarbazepine
[no description available]		4.0330dibenzooxazepine
molindone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620indoles
qx-314 bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (S)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		2.4110aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
sr 59230a
3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source		2.0310
am 36
[no description available]		2.0510
u 74389g
[no description available]		2.0310
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.9640
tert-butyldimethylsilane
[no description available]		1.9910
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
y 27632, dihydrochloride, (4(r)-trans)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
piperacillin
5-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)-2-chloropyridine: affects neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; structure in first source		2.0510
bn 52020
[no description available]		2.4520
perampanel
perampanel : A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.		8.1410bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		AMPA receptor antagonist;
anticonvulsant
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide
N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source		2.1710piperazines;
pyridines
noscapine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
pitolisant
pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source		3.3110organochlorine compound
a 77636
(1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol with hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.		2.0310hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
linaprazan
linaprazan: structure in first source		2.0710
cgp 55845a
CGP 55845A: GABA-B receptor antagonist; RN refers to cpd with no isomeric designation; CGP 55845 is the (1S,2S)-isomer		2.4420
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		2.0310
bicuculline methochloride
bicuculline methochloride: guaternary analog of bicuculline; specific GABA antagonist in spinal cord; structure		2.0410
pimavanserin
pimavanserin: A 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist; ACP-103 is the dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) salt. It is used to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PARKINSON DISEASE; structure in first source.. pimavanserin : A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease.		2.610aromatic ether;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
ureas		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist;
antipsychotic agent;
serotonergic antagonist
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lecozotan
lecozotan: structure in first source		2.0710
levodopa methyl ester hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
indantadol
indantadol: NMDA antagonist and nonselective MAO inhibitor for the potential treatment of neuropathic pain; structure in first source		3.8221
benalfocin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tasimelteon
tasimelteon : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is propionamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is replaced by a [(1R,2R)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-yl)cyclopropyl]methyl group. A melatonin receptor agonist used for the treatment of non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder.		3.71201-benzofurans;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		melatonin receptor agonist
ar c155858
AR C155858: an MCT1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0710
homocarnosine
homocarnosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. homocarnosine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-amino group has been replaced by a 4-aminobutanoyl group.		4.0930dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
homocarnosine;
L-histidine derivative;
N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion;
N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite
lu 19005
[no description available]		2.0310
benoxathian hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid, (+)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
n-cyclopropyl adenosine-5'-carboxamide
[no description available]		2.0310
substance p
[no description available]		2.1710
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.4420
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.0310organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		3.8630homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
grayanotoxin iii
grayanotoxin III: from leaves of Leucothoe grayana (Ericaceae); RN refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.1110
calpain inhibitor iii
calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug		2.0310
6-[[5-fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2,2-dimethyl-4H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3-one
[no description available]		2.0710methoxybenzenes;
substituted aniline
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0310
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.5620nystatins
a 784168
1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-(4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-carboxamide: a TRPV1 antagonist		2.0810
GR 127935 hydrochloride
GR 127935 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of GR 127935 with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.		2.0310hydrochlorideserotonergic antagonist
quisinostat
[no description available]		2.1110indoles
mrs 1845
[no description available]		2.0310
cytidine diphosphate choline
[no description available]		2.4620nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		2.0610
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.8530acetamides
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		4.4430
moxestrol
moxestrol: RN given refers to (11beta,17alpha)-isomer; structure		2.02103-hydroxy steroid
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
alaproclate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
ubenimex
[no description available]		2.0310peptide
3-chloroalanine hydrochloride, (l-ala)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
dsp 4 hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.0310benzoxazole
(2-(2',6'-dimethoxy)phenoxyethylamino)methylbenzodioxan hydrochloride
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		2.0310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic antagonist
2-cyclooctyl-2-hydroxyethylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cirazoline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
adtn
[no description available]		2.0310
apocodeine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
Dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
lilly 78335
[no description available]		2.0310
efaroxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
fenoldopam hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).		2.0310hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
guvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide, (r)-isomer,
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
1-(2-(4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl)-ethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-indol-2-one
LY-310762 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reation of equimolar amount of LY-310762 with hydrogen chloride. A potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D (5-HT1D) receptor.		2.0310hydrochloridereceptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
4-iodoclonidine
[no description available]		2.0310
4-methylpyrazole monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tele-methylhistamine
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester, monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
octoclothepine maleate
[no description available]		2.0310
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
du 24565
[no description available]		2.0310
2-methoxyidazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
ro 25-6981
[no description available]		2.0310
sk&f 77434
N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (IC50 values are 19.7 and 2425 nM for binding to D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo.		2.0310hydrobromidedopamine agonist;
prodrug
3-[(6aR,9R,10aR)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl]-1,1-diethylurea
[no description available]		2.0310organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		3.31101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		4.95110
arabinofuranosyluracil
Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.		4.0320
demethylcantharidin
demethylcantharidin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.0310
atropine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4520
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		2.0510
erythrosine
Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.		2.0110
1-deoxynojirimycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
glyx-13 peptide
GLYX-13 peptide: a monoclonal antibody-derived peptide that acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulator		2.0410
jaw
[no description available]		8.6320indolecarboxamide
win 62577
[no description available]		2.0310
a 803467
A 803467: an Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker; structure in first source		2.0310
cnv1014802
vixotrigine: a sodium channel blocker		3.2710
clindamycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620S-glycosyl compound
alx 1393
ALX 1393: a GlyT2 inhibitor		3.2710
bisaramil
[no description available]		2.0410
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		2.4110
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		2.0110
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.2310polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
teicoplanin
teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.		2.4520
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
nociceptin
[no description available]		210organic molecular entity;
polypeptide		human metabolite;
rat metabolite
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		2.2110
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.0210
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.8530heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin
[no description available]		2.0410carbohydrate acid derivative;
glycopeptide;
monosaccharide derivative;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
ziconotide
ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.		10.6650
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		2.4420
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		3.0340glycoside
quinine sulfate
[no description available]		2.7430hydrate
quercetin
[no description available]		2.0310
rv 538, (r-(r*,r*))-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (1s-cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
azd 7545
AZD 7545: an anilide tertiary carbinol; a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 inhibitor. AZD7545 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]sulfonyl, chloro and [(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl]amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDHK2) with IC50 of 6.4 nM and exhibits glucose-lowering activity. Also inhibits PDHK1 at higher levels (IC50 = 36.8 nM).		2.0710benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary carboxamide		EC 2.7.11.2 - [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
ns 11394
3'-(5-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)benzoimidazol-1-yl)biphenyl-2-carbonitrile: an anxiolytic agent; structure in first source		2.0710
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.9440organic sodium saltgeroprotector
rs 39604
RS 39604 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of RS 39604 with hydrochloric acid. A potent and selective 5-HT4 antagonist, with a pKi of 9.1 at 5-HT4 receptors in guinea pig striatal membranes and greater than 1000-fold selectivity over 5-HT1A, 2C, 3 and D1, D2, M1, M2, AT1, B1 and alpha1C receptors. The ketone group gives RS 39604 a relatively long half life; it is also orally active and so suitable for in vivo studies.. RS 39604 : An aromatic ether that is the 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl derivative of N-(2-{4-[3-(4-amino-5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl)methanesulfonamide. A potent and selective 5-HT4 antagonist, with a pKi of 9.1 at 5-HT4 receptors in guinea pig striatal membranes and greater than 1000-fold selectivity over 5-HT1A, 2C, 3 and D1, D2, M1, M2, AT1, B1 and alpha1C receptors. The ketone group gives RS 39604 a relatively long half life; it is also orally active and so suitable for in vivo studies.		2.0810hydrochlorideserotonergic antagonist
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		2.0110organic lithium saltfluorochrome
cefotiam hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
chitosan
[no description available]		2.3110
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		3.8530organosulfonic acid
potassium aminobenzoate
[no description available]		2.4620
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		3.620
u 63557a
[no description available]		2.0310
ampicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0710potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
cytomel
liothyronine sodium : The sodium salt of liothyronine. Thought to be more active than levothyroxine and with a rapid (few hours) onset and short duration of action, liothyronine sodium is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, particularly in cases of hypothyroid coma.		2.0710organic sodium salt
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.4420bile salt
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
cefmetazole sodium
cefmetazole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefmetazole.		2.0310organic sodium saltantimicrobial agent
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.5920
methicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
nafcillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
penicillin g sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
cefamandole nafate
cefamandole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefamandole.		2.4620organic sodium saltantibacterial drug
fusidate sodium
[no description available]		2.0310
cephapirin sodium
cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.		2.7430cephalosporin;
organic sodium salt		antibacterial drug
sodium cephalothin
[no description available]		2.7430organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.0310organic sodium salt
dicloxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620hydrate
5-hydroxydecanoic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		3.5920
phenytoin sodium
[no description available]		2.0310
cr 1409
lorglumide sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide sodium.		2.0310
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
cortisol succinate, sodium salt
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt		2.0310organic molecular entity
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		3.4110
af-219
Gefapixant: a P2X3 receptor antagonist		3.3510
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		3.2860
suvorexant
suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.		3.31101,3-benzoxazoles;
aromatic amide;
diazepine;
organochlorine compound;
triazoles		central nervous system depressant;
orexin receptor antagonist
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		7.97180fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		4.7421
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.5820oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
cabozantinib
cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.		7.2510aromatic ether;
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organofluorine compound;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tolterodine tartrate
Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.		6.0541tartrate salt
pf 3845
PF 3845: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase		2.1110piperidines
