quinazolines profile

Quinazolines are a class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds that are known for their diverse pharmacological activities. They have been extensively investigated for their potential therapeutic applications in various disease areas, including cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. The presence of the quinazoline scaffold provides a unique structural framework that can be readily modified to fine-tune their biological properties. '

Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	9210
CHEMBL ID	301359
CHEBI ID	36621
SCHEMBL ID	5920
MeSH ID	M0018336

Synonym
AC-18352
BIDD:GT0070
chinazolin
CHEBI:36621 ,
bdbm50049572
NCIOPEN2_000549
AC-907/25014195
nsc72372
benzo[a]pyrimidine
wln: t66 bn dnj
nsc-72372
1,3-diazanaphthalene
5,6-benzopyrimidine
phenmiazine
1,3-benzodiazine
253-82-7
quinazoline
inchi=1/c8h6n2/c1-2-4-8-7(3-1)5-9-6-10-8/h1-6
quinazoline, 99%
CU-00000000401-1
quinazolines
CHEMBL301359 ,
quz ,
Q0055
benzo(a)pyrimidine
unii-ub9qur18nl
ub9qur18nl ,
einecs 205-965-3
nsc 72372
A817834
benzopyrimidine
FT-0631892
AKOS015900554
quinazoline [mi]
SCHEMBL5920
mfcd00006712
SY006075
benzo(e)pyrimidine
4.5-benzopyrimidine
DTXSID7075214
J-524172
CS-W002010
GS-3258
J-015972
Q426278
PB47603
EN300-84601
Z1251332997

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Quinazolines are a class of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds with biological and pharmacological effects in vivo and in vitro."	( A Novel Quinazoline Derivative Prevents and Treats Arsenic-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating the Expression of RecQ Family Helicase. Cheng, S; Li, J; Luo, H; Mo, M; Sun, B; Xu, B; Yang, H; Yang, L; Yu, J; Zhang, A, 2023)	1.63
"Quinazolines are a common class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffolds, which exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities."	( A Novel Quinazoline-4-one Derivatives as a Promising Cytokine Inhibitors: Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Structure-activity Relationship. Borik, RM; Hussein, MA, 2022)	2.16
"Quinazolines are a big family of heterocyclic compounds with anti-cancer properties."	( Synthesis, Characterization of 4-Anilino-6,7-Dimethoxy Quinazoline Derivatives as Potential Anti-Angiogenic Agents. Balaji, KS; Devegowda, PS; Jayarama, S; Kameshwar, VH; Prasanna, DS; Rangappa, KS; Siddalingaiah, L; Swaroop, TR, 2018)	1.92

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Quinazolines have been identified as inhibitors of CDK4/D1 and CDK2/E. "	( Quinazolines as cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. Benfield, PA; Boisclair, M; Boylan, J; Burton, CR; Chang, CH; Chen, H; Cox, S; Grafstrom, RH; Johnson, TL; Liu, J; Muckelbauer, JK; Seitz, SP; Sielecki, TM; Smallwood, A; Trainor, GL, 2001)	3.2

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Quinazolines increase SMN2 promoter activity and inhibit the ribonucleic acid scavenger enzyme DcpS."	( The DcpS inhibitor RG3039 improves motor function in SMA mice. Feng, Z; Gibbs, RM; Jacques, V; Ko, CP; Li, DK; Lin, MY; Miao, W; Pellizzoni, L; Plasterer, HL; Rucki, AA; Rusche, JR; Sharma, S; Sumner, CJ; Van Meerbeke, JP; Wee, CD; Xia, B, 2013)	1.11
"Quinazolines were found to inhibit receptor autophosphorylation and signaling through MAP kinase, but had minimal effects on association of EGFRvIII with Grb2/SOS."	( Antagonistic and agonistic effects of quinazoline tyrosine kinase inhibitors on mutant EGF receptor function. Montgomery, RB, 2002)	1.04

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" No side effects or adverse reactions have been observed except a "first-dose" fall in blood pressure, and there is no evidence of development of tolerance to the agent."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of prazosin in essential hypertension. Okun, R, 1975)	0.25
" Stomatitis was observed in only one case as a side effect of this drug."	( [Usefulness and safety of bunazosin hydrochloride in neurogenic bladder after prolonged administration]. Gotoh, S; Hiraga, S; Hosoda, K; Kakehi, R; Kaneoya, F; Kojima, S; Mizuo, T; Satoh, T; Tanizawa, A; Yokokawa, M, 1992)	0.28
"In four phase II trials of trimetrexate given iv daily for 5 days, we noted marked variability among patients in the development of severe or life-threatening toxic effects."	( Trimetrexate: predictors of severe or life-threatening toxic effects. Eisenhauer, EA; Pater, JL; Walsh, WR; Zee, BC, 1988)	0.27
" The toxic effects of thymidylate synthase inhibition may be prevented by salvage of exogenous thymidine."	( Potentiation of quinazoline antifolate (CB3717) toxicity by dipyridamole in human lung carcinoma, A549, cells. Curtin, NJ; Harris, AL, 1988)	0.27
" Monitoring of serum hepatic-enzyme concentrations is recommended for patients receiving NSAIDs from the indole, pyrazolone, and propionic acid classes since these agents have been associated with the greatest incidence of adverse hepatic reactions."	( Hepatic toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Lewis, JH, )	0.13
" Maximum repair was observed in both strains of mice at 5 x 10(-5) M batracylin, a concentration that was toxic to rat hepatocytes."	( Species variation in the genotoxicity of batracylin. McQueen, CA; Stevens, GJ, 1994)	0.29
" However, the toxic effects of piritrexim and trimetrexate suggest that dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) activity is essential for the parasite, most probably because of the role of this enzyme in the synthesis of thymidine nucleotides via thymidylate synthase."	( The toxicity of antifolates in Babesia bovis. Bagnara, AS; Nott, SE, 1993)	0.29
" Clinical safety was assessed using spontaneous reporting of adverse events leading to discontinuation of treatment."	( Safety profile of 3 months' therapy with alfuzosin in 13,389 patients suffering from benign prostatic hypertrophy. Blondin, P; Du Boys, B; Grippon, P; Lassale, C; Lukacs, B; MacCarthy, C, 1996)	0.29
" Nine patients dropped out for adverse events with SR-alfuzosin (4."	( Efficacy and safety of sustained-release alfuzosin 5 mg in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. ALGEBI Study Group. Buzelin, JM; Delauche-Cavallier, MC; Geffriaud-Ricouard, C; Roth, S, 1997)	0.3
"Anagrelide is efficacious and safe in ET, both for platelet and symptom control."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerability of anagrelide in the treatment of essential thrombocythaemia. Bashford, J; Brigden, MC; Bunce, I; Eliadis, P; Kelly, C; Mills, AK; Olsen, T; Rentoul, A; Seeley, G; Taylor, KM; Wright, SJ, 1999)	0.3
" RTX induces proliferating tissue toxicities that are largely confined to the intestine, with diarrhea being a severe side effect in a small but significant minority of patients."	( Balb/c mice as a preclinical model for raltitrexed-induced gastrointestinal toxicity. Aherne, GW; Benstead, J; Clarke, SJ; Farrugia, DC; Jackman, AL; Pritchard, DM, 2000)	0.31
" In addition, vasodilatory adverse events appeared to be less frequent with the once daily than the thrice daily formulation (6."	( Efficacy and safety of a new prolonged release formulation of alfuzosin 10 mg once daily versus alfuzosin 2.5 mg thrice daily and placebo in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. ALFORTI Study Group. Jardin, A; Laval, KU; van Cangh, P; van Kerrebroeck, P, 2000)	0.31
" Safety was assessed by monitoring blood pressure and spontaneous adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of sustained-release alfuzosin on lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia in 3,095 Spanish patients evaluated during general practice. Alfaro, V; Badiella, L; Fernández-Hernando, N; Guil, M; Sánchez-Chapado, M, 2000)	0.31
"101 adverse events were reported in 82 patients (2."	( Safety and efficacy of sustained-release alfuzosin on lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia in 3,095 Spanish patients evaluated during general practice. Alfaro, V; Badiella, L; Fernández-Hernando, N; Guil, M; Sánchez-Chapado, M, 2000)	0.31
" The appearance of adverse medical events (AMEs) was carefully monitored and recorded throughout the trial."	( Safety, efficacy and impact on Patients' quality of life of a long-term treatment with the alpha(1)-blocker alfuzosin in symptomatic patients with BPH. The Italian Alfuzosin Co-Operative Group. , 2000)	0.31
" Potentiation of cytotoxicity was obtained at concentrations of NU1025 and NU1085 that were not toxic per se; however, NU1085 alone was 3-fold more cytotoxic (LC50 values ranged from 83 to 94 microM) than NU1025 alone (LC50 > 900 microM)."	( Potentiation of temozolomide and topotecan growth inhibition and cytotoxicity by novel poly(adenosine diphosphoribose) polymerase inhibitors in a panel of human tumor cell lines. Calvert, AH; Curtin, NJ; Delaney, CA; Durkacz, BW; Hostomsky, Z; Kyle, S; Newell, DR; Wang, LZ; White, AW, 2000)	0.31
"4%) reporting adverse events potentially related to alpha-blockade (mainly dizziness)."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily formulation of alfuzosin 10 mg in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: open-label extension study. Jardin, A; Laval, KU; van Cangh, P; van Kerrebroec, P, 2002)	0.31
" This study also demonstrates the satisfactory long-term safety of this formulation, and its safe use even in at-risk populations."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily formulation of alfuzosin 10 mg in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: open-label extension study. Jardin, A; Laval, KU; van Cangh, P; van Kerrebroec, P, 2002)	0.31
" Three toxic deaths occurred (3%)."	( Raltitrexed in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer: an active and low toxicity regimen. Aparicio, J; Camps, C; Escudero, P; Feliu, J; García Girón, C; González Barón, M; Mel, JR; Menéndez, D; Rodriguez, MR; Sánchez, JJ, 2002)	0.31
" The most frequent drug-related adverse events (AEs) were acne-like rash (64%) and diarrhea (47%), which were generally mild (grade 1/2) and reversible on cessation of treatment."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic trial of ZD1839, a selective oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with five selected solid tumor types. Albanell, J; Averbuch, SD; Baselga, J; Bjork, T; Calvert, H; Feyereislova, A; Gianni, L; Harris, A; Kaye, SB; Kieback, DG; Ranson, M; Raymond, E; Rischin, D; Rojo, F; Swaisland, H, 2002)	0.31
" Emergent vasodilatory adverse events were reported by 4 of 26 subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of a single oral dose of once-daily alfuzosin, 10 mg, in male subjects with mild to severe renal impairment. Blum, RA; Marbury, TC; Pinquier, JL; Rauch, C, 2002)	0.31
" Alfuzosin was well tolerated; the number of withdrawals for adverse events was comparable in both treatment groups."	( Safety and efficacy of alfuzosin 10 mg once-daily in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms and clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia: a pooled analysis of three double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Nordling, J; Roehrborn, CG; Van Kerrebroeck, P, 2003)	0.32
"Since many trials claimed a favorable therapeutic index with raltitrexed, the aim of our preliminary study was to evaluate the anticancer activity and the toxic profile of this drug in the elderly."	( Favorable toxicity profile of raltitrexed in elderly patients treated for colorectal cancer: a case series. Caporale, A; Fabiani, O; Franchi, F; Pastore, C; Rossi, L; Seminara, P, )	0.13
" Though recent reports suggest some concern about severe complications of treatment with raltitrexed, administration of reduced doses of this drug seems to be a putative therapy for those patients who, because of their age, are highly susceptible to the adverse effects of chemotherapy."	( Favorable toxicity profile of raltitrexed in elderly patients treated for colorectal cancer: a case series. Caporale, A; Fabiani, O; Franchi, F; Pastore, C; Rossi, L; Seminara, P, )	0.13
" This study confirmed TOM-based hepatotoxicity as a clinical relevant side-effect and a major factor for treatment delays or discontinuation."	( Raltitrexed-induced hepatotoxicity: multivariate analysis of predictive factors. Bonsignori, M; Delprete, S; La Cesa, A; Marcucci, F; Massacesi, C; Rocchi, MB; Santini, D; Tonini, G; Vincenzi, B, 2003)	0.32
" The most commonly reported adverse events were diarrhea, acne-like skin rash, nausea, vomiting and asthenia."	( Fatal pulmonary toxicity in a patient treated with gefitinib for non-small cell lung cancer after previous hemolytic-uremic syndrome due to gemcitabine. Herchenhorn, D; Rabinowits, G; Rabinowits, M; Torres, W; Weatge, D, 2003)	0.32
" OSI-7904L was much more toxic than OSI-7904 in the mouse with primary toxicities to the intestines, bone marrow, and thymus."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of a liposome encapsulated thymidylate synthase inhibitor, OSI-7904L [(S)-2-[5-[(1,2-dihydro-3-methyl-1-oxobenzo[f]quinazolin-9-yl)methyl]amino-1-oxo-2-isoindolynl]-glutaric acid] in mice. Abbott, E; Brown, EN; Colagiovanni, DB; Desjardins, J; Drolet, DW; Emerson, DL, 2004)	0.32
" The most common cutaneous adverse effect was the development of an acneiform eruption on the face, anterior trunk and back (39%)."	( Cutaneous side effects in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with Iressa (ZD1839), an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor. Choi, JH; Kim, SW; Koh, JK; Lee, HW; Lee, MW; Moon, KC; Seo, CW; Yang, HJ, 2004)	0.32
"Side effects and toxic discontinuation rates were higher than in previous studies, probably because this is the first long-term prospective study of the feasibility and toxicity of anagrelide treatment."	( Adverse effects and benefits of two years of anagrelide treatment for thrombocythemia in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Birgegård, G; Björkholm, M; Kutti, J; Lärfars, G; Löfvenberg, E; Markevärn, B; Mauritzson, N; Merup, M; Palmblad, J; Samuelsson, J; Westin, J, 2004)	0.32
" In this report, we investigated the efficacy and adverse events during treatment with gefitinib."	( Acute lung injury as an adverse event of gefitinib. Abe, S; Inomata, S; Nagata, M; Saitoh, T; Sato, T; Satoh, M; Shiratori, M; Takahashi, H; Tanaka, H; Yamada, G, 2004)	0.32
" A history and several investigations were conducted to determine the etiology of this adverse event."	( Priapism as a possible acute side effect of radical radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Hayter, C; Lomaga, MA, 2004)	0.32
" Sixteen adverse events (AEs) were reported by eight of 41 volunteers after BIBN 4096 BS compared to five AEs reported by four of 14 volunteers after placebo."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of BIBN 4096 BS, the first selective small molecule calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist, following single intravenous administration in healthy volunteers. Feifel, U; Iovino, M; Wallenstein, G; Wolters, JM; Yong, CL, 2004)	0.32
" Adverse events (AEs) were generally mild (grade 1 and 2) and reversible."	( Evaluation of safety and efficacy of gefitinib ('iressa', zd1839) as monotherapy in a series of Chinese patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: experience from a compassionate-use programme. Li, LY; Mu, XL; Wang, MZ; Wang, SL; Zhang, XT, 2004)	0.32
" Three volunteers experienced adverse events (AEs) that were considered possibly related to gefitinib (pruritus and dry skin), and 6 volunteers experienced procedure-related AEs (cannula-site reaction and rhinorrhea); these AEs were mild or moderate."	( Relative bioavailability and safety profile of gefitinib administered as a tablet or as a dispersion preparation via drink or nasogastric tube: results of a randomized, open-label, three-period crossover study in healthy volunteers. Bailey, C; Cantarini, MV; Marshall, AL; McFarquhar, T; Smith, RP, 2004)	0.32
" Most drug-related adverse events were mild."	( Gefitinib is active in patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer and response is related to skin toxicity. Chen, YM; Chiang, SC; Chiu, CH; Liou, JL; Perng, RP; Tsai, CM, 2005)	0.33
" Both doses of alfuzosin were well tolerated, with dizziness the most frequent adverse event (placebo, 4%; alfuzosin 10 mg, 6%; 15 mg, 7%; tamsulosin, 2%); the respective incidence rates of sexual function adverse events were 0%, 3%, 1% and 8%."	( Efficacy and safety of two doses (10 and 15 mg) of alfuzosin or tamsulosin (0.4 mg) once daily for treating symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nordling, J, 2005)	0.33
" The incidence of sexual function adverse events was higher with tamsulosin than with placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of two doses (10 and 15 mg) of alfuzosin or tamsulosin (0.4 mg) once daily for treating symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nordling, J, 2005)	0.33
" The most frequently reported drug-related adverse events were diarrhea (42%) and rash (31%)."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity study of lapatinib (GW572016), a reversible dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic carcinomas. Blackwell, KL; Burris, HA; Dees, EC; Dowlati, A; Ellis, MJ; Harris, JL; Hurwitz, HI; Jones, SF; Koch, KM; Mangum, S; Marcom, PK; O'Neil, B; Overmoyer, B; Smith, DA; Spector, NL; Stead, A, 2005)	0.33
" A specific adverse effect common to this class of agent is a papulopustular rash, usually on the face and upper torso, which generally occurs in a dose-dependent manner."	( Cutaneous adverse effects with HER1/EGFR-targeted agents: is there a silver lining? Peréz-Soler, R; Saltz, L, 2005)	0.33
" We examined the correlations between the plasma levels of several cytokines and the risk of development of adverse events, especially skin toxicity, induced by the administration of gefitinib as first-line monotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients."	( Plasma MIP-1beta levels and skin toxicity in Japanese non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with the EGFR-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, gefitinib. Kasahara, K; Kimura, H; Nishio, K; Sekijima, M; Tamura, T, 2005)	0.33
" The most frequent erlotinib-related adverse events were rash (68%) and diarrhea (38%)."	( Efficacy and safety of erlotinib HCl, an epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma: results from a phase II multicenter study. Barrett, E; Crozier, M; Edwards, RP; Finkler, N; Garcia, AA; Gordon, AN; Irwin, DH, )	0.13
" Safety data for 38 recruited patients (18 gefitinib and 20 placebo) showed no unexpected adverse drug reactions (ADRs), with the most common being grade 1/2 gastrointestinal and skin disorders in 12 and 16 patients receiving gefitinib and in five and six patients receiving placebo, respectively."	( Gefitinib in the adjuvant setting: safety results from a phase III study in patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer. Fukuoka, M; Ichinose, Y; Jiang, H; Kato, H; Nagai, K; Tada, H; Tsuboi, M; Tsuchiya, R; Wada, H, 2005)	0.33
" The incidence of adverse events was similar for tamsulosin (25%) and alfuzosin (19."	( A comparative study on the safety and efficacy of tamsulosin and alfuzosin in the management of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Acepcion, V; Lapitan, MC; Mangubat, J, )	0.13
" In the elderly group, adverse events were generally mild to moderate and grade 3-4 adverse events were observed in 8 (9%) patients."	( Safety and efficacy of gefitinib treatment in elderly patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group experience. Bessho, A; Gemba, K; Harita, S; Hotta, K; Kiura, K; Maeda, T; Ogino, A; Tabata, M; Tanimoto, M; Ueoka, H; Umemura, S; Yonei, T, 2005)	0.33
"To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of alfuzosin for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)."	( Alfuzosin for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms compatible with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review of efficacy and adverse effects. MacDonald, R; Wilt, TJ, 2005)	0.33
"Skin toxicity, a common drug-related adverse event observed in cancer patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-directed therapies is rarely seen with therapies targeting HER2."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor dimerization status determines skin toxicity to HER-kinase targeted therapies. Agus, DB; Jain, A; Laux, I; Singh, S, 2006)	0.33
"In the current Phase II study, the authors evaluated the association between genomic polymorphic variants in uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase (UGT1A1), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and thymidylate synthase (TS) genes, and the incidence of the adverse effects of irinotecan and raltitrexed in previously heavily treated patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma."	( Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 promoter polymorphism predicts the risk of gastrointestinal toxicity and fatigue induced by irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Bisonni, R; Leon, A; Lippe, P; Lombardo, M; Marcucci, F; Massacesi, C; Mattioli, R; Pilone, A; Rocchi, MB; Terrazzino, S, 2006)	0.33
" Nineteen variables related to patient, disease, and treatment characteristics, together with genotypes, were analyzed using a binary logistic regression model with stepwise selection to evaluate their correlation with adverse reactions."	( Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 promoter polymorphism predicts the risk of gastrointestinal toxicity and fatigue induced by irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Bisonni, R; Leon, A; Lippe, P; Lombardo, M; Marcucci, F; Massacesi, C; Mattioli, R; Pilone, A; Rocchi, MB; Terrazzino, S, 2006)	0.33
" MTHFR C677T polymorphism was not found to be associated with any adverse reaction."	( Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 promoter polymorphism predicts the risk of gastrointestinal toxicity and fatigue induced by irinotecan-based chemotherapy. Bisonni, R; Leon, A; Lippe, P; Lombardo, M; Marcucci, F; Massacesi, C; Mattioli, R; Pilone, A; Rocchi, MB; Terrazzino, S, 2006)	0.33
" Alfuzosin 10 mg was well tolerated; the most common adverse event related to vasodilatation was dizziness/postural dizziness (3."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of alfuzosin 10 mg once daily: a 2-year experience in 'real-life' practice. Alcaraz, A; Elhilali, M; Emberton, M; Hartung, R; Harving, N; Matzkin, H; Vallancien, G; van Moorselaar, RJ, 2006)	0.33
"alpha(1)-Blockers were effective and safe for treating young and middle-aged men with symptomatic bladder neck obstruction."	( Obstructive primary bladder neck disease: evaluation of the efficacy and safety of alpha1-blockers. Artibani, W; Calpista, A; Cisternino, A; De Marco, V; Iafrate, M; Prayer Galetti, T; Zeccolini, G, 2006)	0.33
" However, the relationship between EGFR mutation and adverse events of gefitinib is still unknown."	( Relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations and the severity of adverse events by gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Aoe, M; Date, H; Fujiwara, Y; Hotta, K; Kiura, K; Matsuo, K; Tabata, M; Takigawa, N; Tanimoto, M; Tokumo, M; Toyooka, S, 2006)	0.33
" We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records and compared EGFR mutation status with adverse events during gefitinib treatment."	( Relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations and the severity of adverse events by gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Aoe, M; Date, H; Fujiwara, Y; Hotta, K; Kiura, K; Matsuo, K; Tabata, M; Takigawa, N; Tanimoto, M; Tokumo, M; Toyooka, S, 2006)	0.33
" The principal adverse event was skin rash (89%), diarrhea (39%), and liver injury (39%)."	( Relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations and the severity of adverse events by gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Aoe, M; Date, H; Fujiwara, Y; Hotta, K; Kiura, K; Matsuo, K; Tabata, M; Takigawa, N; Tanimoto, M; Tokumo, M; Toyooka, S, 2006)	0.33
"Our study did not demonstrate the presence of close relationships between EGFR mutation status and adverse events during gefitinib treatment."	( Relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations and the severity of adverse events by gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Aoe, M; Date, H; Fujiwara, Y; Hotta, K; Kiura, K; Matsuo, K; Tabata, M; Takigawa, N; Tanimoto, M; Tokumo, M; Toyooka, S, 2006)	0.33
"We measured serum levels of soluble (s) P-selectin and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) in patients with lung cancer treated with gefitinib, and investigated the effect of low-dose aspirin on some adverse effects of gefitinib."	( Aspirin reduces adverse effects of gefitinib. Kanazawa, S; Kinoshita, Y; Komiyama, Y; Muramatsu, M; Nomura, S; Yamaguchi, K, 2006)	0.33
" The most common adverse effects are rash, diarrhoea, acne, dry skin, nausea and vomiting."	( Gefitinib: an adverse effects profile. Cersosimo, RJ, 2006)	0.33
"The most common side effect of anti-EGFR therapy is skin toxicity, which is generally mild to moderate, but may be severe in up to 18% of patients."	( Common side effects of anti-EGFR therapy: acneform rash. Sipples, R, 2006)	0.33
" IC87114 did not have direct adverse effects or enhance the activity of VP16 on the proliferation and survival of normal haemopoietic progenitors."	( A selective inhibitor of the p110delta isoform of PI 3-kinase inhibits AML cell proliferation and survival and increases the cytotoxic effects of VP16. Billottet, C; Gale, RE; Grandage, VL; Khwaja, A; Quattropani, A; Rommel, C; Vanhaesebroeck, B, 2006)	0.33
" However, some nondermatologic adverse events can also be common."	( Nondermatologic adverse events associated with anti-EGFR therapy. Sandler, AB, 2006)	0.33
" The most common adverse events were diarrhea (31."	( Efficacy and safety of gefitinib in chemonaive patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated in an Expanded Access Program. Belani, CP; Govindan, R; Hensing, T; Herbst, R; Kelly, K; Krebs, A; Natale, R; Ochs, J; Reiling, R; Wade, J; Wozniak, A, 2006)	0.33
" Effects of covariates on erlotinib clearance and correlations with adverse event severity were provided to aid in the detection of a treatment-emergent effect."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of erlotinib in patients with solid tumors and exposure-safety relationship in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Bruno, R; Eppler, SM; Hamilton, M; Lu, JF; Lum, BL; Rakhit, A; Wolf, J, 2006)	0.33
" Severe enterocolitis, a hitherto infrequently recognized adverse event, which has been described in association with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin and oxaliplatin chemotherapy, may also occur with raltitrexed and oxaliplatin."	( Severe enteropathy associated with raltitrexed and oxaliplatin chemotherapy: report of two patients experiencing this rare, potentially lethal gastrointestinal adverse event. Funk, G; Kornek, GV; Oehler, L; Scheithauer, W; Schwarz, C; Urbauer, E; Wenzel, C, 2006)	0.33
" Our aim was to describe key clinical features of common dermatologic adverse reactions among EGFR inhibitors, focusing mainly on skin toxicity, as well as to discuss the pathology, possible causes, and suggested treatments for these reactions."	( Dermatologic side effects associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Agero, AL; Benvenuto-Andrade, C; Busam, KJ; Dusza, SW; Halpern, AC; Myskowski, P, 2006)	0.33
"Factors predicting gefitinib sensitivity and adverse events in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain controversial."	( The characterization of gefitinib sensitivity and adverse events in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Hagiwara, K; Inase, N; Jinn, Y; Kanazawa, M; Koyama, N; Miyake, S; Takabe, K; Usui, Y; Yoshizawa, M; Yoshizawa, Y, )	0.13
"Correlations among clinicopathological characteristics, gefitinib sensitivity and adverse events were studied in 154 patients with NSCLC, whereas epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations were analyzed in 44 patients."	( The characterization of gefitinib sensitivity and adverse events in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Hagiwara, K; Inase, N; Jinn, Y; Kanazawa, M; Koyama, N; Miyake, S; Takabe, K; Usui, Y; Yoshizawa, M; Yoshizawa, Y, )	0.13
"Certain clinicopathological characteristics and EGFR mutations can be either predictive of gefitinib sensitivity or adverse events."	( The characterization of gefitinib sensitivity and adverse events in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Hagiwara, K; Inase, N; Jinn, Y; Kanazawa, M; Koyama, N; Miyake, S; Takabe, K; Usui, Y; Yoshizawa, M; Yoshizawa, Y, )	0.13
" To our knowledge, the periorbital rash resulting in bilateral lower eyelid ectropion associated with epiphora is a newly recognized side effect of erlotinib that is completely reversible with discontinuation of the drug."	( Newly recognized ocular side effects of erlotinib. Gausas, RE; Methvin, AB, )	0.13
" Treatment-related adverse events were nausea (58%), asthenia (23%), hyperbilirubinemia (27%), elevated transaminases (30%), and skin rash (30%); neither diarrhea nor cardiomyopathy was observed."	( First study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of CP-724,714 in patients with advanced malignant solid HER2-expressing tumors. Britten, CD; Denis, L; Gelmon, K; Guo, F; Letrent, SP; Minton, SE; Mita, M; Moulder, S; Munster, PN; Slamon, DJ; Tolcher, AW, 2007)	0.34
" PK data indicated that the bioavailability of oral PQD-A4 was greatly limited at high dose levels, that PQD-A4 was slowly converted to PQD via a sequential three-step process of conversion, and that PQD-A4 was significantly less toxic than the one-step hydrolysis drug, PQD-BE."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and hydrolysis of oral pyrroloquinazolinediamines administered in single and multiple doses in rats. Anova, L; Kozar, MP; Li, Q; Lin, AJ; Milhous, WK; Shearer, TW; Si, Y; Skillman, DR; Smith, KS; Xie, LH; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.34
" At least one of these adverse events would be observed in 40."	( [Safety and efficacy of gefitinib for treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Han, Y; Li, YM; Liu, XQ; Song, ST; Xu, JM; Yang, WW; Zhang, Y, 2007)	0.34
" Both therapeutic agents were suspected as a possible cause of this adverse event."	( Severe lung and skin toxicity during treatment with gemcitabine and erlotinib for metastatic pancreatic cancer. Boeck, S; Hausmann, A; Heinemann, V; Reibke, R; Schulz, C, 2007)	0.34
" The adverse pulmonary effects of erlotinib are less well known."	( Pulmonary toxicity associated with erlotinib. Azzoli, CG; Ginsberg, MS; Kris, MG; Liu, V; Miller, VA; Travis, W; White, DA; Zakowski, MF, 2007)	0.34
"Skin toxicity is a common adverse effect of erlotinib and other anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) agents."	( Markers in the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway and skin toxicity during erlotinib treatment. Nguyen, D; Parr, AL; Steinberg, SM; Tan, AR; Yang, SX, 2008)	0.35
" No unexpected adverse events were noted."	( Phase II study of efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy or erlotinib compared with chemotherapy alone for treatment of recurrent or refractory non small-cell lung cancer. Belani, CP; Bonomi, PD; Fehrenbacher, L; Hart, L; Herbst, RS; Lin, M; Melnyk, O; O'Neill, VJ; Ramies, D; Sandler, A, 2007)	0.34
"The target of novel signal transduction inhibitors may be present on normal as well as tumor cells, resulting in mechanistic adverse effects (AE) in addition to antitumor activity."	( Validation of treatment induced specific adverse effect as a predictor of treatment benefit: a case study of NCIC CTG BR21. Ding, K; Pater, J; Seymour, L; Shepherd, FA; Whitehead, M, 2008)	0.35
" Severe hematological adverse events related to gefitinib treatment were not observed in any of the included trials."	( The safety and efficacy of gefitinib versus platinum-based doublets chemotherapy as the first-line treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients in East Asia: a meta-analysis. Chan, KA; Chang, CH; Chen, KY; Kurth, T; Orav, EJ; Yang, PC; Young-Xu, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Common adverse events were diarrhea, rash, dry skin, asthenia, nausea, anorexia."	( Efficacy and safety of erlotinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Cobleigh, MA; Dickler, MN; Klein, PM; Miller, KD; Winer, EP, 2009)	0.35
" We analyzed cardiac events defined as symptomatic (grade 3 or 4 left ventricular systolic dysfunction according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events) or asymptomatic (LVEF decreases > or = 20% relative to baseline and below the institution's lower limit of normal; no symptoms)."	( Cardiac safety of lapatinib: pooled analysis of 3689 patients enrolled in clinical trials. Byrne, J; Ewer, MS; Koehler, M; Perez, EA; Preston, AJ; Rappold, E, 2008)	0.35
" BI 1356 was well tolerated and safe up to and including a dose of 600 mg."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single oral doses of BI 1356, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, in healthy male volunteers. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hüttner, S; Ring, A; Withopf, B, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse events were generally mild (grade 1 and 2) and reversible."	( [Evaluation of efficacy and safety of ZD1839 as monotherapy in Chinese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Li, JR; Li, LY; Wang, MZ; Wang, SL; Zhang, L; Zhang, XT; Zhong, W, 2008)	0.35
" Adverse drug reactions were frequently observed in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver, but they were generally mild in severity and reversible."	( Bilateral subdural hemorrhage as a possible adverse event of gefitinib in a patient with non-small cell lung cancer. Ahn, BM; Choi, DR; Choi, JS; Jung, JY; Kim, HJ; Kim, HS; Kim, HY; Kim, JH; Kwon, JH; Lee, KM; Park, S; Shin, YC; Song, HH; Zang, DY, 2009)	0.35
" Discontinuation due to adverse events occurred in 11 patients (18%)."	( Efficacy and safety of erlotinib monotherapy for Japanese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II study. Fukuoka, M; Hida, T; Katakami, N; Kawahara, M; Kubota, K; Matsui, K; Nakagawa, K; Nishiwaki, Y; Noda, K; Saijo, N; Takeda, K; Tamura, T; Watanabe, K; Yokoyama, A, 2008)	0.35
" It is a dose-dependent side effect of certain cytostatic drugs."	( [Hand-foot syndrome: A new side effect of erlotinib]. Descourt, R; Misery, L; Roguedas, AM; Rouxel, AM, 2008)	0.35
" This study provides likely explanations for clinically observed adverse liver effects of CP-724,714."	( Role of hepatic transporters in the disposition and hepatotoxicity of a HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor CP-724,714. Bi, YA; Campbell, S; Davidson, R; Duignan, DB; Dunn, MC; Feng, B; Kostrubsky, VE; Mireles, R; Smith, AR; Wang, HF; Xu, JJ, 2009)	0.35
" Papulopustular eruptions are the most frequent adverse effect, their occurrence being associated with increased survival in some studies."	( Description and management of cutaneous side effects during erlotinib and cetuximab treatment in lung and colorectal cancer patients: a prospective and descriptive study of 19 patients. Baptista, A; Barroso, A; de Noronha e Menezes, NM; Lima, R; Moreira, A; Parente, B; Varela, P, )	0.13
"Common adverse events included grade 1 skin rash (63%), grade 1 to 2 gastrointestinal symptoms including anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea occurred in 63% of patients, grade 3 nausea occurred in 45% of patients."	( Results of a phase I trial of 12 patients with locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma combining gefitinib, paclitaxel, and 3-dimensional conformal radiation: report of toxicity and evaluation of circulating K-ras as a potential biomarker of response to the Chen, H; Chen, Y; Eckhardt, SG; Kane, M; Leong, S; Mack, P; McCarter, MD; Olsen, CC; Raben, D; Schefter, TE; Stiegmann, G, 2009)	0.35
" Skin rash is a well-known side effect related with all EGFR blocking agents."	( Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia related with erlotinib skin toxicity in a patient with pancreatic cancer. Kaley, K; Li, J; Peccerillo, J; Saif, MW, 2009)	0.35
" Progression-free survival was assessed and adverse reactions were recorded in the medical records."	( [Effectiveness and safety of erlotinib in 2 patients with carcinoma of the cervix]. Albornoz López, R; Fernández García, I; Pérez Rodrigo, I; Soto Rojas, M; Torres Degayón, V, )	0.13
" The adverse reactions to the treatment were slight."	( [Effectiveness and safety of erlotinib in 2 patients with carcinoma of the cervix]. Albornoz López, R; Fernández García, I; Pérez Rodrigo, I; Soto Rojas, M; Torres Degayón, V, )	0.13
"Erlotinib presented some similar results to those obtained from cisplatin doublets in women with refractory cervical cancer, with minor adverse effects."	( [Effectiveness and safety of erlotinib in 2 patients with carcinoma of the cervix]. Albornoz López, R; Fernández García, I; Pérez Rodrigo, I; Soto Rojas, M; Torres Degayón, V, )	0.13
" Adverse events included skin rash, dry skin, diarrhea and elevation of serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and were usually mild."	( [Analysis of the efficacy and safety of gefitinib in the treatment of recurrent advanced non-small cell lung cancer in an expanded access program (EAP)]. Guan, ZZ; Huang, H; Wang, ZQ; Xu, F; Xu, GC; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zhao, HY, 2009)	0.35
" The patients with controlled disease may achieve a long survival, and the adverse reactions are mild and tolerable."	( [Analysis of the efficacy and safety of gefitinib in the treatment of recurrent advanced non-small cell lung cancer in an expanded access program (EAP)]. Guan, ZZ; Huang, H; Wang, ZQ; Xu, F; Xu, GC; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zhao, HY, 2009)	0.35
"A multicenter observational study looking at safety by adverse events (AEs) incidence, efficacy by changes in International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS), quality of life index (QOL), sexual function using Danish Prostate Symptom Score (DAN-PSS sex), and flow rates."	( Safety and efficacy of a prolonged-release formulation of alfuzosin 10 mg once daily in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Chodchoy, V; Kongkanand, A; Lojanapiwat, B; Pumpaisanchai, S; Ratana-Olarn, K; Sae-Tang, P; Taweemonkongsap, T, 2009)	0.35
"Addition of bevacizumab to various chemotherapy agents or erlotinib in patients with NSCLC and treated brain metastases seems to be safe and is associated with a low incidence of CNS hemorrhage."	( Safety of bevacizumab in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and brain metastases. Akerley, W; Compton, P; Huang, JE; Kolb, MM; Langer, CJ; Socinski, MA; Wang, L, 2009)	0.35
" Collectively, our data demonstrate that Obatoclax mediated inhibition of MCL-1 rapidly enhances Lapatinib toxicity in tumor cells via a toxic form of autophagy and via AIF release from the mitochondrion."	( Inhibition of MCL-1 enhances lapatinib toxicity and overcomes lapatinib resistance via BAK-dependent autophagy. Dent, P; Grant, S; Martin, AP; Mitchell, C; Nephew, KP; Rahmani, M, 2009)	0.35
" No side effect was observed."	( [A case of non-small cell lung cancer treated safely by whole brain radiation therapy and erlotinib]. Nagai, A; Shiroma, T; Yamaguchi, M, 2009)	0.35
" The most frequent adverse event was diarrhoea."	( Lapatinib monotherapy in patients with relapsed, advanced, or metastatic breast cancer: efficacy, safety, and biomarker results from Japanese patients phase II studies. Allen, KE; Aogi, K; Arai, T; Ellis, CE; Fujiwara, Y; Gagnon, RC; Ito, Y; Iwata, H; Katsura, K; Nakamura, S; Rai, Y; Sasaki, Y; Taguchi, T; Takashima, S; Toi, M; Tokuda, Y; Wakamatsu, T; Watanabe, J, 2009)	0.35
" Their cutaneous toxicity is a specific and frequent side effect that has shown to be correlated to the antitumoral effect."	( [Cutaneous side effects of EGF receptor inhibitors]. Aractingi, S; Nassar, D; Soutou, B, 2009)	0.35
"Q141K substitution, is more prevalent in Asian populations, the putative relationship between gefitinib-induced adverse effects and this functional polymorphism was investigated in Japanese patients."	( Impact of functional ABCG2 polymorphisms on the adverse effects of gefitinib in Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Abe, K; Akasaka, K; Imai, Y; Imura, J; Kaburagi, T; Nagao, K; Ohmori, K; Sagara, H; Ueda, Y; Yasuda, S, 2010)	0.36
"ABCG2 gene polymorphisms were evaluated in 75 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with gefitinib 250 mg/day orally, and results were correlated with treatment-related adverse effects."	( Impact of functional ABCG2 polymorphisms on the adverse effects of gefitinib in Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Abe, K; Akasaka, K; Imai, Y; Imura, J; Kaburagi, T; Nagao, K; Ohmori, K; Sagara, H; Ueda, Y; Yasuda, S, 2010)	0.36
" No significant group difference was observed in frequency of gefitinib-related diarrhea or other adverse effects."	( Impact of functional ABCG2 polymorphisms on the adverse effects of gefitinib in Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Abe, K; Akasaka, K; Imai, Y; Imura, J; Kaburagi, T; Nagao, K; Ohmori, K; Sagara, H; Ueda, Y; Yasuda, S, 2010)	0.36
"421C > A, and susceptibility to gefitinib-induced adverse effects."	( Impact of functional ABCG2 polymorphisms on the adverse effects of gefitinib in Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Abe, K; Akasaka, K; Imai, Y; Imura, J; Kaburagi, T; Nagao, K; Ohmori, K; Sagara, H; Ueda, Y; Yasuda, S, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse events were documented in 46 patients (23."	( Anagrelide for the treatment of thrombocythaemia in daily clinical practice: a post-marketing observational survey on efficacy and safety performed in Germany. Schlag, R; Schmitz, S; Stauch, M, 2010)	0.36
" Our results show that Erlotinib-HCl delivered in the form of nanoparticles has less toxic effect than the free drug in experimental rats."	( Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoencapsulation reduces Erlotinib-induced subacute toxicity in rat. Franklin, G; Kalaichelvan, VK; Manavalan, R; Marslin, G; Reddy, PN; Sheeba, CJ, 2009)	0.35
"To observe the efficacy and the adverse effects of erlotinib in the treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Chinese patients."	( [Efficacy and safety of Erlotinib in the treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Chinese patients]. Liao, ML; Qin, SK; Sun, Y; Wu, YL; Zhou, CC, 2010)	0.36
" The major erlotinib treatment-related adverse events (AE) were mild (CTC AE 1/2), only 3 cases had severe adverse effect, 1 case had interstitial lung disease and died of respiratory failure."	( [Efficacy and safety of Erlotinib in the treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Chinese patients]. Liao, ML; Qin, SK; Sun, Y; Wu, YL; Zhou, CC, 2010)	0.36
"The study presents excellent response rates, time to progression and overall survival of erlotinib treatment for advanced NSCLC in Chinese patients, and its adverse events are tolerable."	( [Efficacy and safety of Erlotinib in the treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer in Chinese patients]. Liao, ML; Qin, SK; Sun, Y; Wu, YL; Zhou, CC, 2010)	0.36
" Discontinuation was predominantly due to disease progression, rather than adverse events, in both the whole cohort (82% vs."	( Association between poor performance status and risk for toxicity during erlotinib monotherapy in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer: Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group experience. Hotta, K; Inoue, K; Kishino, D; Kiura, K; Okada, T; Suzuki, E; Tabata, M; Takigawa, N; Tanimoto, M; Ueoka, H; Yoshioka, H, 2010)	0.36
" Grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs) were reported by 6 patients and treatment-related Grade 3 AEs by 3 patients."	( A multicenter phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of gefitinib as first-line treatment for Korean patients with advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma harboring EGFR mutations. Heo, DS; Kang, JH; Kim, DW; Kim, HK; Kim, SY; Lee, JS; Lee, MA; Lee, SH; Shin, SW, 2011)	0.37
"The most common adverse events (AEs) were skin rash (96%) and diarrhea (32%)."	( [Efficacy and safety of erlotinib as monotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Li, LY; Wang, MZ; Xu, LY; Zhang, L; Zhang, XT; Zhang, XY; Zhong, W, 2010)	0.36
"Erlotinib monotherapy is safe and effective for some Chinese NSCLC patients after failure of prior chemotherapy."	( [Efficacy and safety of erlotinib as monotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer]. Li, LY; Wang, MZ; Xu, LY; Zhang, L; Zhang, XT; Zhang, XY; Zhong, W, 2010)	0.36
" Common adverse events included diarrhea, rash, alopecia, and nausea (> 50% of patients in both cohorts)."	( Phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant lapatinib plus paclitaxel in patients with inflammatory breast cancer. Boussen, H; Cristofanilli, M; DeSilvio, M; Salazar, V; Spector, N; Zaks, T, 2010)	0.36
" Diarrhea and rash were the most common adverse events (AEs); 23% of patients experienced grade 3-4 drug-related AEs."	( Safety and efficacy of erlotinib in first-relapse glioblastoma: a phase II open-label study. Cloughesy, TF; Gilbert, MR; Klencke, B; Nghiemphu, P; Prados, MD; Reardon, DA; Vredenburgh, JJ; Yung, WK, 2010)	0.36
" Tolerable dose, need for supportive treatments, and early signals for toxic effect were evaluated in a planned safety analysis of 270 patients."	( Integrating bevacizumab, everolimus, and lapatinib into current neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen for primary breast cancer. Safety results of the GeparQuinto trial. Blohmer, JU; Costa, SD; Eidtmann, H; Fasching, PA; Fehm, T; Gerber, B; Hanusch, C; Hilfrich, J; Kreienberg, R; Loibl, S; Nekljudova, V; Solbach, C; Strumberg, D; Untch, M; von Minckwitz, G, 2011)	0.37
" Among the 6580 patients included in the safety analysis, 799 (12%) experienced one or more erlotinib-related adverse events (AEs, other than prespecified AEs defined in the protocol), and only 4% experienced an erlotinib-related serious AE."	( Erlotinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: efficacy and safety findings of the global phase IV Tarceva Lung Cancer Survival Treatment study. Allan, S; Baliko, Z; Gridelli, C; Heigener, D; Krzakowski, M; Reck, M; Rischin, D; van Zandwijk, N, 2010)	0.36
" Seventeen percent of these patients experienced one or more erlotinib-related adverse event (AE) (other than the most frequently occurring AEs prespecified in the protocol) and 2% experienced an erlotinib-related serious AE."	( Efficacy and safety of erlotinib in 1242 East/South-East Asian patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Au, JS; Mok, T; Park, K; Perng, RP; Wu, YL; Zhang, L; Zhou, C, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse events such as congestive heart failure and life threatening diarrhoea are sometimes observed because of off-target drug effects."	( Prevention and management of major side effects of targeted agents in breast cancer. Awada, A; Azim, HA; Metzger Filho, O; Saini, KS, 2012)	0.38
" The most common adverse events were rash and diarrhoea."	( Safety and efficacy of the combination of erlotinib and sirolimus for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma after failure of sunitinib or sorafenib. Breaker, K; Costa, LJ; Crighton, F; Drabkin, H; Flaig, TW; Gustafson, DL; Kim, FJ; Schultz, MK, 2010)	0.36
"1%) patients reported adverse events; the incidence was similar across all five groups."	( Linagliptin (BI 1356), a potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitor, is safe and efficacious in combination with metformin in patients with inadequately controlled Type 2 diabetes. Dugi, KA; Forst, T; Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Herbach, K; Ring, A; Uhlig-Laske, B; Woerle, HJ, 2010)	0.36
" The main adverse events of rash and diarrhea are typically mild or moderate in severity, and rarely lead to treatment withdrawal."	( Reviewing the safety of erlotinib in non-small cell lung cancer. Heigener, D; Mok, T; Reck, M; Wolf, J; Wu, YL, 2011)	0.37
" The severe hematological adverse events related to EGFR TKIs treatment were rare."	( The safety and efficacy of EGFR TKIs monotherapy versus single-agent chemotherapy using third-generation cytotoxics as the first-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and poor performance status. Chen, B; Liu, S; Wang, D; Wang, Y; Wu, J; Zhao, W, 2011)	0.37
"Hepatobiliary adverse events (AEs) have been observed in a small proportion of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) treated with lapatinib."	( HLA-DQA1*02:01 is a major risk factor for lapatinib-induced hepatotoxicity in women with advanced breast cancer. Bing, N; Briley, LP; Budde, LR; Cardon, LR; Cox, CJ; King, KS; Mooser, VE; Preston, AJ; Spraggs, CF; Stein, SH; Whittaker, JC, 2011)	0.37
" Significantly different adverse events have been associated with gefitinib and erlotinib."	( Differences in adverse events between 250 mg daily gefitinib and 150 mg daily erlotinib in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Fujita, S; Fukuhara, A; Hatachi, Y; Kim, YH; Masago, K; Mio, T; Mishima, M; Nagai, H; Sakamori, Y; Togashi, Y, 2011)	0.37
"A retrospective investigation examining the adverse events and tolerances of 250 mg daily gefitinib and 150 mg daily erlotinib in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was performed."	( Differences in adverse events between 250 mg daily gefitinib and 150 mg daily erlotinib in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Fujita, S; Fukuhara, A; Hatachi, Y; Kim, YH; Masago, K; Mio, T; Mishima, M; Nagai, H; Sakamori, Y; Togashi, Y, 2011)	0.37
"More adverse events including skin disorders, diarrhea, oral mucositis, asthenic conditions, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal bleeding were observed in the erlotinib group."	( Differences in adverse events between 250 mg daily gefitinib and 150 mg daily erlotinib in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Fujita, S; Fukuhara, A; Hatachi, Y; Kim, YH; Masago, K; Mio, T; Mishima, M; Nagai, H; Sakamori, Y; Togashi, Y, 2011)	0.37
" The proportion of patients that experienced at least one adverse event was similar for both groups."	( Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with linagliptin and pioglitazone in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Dugi, KA; Espadero, RM; Gomis, R; Jones, R; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" Although agents such as gefitinib, erlotinib, cetuximab, lapatinib, and panitumumab have less systemic side-effects than traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, dermatologic adverse events from EGFRIs are significantly more common."	( Prophylaxis and treatment of dermatologic adverse events from epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Anadkat, MJ; Balagula, Y; Lacouture, ME; Wu, PA, 2011)	0.37
"This review provides a symptom-based treatment approach to the common dermatologic adverse effects seen with the epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists: papulopustular rash, xerosis, pruritus as well as hair, nail, and mucosal changes."	( Prophylaxis and treatment of dermatologic adverse events from epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Anadkat, MJ; Balagula, Y; Lacouture, ME; Wu, PA, 2011)	0.37
"Although the field continues to evolve, this review presents the most up-to-date information on managing dermatologic adverse effects of EGFRIs."	( Prophylaxis and treatment of dermatologic adverse events from epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Anadkat, MJ; Balagula, Y; Lacouture, ME; Wu, PA, 2011)	0.37
" Neutropenia and febrile neutropenia were the most commonly reported adverse events."	( A Phase I study to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of barasertib (AZD1152), an Aurora B kinase inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced acute myeloid leukemia. Ando, K; Asou, H; Fujisawa, S; Hotta, T; Kihara, R; Miyawaki, S; Sakura, T; Tobinai, K; Tsuboi, K; Uike, N; Watanabe, T; Yamauchi, T; Yokozawa, T, 2011)	0.37
"Objective of this indirect economic comparison was to estimate and compare management costs of grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs) reported for first-line erlotinib or pemetrexed maintenance therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( Comparison of treatment costs of grade 3/4 adverse events associated with erlotinib or pemetrexed maintenance therapy for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. Banz, K; Bischoff, H; Brunner, M; Chouaid, C; de Castro Carpeño, J; de Marinis, F; Grossi, F; Vergnenègre, A; Walzer, S, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse drug reactions of erlotinib in Japanese, which may be very different from those in Caucasians because of differences in genetic background, have not been fully reported."	( Safety of erlotinib treatment in outpatients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer in Japan. Date, H; Mishima, M; Nagai, H; Niimi, M; Sasaki, T; Seo, N; Tanaka, S; Yanagihara, K; Yasuda, H, 2011)	0.37
" Erlotinib 150 mg/day was administered until progressive disease or discontinuation due to adverse events."	( Safety of erlotinib treatment in outpatients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer in Japan. Date, H; Mishima, M; Nagai, H; Niimi, M; Sasaki, T; Seo, N; Tanaka, S; Yanagihara, K; Yasuda, H, 2011)	0.37
" However, these adverse events were well controllable in outpatients treated with erlotinib."	( Safety of erlotinib treatment in outpatients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer in Japan. Date, H; Mishima, M; Nagai, H; Niimi, M; Sasaki, T; Seo, N; Tanaka, S; Yanagihara, K; Yasuda, H, 2011)	0.37
" Close collaboration with cardiology colleagues for early indicators of serious cardiac adverse events will likely minimize toxicity while optimizing the therapeutic potential of VDAs and ultimately enhancing patient outcomes."	( Cardiovascular toxicity profiles of vascular-disrupting agents. Lenihan, DJ; Subbiah, IM; Tsimberidou, AM, 2011)	0.37
"6%) out of 232 ET patients experienced 88 cardiovascular adverse events (CV-AEs) during anagrelide treatment (522 pt-y)."	( Low impact of cardiovascular adverse events on anagrelide treatment discontinuation in a cohort of 232 patients with essential thrombocythemia. Cacciola, E; Cacciola, R; Candoni, A; Ciancia, R; Codeluppi, K; Crugnola, M; Grossi, A; Gugliotta, L; Iurlo, A; Liberati, AM; Lunghi, M; Martinelli, V; Mazzucconi, MG; Palmieri, F; Pierri, I; Scalzulli, PR; Specchia, G; Tieghi, A; Tortorella, G; Usala, E; Vannucchi, AM; Vianelli, N, 2011)	0.37
" Toxicity was evaluated according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE)."	( [Efficacy and toxicity of erlotinib in non-small cell lung cancer treatment]. Arias-Santos, I; Constenla-Caramés, L; Lago-Rivero, N; Mucientes-Molina, A; Pedrido-Reino, E; Romero-Ventosa, EY, )	0.13
"Survival analysis findings suggest lower efficacy in our patient population in comparison with data seen in other publications, and adverse events followed the expected pattern."	( [Efficacy and toxicity of erlotinib in non-small cell lung cancer treatment]. Arias-Santos, I; Constenla-Caramés, L; Lago-Rivero, N; Mucientes-Molina, A; Pedrido-Reino, E; Romero-Ventosa, EY, )	0.13
" In all, 19 out of 60 patients discontinued cediranib or placebo during chemotherapy because of adverse events/intercurrent illness (n=9); disease progression (n=1); death (n=3); patient decision (n=1); administrative reasons (n=1); and multiple reasons (n=4)."	( Initial toxicity assessment of ICON6: a randomised trial of cediranib plus chemotherapy in platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer. Griffin, CL; Hirte, H; Ledermann, JA; Parmar, MK; Qian, W; Raja, FA; Swart, AM, 2011)	0.37
"Historically, skin toxicity has been assessed in prospective clinical trials using the clinician-reported National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE)."	( Using the Skindex-16 and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events to assess rash symptoms: results of a pooled-analysis (N0993). Atherton, PJ; Burger, KN; Jatoi, A; Loprinzi, CL; Miller, RC; Neben Wittich, MA; Sloan, JA, 2012)	0.38
" Statistical procedures, including Pearson correlations, were utilized to determine relationships between adverse event (AE) grades and Skindex-16 scores."	( Using the Skindex-16 and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events to assess rash symptoms: results of a pooled-analysis (N0993). Atherton, PJ; Burger, KN; Jatoi, A; Loprinzi, CL; Miller, RC; Neben Wittich, MA; Sloan, JA, 2012)	0.38
" Since many immunosuppressive agents have toxic effects on the function of transplanted islets, we investigated whether this was also the case with AEB."	( AEB071 (sotrastaurin) does not exhibit toxic effects on human islets in vitro, nor after transplantation into immunodeficient mice. Davis, J; Edgar, RL; Emamaullee, JA; Kin, T; McCall, M; Merani, S; Pawlick, RL; Shapiro, AM; Toso, C, )	0.13
"While new anticancer angiogenesis inhibitors present a well-tolerated safety profile, they are not without adverse events."	( [Dermatologic side effects induced by new angiogenesis inhibitors]. Chevreau, C; Cottura, E; Garrido-Stowhas, I; Sibaud, V, 2011)	0.37
" The most common gefitinib-related adverse events were nausea and diarrhea, vomiting, and rash."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of high-dose gefitinib in patients with solid tumors: results of a phase I study. Agus, DB; Gross, ME; Leichman, L; Lowe, ES; Swaisland, A, 2012)	0.38
" Drug-related adverse event rates were comparable across treatment groups over 12 weeks (9."	( Linagliptin monotherapy provides superior glycaemic control versus placebo or voglibose with comparable safety in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo and active comparator-controlled, double-blind study. Araki, E; Dugi, KA; Gong, Y; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Inagaki, N; Kawamori, R; Sarashina, A; von Eynatten, M; Watada, H; Woerle, HJ, 2012)	0.38
"To review the cutaneous adverse events related to EGFR inhibitors."	( The management of EGFR inhibitor adverse events: a case series and treatment paradigm. Chachoua, A; Cohen, DE; de Souza, A; Wnorowski, AM, 2012)	0.38
"A retrospective chart review of all cases referred for the management of cutaneous adverse events after the initiation of EGFR inhibitor therapy between the years of 2006 and 2009 was performed."	( The management of EGFR inhibitor adverse events: a case series and treatment paradigm. Chachoua, A; Cohen, DE; de Souza, A; Wnorowski, AM, 2012)	0.38
"Four men and 11 women had cutaneous adverse events while receiving erlotinib (mean dose: 112."	( The management of EGFR inhibitor adverse events: a case series and treatment paradigm. Chachoua, A; Cohen, DE; de Souza, A; Wnorowski, AM, 2012)	0.38
"The most common cutaneous adverse event in our cohort was papulopustular rash, followed by eczema and xerosis."	( The management of EGFR inhibitor adverse events: a case series and treatment paradigm. Chachoua, A; Cohen, DE; de Souza, A; Wnorowski, AM, 2012)	0.38
" The overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) or serious AEs with linagliptin was similar to placebo (AEs 55."	( Safety and tolerability of linagliptin: a pooled analysis of data from randomized controlled trials in 3572 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Barnett, AH; Emser, A; Patel, S; Schernthaner, G; Troost, J; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2012)	0.38
" Rash (98/196 [50%] in the erlotinib group vs 10/213 [5%] in the chemotherapy group for all grades; nine [5%] vs none for grade 3 or 4) and diarrhoea (36 [18%] vs four [2%] for all grades; five [3%] vs none for grade 3 or 4) were the most common treatment-related adverse events with erlotinib, whereas alopecia (none vs 23 [11%] for all grades; none vs one [<1%] for grade 3/4) was the most common treatment-related adverse event with chemotherapy."	( Efficacy and safety of erlotinib versus chemotherapy in second-line treatment of patients with advanced, non-small-cell lung cancer with poor prognosis (TITAN): a randomised multicentre, open-label, phase 3 study. Cicenas, S; Ciuleanu, T; Gonzalez, EE; Grigorescu, AC; Hillenbach, C; Johannsdottir, HK; Klughammer, B; Miliauskas, S; Stelmakh, L, 2012)	0.38
" Vandetanib was associated with more frequent adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of vandetanib, a dual VEGFR and EGFR inhibitor, in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bai, C; He, J; Li, H; Qin, Y; Song, H; Wang, C; Wei, L; Wu, C; Wu, M; Xu, J; Zhang, X; Zhu, T, 2011)	0.37
" The most common adverse events were diarrhoea (67 %), nausea (67 %), decreased appetite (58 %), lymphopenia (50 %) and pyrexia (50 %)."	( First report of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the Src kinase inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours. Boku, N; Fujisaka, Y; Goto, I; Kurata, T; Machida, N; Onozawa, Y; Shi, X; Shimada, H; Watanabe, J; Yamazaki, K; Yasui, H, 2013)	0.39
" The most common treatment-related adverse events were rash, diarrhea and pruritus."	( Efficacy and safety of maintenance erlotinib in Asian patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a subanalysis of the phase III, randomized SATURN study. Kim, JH; Klingelschmitt, G; Ng, C; Park, K; Wu, YL; Zaatar, A, 2012)	0.38
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were generally mild and included fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and chills."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab (AMG 479) combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chan, E; Deng, H; Friberg, G; Gilbert, J; Hwang, YC; Mahalingam, D; McCaffery, I; Michael, SA; Mita, AC; Mita, MM; Mulay, M; Puzanov, I; Rosen, LS; Sarantopoulos, J; Shubhakar, P; Zhu, M, 2012)	0.38
"Ganitumab up to 12 mg/kg was well tolerated, without adverse effects on pharmacokinetics in combination with either sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab (AMG 479) combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chan, E; Deng, H; Friberg, G; Gilbert, J; Hwang, YC; Mahalingam, D; McCaffery, I; Michael, SA; Mita, AC; Mita, MM; Mulay, M; Puzanov, I; Rosen, LS; Sarantopoulos, J; Shubhakar, P; Zhu, M, 2012)	0.38
" Eighty-seven subpopulation patients (18%) had an erlotinib-related AE; other than the protocol-defined frequent adverse events (AEs); 4% had a grade ≥3 erlotinib-related AE, 7% had an erlotinib-related serious AE."	( Efficacy and safety of first-line erlotinib in elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Au, JS; Cheng, CK; Merimsky, O; Reck, M; von Pawel, J, 2012)	0.38
" According to our findings, lapatinib was safe and well tolerated and has a low incidence of cardiac side effects."	( Evaluation of cardiac safety of lapatinib therapy for ErbB2-positive metastatic breast cancer: a single center experience. Altundag, K; Dogan, E; Ozer, N; Ozisik, Y; Petekkaya, I; Yorgun, H, 2012)	0.38
" The most frequently observed afatinib-associated adverse events (AEs) were gastrointestinal and skin-related side effects, which were manageable by symptomatic treatment and dose reductions."	( A phase II trial to assess efficacy and safety of afatinib in extensively pretreated patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. Awada, A; Beckmann, MW; Besse-Hammer, T; Canon, JL; De Grève, J; Dirix, L; Fasching, PA; Fleischer, F; Gottschalk, N; Harbeck, N; Harter, P; Jonat, W; Neven, P; Piccart, M; Possinger, K; Schmidt, M; Schuler, M; Schütte, J; Uttenreuther-Fischer, M; Wind, S, 2012)	0.38
"Objectives were to assess maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and to recommend a safe dose of LAP when administered with 4 cycles of TPF followed by CRT."	( EORTC 24051: unexpected side effects in a phase I study of TPF induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation with lapatinib, a dual EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitor, in patients with locally advanced resectable larynx and hypopharynx squamous cell carcinoma. Andry, G; Awada, A; Bogaerts, J; El-Hariry, I; Fortpied, C; Lacombe, D; Lalami, Y; Langendijk, JA; Liberatoscioli, C; Specenier, PM; Vermorken, JB, 2012)	0.38
" Overall adverse event incidence was similar over 1 year (94."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe renal impairment: a 1-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. McGill, JB; Newman, J; Patel, S; Sauce, C; Sloan, L; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
"Rash, liver dysfunction, and diarrhea are known as adverse events of erlotinib and gefitinib."	( Comparison of adverse events of erlotinib with those of gefitinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a case-control study in a Japanese population. Hirata, K; Kimura, T; Kira, Y; Kudoh, S; Mitsuoka, S; Nagata, M; Suzumura, T; Tanaka, H; Umekawa, K; Yoshimura, N, 2012)	0.38
"The frequency of each adverse event was evaluated in a case-control study on Japanese patients who were treated with gefitinib or erlotinib."	( Comparison of adverse events of erlotinib with those of gefitinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a case-control study in a Japanese population. Hirata, K; Kimura, T; Kira, Y; Kudoh, S; Mitsuoka, S; Nagata, M; Suzumura, T; Tanaka, H; Umekawa, K; Yoshimura, N, 2012)	0.38
" Reduced function of CYP2D6 was not associated with an increased risk of any adverse events in both gefitinib and erlotinib cohorts."	( Comparison of adverse events of erlotinib with those of gefitinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a case-control study in a Japanese population. Hirata, K; Kimura, T; Kira, Y; Kudoh, S; Mitsuoka, S; Nagata, M; Suzumura, T; Tanaka, H; Umekawa, K; Yoshimura, N, 2012)	0.38
" Long-term treatment with linagliptin was well tolerated; adverse events (AEs) of special interest and serious AEs occurred in small percentages of patients."	( Long-term safety of linagliptin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Araki, E; Dugi, K; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Inagaki, N; Kawamori, R; Sarashina, A; Thiemann, S; von Eynatten, M; Watada, H; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" The most frequent adverse events (AEs) were headache (60 %) and palpitations (40 %)."	( Cardiovascular safety of anagrelide in healthy subjects: effects of caffeine and food intake on pharmacokinetics and adverse reactions. Datino, T; Fernández-Avilés, F; Figueiras-Graillet, L; Franklin, R; Gama, JG; Jones, C; Martínez-Sellés, M, 2013)	0.39
" However, the efficacy of these agents against EGFR wild-type (-wt) NSCLC remains unclear, and the frequency of adverse events (AEs) appears to differ between them at each approved dose."	( Comparison of adverse events and efficacy between gefitinib and erlotinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a retrospective analysis. Abe, H; Azuma, K; Hattori, S; Hoshino, T; Kage, M; Kawahara, A; Yamada, K; Yamashita, F; Yoshida, T; Zaizen, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Most frequent adverse events (AEs, any grade) were diarrhea and nausea."	( A phase Ib, open-label study to assess the safety of continuous oral treatment with afatinib in combination with two chemotherapy regimens: cisplatin plus paclitaxel and cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Ehrnrooth, E; Lahogue, A; Machiels, JP; Pelling, K; Rottey, S; Vermorken, JB; Wind, S, 2013)	0.39
" α(1) Blockers generally lead to more adverse effects compared with placebo, and those caused by terazosin were more frequent than others."	( The efficacy and safety of alpha-1 blockers for benign prostatic hyperplasia: an overview of 15 systematic reviews. Liu, Y; Mao, C; Qin, X; Yang, K; Yang, Z; Yuan, J, 2013)	0.39
" The adverse effects caused by α(1) blockers are generally mild and well-tolerated."	( The efficacy and safety of alpha-1 blockers for benign prostatic hyperplasia: an overview of 15 systematic reviews. Liu, Y; Mao, C; Qin, X; Yang, K; Yang, Z; Yuan, J, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events were mild or moderate, and none led to discontinuation."	( Open-label, dose-titration and continuation study to assess efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of anagrelide in treatment-naïve Japanese patients with essential thrombocythemia. Abhyankar, B; Hodgson, I; Kanakura, Y; Miyakawa, Y; Okamoto, S; Smith, J; Troy, S, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse event rates were similar for linagliptin (61."	( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and poor glycemic control: pooled analysis of data from three placebo-controlled phase III trials. Chiavetta, S; Del Prato, S; Emser, A; Gong, Y; Owens, DR; Patel, S; Taskinen, MR; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, )	0.13
" Even if linagliptin is safe in patients with renal impairment, the use of metformin (and thus of the linagliptin plus metformin FDC) is still controversial in this population."	( Efficacy and safety of Jentadueto® (linagliptin plus metformin). Scheen, AJ, 2013)	0.39
"Dermatologic adverse events (AEs) are frequently observed in patients receiving EGF receptor (EGFR; also known as ErbB1) tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy."	( Dermatologic adverse events associated with afatinib: an oral ErbB family blocker. Chu, CY; Hauschild, A; Lacouture, ME; O'Brien, D; Schadendorf, D; Stammberger, U; Uttenreuther-Fischer, M, 2013)	0.39
" The adverse effects (AEs) were also considered."	( Comparison of the efficacy and safety of single-agent erlotinib and doublet molecular targeted agents based on erlotinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ke, S; Pan, G; Zhao, J, 2013)	0.39
" Incidents of adverse cardiac drug reactions are more common in patients with preexisting heart disease than the general population."	( Drug screening using a library of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes reveals disease-specific patterns of cardiotoxicity. Bers, DM; Diecke, S; Gong, T; Knowles, JW; Lan, F; Lee, AS; Liang, P; Nguyen, PK; Robbins, RC; Sallam, K; Sanchez-Freire, V; Wang, PJ; Wang, Y; Wu, JC, 2013)	0.39
" Our data indicate that healthy and diseased individuals exhibit different susceptibilities to cardiotoxic drugs and that use of disease-specific hiPSC-CMs may predict adverse drug responses more accurately than the standard human ether-a-go-go-related gene test or healthy control hiPSC-CM/hESC-CM screening assays."	( Drug screening using a library of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes reveals disease-specific patterns of cardiotoxicity. Bers, DM; Diecke, S; Gong, T; Knowles, JW; Lan, F; Lee, AS; Liang, P; Nguyen, PK; Robbins, RC; Sallam, K; Sanchez-Freire, V; Wang, PJ; Wang, Y; Wu, JC, 2013)	0.39
" It has a favorable toxicity profile but may induce unexpected adverse effects, such as an infiammatory reaction in the bladder."	( Gefitinib in non-small cell lung carcinoma: a case report of an unusual side effect and complete response in advanced disease. Brangi, M; Cartenì, G; Chiurazzi, B; Laterza, MM; Riccardi, F, )	0.13
" Despite their selective molecular targeting and demonstrated clinical benefit, TKIs produce a range of serious adverse events, including drug-induced liver injury, that require careful patient management to maintain treatment benefit without harm."	( Genetic characterization to improve interpretation and clinical management of hepatotoxicity caused by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Hunt, CM; Spraggs, CF; Xu, CF, 2013)	0.39
" The incidence of drug-related adverse events was similar for linagliptin and placebo (10."	( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin in type 2 diabetes subjects at high risk for renal and cardiovascular disease: a pooled analysis of six phase III clinical trials. Emser, A; Gong, Y; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" Stomatitis and febrile neutropenia were the most common adverse events with barasertib versus LDAC (71% vs 15% and 67% vs 19%, respectively)."	( Stage I of a phase 2 study assessing the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of barasertib (AZD1152) versus low-dose cytosine arabinoside in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Ando, K; Bay, JO; Giagounidis, A; Gröpper, S; Jabbour, EJ; Kantarjian, HM; Martinelli, G; Owen, K; Papayannidis, C; Pike, L; Quintás-Cardama, A; Schmitt, N; Stockman, PK; Wei, A, 2013)	0.39
"Barasertib produced a significant improvement in the OCRR versus LDAC and had a more toxic but manageable safety profile, consistent with previous studies."	( Stage I of a phase 2 study assessing the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of barasertib (AZD1152) versus low-dose cytosine arabinoside in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Ando, K; Bay, JO; Giagounidis, A; Gröpper, S; Jabbour, EJ; Kantarjian, HM; Martinelli, G; Owen, K; Papayannidis, C; Pike, L; Quintás-Cardama, A; Schmitt, N; Stockman, PK; Wei, A, 2013)	0.39
"Although dual HER2 blockade shows promising results in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer it is unclear whether this treatment strategy increases the risk for cardiac adverse events."	( Cardiac toxicity in breast cancer patients treated with dual HER2 blockade. Lind, P; Nearchou, A; Polyzos, NP; Valachis, A, 2013)	0.39
" Overall adverse event (AE) rates with linagliptin and placebo including background medication were similar (38."	( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin added to metformin and sulphonylurea in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: a sub-analysis of data from a randomised clinical trial. Gong, Y; Tong, N; Woerle, HJ; Yan, S; Yang, JK; Zeng, Z; Zhang, X, 2013)	0.39
" The majority of drug-related adverse events were mild to moderate (grade 1 or 2); the most common adverse events reported were palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (76 %), diarrhea (67 %) and stomatitis (41 %)."	( Efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics and biomarker findings in patients with HER2-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer treated with lapatinib in combination with capecitabine: results from 51 Japanese patients treated in a clinical study. Ellis, CE; Fujii, H; Gagnon, RC; Iwata, H; Katsura, K; Masuda, N; Mukai, H; Nakamura, S; Nishimura, Y, 2015)	0.42
"The most frequent adverse events (AEs) for all cohorts were diarrhea (89%), rash (79%), fatigue (73%), alopecia (63%), nausea (63%), and vomiting (40%)."	( An open-label safety study of lapatinib plus trastuzumab plus paclitaxel in first-line HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Brewster, AM; Esteva, FJ; Florance, AM; Franco, SX; Hagan, MK; Perez, A; Somer, RA; Stein, S; Turner, S; Williams, W, 2013)	0.39
" However, frequent repeated dosing is required, and hepatic and cardiac adverse events may occur."	( A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, dose-ranging study to investigate the efficacy and safety of 4 dose regimens of oral albaconazole in patients with distal subungual onychomycosis. Malahias, S; Raterink, K; Sigurgeirsson, B; van Rossem, K, 2013)	0.39
" Most adverse events were mild or moderate, and treatment-related adverse events were all ≤3%."	( A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, dose-ranging study to investigate the efficacy and safety of 4 dose regimens of oral albaconazole in patients with distal subungual onychomycosis. Malahias, S; Raterink, K; Sigurgeirsson, B; van Rossem, K, 2013)	0.39
" The 3 drugs clinically associated with severe cardiac adverse events (crizotinib, sunitinib, nilotinib) all proved to be cardiotoxic in our in vitro tests while the relatively cardiac-safe drug erlotinib showed only minor changes in cardiac cell health."	( Multi-parameter in vitro toxicity testing of crizotinib, sunitinib, erlotinib, and nilotinib in human cardiomyocytes. Bacus, S; Brown, AM; Doherty, KR; Kramer, JW; Moran, DM; Shell, SA; Talbert, DR; Trusk, PB; Wappel, RL, 2013)	0.39
" The MTD was defined as the highest dose at which ≤ 1 patient within a cohort of 6 experienced a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) (clinically significant adverse event [AE] or laboratory abnormality considered related to barasertib)."	( Phase I study assessing the safety and tolerability of barasertib (AZD1152) with low-dose cytosine arabinoside in elderly patients with AML. Garcia-Manero, G; Jabbour, EJ; Kantarjian, HM; Oliver, SD; Owen, K; Ribrag, V; Rousselot, P; Sekeres, MA; Stockman, PK, 2013)	0.39
" DLTs were reported in 2 patients (both, National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 3 stomatitis/mucositis; 1200 mg cohort)."	( Phase I study assessing the safety and tolerability of barasertib (AZD1152) with low-dose cytosine arabinoside in elderly patients with AML. Garcia-Manero, G; Jabbour, EJ; Kantarjian, HM; Oliver, SD; Owen, K; Ribrag, V; Rousselot, P; Sekeres, MA; Stockman, PK, 2013)	0.39
"The dermatologic side effects are the most common adverse effects associated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors."	( IL-33/IL-31 axis: a new pathological mechanisms for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors-associated skin toxicity. Adamo, V; David, A; Franchina, T; Gangemi, S; Kennez, I; Minciullo, PL; Profita, M; Zanghì, M, 2013)	0.39
" Safety was assessed by recording the adverse events."	( [The evaluation of efficacy and safety of treatment with dalfaz SR in patients with prostatic adenoma]. Pushkar', DIu; Rasner, PI, )	0.13
" Adverse event rates were similar between groups, with most events being mild or moderate, and the incidence of investigator-defined hypoglycaemia was low, with no severe events."	( Initial combination of linagliptin and metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: efficacy and safety in a randomised, double-blind 1-year extension study. Haak, T; Jones, R; Meinicke, T; von Eynatten, M; Weber, S; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" Serious adverse event was defined as grade 3/4 hematological and non-hematological toxicities."	( Concurrent chemoradiation with weekly cisplatin, docetaxel and gefitinib: A study to assess feasibility, toxicity and immediate response. Azmi, KS; Eswaran, P, )	0.13
"All patients (three in dose level 1 [5 mg/m(2)], level 2 [10 mg/m(2)] and level 3 [15 mg/m(2)]) did not experience any hematological serious adverse events."	( Concurrent chemoradiation with weekly cisplatin, docetaxel and gefitinib: A study to assess feasibility, toxicity and immediate response. Azmi, KS; Eswaran, P, )	0.13
"Gefitinib, a selective inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase, it's one of the most frequent drug-related adverse effects (AEs) reported in literature is dermatologic AEs."	( A severe dermatologic adverse effect related with gefitinib: case report and review of the literature. Li, YQ; Sun, H; Xue, D, 2013)	0.39
" Given the potential for long-term vandetanib therapy in this setting, in addition to treatment for disease-related symptoms, effective management of related adverse events (AEs) is vital to ensure patient compliance and maximize clinical benefit with vandetanib therapy."	( Vandetanib in advanced medullary thyroid cancer: review of adverse event management strategies. Capdevila, J; Filetti, S; Grande, E; Kreissl, MC; Newbold, K; Reinisch, W; Robert, C; Schlumberger, M; Tolstrup, LK; Zamorano, JL, 2013)	0.39
"Cardiac toxicity an uncommon but serious side-effect of some fluoropyrimides."	( Final results of Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group ARCTIC study: an audit of raltitrexed for patients with cardiac toxicity induced by fluoropyrimidines. Ferry, D; Fournier, M; Gebski, V; Gordon, S; Karapetis, CS; Price, TJ; Ransom, D; Simes, RJ; Tebbutt, N; Wilson, K; Yip, D, 2014)	0.4
" Raltitrexed, alone or in combination with oxaliplatin or irinotecan, provides a safe option in terms of cardiac toxicity for such patients."	( Final results of Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group ARCTIC study: an audit of raltitrexed for patients with cardiac toxicity induced by fluoropyrimidines. Ferry, D; Fournier, M; Gebski, V; Gordon, S; Karapetis, CS; Price, TJ; Ransom, D; Simes, RJ; Tebbutt, N; Wilson, K; Yip, D, 2014)	0.4
" At least one drug related adverse event was observed in 65."	( Efficacy and safety of icotinib in Chinese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer after failure of chemotherapy. He, C; Lin, B; Lou, G; Shao, L; Song, Z; Yu, X; Zhang, B; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Patients were evaluated for adverse events (AEs)."	( Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor SAR245409 (XL765) in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cohen, RB; Engelman, JA; Felip, E; Jänne, PA; Laird, AD; Macé, S; Martinez, P; Rockich, K; Ruiz-Soto, R; Shapiro, GI; Xu, J, 2014)	0.4
" As a result, we proposed tetrahydroquinazoline-type derivative as a safe and effective antimalarial candidate."	( Synthesis of febrifugine derivatives and development of an effective and safe tetrahydroquinazoline-type antimalarial. Hariguchi, N; Horoiwa, S; Kasahara, R; Kikuchi, H; Matsumoto, M; Oshima, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Treatment discontinuation due to adverse events was more common in Arm A compared to Arm B (42 vs."	( A randomized phase II efficacy and safety study of vandetanib (ZD6474) in combination with bicalutamide versus bicalutamide alone in patients with chemotherapy naïve castration-resistant prostate cancer. Azad, AA; Beardsley, EK; Chi, KN; Chin, J; Ellard, SL; Hotte, SJ; Klotz, L; Kollmannsberger, C; Mukherjee, SD, 2014)	0.4
"This review considers the pharmacokinetic profile, adverse effects and drug interactions of DPP-4 inhibitors."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" However, DPP-4 inhibitors have certain differences in their pharmacokinetic properties that may be associated with different clinical effects and adverse event profiles."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events, effects, and survival condition were observed."	( [Adverse events of afatinib as first-line treatment for five cases of advanced lung adenocarcinoma and review of literature]. Guo, L; Li, M; Liu, Z; Meng, Q; Shi, L; Tang, J; Tao, H; Tong, L; Wu, H; Wu, W; Xu, L; Zhu, Y, 2014)	0.4
"The most common adverse events were diarrhea (n=5, 100%), skin rash (n=4, 80%), and mucositis/stomatitis (n=4, 80%)."	( [Adverse events of afatinib as first-line treatment for five cases of advanced lung adenocarcinoma and review of literature]. Guo, L; Li, M; Liu, Z; Meng, Q; Shi, L; Tang, J; Tao, H; Tong, L; Wu, H; Wu, W; Xu, L; Zhu, Y, 2014)	0.4
" The most common adverse events were diarrhea and skin rash."	( [Adverse events of afatinib as first-line treatment for five cases of advanced lung adenocarcinoma and review of literature]. Guo, L; Li, M; Liu, Z; Meng, Q; Shi, L; Tang, J; Tao, H; Tong, L; Wu, H; Wu, W; Xu, L; Zhu, Y, 2014)	0.4
" The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were diarrhea (74 %), nausea (51 %), fatigue (51 %), rash (51 %), and injection-site reactions (49 %)."	( Antitumor activity and safety of combination therapy with the Toll-like receptor 9 agonist IMO-2055, erlotinib, and bevacizumab in advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer patients who have progressed following chemotherapy. Bexon, AS; Boyd, TE; Conkling, P; de La Bourdonnaye, G; Mita, AC; Nemunaitis, JJ; Richards, DA; Smith, DA; Wages, D, 2014)	0.4
" Safety was assessed by incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs) with a focus on hypoglycaemia."	( Safety and efficacy of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a comprehensive analysis of data from 1331 individuals aged ≥ 65 years. Barnett, AH; Hehnke, U; Patel, S; Schernthaner, G; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2014)	0.4
" These data show that concentration-dependent disruption of the presumed targets for these inhibitors produce adverse outcomes at advanced life stages."	( Immediate and long-term consequences of vascular toxicity during zebrafish development. Bondesson, M; Hans, C; Harris, PS; Hemmer, MJ; Kleinstreuer, N; Knudsen, TB; McCollum, CW; Merchant, FA; Olin, J; Padilla, S; Shah, S; Tal, TL; Wood, CE, 2014)	0.4