a 967079
A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source		2.0710
gw 1000
nabiximols: a combination of the above cpds for treatment of multiple sclerosis pain		5.3430
baricitinib
[no description available]		2.3110azetidines;
nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antirheumatic drug;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		11.31295
pht 427
4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.0710
e-52862
[no description available]		2.3110
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.1510
sec-butyl-propylacetamide
sec-butyl-propylacetamide: structure in first source		2.1510
mme
[no description available]		4.421
pf 3084014
nirogacestat: an antineoplastic agent. nirogacestat : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment.		2.110
jzl195
JZL195: inhibits both ​fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1 and ​monoglyceride lipase; structure in first source		2.4110
pf-670462
PF-670462: inhibitor of casein kinase I epsilon; structure in first source. PF-670462 : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the formal reaction of 3-[(3-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. It is a selective inhibitor of the delta- and epsilon-isoforms of casein kinase 1 (CK1delta and CK1epsilon).		2.1310hydrochlorideEC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		2.0410
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		1.9910
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		6.2120ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.4620carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		5.37100
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.4420
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.0740
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		9.5370
methacycline
Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.		2.0310
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.0710hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		6.9112benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.4520aromatic amide
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.4620C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
lfm a13
LFM-A13 : An enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 2,5-dibromoaniline. It is a dual-function inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Polo-like kinases (PLK) that exhibits anticancer properties.		2.0310aromatic amide;
dibromobenzene;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		8.312051,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.9640heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		3.360benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		5.09130benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.5820
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.2310sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
chlortetracycline hydrochloride
Alexomycin: a thiopeptide; a cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces arginensis isolated from the soil		2.4620
l 701324
L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310quinolines
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.0410
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		2.9540
methacycline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
hispidin
hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).		2.03102-pyranones;
catechols		antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430
demeclocycline hydrochloride
demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		2.7430
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.8530
(S)-warfarin
(S)-warfarin : A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).		2.03104-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		4.7232heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
omega-agatoxin iva
omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.		2.730
snx 230
omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source		3.6330
bellergal
[no description available]		4.4420
quil a
Quil A: produces antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus		2.110
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		210aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		2.4320
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		7.63100
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		2.0310ketal
fk1706
FK1706: non-immunosuppressive immunophilin ligand		2.0410
mirogabalin
mirogabalin: for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain		10.6540
glutaminase
[no description available]		1.9810
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
imidacloprid
(E)-imidacloprid : The E-isomer of imidacloprid.		2.0110imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		6.3621
moxidectin
moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity		2.1310
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.1110
antipain
Antipain: An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.		2.1310
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.2110
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.23102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		9.912622-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2.94105-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		3.13503',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin
sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase		2.0310sepiapterin
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		1.9910guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		3.85212-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		5.0470folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		2.0110nucleoside triphosphate analogue
isoxanthopterin
[no description available]		2.0310dihydroxypteridine
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		5.53120cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		8.98222benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.2650dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		4.6580purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.65802-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		9.06132L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		4.5470piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		12.61130benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.95402-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		2.0310triazolopyrimidines
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		4.2550imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		4.7590nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.8630tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		4.2650formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin
thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source		2.0310
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310hydroxypyrimidine
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		4.2550carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.6120N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0410aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
pelrinone
pelrinone: structure given in first source		2.4320
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.5320citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		4.640(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.5470
quazinone
[no description available]		2.0310
8-bromocyclic gmp, sodium salt
sodium 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : An organic sodium salt having 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate as the counterion. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.0310organic sodium saltmuscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
ag-879
AG-879: structure given in first source		2.0310
carbadox
Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)		2.0710quinoxaline derivative
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
fenobam
fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate		2.0710ureas
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		3.2310
eye
[no description available]		7.2510
quillaja saponins
Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.		2.110
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.8621
technetium tc 99m bicisate
[no description available]		2.0510
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		2.110
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		014.119811
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		116.119811
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		019.7716837
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		05.7300
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		012.872781
Ache
[description not available]		022.9348173
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		019.7716837
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		124.9348173
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		010.68173
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		010.68173
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		019.8613012
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		121.8613012
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		014.064212
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		08.2261
Allodynia
[description not available]		014.752069
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		021.4120536
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		021.4120536
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		08.2261
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		09.83381
Mononeuritis
[description not available]		04.8271
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		09.83381
Mononeuropathies
Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.		04.8271
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		024.9170045
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		126.9170045
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		06.83122
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		06.83122
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		117.534927
Aura
[description not available]		019.2326423
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		121.2326423
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.39130
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.39130
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.0610
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.0610
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		020.6516444
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		122.6516444
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.110
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.110
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		019.9918222
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		121.9918222
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Itching
[description not available]		017.328622
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.2110
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		119.328622
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		012.653110
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		114.653110
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		08.23174
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		06.9482
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		028.39914374
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		028.39914374
Lock Jaw
[description not available]		03.3310
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		115.242615
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		07.74201
Cancer-Associated Pain
[description not available]		07.64112
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.3110
Cancer Pain
Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.		07.64112
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		013.11377
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		014.936513
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		013.11377
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		116.936513
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		08.25163
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		0133411
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		08.25163
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		1153411
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		07.88191
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		07.88191
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		011.16235
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		016.16235
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		012.98192
Cavernous Angioma, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.3110
Cerebral Microangiopathies
[description not available]		02.3110
Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System
A vascular anomaly composed of a collection of large, thin walled tortuous VEINS that can occur in any part of the central nervous system but lack intervening nervous tissue. Familial occurrence is common and has been associated with a number of genes mapped to 7q, 7p and 3q. Clinical features include SEIZURES; HEADACHE; STROKE; and progressive neurological deficit.		02.3110
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases
Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.		02.3110
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		015.117016
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		117.117016
Hyperkyphosis
[description not available]		03.711
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		013.51618
Emesis
[description not available]		017.21711
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		115.51618
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		013.42113
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		117.435147
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		114.21711
Hand Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the hand.		05.0221
Debility
[description not available]		04.0720
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		03.730
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		010.88401
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		06.1333
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		013.47256
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		08.4965
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		06.1333
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		118.145012
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		08.4965
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		06.1932
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		06.1932
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		03.2450
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		03.2450
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		016.912119
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		013.933510
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		016.912119
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		115.933510
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		017.729216
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		03.520
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		04.3130
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		09.3420
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		03.520
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		012.23404
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		09.83295
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		03.1950
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		012.23404
Metastase
[description not available]		03.420
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		03.420
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		08.940
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.4110
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		011.43192
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		03.2550
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		06.85210