" From a literature review and this observation, arguments have been provided to justify erlotinib as a safe and well-tolered alternative for patients who have to stop gefitinib after a severe hepatotoxicity."	( [Treatment with erlotinib after gefitinib induced hepatotoxicity: literature review and case report]. Durand, M; Fonrose, X; Logerot, S; Schir, E, )	0.13
" The 4-week application of topical E6005 twice daily was safe and well tolerated."	( Safety and efficacy of topical E6005, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in Japanese adult patients with atopic dermatitis: results of a randomized, vehicle-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Akama, H; Furue, M; Hayashi, N; Hojo, S; Kitahara, Y; Nakagawa, H, 2014)	0.4
" This low transplacental transfer is an important report, as potential side effect toxicity on the fetus is likely correlated to gefitinib blood concentration."	( Efficacy and safety of gefitinib during pregnancy: case report and literature review. Ayoubi, JM; Broutin, S; Couderc, LJ; Friard, S; Gil, S; Goetgheluck, J; Paci, A; Picone, O; Tcherakian, C, 2014)	0.4
" In a cell-based model, sunitinib reduced CDK5 phosphorylation (pCDK5), calpain-dependent p35/p25 conversion and protected neuronal cells from the toxic effects of gp120."	( Neuroprotective effects of the anti-cancer drug sunitinib in models of HIV neurotoxicity suggests potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Crews, LA; Gonzales, T; Kouznetsova, VL; Masliah, E; Overk, CR; Patrick, C; Paulino, A; Price, D; Rockenstein, E; Stocking, E; Tsigelny, IF; Wrasidlo, W, 2014)	0.4
" The most common adverse events observed during anagrelide treatment were anemia, headache, palpitations, and diarrhea."	( Phase III, single-arm study investigating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of anagrelide as a second-line treatment in high-risk Japanese patients with essential thrombocythemia. Achenbach, H; Kanakura, Y; Miyakawa, Y; Okamoto, S; Smith, J; Wilde, P, 2014)	0.4
" Outcomes included pathologic complete response (pCR), overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events."	( Effect and safety of dual anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 therapy compared to monotherapy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: a systematic review. He, J; Li, YS; Wei, X; Yu, FF; Zhang, TY; Zhang, X; Zhang, XJ, 2014)	0.4
" Dual anti-HER2 therapy was associated with more frequent adverse events than monotherapy, but no statistical differences were observed in cardiac toxicity."	( Effect and safety of dual anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 therapy compared to monotherapy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: a systematic review. He, J; Li, YS; Wei, X; Yu, FF; Zhang, TY; Zhang, X; Zhang, XJ, 2014)	0.4
" Safety data were pooled from a wider group of 10 trials with varying durations to capture the largest possible incidence of adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin as monotherapy or add-on treatment in Asian patients with suboptimal glycemic control: a pooled analysis. Choi, DS; Emser, A; Gong, Y; Mohan, V; Patel, S; Siddiqui, K; Woerle, HJ; Zeng, Z, 2015)	0.42
" As observed with reversible EGFR TKIs, it can induce class-effect adverse events."	( Management of the adverse events of afatinib: a consensus of the recommendations of the Spanish expert panel. Arriola, E; Artal, A; Cobo, M; Esteban, E; García-Campelo, R; García-Muret, MP; Reguart, N; Rodríguez, MC, 2015)	0.42
" Herein, the authors emphasize the importance of recognizing this side effect in order to avoid from severe complications such as corneal ulcers in uncared patients."	( Ocular side effects and trichomegaly of eyelashes induced by erlotinib: a case report and review of the literature. Celik, T; Kosker, M, 2015)	0.42
" The overall incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of any grade was 31."	( A single-arm, multicenter, safety-monitoring, phase IV study of icotinib in treating advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Ding, L; Gu, A; Han, B; He, J; Hu, X; Jia, X; Jiao, SC; Ma, K; Peng, J; Sun, Y; Tan, F; Wang, CL; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Wu, M; Ying, K; You, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, S; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Abnormal clinical observations and adverse effects on clinical pathology, urinalysis, and histology indicated acute renal damage and urothelial damage and bone marrow dysfunction."	( Characterization of Batracylin-induced Renal and Bladder Toxicity in Rats. Altera, KP; Ames, MM; Buhrow, SA; Bunin, DI; Davis, M; Ji, J; Kinders, RJ; Lawrence, SM; Parman, T; Rausch, LL; Reid, JM; Samuelsson, SJ; Walden, C, 2015)	0.42
" Most of the patients on erlotinib show cutaneous adverse effects."	( Erlotinib-induced cutaneous toxicity: findings on 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging. Bal, C; Gupta, RK; Kumar, K; Kumar, R; Singh, H, 2015)	0.42
" Overall survival, progression-free survival, and occurrence of adverse drug reactions were secondary endpoints."	( Final safety and efficacy of erlotinib in the phase 4 POLARSTAR surveillance study of 10 708 Japanese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Ando, M; Arakawa, H; Ebina, M; Fukuda, Y; Fukuoka, M; Gemma, A; Inoue, Y; Ishii, T; Johkoh, T; Kudoh, S; Kusumoto, M; Kuwano, K; Nakagawa, K; Ohe, Y; Sakai, F; Seki, A; Taniguchi, H; Yamazaki, N, 2014)	0.4
" The most common drug-related adverse events were diarrhea (88%) and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (48%)."	( Safety and efficacy of neratinib in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. Baselga, J; Cortés, J; Garcia-Saenz, JA; Germa, C; Harb, W; Kiger, C; Kim, SB; Martin, M; Moroose, R; Pluard, T; Saura, C; Wang, K; Xu, B, 2014)	0.4
" Common adverse events (AEs) were also studied."	( Efficacy and safety of angiogenesis inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, Y; Hong, S; Luo, S; Tan, M; Wang, S; Zhang, L, 2015)	0.42
" However, few studies focused on the risk and adverse events (AEs) of combined targeted therapy."	( Safety profile of combined therapy inhibiting EFGR and VEGF pathways in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis of 15 phase II/III randomized trials. Huang, J; Ji, LJ; Liu, H; Liu, Y; Ma, W; Qi, X; Xu, M; Zhu, Y, 2015)	0.42
" EF is a toxic drug and causes hepatotoxicity in humans."	( Toxicity of Evodiae fructus on rat liver mitochondria: the role of oxidative stress and mitochondrial permeability transition. Cai, Q; Li, W; Shi, S; Wang, Q; Wei, J; Wei, R; Zhang, Y; Zhao, W, 2014)	0.4
" Common treatment-related adverse events were dermatitis acneiform, diarrhea, and paronychia; there were no treatment-related grade 4 or 5 adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of dacomitinib in korean patients with KRAS wild-type advanced non-small-cell lung cancer refractory to chemotherapy and erlotinib or gefitinib: a phase I/II trial. Ahn, MJ; Campbell, AK; Cho, BC; Gernhardt, D; Giri, N; Heo, DS; Kim, DW; Lee, SY; Letrent, SP; O'Connell, J; Park, K; Taylor, I; Zhang, H, 2014)	0.4
" We compared the frequencies of severe adverse events (AEs) among EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC patients treated with these three EGFR-TKIs."	( Pooled safety analysis of EGFR-TKI treatment for EGFR mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Nakagawa, K; Okamoto, I; Takeda, M, 2015)	0.42
" Based on these findings, KST9046 can be further evaluated as a promising safe new hit for the development of broad spectrum anticancer agents with a selectivity for DDR1 kinase."	( Discovery of a broad spectrum antiproliferative agent with selectivity for DDR1 kinase: cell line-based assay, kinase panel, molecular docking, and toxicity studies. Cho, NC; Elkamhawy, A; Pae, AN; Park, JE; Roh, EJ; Sim, T, 2016)	0.43
" Overall, the safety profile of linagliptin in this patient group was comparable to that of placebo, with comparable incidence of adverse events; linagliptin was weight-neutral in this patient population."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin in black/African American patients with type 2 diabetes: Pooled analysis from eight Phase III trials. Crowe, S; Kountz, DS; Thrasher, J; von Eynatten, M; Woerle, HJ, 2015)	0.42
" The most common adverse events (AEs) related to the study treatment were alopecia, diarrhea and decreased hemoglobin."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy findings in an open-label, single-arm study of weekly paclitaxel plus lapatinib as first-line therapy for Japanese women with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Aogi, K; Armour, A; Inoue, K; Iwata, H; Kuroi, K; Masuda, N; Nakayama, T; Nishimura, Y; Rai, Y; Sasaki, Y; Shimizu, S, 2015)	0.42
"Previous reports regarding the cutaneous adverse events of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors are mostly limited to small case reports and case series, mainly involving Caucasian patients."	( Cutaneous adverse events of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: A retrospective review of 99 cases. Chanprapaph, K; Pongcharoen, P; Vachiramon, V, )	0.13
"We describe the trends in the clinical presentation of Asian patients who had cutaneous adverse events induced by epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and to explore the relationship between skin adverse events and tumor response."	( Cutaneous adverse events of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: A retrospective review of 99 cases. Chanprapaph, K; Pongcharoen, P; Vachiramon, V, )	0.13
" Cutaneous adverse events occurred in 43 (57."	( Cutaneous adverse events of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: A retrospective review of 99 cases. Chanprapaph, K; Pongcharoen, P; Vachiramon, V, )	0.13
"The limitations of study include its retrospective nature, and the initial screening of cutaneous adverse events was done by non-dermatologists."	( Cutaneous adverse events of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: A retrospective review of 99 cases. Chanprapaph, K; Pongcharoen, P; Vachiramon, V, )	0.13
"Cutaneous adverse events due to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors are not uncommon in the Asian population."	( Cutaneous adverse events of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: A retrospective review of 99 cases. Chanprapaph, K; Pongcharoen, P; Vachiramon, V, )	0.13
" TKIs plus radiotherapy significantly prolong the CNS-TTP and MOS of patients without enhancing overall severe adverse events."	( Evaluation on efficacy and safety of tyrosine kinase inhibitors plus radiotherapy in NSCLC patients with brain metastases. Chen, L; Chen, X; Luo, S; Xie, X, 2015)	0.42
" The incidence of adverse events was significantly fewer in the icotinib group than in the chemotherapy group (P=0."	( [Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Icotinib with Standard Second-line  Chemotherapy in Previously Treated Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. Li, Y; Qian, K; Wang, R; Yao, S; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Compared with the standard second-line chemotherapy, icotinib is active in the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients, especially with EGFR unknown in the second line, with an acceptable adverse event profile."	( [Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Icotinib with Standard Second-line  Chemotherapy in Previously Treated Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. Li, Y; Qian, K; Wang, R; Yao, S; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.42
" The objective of this study was to estimate the costs of managing treatment-related grade ≥ 3 adverse events (AEs) that occurred in ≥ 2% of patients and grade 2 AEs that occurred in ≥ 5% of patients taking T-DM1 compared with patients taking CAP + LAP based on the EMILIA trial, from the perspective of Canadian public payers."	( Safety Profile and Costs of Related Adverse Events of Trastuzumab Emtansine for the Treatment of HER2-Positive Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer Compared to Capecitabine Plus Lapatinib from the Perspective of the Canadian Health-Care System. Moser, A; Piwko, C; Pollex, E; Prady, C; Yunger, S, 2015)	0.42
" Toxicity was obtained during four cycles by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events."	( Nutritional Status, Body Surface, and Low Lean Body Mass/Body Mass Index Are Related to Dose Reduction and Severe Gastrointestinal Toxicity Induced by Afatinib in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Arrieta, O; Baracos, VE; De la Torre-Vallejo, M; López-Macías, D; Macedo-Pérez, EO; Orta, D; Ramírez-Tirado, LA; Sánchez-Lara, K; Turcott, J, 2015)	0.42
"Alfuzosin has been widely used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatitis, and is claimed to be a selective agent for the lower urinary tract with low incidence of adverse side-effects and hypotensive changes."	( Efficacy and Safety of Alfuzosin as Medical Expulsive Therapy for Ureteral Stones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chen, K; Kang, R; Li, J; Liu, C; Wan, SP; Wu, W; Zeng, G, 2015)	0.42
"Alfuzosin is a safe and effective agent for the expulsive therapy of ureteral stones smaller than 10 mm in size."	( Efficacy and Safety of Alfuzosin as Medical Expulsive Therapy for Ureteral Stones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chen, K; Kang, R; Li, J; Liu, C; Wan, SP; Wu, W; Zeng, G, 2015)	0.42
" Frequency of anagrelide related adverse events was 65."	( [Efficacy and safety of anagrelide in treatment of essential thrombocythemia: multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial]. Cao, X; Fu, J; Gao, D; Ge, X; Hou, M; Jiang, B; Jin, J; Li, J; Li, K; Qian, W; Su, L; Sun, A; Wang, S; Wang, Z; Xiao, Z; Yang, L; Yang, R; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Incidence of adverse events was undifferentiated between anagrelide and hydroxyurea, but anagrelide treatment had tolerable adverse effects and no hematologic toxicity."	( [Efficacy and safety of anagrelide in treatment of essential thrombocythemia: multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial]. Cao, X; Fu, J; Gao, D; Ge, X; Hou, M; Jiang, B; Jin, J; Li, J; Li, K; Qian, W; Su, L; Sun, A; Wang, S; Wang, Z; Xiao, Z; Yang, L; Yang, R; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Four subjects receiving E6005 in Study 001 experienced a treatment-emergent adverse event (application site edema, increased alanine aminotransferase or erythema); three of these subjects discontinued the study."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of a novel phosphodiesterase inhibitor, E6005 ointment, in healthy volunteers and in patients with atopic dermatitis. Akama, H; Hojo, S; Nomoto, M; Ohba, F, 2016)	0.43
" The most frequent treatment-related adverse events were rash (26%, 33/127), diarrhea (12."	( The Efficacy and Safety of Icotinib in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated with Chemotherapy: A Single-Arm, Multi-Center, Prospective Study. Ding, L; Feng, J; Hu, C; Hu, X; Li, Q; Liu, X; Luo, R; Qin, S; Shi, Y; Song, Y; Sun, Y; Tan, F; Wang, D; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Xv, N; Zhang, L; Zhang, S; Zhou, C; Zhou, J, 2015)	0.42
" Our study showed that long-term gefitinib-induced hepatotoxicity was a common adverse event, especially for the cohort with a duration of longer than 14 months."	( Observation of hepatotoxicity during long-term gefitinib administration in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Dong, M; He, X; Li, J; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wu, Y, 2016)	0.43
" The majority of reported adverse events (AE) were grade 1 and 2 in severity with diarrhea being the most commonly observed AE CONCLUSION: In this heavily pretreated patient population, combination of vinorelbine plus lapatinib showed encouraging activity and was characterized by an acceptable safety profile."	( Phase II study on the efficacy and safety of Lapatinib administered beyond disease progression and combined with vinorelbine in HER-2/neu- positive advanced breast cancer: results of the CECOG LaVie trial. Bartsch, R; Brodowicz, T; Knittelfelder, R; Kuhar, CG; Lang, I; Melichar, B; Petruzelka, L; Singer, CF; Thallinger, C; Zielinski, C, 2016)	0.43
" The common adverse events were skin toxicity (68% of patients), diarrhea (46%), and liver injury (63%)."	( Association of pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics with safety and efficacy of gefitinib in patients with EGFR mutation positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Fujita, K; Hirose, T; Ishida, H; Kusumoto, S; Murata, Y; Nakashima, M; Ohmori, T; Oki, Y; Okuda, K; Sasaki, Y; Shirai, T; Sugiyama, T; Yamaoka, T, 2016)	0.43
" Conversion to MPS was associated with a higher incidence of adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Elective Conversion From Sotrastaurin (STN) to Tacrolimus (TAC) or Mycophenolate (MPS) in Stable Kidney Transplant Recipients. Aguiar, W; Campos, E; Cristelli, M; Felipe, C; Ferreira, A; Franco, M; Gerbase de Lima, M; Hannun, P; Medina-Pestana, J; Sandes-Freitas, T; Tedesco-Silva, H, 2016)	0.43
"The analysis of adverse events plays an important role in the benefit assessment of drugs."	( Biometrical issues in the analysis of adverse events within the benefit assessment of drugs. Beckmann, L; Bender, R; Lange, S, 2016)	0.43
"Gefitinib (GEF) is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-cancer properties, yet few cases of cardiotoxicity has been reported as a significant side effect associated with GEF treatment."	( Molecular mechanisms of cardiotoxicity of gefitinib in vivo and in vitro rat cardiomyocyte: Role of apoptosis and oxidative stress. Ahmad, SF; Al-Alallah, IA; Alhaider, AA; Anazi, FE; Ansari, MA; Assiri, MA; Attafi, IM; Belali, OM; Korashy, HM, 2016)	0.43
" This includes less toxic drugs, more selective towards tumor cells, causing less damage to the patient."	( Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT Pathway Inhibition by Doxazosin Promotes Glioblastoma Cells Death, Upregulation of p53 and Triggers Low Neurotoxicity. Battastini, AM; Coelho, BP; de Quadros, AH; Gaelzer, MM; Gonçalves, CA; Guerra, MC; Guma, FC; Hoppe, JB; Salbego, CG; Setton-Avruj, P; Terra, SR; Usach, V, 2016)	0.43
" The most common adverse events are skin reaction and diarrhea, both of which are generally mild, noncumulative, and manageable."	( Safety of gefitinib in non-small cell lung cancer treatment. Hsiue, EH; Lee, JH; Lin, CC; Yang, JC, 2016)	0.43
" Adverse events were assessed using National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4."	( A Phase I study of safety and pharmacokinetics of fruquintinib, a novel selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, -2, and -3 tyrosine kinases in Chinese patients with advanced solid tumors. Cao, J; Chen, Z; Fan, S; Li, J; Li, K; Peng, W; Su, W; Zhang, J, 2016)	0.43
" The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were hand-foot skin reaction, hypertension, and thrombocytopenia."	( A Phase I study of safety and pharmacokinetics of fruquintinib, a novel selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, -2, and -3 tyrosine kinases in Chinese patients with advanced solid tumors. Cao, J; Chen, Z; Fan, S; Li, J; Li, K; Peng, W; Su, W; Zhang, J, 2016)	0.43
" Our study suggests that the combination of two anti-HER2 agents does not significantly increase the risk for adverse compared with anti-HER2 monotherapy in patients with adequate cardiac function prior to start of therapy."	( Applications of cardiotoxicity in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Davoodzadeh, H; Ebadi, A; Rahmani, H; Shahriary, A; Sheikhi, MA, 2017)	0.46
" The elimination half-life was not a significant factor for PFS, but it was significantly correlated with high-grade adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters of gefitinib predict efficacy and toxicity in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations. Fukuda, M; Ikeda, T; Ikegami, Y; Izumikawa, K; Mizoguchi, K; Motoshima, K; Mukae, H; Nakamura, Y; Nakatomi, K; Ogawara, D; Sano, K; Sato, S; Senju, H; Sugasaki, N; Takemoto, S; Yamaguchi, H, 2016)	0.43
" On the other hand, long elimination half-life was related to high-grade adverse events in these patients."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters of gefitinib predict efficacy and toxicity in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations. Fukuda, M; Ikeda, T; Ikegami, Y; Izumikawa, K; Mizoguchi, K; Motoshima, K; Mukae, H; Nakamura, Y; Nakatomi, K; Ogawara, D; Sano, K; Sato, S; Senju, H; Sugasaki, N; Takemoto, S; Yamaguchi, H, 2016)	0.43
" Like other EGFR inhibitors, afatinib can provoke adverse events such as diarrhoea, rash, paronychia or mucositis."	( [Toxicity associated with EGRF inhibition: review and key aspects in the management of afatinib]. Taus, Á, 2016)	0.43
" In the case of drug-related grade ≥3 or selected prolonged grade 2 adverse events (AEs), the dose can be reduced by 10 mg decrements to a minimum of 20 mg."	( Effect of dose adjustment on the safety and efficacy of afatinib for EGFR mutation-positive lung adenocarcinoma: post hoc analyses of the randomized LUX-Lung 3 and 6 trials. Dickgreber, N; Feng, J; Geater, SL; Hirsh, V; Hu, CP; Huang, Y; Lu, S; Märten, A; Massey, D; Mok, T; O'Byrne, K; Okamoto, I; Schuler, M; Sebastian, M; Sequist, LV; Shah, R; Wind, S; Wu, YL; Yamamoto, N; Yang, JC; Zhou, C, 2016)	0.43
" Diarrhea, mucositis and rash are frequent adverse events induced by afatinib, these can impair quality of life and sometimes afatinib discontinuation is necessary."	( The safety of afatinib for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Arrieta, O; Barron, F; Cardona, AF; de la Torre-Vallejo, M; Luna-Palencia, RL, 2016)	0.43
" The most common adverse events in vandetanib-treated patients are: diarrhea, rash, folliculitis, nausea, QTc prolongation, hypertension and fatigue."	( The safety and efficacy of vandetanib in the treatment of progressive medullary thyroid cancer. Antonelli, A; Baldini, E; Biricotti, M; Fallahi, P; Ferrari, SM; Materazzi, G; Miccoli, P; Ulisse, S, 2016)	0.43
"3%) of 26 patients experienced at least one adverse event (AE); rash (61."	( A Phase I Study of the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Higher-Dose Icotinib in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Chen, J; Ding, L; Hu, X; Liu, J; Shentu, J; Tan, F; Wang, Y; Wu, G; Wu, L; Xu, W; Zhou, H; Zhu, M, 2016)	0.43
" All patients experienced at least one adverse event (AE), and 7 patients (50%) experienced grade ≥3 AEs."	( SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF VANDETANIB IN JAPANESE PATIENTS WITH MEDULLARY THYROID CANCER: A PHASE I/II OPEN-LABEL STUDY. Horiuchi, K; Ito, Y; Komoda, M; Okamoto, T; Rito, K; Takahashi, S; Todo, T; Tomomatsu, J; Tsuji, A; Uchino, K, 2017)	0.46
" The common adverse effects (AEs) included skin rash (31."	( Efficacy and safety of icotinib in treating non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis based on 15 studies. Biaoxue, R; Hua, L; Shuanying, Y; Wenlong, G, 2016)	0.43
"Interstitial lung disease is a well-known pulmonary adverse event that occurs during epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) therapy and results in restrictive ventilatory dysfunction."	( An autopsy case of bronchiolitis obliterans as a previously unrecognized adverse event of afatinib treatment. Bandoh, S; Chiba, Y; Ishii, T; Kadowaki, N; Kanaji, N; Kita, N; Sato, A; Tadokoro, A; Ueno, M; Watanabe, N, 2017)	0.46
" The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were hypertension and hand-foot skin reaction."	( Safety and efficacy of fruquintinib in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase Ib study and a randomized double-blind phase II study. Bai, Y; Cao, J; Fan, S; Hua, Y; Li, J; Liu, T; Pan, H; Shen, L; Su, W; Wang, L; Xu, J; Xu, RH; Zhang, D, 2017)	0.46
" More frequent grade 3 or 4 adverse events, including diarrhoea, rash or erythema, neutropenia and hepatic adverse events, were found in the combination group than in the trastuzumab or lapatinib group."	( Efficacy and safety of lapatinib and trastuzumab for HER2-positive breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Gao, L; Gao, X; Li, N; Liu, PJ; Tie, XJ; Xu, ZQ; Zhang, Y, 2017)	0.46
" The cediranib intermittent schedule (n = 6) was examined because of recurrent grade 2 and non-dose-limiting toxicity grade 3 and 4 adverse events (AEs) on the daily schedule (n = 8)."	( Safety and Clinical Activity of the Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Inhibitor Durvalumab in Combination With Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor Olaparib or Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1-3 Inhibitor Cediranib in Women's Cancers: A Dose-Escala Annunziata, CM; Botesteanu, DA; Cao, L; Cimino-Mathews, A; Figg, WD; Harrell, MI; Ho, TW; Houston, N; Kohn, EC; Lee, JM; Lipkowitz, S; Nguyen, J; Ogurtsova, A; Peer, CJ; Swisher, EM; Taube, JM; Thompson, E; Xu, H; Zimmer, A, 2017)	0.46
" It is also essential to carefully monitor patients using TKI regarding possible adverse effects, which should be properly managed when occurring."	( Medullary thyroid carcinoma - Adverse events during systemic treatment: risk-benefit ratio. Maciel, LMZ; Magalhães, PKR, )	0.13
" We aimed to determine whether or not pulse high-dose lapatinib was a safe and tolerable regimen in addition to standard therapy."	( Report of safety of pulse dosing of lapatinib with temozolomide and radiation therapy for newly-diagnosed glioblastoma in a pilot phase II study. Cloughesy, TF; Faiq, N; Green, R; Green, S; Hu, J; Lai, A; Mellinghoff, I; Nghiemphu, PL; Yu, A, 2017)	0.46
" Dose-limiting toxic effects occurred in two (67%) of three patients who received 500 mg twice a day in the dose-escalation phase (grade 3 acne [n=1] and intolerable grade 2 mucosal inflammation [n=1]); hence, doses of 200 mg and 300 mg twice a day were selected for further assessment in the dose-expansion phase."	( Activity and safety of AZD3759 in EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer with CNS metastases (BLOOM): a phase 1, open-label, dose-escalation and dose-expansion study. Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Cho, BC; Goldman, JW; Harrop, B; John, T; Kao, S; Kim, DW; Kim, HR; Kim, SW; Kim, TM; Lee, JS; Lin, CC; Natale, R; Overend, P; Rabbie, S; Su, WC; Yang, JC; Yang, Z, 2017)	0.46
" This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of FIC with special regard to proposed pathogenetic models (coronary vasospasm, endothelium and cardiomyocytes damage, toxic metabolites, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency); risk and predictive factors; efficacy and usefulness in detection of laboratory markers, electrocardiographic changes and cardiac imaging; and specific treatment, including a novel agent, uridine triacetate."	( Fluoropyrimidine-induced cardiotoxicity. Aglietta, M; Bonzano, A; Cagnazzo, C; Depetris, I; Filippi, R; Leone, F; Marino, D, 2018)	0.48
"Vandetanib, a multi-kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of various cancers, has been reported to induce several adverse cardiac effects."	( Electrophysiological mechanisms of vandetanib-induced cardiotoxicity: Comparison of action potentials in rabbit Purkinje fibers and pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Byun, B; Chae, JH; Hyun, SA; Kim, KS; Lee, HA, 2018)	0.48
" Antitumor effectiveness (overall survival [OS], progression-free survival [PFS], objective response rate [ORR] and disease control rate [DCR]) and adverse effects [AEs]) were assessed."	( Gefitinib provides similar effectiveness and improved safety than erlotinib for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Peng, J; Wei, Y; Xu, J; Yu, D; Zhang, W, 2018)	0.48
" In terms of safety, letermovir was at least similar in comparison with placebo and most agents while both letermovir and acyclovir showed significantly reduced risk for serious adverse events compared with ganciclovir, with RRs of ."	( Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Different Antiviral Agents for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gagelmann, N; Kröger, N; Ljungman, P; Styczynski, J, 2018)	0.48
" A total of 143 adverse events (AEs) were reported, of which 87 were associated with cipatinib treatment and comprised: neutropenia (38%), hypertriglyceridemia (15%), fatigue (15%), nausea (12%), fever (19%), and myocardial ischemia (19%)."	( Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of cipatinib, an original dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Cai, R; Chen, S; Fan, Y; Han, Y; Li, Q; Luo, Y; Ma, F; Shi, X; Wang, J; Xu, B; Yuan, P; Zhang, P, 2018)	0.48
" Grade 3 or 4 adverse events were reported for 24 (26."	( Efficacy and safety of raltitrexed-based transarterial chemoembolization for colorectal cancer liver metastases. Cao, H; Ding, W; Li, C; Li, W; Liu, R; Lu, L; Shao, G; Song, J; Wang, J; Xiang, H; Yang, J; Yang, Z, 2018)	0.48
" TKIs also act systemically causing various adverse events (AEs)."	( Pazopanib, Cabozantinib, and Vandetanib in the Treatment of Progressive Medullary Thyroid Cancer with a Special Focus on the Adverse Effects on Hypertension. Bauer, J; Grimm, D; Grosse, J; Infanger, M; Kopp, S; Krüger, M; Milling, RV; Wehland, M, 2018)	0.48
" The network meta-analysis is applied to compare the efficacies and adverse events of five targeted agents (erlotinib, gefitinib, vandetanib, dacomitinib, and icotinib) for advanced or metastatic NSCLC."	( Efficacy and adverse events of five targeted agents in the treatment of advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: A network meta-analysis of nine eligible randomized controlled trials involving 5,059 patients. Li, XF; Liu, GF; Miao, YY; Yu, SN; Zhang, SH, 2019)	0.51
" The most common adverse events (AEs) included diarrhea, hypocalcemia, asthenia, QTc prolongation, hypokalemia and keratopathy, all at generally higher incidence with 300 vs 150 mg (Part A)."	( Safety and efficacy of two starting doses of vandetanib in advanced medullary thyroid cancer. Dedecjus, M; Druce, M; Elisei, R; Gagel, RF; Hu, MI; Kapiteijn, E; Krajewska, J; Locati, L; Pacini, F; Popovtzer, A; Weiss, R, 2019)	0.51
" Although the drug is generally well-tolerated, it can be associated with several unique and potentially serious adverse effects (AEs)."	( Optimal Management of Adverse Events From Copanlisib in the Treatment of Patients With Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Cheson, BD; Dreyling, M; Ewer, MS; Farooki, A; Fisher, RI; Goncalves, MD; Lenz, G; O'Brien, S; Yu, A; Zinzani, PL, 2019)	0.51
" The common adverse events were skin toxicities(50."	( [Efficacy and Safety of Gefitinib as First-Line Chemotherapy for Elderly Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer(NSCLC)]. Kawai, S; Kitazono, M; Murata, K; Ohashi, K; Takahashi, Y; Takamori, M; Wada, A; Yamamoto, M, 2019)	0.51
" Despite of their potential in treatment of cancer, drug resistance and adverse toxicity such as peripheral neuropathy are some of the negative criteria of anti-tubulin agents."	( 2,4-Disubstituted Quinazoline Derivatives Act as Inducers of Tubulin Polymerization: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity. Amini, M; Csuk, R; Faramarzi, MA; Fischer, L; Javadi, I; Moghadam, ES; Rashidi, A; Tehrani, MH, 2019)	0.51
"Data from 53 ET patients who received anagrelide as a first-line therapy were reviewed for patient characteristics, antiplatelet status, cytoreduction status, therapeutic effects, adverse events, thrombohemorrhagic event development, progression to myelofibrosis or acute leukemia, and cause of death."	( Efficacy and safety of anagrelide as a first-line drug in cytoreductive treatment-naïve essential thrombocythemia patients in a real-world setting. Fujita, S; Hashimoto, A; Hashimoto, Y; Hotta, M; Ishii, K; Ito, T; Kondo, T; Konishi, A; Nakanishi, T; Nakaya, A; Nomura, S; Omura, H; Satake, A; Shinzato, I; Tanaka, T; Tanaka, Y; Yoshimura, H, 2019)	0.51
" Safety assessments included the incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs), local tolerability at the treatment area, vital signs, and laboratory examinations."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Icotinib Hydrochloride Cream in Patients with Mild to Moderate Chronic Plaque Psoriasis: A Randomized Double-Blind Vehicle-Controlled Phase 1 Study. Liu, L; Lou, H; Ruan, Z; Shen, Y; Zheng, M; Zhou, J, 2019)	0.51
"9%) patients experienced at least one AE, of which application-site adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported in 6 (14."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Icotinib Hydrochloride Cream in Patients with Mild to Moderate Chronic Plaque Psoriasis: A Randomized Double-Blind Vehicle-Controlled Phase 1 Study. Liu, L; Lou, H; Ruan, Z; Shen, Y; Zheng, M; Zhou, J, 2019)	0.51
" The incidence of all adverse events(AEs)was higher in the ANA monotherapy(45."	( Clinical Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Anagrelide Used with or without Hydroxycarbamide in Japanese Patients with Essential Thrombocythemia-A Retrospective Single-Center Study of 35 Cases. Fukuda, Y; Hamano, Y; Iizuka, H; Inano, T; Izumi, H; Nakamura, N; Noguchi, M; Okubo, M; Sakajiri, S; Sawada, T; Sekiguchi, Y; Sugimoto, K; Takizawa, H; Tomita, S; Wakabayashi, M, 2019)	0.51
" Across p16 status and smoking history subgroups, the most common treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were diarrhea (70-91%), rash/acne (72-84%), stomatitis (34-73%) with afatinib; and included stomatitis (39-100%), fatigue (22-50%), nausea (19-36%) with methotrexate."	( Afatinib as second-line treatment in patients with recurrent/metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Subgroup analyses of treatment adherence, safety and mode of afatinib administration in the LUX-Head and Neck 1 trial. Clement, PM; Cohen, EEW; Cupissol, D; de Souza Viana, L; Fayette, J; Gauler, T; Geng, Y; Geoffrois, L; Guigay, J; Haddad, R; Keilholz, U; Kornek, G; Licitra, L; Machiels, JP; Melichar, B; Rauch, D; Ribaldo Nicolau, U; Rolland, F; Tahara, M; Vermorken, J; Zanetta-Devauges, S; Zografos, E, 2019)	0.51
" Letermovir is safe and effective compared with alternative prophylaxis approaches following CBT through day 100."	( Letermovir prophylaxis through day 100 post transplant is safe and effective compared with alternative CMV prophylaxis strategies following adult cord blood and haploidentical cord blood transplantation. Abidi, MZ; Bajrovic, V; Benamu, E; Chase, S; Gakhar, N; Gutman, JA; Haverkos, BM; Kaiser, J; MacDonald, J; Miller, M; Purev, E; Sharma, P; Tobin, J; Weinberg, A, 2020)	0.56
"During escalation, four dose-limiting toxicities were observed among 24 patients: skin rash (1) and failure to deliver 100% of Xelox because of treatment-associated grade III-IV adverse events (AEs) (3: diarrhoea and vomiting; vomiting; fatigue)."	( Dual Erb B Inhibition in Oesophago-gastric Cancer (DEBIOC): A phase I dose escalating safety study and randomised dose expansion of AZD8931 in combination with oxaliplatin and capecitabine chemotherapy in patients with oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma. Anthoney, DA; Collins, L; Eatock, M; Elhussein, L; Falk, S; Goff, M; Lord, SR; Love, S; Middleton, MR; Moschandreas, J; Thomas, A; Turkington, RC; Virdee, PS, 2020)	0.56
"Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, has increased in the world due to migration, travelling and climate change; at present, the principal problem is that common trypanocidal agents have resulted in toxic or inconvenient side effects."	( Genotoxicity assessment of four novel quinazoline-derived trypanocidal agents in the Drosophila wing somatic mutation and recombination test. Castañeda-Partida, L; Dueñas-García, IE; Durán-Díaz, Á; García-Salomé, M; Heres-Pulido, ME; Hernández-Luis, F; Hernández-Portilla, LB; Mendoza-Martínez, C; Olvera-Romero, ZY; Piedra-Ibarra, E; Ramírez-Cruz, BG; Santos-Cruz, LF, 2020)	0.56
" Common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) (all grade/grade 3/grade 4) were transient hyperglycemia (50."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of the PI3K inhibitor copanlisib in patients with relapsed or refractory indolent lymphoma: 2-year follow-up of the CHRONOS-1 study. Bouabdallah, K; Childs, BH; Demeter, J; Dimou, M; Dreyling, M; Follows, G; Garcia-Vargas, J; Hiemeyer, F; Kim, WS; Kosinova, M; Lenz, G; Leppä, S; Miriyala, A; Mollica, L; Morschhauser, F; Munoz, J; Nagler, A; Özcan, M; Rodrigues, L; Santoro, A; Stevens, DA; Trevarthen, D; Zinzani, PL, 2020)	0.56
" Anaemia was the most common adverse event in patients receiving ruxolitinib (rates per 100 patient-years of exposure were 8·9 for ruxolitinib and 8·8 for the crossover population), though most anaemia events were mild to moderate in severity (grade 1 or 2 anaemia rates per 100 patient-years of exposure were 8·0 for ruxolitinib and 8·2 for the crossover population)."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib versus best available therapy in polycythaemia vera (RESPONSE): 5-year follow up of a phase 3 study. Besses, C; Blau, IW; Dong, T; Durrant, S; Francillard, N; Griesshammer, M; Harrison, CN; Hino, M; Kiladjian, JJ; Kirito, K; Masszi, T; Mesa, R; Miller, CB; Moiraghi, B; Pane, F; Passamonti, F; Rosti, V; Rumi, E; Vannucchi, AM; Verstovsek, S; Wroclawska, M; Zachee, P, 2020)	0.56
"We showed that ruxolitinib is a safe and effective long-term treatment option for patients with polycythaemia vera who are resistant to or intolerant of hydroxyurea."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib versus best available therapy in polycythaemia vera (RESPONSE): 5-year follow up of a phase 3 study. Besses, C; Blau, IW; Dong, T; Durrant, S; Francillard, N; Griesshammer, M; Harrison, CN; Hino, M; Kiladjian, JJ; Kirito, K; Masszi, T; Mesa, R; Miller, CB; Moiraghi, B; Pane, F; Passamonti, F; Rosti, V; Rumi, E; Vannucchi, AM; Verstovsek, S; Wroclawska, M; Zachee, P, 2020)	0.56
"Prolonged use of opioids causes analgesic tolerance and adverse effects including constipation and dependence."	( Improved efficacy, tolerance, safety, and abuse liability profile of the combination of CR4056 and morphine over morphine alone in rodent models. Bonazzi, A; Borsi Franchini, M; Caselli, G; Comi, E; Ferrari, F; Lanza, M; Milia, C; Rovati, LC; Sabatini, C; Sala, E, 2020)	0.56
" Opioid-induced adverse effects were assessed in rodent models of morphine-induced constipation, sedation (open field, sedation rating scale, and rotarod), physical dependence (naloxone-induced withdrawal), and abuse (conditioned place preference-associated reward)."	( Improved efficacy, tolerance, safety, and abuse liability profile of the combination of CR4056 and morphine over morphine alone in rodent models. Bonazzi, A; Borsi Franchini, M; Caselli, G; Comi, E; Ferrari, F; Lanza, M; Milia, C; Rovati, LC; Sabatini, C; Sala, E, 2020)	0.56
" Twenty-two adverse events were observed in 19 (36."	( First-in-human, phase I single-ascending-dose study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and relative bioavailability of selatinib, a dual EGFR-ErbB2 inhibitor in healthy subjects. Cao, Y; Gong, LY; Guo, CX; Hua, Y; Huang, J; Kuang, Y; Pei, Q; Wang, MN; Yang, GP, 2020)	0.56
" Meanwhile, more efforts should be made to develop novel efficient and low toxic derivatives."	( Evodiamine: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity, pharmacokinetics and preparation researches. Li, X; Song, J; Sun, Q; Xie, L, 2020)	0.56
" In addition, unresolved issues include toxic mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, novel pharmaceutical researches and relationship between residues and intestinal environment, which are still being explored and excavate before achieving integration into clinical practice."	( Evodiamine: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity, pharmacokinetics and preparation researches. Li, X; Song, J; Sun, Q; Xie, L, 2020)	0.56
" The pooled incidence of partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), TKI-related adverse events (AEs), and pooled median progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI)."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chino, T; Ito, KI; Ito, T; Kanai, T; Maeno, K; Oba, T; Ono, M; Shimizu, T; Soma, A, 2020)	0.56
" However, its safety profile, including adverse events of special interest (AESIs) and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) by age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), is not well known."	( Safety Profile and Adverse Events of Special Interest for Fruquintinib in Chinese Patients with Previously Treated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Analysis of the Phase 3 FRESCO Trial. Bai, Y; Cao, P; Chen, D; Chen, H; Chen, Z; Cheng, Y; Deng, Y; Fan, S; Guo, W; Guo, X; Han, R; Li, J; Li, W; Liu, T; Ma, D; Pan, H; Qin, S; Shen, L; Shu, Y; Sun, S; Wang, H; Wang, N; Wang, S; Wu, C; Xu, J; Xu, N; Xu, R; Yang, L; Yu, Z; Yuan, Y; Zhang, B; Zhong, H; Zhou, J, 2020)	0.56
" There were no significant differences in adverse events between treatment groups, and no reports of malignant transformation."	( Cardiovascular Safety of Anagrelide Hydrochloride versus Hydroxyurea in Essential Thrombocythaemia. Achenbach, H; Egyed, M; Gercheva, L; Gotic, M; Kvasnicka, HM; Warzocha, K; Wu, J, 2021)	0.62
"We identified patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who were treated with raltitrexed-based systemic therapy after developing serious adverse events with fluoropyrimidine-based treatment in a large Canadian province from 2004 to 2018."	( Real-world Safety and Efficacy of Raltitrexed in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Batra, A; Cheung, WY; Hannouf, MB; Rigo, R, 2021)	0.62
" Raltitrexed was well-tolerated with common adverse events that included anemia in 41."	( Real-world Safety and Efficacy of Raltitrexed in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Batra, A; Cheung, WY; Hannouf, MB; Rigo, R, 2021)	0.62
" The most common all-grade treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) included fatigue (52."	( Efficacy and safety of copanlisib in patients with relapsed or refractory marginal zone lymphoma. Childs, BH; Dreyling, M; Follows, GA; Garcia-Vargas, J; Hiemeyer, F; Mollica, L; Nagler, A; Özcan, M; Panayiotidis, P; Santoro, A; Stevens, D; Trevarthen, D; Zinzani, PL, 2021)	0.62