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		03.2550
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		06.85210
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		011.43192
Cancer of Oropharnyx
[description not available]		02.8630
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.		14.8630
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		012.852510
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		05.9781
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		05.9781
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		011.42426
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		011.42426
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		015.674611
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		117.674611
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		03.811
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		010.89349
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		03.811
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		16.6151
Sleepiness
Compelling urge to sleep.		04.5740
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		07.4582
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		19.4582
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		012.78263
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		010.81306
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		012.78263
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		05.551
Anasarca
[description not available]		07.15170
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		03.3460
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		07.15170
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		08.3460
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		08.0491
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		014.03733
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		116.03733
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		07.4110
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		02.4110
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		04.2760
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		014.823112
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		116.823112
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		04.9921
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		04.9921
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		023.559045
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		04.4740
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		120.559045
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		16.4740
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		03.5320
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		07.0652
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		07.0652
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		04.821
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		03.0640
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		04.821
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		03.0640
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		07.88161
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		19.88161
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		04.74280
Myelopathy
[description not available]		04.2160
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		04.2160
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		011.06224
Day Blindness
[description not available]		06.3481
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		019.4313152
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		121.4313152
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		05.84130
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		04.8671
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		17.84130
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		09.8671
Small Fiber Neuropathy
Disorder of the peripheral nerves that primarily impair small nerve fibers. The affected small nerve fibers include myelinated A-delta fibers (see A FIBERS) and unmyelinated C FIBERS. Because these small fibers innervate skin and help control autonomic function, their neuropathy presents with neuropathic pain, reduced thermal and pain sensitivity, and autonomic dysfunction (e.g. abnormal sweating or facial flushing). Small fiber neuropathy can be idiopathic or associated with underlying diseases (e.g., AMYLOIDOSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; SARCOIDOSIS; or VASCULITIS).		02.8830
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.7220
Erythermalgia
[description not available]		08.85110
Erythromelalgia
A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.		03.85110
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		02.7220
Amentia
[description not available]		07.87132
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		09.14152
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		19.87132
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		09.14152
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		06.3281
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		06.42151
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		06.3281
Apoplexy
[description not available]		09.55211
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		09.55211
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		07.41146
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		09.9185
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		09.9185
Postherpetic Neuralgia
[description not available]		018.9111126
Neuralgia, Postherpetic
Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.		123.6622252
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		06.4976
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		03.82110
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.7330
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		03.82110
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.7330
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		04.0740
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.4110
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.4820
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		05.7360
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		09.0740
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.4110
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.4820
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		010.25194
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		05.6110
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		011.63237
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		113.63237
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		05.6110
Opiate Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of an OPIOID in excess of normal dosage. It includes overdose for prescription and illicit opioids.		02.7620
Chronic Infantile Neurologic, Cutaneous, and Articular Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5820
Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes
A group of rare autosomal dominant diseases, commonly characterized by atypical URTICARIA (hives) with systemic symptoms that develop into end-organ damage. The atypical hives do not involve T-cell or autoantibody. Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome includes three previously distinct disorders: Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome; Muckle-Wells Syndrome; and CINCA Syndrome, that are now considered to represent a disease continuum, all caused by NLRP3 PROTEIN mutations.		02.5820
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.610
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.610
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		012.472313
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.5520
Acantholysis Bullosa
[description not available]		04.2131
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.		04.2131
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.5520
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.5520
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.4720
Complex Single Ventricle
[description not available]		02.610
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.4720
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.		02.610
Cranial Nerve IX Diseases
[description not available]		04.2160
Dysphagia
[description not available]		04.2760
Dizzyness
[description not available]		020.8915022
Infarct
[description not available]		03.420
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		011.47423
Bernard Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3310
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		04.2760
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		020.8915022
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		011.47423
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases
Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)		04.2160
Phantom Limb
Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)		015.184127
Pain, Procedural
Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.		08.0384
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		012.31254
Shingles
[description not available]		016.087216
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		118.087216
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		08.43162
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		08.43162
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		022.06177127
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		124.06177127
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		07.77171
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		07.77171
Cacosmia
[description not available]		03.5750
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		03.940
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		012.72317
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		03.940
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		012.72317
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		09.8450
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		03.5210
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		04.8230
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		04.8230
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.7620
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.7620
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		02.6120
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		02.6120
Agitated Emergence
[description not available]		05.932
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		010.82155
Cephalgia Syndromes
[description not available]		08.19121
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		014.12428
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		014.12428
Headache Disorders
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		08.19121
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.9940
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		07.9940
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		04.1730
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		04.1730
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		07.6920
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		07.6920
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		08.57102
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		03.2750
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		08.57102
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		03.2750
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		04.5840
Re-injuries
[description not available]		02.610
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		04.5840
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		04.150
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		09.150
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		02.8220
Teratogenesis
The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.		02.610
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		03.0740
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		03.0740
Nociceptive Pain
Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.		012.4360
Drug Refractory Epilepsy
[description not available]		07.9581
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		016.338733
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		118.338733
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity
[description not available]		05.6363
Agnosia
Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.		02.610
Neurogenic Inflammation
Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.		07.610
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		04.8261
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		04.8261
Tardive Dystonia
[description not available]		02.610
Tardive Dyskinesia
Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., METOCLOPRAMIDE).		07.610
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		011.67160
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		06.67160
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		017.556619
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		121.7211547
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		05.0631
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		05.0631
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.610
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		02.610
Radiodermatitis
A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.		02.610
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.8520
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		03.1210
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		03.1210
Glucose Metabolic Disorder
[description not available]		03.1210
Co-infection
[description not available]		03.1210
Neonatal Death
The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.		03.1210
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		03.1210
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		03.1210
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.1210
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		03.5320
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		03.1210
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.3820
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		03.4820
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		011.35297
Coxarthrosis
[description not available]		03.1210
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		03.3820
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		03.1210
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis
[description not available]		03.1210
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.1210
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		03.1210
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		03.1210
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		09.1392
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		03.1210
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		03.1210
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		03.1210
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		03.1210
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		03.1210
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.3820
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		08.4820
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		113.35297
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		013.71309
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.1210
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		03.1210
Osteoarthritis, Hip
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.		03.1210
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		03.3820
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		03.1210
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)		03.1210
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		03.1210
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		03.1210
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		03.4820
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		05.3140
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		05.3140
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		03.4820
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		06.8982
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		011.8982
Brachial Plexopathy
[description not available]		03.1650
Brachial Plexus Neuropathies
Diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical manifestations include regional pain, PARESTHESIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS, and decreased sensation (HYPESTHESIA) in the upper extremity. These disorders may be associated with trauma (including BIRTH INJURIES); THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; NEOPLASMS; NEURITIS; RADIOTHERAPY; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)		03.1650
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		016.625927
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		118.625927
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		014.88172
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		02.2510
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		010.32195
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		010.32195
Abstinence Syndrome, Neonatal
[description not available]		04.680
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.5470
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Fetal and neonatal addiction and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. Symptoms exhibited are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances.		04.680
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		011.4246
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.6590
Leiomyomatosis
The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.9840
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.6590
Autonomic Hyperreflexia
[description not available]		02.8530
Autonomic Dysreflexia
A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)		02.8530
Chemotherapy-Induced Acral Erythema
[description not available]		02.2510
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.4720
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.4720
Hand-Foot Syndrome
Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies.		02.2510
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		02.2110
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		02.2110
Dry Eye
[description not available]		04.0721
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		04.0721
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.1710
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		15.1710
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		06.0151
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		011.0151
Binge Alcohol Consumption
[description not available]		02.2510
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		04.732
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		03.9321
Gait Disorders, Animal
[description not available]		04.231
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		02.6620
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.2510
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		02.6620
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.2510
Dermatoses
[description not available]		04.3640
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		04.3640
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.9330
Surgical Incision
[description not available]		02.2510
Alarm Clock Headache
[description not available]		06.0970
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		06.99101
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		011.6245
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		04.9581
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		07.06131
Pyrosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Chronic Esophagitis, Eosinophilic
[description not available]		02.2510
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		011.6245
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		09.9581
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		19.06131
Heartburn
Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.		02.2510
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens.		02.2510
Concussive Convulsion
[description not available]		03.9940
Funnel Chest
A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.		02.5820
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		013.173229
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		05.6361
Back Ache
[description not available]		06.62102
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		05.6361
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		06.62102
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.5720
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.2510
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.2510
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.5720
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		02.2510
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		02.2510
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		08.7354
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		08.7354
Urogenital Prolapse
[description not available]		07.8254
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.		19.8254
Absence Status
[description not available]		03.84110
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		03.84110
Recrudescence
[description not available]		012.082811
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.2510
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules
A number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. They are usually detected by chest CT scans (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY). Such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions.		02.2510
Leg Dermatoses
A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.2510
IgA Vasculitis
A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.		02.2510
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.2510
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.2510
Dysgeusia
A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality.		07.2510
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		05.7121
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		05.7121
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		04.9221
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		16.9221
Atrial Ectopic Beats
[description not available]		02.2510
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.2510
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		02.2510
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		07.2510
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		02.2510
Action Tremor
[description not available]		011.92248
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		113.92248
Familial Turner Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Costen's Syndrome
[description not available]		08.2265
Noonan Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.		07.2510
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		02.4820
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		03.3860
Bewilderment
[description not available]		05.1231
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.4820
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		03.3860
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		09.17133
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		09.17133
Anterior Urethral Stricture
[description not available]		03.6411
Urethral Stricture
Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.		03.6411
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		05.94132
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		011.33234
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		02.2510
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		03.1350
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		08.1350
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.6620
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		010.05139
Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Syndrome
Syndrome with clinical features of both ASTHMA and COPD.		02.2510
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.6620
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.6620
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		015.05139
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.3110
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.3110
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.3110
Bleeding
[description not available]		04.4340
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		04.4340
Abdominal Hernia
[description not available]		02.3110
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal.		010.84143
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		04.6830
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		04.3920
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		06.07120
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		07.92121
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		02.9330
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		04.3920
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		16.6830
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.3110
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		02.3110
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.3110
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		02.3110
Joint Pain
[description not available]		06.32131
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		04.3870
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		04.3870
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		06.32131
Pain, Breakthrough
[description not available]		04.3920
Calciphylaxes
[description not available]		02.2510
Breakthrough Pain
Acute pain that comes on rapidly despite the use of pain medication.		04.3920
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		08.5320
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		08.5320
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.9740
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy
[description not available]		08.18122
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.9740
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)		08.18122
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		03.3260
Exanthem
[description not available]		04.6760
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		04.6760
Hiccough
[description not available]		08.55221
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		04.3320
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		04.3320
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		06.6254
Burning Mouth Syndrome
A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders.		08.49101
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		02.7530
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		02.7530
Gingival Hyperplasia
Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)		02.2510
Gingival Overgrowth
Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)		07.2510
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.3110
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.3110
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.3110
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.3110
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.3110
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		02.3110
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.2510
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		04.8671
SUNCT Syndrome
A primary headache disorder that is characterized by frequent short-lasting, unilateral, neuralgiform pain attacks in the ocular area, with CONJUNCTIVA fluid-filling and tearing. SUNCT syndrome is usually resistant to treatment.		08.65163
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		09.45140
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		09.45140
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		05.661
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		07.6620
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		05.661
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		04.3770
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		03.5380
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		04.5751
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		04.5751
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		05.480
Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy
[description not available]		06.8131
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.		18.8131
Auricular Syndrome of Ramsay Hunt
[description not available]		02.4720
Generalized Vulvodynia
[description not available]		08.94123
Bleb
[description not available]		02.5920
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		02.4920
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		02.4820
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		03.2860
Cannabis Abuse
[description not available]		09.2984
Marijuana Abuse
Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.		111.2984
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		04.69100
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris
[description not available]		02.3110
Ainhum
Spontaneous autoamputation of the fourth or fifth toe.		07.3110
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		04.69100
Rhinorrhea
Excess nasal drainage.		03.2310
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		03.3920
Atypical Cluster Headache
[description not available]		07.75103
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		03.3920
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		07.54122
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		07.54122
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		03.6930
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		010.91415
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		010.91415
Pyrexia
[description not available]		09.0950
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		04.0950
Acrania
[description not available]		02.520
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		02.520
Amyotrophic Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.4110
Brachial Plexus Neuritis
A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)		02.4110
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.1510
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		02.1510
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.1510
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		02.1510
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.1510
Arachnoid Cysts
Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)		02.7330
Anesthesia Awareness
[description not available]		08.36250
Neuromuscular Blockade
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.		08.36250
HbS Disease
[description not available]		04.4341
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		16.4341
Brain Injuries, Penetrating
[description not available]		02.5220
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		04.9242
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		04.9242
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.5520
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		02.5520
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		05.81112
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		05.81112
Congenital Nystagmus
[description not available]		06.0861
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.2110
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Compressive lesion affecting the nerve roots of the CAUDA EQUINA (e.g., compression, herniation, inflammation, rupture, or stenosis), which controls the function of the bladder and bowel. Symptoms may include neurological dysfunction of bladder or bowels, loss of sexual sensation and altered sensation or paralysis in the lower extremities.		02.2110
Discitis
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.		02.2110
Abscess, Epidural
[description not available]		02.2110
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.2110
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		02.7630
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.5780
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		012.65241