" VAN + EV combination is safe and active in refractory solid tumors."	( Safety and activity of vandetanib in combination with everolimus in patients with advanced solid tumors: a phase I study. Amini, B; Bhatt, T; Cascone, T; Conley, AP; Drobnitzky, N; Falchook, GS; Fu, S; Hess, KR; Heymach, JV; Hong, DS; Janku, F; Karp, D; Meric-Bernstam, F; Naing, A; Piha-Paul, SA; Ryan, AJ; Sacks, RL; Sherman, SI; Subbiah, IM; Subbiah, V, 2021)	0.62
" Seven patients came off treatment before the first restaging scan: six because of clinical progression and one because of an adverse event."	( Clinical Activity and Safety of Cediranib and Olaparib Combination in Patients with Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma without BRCA Mutation. Cardin, DB; Glazer, PM; Grossman, SR; Ivy, SP; Kato, S; Kim, JW; LoRusso, PM; Shyr, Y; Vaishampayan, UN, 2021)	0.62
" The FRESCO-2 study is being conducted globally to determine how safe and effective fruquintinib is at treating patients with metastatic colorectal cancer that has grown or spread following other forms of treatment, such as chemotherapy."	( FRESCO-2: a global Phase III study investigating the efficacy and safety of fruquintinib in metastatic colorectal cancer. Chien, C; Dasari, A; Eng, C; Kania, M; Schelman, W; Sobrero, A; Tabernero, J; Yang, Z; Yao, J; Yoshino, T, 2021)	0.62
" The main adverse events (AEs) included reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation (RCCEP) (81."	( Efficacy and safety of regorafenib or fruquintinib plus camrelizumab in patients with microsatellite stable and/or proficient mismatch repair metastatic colorectal cancer: an observational pilot study. Jiang, FE; Liu, AN; Yu, CY; Zhang, HJ, 2021)	0.62
"9 % experienced adverse drug reactions, the most frequent of which were renal impairment (2."	( Safety and Effectiveness of Letermovir in Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients: Interim Report of Post-marketing Surveillance in Japan. Hiraishi, I; Maekawa, S; Ueno, R; Watanabe, A, 2021)	0.62
" Primary safety outcomes included risk of grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs); primary efficacy outcomes included objective response rate (ORR)."	( A Matching-Adjusted Indirect Comparison of Single-Arm Trials in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Follicular Lymphoma Who Received at Least Two Prior Systemic Treatments: Tazemetostat was Associated with a Lower Risk for Safety Outcomes Versus the PI3- Adib, D; Gupta, D; Mamlouk, K; Nellesen, D; Proudman, D; Yang, J, 2022)	0.72
" The primary outcome was time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety Comparison of Regorafenib and Fruquintinib in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer-An Observational Cohort Study in the Real World. Cao, Y; Chen, M; Li, J; Lu, M; Peng, Z; Qi, C; Shen, L; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhang, J; Zhang, Q, 2022)	0.72
" The incidences of most adverse events were similar between the two groups, while any grade of hand-foot skin reaction and hyperbilirubinemia were more frequently observed in the regorafenib group and ≥grade 3 hypertension was more common in the fruquintinib group."	( Efficacy and Safety Comparison of Regorafenib and Fruquintinib in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer-An Observational Cohort Study in the Real World. Cao, Y; Chen, M; Li, J; Lu, M; Peng, Z; Qi, C; Shen, L; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhang, J; Zhang, Q, 2022)	0.72
" Mechanistically, downregulated expression of the DNA repair protein HMGB1 played a critical role in these toxic reaction processes."	( Decreased HMGB1 expression contributed to cutaneous toxicity caused by lapatinib. Ai, L; He, Q; Jiang, L; Luo, P; Xu, Z; Yan, H; Yang, B; Yang, X; Zeng, Y, 2022)	0.72
"3% experienced adverse drug reactions (ADRs)."	( Safety and efficacy of anagrelide in Japanese post-marketing surveillance, with subgroup analyses on the effect of previous cytoreductive therapies, age, and starting dose. Akimoto, T; Baba, T; Fernandez, J; Hashimoto, Y; Komatsu, N; Otsuka, M, 2022)	0.72
" Treatment-emergent adverse events-including headaches, cardiac palpitations and arrhythmias, nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea-led to ANA discontinuation in 76."	( Anagrelide for platelet-directed cytoreduction in polycythemia vera: Insights into utility and safety outcomes from a large multi-center database. Fleischman, A; Gotlib, J; Heaney, M; Hoffman, R; Kremyanskaya, M; Kuykendall, A; Mascarenhas, J; Mesa, R; O'Connell, C; Podoltsev, N; Rippel, N; Shammo, JM; Tremblay, D; Yacoub, A; Zubizarreta, N, 2022)	0.72
" Although all patients experienced at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE), with hyperglycemia being the most common AE, no AE-related deaths were reported."	( Safety and antitumor activity of copanlisib in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a phase Ib/II study. Childs, BH; Fukuhara, N; Garcia-Vargas, J; Hatake, K; Iriyama, C; Kamezaki, K; Kuroda, J; Kusumoto, S; Makita, S; Maruyama, D; Masuda, S; Minami, H; Nagai, H; Suehiro, Y; Terao, Y; Tobinai, K; Tsujino, T; Tsukamoto, N; Uchida, T; Yanada, M; Yasuda, M, 2023)	0.91
"The toxic effects of gefitinib were confirmed by the increased liver index, decreased body weight and survival rate, injured liver function and histopathology followed 16 days of oral administration."	( Study on the hepatotoxicity and potential mechanism of gefitinib based on CYP450 in mice and AML12 cells. Bai, M; Li, C; Li, M; Li, Y; Liu, H; Lu, S; Ma, S; Su, P; Yin, X; Zhang, C, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"In order to determine and compare the pharmacodynamic responses to single and multiple dose prazosin therapy in cardiac failure, 14 patients with severe low-output heart failure underwent central and regional hemodynamic measurements after random placement in one of two prazosin dosing schedules."	( Development of pharmacodynamic tolerance to prozosin in congestive heart failure. Blanford, MF; Desch, CE; Leier, CV; Magorien, RD; Triffon, DW; Unverferth, DV, 1979)	0.26
" After the first dose, pelanserin was absorbed reaching a Cmax value of 39."	( Pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effect of oral pelanserin in renal hypertensive dogs. Castañeda-Hernández, G; Flores-Murrieta, FJ; Hong, E, 1992)	0.28
" The steady-state volume of distribution, Vdss, and terminal elimination half-life were significantly greater on Day 5 of TMTX-DDP compared to baseline."	( Pharmacokinetic study of trimetrexate in combination with cisplatin. Comis, RL; Hudes, GR; LaCreta, F; Litwin, S; O'Dwyer, PJ; Tinsley, P; Walczak, J, 1991)	0.28
" The drug had a mean terminal half-life of 13 hours."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of trimetrexate using a 24-hour continuous-injection schedule. Allegra, CJ; Balis, F; Brooks, J; Curt, GA; Drake, JC; Jenkins, J; Thomas, R; Weiss, RB, 1990)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of pelanserin allow to predict that this drug could have a place in the therapeutics of arterial hypertension."	( [Pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effect of pelanserin in dogs ]. Castañeda Hernández, G; Flores Murrieta, FJ; Hong, E, )	0.13
"Based on pharmacokinetic data from mice, rats, and rabbits, the prediction of pharmacokinetics of intravenous metazosin in man has been performed."	( Interspecies pharmacokinetic scaling of metazosin, a novel alpha-adrenergic antagonist. Lapka, R; Peterková, M; Rejholec, V; Sechser, T; Smíd, M, )	0.13
" The apparent terminal elimination half-life ranged from 24."	( Pharmacokinetics of halofuginone in cattle. Kinabo, LD; McKellar, QA, )	0.13
" After 1 and 5 mg, tmax ranged from 1-2 h; Cmax (4."	( Haemodynamic and pharmacokinetic evaluation of alfuzosin in man. A dose ranging study and comparison with prazosin. Deering, AH; Harron, DW; McMahon, MT; Scott, MG; Shanks, RG, 1989)	0.28
" TMTX plasma concentrations were measured after the first dose and the data were fit by two- or three-compartment mammillary pharmacokinetic models."	( A phase I trial of trimetrexate glucuronate (NSC 352122) given every 3 weeks: clinical pharmacology and pharmacodynamics. Donehower, RC; Ettinger, DS; Grochow, LB; Noe, DA, 1989)	0.28
"5-1 ng ml-1, which is sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies in man."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of alfuzosin in biological fluids with fluorimetric detection and large-volume injection. Broquaire, M; Colafranceschi, C; Guinebault, P; Thénot, JP, 1986)	0.27
" TMTX concentrations were measured 1 and 24 hours after each dose, and the data were fit by use of a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Phase I trial of trimetrexate glucuronate on a five-day bolus schedule: clinical pharmacology and pharmacodynamics. Dole, GB; Donehower, RC; Ettinger, DS; Graham, ML; Grochow, LB; McGuire, WP; Noe, DA; Rowinsky, EK, 1989)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic behavior of trimetrexate was characterized by triexponential plasma disappearance, elimination primarily by biotransformation, substantial plasma protein binding, poor CSF penetration, and limited oral bioavailability."	( Pharmacokinetics of trimetrexate (NSC 352122) in monkeys. Balis, FM; Lester, CM; Poplack, DG, 1986)	0.27
" The half-life of the terminal elimination-phase was 16."	( Phase I studies with trimetrexate: clinical pharmacology, analytical methodology, and pharmacokinetics. Baker, M; Bertino, JR; Cashmore, AR; Delap, R; Dreyer, RN; Ernstoff, M; Grillo-Lopez, A; Lin, JT; Marsh, JC; Whitfield, LR, 1987)	0.27
" Estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters were similar when determined by either compartmental or noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of trimetrexate administered by five-day continuous infusion to patients with advanced cancer. Bishop, JF; Morris, RG; Olver, IN; Raghavan, D; Reece, PA, 1987)	0.27
"2 to 215 ml/min/m2) and half-life (2."	( Pediatric phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of trimetrexate. Balis, FM; Belasco, J; Doherty, KM; Ettinger, LJ; Holcenberg, JS; Luks, E; Patel, R; Reaman, GH; Tan, C; Zimm, S, 1987)	0.27
" Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters were nearly proportional to dose over the 150 to 750 mg dose range studied."	( Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses of the antiallergic agent tiacrilast in man. Dunton, A; Keigher, N; Massarella, JW; Pao, J; Silvestri, TM, 1987)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic data showed that maximal serum phospholipid and NSC 251635 concentrations were obtained at the end of the liposome infusion."	( Intravenous infusion of high doses of liposomes containing NSC 251635, a water-insoluble cytostatic agent. A pilot study with pharmacokinetic data. Atassi, G; Brassinne, C; Coune, A; Frühling, J; Laduron, C; Ruysschaert, JM; Sculier, JP, 1986)	0.27
" The optimum use of prazosin in clinical practice depends on an understanding of the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of prazosin--1985. Elliott, HL; Meredith, PA; Reid, JL; Rubin, PC; Vincent, J, )	0.13
" These pharmacokinetic studies have shown that, by analogy with experimental systems, cytotoxic plasma levels of CB 3717 are archieved in man."	( The clinical pharmacokinetics of the novel antifolate N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid (CB 3717). Alison, DL; Calvert, AH; Harland, SJ; Harrap, KR; Hart, LI; Newell, DR; Sessa, C, 1985)	0.27
" The method described is suitable for routine clinical and pharmacokinetic studies."	( Determination of proquazone and its m-hydroxy metabolite by high-performance liquid chromatography. Clinical application: pharmacokinetics of proquazone in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Lempiäinen, M; Mäkelä, AL, 1985)	0.27
"A pharmacokinetic study of fenquizone (Idrolone), a thiazide-like diuretic, was conducted with single oral doses in 6 healthy volunteers."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fenquizone in healthy volunteers. Donati, C; Gueli Alletti, D; Maggi, GC, 1985)	0.27
" The pharmacodynamic response was a dose-related fall in the systemic arterial pressure, both supine and standing; dose-response effects were most evident in the upright posture."	( The pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and haemodynamic effects of acute and chronic alpha-adrenoceptor blockade in chronic heart failure. Silke, B; Taylor, SH, 1981)	0.26
" Time of maximum plasma concentration (2 hr) and half-life in plasma (5."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies with prazosin in chronic heart failure. Lakhani, ZM; Silke, B; Taylor, SH, )	0.13
"Extractive alkylation was carried out on fenquizone, a sulphonamide diuretic, in order to devise a suitable method for its determination in pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies."	( Gas-liquid chromatographic evaluation of fenquizone in biological samples for pharmacokinetic investigations. Marzo, A; Quadro, G; Treffner, E, 1983)	0.27
" In normal healthy volunteers, the time of peak concentration occurs between 1 and 3 hours after oral administration, with wide interindividual variations."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of prazosin. Jaillon, P, )	0.13
" The method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of evodiamine in rats after 2 mg/kg intravenous administration."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of evodiamine in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetic studies. Chen, CF; Chou, CJ; Jeng, KF; Lin, LC; Lin, YH; Tsai, TH, 1995)	0.29
" There were, however, neither prolongation of apparent elimination half-life (t1/2), nor increase in Cmax, nor area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-24) after consecutive dosing in both groups."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist bunazosin retard in hypertensives. Gotoh, E; Ishii, M; Minamisawa, K; Minamisawa, M; Shionoiri, H; Sugimoto, K; Takasaki, I; Takizawa, T; Ueda, S, 1994)	0.29
" The elimination of alfuzosin being almost entirely metabolic, the potential pharmacokinetic interaction with cimetidine (H2-receptor antagonist) was investigated in 10 healthy young subjects."	( The effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of alfuzosin. Bianchetti, G; Desager, JP; Harvengt, C; Rosenzweig, P, 1993)	0.29
" It was applied to the pharmacokinetic study of rutaecarpine in rat after a 2 mg/kg intravenous administration."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of rutaecarpine in rat plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Chen, CF; Chou, CJ; Hsu, SY; Ko, HC; Li, SY; Tsai, TH, 1994)	0.29
" In the present study, we have investigated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of ibopamine after ocular application."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in rabbits of ibopamine, a new mydriatic agent. Galbiati, I; Gazzaniga, A; Gianesello, V; Soldati, L; Virno, M, 1993)	0.29
" In female acute and chronic diabetic rats, pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to those in the control."	( Pharmacokinetics of zenarestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, in male and female diabetic rats. Kimura, T; Sawamoto, T; Suzuki, A; Tanaka, Y, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic studies in normotensive volunteers showed that plasma peak concentration (Cmax) of bunazosin retard and bioavailability were approximately 50% and 81%, respectively, of the values of the standard non-retarded formulation."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic use of bunazosin in hypertension. A review. Weidinger, G, 1995)	0.29
"To establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting and other major toxicities and the major pharmacokinetic parameters of a 10-day infusion of the nonclassical antifolate Thymitaq."	( Initial clinical trial and pharmacokinetics of Thymitaq (AG337) by 10-day continuous infusion in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clendeninn, NJ; Creaven, PJ; Dixon, M; Johnston, A; Loewen, GM; Meropol, NJ; Pendyala, L; Proefrock, A; Wu, EY, 1998)	0.3
" The primary end points were area under the plasma raltitrexed concentration-time curve from the start of the infusion to the last determined concentration (AUC(0-tldc)) and AUC to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)); secondary end points were peak concentrations of raltitrexed (Cmax) and elimination half-life (t(1/2gamma))."	( Effects of impaired renal function on the pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed (Tomudex ZD1694). Beale, P; Berry, C; Hanwell, J; Hoskin, P; Judson, I; Maughan, T; Primrose, J; Sutcliffe, F; Walker, M, 1998)	0.3
" A pharmacokinetic program was used to fit concentration-time (C-T) data and a combined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model was used to analyze effect-time (E-T) data in individual dogs."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of changrolin in dogs with arrhythmia. Feng, JL; Gu, YB; Liu, CX; Sun, JL; Wei, GL; Xiao, SH, 1996)	0.29
"The purpose of the present study was to examine the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic features of the novel mast cell inhibitor 4-(3'-Hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (WHI-P180) in mice."	( Pharmacokinetics and biologic activity of the novel mast cell inhibitor, 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline in mice. Bechard, B; Chen, CL; Chen, H; Liu, XP; Malaviya, R; Mitcheltree, G; Navara, C; Uckun, FM, 1999)	0.3
" The plasma concentration-time data was fit to a single compartment pharmacokinetic model by using the WinNonlin program to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics and biologic activity of the novel mast cell inhibitor, 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline in mice. Bechard, B; Chen, CL; Chen, H; Liu, XP; Malaviya, R; Mitcheltree, G; Navara, C; Uckun, FM, 1999)	0.3
" The practical utility of this new HPLC method was confirmed in a pilot pharmacokinetic study in BALB/c mice as well as in a cellular drug uptake and disposition study in RBL-2H3 mast cells."	( Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic method for pharmacokinetic studies of the potent mast cell inhibitor 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (WHI-P131). Chen, CL; Chen, H; Liu, XP; Malaviya, R; Uckun, FM, 1999)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of bunazosin elimination half-life and time to peak level were not statistically significantly affected by renal insufficiency."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bunazosin in patients with renal insufficiency. Koike, Y; Mineshita, S; Mizoguchi, H; Nomura, Y, 1999)	0.3
" administration, the terminal elimination half-life of WHI-P131 was 73."	( In vivo toxicity and pharmacokinetic features of the janus kinase 3 inhibitor WHI-P131 [4-(4'hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7- dimethoxyquinazoline. Chen, CL; Ek, O; Liu, XP; Uckun, FM, 1999)	0.3
" A three-compartment pharmacokinetic model was fitted to the raltitrexed plasma concentration-time data."	( The plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of the thymidylate synthase inhibitor raltitrexed (Tomudex) in a nonhuman primate model. Adamson, PC; Balis, FM; Godwin, KS; McCully, C; Widemann, BC, 1999)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetic profile is consistent with extensive polyglutamation and intracellular retention of ralitrexed."	( The plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of the thymidylate synthase inhibitor raltitrexed (Tomudex) in a nonhuman primate model. Adamson, PC; Balis, FM; Godwin, KS; McCully, C; Widemann, BC, 1999)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetics of the classical antifolate methotrexate have been well-defined and pharmacokinetic data can be exploited to reduce the toxicity and enhance the activity of the drug."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of antitumor antifolates. Newell, DR, 1999)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of AA were determined in male rats after administering a single 10 mg/kg intravenous dose (i."	( Pharmacokinetics and in-situ absorption studies of a new anti-allergic compound 73/602 in rats. Dwivedi, AK; Gutpa, RC; Paliwa, JK; Singh, S, 2000)	0.31
" The aims were to optimize the schedule of administration and determine any pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions between the two drugs."	( Clinical pharmacokinetic and in vitro combination studies of nolatrexed dihydrochloride (AG337, Thymitaq) and paclitaxel. Boddy, AV; Calvert, AH; Griffin, MJ; Hughes, AN; Johnston, A; Kerr, B; Lee, C; Liang, B; Newell, DR, 2000)	0.31
" Chromatograms and pharmacodynamic data from a Phase 1 Clinical Trial of a new antifolate drug, ZD9331 are included to illustrate the utility of the method."	( Modified high-performance liquid chromatography assay for the measurement of 2'-deoxyuridine in human plasma and its application to pharmacodynamic studies of antimetabolite drugs. Jackman, AL; Lynn, S; Mitchell, F, 2000)	0.31
" The disposition of raltitrexed in patients is best described by a 3-compartment model with a terminal half-life (t1/2gamma) of 260 hours, the latter being subject to significant interpatient variability."	( Clinical and preclinical pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed. Beale, PJ; Clarke, SJ; Rivory, LP, 2000)	0.31
" Cmax and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were dose-proportional from 10 to 100mg."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of the orally active selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 in healthy volunteers. Dane, A; Jones, H; Laight, A; Morris, C; Stafford, L; Swaisland, H; Yates, R, 2001)	0.31
" The elimination half-life suggests that once daily oral administration is appropriate."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of the orally active selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 in healthy volunteers. Dane, A; Jones, H; Laight, A; Morris, C; Stafford, L; Swaisland, H; Yates, R, 2001)	0.31
" The study also sought to characterize the pharmacokinetic behavior of 1843U89 and to seek preliminary evidence of anticancer activity."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of 1843U89, a noncompetitive inhibitor of thymidylate synthase, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Burris, H; Goetz, A; Hohneker, JA; Johnson, TR; Lampkin, T; Rowinsky, EK; Sailstad, J; Schwartz, G; Smetzer, L; Von Hoff, DD, 2001)	0.31
" In various tumor types, such as head and neck squamous carcinoma and gastric and breast adenocarcinoma, a relationship between EGFR and downstream markers (such as phosphorylated MAPK) has been characterized, further supporting the potential of these molecules for pharmacodynamic studies."	( Pharmacodynamic studies with the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839. Albanell, J; Baselga, J; Rojo, F, 2001)	0.31
" A once-daily formulation of alfuzosin administered through a novel prolonged-release system has been recently developed to improve the convenience of dosing and to provide optimal pharmacokinetic coverage over 24 hours."	( Alfuzosin: overview of pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of a clinically uroselective alpha-blocker. Roehrborn, CG, 2001)	0.31
" We studied the pharmacodynamic effects of ZD1839 on EGFR in the skin, an EGFR-dependent tissue, in cancer patients participating in ZD1839 phase I clinical trials."	( Pharmacodynamic studies of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor ZD1839 in skin from cancer patients: histopathologic and molecular consequences of receptor inhibition. Albanell, J; Averbuch, S; Baselga, J; Feyereislova, A; Gee, J; Herbst, R; LoRusso, P; Mascaro, JM; Nicholson, RI; Rischin, D; Rojo, F; Sauleda, S, 2002)	0.31
" These effects were profound at doses well below the one producing unacceptable toxicity, a finding that strongly supports pharmacodynamic assessments to select optimal doses instead of a maximum-tolerated dose for definitive efficacy and safety trials."	( Pharmacodynamic studies of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor ZD1839 in skin from cancer patients: histopathologic and molecular consequences of receptor inhibition. Albanell, J; Averbuch, S; Baselga, J; Feyereislova, A; Gee, J; Herbst, R; LoRusso, P; Mascaro, JM; Nicholson, RI; Rischin, D; Rojo, F; Sauleda, S, 2002)	0.31
" infusion on day 1 of a 4-week cycle to allow full pharmacokinetic assessment."	( Effects of impaired renal function on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of i.v. ZD9331, a novel non-polyglutamated thymidylate synthase inhibitor, in adult patients with solid tumors. Bonneterre, J; Culine, S; de Jonge, MJ; de Vries, EG; Droz, J; Glimelius, B; Smith, R; Van Groeningen, C; Verweij, J; Young, J, 2002)	0.31
" No pharmacologic interactions were observed between these agents, and no correlations between pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicity were noted."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in combination with raltitrexed. Adams, AL; Brady, D; Engstrom, PF; Gallo, JM; Kilpatrick, D; Lewis, NL; Litwin, S; Meropol, NJ; Scher, R; Szarka, CE; Weiner, LM, 2002)	0.31
"To establish the safety and tolerability of ZD1839 (Iressa), a selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and to explore its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in patients with selected solid tumor types."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic trial of ZD1839, a selective oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with five selected solid tumor types. Albanell, J; Averbuch, SD; Baselga, J; Bjork, T; Calvert, H; Feyereislova, A; Gianni, L; Harris, A; Kaye, SB; Kieback, DG; Ranson, M; Raymond, E; Rischin, D; Rojo, F; Swaisland, H, 2002)	0.31
" Pharmacodynamic changes in skin confirmed inhibition of EGFR signaling, which was predicted from the mode of action of ZD1839."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic trial of ZD1839, a selective oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with five selected solid tumor types. Albanell, J; Averbuch, SD; Baselga, J; Bjork, T; Calvert, H; Feyereislova, A; Gianni, L; Harris, A; Kaye, SB; Kieback, DG; Ranson, M; Raymond, E; Rischin, D; Rojo, F; Swaisland, H, 2002)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic follow-up was done for both drugs (RTX by LC-MS-MS and VRB by HPLC-UV detection)."	( The raltitrexed-vinorelbine combination: a phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic trial in advanced breast cancer. Chamorey, E; Ferrero, JM; Largillier, R; Leccia, F; Magné, N; Milano, G; Namer, M, 2002)	0.31
" It is deliverable on an outpatient basis, shows an acceptable toxicity profile potentially manageable by VRB pharmacokinetic follow-up, and has promising antitumor activity in taxane-anthracycline-refractory patients."	( The raltitrexed-vinorelbine combination: a phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic trial in advanced breast cancer. Chamorey, E; Ferrero, JM; Largillier, R; Leccia, F; Magné, N; Milano, G; Namer, M, 2002)	0.31
"To define the pharmacokinetic and toxicity profile of raltitrexed administered by intraperitoneal route in a normothermic pig model."	( Pharmacokinetics studies and toxicity profile of raltitrexed used by intraperitoneal route in normothermia in a pig model. Dube, P; Emond, C; Leclerc, Y; Nguyen, D; Sherman, I, 2003)	0.32
" Cmax in plasma were of 28 ng/ml and 54 ng/ml for group 1 and 2, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics studies and toxicity profile of raltitrexed used by intraperitoneal route in normothermia in a pig model. Dube, P; Emond, C; Leclerc, Y; Nguyen, D; Sherman, I, 2003)	0.32
" This method was used for a pharmacokinetic study in rat."	( HPLC assay in plasma and preliminary pharmacokinetic study of a quinazolinone derivative with spasmolytic effect. Jira, T; Kastner, P; Klimes, J; Láznícek, M, 2003)	0.32
" Mean terminal half-life following multiple dosing was 50."	( Phase I pharmacokinetic trial of the selective oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839) in Japanese patients with solid malignant tumors. Dong, RP; Fukuoka, M; Hirose, M; Kudoh, S; Nakagawa, K; Nakatani, I; Negoro, S; Swaisland, H; Takeda, K; Tamura, T; Yamamoto, N, 2003)	0.32
" The safety profile, pharmacokinetic parameters and antitumor activity observed in our study are comparable to those observed in patients from the USA and Europe."	( Phase I pharmacokinetic trial of the selective oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839) in Japanese patients with solid malignant tumors. Dong, RP; Fukuoka, M; Hirose, M; Kudoh, S; Nakagawa, K; Nakatani, I; Negoro, S; Swaisland, H; Takeda, K; Tamura, T; Yamamoto, N, 2003)	0.32
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies have an important role in the optimization of targeted agents."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: maximizing the clinical potential of Erlotinib (Tarceva). Bloedow, D; Hidalgo, M, 2003)	0.32
" This study evaluated the pharmacodynamic effects of OSI-774 in normal skin tissues collected from patients treated with the agent in a Phase I study."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor OSI-774 in human epidermis of cancer patients. Bacus, S; Brattain, MG; deGraffenried, L; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Kreisberg, JI; Malik, SN; Rizzo, J; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL, 2003)	0.32
"OSI-774 exerted pharmacodynamic effects in skin tissues of 30-50% of patients treated with the agent."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor OSI-774 in human epidermis of cancer patients. Bacus, S; Brattain, MG; deGraffenried, L; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Kreisberg, JI; Malik, SN; Rizzo, J; Rowinsky, EK; Siu, LL, 2003)	0.32
" The potential for drug interactions between gefitinib and cytotoxic agents was evaluated through pharmacokinetic assessments."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of gefitinib when administered with chemotherapy. Hammond, LA, 2003)	0.32
" In 8 patients, plasma levels of irinotecan and its metabolites SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38glu) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and main pharmacokinetic parameters, including steady-state concentration, area under the time-concentration curve, and clearance, were calculated and normalized to the dose level of 22."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan given as a 7-day continuous infusion in metastatic colorectal cancer patients pretreated with 5-fluorouracil or raltitrexed. Allegrini, G; Barbara, C; Cupini, S; Danesi, R; Del Tacca, M; Di Paolo, A; Falcone, A; Masi, G, 2004)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic data provided evidence that continuous infusion increased the metabolism of irinotecan to SN-38 with respect to standard 30/90-min administration."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan given as a 7-day continuous infusion in metastatic colorectal cancer patients pretreated with 5-fluorouracil or raltitrexed. Allegrini, G; Barbara, C; Cupini, S; Danesi, R; Del Tacca, M; Di Paolo, A; Falcone, A; Masi, G, 2004)	0.32
" The relationship between individual estimates of the pharmacokinetic parameters and patient covariates was examined and the influence of significant covariates on the population parameter estimates and their variance was investigated using stepwise multiple linear regression."	( Population pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed in patients with advanced solid tumours. Blair, EY; Clarke, SJ; McLachlan, AJ; Rivory, LP, 2004)	0.32
"three-compartment pharmacokinetic model was used to fit the concentration-time data of raltitrexed."	( Population pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed in patients with advanced solid tumours. Blair, EY; Clarke, SJ; McLachlan, AJ; Rivory, LP, 2004)	0.32
"A population pharmacokinetic model has been developed for raltitrexed in patients with advanced cancer."	( Population pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed in patients with advanced solid tumours. Blair, EY; Clarke, SJ; McLachlan, AJ; Rivory, LP, 2004)	0.32
" Specifically, we compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these EGFR inhibitors examined in preclinical and clinical studies."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of EGFR inhibitors under clinical investigation. Grandis, JR; Thomas, SM, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was also obtained."	( Evaluation of biologic end points and pharmacokinetics in patients with metastatic breast cancer after treatment with erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Bacharach, SL; Berman, A; Brahim, JS; Carrasquillo, JA; Chow, C; Ettenberg, SA; Figg, WD; Hewitt, SM; Lepper, ER; Lipkowitz, S; Parr, AL; Sparreboom, A; Steinberg, SM; Swain, SM; Tan, AR; Whatley, M; Yang, X, 2004)	0.32
" This ZD9331/docetaxel regimen does not appear to be associated with either major pharmacokinetic or toxicologic drug-drug interactions."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the nonpolyglutamatable thymidylate synthase inhibitor ZD9331 plus docetaxel in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Garrison, M; Jones, CB; McCreery, H; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, GH; Skinner, M; Takimoto, C; Tolcher, AW, 2004)	0.32
" The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of heat on the pharmacokinetic profile of Raltitrexed administered intraperitoneally in rats."	( A study of the effect of temperature on the pharmacokinetic profile of raltitrexed administered by intraperitoneal route in the rat. Bendavid, Y; Dubé, P; Leblond, FA, 2005)	0.33
" In this report, we describe a noninvasive pharmacodynamic model in which topical application of capsaicin is utilized to induce the release of endogenous CGRP and a vasodilatory response which can be measured using laser Doppler imaging."	( Investigation of the species selectivity of a nonpeptide CGRP receptor antagonist using a novel pharmacodynamic assay. Baskin, EP; Corcoran, HA; Hargreaves, RJ; Hershey, JC; Kane, SA; Koblan, KS; Mosser, S; Salvatore, CA; Williams, TM, 2005)	0.33
" To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction of theophylline with rutaecarpine, the effects of rutaecarpine on CYP1A2 activity and theophylline pharmacokinetics were investigated."	( Alteration of the pharmacokinetics of theophylline by rutaecarpine, an alkaloid of the medicinal herb Evodia rutaecarpa, in rats. Chen, RM; Chen, TL; Don, MJ; Tsai, TH; Ueng, YF, 2005)	0.33
"4-L volume of distribution, an initial half-life (t(1/2alpha)) of 6 minutes, and a terminal half-life (t(1/2beta)) of 45 minutes."	( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of raltitrexed in children with recurrent or refractory leukemia: a pediatric oncology group study. Berg, SL; Bernstein, M; Blaney, SM; Horton, TM; Kamen, B; Kuhn, J; Langevin, AM; Weitman, S, 2005)	0.33
" Following intravenous dosing (5 mg kg(-1), gefitinib plasma half-life was 3-6h in rats and dogs, although studies using a more sensitive HPLC-MS assay produced longer estimates of half-life (7-14h)."	( Pharmacokinetics of gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in rat and dog. Bardsley, J; Hutchison, M; McKillop, D; Parry, AC; Partridge, EA; Rhead, SA; Swaisland, HC; Woodman, HM, 2004)	0.32
"In this phase II multicenter trial, the primary objective was assessment of the tumor response rate with gefitinib; secondary objectives included analysis of the pharmacodynamic and biologic profiles in healthy and tumor tissue."	( Phase II and tumor pharmacodynamic study of gefitinib in patients with advanced breast cancer. Albanell, J; Baselga, J; Gascón, P; González, S; Guillém, V; Koehler, MT; Lluch, A; Marimón, I; Rojo, F; Ruiz, A; Sauleda, S; Tabernero, JM, 2005)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic samples were obtained on days 1 and 20."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity study of lapatinib (GW572016), a reversible dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic carcinomas. Blackwell, KL; Burris, HA; Dees, EC; Dowlati, A; Ellis, MJ; Harris, JL; Hurwitz, HI; Jones, SF; Koch, KM; Mangum, S; Marcom, PK; O'Neil, B; Overmoyer, B; Smith, DA; Spector, NL; Stead, A, 2005)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic and safety assessments were conducted throughout the trial."	( A phase I study to determine the effect of tamoxifen on the pharmacokinetics of a single 250 mg oral dose of gefitinib (IRESSA) in healthy male volunteers. Bailey, CJ; Cantarini, MV; Macpherson, MP; Marshall, AL; Robinson, AV, 2005)	0.33
" The presence of tamoxifen did not have a clinically significant effect on the primary variables AUC and Cmax of gefitinib, nor on the secondary variables AUC(0-t), tmax, t1/2, and lambdaz."	( A phase I study to determine the effect of tamoxifen on the pharmacokinetics of a single 250 mg oral dose of gefitinib (IRESSA) in healthy male volunteers. Bailey, CJ; Cantarini, MV; Macpherson, MP; Marshall, AL; Robinson, AV, 2005)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic data were calculated by a non-compartmental model."	( Effects of Evodia rutaecarpa and rutaecarpine on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in rats. Chang, CH; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH, 2005)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic studies were performed during course one (day 1 through 28)."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of gefitinib in children with refractory solid tumors: a Children's Oncology Group Study. Adamson, PC; Bernstein, ML; Blaney, SM; Croop, JM; Dancey, JE; Daw, NC; Furman, WL; Iacono, LC; Krailo, M; Reaman, GH; Speights, RA; Stewart, CF, 2005)	0.33
" The median apparent clearance and median half-life were 14."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of gefitinib in children with refractory solid tumors: a Children's Oncology Group Study. Adamson, PC; Bernstein, ML; Blaney, SM; Croop, JM; Dancey, JE; Daw, NC; Furman, WL; Iacono, LC; Krailo, M; Reaman, GH; Speights, RA; Stewart, CF, 2005)	0.33
" Based on these findings, three clinical studies were carried out to investigate pharmacokinetic drug interactions in vivo with gefitinib."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of gefitinib with rifampicin, itraconazole and metoprolol. Laight, A; Leadbetter, J; McKillop, D; Ranson, M; Smith, RP; Swaisland, HC; Wild, MJ, 2005)	0.33
" Appropriate pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental methods."	( Single-dose clinical pharmacokinetic studies of gefitinib. Duvauchelle, T; Kerr, DJ; Laight, A; Ranson, M; Smith, RP; Swaisland, HC; Wilder-Smith, CH, 2005)	0.33
" Absorption was again moderately slow, with gmean Cmax of 159 ng/mL (range 48."	( Single-dose clinical pharmacokinetic studies of gefitinib. Duvauchelle, T; Kerr, DJ; Laight, A; Ranson, M; Smith, RP; Swaisland, HC; Wilder-Smith, CH, 2005)	0.33
" Gefitinib undergoes rapid plasma clearance and has an extensive volume of distribution, resulting in a pharmacokinetic profile supportive of a once-daily dosage regimen."	( Single-dose clinical pharmacokinetic studies of gefitinib. Duvauchelle, T; Kerr, DJ; Laight, A; Ranson, M; Smith, RP; Swaisland, HC; Wilder-Smith, CH, 2005)	0.33
"Quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPkR) have increasingly been used for the prediction of the pharmacokinetic properties of drug leads."	( Quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships for drug clearance by using statistical learning methods. Chen, YZ; Li, ZR; Yap, CW, 2006)	0.33
"To compare the pharmacokinetic variables of erlotinib in current smokers with nonsmokers after receiving a single oral 150 or 300 mg dose of erlotinib."	( Effects of smoking on the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib. Beard, SE; Cagnoni, PJ; Clark, GM; Hamilton, M; Rusk, J; Witt, K; Wolf, JL, 2006)	0.33
"This was a single-center, open-label pharmacokinetic study in healthy male subjects."	( Effects of smoking on the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib. Beard, SE; Cagnoni, PJ; Clark, GM; Hamilton, M; Rusk, J; Witt, K; Wolf, JL, 2006)	0.33
" In an attempt to explain this variability, three pharmacokinetic studies were carried out in healthy volunteers to investigate the relationship between exposure to gefitinib and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A phenotype (study 1), CYP3A5 genotype (study 2) and CYP2D6 genotype (study 3)."	( Exploring the relationship between expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and gefitinib pharmacokinetics. Cantarini, MV; Fuhr, R; Holt, A; Swaisland, HC, 2006)	0.33
" In study 2, 73 healthy volunteers with previously defined single-dose gefitinib pharmacokinetic profiles were genotyped for CYP3A5."	( Exploring the relationship between expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and gefitinib pharmacokinetics. Cantarini, MV; Fuhr, R; Holt, A; Swaisland, HC, 2006)	0.33
" Herein we provide the preclinical and clinical rationale for studies examining the concept of pharmacodynamic separation as a means for overcoming hypothesized antagonism of EGFR TKIs and chemotherapy."	( Pharmacodynamic separation of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. Davies, AM; Gandara, DR; Gumerlock, PH; Ho, C; Lara, PN; Mack, P, 2006)	0.33
" Strategies to lower volume of distribution and shorten half-life through structure and pKa modulation are discussed."	( Inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase: optimisation of potency and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Ballard, P; Bradbury, RH; Harris, CS; Hennequin, LF; Hickinson, M; Kendrew, J; Kettle, JG; Klinowska, T; Ogilvie, DJ; Pearson, SE; Williams, EJ; Wilson, I, 2006)	0.33
" For pharmacokinetic analysis plasma sampling was performed during the first and second course and assayed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic assay with mass spectrometric detection."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of halofuginone, an oral quinazolinone derivative in patients with advanced solid tumours. de Jonge, MJ; Dumez, H; Lacombe, D; Marréaud, S; Punt, CJ; Snyder, D; van Oosterom, A; Verweij, J; Yamaguchi, T; Yarkoni, S, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic data showed high interpatient variability."	( Multicentre phase II pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of OSI-7904L in previously untreated patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Ajani, J; Albert, D; Anthoney, A; Chick, J; Drolet, DW; Eatock, M; Falk, S; Ferry, D; Glen, H; Valle, JW; Van Cutsem, E, 2006)	0.33