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.5780
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		05.0730
Blood Clot
[description not available]		03.0610
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		05.0730
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		03.0610
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		04.6130
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		02.1710
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		02.1710
Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania
[description not available]		03.8720
Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias
Primary headache disorders that show symptoms caused by the activation of the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. These autonomic features include redness and tearing of the EYE, nasal congestion or discharge, facial SWEATING and other symptoms. Most subgroups show unilateral cranial PAIN.		05.2760
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		02.5720
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		03.0610
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		03.0610
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		07.1651
Indigestion
[description not available]		03.0610
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		04.6290
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		15.0610
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		04.6290
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		07.1651
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		03.420
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		08.420
Algodystrophic Syndrome
[description not available]		010.14235
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		010.14235
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		02.1510
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		04.8842
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		04.1960
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		02.1510
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		04.1960
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		06.4751
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Acute respiratory illness in humans caused by the SIN NOMBRE VIRUS whose primary rodent reservoir is the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. First identified in the southwestern United States, this syndrome is characterized most commonly by fever, myalgias, headache, cough, and rapid respiratory failure.		02.1510
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		05.0140
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.9740
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic
[description not available]		02.1510
Parathyroid Disorders
[description not available]		06.4390
Parotid Diseases
Diseases involving the PAROTID GLAND.		06.4390
Parathyroid Diseases
Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.		06.4390
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		06.52100
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		010.8342
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		05.8342
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		03.3620
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		04.5851
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.5380
Demyelinative Myelitis
[description not available]		02.7630
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.5380
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		04.7432
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		09.7432
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		03.5611
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		03.5611
Acne Inversa
[description not available]		03.4420
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.		03.4420
Devic Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Neuromyelitis Optica
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.		02.1710
Isolated Clinic Hypertension
[description not available]		03.5611
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		03.6830
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		03.6830
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		03.0910
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		03.0910
6th Nerve Palsy
[description not available]		04.0110
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome
[description not available]		05.2440
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		04.3740
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		04.3740
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		03.4220
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		05.8742
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		05.0931
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		05.8742
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		05.0931
Wallerian Degeneration
Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.		03.0910
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		05.8481
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		17.8481
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1710
Dyspareunia
Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.		07.9252
Genital Warts
[description not available]		04.4811
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		04.4811
Anal Fistula
[description not available]		04.4811
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		04.4811
Condylomata Acuminata
Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses.		04.4811
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		04.4811
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		05.0731
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		03.4220
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		03.4220
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		03.2250
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		08.2250
Jactatio Capitis Nocturna
[description not available]		04.8721
Prurigo
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.4420
Microscopic Colitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.9640
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		07.9640
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		02.1710
Colitis, Microscopic
A condition characterized by chronic watery DIARRHEA of unknown origin, a normal COLONOSCOPY but abnormal histopathology on BIOPSY. This syndrome was first described in 1980 by Read and associates. Subtypes include COLLAGENOUS COLITIS and LYMPHOCYTIC COLITIS. Both have similar clinical symptoms and are distinguishable only by histology.		02.1710
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		07.95113
Concomitant Strabismus
[description not available]		04.4811
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		07.95113
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)		04.4811
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		08.3920
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		03.3920
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		08.5611
Late Onset Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		06.3142
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		03.0910
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		019.2710959
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		06.3142
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		03.0910
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		06.974
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		06.974
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.5220
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.		02.5220
Shoulder Pain
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.		06.4382
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		02.520
Athetoid Movements
[description not available]		02.9240
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		02.520
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		04.4580
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid
[description not available]		02.5220
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		04.8171
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		04.8171
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		03.8640
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		03.8640
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		05.6163
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		015.19184
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		05.5930
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		05.5930
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		010.19184
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		02.7630
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		07.7630
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		03.0910
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		03.0910
Cranial Nerve V Injury
[description not available]		04.9950
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		07121
Cranial Nerve IX Injury
[description not available]		02.1710
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		07121
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		06.4160
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		06.4160
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		08.4570
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.7930
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		08.4570
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		07.7930
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
A condition of persistent pain and discomfort in the BACK and the LEG following lumbar surgery, often seen in patients enrolled in pain centers.		05.6632
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.		02.7630
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.9840
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.9840
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		02.2110
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		09.9281
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		04.5111
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.5111
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		011.0761
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		18.0761
Adipocere
[description not available]		02.8330
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		05.1431
Genito-urinary Cancer
[description not available]		02.2110
Urogenital Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.		02.2110
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		05.1431
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.2110
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.2110
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.2110
Serotonin Syndrome
An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.		07.7630
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		02.2110
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.5220
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		02.2110
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.2110
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		03.1210
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		03.1210
Anhidrosis
[description not available]		02.5220
Hives
[description not available]		02.7830
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.7830
Wasting Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Dermatitis Exfoliativa
[description not available]		03.3820
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.7830
Dermatitis, Exfoliative
The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3820
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		02.7830
Eye Pain
A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.		08.2364
Anoxemia
[description not available]		04.871
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		04.871
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Amaurosis
[description not available]		03.4120
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		03.4120
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm
Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.		02.2110
Cranial Nerve V Diseases
[description not available]		02.5720
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		02.7630
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.2110
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.4920
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.4920
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		02.7630
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		03.1550
Cherry Red Spot Myoclonus Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2110
Glaucoma, Angle Closure
[description not available]		02.2110
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.		02.2110
Autism
[description not available]		02.0810
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders
[description not available]		02.0810
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		07.0810
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.		02.0810
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		05.0831
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		0310
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		0310
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		0310
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		07.5462
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		07.5462
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.921
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.921
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		03.6730
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		03.6730
Palsy
[description not available]		04.3241
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		02.4620
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		09.3241
Fibroid
[description not available]		02.0810
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		02.0810
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		03.6430
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		03.6430
Cranial Nerve Diseases
Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.		04.4680
Periapical Cyst
[description not available]		02.0810
Acute Porphyria
[description not available]		03.4170
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.		03.4170
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.8221
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.1110
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		02.1110
Priapism
A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.		09.1231
As If Personality
[description not available]		03.6530
Wounds, Stab
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.		02.4620
Causalgia Syndrome
[description not available]		04.8450
Causalgia
A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)		04.8450
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7430
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.8420
Mandibular Fractures
Fractures of the lower jaw.		02.4620
Dysautonomia
[description not available]		03.4220
Macroglossia
The presence of an excessively large tongue, which may be congenital or may develop as a result of a tumor or edema due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels, or it may occur in association with hyperpituitarism or acromegaly. It also may be associated with malocclusion because of pressure of the tongue on the teeth. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)		02.110
Sore Throat
[description not available]		02.0810
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.0810
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4920
Neurofibroma
A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)		02.0810
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)		02.4920
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4520
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		02.4520
Angioedema, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.110
Angioedemas, Hereditary
Inherited disorders that are characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal EDEMA in the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT and GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		02.110