"The population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by use of NONMEM based on 4068 concentration samples from 1047 patients receiving erlotinib as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of erlotinib in patients with solid tumors and exposure-safety relationship in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Bruno, R; Eppler, SM; Hamilton, M; Lu, JF; Lum, BL; Rakhit, A; Wolf, J, 2006)	0.33
" The median erlotinib half-life based on this patient population was 36."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of erlotinib in patients with solid tumors and exposure-safety relationship in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Bruno, R; Eppler, SM; Hamilton, M; Lu, JF; Lum, BL; Rakhit, A; Wolf, J, 2006)	0.33
"The long half-life of erlotinib supports the current once-daily dosing regimen at 150 mg/d."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of erlotinib in patients with solid tumors and exposure-safety relationship in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Bruno, R; Eppler, SM; Hamilton, M; Lu, JF; Lum, BL; Rakhit, A; Wolf, J, 2006)	0.33
"A physiological pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to estimate tumor microcirculation in nude mice with a grafted tumor."	( Evaluation of antiangiogenic treatment effects on tumors' microcirculation by Bayesian physiological pharmacokinetic modeling and magnetic resonance imaging. Balvay, D; Bessoud, B; Bois, FY; Brochot, C; Cuénod, CA; Siauve, N, 2006)	0.33
"To assess the feasibility of administering erlotinib, an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin, and to identify pharmacokinetic interactions, evaluate downstream effects of EGFR inhibition on surrogate tissues, and seek preliminary evidence for clinical activity."	( Phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of erlotinib in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Beeram, M; Hamilton, M; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Kreisberg, JI; Mita, MM; Nadler, P; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, G; Tolcher, AW; Wolf, J; Wood, D, 2006)	0.33
" There was no evidence of pharmacokinetic interactions between paclitaxel and erlotinib; however, total carboplatin exposure trended higher in the presence of erlotinib."	( Phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of erlotinib in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Beeram, M; Hamilton, M; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Kreisberg, JI; Mita, MM; Nadler, P; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, G; Tolcher, AW; Wolf, J; Wood, D, 2006)	0.33
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model for CP-724,714, a novel HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor is under development for the treatment of advanced HER2 positive cancers."	( Population pharmacokinetics of a HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor CP-724,714 in patients with advanced malignant HER2 positive solid tumors. Guo, F; Letrent, SP; Sharma, A, 2007)	0.34
"A 2-compartment first-order absorption pharmacokinetic (PK) model with inter-subject variability (ISV) on the apparent oral elimination clearance (CL/F), apparent central volume of distribution (V1/F), apparent peripheral volume of distribution (V2/F), and first-order oral absorption rate constant (ka), interoccasion variability (IOV) on CL/F, and body weight (WT) as covariate on CL/F was developed."	( Population pharmacokinetics of a HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor CP-724,714 in patients with advanced malignant HER2 positive solid tumors. Guo, F; Letrent, SP; Sharma, A, 2007)	0.34
" Future studies will further assess the importance of WT as a pharmacokinetic covariate."	( Population pharmacokinetics of a HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor CP-724,714 in patients with advanced malignant HER2 positive solid tumors. Guo, F; Letrent, SP; Sharma, A, 2007)	0.34
"The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of erlotinib on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-related signaling elements in tumor and skin from patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) and seek relationships between relevant clinical, biological, and pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Assessment of erlotinib pharmacodynamics in tumors and skin of patients with head and neck cancer. Baillargeon, GM; Calvo, E; Chin, SF; Hidalgo, M; Irish, J; Kreisberg, JI; Malik, SN; Rowinsky, EK; Santabarbara, P; Siu, LL, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic studies were done for calcitriol and gefitinib."	( A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of intravenous calcitriol in combination with oral gefitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Bernardi, RJ; Black, JD; Brattain, MG; Creaven, PJ; Fakih, MG; French, R; Hutson, A; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Schwartz, J; Trump, DL, 2007)	0.34
" Erlotinib and OSI-420 plasma pharmacokinetic variables on days 8 and 34 overlapped to suggest that steady state had been reached."	( Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of erlotinib and its active metabolite OSI-420. Bai, F; Broniscer, A; Fraga, C; Gajjar, A; Krasin, MJ; O'Shaughnessy, M; Panetta, JC; Stewart, CF, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed."	( Phase I dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of AZD2171, an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Conry, S; Hutcheon, D; Morris, C; Puchalski, T; Roth, B; Ryan, CJ; Small, EJ; Stadler, WM, 2007)	0.34
"To investigate whether differences in plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of gefitinib between healthy subjects having normal (N; t(1/2)>20h) and altered (A; t(1/2)<20h) pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles might be explained by inter-individual variability in gastric emptying and/or precipitation/dissolution of gefitinib in the proximal small intestine."	( Pharmacokinetics of gefitinib in humans: the influence of gastrointestinal factors. Bergman, E; Cantarini, MV; Dickinson, P; Farmer, MR; Forsell, P; Knutson, L; Lennernäs, H; Persson, EM; Smith, R; Swaisland, H, 2007)	0.34
"The objectives of this phase I dose-finding study of erlotinib were to investigate the toxicity profile, to confirm the acceptable toxicity of doses up to 150 mg/day, and to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and antitumor activity in Japanese patients with solid tumors."	( Phase I dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of the oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Ro50-8231 (erlotinib) in Japanese patients with solid tumors. Fujisaka, Y; Horiike, A; Murakami, H; Shimoyama, T; Tamura, T; Yamada, Y; Yamamoto, N, 2008)	0.35
"A rational drug discovery process was initiated to design a potent and prostate-selective alpha1(L)-adrenoceptor antagonist with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once a day administration after oral dosing, for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia."	( Impact of physicochemical and structural properties on the pharmacokinetics of a series of alpha1L-adrenoceptor antagonists. Atkinson, F; Beaumont, K; Betts, A; Fox, D; Gardner, I; Morgan, P; Webster, R, 2007)	0.34
"PURPOSE Pharmacodynamic tissue studies were conducted on a phase I/II trial of erlotinib and cisplatin in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)."	( Predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarker studies in tumor and skin tissue samples of patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated with erlotinib. Agulnik, M; Chen, EX; Chen, H; Chen, S; da Cunha Santos, G; Dancey, J; Dos Reis, PP; Hedley, D; Ho, J; Kamel-Reid, S; Marrano, P; Nicklee, T; Pond, GR; Shyr, Y; Siu, LL; Soulieres, D; Squire, JA; Tsao, MS; Winquist, E, 2007)	0.34
" Further evaluation of PQD-A4 and PQD-BE in single and multiple pharmacokinetic (PK) studies as well as corresponding toxicity studies was conducted with rats."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and hydrolysis of oral pyrroloquinazolinediamines administered in single and multiple doses in rats. Anova, L; Kozar, MP; Li, Q; Lin, AJ; Milhous, WK; Shearer, TW; Si, Y; Skillman, DR; Smith, KS; Xie, LH; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.34
" Part 1 was designed to determine the OTR and part 2 was the pharmacokinetic part of the study."	( Phase I pharmacokinetic study of the safety and tolerability of lapatinib (GW572016) in combination with oxaliplatin/fluorouracil/leucovorin (FOLFOX4) in patients with solid tumors. Beijnen, JH; Boot, H; Keessen, M; Koch, KM; Pandite, L; Richel, DJ; Schellens, JH; Siegel-Lakhai, WS; Smith, DA; Versola, M; Vervenne, WL, 2007)	0.34
" Here, we show pharmacodynamic changes in VEGFR-2 phosphorylation induced by AZD2171."	( Acute pharmacodynamic and antivascular effects of the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling inhibitor AZD2171 in Calu-6 human lung tumor xenografts. Barry, ST; Copley, C; James, NH; Jürgensmeier, JM; Kendrew, J; Oakley, I; Smith, NR; Wainwright, A; Wedge, SR; Womersley, LM, 2007)	0.34
" Additional patients were treated at the OTR dose level to further evaluate safety and for pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Arya, N; Chu, QS; Curtright, J; de Bono, J; Fleming, RA; Ho, PT; Koch, KM; Pandite, L; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, G; Smith, DA; Versola, MJ, 2007)	0.34
"Lapatinib and capecitabine administered on a 3-week schedule were well tolerated, and no pharmacokinetic interaction was observed."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Arya, N; Chu, QS; Curtright, J; de Bono, J; Fleming, RA; Ho, PT; Koch, KM; Pandite, L; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, G; Smith, DA; Versola, MJ, 2007)	0.34
" Co-administration of lapatinib increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan, by an average of 41%; no other pharmacokinetic interactions were observed."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with infusional 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin and irinotecan. Flaherty, KT; Fleming, RA; Kerr, DJ; Koch, KM; Middleton, MR; Midgley, RS; O'Dwyer, PJ; Pratap, SE; Smith, DA; Stevenson, JP; Versola, M; Ward, C, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non-compartmental and compartmental methods."	( The plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of erlotinib and its active metabolite (OSI-420) after intravenous administration of erlotinib in non-human primates. Balis, FM; Fox, E; McCully, C; Meany, HJ; Tucker, C, 2008)	0.35
" We hypothesize that cell cycle arrest induced by erlotinib accounts for these findings in the presence of wild-type EGFR and that pharmacodynamic separation of the 2 drug classes will ameliorate these effects."	( Schedule-dependent apoptosis in K-ras mutant non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines treated with docetaxel and erlotinib: rationale for pharmacodynamic separation. Davies, AM; Gandara, DR; Gumerlock, PH; Holland, W; Lara, PN; Mack, PC; Mahaffey, CM; Pryde, B, 2007)	0.34
" These results suggest that rutaecarpine might cause changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of APAP in rats."	( The effects of rutaecarpine on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in rats. Bista, SR; Jahng, Y; Jeong, H; Jeong, TC; Kang, MJ; Kim, DH; Lee, SK, 2007)	0.34
"Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, such as gefitinib, are examples of targeted anticancer drugs whose drug sensitivity is related to gene mutations that adds a pharmacogenetic (PG) dimension to any pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models of gefitinib and the design of equivalent dosing regimens in EGFR wild-type and mutant tumor models. Gallo, JM; Guo, P; Wang, S; Wang, X; Zhou, Q, 2008)	0.35
"To assess the pharmacogenomic and pharmacokinetic determinants of skin rash and diarrhea, the two primary dose-limiting toxicities of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib."	( Pharmacogenomic and pharmacokinetic determinants of erlotinib toxicity. Armstrong, DK; Brahmer, JR; Carducci, MA; Chen, P; Das, S; Desai, A; Fackenthal, DL; Fleming, GF; Janisch, L; Jiang, X; Karrison, T; Liu, W; Poonkuzhali, B; Ramirez, J; Ratain, MJ; Rudin, CM; Schuetz, E; Vokes, EE, 2008)	0.35
"A novel diplotype of two polymorphic loci in the ABCG2 promoter involving -15622C/T and 1143C/T was identified, with alleles conferring lower ABCG2 levels associated with higher erlotinib pharmacokinetic parameters, including area under the curve (P = ."	( Pharmacogenomic and pharmacokinetic determinants of erlotinib toxicity. Armstrong, DK; Brahmer, JR; Carducci, MA; Chen, P; Das, S; Desai, A; Fackenthal, DL; Fleming, GF; Janisch, L; Jiang, X; Karrison, T; Liu, W; Poonkuzhali, B; Ramirez, J; Ratain, MJ; Rudin, CM; Schuetz, E; Vokes, EE, 2008)	0.35
"Although exploratory in nature, this combined pharmacogenomic and pharmacokinetic model helps to define and differentiate the primary determinants of skin and gastrointestinal toxicity of erlotinib."	( Pharmacogenomic and pharmacokinetic determinants of erlotinib toxicity. Armstrong, DK; Brahmer, JR; Carducci, MA; Chen, P; Das, S; Desai, A; Fackenthal, DL; Fleming, GF; Janisch, L; Jiang, X; Karrison, T; Liu, W; Poonkuzhali, B; Ramirez, J; Ratain, MJ; Rudin, CM; Schuetz, E; Vokes, EE, 2008)	0.35
" Paclitaxel clearance decreased during cycle 2, but no other significant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of daily oral AZD2171, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinases, in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the National Cancer Institut Arnold, A; Chen, E; Ellis, PM; Gauthier, I; Goss, G; Laurie, SA; Powers, J; Puchalski, TA; Robertson, J; Seymour, L; Shepherd, FA; Tu, D; Walsh, W, 2008)	0.35
" The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the tolerance and single-dose pharmacokinetic profile of DOP in healthy human volunteers."	( Phase I clinical trial with desoxypeganine, a new cholinesterase and selective MAO-A inhibitor: tolerance and pharmacokinetics study of escalating single oral doses. Algorta, J; Alvarez-González, A; Maraschiello, C; Maruhn, D; Mucke, HA; Pena, MA; Windisch, M, 2008)	0.35
" No pharmacokinetic interaction was observed."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib and docetaxel in patients with advanced cancer. Arya, N; Burris, HA; Fleming, RA; Gadgeel, S; Jones, SF; Koch, KM; Loftiss, J; LoRusso, PM; Pandite, L; Weber, BL, 2008)	0.35
" Additional patients were enrolled at the OTR dose level to further evaluate safety and for pharmacokinetic analyses."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced cancer. Arya, N; Chu, QS; Cianfrocca, ME; Fleming, RA; Gale, M; Goldstein, LJ; Koch, KM; Loftiss, J; Murray, N; Pandite, L; Paul, E; Rowinsky, EK, 2008)	0.35
"Thirty-nine patients were enrolled in the study: 12 in the dose-escalation group, 7 in the OTR safety group, and 20 in the pharmacokinetic group."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced cancer. Arya, N; Chu, QS; Cianfrocca, ME; Fleming, RA; Gale, M; Goldstein, LJ; Koch, KM; Loftiss, J; Murray, N; Pandite, L; Paul, E; Rowinsky, EK, 2008)	0.35
"Clinically relevant doses of lapatinib in combination with letrozole were well tolerated and did not result in a pharmacokinetic interaction, and clinical antitumor activity was observed."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced cancer. Arya, N; Chu, QS; Cianfrocca, ME; Fleming, RA; Gale, M; Goldstein, LJ; Koch, KM; Loftiss, J; Murray, N; Pandite, L; Paul, E; Rowinsky, EK, 2008)	0.35
"We have constructed a new ocular pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for anti-glaucoma drugs to describe ocular hypotensive effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) after instillation of a combination of an alpha(1)-adrenergic antagonist, bunazosin, and a beta-adrenergic antagonist, timolol, into rabbits."	( Ocular pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling for multiple anti-glaucoma drugs. Higuchi, S; Kawazu, K; Kitahara, T; Nakamura, J; Nakashima, M; Nishida, K; Sakanaka, K; Sasaki, H; Tomonari, M, 2008)	0.35
"We conducted a phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor erlotinib as a single agent and in combination with temozolomide in children with refractory solid tumors."	( Pediatric phase I and pharmacokinetic study of erlotinib followed by the combination of erlotinib and temozolomide: a Children's Oncology Group Phase I Consortium Study. Adamson, PC; Blaney, SM; Dancey, JE; Gilbertson, RJ; Hamilton, M; Ingle, AM; Jakacki, RI; Krailo, MD; Tersak, J; Voss, SD, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic studies and ERBB-receptor expression and signaling studies were performed."	( Pediatric phase I and pharmacokinetic study of erlotinib followed by the combination of erlotinib and temozolomide: a Children's Oncology Group Phase I Consortium Study. Adamson, PC; Blaney, SM; Dancey, JE; Gilbertson, RJ; Hamilton, M; Ingle, AM; Jakacki, RI; Krailo, MD; Tersak, J; Voss, SD, 2008)	0.35
"This randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled, single rising-dose study investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of BI 1356 (once-daily, given orally) in healthy men."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single oral doses of BI 1356, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, in healthy male volunteers. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hüttner, S; Ring, A; Withopf, B, 2008)	0.35
"To evaluate the safety and describe the pharmacokinetic profile of OSI-7904L, a novel liposomal thymidylate synthase inhibitor, in combination with cisplatin (CDDP) in adults with advanced solid tumors."	( Phase I, pharmacokinetic and biological correlative study of OSI-7904L, a novel liposomal thymidylate synthase inhibitor, and cisplatin in patients with solid tumors. Berlin, JD; Chick, J; Drolet, DW; Horan, J; Papadopoulos, KP; Quaratino-Baker, C; Ricart, AD; Rothenberg, ML; Rowinsky, EK; Syed, S; Tolcher, AW; Vermeulen, W, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic samples, baseline plasma homocysteine, and genotype polymorphisms were evaluated."	( Phase I, pharmacokinetic and biological correlative study of OSI-7904L, a novel liposomal thymidylate synthase inhibitor, and cisplatin in patients with solid tumors. Berlin, JD; Chick, J; Drolet, DW; Horan, J; Papadopoulos, KP; Quaratino-Baker, C; Ricart, AD; Rothenberg, ML; Rowinsky, EK; Syed, S; Tolcher, AW; Vermeulen, W, 2008)	0.35
" No major pharmacokinetic interactions between CDDP and OSI-7904L were observed."	( Phase I, pharmacokinetic and biological correlative study of OSI-7904L, a novel liposomal thymidylate synthase inhibitor, and cisplatin in patients with solid tumors. Berlin, JD; Chick, J; Drolet, DW; Horan, J; Papadopoulos, KP; Quaratino-Baker, C; Ricart, AD; Rothenberg, ML; Rowinsky, EK; Syed, S; Tolcher, AW; Vermeulen, W, 2008)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic interaction between the agents was not apparent."	( Phase I, pharmacokinetic and biological correlative study of OSI-7904L, a novel liposomal thymidylate synthase inhibitor, and cisplatin in patients with solid tumors. Berlin, JD; Chick, J; Drolet, DW; Horan, J; Papadopoulos, KP; Quaratino-Baker, C; Ricart, AD; Rothenberg, ML; Rowinsky, EK; Syed, S; Tolcher, AW; Vermeulen, W, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic profile of lapatinib in Japanese patients was comparable to that of western subjects."	( Phase I dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic trial of lapatinib (GW572016), a selective oral dual inhibitor of ErbB-1 and -2 tyrosine kinases, in Japanese patients with solid tumors. Fukuoka, M; Kanezaki, M; Kawada, K; Kurata, T; Minami, H; Minamide, Y; Mukai, H; Mukaiyama, A; Nakagawa, K; Nogami, T; Sasaki, Y; Uejima, H, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic studies were obtained after first dose and on day 8 of therapy."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic studies of erlotinib administered concurrently with radiotherapy for children, adolescents, and young adults with high-grade glioma. Baker, SJ; Broniscer, A; Ellison, DW; Endersby, R; Gajjar, A; Kocak, M; Laningham, FH; Merchant, TE; Morris, EB; Schaiquevich, P; Stewart, CF, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic variables of erlotinib and OSI-420 in children were similar to those described in adults."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic studies of erlotinib administered concurrently with radiotherapy for children, adolescents, and young adults with high-grade glioma. Baker, SJ; Broniscer, A; Ellison, DW; Endersby, R; Gajjar, A; Kocak, M; Laningham, FH; Merchant, TE; Morris, EB; Schaiquevich, P; Stewart, CF, 2009)	0.35
"Although the MTD of erlotinib in children with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma was 120 mg/m(2) per day, pharmacokinetic studies showed wide interpatient variability in drug exposure."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic studies of erlotinib administered concurrently with radiotherapy for children, adolescents, and young adults with high-grade glioma. Baker, SJ; Broniscer, A; Ellison, DW; Endersby, R; Gajjar, A; Kocak, M; Laningham, FH; Merchant, TE; Morris, EB; Schaiquevich, P; Stewart, CF, 2009)	0.35
" Because the formulations and manufacturers differed, the differences in tolerability, as well as platelet counts, might have been related to differences in pharmacokinetic properties between the 2 formulations."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence, tolerability, and effects on platelet counts of two formulations of anagrelide in healthy volunteers and patients with thrombocythemia associated with chronic myeloproliferation. Gisslinger, H; Krumpl, G; Linkesch, W; Petrides, PE; Schüller, A; Steurer, M; Widmann, R, 2009)	0.35
"The present series of investigations (1) determined the pharmacokinetic profile of anagrelide and its metabolites; (2) compared the pharmacokinetic profiles of the test and reference formulations of anagrelide; (3) investigated the in vitro release of anagrelide as a marker of intragastric anagrelide release of the test and reference formulations; and (4) compared the platelet-reducing effects of the test and reference formulations in patients with thrombocythemia in 2 longitudinal studies over 4 weeks."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence, tolerability, and effects on platelet counts of two formulations of anagrelide in healthy volunteers and patients with thrombocythemia associated with chronic myeloproliferation. Gisslinger, H; Krumpl, G; Linkesch, W; Petrides, PE; Schüller, A; Steurer, M; Widmann, R, 2009)	0.35
" In a pilot, prospective, singledose study in healthy volunteers, the pharmacokinetic properties (C(max), T(max), and AUC(0-infinity)) of a test formulation of anagrelide were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of plasma samples."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence, tolerability, and effects on platelet counts of two formulations of anagrelide in healthy volunteers and patients with thrombocythemia associated with chronic myeloproliferation. Gisslinger, H; Krumpl, G; Linkesch, W; Petrides, PE; Schüller, A; Steurer, M; Widmann, R, 2009)	0.35
"The pilot pharmacokinetic study of the test formulation in 16 volunteers (10 women, 6 men; mean [SD] age, 20."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence, tolerability, and effects on platelet counts of two formulations of anagrelide in healthy volunteers and patients with thrombocythemia associated with chronic myeloproliferation. Gisslinger, H; Krumpl, G; Linkesch, W; Petrides, PE; Schüller, A; Steurer, M; Widmann, R, 2009)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic properties, adverse event rates, and in vitro dissolution profile differed between the test and reference anagrelide formulations in these healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioequivalence, tolerability, and effects on platelet counts of two formulations of anagrelide in healthy volunteers and patients with thrombocythemia associated with chronic myeloproliferation. Gisslinger, H; Krumpl, G; Linkesch, W; Petrides, PE; Schüller, A; Steurer, M; Widmann, R, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed cediranib as suitable for once-daily oral dosing."	( Phase I, dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of cediranib (RECENTIN), a highly potent and selective VEGFR signaling inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Boku, N; Fujiwara, Y; Murakami, H; Nokihara, H; Puchalski, TA; Shin, E; Takahashi, T; Tamura, T; Yamada, K; Yamada, Y; Yamamoto, N; Yamazaki, K, 2009)	0.35
"To investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of multiple oral doses of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of multiple oral doses of linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in male type 2 diabetes patients. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Heise, T; Hüttner, S; Ring, A; Trommeshauser, D, 2009)	0.35
" Accumulation half-life was short (8."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and tolerability of multiple oral doses of linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in male type 2 diabetes patients. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Heise, T; Hüttner, S; Ring, A; Trommeshauser, D, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacodynamic separation by intermittent delivery of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors with chemotherapy may increase efficacy by overcoming hypothesized antagonism."	( Intermittent erlotinib in combination with pemetrexed: phase I schedules designed to achieve pharmacodynamic separation. Beckett, L; Davies, AM; Gandara, DR; Ho, C; Lara, PN; Lau, D; Perkins, N; Scudder, SA, 2009)	0.35
"The goals of this investigation were to illustrate the use of pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling strategies in drug development based on a multiple-dose study of gefitinib in a preclinical tumor model."	( Demonstration of the equivalent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic dosing strategy in a multiple-dose study of gefitinib. Gallo, JM; Wang, S; Zhou, Q, 2009)	0.35
" Linagliptin improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients by increasing the half-life of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)."	( Evaluation of the potential for steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and metformin in healthy subjects. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Padula, S; Ring, A; Withopf, B, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted to assess the effect of pancreatic enzyme deficiency and intestinal malabsorption secondary to cystic fibrosis on the bioavailability of orally administered erlotinib, a lipophilic drug."	( Pharmacokinetics of erlotinib for the treatment of high-grade glioma in a pediatric patient with cystic fibrosis: case report and review of the literature. Broniscer, A; Christiansen, SR; Panetta, JC; Stewart, CF, 2009)	0.35
"The aim of the present human pharmacology clinical trial was to assess the oral bioavailability, pharmacokinetic profile and tolerability of desoxypeganine, administered in a multiple-dose regimen to healthy volunteers."	( Randomized, crossover, single-blind, placebo-controlled, human pharmacology clinical trial with desoxypeganine, a new cholinesterase and selective MAO-A inhibitor: multiple-dose pharmacokinetics. Algorta, J; Alvarez, A; Maraschiello, C; Maruhn, D; Mucke, HA; Pena, MA; Windisch, M, 2009)	0.35
" Main pharmacokinetic parameters after single and multiple doses were estimated."	( Randomized, crossover, single-blind, placebo-controlled, human pharmacology clinical trial with desoxypeganine, a new cholinesterase and selective MAO-A inhibitor: multiple-dose pharmacokinetics. Algorta, J; Alvarez, A; Maraschiello, C; Maruhn, D; Mucke, HA; Pena, MA; Windisch, M, 2009)	0.35
" Cmax and AUC are approximately double with the dose of 100 mg comparing with the dose of 50 mg."	( Randomized, crossover, single-blind, placebo-controlled, human pharmacology clinical trial with desoxypeganine, a new cholinesterase and selective MAO-A inhibitor: multiple-dose pharmacokinetics. Algorta, J; Alvarez, A; Maraschiello, C; Maruhn, D; Mucke, HA; Pena, MA; Windisch, M, 2009)	0.35
"The present clinical trial describes the pharmacokinetic profile of two doses of desoxypeganine, administered orally in multiple dose to healthy volunteers."	( Randomized, crossover, single-blind, placebo-controlled, human pharmacology clinical trial with desoxypeganine, a new cholinesterase and selective MAO-A inhibitor: multiple-dose pharmacokinetics. Algorta, J; Alvarez, A; Maraschiello, C; Maruhn, D; Mucke, HA; Pena, MA; Windisch, M, 2009)	0.35
" Post marketing study commitments have been made upon (accelerated) approval such as additional pharmacokinetic studies in patients with renal- or hepatic impairment, in children, additional interactions studies and studies on the relative or absolute bioavailability."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Gelderblom, H; Guchelaar, HJ; van Erp, NP, 2009)	0.35
" Clinical assessments of safety and antitumor activity were recorded and blood was sampled for pharmacokinetic assessments."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of oral lapatinib administered once or twice daily in patients with solid malignancies. Arya, N; Burris, HA; Fleming, RA; Jones, SF; Koch, KM; Pandite, L; Smith, DA; Spector, N; Taylor, CW; Versola, MJ; Wilding, G, 2009)	0.35
" Four patients with locally advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma were treated with gefitinib (250 mg/day) for 14 days and pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were conducted to monitor plasma drug concentrations."	( A novel pharmacodynamic approach to assess and predict tumor response to the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor gefitinib in patients with esophageal cancer. Abdallah, N; Altiok, S; Berman, D; Forastiere, A; Gibson, MK; Jagannath, S; Mezzadra, H; Rudek, MA; Tsottles, N, 2010)	0.36
" To determine possible drug-drug interaction with this combination, a subset of 24 (12 erlotinib, 12 placebo) patients were enrolled onto an intensive pharmacokinetic (IPK) substudy group at a single site."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the phase III, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial (TRIBUTE) of paclitaxel and carboplatin combined with erlotinib or placebo in patients with advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Blumenschein, GR; Herbst, RS; Kim, ES; Lu, C; Lum, BL; Malik, M; Oh, YW; Papadimitrakopoulou, VA; Tran, HT; Zinner, RG, 2011)	0.37
"Complete blood sampling for pharmacokinetic analysis was obtained in 21 of 24 patients."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the phase III, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial (TRIBUTE) of paclitaxel and carboplatin combined with erlotinib or placebo in patients with advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Blumenschein, GR; Herbst, RS; Kim, ES; Lu, C; Lum, BL; Malik, M; Oh, YW; Papadimitrakopoulou, VA; Tran, HT; Zinner, RG, 2011)	0.37
" The authors determined whether a pharmacokinetic interaction occurs between sotrastaurin and everolimus, both of which are substrates and inhibitors of CYP3A4."	( Sotrastaurin and everolimus pharmacokinetics after single-dose coadministration. Antunes, MC; Bartlett, M; Kovarik, JM; Marbach, P; Rordorf, C; van Marle, S; Winter, S, 2010)	0.36
" Clinical and pharmacokinetic data were collected to Day 5 after each treatment."	( Sotrastaurin and everolimus pharmacokinetics after single-dose coadministration. Antunes, MC; Bartlett, M; Kovarik, JM; Marbach, P; Rordorf, C; van Marle, S; Winter, S, 2010)	0.36
" Although unbound linagliptin is cleared efficiently (CL/F 220 L/h), the concentration-dependent binding is responsible for the long terminal half-life (approximatelly 120 hours) of linagliptin and its nonlinear pharmacokinetics."	( Impact of target-mediated drug disposition on Linagliptin pharmacokinetics and DPP-4 inhibition in type 2 diabetic patients. Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Jaehde, U; Retlich, S; Staab, A, 2010)	0.36
"The aims of this study were to further define the safety of sorafenib and erlotinib, given at their full approved monotherapy doses, and to correlate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic markers with clinical outcome."	( Phase I combination of sorafenib and erlotinib therapy in solid tumors: safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic evaluation from an expansion cohort. Bandarchi-Chamkhaleh, B; Chen, EX; Do, T; Duran, I; Le Tourneau, C; MacLean, M; Mak, TW; Metser, U; Nayyar, R; Pham, NA; Quintela-Fandino, M; Siu, LL; Tsao, M; Tusche, MW; Wang, L; Wright, JJ, 2010)	0.36
"To establish a SPE-HPLC method for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of evodiamine and rutacarpine in rat plasma."	( [Determination of evodiamine and rutaecarpine of compound Wuzhuyu cataplasm in plasma by SPE-HPLC: application to its pharmacokinetics]. Kang, C; Li, M; Liu, S; Tong, H; Wang, Y; Yin, W; Zhou, Z, 2009)	0.35
"After transdermal administration to rats, the pharmacokinetic behavior of evodiamine and rutaecarpine belongs to the one-compartment model."	( [Determination of evodiamine and rutaecarpine of compound Wuzhuyu cataplasm in plasma by SPE-HPLC: application to its pharmacokinetics]. Kang, C; Li, M; Liu, S; Tong, H; Wang, Y; Yin, W; Zhou, Z, 2009)	0.35
" It is proved to be suitable for pharmacokinetic study of evodiamine and rutaecarpine."	( [Determination of evodiamine and rutaecarpine of compound Wuzhuyu cataplasm in plasma by SPE-HPLC: application to its pharmacokinetics]. Kang, C; Li, M; Liu, S; Tong, H; Wang, Y; Yin, W; Zhou, Z, 2009)	0.35
" How sotrastaurin and tacrolimus could be partnered in an immunosuppressive regimen will need to be established in the context of controlled clinical trials in organ transplant patients, taking into account the pharmacokinetic interaction on tacrolimus and the potentially enhanced immunosuppressive activity of this drug combination."	( Sotrastaurin and tacrolimus coadministration: effects on pharmacokinetics and biomarker responses. Grenet, O; Kovarik, JM; Seiberling, M; Sfikas, N; Slade, A; Stitah, S; Straube, F; Vitaliti, A; Winter, S, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetics were studied with LC-MS/MS, standard, and population pharmacokinetic methods."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of erlotinib (OSI-774) in combination with docetaxel in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SSCHN). Agrawal, A; Aimiumu, J; Chan, KK; Chen, P; Cheng, H; Dancey, J; Grever, MR; Kraut, EH; Lang, J; Rhoades, C; Young, DC; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.37
" In 24 patients, the mean Cmax and AUC erlotinib values increased with dose and following cumulative dosing (days 7 and 8 vs."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of erlotinib (OSI-774) in combination with docetaxel in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SSCHN). Agrawal, A; Aimiumu, J; Chan, KK; Chen, P; Cheng, H; Dancey, J; Grever, MR; Kraut, EH; Lang, J; Rhoades, C; Young, DC; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.37
" The elimination half-life of sotrastaurin averages 6 hours."	( Overview of sotrastaurin clinical pharmacokinetics. Kovarik, JM; Slade, A, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of vandetanib in subjects with renal or hepatic impairment. Langmuir, P; Martin, P; Molz, KH; Oliver, S; Read, J; Smith, R; Weil, A, 2010)	0.36
" Serial plasma samples for pharmacokinetic analyses were obtained after the first dose."	( A pediatric phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of ispinesib: a Children's Oncology Group phase I consortium study. Adamson, PC; Blaney, SM; Conlan, MG; Dubowy, RL; Ingle, AM; Souid, AK; Sun, J, 2010)	0.36
" The median (range) terminal elimination half-life was 16 (8-44) hr and the plasma drug clearance was 5 (1-14) L/hr/m(2) ."	( A pediatric phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of ispinesib: a Children's Oncology Group phase I consortium study. Adamson, PC; Blaney, SM; Conlan, MG; Dubowy, RL; Ingle, AM; Souid, AK; Sun, J, 2010)	0.36
" The half-life was ∼40 hours."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and inhibition of SRC activity study of saracatinib in patients with solid tumors. Baselga, J; Casado, E; Cervantes, A; Chirivella, I; Elvin, P; Hamberg, P; Hoekman, K; Hurwitz, HI; Iacona, R; Jodrell, DI; Martinelli, E; Swaisland, A; Tabernero, J, 2010)	0.36
" This study aimed to investigate any potential pharmacokinetic interaction between linagliptin and pioglitazone, a CYP 2C8 substrate."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin and pioglitazone in healthy volunteers. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Jungnik, A; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2010)	0.36
"Linagliptinand pioglitazone have no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction and may be co-administered without dose adjustment."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin and pioglitazone in healthy volunteers. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Jungnik, A; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2010)	0.36
" Noncompartmental analysis and population pharmacokinetic modelling were performed."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects. Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010)	0.36
" The terminal elimination half-life was comparable across dose groups (126-139 hours)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects. Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010)	0.36
"The nonlinear pharmacokinetic characteristics and the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of linagliptin were independent of the mode of administration (intravenous or oral)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects. Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010)	0.36
" However, this was not seen as clinically relevant due to the absence of a reliable dose-response relationship and the known large pharmacokinetic interindividual variability of glyburide."	( Assessment of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the novel DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and a sulfonylurea, glyburide, in healthy subjects. Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ; Zander, K, 2011)	0.37
" This study evaluated the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of cediranib and compared the administration of continual cediranib via two dosing strategies using this as a platform to investigate pharmacodynamic imaging biomarkers."	( A two-part phase II study of cediranib in patients with advanced solid tumours: the effect of food on single-dose pharmacokinetics and an evaluation of safety, efficacy and imaging pharmacodynamics. Cheung, S; Evans, J; Fielding, A; Harris, A; Jackson, A; Jayson, GC; Kelly, C; Middleton, M; Mitchell, CL; O'Connor, JP; Parker, GJ; Roberts, C; Rudman, S; Spicer, J; Tessier, J; Watson, Y; Young, H, 2011)	0.37
" Exploratory pharmacodynamic assessments were performed using DCE-MRI and CT enhancing fraction (EnF)."	( A two-part phase II study of cediranib in patients with advanced solid tumours: the effect of food on single-dose pharmacokinetics and an evaluation of safety, efficacy and imaging pharmacodynamics. Cheung, S; Evans, J; Fielding, A; Harris, A; Jackson, A; Jayson, GC; Kelly, C; Middleton, M; Mitchell, CL; O'Connor, JP; Parker, GJ; Roberts, C; Rudman, S; Spicer, J; Tessier, J; Watson, Y; Young, H, 2011)	0.37
" In a pharmacokinetic study, 13 de novo liver transplant recipients received 100 mg sotrastaurin once between days 1-3 and once between days 5-8 post-transplant."	( Sotrastaurin single-dose pharmacokinetics in de novo liver transplant recipients. Cillo, U; Gatlik, E; Kovarik, JM; Meiser, K; Neuhaus, P; Slade, A; Stitah, S; Weber, M, 2011)	0.37
" Tacrolimus exposure was significantly increased by sotrastaurin in the initial weeks posttransplant by a pharmacokinetic interaction."	( Pharmacokinetics of sotrastaurin combined with tacrolimus or mycophenolic acid in de novo kidney transplant recipients. Arns, W; Budde, K; Dantal, J; Grinyo, JM; Kovarik, JM; Proot, P; Rostaing, L; Steiger, JU, 2011)	0.37
" There were no clinically significant changes in steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin when it was co-administered with linagliptin."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction after multiple oral doses of linagliptin and digoxin in healthy volunteers. Brand, T; Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, EU; Ring, A; Sennewald, R; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with vandetanib during coadministration with rifampicin or itraconazole. Duvauchelle, T; Kennedy, SJ; Martin, P; Oliver, S; Read, J; Robertson, J, 2011)	0.37
" In Study 2, the geometric mean gefitinib steady-state AUC during the 24-h dosing interval was slightly, but not significantly, higher in patients with moderate hepatic impairment; there were, however, no significant differences between groups in gefitinib and metabolite pharmacokinetic parameters."	( The effect of different etiologies of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of gefitinib. Cantarini, M; Carmichael, J; Harris, AL; Holt, A; Horak, J; Macpherson, M; Swaisland, A; Swaisland, H; Twelves, C; Verrill, M; White, J, 2011)	0.37
" For pharmacokinetic analysis, 7 time point samples were collected on D1 of cycle 1 for lapatinib and vinorelbine assays."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the vinorelbine-lapatinib combination in the treatment of breast cancer patients. Berille, J; Bonneterre, J; Brain, E; Dieras, V; Isambert, N; Lokiec, F; Rezai, K; Roche, H; Urien, S, 2011)	0.37
" The population pharmacokinetic parameters were CL = 27."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the vinorelbine-lapatinib combination in the treatment of breast cancer patients. Berille, J; Bonneterre, J; Brain, E; Dieras, V; Isambert, N; Lokiec, F; Rezai, K; Roche, H; Urien, S, 2011)	0.37
"The pharmacokinetic modeling of vinorelbine and lapatinib was consistent with the results previously reported."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the vinorelbine-lapatinib combination in the treatment of breast cancer patients. Berille, J; Bonneterre, J; Brain, E; Dieras, V; Isambert, N; Lokiec, F; Rezai, K; Roche, H; Urien, S, 2011)	0.37
"The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) (90% confidence interval (CI)) of AUC0-∞ and Cmax for (linagliptin + warfarin)/warfarin were 98."	( Effect of linagliptin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Brand, T; Graefe-Mody, EU; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Stangier, J; Withopf, B; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" The safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of barasertib were investigated in Japanese patients with advanced acute myeloid leukemia."	( A Phase I study to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of barasertib (AZD1152), an Aurora B kinase inhibitor, in Japanese patients with advanced acute myeloid leukemia. Ando, K; Asou, H; Fujisawa, S; Hotta, T; Kihara, R; Miyawaki, S; Sakura, T; Tobinai, K; Tsuboi, K; Uike, N; Watanabe, T; Yamauchi, T; Yokozawa, T, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetics of vandetanib in Chinese, Western, and Japanese patients were compared through a combined population pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of vandetanib in Chinese patients with solid, malignant tumors: an open-label, phase I, rising multiple-dose study. Guan, Z; Jiang, Y; Li, S; Liao, H; Martin, PD; Smith, R; Zhan, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zou, BY, 2011)	0.37
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis suggests that vandetanib pharmacokinetics appear to be comparable in Chinese, Western, and Japanese patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of vandetanib in Chinese patients with solid, malignant tumors: an open-label, phase I, rising multiple-dose study. Guan, Z; Jiang, Y; Li, S; Liao, H; Martin, PD; Smith, R; Zhan, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zou, BY, 2011)	0.37
"The pharmacokinetic properties of vandetanib in these Chinese patients were characterized by low plasma clearance of approximately 8 L/h, a long half-life of approximately 8 to 10 days, and an accumulation of approximately 8-fold to 15-fold on multiple dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of vandetanib in Chinese patients with solid, malignant tumors: an open-label, phase I, rising multiple-dose study. Guan, Z; Jiang, Y; Li, S; Liao, H; Martin, PD; Smith, R; Zhan, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zou, BY, 2011)	0.37
" The effect of several covariates and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in ABCB1, ABCG2, and CYP3A5 on pharmacokinetic parameters was evaluated."	( Population analysis of erlotinib in adults and children reveals pharmacokinetic characteristics as the main factor explaining tolerance particularities in children. Chatelut, E; Civade, E; Delord, JP; Geoerger, B; Hennebelle, I; Le Deley, MC; Thomas, F; Vassal, G; White-Koning, M, 2011)	0.37
"The nonlinear population approach applied to pharmacokinetic data combined with a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis revealed that the higher recommended dose in children (125 mg/m(2)/day) compared with adults (90 mg/m(2)/day) is mainly due to pharmacokinetic rather than pharmacodynamic particularities."	( Population analysis of erlotinib in adults and children reveals pharmacokinetic characteristics as the main factor explaining tolerance particularities in children. Chatelut, E; Civade, E; Delord, JP; Geoerger, B; Hennebelle, I; Le Deley, MC; Thomas, F; Vassal, G; White-Koning, M, 2011)	0.37
" The accumulation half-life of linagliptin ranged from 14-15 h in subjects with normal renal function to 18 h in severe renal impairment."	( Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin(*). Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Halabi, A; Heise, T; Port, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" The pharmacokinetic parameters measured were maximum steady-state plasma concentration during a dosage interval (C(max,ss)), time to reach maximum plasma concentration following administration at steady state (t(max,ss)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve during a dosage interval (τ) at steady state (AUC(τ,ss))."	( Effect of multiple oral doses of linagliptin on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of a combination oral contraceptive in healthy female adults: an open-label, two-period, fixed-sequence, multiple-dose study. Friedrich, C; Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Port, A; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" For analysis of pharmacokinetic properties, linagliptin concentrations were determined from plasma and urinary samples obtained throughout the treatment phase, with more intensive samplings on days 1 and 28."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and tolerability profiles of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin: a 4-week multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa study in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Kanada, S; Sarashina, A; Taniguchi, A; Watada, H; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" The terminal half-life was long (223-260 hours) but did not reflect the accumulation half-life (10."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and tolerability profiles of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin: a 4-week multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa study in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Kanada, S; Sarashina, A; Taniguchi, A; Watada, H; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
"Linagliptin demonstrated a nonlinear pharmacokinetic profile in these Japanese patients with T2DM consistent with the findings of previous studies in healthy Japanese and white patients."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and tolerability profiles of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin: a 4-week multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa study in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Kanada, S; Sarashina, A; Taniguchi, A; Watada, H; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" Herein, we report on the structure-activity relationship and the detailed physicochemical and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties of sotrastaurin (AEB071, 1), a novel maleimide-based PKC inhibitor currently in phase II clinical trials."	( Structure-activity relationship and pharmacokinetic studies of sotrastaurin (AEB071), a promising novel medicine for prevention of graft rejection and treatment of psoriasis. Albert, R; Beerli, C; Cooke, NG; Cottens, S; Evenou, JP; Faller, B; Jean, C; Sedrani, R; von Matt, P; Wagner, J; Weckbecker, G; Wiegand, H; Zenke, G, 2011)	0.37
" On the basis of preclinical models, we hypothesized pharmacodynamic separation, achieved by intermittent delivery of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors intercalated with chemotherapy, as a reasonable strategy to deliver combination therapy."	( Intercalated erlotinib-docetaxel dosing schedules designed to achieve pharmacodynamic separation: results of a phase I/II trial. Beckett, LA; Davies, AM; Gandara, DR; Hesketh, PJ; Lara, PN; Lau, D; Li, T; Mack, PC; Perkins, N; Sangha, R, 2011)	0.37
" The MTD for arm B was chosen for phase II evaluation given the feasibility of administration, number of responses (one complete response and three partial responses), and achievement of pharmacodynamic separation."	( Intercalated erlotinib-docetaxel dosing schedules designed to achieve pharmacodynamic separation: results of a phase I/II trial. Beckett, LA; Davies, AM; Gandara, DR; Hesketh, PJ; Lara, PN; Lau, D; Li, T; Mack, PC; Perkins, N; Sangha, R, 2011)	0.37
"To compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of a single dose of erlotinib in cancer patients with moderate hepatic impairment (MHI) to those of cancer patients with adequate hepatic function (AHF)."	( An open-label study to describe pharmacokinetic parameters of erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors with adequate and moderately impaired hepatic function. Belani, C; Boinpally, R; Evans, J; Franke, A; Gail Eckhardt, S; Haluska, P; Leong, S; O'Bryant, CL; Ramalingam, S; Ramanathan, RK; Rosen, L; Venugopal, B; Witt, K, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic data demonstrated no consistent increase in exposure to gefitinib with increasing dose across cohorts."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of high-dose gefitinib in patients with solid tumors: results of a phase I study. Agus, DB; Gross, ME; Leichman, L; Lowe, ES; Swaisland, A, 2012)	0.38
" The novel compound linagliptin has important different pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, when compared with previously commercialized DPP-4 inhibitors, which may offer some advantages in clinical practice."	( Linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (pharmacokinetic evaluation). Scheen, AJ, 2011)	0.37
"5, 3 and 4h) after administration, the concentrations of Rut and Evo in rat whole blood were determined by HPLC, and main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of rutaecarpine and evodiamine after oral administration of Wu-Chu-Yu extracts with different purities to rats. Chen, F; Ding, J; He, L; Li, Y; Peng, J; Xu, S; Zhang, J, 2012)	0.38
" Drug pharmacokinetics demonstrated a half-life of approximately 33 h, and dose-proportionality with accumulation by a factor of 3 after repeated administrations."	( Phase I study of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of PHA-848125AC, a dual tropomyosin receptor kinase A and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Blaydorn, L; Borad, MJ; Ciomei, M; Fiorentini, F; Hidalgo, M; Isaacs, JD; Jameson, G; Jimeno, A; Laheru, D; Pacciarini, MA; Ramanathan, RK; Scaburri, A; Tibes, R; Von Hoff, DD; Weiss, GJ, 2012)	0.38
" The geometric mean terminal half-life of afatinib was 33."	( Afatinib pharmacokinetics and metabolism after oral administration to healthy male volunteers. Ebner, T; Gansser, D; Marzin, K; Narjes, H; Shahidi, M; Stopfer, P; Uttereuther-Fischer, M, 2012)	0.38
" Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis for up to 28 days after the dose (Studies A and B) and 42 days after the dose (Study C)."	( Pharmacokinetics of vandetanib: three phase I studies in healthy subjects. Clarke, D; Giles, P; Hutchison, M; Kennedy, SJ; Martin, P; Oliver, S; Partridge, E, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were consistent across all studies (Studies A and C, vandetanib 800 mg: geometric mean CL/F, 13."	( Pharmacokinetics of vandetanib: three phase I studies in healthy subjects. Clarke, D; Giles, P; Hutchison, M; Kennedy, SJ; Martin, P; Oliver, S; Partridge, E, 2012)	0.38
" Furthermore, the newly developed method is successfully used for the determination of evodiamine and rutecarpine in rabbit plasma for pharmacokinetic study."	( Simultaneous determination of evodiamine and rutecarpine in rabbit plasma by LC-ESI-MS and its application to pharmacokinetics. Cai, J; Li, W; Lin, C; Lin, G; Ma, J; Pan, J; Pan, X; Wang, X, 2011)	0.37
" Through structure-based design, we discovered a new class of highly potent aminopyrimidine-based B-Raf inhibitors with improved solubility and pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Potent and selective aminopyrimidine-based B-Raf inhibitors with favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Aliagas, I; Alicke, B; Boggs, JW; Buckmelter, AJ; Choo, EF; Dinkel, V; Gloor, SL; Gould, SE; Gradl, SN; Grina, J; Gunzner-Toste, J; Hansen, JD; Hastings, G; Hatzivassiliou, G; Laird, ER; Lee, W; Mathieu, S; Moreno, D; Pulk, R; Ran, Y; Ren, L; Rudolph, J; Voegtli, WC; Wen, Z; Wenglowsky, S; Zhao, G, 2012)	0.38
"The method described in this report has high sensitivity and selectivity, and was suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of evodiamine and rutaecarpine."	( [Studies on pharmacokinetics of evodiamine and rutaecarpine in rats plasma after oral administration extracts of euodiae fructus]. Bao, T; Dong, Y; Li, Y; Weng, X; Yang, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2011)	0.37
"A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic analysis of seven alkaloids dehydroevodiamine (DHED), 10-hydroxyrutaecarpine (HDR), evodiamine (EDM), rutaecarpine (RCP), 1-methyl-2-n-nonyl-4(1H)quinolone (MNQ), evocarpine (ECP), and dihydroevocarpine (DHE), and two flavonoids isorhamnetin-7-O-rutinoside (RIM) and diosmetin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (GRD) in rat plasma after oral administration of Wuzhuyu decoction."	( Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic analysis of seven alkaloids and two flavonoids from rat plasma by HPLC-DAD after oral administration of Wuzhuyu decoction. Hu, CQ; Li, F; Yang, XW, 2012)	0.38
" Linagliptin has a long terminal half-life (>100 hours); however, its accumulation half-life is much shorter (approximately 10 hours), accounting for the rapid attainment of steady state."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linagliptin. Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S, 2012)	0.38
"In a single-dose pharmacokinetic study, 12 healthy Chinese volunteers received an oral dose of 600 mg of icotinib."	( Effect of the CYP2C19 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of icotinib in healthy male volunteers. Hu, P; Jiang, J; Liu, DY; Ruan, CJ, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetic (PK), metabolic and excretion profiles of barasertib and barasertib-hQPA were characterized in this open-label Phase I study."	( Phase I study of the Aurora B kinase inhibitor barasertib (AZD1152) to assess the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and excretion in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. D'Souza, R; Davies, M; Dennis, M; Oliver, S; Pike, L; Stockman, P, 2012)	0.38
"Heterogeneity in brain tumors can result in variable drug distribution and possibly drug response; however, there are no readily accessible means to obtain regional pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) information in preclinical tumor models that typically rely on average drug concentration measurements."	( Analytical approach to characterize the intratumoral pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gefitinib in a glioblastoma model. Gallo, JM; Lv, H; Sharma, J, 2012)	0.38
" Three days prior to pharmacokinetic assessment, patients divided their normal daily anagrelide into a structured twice-daily dosing (BID) schedule."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of anagrelide hydrochloride in young (18 - 50 years) and elderly (≥ 65 years) patients with essential thrombocythemia. Alvarez-Larrán, A; Besses, C; Coll, R; Freitag, C; Martin, P; Purkayastha, J; Troy, S; Zeller, W, 2012)	0.38
"We used mathematical modeling and available clinical trial data to predict how different pharmacokinetic parameters (fast versus slow metabolism) and dosing schedules (low dose versus high dose; missed doses with and without make-up doses) might affect the evolution of T790M-mediated resistance in mixed populations of tumor cells."	( Effects of pharmacokinetic processes and varied dosing schedules on the dynamics of acquired resistance to erlotinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Chmielecki, J; Foo, J; Michor, F; Pao, W, 2012)	0.38
" During the escalation phase, pazopanib and lapatinib doses were escalated in serial patient cohorts, and a limited blood sampling scheme was applied for pharmacokinetic evaluation."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of pazopanib and lapatinib combination therapy in patients with advanced solid tumors. Arumugham, T; de Jonge, MJ; Hamberg, P; Hodge, J; Hurwitz, HI; Pandite, LN; Savage, S; Suttle, AB; Verweij, J, 2013)	0.39
" The correlations between these pharmacokinetic variables and the objective responses, including progression-free survival(PFS)and overall survival(OS), were retrospectively analyzed."	( The pharmacokinetics and long-term therapeutic effects of gefitinib in patients with lung adenocarcinoma harboring the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)mutation. Hirano, S; Hojo, M; Iikura, M; Ishii, S; Izumi, S; Kobayashi, N; Kudo, K; Naka, G; Sano, K; Sugiyama, H; Takeda, Y, 2012)	0.38
"The Cmax of gefitinib in patients with a partial response(PR)was significantly lower than that of patients with stable disease(SD)(median Cmax: 278 vs 588 ng/mL, p<0."	( The pharmacokinetics and long-term therapeutic effects of gefitinib in patients with lung adenocarcinoma harboring the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)mutation. Hirano, S; Hojo, M; Iikura, M; Ishii, S; Izumi, S; Kobayashi, N; Kudo, K; Naka, G; Sano, K; Sugiyama, H; Takeda, Y, 2012)	0.38
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic and safety profile of linagliptin after single and multiple doses in healthy Chinese volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple oral doses of 5 mg linagliptin in healthy Chinese volunteers. Friedrich, C; Patel, S; Ring, A; Shi, X; Woerle, HJ; Zeng, P, 2012)	0.38
"Linagliptin demonstrated a favorable safety profile in healthy Chinese volunteers, with a pharmacokinetic profile that was similar to that observed previously in subjects of Japanese, Caucasian, or African American origin."	( Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple oral doses of 5 mg linagliptin in healthy Chinese volunteers. Friedrich, C; Patel, S; Ring, A; Shi, X; Woerle, HJ; Zeng, P, 2012)	0.38
" The quantitation method was successfully applied for simultaneous estimation of IC87114, RFM and RFN in a pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction study in Wistar rats."	( Simultaneous quantitation of IC87114, roflumilast and its active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide in plasma by LC-MS/MS: application for a pharmacokinetic study. Mukkanti, K; Thappali, SR; Vakkalanka, SK; Varanasi, KV; Veeraraghavan, S, 2012)	0.38
" Using this data, we subsequently developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of lapatinib in mice that accurately predicted the tissue concentrations after doses of 30, 60 and 90 mg/kg."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of lapatinib developed in mice and scaled to humans. Gustafson, DL; Hudachek, SF, 2013)	0.39
" Erlotinib and sorafenib have significant pharmacokinetic interactions that may negatively impact the efficacy of the combination regimen."	( NABTT 0502: a phase II and pharmacokinetic study of erlotinib and sorafenib for patients with progressive or recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Ahluwalia, MS; Grossman, SA; Hilderbrand, SL; Mikkelsen, T; Nabors, LB; Peereboom, DM; Phuphanich, S; Rosenfeld, MR; Supko, JG; Ye, X, 2013)	0.39
" Linagliptin geometric mean AUC was 194 nmol l(-1) h (geometric coefficient of variation, 26%), with a Cmax of 16."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of linagliptin in African American patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Friedrich, C; Glund, S; Graefe-Mody, U; Kissling, CJ; Lionetti, D; Patel, S; Retlich, S; Righetti, J; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" No pharmacokinetic interaction between S-1 and gefitinib was detected."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of gefitinib and S-1 combination therapy for advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung. Azuma, K; Daga, H; Hayashi, H; Kiyota, H; Miyazaki, M; Murakami, H; Naito, T; Nakagawa, K; Okada, H; Okamoto, I; Takeda, K; Takeda, M; Tanaka, K; Terashima, M; Yamamoto, N, 2013)	0.39
" Linagliptin is the most recently launched gliptin, with a unique pharmacokinetic (PK) profile characterized by negligible renal excretion and is now also available as a fixed-dose combination (FDC) with metformin."	( Linagliptin plus metformin: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Scheen, AJ, 2013)	0.39
"An extensive literature search was performed to analyze the potential PK and pharmacodynamic interactions between linagliptin and metformin."	( Linagliptin plus metformin: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Scheen, AJ, 2013)	0.39
" This cohort of Japanese patients exhibited higher pharmacokinetic exposures of anagrelide and its active metabolite than those previously documented in non-Japanese patients."	( Open-label, dose-titration and continuation study to assess efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of anagrelide in treatment-naïve Japanese patients with essential thrombocythemia. Abhyankar, B; Hodgson, I; Kanakura, Y; Miyakawa, Y; Okamoto, S; Smith, J; Troy, S, 2013)	0.39
" Using a LC-MS/MS assay validated in cell medium, cellular pharmacokinetic studies revealed that in cells overexpressing the P-gp intracellular concentrations of vandetanib were decreased compared to parental cell line."	( Influence of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein on the intracellular pharmacokinetics of vandetanib. Bidart, JM; Broutin, S; Deroussent, A; Farinotti, R; Gil, S; Jovelet, C; Paci, A, 2013)	0.39
"Erlotinib shows large inter-patient pharmacokinetic variability, but the impact of early drug exposure and genetic variations on the clinical outcomes of erlotinib remains fully investigated."	( Population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of erlotinib and pharmacogenomic analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid drug concentrations in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Fukudo, M; Ikemi, Y; Inui, K; Katsura, T; Kim, YH; Masago, K; Mio, T; Mishima, M; Terada, T; Teramukai, S; Togashi, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with the nonlinear mixed-effects modelling program NONMEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of erlotinib and pharmacogenomic analysis of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid drug concentrations in Japanese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Fukudo, M; Ikemi, Y; Inui, K; Katsura, T; Kim, YH; Masago, K; Mio, T; Mishima, M; Terada, T; Teramukai, S; Togashi, Y, 2013)	0.39
" We studied the combination of bexarotene and gefitinib in the third-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer to examine pharmacokinetic interactions and establish the maximum tolerated dose."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of bexarotene in combination with gefitinib in the third-line treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: brief report. Chhatwani, L; Jacobs, CD; Lopez-Anaya, A; Padda, SK; Wakelee, HA; Zhou, L, 2013)	0.39
"Like many solid tumors, glioblastomas are characterized by intratumoral biologic heterogeneity that may contribute to a variable distribution of drugs and their associated pharmacodynamic responses, such that the standard pharmacokinetic approaches based on analysis of whole-tumor homogenates may be inaccurate."	( Intratumoral modeling of gefitinib pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in an orthotopic mouse model of glioblastoma. Gallo, JM; Lv, H; Sharma, J, 2013)	0.39
"The pharmacokinetic profile of afatinib supports a once-daily dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of afatinib, a selective irreversible ErbB family blocker, in patients with advanced solid tumours. Erhardt, J; Goeldner, RG; Schmid, M; Stopfer, P; Wind, S, 2013)	0.39
"A pharmacokinetic bioequivalence study was conducted in Asian subjects, to compare a fixed dose combination capsule single oral dose of alpha adrenoceptor blocker-Alfuzosin hydrochloride 10mg extended release and muscarinic antagonists-Solifenacin succinate 5mg against individually administered Xatral XL 10mg tablets (Alfuzosin) of Sanofi Synthelabo Limited, United Kingdom (UK) and Vesicare 5mg tablets (Solifenacin) of Astellas Pharma Limited, UK under fed conditions."	( Combining benefits of an adrenergic and a muscarinic blocker in a single formulation - a pharmacokinetic evaluation. Arora, R; Arora, V; Dey, S; Kandhwal, K; Khuroo, AH; Madan, S; Monif, T; Nazarudheen, S; Reyar, S, 2013)	0.39
" Between RTX and RTX with RA groups, half-life (t1/2), AUC(0-t) and CL showed no statistically significant differences; RA co-administration did not affect the pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed."	( [Pharmacokinetics behavior of raltitrexed in rats after single injected with astragali radix]. Song, JW; Xing, R; Zhou, K, 2013)	0.39
" In vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation was performed in both normal nude mice and a BM model established by intra-carotid artery (ICA) injection of PC-9 cells."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of Gefitinib in a mouse model of non-small-cell lung carcinoma with brain metastasis. Chen, Y; Wang, M; Zhao, J; Zhong, W, 2013)	0.39
" QTcF intervals (QT interval corrected by the Fridericia formula) were evaluated based on electrocardiogram recordings time-matched with pharmacokinetic blood samples after single (Day 1) and continuous (Day 14; steady state) administration."	( Phase II, open-label trial to assess QTcF effects, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of afatinib in patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors. Alam, S; Bent, L; de Bono, J; Kristeleit, H; Middleton, G; Molife, LR; Propper, D; Rudman, SM; Spicer, J; Stopfer, P; Tan, DS; Uttenreuther-Fischer, M; Wallenstein, G, 2013)	0.39
" The maximum plasma concentration for afatinib was seen at median tmax 3 h after both single dose and at steady state."	( Phase II, open-label trial to assess QTcF effects, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activity of afatinib in patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors. Alam, S; Bent, L; de Bono, J; Kristeleit, H; Middleton, G; Molife, LR; Propper, D; Rudman, SM; Spicer, J; Stopfer, P; Tan, DS; Uttenreuther-Fischer, M; Wallenstein, G, 2013)	0.39
" We conducted a phase I and pharmacokinetic study with the erlotinib and celecoxib combination in patients with advanced premalignant lesions."	( Chemoprevention of head and neck cancer with celecoxib and erlotinib: results of a phase ib and pharmacokinetic study. Beitler, JJ; Chen, AY; Chen, Z; Chen, ZG; Grandis, JR; Grist, W; Hurwitz, SJ; Khuri, FR; Kono, SA; Lewis, M; Moore, CE; Moreno-Williams, R; Müller, S; Nannapaneni, S; Owonikoko, TK; Ramalingam, S; Saba, NF; Shin, DM; Shin, HJ; Sica, G; Yang, CS; Zhao, Y, 2014)	0.4
" In this paper, the pharmacokinetic characteristics (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) and drug-drug interactions of the approved TKIs are reviewed."	( [Clinical pharmacokinetics of small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors]. Ding, JF; Zhong, DF, 2013)	0.39
" Finally, the method was successfully used in a pharmacokinetic study that measured IC87114 in mouse plasma, BAL fluid and lung tissue after administration of a single 1mg/kg intratracheal dose of IC87114."	( Development and validation of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of IC87114 in mice plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung samples: Application to pharmacokinetic study. Bhandary, B; Chae, HJ; Kim, SR; Lee, YC; Marahatta, A, 2014)	0.4
"In total, 25 patients were included, of whom 12 were evaluable for the pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Effects of low-fat and high-fat meals on steady-state pharmacokinetics of lapatinib in patients with advanced solid tumours. Arya, N; Botbyl, J; Cartee, L; Chu, QS; Devriese, LA; Koch, KM; Ma, WW; Matthys, GM; Mergui-Roelvink, M; Orford, KW; Robidoux, A; Schellens, JH; Stephenson, JJ, 2014)	0.4
" The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of CUDC-101 after intravenous administration of single dosage 5 mg/kg in rats."	( Determination of CUDC-101 in rat plasma by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ma, J; Wang, X; Wen, C; Xiang, Z; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
" Several explanations have been suggested, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic variability."	( Correlation between erlotinib pharmacokinetics, cutaneous toxicity and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Andreoli, R; Ardizzoni, A; Azzoni, C; Bartolotti, M; Bortesi, B; De Palma, G; Gelsomino, F; Goldoni, M; Mozzoni, P; Mutti, A; Silini, EM; Tiseo, M, 2014)	0.4
"These findings suggest that the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of erlotinib are related to skin toxicity and may support further studies where erlotinib dosing is tailored according to pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Correlation between erlotinib pharmacokinetics, cutaneous toxicity and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Andreoli, R; Ardizzoni, A; Azzoni, C; Bartolotti, M; Bortesi, B; De Palma, G; Gelsomino, F; Goldoni, M; Mozzoni, P; Mutti, A; Silini, EM; Tiseo, M, 2014)	0.4
" Correlative studies confirmed panobinostat's pharmacodynamic effect in blood, FPB, and tumor samples."	( A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of panobinostat, an HDAC inhibitor, combined with erlotinib in patients with advanced aerodigestive tract tumors. Akar, A; Altiok, S; Bepler, G; Chiappori, A; Gray, JE; Haura, E; Kish, JA; Kreahling, J; Lush, R; Neuger, A; Pinder-Schenck, M; Schell, MJ; Tanvetyanon, T; Tetteh, L; Williams, CC; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
" This validated method was then successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study involving twelve healthy Chinese volunteers."	( LC-ESI-MS/MS determination of simotinib, a novel epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Cheng, Z; He, L; Li, S; Liu, X; Ran, L; Xie, F; Yu, P, 2014)	0.4
" Additional evaluations included pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic effects on PI3K and EGFR/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in tumor and skin samples, and tumor response."	( Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor SAR245409 (XL765) in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cohen, RB; Engelman, JA; Felip, E; Jänne, PA; Laird, AD; Macé, S; Martinez, P; Rockich, K; Ruiz-Soto, R; Shapiro, GI; Xu, J, 2014)	0.4
" No major pharmacokinetic interaction between SAR245409 and erlotinib was noted."	( Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor SAR245409 (XL765) in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cohen, RB; Engelman, JA; Felip, E; Jänne, PA; Laird, AD; Macé, S; Martinez, P; Rockich, K; Ruiz-Soto, R; Shapiro, GI; Xu, J, 2014)	0.4
"MTDs of SAR245409 and erlotinib were below the single-agent doses of either agent, despite the lack of major pharmacokinetic interaction."	( Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor SAR245409 (XL765) in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cohen, RB; Engelman, JA; Felip, E; Jänne, PA; Laird, AD; Macé, S; Martinez, P; Rockich, K; Ruiz-Soto, R; Shapiro, GI; Xu, J, 2014)	0.4
" This Perspective discusses the use of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) for pharmacodynamic evaluation in a very early phase of treatment to predict clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer."	( Early pharmacodynamic assessment using ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography on molecular targeted therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy for clinical outcome prediction. Ando, M; Asami, K; Atagi, S; Ishii, M; Kanazu, M; Kawaguchi, T; Kubo, A; Kusunoki, Y; Maruyama, K; Matsuda, Y; Minomo, S; Ogawa, Y; Takada, M; Uehira, K, 2014)	0.4
"This population pharmacokinetic model was developed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of the oral irreversible ErbB family blocker afatinib in patients with solid tumors and to investigate the impact of selected intrinsic and extrinsic factors."	( Population pharmacokinetics of afatinib, an irreversible ErbB family blocker, in patients with various solid tumors. Fleury, A; Freiwald, M; Schmid, U; Staab, A; Stopfer, P; Wind, S, 2014)	0.4
"The pharmacokinetic profile of afatinib was best described by a two-compartment disposition model with first-order absorption and linear elimination."	( Population pharmacokinetics of afatinib, an irreversible ErbB family blocker, in patients with various solid tumors. Fleury, A; Freiwald, M; Schmid, U; Staab, A; Stopfer, P; Wind, S, 2014)	0.4
"This population pharmacokinetic model adequately described the pharmacokinetics of afatinib in different cancer patient populations and therefore can be used for simulations exploring covariate effects and possible dose adaptations."	( Population pharmacokinetics of afatinib, an irreversible ErbB family blocker, in patients with various solid tumors. Fleury, A; Freiwald, M; Schmid, U; Staab, A; Stopfer, P; Wind, S, 2014)	0.4
"This review considers the pharmacokinetic profile, adverse effects and drug interactions of DPP-4 inhibitors."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" However, DPP-4 inhibitors have certain differences in their pharmacokinetic properties that may be associated with different clinical effects and adverse event profiles."	( The pharmacokinetic considerations and adverse effects of DPP-4 inhibitors [corrected]. Athyros, VG; Elisaf, MS; Filippatos, TD, 2014)	0.4
" This method is sufficient for pharmacokinetic studies of vandetanib in small animals and may be applied to human pharmacokinetic studies."	( Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic ultraviolet detection method for the quantification of vandetanib in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Bu, Q; Cao, Z; Cui, D; Lin, H; Xu, Y; Zhao, Y, )	0.13
" It shows moderate oral bioavailability of 42-53 % and Tmax < 4 h in mouse, rat, dog and monkey, with exposure-dose linearity proved in rats and dogs."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and disposition of a novel selective VEGFR inhibitor fruquintinib (HMPL-013) and the prediction of its human pharmacokinetics. Gu, Y; Guo, L; Li, K; Ren, H; Sai, Y; Su, W; Wang, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.4
"71 L/h, elimination half-life to 21."	( Erlotinib: another candidate for the therapeutic drug monitoring of targeted therapy of cancer? A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic systematic review of literature. Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Gairard-Dory, AC; Gourieux, B; Guidi, M; Petit-Jean, E; Quoix, E; Ubeaud-Séquier, G; Widmer, N, 2015)	0.42
" This study examined whether oral administration of MS-275 to the rats with lapatinib led to any pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of entinostat and lapatinib following single and co-oral administration in rats. Chen, M; Hu, L; Yang, X; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic parameters after afatinib 50 mg were investigated in subjects with mild (n = 8) or moderate (n = 8) hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A and B) and healthy controls (n = 16) matched for age, weight and gender."	( Pharmacokinetics of afatinib in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Buschke, S; Fuchs, H; Gansser, D; Goeldner, RG; Halabi, A; Koenen, R; Petersen-Sylla, M; Schnell, D; Stopfer, P; Uttenreuther-Fischer, M; Wind, S, 2014)	0.4
"Afatinib pharmacokinetic profiles and plasma protein binding were similar in subjects with impaired liver function and healthy controls."	( Pharmacokinetics of afatinib in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Buschke, S; Fuchs, H; Gansser, D; Goeldner, RG; Halabi, A; Koenen, R; Petersen-Sylla, M; Schnell, D; Stopfer, P; Uttenreuther-Fischer, M; Wind, S, 2014)	0.4
"This phase I study assessed the pharmacokinetic (PK), tolerability, safety and preliminary clinical activity of tamoxifen (T) and lapatinib (L) in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."	( A phase I pharmacokinetics study of lapatinib and tamoxifen in metastatic breast cancer (EORTC 10053 Lapatam study). Awada, A; Bogaerts, J; Brain, E; Cardoso, F; Fumoleau, P; Hayward, L; Koch, KM; Lokiec, F; Marréaud, S; Rezai, K; Werutsky, G, 2014)	0.4
" Vandetanib + digoxin increased digoxin area under the concentration-time curve from zero to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-last) and Cmax by 23 and 29 %, respectively, versus digoxin alone, with only a 9 % decrease in CLR."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluations of the co-administrations of vandetanib and metformin, digoxin, midazolam, omeprazole or ranitidine. Johansson, S; Leese, PT; Li, Y; Lisbon, E; Martin, P; Mathews, D; Oliver, S; Read, J; Steinberg, M, 2014)	0.4
" We correlated baseline biomarker signatures and pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers with PFS and OS."	( Serum protein profiling reveals baseline and pharmacodynamic biomarker signatures associated with clinical outcome in mCRC patients treated with chemotherapy ± cediranib. Barry, ST; Hoff, PM; Jürgensmeier, JM; Morgan, SR; Pommier, AJ; Robertson, JD; Shaw, R; Spencer, SK, 2014)	0.4
"Sixteen of 19 patients were evaluable, with serial pharmacokinetic studies in ten patients."	( Phase I dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of oral gefitinib and irinotecan in children with refractory solid tumors. Brennan, RC; Furman, W; Mao, S; McGregor, LM; Santana, V; Stewart, CF; Turner, DC; Wu, J, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic analysis confirms that co-administration of gefitinib increases irinotecan bioavailability leading to an increased SN-38 lactone systemic exposure."	( Phase I dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of oral gefitinib and irinotecan in children with refractory solid tumors. Brennan, RC; Furman, W; Mao, S; McGregor, LM; Santana, V; Stewart, CF; Turner, DC; Wu, J, 2014)	0.4
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for HM781-36 (poziotinib) and its metabolites in cancer patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of HM781-36 (poziotinib), pan-human EGF receptor (HER) inhibitor, and its two metabolites in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Bae, KS; Jung, JA; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Song, TH, 2015)	0.42
" Nonlinear mixed effect modeling was employed to develop the population pharmacokinetic model."	( Population pharmacokinetics of HM781-36 (poziotinib), pan-human EGF receptor (HER) inhibitor, and its two metabolites in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Bae, KS; Jung, JA; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Song, TH, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including maximum plasma concentration (C(max)), area under the plasma concentration-time curve to the last sampling time (AUC(t)), AUC from time zero to infinity (AUC(∞)), and time to reach C(max) (t(max)), were measured, and all treatment-emergent adverse events and their relationships with the study medications were recorded throughout the study."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of two erlotinib 150 mg formulations with a genetic effect evaluation in healthy Korean subjects. Cho, SJ; Choi, HG; Im, YJ; Jeon, JY; Kim, MG; Kim, Y; Seo, YH; Song, EK, 2015)	0.42
" Both formulations had very similar C(max), AUC, terminal half-life (t ½) and t(max) values."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of two erlotinib 150 mg formulations with a genetic effect evaluation in healthy Korean subjects. Cho, SJ; Choi, HG; Im, YJ; Jeon, JY; Kim, MG; Kim, Y; Seo, YH; Song, EK, 2015)	0.42
"This study suggests that the test and reference formulations of 150 mg erlotinib have similar pharmacokinetic characteristics."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of two erlotinib 150 mg formulations with a genetic effect evaluation in healthy Korean subjects. Cho, SJ; Choi, HG; Im, YJ; Jeon, JY; Kim, MG; Kim, Y; Seo, YH; Song, EK, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of coadministration of acid-reducing agents on the pharmacokinetic exposure of orally administered epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib, a drug that displays pH-dependent solubility."	( Effect of gastric pH on erlotinib pharmacokinetics in healthy individuals: omeprazole and ranitidine. Abt, M; Ducray, PS; Giraudon, M; Hamilton, M; Kletzl, H; Lum, BL, 2015)	0.42
" This study was carried out to identify the contribution percentage of CYP450 to icotinib and use the results to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, which can help to predict drug-drug interaction (DDI)."	( Relative contributions of the major human CYP450 to the metabolism of icotinib and its implication in prediction of drug-drug interaction between icotinib and CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Chen, J; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Liu, D; Zhao, Q; Zheng, X, 2015)	0.42
" This study examines pharmacokinetic interactions in simultaneous oral administration of SAHA and lapatinib to rats."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study combining lapatinib with vorinostat in rats. Geng, P; Lin, F; Wang, S; Wu, C; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X; Zhou, Y; Zou, H, 2015)	0.42
"Statistically significant pharmacokinetic differences appeared for lapatinib levels between the lapatinib and the coadministration group."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study combining lapatinib with vorinostat in rats. Geng, P; Lin, F; Wang, S; Wu, C; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X; Zhou, Y; Zou, H, 2015)	0.42
"The resulting data indicate that, when administered together, lapatinib does not influence the pharmacokinetic profile of SAHA in rats, while, in contrast, SAHA influences the pharmacokinetic profile of lapatinib."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study combining lapatinib with vorinostat in rats. Geng, P; Lin, F; Wang, S; Wu, C; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X; Zhou, Y; Zou, H, 2015)	0.42