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.7230
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		02.0810
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		14.7230
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		02.0810
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		05.4551
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		04.4830
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		04.4830
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		07.4286
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		07.4286
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		03.4220
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		0310
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		0310
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		03.3820
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		03.6530
Diaper Rashes
[description not available]		0310
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		0310
Diaper Rash
A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.		0310
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		03.6530
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		07.0484
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.0810
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		19.0484
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		02.0810
Injuries, Maxillofacial
[description not available]		03.4711
Bruxism, Nocturnal
[description not available]		05.7121
Snoring
Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.		04.320
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.4920
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		03.6430
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.		03.0110
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.110
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.110
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.110
Cranial Nerve Injuries
Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.		03.3720
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		09.5179
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		09.5179
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		02.110
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		02.110
Essential Polyarteritis
[description not available]		03.3820
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		04.3640
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		03.0110
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		03.0110
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		06.940
Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome
An occupational disorder resulting from prolonged exposure to vibration, affecting the fingers, hands, and forearms. It occurs in workers who regularly use vibrating tools such as jackhammers, power chain saws, riveters, etc. Symptoms include episodic finger blanching, NUMBNESS, tingling, and loss of nerve sensitivity.		04.4322
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy
[description not available]		02.110
Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating
A slowly progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Clinical manifestations include weakness and sensory loss in the extremities and enlargement of peripheral nerves. The course may be relapsing-remitting or demonstrate a step-wise progression. Protein is usually elevated in the spinal fluid and cranial nerves are typically spared. GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME features a relatively rapid progression of disease which distinguishes it from this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1337)		02.110
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		02.110
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		02.110
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.0240
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		016.762517
Delusional Disorder
Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.		02.7230
Menopause, Premature
The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.		04.1230
Visceral Pain
Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.		08.1950
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		03.4811
Hypersomnia, Post-Traumatic
[description not available]		03.0110
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		06.6273
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		06.6273
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease
[description not available]		02.4720
Vestibular Diseases
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.		05.4650
Behcet Syndrome
Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.		02.4720
Cerebral Cortical Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.110
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.4520
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.4520
Post-Dural Puncture Headache
A secondary headache disorder attributed to low CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure caused by SPINAL PUNCTURE, usually after dural or lumbar puncture.		08.1772
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4920
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.110
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.4920
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		04.7421
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		04.7421
Infections, Roseolovirus
[description not available]		02.1110
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.110
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.110
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		02.4720
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.1110
Dupre Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.5220
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		02.1110
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		07.5220
Adjustment Sleep Disorder
[description not available]		05.7321
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		03.1550
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		03.1550
Finger Injuries
General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.		02.7930
Pilonidal Cyst
[description not available]		04.4111
Pilonidal Sinus
A hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region.		04.4111
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		04.6761
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		04.6761
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Demyelinating, Type 4f
[description not available]		02.1110
Amyoplasia Congenita
[description not available]		02.4420
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.1110
Cancer Syndromes, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.1110
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.1110
Bites
[description not available]		02.1110
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		02.110
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		02.1110
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		02.1110
Bruxism
A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.		03.3520
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior
[description not available]		03.0310
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		04.7740
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		04.320
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		04.7740
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		04.320
Hydrosyringomyelia
[description not available]		04.3541
Arnold-Chiari Deformity
[description not available]		04.3741
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.1310
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		07.4471
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		07.4471
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.1110
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		07.1110
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.7630
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.7630
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		03.8840
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		03.8840
Ectopic Ossification
[description not available]		02.7830
Cramp
[description not available]		06.1562
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		011.1562
Avitaminosis
A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		02.1110
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		02.4520
Myofascial Trigger Point Pain
[description not available]		03.8221
Myofascial Pain Syndromes
Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on TRIGGER POINTS, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.		03.8221
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		03.4220
Injuries, Neck
[description not available]		03.0410
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		03.4220
ADDH
[description not available]		02.9240
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		02.9240
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency
[description not available]		04.7621
Fabry Disease
An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.		09.7621
Cranial Nerve IV Diseases
[description not available]		04.3441
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.4620
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		011.5261
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.4620
Hemosiderosis
Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.		02.1310
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		05.3422
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		02.1110
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		02.1110
Epidermolysis Bullosa Junctionalis, Disentis Type
[description not available]		02.1310
Epidermolysis Bullosa, Junctional
Form of epidermolysis bullosa having onset at birth or during the neonatal period and transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by generalized blister formation, extensive denudation, and separation and cleavage of the basal cell plasma membranes from the basement membrane.		02.1310
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		014.47334
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		014.47334
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.9840
Benign Essential Tremor
[description not available]		06.9691
Motor Disorders
Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)		02.1310
Essential Tremor
A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)		011.9691
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.9840
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		06.8351
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		03.0410
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		06.8351
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		03.5111
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		03.5111
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		03.5111
Facial Spasm, Unilateral
[description not available]		04.5151
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		02.1510
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.7630
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		02.1510
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		02.1510
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.7630
Angiostrongylus Infections
[description not available]		02.1310
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		03.9610
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		07.5220
Rett Syndrome
An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)		02.1510
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.4520
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.4820
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		02.4620
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		02.4620
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		02.1510
Cervicogenic Headache
[description not available]		02.4420
Injuries, Whiplash
[description not available]		02.0410
HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I
[description not available]		08.162
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood
A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)		08.162
Glossalgia
Painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning.		02.4320
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		03.3520
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.0310
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.0310
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.0310
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.0310
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		04.551
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		06.66112
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		06.66112
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		03.3820
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		03.3820
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		02.9610
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		02.9610
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		02.0410
Fisher Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Rheumatism
[description not available]		02.0410
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		02.0410
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		03.3720
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		02.4120
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		08.3720
Channelopathies
A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.		02.0510
Animal Diseases
Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.0410
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		02.0410
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		02.0410
Encephalopathy, Mercury
[description not available]		02.4420
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II
[description not available]		05.0331
Spinocerebellar Ataxias
A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)		05.0331
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		02.4320
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		02.4320
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		02.0510
Chondrosteoma
[description not available]		02.0410
Mandibular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.		02.0410
Shoulder Injuries
Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.		02.0510
Disorder, Borderline Personality
[description not available]		02.9610
Borderline Personality Disorder
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)		02.9610
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		02.0510
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		03.6430
Childhood Eating and Feeding Disorders
[description not available]		02.0510
Familial Hibernation (Kleine-Levin) Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		04.7640
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		04.7640
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		08.1250
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		08.1250
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		02.0510
Bone Stress Reaction
[description not available]		02.0510
Female Athlete Triad
[description not available]		02.0510
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		02.0510
Lassitude
[description not available]		05.8142
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.7521
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		05.8142
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.9610
Gangliocytoma
[description not available]		02.9610
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		03.3520
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		09.81186
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.9610
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		09.81186
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.0510
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0510
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.0510
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		02.0510
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		03.3420