" The systemic exposure to maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) for lapatinib, as well as the AUC of paclitaxel, were increased when combined."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy findings in an open-label, single-arm study of weekly paclitaxel plus lapatinib as first-line therapy for Japanese women with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Aogi, K; Armour, A; Inoue, K; Iwata, H; Kuroi, K; Masuda, N; Nakayama, T; Nishimura, Y; Rai, Y; Sasaki, Y; Shimizu, S, 2015)	0.42
"We conducted a cross-over pharmacokinetic study to compare the fed bioequivalence in the two conditions."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib administered in complete fasting and 2 h after a meal in patients with lung cancer. Fujiwara, Y; Goto, Y; Hamada, A; Horinouchi, H; Kanda, S; Katsuya, Y; Nokihara, H; Ohe, Y; Osawa, S; Sunami, K; Takashima, Y; Tamura, T; Utsumi, H; Yamamoto, N, 2015)	0.42
" This phase I dose-finding study was designed to assess the tolerability and drug-drug interactions in this combination using full pharmacokinetic (PK) samplings."	( Phase I dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of docetaxel and gefitinib in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: evaluation of drug-drug interaction. Ando-Makihara, R; Hayashi, Y; Makino, Y; Motonaga, M; Ohe, Y; Takano, M; Yamamoto, N, 2015)	0.42
" We describe here the profile of the novel compound BI 885578, a potent and selective ATP-competitive IGF1R/INSR tyrosine kinase inhibitor distinguished by rapid intestinal absorption and a short in vivo half-life as a result of rapid metabolic clearance."	( BI 885578, a Novel IGF1R/INSR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor with Pharmacokinetic Properties That Dissociate Antitumor Efficacy and Perturbation of Glucose Homeostasis. Adolf, GR; Apgar, J; Garin-Chesa, P; Haaksma, E; Hofmann, MH; Kessler, D; Kraut, N; Quant, J; Sanderson, MP; Savchenko, A; Schaaf, O; Treu, M; Tye, H; Zahn, SK; Zoephel, A, 2015)	0.42
" A comprehensive whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of gefitinib in mice was developed, which adequately captured gefitinib concentration-time profiles in plasma and various tissues."	( A Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Gefitinib in Mice and Scale-Up to Humans. An, G; Bi, Y; Deng, J; Murry, DJ, 2016)	0.43
" This simple and reproducible high-throughput method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of gefitinib and its major metabolites in mouse."	( Simultaneous determination of gefitinib and its major metabolites in mouse plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetics study. Han, SY; He, XR; Jiang, ST; Li, PP; Xu, GB; Zhao, C; Zheng, N, 2016)	0.43
" However, the AUC and Cmax were highest and the trough value on day 8 was the second highest in one patient who died of drug-induced ILD."	( Association of pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenomics with safety and efficacy of gefitinib in patients with EGFR mutation positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Fujita, K; Hirose, T; Ishida, H; Kusumoto, S; Murata, Y; Nakashima, M; Ohmori, T; Oki, Y; Okuda, K; Sasaki, Y; Shirai, T; Sugiyama, T; Yamaoka, T, 2016)	0.43
"To compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of evodiamine hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and free evodiamine suspension in rats, and investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of evodiamine inclusion complex."	( [A preliminary study of pharmacokinetics of evodiamine hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex]. Feng, J; Lei, TT; Liu, HM; Zhang, JQ; Zhang, X, 2016)	0.43
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of evodiamine inclusion complex and free evodiamine in rats were as follows: Cmax, 252."	( [A preliminary study of pharmacokinetics of evodiamine hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex]. Feng, J; Lei, TT; Liu, HM; Zhang, JQ; Zhang, X, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were measured after a single dose and in multiple dosing."	( A Phase I study of safety and pharmacokinetics of fruquintinib, a novel selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, -2, and -3 tyrosine kinases in Chinese patients with advanced solid tumors. Cao, J; Chen, Z; Fan, S; Li, J; Li, K; Peng, W; Su, W; Zhang, J, 2016)	0.43
" PK analysis showed good and rapid absorption followed by slow terminal elimination with a mean half-life of approximately 42 h which was consistent across all dose groups."	( A Phase I study of safety and pharmacokinetics of fruquintinib, a novel selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, -2, and -3 tyrosine kinases in Chinese patients with advanced solid tumors. Cao, J; Chen, Z; Fan, S; Li, J; Li, K; Peng, W; Su, W; Zhang, J, 2016)	0.43
" Plasma concentrations of gefitinib were also measured 10 h after the first administration in 21 of these patients to calculate the elimination half-life of gefitinib."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters of gefitinib predict efficacy and toxicity in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations. Fukuda, M; Ikeda, T; Ikegami, Y; Izumikawa, K; Mizoguchi, K; Motoshima, K; Mukae, H; Nakamura, Y; Nakatomi, K; Ogawara, D; Sano, K; Sato, S; Senju, H; Sugasaki, N; Takemoto, S; Yamaguchi, H, 2016)	0.43
"709, and the median elimination half-life was 15."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters of gefitinib predict efficacy and toxicity in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations. Fukuda, M; Ikeda, T; Ikegami, Y; Izumikawa, K; Mizoguchi, K; Motoshima, K; Mukae, H; Nakamura, Y; Nakatomi, K; Ogawara, D; Sano, K; Sato, S; Senju, H; Sugasaki, N; Takemoto, S; Yamaguchi, H, 2016)	0.43
" On the other hand, long elimination half-life was related to high-grade adverse events in these patients."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters of gefitinib predict efficacy and toxicity in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations. Fukuda, M; Ikeda, T; Ikegami, Y; Izumikawa, K; Mizoguchi, K; Motoshima, K; Mukae, H; Nakamura, Y; Nakatomi, K; Ogawara, D; Sano, K; Sato, S; Senju, H; Sugasaki, N; Takemoto, S; Yamaguchi, H, 2016)	0.43
" In this review, we have comprehensively summarized the pharmacokinetic characteristics of gefitinib: absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME)."	( Pharmacokinetics of Gefitinib: Roles of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters. Han, SY; Li, PP; Zhao, C, 2017)	0.46
" Studies in healthy volunteers and patients with advanced solid tumours have shown that once-daily afatinib has time-independent pharmacokinetic characteristics."	( Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Afatinib. Ebner, T; Freiwald, M; Schnell, D; Stopfer, P; Wind, S, 2017)	0.46
" Favorable antitumor activity and pharmacokinetic profile were observed in patients with heavily pretreated, advanced NSCLC."	( A Phase I Study of the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Higher-Dose Icotinib in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Chen, J; Ding, L; Hu, X; Liu, J; Shentu, J; Tan, F; Wang, Y; Wu, G; Wu, L; Xu, W; Zhou, H; Zhu, M, 2016)	0.43
" Our objective was to simulate DDIs between the antineoplastics erlotinib and gefitinib with key antiretroviral drugs and to predict dose adjustments using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model."	( Use of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to simulate drug-drug interactions between antineoplastic and antiretroviral drugs. Back, D; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Owen, A; Rajoli, R; Siccardi, M; Valle, M, 2017)	0.46
"In vitro data describing chemical properties and pharmacokinetic processes of each drug and their effect on cytochrome P450 isoforms were obtained from the literature."	( Use of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to simulate drug-drug interactions between antineoplastic and antiretroviral drugs. Back, D; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Owen, A; Rajoli, R; Siccardi, M; Valle, M, 2017)	0.46
"A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed for cediranib to simulate cediranib exposure for different doses, including comedication with strong uridine glucuronosyl transferase/P-glycoprotein inducers such as rifampicin, in cancer patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic and exposure simulation analysis for cediranib (AZD2171) in pooled Phase I/II studies in patients with cancer. Al-Huniti, N; Henningsson, A; Li, J; Masson, E; Tang, W, 2017)	0.46
" Since green tea polyphenols (GTP) are known to be inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases, GTE could likely potentiate the anticancer effect of TKIs, but with a possibility of pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction with co-administered TKIs."	( UPLC-ESI-MS/MS study of the effect of green tea extract on the oral bioavailability of erlotinib and lapatinib in rats: Potential risk of pharmacokinetic interaction. Abahussain, AO; Alzoman, NZ; Maher, HM; Shehata, SM, 2017)	0.46
" The simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and brain distribution studies following an oral administration of AZD3759 to rats."	( Determination of AZD3759 in rat plasma and brain tissue by LC-MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetic and brain distribution studies. Deng, Z; Mu, Y; Sun, P; Xiong, S; Xue, M; Zhou, R, 2017)	0.46
" Copanlisib was rapidly distributed throughout the body with a volume distribution of 1870 L and an elimination half-life of 52."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous pan-class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor [ Genvresse, I; Gerisch, M; Granvil, C; Lang, D; Reif, S; Reschke, S; Rohde, G; Schwarz, T; van der Mey, D, 2017)	0.46
"Phase 1, open-label, parallel-group pharmacokinetic and safety comparison of multiple once-daily oral letermovir in female subjects with hepatic impairment and healthy matched controls."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of the anti-human cytomegalovirus drug letermovir in subjects with hepatic impairment. Erb-Zohar, K; Kobalava, ZD; Kropeit, D; McCormick, D; Moiseev, VS; Rübsamen-Schaeff, H; Stobernack, HP; Zimmermann, H, 2017)	0.46
" This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of volitinib and gefitinib after the administration of an intravenous or oral dose, indicating that the developed assay can be used to simultaneously determine the concentrations of volitinib and gefitinib in rat plasma."	( Simultaneous quantification of volitinib and gefitinib in rat plasma by HPLC-MS/MS for application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Chung, SJ; Kim, MS; Lee, JH; Maeng, HJ; Noh, CK, 2017)	0.46
" The effects of HYT on pharmacokinetics of the two drugs were estimated by non-compartmental analysis and pharmacokinetic modeling."	( Alterations in Pharmacokinetics of Gemcitabine and Erlotinib by Concurrent Administration of Hyangsayukgunja-Tang, a Gastroprotective Herbal Medicine. Bulitta, JB; Jeong, SW; Joo, SH; Kim, S; Kim, TH; Kwon, DR; Lee, DY; Ma, E; Park, GY; Shin, BS; Shin, S; Weon, KY; Yoo, SD, 2017)	0.46
" To date, systematic studies on the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction of icotinib were limited."	( Metabolic Pathway of Icotinib In Vitro: The Differential Roles of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP1A2 on Potential Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction. Li, Z; Lu, C; Ma, L; Wang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y; Zhu, M; Zhuang, X, 2018)	0.48
"To evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic interactions of the anticancer agent gefitinib (Iressa®) and the oriental medications Guipi Decoction (, GPD, Guibi-tang in Korean) and Bawu Decoction (, BWD, Palmul-tang in Korean)."	( Alterations of Gefitinib Pharmacokinetics by Co-administration of Herbal Medications in Rats. Jeong, SW; Joo, SH; Kim, MG; Kim, TH; Ma, E; Shin, BS; Shin, S; Weon, KY; Yoo, SD; Youn, YS, 2018)	0.48
"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disorder which affects the function of numerous tissues and alters the pharmacokinetic parameters of many drugs."	( A pharmacokinetic study on lapatinib in type 2 diabetic rats. Grabowski, T; Grześkowiak, E; Karbownik, A; Klupczynska, A; Kokot, ZJ; Moch, M; Plewa, S; Sobańska, K; Szałek, E; Wolc, A, 2018)	0.48
" In both trials, blood samples were collected for the assessment of the pharmacokinetic profiles of the antifungals, and safety was assessed."	( Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Letermovir Coadministered With Azole Antifungals (Posaconazole or Voriconazole) in Healthy Subjects. Butterton, JR; Cho, CR; de Haes, JIU; Drexel, M; Hulskotte, EGJ; Hussaini, A; Iwamoto, M; Jordan, HR; Kantesaria, BS; Liu, F; Macha, S; Marshall, WL; McCrea, JB; Menzel, K; Tsai, C; van Schanke, A, 2018)	0.48
" Levels of pharmacodynamic plasma markers were not consistently changed after XL647 and no conclusions could be drawn with this limited data set."	( A safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic analysis of two phase I studies of multitargeted small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor XL647 with an intermittent and continuous dosing schedule in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Adjei, A; Das, M; Frymoyer, A; Lensing, JL; Miles, D; Molina, J; Padda, SK; Sikic, BI; Wakelee, HA, 2018)	0.48
" However, the metabolic profiling and in vivo pharmacokinetic characteristics of DVAS still remain unknown."	( In vivo and in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetics of cholinesterase inhibitor deoxyvasicine from aerial parts of Peganum harmala Linn in rats via UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Cao, N; Cheng, X; Deng, G; Ding, W; Guan, H; Liu, W; Ma, C; Rong, X; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wu, C; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
"The aim of this present study was to investigate the metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties of DVAS in rats by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method."	( In vivo and in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetics of cholinesterase inhibitor deoxyvasicine from aerial parts of Peganum harmala Linn in rats via UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Cao, N; Cheng, X; Deng, G; Ding, W; Guan, H; Liu, W; Ma, C; Rong, X; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wu, C; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" For pharmacokinetic studies, 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely, intravenous dosage group (2 mg/kg DVAS) and three oral dosage groups (5, 15, and 45 mg/kg DVAS)."	( In vivo and in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetics of cholinesterase inhibitor deoxyvasicine from aerial parts of Peganum harmala Linn in rats via UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Cao, N; Cheng, X; Deng, G; Ding, W; Guan, H; Liu, W; Ma, C; Rong, X; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wu, C; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" The goodness-of-fit plots and visual predictive checks suggested that the proposed pharmacokinetic model agreed well with the observations."	( Hepatic Artery and Peripheral Vein Pharmacokinetics of Raltitrexed in Swine After the Administration of a Hepatic Arterial Infusion. Li, X; Zhang, X; Zheng, N; Zhu, L, 2019)	0.51
"The pharmacokinetic model could be helpful in quantitatively describing the detailed processes of raltitrexed activity administered by HAI and determining an appropriate dosing regimen for preclinical and clinical studies."	( Hepatic Artery and Peripheral Vein Pharmacokinetics of Raltitrexed in Swine After the Administration of a Hepatic Arterial Infusion. Li, X; Zhang, X; Zheng, N; Zhu, L, 2019)	0.51
" The objective of the study was to investigate the tolerability and effect of high-fat food on the pharmacokinetic profile of a fruquintinib capsule in healthy Chinese subjects."	( Effects of a High-fat Meal on the Pharmacokinetics of the VEGFR Inhibitor Fruquintinib: A Randomized Phase I Study in Healthy Subjects. Chen, Q; Fan, S; Jia, J; Li, K; Li, T; Liu, Y; Qian, H; Sai, Y; Su, W; Wang, W; Yu, C, 2019)	0.51
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected at the designated time points."	( Effects of a High-fat Meal on the Pharmacokinetics of the VEGFR Inhibitor Fruquintinib: A Randomized Phase I Study in Healthy Subjects. Chen, Q; Fan, S; Jia, J; Li, K; Li, T; Liu, Y; Qian, H; Sai, Y; Su, W; Wang, W; Yu, C, 2019)	0.51
" The analytical method had been validated and applied to a pharmacokinetic study of fruquintinib in rat."	( Validated UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of fruquintinib in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Guo, J; Luo, SB; Mei, YB; Qiu, XJ; Xie, SL; Ye, LY; Zhang, Q, 2019)	0.51
" The purpose of the present study was to explain the nonlinear pharmacokinetic profiles using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model with saturable binding of linagliptin to soluble and membrane-bound DPP-4 in blood and organs including kidneys."	( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of the DPP-4 Inhibitor Linagliptin to Describe its Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics in Humans. Chiba, K; Kato, Y; Sarashina, A; Tatami, S, 2020)	0.56
"5 h, with a mean elimination half-life between 13."	( First-in-human, phase I single-ascending-dose study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and relative bioavailability of selatinib, a dual EGFR-ErbB2 inhibitor in healthy subjects. Cao, Y; Gong, LY; Guo, CX; Hua, Y; Huang, J; Kuang, Y; Pei, Q; Wang, MN; Yang, GP, 2020)	0.56
" In pharmacokinetics assay, 23g showed a significant improvement of pharmacokinetic profile for oral administration."	( Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel HDAC inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic profile in breast cancer. He, Z; Huang, J; Jiang, J; Li, C; Wang, J; Yao, D; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
" Two-stage population pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling of letermovir was conducted to support dose rationale and evaluate the impact of intrinsic/extrinsic factors."	( Population pharmacokinetics of letermovir following oral and intravenous administration in healthy participants and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. Cho, CR; Davis, C; de Alwis, D; Dykstra, K; Fancourt, C; Iwamoto, M; Macha, S; Prohn, M; Sabato, P; Viberg, A; Zhang, D, 2021)	0.62
"This research demonstrates that a drug-drug interaction between poziotinib and dacomitinib possibly exists when readministered with poziotinib; thus, clinicians should pay attention to the resulting changes in pharmacokinetic parameters and accordingly, adjust the dose of poziotinib in clinical settings."	( Effects of dacomitinib on the pharmacokinetics of poziotinib Chen, F; Dai, D; Ji, W; Meng, D; Shen, J; Wang, B; Wang, C; Wang, S; Zhou, Q; Zhou, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Such changes in Ctrough,ss warrant further investigation and highlight the ability of pharmacokinetic modelling to investigate populations that may be difficult to recruit for traditional clinical studies."	( The Pharmacokinetics of Gefitinib in a Chinese Cancer Population Group: A Virtual Clinical Trials Population Study. Singh Badhan, RK; Yu, H, 2021)	0.62
"The aim of this study was to identify factors affecting blood concentrations of voriconazole following letermovir coadministration using population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analysis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) recipients."	( Effects of Letermovir and/or Methylprednisolone Coadministration on Voriconazole Pharmacokinetics in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Population Pharmacokinetic Study. Akashi, K; Egashira, N; Fukumoto, J; Hirota, T; Ieiri, I; Matsukane, R; Miyamoto, T; Mori, Y; Muraki, S; Suetsugu, K, 2021)	0.62
" The presence of steady-state letermovir reduced digoxin area under the plasma concentration-time curve from administration until last quantifiable measurement by 12% and maximum plasma concentration by 22% compared with digoxin alone; digoxin half-life and elimination rate remained similar in both conditions."	( The Effect of Oral Letermovir Administration on the Pharmacokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of P-Glycoprotein Substrate Digoxin in Healthy Volunteers. Erb-Zohar, K; Kropeit, D; McCormick, D; Rübsamen-Schaeff, H; Scheuenpflug, J; Stobernack, HP; Theis, JGW; Zimmermann, H, 2022)	0.72
" Following administration of oral single and multiple doses, letermovir was absorbed with a median time to maximum plasma concentration of 2 to 4 hours, and concentrations declined in a biphasic manner with a terminal half-life of ≈10 to 13 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Letermovir Following Single- and Multiple-Dose Administration in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Asari, K; Fancourt, C; Furihata, K; Ishii, M; Iwamoto, M; McCrea, JB; Stoch, SA; Wakana, A; Yoon, E; Yoshitsugu, H, 2022)	0.72
" Safety was monitored throughout the study, and plasma copanlisib levels were measured for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( A phase I pharmacokinetic study of copanlisib in Chinese patients with relapsed indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Childs, BH; Cisternas, G; Du, T; Garcia-Vargas, J; Huang, F; Liu, W; Mehra, A; Niu, Y; Ping, L; Reschke, S; Song, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, X; Xie, Y; Zhu, J, 2022)	0.72
"Data describing the magnitude of the pharmacokinetic interaction between letermovir and tacrolimus in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) recipients are limited, and varying outcomes have been reported."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Letermovir and Tacrolimus in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients. Cumpston, A; Dillaman, M; Marciano, KA; Ross, KG; Seago, K; Veltri, L, 2022)	0.72
" The proposed LC-MS/MS method was applied to pharmacokinetic studies of lapatinib, with or without TPF-T, in rabbit and rat plasma."	( Dose-sparing effect of lapatinib co-administered with a high-fat enteral nutrition emulsion: preclinical pharmacokinetic study. Ding, H; Fang, L; Kong, S; Song, Y; Tong, Y; Xu, G; Yang, D; Zhu, J, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In 25 patients only prazosin was used and in 20 patients prazosin was combined with a thiazide diuretic."	( Prazosin alone and combined with a thiazide diuretic in the treatment of hypertension. Bhoola, R; Seedat, MA; Seedat, YK, 1977)	0.26
"The use of prazosin, a new antihypertensive agent, in combination with other conventional antihypertensive agents, in a hospital outpatient clinic setting, was studied in a mixed group of 104 hypertensive patients."	( Studies with prazosin--a new effective hypotensive agent. I. Open clinical study of prazosin in combination with other antihypertensive agents. Hua, AS; Kincaid-Smith, P; Macdonald, IM; Myers, JB, 1976)	0.26
" Thus, TMTX can be given with 5-FU (400 mg/m2) on a daily x 5-day bolus schedule at the 12 mg/m2 per day dose level, which was the recommended dose of TMTX as a single agent for phase II studies using the 5-day bolus schedule."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacologic trial of trimetrexate in combination with 5-fluorouracil. Catalano, R; Comis, RL; DeLap, RJ; Grillo-Lopez, AJ; Hudes, GR; LaCreta, F, 1989)	0.28
"The presence of low concentrations of the lipophilic dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors metoprine or trimetrexate, which cause little inhibition in the growth of cultured hepatoma cells in combination with weakly inhibiting concentrations of 5,10-dideazatetrahydrofolate, exhibit greater activity than would be predicted by the activity of the individual components."	( Antifolate drug interactions: enhancement of growth inhibition due to the antipurine 5,10-dideazatetrahydrofolic acid by the lipophilic dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors metoprine and trimetrexate. Boschelli, D; Galivan, J; Kerwar, SS; Nimec, Z; Oronsky, AL; Rhee, M, 1988)	0.27
"3 microM dThd was sufficient to completely protect sensitive cells from 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine, and 5,8-dideazaisofolic acid at concentrations that produced over 80% lethality in unprotected cells and the same concentration of dThd in combination with 100 microM hypoxanthine fully protected sensitive cells from greater than 99% methotrexate-induced cell lethality."	( Highly selective drug combinations for human colon cancer cells resistant in vitro to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. Bertino, JR; Handschumacher, RE; Sobrero, AF, 1985)	0.27
" Since IAHQ has only modest activity against L1210 leukemia in mice, it was tested in combination with methotrexate (MTX), probenecid, or verapamil in an effort to enhance efficacy."	( Effects of 5,8-dideazaisopteroylglutamate (IAHQ) on L1210 leukemia in mice when given alone and in combination with methotrexate, probenecid, or verapamil. Gale, GR; Hynes, JB; Smith, AB, 1986)	0.27
" Neither prazosin nor nadolol in combination with thiazide had significant additional adverse effects on total body potassium."	( A comparison of prazosin versus nadolol in combination with a diuretic. Kraut, J; Okun, R, 1984)	0.27
"The potential of raltitrexed (Tomudex) in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as treatment for advanced colorectal cancer has been investigated in two phase I clinical trials."	( Raltitrexed (Tomudex) in combination with 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer: preliminary results from phase I clinical trials. González Barón, M; Harstrick, A; Schwartz, GK, 1999)	0.3
" Preclinical studies have shown additive to synergistic effects when ZD1839 is combined with radiation or chemotherapy in colon, head and neck, and non-small cell lung cancers."	( ZD1839, a selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, alone and in combination with radiation and chemotherapy as a new therapeutic strategy in non-small cell lung cancer. Bunn, PA; Chan, D; Helfrich, BA; Johnson, G; Raben, D, 2002)	0.31
" In this study, we evaluated the ability of CU201 to produce additive or synergistic growth inhibition in combination with various antitumor agents used in lung cancer therapy."	( Bradykinin antagonist dimer, CU201, inhibits the growth of human lung cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo and produces synergistic growth inhibition in combination with other antitumor agents. Bunn, PA; Chan, DC; Chan, KK; Covey, JM; Feng, WY; Gera, L; Helfrich, B; Stewart, JM; Zhao, TL, 2002)	0.31
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of raltitrexed when given with irinotecan and to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of these two agents when given in combination."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in combination with raltitrexed. Adams, AL; Brady, D; Engstrom, PF; Gallo, JM; Kilpatrick, D; Lewis, NL; Litwin, S; Meropol, NJ; Scher, R; Szarka, CE; Weiner, LM, 2002)	0.31
" The use of irinotecan together with raltitrexed is also being investigated, as is its combination with oxaliplatin."	( Irinotecan in metastatic colorectal cancer: dose intensification and combination with new agents, including biological response modifiers. Ducreux, M; Köhne, CH; Schwartz, GK; Vanhoefer, U, 2003)	0.32
"Clinical trials of gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839) in combination with cytotoxic agents have been carried out or are ongoing in several varieties of tumor."	( The effect of gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839) in combination with oxaliplatin is schedule-dependent in colon cancer cell lines. Azzariti, A; Colucci, G; Paradiso, A; Xu, JM, 2003)	0.32
" We report results from two open-label, multicentre, phase I and phase II trials, investigating the pharmacokinetics, tolerability and efficacy of ZD9331, when used in combination with topotecan in patients with relapsed or refractory tumours."	( ZD9331 in combination with topotecan: phase I and II experience. Benson, A; Poplin, E; Vergote, I, 2003)	0.32
"ZD9331, in combination with topotecan, showed manageable toxicity and some evidence of activity in patients with ovarian cancer."	( ZD9331 in combination with topotecan: phase I and II experience. Benson, A; Poplin, E; Vergote, I, 2003)	0.32
" Based on the expectation that this drug combined with immunotherapy would be highly effective, we recently conducted an experiment in tumor-bearing mice."	( [Significance of gefitinib combined with immunotherapy in tumor-bearing mice]. Maruyama, S; Sukegawa, Y; Yagita, A, 2003)	0.32
" In preclinical studies, gefitinib has shown additive and even supra-additive antitumor effects when combined with different cytotoxic agents."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of gefitinib when administered with chemotherapy. Hammond, LA, 2003)	0.32
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of ZD9331 in combination with cisplatin in patients with refractory solid tumors and to describe any preliminary antitumor activity associated with this regimen."	( Phase I trial of the antifolate ZD9331 in combination with cisplatin in patients with refractory solid malignancies. Algazy, K; Bilenker, JH; Flaherty, KT; Garcia-Vargas, JE; Giantonio, BJ; Haller, DG; Koehler, M; McLaughlin, K; O'Dwyer, PJ; Stevenson, JP, 2004)	0.32
"ZD9331 in combination with cisplatin was well tolerated at a dose of 130/50 mg/m(2) after establishing the principal DLTs of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia."	( Phase I trial of the antifolate ZD9331 in combination with cisplatin in patients with refractory solid malignancies. Algazy, K; Bilenker, JH; Flaherty, KT; Garcia-Vargas, JE; Giantonio, BJ; Haller, DG; Koehler, M; McLaughlin, K; O'Dwyer, PJ; Stevenson, JP, 2004)	0.32
"Raltitrexed may up-regulate DPD activity in tumor cells, resulting in antagonism when combined with 5-FU."	( Up-regulation in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity by raltitrexed causes antagonism in combination with 5-fluorouracil. Araki, Y; Fukumori, H; Nozoe, Y; Ogata, Y; Sasatomi, T; Shirouzu, K, )	0.13
" Gefitinib has demonstrated encouraging efficacy in advanced NSCLC in phase II trials in pretreated patients, and a phase I trial of gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin showed favorable tolerability."	( Gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial--INTACT 1. Averbuch, SD; Fandi, A; Gatzemeier, U; Giaccone, G; Grous, J; Herbst, RS; Johnson, DH; Manegold, C; Miller, V; Natale, RB; Ochs, JS; Pluzanska, A; Rennie, P; Rosell, R; Scagliotti, G; Schiller, JH; Von Pawel, J; Wolf, MK, 2004)	0.32
"Gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced NSCLC did not have improved efficacy over gemcitabine and cisplatin alone."	( Gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial--INTACT 1. Averbuch, SD; Fandi, A; Gatzemeier, U; Giaccone, G; Grous, J; Herbst, RS; Johnson, DH; Manegold, C; Miller, V; Natale, RB; Ochs, JS; Pluzanska, A; Rennie, P; Rosell, R; Scagliotti, G; Schiller, JH; Von Pawel, J; Wolf, MK, 2004)	0.32
"Preclinical studies indicate that gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839; AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE), an orally active epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, may enhance antitumor efficacy of cytotoxics, and combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin had acceptable tolerability in a phase I trial."	( Gefitinib in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial--INTACT 2. Averbuch, SD; Fandi, A; Giaccone, G; Grous, J; Herbst, RS; Johnson, DH; Krebs, AD; Manegold, C; Miller, V; Natale, RB; Ochs, JS; Oliff, I; Reeves, JA; Rosell, R; Scagliotti, G; Schiller, JH; Wolf, MK, 2004)	0.32
" Expected dose-related diarrhea and skin toxicity were observed in gefitinib-treated patients, with no new significant/unexpected safety findings from combination with chemotherapy."	( Gefitinib in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial--INTACT 2. Averbuch, SD; Fandi, A; Giaccone, G; Grous, J; Herbst, RS; Johnson, DH; Krebs, AD; Manegold, C; Miller, V; Natale, RB; Ochs, JS; Oliff, I; Reeves, JA; Rosell, R; Scagliotti, G; Schiller, JH; Wolf, MK, 2004)	0.32
"Although in vivo efficacy studies in two HER-2/neu overexpressing breast xenograft models showed that the combination of trastuzumab and gefitinib was effective, analyses of various cellular parameters failed to reveal beneficial effects and argue that this drug combination may not be favorable."	( Treatment of HER-2/neu overexpressing breast cancer xenograft models with trastuzumab (Herceptin) and gefitinib (ZD1839): drug combination effects on tumor growth, HER-2/neu and epidermal growth factor receptor expression, and viable hypoxic cell fraction Bally, MB; Chia, S; Denyssevych, T; Dragowska, WH; Gelmon, K; Masin, D; Wallis, AE; Warburton, C; Yan, H, 2004)	0.32
" The different drug combination schedules were tested in various concentrations by using equiactive concentrations of the two drugs."	( The schedule-dependent enhanced cytotoxic activity of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38) in combination with Gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839). Azzariti, A; Paradiso, A; Porcelli, L; Xu, JM, 2004)	0.32
" ZD6126 caused marked vessel destruction through loss of endothelial cells and thrombosis, substantially increasing the level of necrosis seen when combined with radiation therapy."	( Antitumor activity of ZD6126, a novel vascular-targeting agent, is enhanced when combined with ZD1839, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and potentiates the effects of radiation in a human non-small cell lung cancer xenograft Bianco, AR; Bianco, C; Bianco, R; Bunn, P; Ciardiello, F; Cionini, L; D'Armiento, FP; Damiano, V; Melisi, D; Mignogna, C; Raben, D; Tortora, G, 2004)	0.32
"In this study we have used a standardised ATP-based tumour chemosensitivity assay (ATP-TCA) to measure the activity of gefitinib alone or in combination with different cytotoxic drugs (cisplatin, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin and treosulfan) against a variety of solid tumours (n = 86), including breast, colorectal, oesophageal and ovarian cancer, carcinoma of unknown primary site, cutaneous and uveal melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and sarcoma."	( The in vitro effect of gefitinib ('Iressa') alone and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy on human solid tumours. Cree, IA; Di Nicolantonio, F; Glaysher, S; Johnson, P; Knight, LA; Mercer, S; Sharma, S; Whitehouse, P, 2004)	0.32
" Interestingly, gefitinib had both positive and negative effects when used in combination with different cytotoxics."	( The in vitro effect of gefitinib ('Iressa') alone and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy on human solid tumours. Cree, IA; Di Nicolantonio, F; Glaysher, S; Johnson, P; Knight, LA; Mercer, S; Sharma, S; Whitehouse, P, 2004)	0.32
"To establish the recommended dose (RD) of the thymidylate-synthase inhibitor ZD9331 administered with irinotecan (CPT-11) in patients with pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer, and to assess toxicity profile, pharmacokinetics (PK), and anti-tumor activity in a phase I/II open, multicenter, intrapatient chemotherapy dose escalating trial."	( A phase I-II, dose-escalating trial of ZD9331 in combination with irinotecan (CPT11) in previously pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer patients. André, T; de Gramont, A; Gamelin, E; Garcia, ML; Kalla, S; Lenaers, G; Louvet, C; Méry-Mignard, D; Saavedra, A, 2004)	0.32
"ZD9331 90 mg/m2 combined with CPT-11 180 mg/m2 may be a viable option for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, with possible escalation to 120 mg/m2 of ZD9331 according to safety evaluation."	( A phase I-II, dose-escalating trial of ZD9331 in combination with irinotecan (CPT11) in previously pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer patients. André, T; de Gramont, A; Gamelin, E; Garcia, ML; Kalla, S; Lenaers, G; Louvet, C; Méry-Mignard, D; Saavedra, A, 2004)	0.32
"5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine alone and in combination with irinotecan/oxaliplatin are clinically active in the treatment of colorectal and other solid tumors."	( Synergistic antitumor activity of capecitabine in combination with irinotecan. Cao, S; Durrani, FA; Rustum, YM, 2005)	0.33
" We investigated the activity of ZD6474 in combination with SC-236, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, to determine the antitumor activity of the simultaneous blockade of EGFR, COX-2, and VEGF functions."	( Antitumor activity of ZD6474, a vascular endothelial growth factor-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with SC-236, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Bianco, R; Bianco, RA; Ciardiello, F; De Vita, F; Fontanini, G; Martinelli, E; Morgillo, F; Romano, M; Tortora, G; Troiani, T; Tuccillo, C, 2005)	0.33
"To investigate the inhibitory effect of gefitinib combined with cytotoxic agent cisplatin (CDDP) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)."	( Antitumor effect of Gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, combined with cytotoxic agent on murine hepatocellular carcinoma. Li, X; Li, Y; Lu, QY; Yuan, SJ; Zhao, QC; Zhu, BD, 2005)	0.33
"2 mg/kg BW; d1-5, or d6-10), Gefitinib (d1-5, or d6-10, or d1-10), and Gefitinib combined with CDDP groups."	( Antitumor effect of Gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, combined with cytotoxic agent on murine hepatocellular carcinoma. Li, X; Li, Y; Lu, QY; Yuan, SJ; Zhao, QC; Zhu, BD, 2005)	0.33
" The highest inhibitory effect (IR: 56%) on HCC growth was observed in Gefitinib (d1-10) combined with CDDP (d1-5) group."	( Antitumor effect of Gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, combined with cytotoxic agent on murine hepatocellular carcinoma. Li, X; Li, Y; Lu, QY; Yuan, SJ; Zhao, QC; Zhu, BD, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ZD1839 on growth and apoptosis in SCC-15 (a human head and neck cancer cell line) lone, or in combination with cisplatin."	( The effect of ZD1839 (Iressa), an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with cisplatin, on apoptosis in SCC-15 cells. Al-Hazzaa, A; Birchall, MA; Bowen, ID; Randerson, P, 2005)	0.33
" This open-label pilot trial investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of 2 doses of gefitinib (250 and 500 mg per day) combined with docetaxel (75 mg/m2) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC as first- and second-line chemotherapy."	( A pilot trial of gefitinib in combination with docetaxel in patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Buchholz, E; Fandi, A; Gatzemeier, U; Manegold, C; Smith, RP, 2005)	0.33
"One of the emerging problems concerning the use of antiangiogenic drugs, when used in combination with certain chemotherapy regimens, is enhanced rates and severity of adverse clotting events."	( In vitro procoagulant activity induced in endothelial cells by chemotherapy and antiangiogenic drug combinations: modulation by lower-dose chemotherapy. du Manoir, J; Francia, G; Hicklin, DJ; Kerbel, RS; Ma, L; Rak, J; Viloria-Petit, A, 2005)	0.33
" In this study, we investigated the anticancer activity of BGC9331 either alone or combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), MTA (multi-target antifolate), oxali-platin and SN-38, the active metabolite of the topoisomerase I inhibitor CPT-11."	( Increased anticancer activity of the thymidylate synthase inhibitor BGC9331 combined with the topoisomerase I inhibitor SN-38 in human colorectal and breast cancer cells: induction of apoptosis and ROCK cleavage through caspase-3-dependent and -independen André, T; Coudray, AM; De Gramont, A; Faivre, S; Gespach, C; Kornprobst, M; Larsen, AK; Louvet, C; Raymond, E; Tournigand, C, 2005)	0.33
" Erlotinib was combined with chemotherapy to determine if it could improve the outcome of patients with NSCLC."	( TRIBUTE: a phase III trial of erlotinib hydrochloride (OSI-774) combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Fehrenbacher, L; Herbst, RS; Hermann, R; Johnson, BE; Johnson, DH; Klein, P; Kris, MG; Li, X; Miller, VA; Prager, D; Ramies, D; Sandler, A; Tran, HT, 2005)	0.33
"TRIBUTE randomly assigned patients with good performance status and previously untreated advanced (stage IIIB/IV) NSCLC to erlotinib 150 mg/d or placebo combined with up to six cycles of carboplatin and paclitaxel, followed by maintenance monotherapy with erlotinib."	( TRIBUTE: a phase III trial of erlotinib hydrochloride (OSI-774) combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Fehrenbacher, L; Herbst, RS; Hermann, R; Johnson, BE; Johnson, DH; Klein, P; Kris, MG; Li, X; Miller, VA; Prager, D; Ramies, D; Sandler, A; Tran, HT, 2005)	0.33
"The recommended dose of epirubicin for phase II studies is 30 mg/m2 in combination with gefitinib at the daily dose of 250 mg."	( Gefitinib (ZD1839) combined with weekly epirubicin in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a phase I study with biological correlate. Amici, S; Gasparini, G; Gattuso, D; Gion, M; Longo, R; Sarmiento, R; Zancan, M, 2005)	0.33
"Preclinical studies have suggested antitumor activity of an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor targeted therapy with selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors alone or in combination with conventional cytostatic drugs."	( Preclinical evaluation of ZD1839 alone or in combination with oxaliplatin in a panel of human tumor cell lines -- implications for clinical use. Arnold, D; Mueller, T; Pfeiffer, C; Pickan, V; Simon, H; Voigt, W, 2005)	0.33
"In the present study, the activity of ZD1839 alone or in combination with oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) was evaluated in 12 human cancer cell lines including colon, testicular, anaplastic thyroid and epidermoid carcinoma cells."	( Preclinical evaluation of ZD1839 alone or in combination with oxaliplatin in a panel of human tumor cell lines -- implications for clinical use. Arnold, D; Mueller, T; Pfeiffer, C; Pickan, V; Simon, H; Voigt, W, 2005)	0.33