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		03.3420
Cranial Nerve X Diseases
[description not available]		03.3720
Dancing Eyes-Dancing Feet Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7530
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome
A neurological condition that is characterized by uncontrolled rapid irregular movements of the eye (OPSOCLONUS) and the muscle (MYOCLONUS) causing unsteady, trembling gait. It is also known as dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome and is often associated with neoplasms, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders involving the nervous system.		07.7530
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		05.3322
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		05.3322
Vulvar Vestibulitis
Inflammation of the vulvar vestibular region at the entrance of the VAGINA, generally involving surface mucosa and submucosal vestibular glands. It is characterized by ERYTHEMA and chronic recurrent pain in this area.		02.0310
Injuries, Lightning
[description not available]		02.0510
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		03.1250
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		04.2820
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		04.2820
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.9710
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.9710
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		07.0510
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.0510
Axonotmesis
[description not available]		04.6732
Trauma, Nervous System
Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.		04.6732
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4320
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		02.4320
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		02.4320
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		07.4320
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		02.0510
Aprosodia
[description not available]		02.0510
Parasitic Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.0510
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.0510
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		02.9440
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		02.9440
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		03.8621
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		15.8621
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		02.0510
Headache, Tension
[description not available]		03.8321
Nasal Diseases
[description not available]		02.4320
Tension-Type Headache
A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		03.8321
Acquired Neuromyotonia
[description not available]		02.7330
Neuropathy, Paraneoplastic
[description not available]		02.0610
Astigmatism
Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.4511
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		03.4511
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		03.4511
Chromosome Inversion
An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.		02.0610
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		03.4511
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		02.9810
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.0610
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.0610
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.4520
Neuroma
A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.4720
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.9340
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		08.4270
Analgesic Overuse Headache
[description not available]		07.6754
Spondylolysis
Deficient development or degeneration of a portion of the VERTEBRA, usually in the pars interarticularis (the bone bridge between the superior and inferior facet joints of the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE) leading to SPONDYLOLISTHESIS.		02.0610
Congenital Stiff-Man Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4520
Stiff-Person Syndrome
A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)		02.4520
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		02.0610
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.4420
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		02.4720
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		02.4720
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		02.4420
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		02.0610
Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage
Bleeding within the subcortical regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA). It is often associated with HYPERTENSION or ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS. Clinical manifestations may include HEADACHE; DYSKINESIAS; and HEMIPARESIS.		02.0710
Hearing Loss, Mixed Conductive-Sensorineural
Hearing loss due to damage or impairment of both the conductive elements (HEARING LOSS, CONDUCTIVE) and the sensorineural elements (HEARING LOSS, SENSORINEURAL) of the ear.		02.0710
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0610
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.4520
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		02.0610
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		02.0610
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.4520
Psychoses
[description not available]		06.6173
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		18.6173
Locomotor Ataxia
[description not available]		02.0610
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		02.0710
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.7330
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		02.7330
Endocarditis, Loeffler
[description not available]		02.0710
Fasciitis
Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.		02.0710
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.		02.0710
Acne
[description not available]		02.0710
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Great Pox
[description not available]		02.0710
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		02.0710
Gonorrhea
Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.		02.0710
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		02.0710
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		05.3222
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		17.3222
Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal
Subdural hematoma of the SPINAL CANAL.		02.0710
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		02.0710
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0710
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.		02.0710
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		02.4420
Carcinoma, Lobular
A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.		02.0710
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.0810
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.0810
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0810
Elephantiasis Neuromatosis
[description not available]		02.0810
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		02.0810
Neurofibroma, Plexiform
A type of neurofibroma manifesting as a diffuse overgrowth of subcutaneous tissue, usually involving the face, scalp, neck, and chest but occasionally occurring in the abdomen or pelvis. The tumors tend to progress, and may extend along nerve roots to eventually involve the spinal roots and spinal cord. This process is almost always a manifestation of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016; J Pediatr 1997 Nov;131(5):678-82)		02.0810
Daytime Urinary Incontinence
[description not available]		02.0710
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.4320
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		07.4320
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		02.9910
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		02.9910
Polyradiculitis
[description not available]		03.8321
Polyradiculopathy
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.		03.8321
Stammering
[description not available]		02.4220
Stuttering
A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.4220
Hypermyotonia
[description not available]		02.0810
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.0710
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		02.0710
Lipomatosis
A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.		02.0710
Asialia
[description not available]		05.6721
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		05.6721
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		03.3720
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		03.3720
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		02.0810
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		02.0810
Briquet Syndrome
[description not available]		04.6661
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		07.0462
Somatoform Disorders
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)		04.6661
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		07.0462
Abnormalities, Jaw
[description not available]		02.0810
Abnormalities, Mouth
[description not available]		02.0810
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		02.0810
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		02.0810
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		03.3420
Neoplasms, Nervous System
[description not available]		07.6254
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.9140
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		07.7864
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.9140
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.9240
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.9240
Vulvitis
Inflammation of the VULVA. It is characterized by PRURITUS and painful urination.		08.3911
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		05.2722
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		03.3911
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		03.3911
Eclampsia
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).		03.3911
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		08.65164
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		08.65164
Capillary Telangiectasia, Brain
[description not available]		02.0110
Angioma, Cavernous
A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.		02.0110
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		02.0110
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		07.0110
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome
An idiopathic syndrome characterized by the formation of granulation tissue in the anterior cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure, producing a painful ophthalmoplegia. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p271)		02.0110
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		02.0110
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		02.4120
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		07.4120
Absence Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		08.31101
Epilepsy, Absence
A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)		08.31101
Microglossia
[description not available]		02.0110
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		07.1151
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		02.0110
Frigidity
[description not available]		03.470
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)		03.470
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		03.6230
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		03.6230
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		02.4120
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures
A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)		02.4220
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		05.1101
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		05.1101
Brown-Sequard Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.0110
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		02.0110
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		02.4220
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever
[description not available]		02.0110
West Nile Fever
A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)		02.0110
Central Cord Injury Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Callous-Unemotional Traits
[description not available]		02.0210
Conduct Disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		07.0210
Osteophytosis, Spinal
[description not available]		02.4220
Flank Pain
Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.		02.0110
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.6830
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.0110
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.6830
Hypochondriacal Neuroses
[description not available]		02.0110
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.0110
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.0110
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.0110
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.0110
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.9140
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		07.9140
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		03.411
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.0210
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		02.0210
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		04.0450
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		04.0450
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		05.0131
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		05.0131
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		02.0210
Hemisensory Neglect
[description not available]		02.0210
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		02.0210
Perceptual Disorders
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.		02.0210
Earache
Pain in the ear.		03.3320
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		07.0210
Impairment, Light Touch Sensation
[description not available]		05.0131
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.730
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		02.4220
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		07.730
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		02.4220
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		03.411
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		02.0210
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		02.0210
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		02.6930
Epilepsy, Partial, Sensory
A disorder characterized by recurrent focal onset seizures which have sensory (i.e., olfactory, visual, tactile, gustatory, or auditory) manifestations. Partial seizures that feature alterations of consciousness are referred to as complex partial seizures (EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL).		03.411
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		02.0210
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		07.0210
Craniofacial Pain Syndromes
[description not available]		04.0350
Papulosquamous Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Cholesteatoma
A non-neoplastic mass of keratin-producing squamous EPITHELIUM, frequently occurring in the MENINGES; bones of the skull, and most commonly in the MIDDLE EAR and MASTOID region. Cholesteatoma can be congenital or acquired. Cholesteatoma is not a tumor nor is it associated with high CHOLESTEROL.		02.0210
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		02.0210
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.0210
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		02.0210
Anochlesia
[description not available]		02.0210
Laryngeal Spasm
[description not available]		02.0210
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		02.0210
Laryngeal Nerve Avulsion
[description not available]		02.0210
Laryngismus
A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.		02.0210
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		02.0210
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		02.0310
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		02.420
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		03.6430
DDD MPGNII
[description not available]		02.0210
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.420
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		03.6430
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.		02.0210
Central Nervous System Lyme Disease
[description not available]		03.8121
Arachnoid Membrane Inflammation
[description not available]		04.0831
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.0210
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.0210
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		02.730
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease)
[description not available]		02.0210
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome
A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))		02.0210
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		03.821
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		15.821
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.0210
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.0210
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		05.2722
Acute Onset Aura Migraine
[description not available]		03.4111
Common Migraine
[description not available]		03.4111
Migraine with Aura
A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		03.4111
Migraine without Aura
Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		03.4111
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		02.4220
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		03.4111
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		03.4111
Agrammatic Broca Aphasia
[description not available]		02.0310
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		02.0310
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		02.0310
Audiogenic Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.0310
Epilepsy, Reflex
A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)		02.0310
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		03.821
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		08.821
Scotoma
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.		02.7230
Aperture Syndrome, Thoracic Outlet
[description not available]		02.0310
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS; SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY; and SUBCLAVIAN VEIN at the superior thoracic outlet. This may result from a variety of anomalies such as a CERVICAL RIB, anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of brachial plexus innervated muscles, PARESTHESIA, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ISCHEMIA, and EDEMA. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5).		02.0310
Erythroderma, Sezary
[description not available]		02.0310
Mycosis Fungoides
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.		02.4220
Sezary Syndrome
A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).		02.0310
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		02.9410
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.9410
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.9410
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.9410
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced
[description not available]		02.0310
Asthma, Exercise-Induced
Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).		02.0310
Vision, Diminished
[description not available]		02.0310
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.0310
Childhood Tic Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Inferior Dislocation
[description not available]		02.0310
Sinus Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.0310
Bilateral Deafness
[description not available]		03.4211
Deafness Unilateral
[description not available]		03.4211
Alcohol-Induced Disorders
Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.		03.4211
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.0310
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		02.0310
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		02.0310
Alcohol-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.4111
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		02.0310
Cochlear Diseases
Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).		03.4111
Developmental Coordination Disorder
[description not available]		02.0310
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		03.3320
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		03.3320
Hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.		02.4220
Myotonia
Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.		07.0310
Angiitis
[description not available]		04.2520
Cryoglobulinemia
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.		03.8710
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		03.8710
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		04.2520
Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
[description not available]		03.4211
Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary
A group of inherited diseases that share similar phenotypes but are genetically diverse. Different genetic loci for autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and x-linked forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia have been identified. Clinically, patients present with slowly progressive distal limb weakness and lower extremity spasticity. Peripheral sensory neurons may be affected in the later stages of the disease. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Jan;64(1):61-6; Curr Opin Neurol 1997 Aug;10(4):313-8)		03.4211
Ape Diseases
Diseases of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.		02.0310
Chicken Pox
[description not available]		02.0310
Chickenpox
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		03.821
Epilepsies, Myoclonic
A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.		03.821
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.0310
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear
[description not available]		04.3411
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)		04.3411
Auditory Vertigo
[description not available]		02.9510
Acute Peripheral Vestibulopathy
[description not available]		02.9510
Meniere Disease
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.		02.9510
Vestibular Neuronitis
Idiopathic inflammation of the VESTIBULAR NERVE, characterized clinically by the acute or subacute onset of VERTIGO; NAUSEA; and imbalance. The COCHLEAR NERVE is typically spared and HEARING LOSS and TINNITUS do not usually occur. Symptoms usually resolve over a period of days to weeks. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p304)		02.9510
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		02.0310
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive
[description not available]		02.0310
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		08.4211
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		02.0310
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		02.0310
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		02.0310
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		02.0310
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.0410
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.		02.0410
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
Gestational Trophoblastic diseases that are malignant. It does not include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE. However, there is a minority of authors that consider the term gestational trophoblastic neoplasia synonymous with gestational trophoblastic disease.		02.0410
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
A group of diseases arising from pregnancy that are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR, PLACENTAL SITE), and CHORIOCARCINOMA. These neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread.		02.0410
Neurologic Voice Disorder
[description not available]		02.9510
Voice Disorders
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.		02.9510
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.		02.0410
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		02.0410
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		02.0410
Fasciculation
Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)		02.6930
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		03.4311
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.4311
Amputation, Traumatic
Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.		04.2820
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		03.3420
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		03.3420
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.0410
Infectious Myelitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Heatstroke
[description not available]		02.0410
Heat Stroke
A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.		02.0410
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		02.4220
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		02.4220
Acinar Carcinoma
[description not available]		01.9810
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.3920
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.3920
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell
A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)		01.9810
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		01.9810
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
An autosomal dominant or acquired porphyria due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in the LIVER. It is characterized by photosensitivity and cutaneous lesions with little or no neurologic symptoms. Type I is the acquired form and is strongly associated with liver diseases and hepatic toxicities caused by alcohol or estrogenic steroids. Type II is the familial form.		02.420
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		01.9810
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		01.9810
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		01.9810
Porphyria
[description not available]		01.9910
Hepatic Porphyria
[description not available]		02.420
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		01.9910
Porphyrias, Hepatic
A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of PORPHYRINS or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA), or both (HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues.		02.420
Muscular Atrophy, Postpoliomyelitis
[description not available]		03.3120
Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by new neuromuscular symptoms that occur at least 15 years after clinical stability has been attained in patients with a prior history of symptomatic poliomyelitis. Clinical features include new muscular weakness and atrophy of the limbs, bulbar innervated musculature, and muscles of respiration, combined with excessive fatigue, joint pain, and reduced stamina. The process is marked by slow progression and periods of stabilization. (From Ann NY Acad Sci 1995 May 25;753:68-80)		03.3120
Acquired Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		01.9910
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		01.9910
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		01.9910
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		03.3811
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		03.3811
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral
[description not available]		01.9910
Flatus
[description not available]		03.3811
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		03.3811
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		01.9910
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		01.9910
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		01.9910
Hakim Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure
A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)		01.9910
Thyroiditis
Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.		0710
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
[description not available]		03.3220
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		03.3220
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)		0710
Cheilitis Granulomatosa
[description not available]		0210
Lingua Plicata
[description not available]		0210
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms
[description not available]		02.9110
Spasms, Infantile
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)		02.9110
Dementia Multi-Infarct
[description not available]		0210
Impotence
[description not available]		0210
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		0210
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		0210
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		0210
Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		03.3320
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		08.3320
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		0210
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		0210
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		0210
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		0210
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		04.311
Autonomic Dysfunction, Paraneoplastic
[description not available]		0210
Adolescent Gynecomastia
[description not available]		0210
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.		0710
Calcinosis-Raynaud Phenomenon-Sclerodactyly-Telangiectasia
[description not available]		02.9210
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		02.9210
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		0210
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		0210
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		0210
Epiphora
[description not available]		0210
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		0210
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		0210
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		0210
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		0210
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		0210
Bruise
[description not available]		0210
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		0210
Ciguatera
[description not available]		0710
Ciguatera Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.		0710
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		0210
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		0210
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		0210
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		0710
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		0210
G(M2) Gangliosidoses
[description not available]		02.4120
Adult Sandhoff Disease
[description not available]		0210
Sandhoff Disease
An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in neurons and other tissues. It is caused by mutation in the common beta subunit of HEXOSAMINIDASE A and HEXOSAMINIDASE B. Thus this disease is also known as the O variant since both hexosaminidase A and B are missing. Clinically, it is indistinguishable from TAY-SACHS DISEASE.		0210
Gangliosidoses, GM2
A group of recessively inherited diseases characterized by the intralysosomal accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in the neuronal cells. Subtypes include mutations of enzymes in the BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES system or G(M2) ACTIVATOR PROTEIN leading to disruption of normal degradation of GANGLIOSIDES, a subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS.		02.4120
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		0210
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		0210
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		0210
Paraparesis
Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.		0210
Bernhardt-Roth Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Cranial Epidural Hematoma
[description not available]		02.0110
Fibrillary Chorea
[description not available]		02.0110
Pachymeningitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Meningitis
Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)		02.0110
Toxocariasis
Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.		02.0110
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		0210
Facial Injuries
General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.		02.0110