"Up to now, there have been no established predictive markers for response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/HER1/erbB1) inhibitors alone and in combination with chemotherapy in colorectal cancer."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor activity determines response of colorectal cancer cells to gefitinib alone and in combination with chemotherapy. Galligan, L; Johnston, P; Karaiskou-McCaul, A; Kelly, D; Longley, D; Van Cutsem, E; Van Schaeybroeck, S, 2005)	0.33
" In contrast to oxaliplatin, 5-FU treatment increased EGFR phosphorylation in all cell lines and this correlated with synergistic decreases in cell viability when 5-FU was combined with gefitinib."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor activity determines response of colorectal cancer cells to gefitinib alone and in combination with chemotherapy. Galligan, L; Johnston, P; Karaiskou-McCaul, A; Kelly, D; Longley, D; Van Cutsem, E; Van Schaeybroeck, S, 2005)	0.33
"In our phase II trial, CB in combination with R showed a moderate activity with safe administration on an outpatient basis."	( Carboplatin in combination with raltitrexed in recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A multicentre phase II study of the Gruppo Oncologico Dell'Italia Meridionale (G.O.I.M.). Borsellino, N; Colucci, G; Di Bisceglie, M; Galetta, D; Gebbia, V; Giotta, F; Manzione, L; Rosati, G, )	0.13
" Erlotinib in combination with capecitabine was not associated with significantly increased toxicity compared with single-agent therapy."	( Antitumor activity of erlotinib in combination with capecitabine in human tumor xenograft models. Ouchi, KF; Sekiguchi, F; Tanaka, Y; Yanagisawa, M, 2006)	0.33
" The findings of this study support clinical evaluation of erlotinib, both as a single agent and in combination with capecitabine, for the treatment of CRC and breast cancer."	( Antitumor activity of erlotinib in combination with capecitabine in human tumor xenograft models. Ouchi, KF; Sekiguchi, F; Tanaka, Y; Yanagisawa, M, 2006)	0.33
" Therefore, drug therapy targeted to VEGF receptors and EGFRs, when combined with radiotherapy (RT), may improve tumor control and provide wider applicability."	( ZD6474, an inhibitor of VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinase activity in combination with radiotherapy. Bianco, C; Ciardiello, F; Dimery, I; Frederick, B; Gustafson, D; Raben, D, 2006)	0.33
" Patients with stable or progressive malignant primary glioma received erlotinib alone or combined with temozolomide in this dose-escalation study."	( Phase 1 study of erlotinib HCl alone and combined with temozolomide in patients with stable or recurrent malignant glioma. Burton, E; Butowski, N; Chang, S; Fedoroff, A; Kapadia, A; Kelley, SK; Lamborn, KR; Malec, M; Page, MS; Prados, MD; Rabbitt, J; Xie, D, 2006)	0.33
" We evaluated the antitumor activity of ZD1839 in combination with HSP90 antagonist, 17-AAG in malignant human glioma cell lines."	( Cooperative inhibitory effect of ZD1839 (Iressa) in combination with 17-AAG on glioma cell growth. Arnold, B; Pollack, IF; Premkumar, DR, 2006)	0.33
" In this pilot Phase I trial, the authors evaluated the tolerability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of gefitinib combined with estramustine and docetaxel in patients with HRPC."	( Results from a pilot Phase I trial of gefitinib combined with docetaxel and estramustine in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Das-Gupta, A; Small, E; Soulie, P; Trump, D; Wilding, G, 2006)	0.33
"The results of the current study demonstrated that gefitinib combined with estramustine and docetaxel had acceptable and predictable tolerability."	( Results from a pilot Phase I trial of gefitinib combined with docetaxel and estramustine in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Das-Gupta, A; Small, E; Soulie, P; Trump, D; Wilding, G, 2006)	0.33
"We have evaluated the activity and safety of gefitinib, a small-molecule epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with docetaxel as first-line treatment of women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."	( Phase II study of gefitinib in combination with docetaxel as first-line therapy in metastatic breast cancer. Bianco, AR; Caputo, F; Catalano, G; Ciardiello, F; Colantuoni, G; De Laurentiis, M; De Placido, S; De Vita, F; Diadema, MR; Gridelli, C; Orditura, M; Palmieri, G; Tortora, G; Troiani, T, 2006)	0.33
"Intravenous (iv) vinorelbine and interperitoneal (ip) cisplatin were administered intermittently (q4d x 3) in combination with sorafenib administered orally (po) once daily for 9 days starting on the same day as the standard agent."	( Sorafenib is efficacious and tolerated in combination with cytotoxic or cytostatic agents in preclinical models of human non-small cell lung carcinoma. Brink, C; Carter, CA; Chen, C; Gilbert, KS; Maxuitenko, YY; Vincent, P; Waud, WR; Zhang, X, 2007)	0.34
" Primary end points included evaluation of toxicity and determination of the OBD of celecoxib when combined with erlotinib."	( A phase I trial to determine the optimal biological dose of celecoxib when combined with erlotinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Dubinett, SM; Elashoff, RM; Figlin, RA; Krysan, K; Milne, GL; Morrow, JD; Newman, RA; Reckamp, KL; Tucker, C, 2006)	0.33
"This study defines the OBD of celecoxib when combined with a fixed dose of EGFR TKI."	( A phase I trial to determine the optimal biological dose of celecoxib when combined with erlotinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Dubinett, SM; Elashoff, RM; Figlin, RA; Krysan, K; Milne, GL; Morrow, JD; Newman, RA; Reckamp, KL; Tucker, C, 2006)	0.33
" ZD6474 in combination with oxaliplatin has synergistic antiproliferative properties in human colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro when oxaliplatin is administered before ZD6474."	( Sequence-dependent inhibition of human colon cancer cell growth and of prosurvival pathways by oxaliplatin in combination with ZD6474 (Zactima), an inhibitor of VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinases. Ciardiello, F; Eckhardt, SG; Lockerbie, O; Morrow, M; Troiani, T, 2006)	0.33
" We have shown that the RTK inhibitor GW282974A (an analogue of GW2016; lapatinib) is effective in chemosensitisation of drug resistant EGFR over-expressing cells giving rise to a synergistic effect when used in combination with either cisplatin or paclitaxel in chemosensitivity assays."	( Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibition is effective in chemosensitising EGFR-expressing drug resistant human ovarian cancer cell lines when used in combination with cytotoxic agents. Ajose-Adeogun, A; Coley, HM; Modjtahedi, H; Shotton, CF; Thomas, H, 2006)	0.33
"To assess the feasibility of administering erlotinib, an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin, and to identify pharmacokinetic interactions, evaluate downstream effects of EGFR inhibition on surrogate tissues, and seek preliminary evidence for clinical activity."	( Phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of erlotinib in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Beeram, M; Hamilton, M; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Kreisberg, JI; Mita, MM; Nadler, P; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, G; Tolcher, AW; Wolf, J; Wood, D, 2006)	0.33
"A dose level of erlotinib 125 mg combined with paclitaxel 225 mg/m(2) and carboplatin AUC 6 mg."	( Phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of erlotinib in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Beeram, M; Hamilton, M; Hammond, LA; Hidalgo, M; Kreisberg, JI; Mita, MM; Nadler, P; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, G; Tolcher, AW; Wolf, J; Wood, D, 2006)	0.33
" This phase I/II dose-finding study evaluated gefitinib in combination with a 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/folinic acid (FA)/irinotecan (FOLFIRI-AIO) regimen in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer."	( Gefitinib in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/folinic acid and irinotecan in patients with 5-FU/oxaliplatin- refractory colorectal cancer: a phase I/II study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Internistische Onkologie (AIO). Arnold, D; Hochhaus, A; Hofheinz, RD; Kubicka, S; Wollert, J, 2006)	0.33
"To assess the optimal regimen and its mechanism of ZD1839 in combination with SN38, the active metabolite of irinotecan (CPT-11), in the colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and LoVo."	( [Experimental study of effect of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 in combination with irinotecan]. Azzariti, A; Han, Y; Li, YM; Li, ZQ; Paradiso, A; Wang, Y; Xu, JM; Yang, WW; Yuan, SJ; Zhao, CH, 2006)	0.33
" This trial assessed the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, preliminary efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of erlotinib combined with FOLFOX."	( Phase 1b dose escalation study of erlotinib in combination with infusional 5-Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Bolling, C; Brennscheidt, U; Cassidy, J; Díaz-Rubio, E; Fettner, S; Feyereislova, A; Hanauske, AR; Jones, RJ; Rakhit, A; Sastre, J, 2007)	0.34
" calcitriol can be administered safely in combination with gefitinib."	( A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of intravenous calcitriol in combination with oral gefitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Bernardi, RJ; Black, JD; Brattain, MG; Creaven, PJ; Fakih, MG; French, R; Hutson, A; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Schwartz, J; Trump, DL, 2007)	0.34
" Vandetanib has demonstrated enhanced efficacy in combination with radiation therapy (RT) in human tumor models."	( Dose scheduling of the dual VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib (ZD6474, Zactima) in combination with radiotherapy in EGFR-positive and EGFR-null human head and neck tumor xenografts. Frederick, B; Gustafson, DL; Merz, AL; Raben, D, 2008)	0.35
" This phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of erlotinib in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine as first-line treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( Phase III study of erlotinib in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the Tarceva Lung Cancer Investigation Trial. De Rosa, F; Gatzemeier, U; Janaskova, T; Karnicka-Mlodkowski, H; Kaukel, E; Manikhas, GM; Milanowski, J; Pesek, M; Pluzanska, A; Ramlau, R; Roubec, J; Serwatowski, P; Strausz, J; Szczesna, A; Vansteenkiste, J; Von Pawel, J, 2007)	0.34
"Patients received erlotinib (150 mg/d) or placebo, combined with up to six 21-day cycles of chemotherapy (gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 and cisplatin 80 mg/m2 on day 1)."	( Phase III study of erlotinib in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the Tarceva Lung Cancer Investigation Trial. De Rosa, F; Gatzemeier, U; Janaskova, T; Karnicka-Mlodkowski, H; Kaukel, E; Manikhas, GM; Milanowski, J; Pesek, M; Pluzanska, A; Ramlau, R; Roubec, J; Serwatowski, P; Strausz, J; Szczesna, A; Vansteenkiste, J; Von Pawel, J, 2007)	0.34
" Potential drug-drug interactions and the relationship between pharmacokinetics and toxicity were also assessed."	( Phase I trial of sorafenib in combination with gefitinib in patients with refractory or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer. Adjei, AA; Croghan, G; Hanson, LJ; Jett, JR; Lathia, C; Mandrekar, SJ; Marks, R; Molina, JR; Reid, JR; Simantov, R; Xia, C, 2007)	0.34
"Sorafenib combined with gefitinib is well tolerated, with promising efficacy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer."	( Phase I trial of sorafenib in combination with gefitinib in patients with refractory or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer. Adjei, AA; Croghan, G; Hanson, LJ; Jett, JR; Lathia, C; Mandrekar, SJ; Marks, R; Molina, JR; Reid, JR; Simantov, R; Xia, C, 2007)	0.34
" This phase I study evaluated the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics (PK) of OSI-7904L administered in combination with oxaliplatin every 21 days in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of OSI-7904L, a liposomal thymidylate synthase inhibitor in combination with oxaliplatin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Chick, J; Clamp, AR; Debois, M; Govaerts, AS; Jayson, GC; Lacombe, D; Marreaud, S; Schöffski, P; Twelves, C; Valle, JW; Wilson, RH, 2008)	0.35
"Gefitinib, an orally active inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, combined with chemotherapy, has shown efficacy as second-line treatment for advanced colorectal cancer (CRC)."	( First clinical experience of orally active epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor combined with simplified FOLFOX6 as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. Boselli, S; de Braud, F; Lorizzo, K; Magni, E; Martignetti, A; Massacesi, C; Santoro, L; Zampino, MG; Zaniboni, A; Zorzino, L, 2007)	0.34
"Patients with metastatic EGFR-positive CRC received gefitinib at a dose of 250 mg/day combined with simplified FOLFOX6."	( First clinical experience of orally active epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor combined with simplified FOLFOX6 as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. Boselli, S; de Braud, F; Lorizzo, K; Magni, E; Martignetti, A; Massacesi, C; Santoro, L; Zampino, MG; Zaniboni, A; Zorzino, L, 2007)	0.34
" In vitro, gefitinib, an orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown a significant increase in antitumor activity when combined with chemotherapy."	( An open-label, noncomparative phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of docetaxel in combination with gefitinib in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Borner, M; Knuth, A; Morant, R; Pedrazzini, A; Rochlitz, C; Roggero, E; Salzberg, M; Schönenberger, A; Thalmann, G, 2007)	0.34
"In this phase II study, the safety and efficacy of gefitinib in combination with docetaxel, a chemotherapeutic agent commonly used for prostate cancer, was investigated in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC)."	( An open-label, noncomparative phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of docetaxel in combination with gefitinib in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Borner, M; Knuth, A; Morant, R; Pedrazzini, A; Rochlitz, C; Roggero, E; Salzberg, M; Schönenberger, A; Thalmann, G, 2007)	0.34
" Our results do not support the efficacy of gefitinib in combination with endocrine treatment for hormone-refractory prostate cancer."	( Gefitinib combined with endocrine manipulation in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: quality of life and surrogate markers of activity. Curigliano, G; De Braud, F; De Cobelli, O; De Pas, T; Matei, V; Noberasco, C; Nolè, F; Renne, G; Rocco, B; Scardino, E; Spitaleri, G; Teresa Sandri, M; Verweij, F; Zorzino, L, 2007)	0.34
"This phase I study was designed to determine the optimally tolerated regimen (OTR), safety, and clinical activity of lapatinib in combination with FOLFOX4 [oxaliplatin/leucovorin/5-fluorouracil (5-FU)] in patients with solid tumors."	( Phase I pharmacokinetic study of the safety and tolerability of lapatinib (GW572016) in combination with oxaliplatin/fluorouracil/leucovorin (FOLFOX4) in patients with solid tumors. Beijnen, JH; Boot, H; Keessen, M; Koch, KM; Pandite, L; Richel, DJ; Schellens, JH; Siegel-Lakhai, WS; Smith, DA; Versola, M; Vervenne, WL, 2007)	0.34
" No dose-limiting toxicities were observed and the OTR was established at 1,500 mg/d lapatinib in combination with the standard FOLFOX4 regimen."	( Phase I pharmacokinetic study of the safety and tolerability of lapatinib (GW572016) in combination with oxaliplatin/fluorouracil/leucovorin (FOLFOX4) in patients with solid tumors. Beijnen, JH; Boot, H; Keessen, M; Koch, KM; Pandite, L; Richel, DJ; Schellens, JH; Siegel-Lakhai, WS; Smith, DA; Versola, M; Vervenne, WL, 2007)	0.34
"Lapatinib can be safely administered in combination with the standard FOLFOX4 regimen."	( Phase I pharmacokinetic study of the safety and tolerability of lapatinib (GW572016) in combination with oxaliplatin/fluorouracil/leucovorin (FOLFOX4) in patients with solid tumors. Beijnen, JH; Boot, H; Keessen, M; Koch, KM; Pandite, L; Richel, DJ; Schellens, JH; Siegel-Lakhai, WS; Smith, DA; Versola, M; Vervenne, WL, 2007)	0.34
"This study determined the optimally tolerated regimen (OTR) of oral lapatinib administered in combination with infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) and assessed the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the combination."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with infusional 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin and irinotecan. Flaherty, KT; Fleming, RA; Kerr, DJ; Koch, KM; Middleton, MR; Midgley, RS; O'Dwyer, PJ; Pratap, SE; Smith, DA; Stevenson, JP; Versola, M; Ward, C, 2007)	0.34
"Bevacizumab (Bev) has clinical activity in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and, when combined with erlotinib (Erl), has shown encouraging objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS)."	( Randomized phase II study of erlotinib combined with bevacizumab compared with bevacizumab alone in metastatic renal cell cancer. Bukowski, RM; Drabkin, HA; Dutcher, J; Figlin, RA; Flaherty, K; Kabbinavar, FF; McDermott, D; Ryba, S; Scappaticci, FA; Srinivas, S; Vaishampayan, U; Xia, Q, 2007)	0.34
"One hundred four patients received intravenous Bev (10 mg/kg) every 2 weeks in combination with oral Erl (150 mg) or placebo daily."	( Randomized phase II study of erlotinib combined with bevacizumab compared with bevacizumab alone in metastatic renal cell cancer. Bukowski, RM; Drabkin, HA; Dutcher, J; Figlin, RA; Flaherty, K; Kabbinavar, FF; McDermott, D; Ryba, S; Scappaticci, FA; Srinivas, S; Vaishampayan, U; Xia, Q, 2007)	0.34
" The MTD for erlotinib in combination with twice weekly gemcitabine-based chemoradiation was 100 mg/day."	( A phase I study of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine and radiation in locally advanced, non-operable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Capanu, M; Duffy, A; Kelsen, DP; Kortmansky, J; Minsky, B; O'Reilly, EM; Puleio, S; Saltz, L; Schwartz, GK, 2008)	0.35
"In combination with fixed dose gemcitabine at 40 mg/m(2) twice weekly and radiation at 180 cGy/day, the MTD of erlotinib was found to be 100 mg/day."	( A phase I study of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine and radiation in locally advanced, non-operable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Capanu, M; Duffy, A; Kelsen, DP; Kortmansky, J; Minsky, B; O'Reilly, EM; Puleio, S; Saltz, L; Schwartz, GK, 2008)	0.35
" This study also demonstrates the importance of timing of gefitinib administration when this agent is combined with irradiation."	( Treatment schedule is of importance when gefitinib is combined with irradiation of glioma and endothelial cells in vitro. Andersson, U; Behnam-Motlagh, P; Johansson, D; Johansson, M; Malmer, B, 2007)	0.34
"This in vivo study was designed to determine the optimal doses and schedules of vandetanib, a dual epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with irinotecan in a murine xenograft model of human colon cancer."	( Investigation of two dosing schedules of vandetanib (ZD6474), an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, in combination with irinotecan in a human colon cancer xenograft model. Ciardiello, F; Eckhardt, SG; Gustafson, DL; Henthorn, TK; Lockerbie, O; Long, M; Merz, A; Morrow, M; Serkova, NJ; Troiani, T, 2007)	0.34
"The greatest antitumor efficacy was observed in the groups receiving the highest dose of vandetanib given continuously (concurrent schedule), alone or in combination with irinotecan."	( Investigation of two dosing schedules of vandetanib (ZD6474), an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, in combination with irinotecan in a human colon cancer xenograft model. Ciardiello, F; Eckhardt, SG; Gustafson, DL; Henthorn, TK; Lockerbie, O; Long, M; Merz, A; Morrow, M; Serkova, NJ; Troiani, T, 2007)	0.34
"These data suggest that higher, sustained concentrations of vandetanib (versus intermittent), alone and in combination with irinotecan, result in optimal antitumor efficacy in this model and may have implications for the design of future clinical studies with this drug."	( Investigation of two dosing schedules of vandetanib (ZD6474), an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, in combination with irinotecan in a human colon cancer xenograft model. Ciardiello, F; Eckhardt, SG; Gustafson, DL; Henthorn, TK; Lockerbie, O; Long, M; Merz, A; Morrow, M; Serkova, NJ; Troiani, T, 2007)	0.34
" This study was to assess the effects of ZD1839 in combination with oxaliplatin on lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, and to provide pre-clinical evidence for optimizing the schedule of oxaliplatin combined with ZD1839."	( [Cytotoxic effect of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 in combination with oxaliplatin on lung cancer cell line A549]. Ge, FJ; Luo, WD; Wang, Y; Xu, JM; Yuan, SJ; Zhao, CH, 2007)	0.34
" The effects of oxaliplatin combined with ZD1839 on the proliferation of A549 cells in nude mice were also evaluated."	( [Cytotoxic effect of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 in combination with oxaliplatin on lung cancer cell line A549]. Ge, FJ; Luo, WD; Wang, Y; Xu, JM; Yuan, SJ; Zhao, CH, 2007)	0.34
" We carried out the in vitro study using selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib combined with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) ZD1839 on NSCLC cell lines to investigate the anti proliferation effect and the cell molecular mechanism."	( Selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib combined with EGFR-TKI ZD1839 on non-small cell lung cancer cell lines: in vitro toxicity and mechanism study. Chen, L; He, Y; Huang, H; Liao, H; Wei, W, 2008)	0.35
"Lapatinib [N-{3-chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine, GW572016, Tykerb] is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for use in combination with capecitabine to treat advanced or metastatic breast cancers overexpressing HER2 (ErbB2)."	( The role of efflux and uptake transporters in [N-{3-chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine (GW572016, lapatinib) disposition and drug interactions. Castellino, S; Harmon, KA; Humphreys, JE; John-Williams, LS; Koch, KM; O'Mara, MJ; Olson, KL; Polli, JW; Serabjit-Singh, CJ, 2008)	0.35
" The effect of ZD6474, a potent inhibitor of VEGF-receptor-2, was evaluated in combination with either radiotherapy or temozolomide."	( Effects of the VEGFR inhibitor ZD6474 in combination with radiotherapy and temozolomide in an orthotopic glioma model. Bergenheim, AT; Bergström, P; Henriksson, R; Johansson, M; Sandström, M, 2008)	0.35
" ZD6474 30 mg/kg was given alone or in combination with radiotherapy 12 Gy x 1 or with temozolomide 100 mg/kg for 3 days."	( Effects of the VEGFR inhibitor ZD6474 in combination with radiotherapy and temozolomide in an orthotopic glioma model. Bergenheim, AT; Bergström, P; Henriksson, R; Johansson, M; Sandström, M, 2008)	0.35
"ZD6474 in combination with radiotherapy significantly decreased tumour area by 66% compared with controls whereas the combination with temozolomide decreased tumour area by 74%."	( Effects of the VEGFR inhibitor ZD6474 in combination with radiotherapy and temozolomide in an orthotopic glioma model. Bergenheim, AT; Bergström, P; Henriksson, R; Johansson, M; Sandström, M, 2008)	0.35
"ZD6474 in combination with two standard modalities in the treatment of malignant glioma, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, markedly decreased the growth of an intracerebral experimental glioma."	( Effects of the VEGFR inhibitor ZD6474 in combination with radiotherapy and temozolomide in an orthotopic glioma model. Bergenheim, AT; Bergström, P; Henriksson, R; Johansson, M; Sandström, M, 2008)	0.35
"This study aimed to define the maximum tolerated dose of weekly docetaxel combined with daily erlotinib, an oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of erlotinib in combination with weekly docetaxel in patients with taxane-naive malignancies. Al Omari, AS; Chiorean, EG; Fife, KL; Foster, AE; Jones, DR; Murry, DJ; Porter, JM; Strother, RM; Sweeney, CJ; Yoder, CA; Yu, M, 2008)	0.35
"Although no maximum tolerated dose was reached in cycle 1 with 35 mg/m(2) docetaxel, repetitive dosing proved intolerable in a substantial number of patients; thus, the recommended phase II dose of weekly docetaxel is 30 mg/m(2) when combined with 150 mg of daily erlotinib."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of erlotinib in combination with weekly docetaxel in patients with taxane-naive malignancies. Al Omari, AS; Chiorean, EG; Fife, KL; Foster, AE; Jones, DR; Murry, DJ; Porter, JM; Strother, RM; Sweeney, CJ; Yoder, CA; Yu, M, 2008)	0.35
" This study evaluated escalating doses of AZD2171 in combination with standard chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of daily oral AZD2171, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinases, in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the National Cancer Institut Arnold, A; Chen, E; Ellis, PM; Gauthier, I; Goss, G; Laurie, SA; Powers, J; Puchalski, TA; Robertson, J; Seymour, L; Shepherd, FA; Tu, D; Walsh, W, 2008)	0.35
"AZD2171 can be combined with standard doses of carboplatin/paclitaxel with encouraging antitumor activity."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of daily oral AZD2171, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinases, in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the National Cancer Institut Arnold, A; Chen, E; Ellis, PM; Gauthier, I; Goss, G; Laurie, SA; Powers, J; Puchalski, TA; Robertson, J; Seymour, L; Shepherd, FA; Tu, D; Walsh, W, 2008)	0.35
"EGFR blockade combined with conventional chemotherapy results in anti-human STS activity in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the possibility that combining these synergistic treatments will improve anti-STS therapy."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor blockade in combination with conventional chemotherapy inhibits soft tissue sarcoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Dicker, A; Heymach, J; Korchin, B; Lazar, A; Lev, D; Pollock, RE; Ren, W; Wei, C; Zhu, QS, 2008)	0.35
"Cohorts of three patients with ErbB2-positive advanced breast cancer were treated with escalating doses of lapatinib (750 to 1,500 mg) administered once daily (continuous) in combination with trastuzumab (4 mg/kg loading dose then 2 mg/kg weekly) to determine the OTR."	( Phase I dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with trastuzumab in patients with advanced ErbB2-positive breast cancer. Arya, N; Burris, HA; Fleming, RA; Ho, PT; Jones, SF; Koch, KM; Lebowitz, PF; Loftiss, J; Overmoyer, B; Pandite, L; Paul, E; Peacock, NW; Pegram, MD; Silverman, P; Storniolo, AM, 2008)	0.35
"Gefitinib at a dose of 250 mg daily in combination with weekly 5-fluorouracil at 2,000 mg/m(2) or gefitinib at a dose of 500 mg daily with 5-fluorouracil at 1,600 mg/m(2) plus oxaliplatin has an acceptable safety profile."	( Gefitinib in combination with oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil in irinotecan-refractory patients with colorectal cancer: a phase I study of the Arbeits gemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). Bokemeyer, C; Hartmann, JT; Höhler, T; Holtmann, M; Kröning, H; Pintoffl, JP, 2008)	0.35
" In conclusion, honokiol, either alone or in combination with other therapeutics, could serve as a new, promising approach for breast cancer treatment."	( Anti-tumor effect of honokiol alone and in combination with other anti-cancer agents in breast cancer. Elstner, E; Emde, A; Eucker, J; Kühnl, A; Liu, H; Planas-Silva, MD; Possinger, K; Rosche, M; Schulz, CO; Zang, C, 2008)	0.35
"The main objectives of this phase I and pharmacokinetic, open-label study were to determine the optimally tolerated regimen (OTR), safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced solid malignancies."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced cancer. Arya, N; Chu, QS; Cianfrocca, ME; Fleming, RA; Gale, M; Goldstein, LJ; Koch, KM; Loftiss, J; Murray, N; Pandite, L; Paul, E; Rowinsky, EK, 2008)	0.35
"Clinically relevant doses of lapatinib in combination with letrozole were well tolerated and did not result in a pharmacokinetic interaction, and clinical antitumor activity was observed."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of lapatinib in combination with letrozole in patients with advanced cancer. Arya, N; Chu, QS; Cianfrocca, ME; Fleming, RA; Gale, M; Goldstein, LJ; Koch, KM; Loftiss, J; Murray, N; Pandite, L; Paul, E; Rowinsky, EK, 2008)	0.35
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), spectrum of toxicities, clinical activity, and pharmacokinetics of carboplatin given in combination with lapatinib in women with a first recurrence of platinum sensitive epithelial ovarian carcinoma."	( A phase I study of lapatinib in combination with carboplatin in women with platinum sensitive recurrent ovarian carcinoma. Alvarez, RD; Barnes, MN; Estes, JM; Kimball, KJ; Kirby, TO; Koch, KM; Matei, DE; Numnum, TM; Zamboni, WC, 2008)	0.35
" Cohorts of 3-6 patients were to receive up to 6 cycles of intravenous carboplatin AUC of 6 every 21 days in combination with escalating dosages of oral lapatinib (starting at a dose of 750 mg daily)."	( A phase I study of lapatinib in combination with carboplatin in women with platinum sensitive recurrent ovarian carcinoma. Alvarez, RD; Barnes, MN; Estes, JM; Kimball, KJ; Kirby, TO; Koch, KM; Matei, DE; Numnum, TM; Zamboni, WC, 2008)	0.35
" The EGFR was inhibited after PDT in A-431 cells only when TPPS2a was located on the plasma membrane, but both treatment regimes resulted in synergistic inhibition of cell growth when combined with Tyrphostin."	( Photodynamic targeting of EGFR does not predict the treatment outcome in combination with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor Tyrphostin AG1478. Berg, K; Kaalhus, O; Weyergang, A, 2008)	0.35
"Two large, randomized, placebo-controlled trials (IRESSA NSCLC Trial Assessing Combination Therapy; INTACT 1 and 2) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) failed to show survival benefit for gefitinib (IRESSA) in combination with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor expression analysis in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with gefitinib or placebo in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy. Fandi, A; Giaccone, G; Herbst, RS; Iacona, RB; Janas, M; Johnson, DH; Ochs, JS, 2009)	0.35
"In a modified Fibonacci design, the study aimed to study three cohorts of at least three patients receiving escalating doses of erlotinib (50/100/150 mg) combined with cisplatin (40 mg/m(2), weekly, 5 cycles) and radiotherapy (external beam 4,500 cGy in 25 fractions, followed by 4 fractions/600 cGy/weekly of brachytherapy) in squamous cell cervical carcinoma patients, stage IIB to IIIB."	( Phase I trial of erlotinib combined with cisplatin and radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced cervical squamous cell cancer. Camisão, C; do Carmo, CC; Erlich, F; Ferreira, CG; Fontão, K; Herchenhorn, D; Lima, R; Martins, RG; Moralez, GM; Nogueira-Rodrigues, A; Small, IA; Viegas, C, 2008)	0.35
" Food and Drug Administration approved lapatinib (Tykerb tablets; GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia), an oral, small molecule, dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor of ErbB-2 and ErbB-1, for use in combination with capecitabine for the treatment of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer who had received prior therapy including an anthracycline, a taxane, and trastuzumab."	( FDA drug approval summary: lapatinib in combination with capecitabine for previously treated metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER-2. Cohen, MH; Ibrahim, A; Johnson, J; Justice, R; Ko, CW; Pazdur, R; Ryan, Q; Sridhara, R, 2008)	0.35
"Women with measurable MBC pretreated with anthracycline- and taxane-based chemotherapy received oral gefitinib (250 mg/day) continuously combined with intravenous gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 and vinorelbine 25 mg/m2 on day 1, every 2 weeks."	( Gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and vinorelbine in patients with metastatic breast cancer pre-treated with taxane and anthracycline chemotherapy: a phase I/II trial. Amarantidis, K; Georgoulias, V; Gioulbasanis, I; Ignatiadis, M; Kakolyris, S; Kalbakis, K; Kalykaki, A; Mavroudis, D; Saridaki, Z; Vamvakas, L, )	0.13
"Cediranib at 30 mg daily can be combined with standard doses of cisplatin/gemcitabine with encouraging anti-tumour activity, and is the recommended phase III dose."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of daily oral cediranib, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinases, in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a study of the National C Chen, E; Feld, R; Gauthier, I; Goss, G; Laurie, S; Leighl, N; Powers, J; Seymour, L; Shepherd, FA, 2009)	0.35
" Purposes of this study were to determine the recommended phase II dose of cediranib in combination with standard doses of modified FOLFOX-6 (mFOLFOX-6), and the tolerability, safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of this combination in patients with untreated metastatic colorectal cancer."	( Phase I study of cediranib in combination with oxaliplatin and infusional 5-Fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Chen, E; Gauthier, I; Jonker, D; MacLean, M; Powers, J; Seymour, L; Wells, J, 2009)	0.35
" The recommended phase II dose is cediranib at 30 mg daily continuously in combination with standard doses of mFOLFOX-6."	( Phase I study of cediranib in combination with oxaliplatin and infusional 5-Fluorouracil in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Chen, E; Gauthier, I; Jonker, D; MacLean, M; Powers, J; Seymour, L; Wells, J, 2009)	0.35
" Moreover, in combination with 5-fluorouracil modulated by folinic acid (5FU-FA) or with Raltitrexed (RTX), both commonly used in the treatment of this disease, it showed a clear schedule-dependent synergistic antiproliferative interaction as demonstrated by calculating combination indexes."	( Modulation of thymidilate synthase and p53 expression by HDAC inhibitor vorinostat resulted in synergistic antitumor effect in combination with 5FU or raltitrexed. Avallone, A; Bruzzese, F; Budillon, A; Delrio, P; Di Gennaro, E; Leone, A; Pepe, S; Subbarayan, PR, 2009)	0.35
") calcitriol administered in combination with a fixed oral dose of dexamethasone and gefitinib in patients with refractory solid tumors."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetics study of intravenous calcitriol in combination with oral dexamethasone and gefitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Christy, R; Engler, KL; Fakih, MG; Johnson, CS; Muindi, JR; Trump, DL, 2009)	0.35
" In this study, we evaluate whether MP470, a novel receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor alone or in combination with Erlotinib has inhibitory effect on prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo."	( MP470, a novel receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with Erlotinib inhibits the HER family/PI3K/Akt pathway and tumor growth in prostate cancer. Bearss, D; Cooke, LS; Croce, KD; Mahadevan, D; Qi, W; Riley, C; Saldanha, JW; Stejskal, A, 2009)	0.35
" Additive effects on both cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis were observed when LNCaP were treated with MP470 in combination with Erlotinib."	( MP470, a novel receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in combination with Erlotinib inhibits the HER family/PI3K/Akt pathway and tumor growth in prostate cancer. Bearss, D; Cooke, LS; Croce, KD; Mahadevan, D; Qi, W; Riley, C; Saldanha, JW; Stejskal, A, 2009)	0.35
" Lung cancer combined with pregnancy is a very rare situation, so we report this case with some references."	( [A case of lung cancer combined with pregnancy; dramatically deteriorating condition after caesarian section]. Fujita, S; Harada, Y; Hata, A; Imai, Y; Ishihara, K; Katakami, N; Nishimura, T; Seo, R; Takeshim, Y; Tomii, K, 2009)	0.35
" The tolerability and efficacy of IPI-504 combined with either trastuzumab or lapatinib were also investigated in HER2(+) tumor xenograft models."	( Antitumor efficacy of IPI-504, a selective heat shock protein 90 inhibitor against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive human xenograft models as a single agent and in combination with trastuzumab or lapatinib. Chang, Y; Chesebrough, J; Coats, S; Coffman, KT; Fazenbaker, CA; Gooya, J; Jackson, D; Jallal, B; Leow, CC; Weng, D, 2009)	0.35
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (AG1478) alone and in combination with cisplatin on vulvar cancer cells (A431 and SW962)."	( Effect of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor alone and in combination with cisplatin on growth of vulvar cancer cells. Jo, H; Kim, SH; Song, YC; Song, YS, 2009)	0.35
"Activity and toxiciy of gefitinib in combination with topotecan and cyclophosphamide (CPA) were evaluated in a case-series of relapsed neuroblastoma (NB) patients."	( Gefitinib in combination with oral topotecan and cyclophosphamide in relapsed neuroblastoma: pharmacological rationale and clinical response. Castellano, A; Cialfi, S; De Ioris, MA; De Laurentis, C; De Pasquale, MD; Dominici, C; Donfrancesco, A; Ilari, I; Jenkner, A; McDowell, HP, 2010)	0.36
" Antitumor activity of gefitinib as single agent and in combination with either topotecan or CPA was assessed in a panel of NB cell lines."	( Gefitinib in combination with oral topotecan and cyclophosphamide in relapsed neuroblastoma: pharmacological rationale and clinical response. Castellano, A; Cialfi, S; De Ioris, MA; De Laurentis, C; De Pasquale, MD; Dominici, C; Donfrancesco, A; Ilari, I; Jenkner, A; McDowell, HP, 2010)	0.36
"We aimed to investigate and compare the effects of erlotinib and gefitinib on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities and to quantitatively evaluate their drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential due to UGT inhibition."	( Comparison of the drug-drug interactions potential of erlotinib and gefitinib via inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. House, L; Liu, Y; Ramírez, J; Ratain, MJ, 2010)	0.36
" In this study, we investigated the effects of evo alone and in combination with rosiglitazone (rosi) on in vitro adipocyte differentiation and in vivo obesity related to diabetes."	( Inhibitory effect of evodiamine alone and in combination with rosiglitazone on in vitro adipocyte differentiation and in vivo obesity related to diabetes. Bak, EJ; Cha, JH; Kim, JM; Park, HG; Yoo, YJ, 2010)	0.36
"The presence of evo or evo combined with rosi during adipogenic induction has been shown to inhibit adipocyte differentiation to a significant degree, particularly at the commitment and early induction stages."	( Inhibitory effect of evodiamine alone and in combination with rosiglitazone on in vitro adipocyte differentiation and in vivo obesity related to diabetes. Bak, EJ; Cha, JH; Kim, JM; Park, HG; Yoo, YJ, 2010)	0.36
" The chromatographic fingerprints combined with PCA, HCA and LDA could distinguish the seeds of the different species of Peganum investigated."	( HPLC fingerprints combined with principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and linear discriminant analysis for the classification and differentiation of Peganum sp. indigenous to China. Bligh, SW; Cheng, XM; Wang, CH; Wang, ZT; Yang, T; Zhao, T, )	0.13
" Drug combination of TMZ plus BG and PHA-848125 produced additive or synergistic effects on cell growth, depending on the cell line."	( The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor PHA-848125 suppresses the in vitro growth of human melanomas sensitive or resistant to temozolomide, and shows synergistic effects in combination with this triazene compound. Alvino, E; Bonmassar, E; Brasca, MG; Caporali, S; Castiglia, D; Ciomei, M; Covaciu, C; D'Atri, S; Garbin, A; Levati, L; Starace, G, 2010)	0.36
" Cediranib pharmacokinetic parameters were not substantially different when given alone or in combination with gefitinib."	( Phase I evaluation of cediranib, a selective VEGFR signalling inhibitor, in combination with gefitinib in patients with advanced tumours. Giaccone, G; Hoekman, K; Jürgensmeier, JM; Meijerink, MR; Puchalski, TA; Punt, CJ; Robertson, J; Saunders, O; van Cruijsen, H; van Herpen, CM; Voest, EE; Witteveen, PO, 2010)	0.36
"To assess the pharmacokinetics and evaluate potential drug-drug interactions between erlotinib, paclitaxel and carboplatin."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the phase III, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial (TRIBUTE) of paclitaxel and carboplatin combined with erlotinib or placebo in patients with advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Blumenschein, GR; Herbst, RS; Kim, ES; Lu, C; Lum, BL; Malik, M; Oh, YW; Papadimitrakopoulou, VA; Tran, HT; Zinner, RG, 2011)	0.37
"1,079 previously untreated patients with advanced NSCLC were enrolled and randomized in a phase III trial (TRIBUTE) to receive either erlotinib or placebo in combination with paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 IV over 3 h and carboplatin at a calculated dose to achieve an AUC 6 mg∙min/mL."	( Pharmacokinetic study of the phase III, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial (TRIBUTE) of paclitaxel and carboplatin combined with erlotinib or placebo in patients with advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Blumenschein, GR; Herbst, RS; Kim, ES; Lu, C; Lum, BL; Malik, M; Oh, YW; Papadimitrakopoulou, VA; Tran, HT; Zinner, RG, 2011)	0.37
"This phase II investigated efficacy and tolerability of gefitinib in combination with paclitaxel (P) and carboplatin (C) for second-line treatment of patients (pts) with ovarian, tubal or peritoneal adenocarcinoma."	( Phase II study of gefitinib in combination with paclitaxel (P) and carboplatin (C) as second-line therapy for ovarian, tubal or peritoneal adenocarcinoma (1839IL/0074). Bougnoux, P; Carrasco, AT; Fumoleau, P; Joly, F; Kerbrat, P; Lhommé, C; Pautier, P; Petit, T; Ringeisen, F; Rixe, O, 2010)	0.36
"Gefitinib, administered in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin, provides a good clinical response but associated with an increased risk of hematologic disorders."	( Phase II study of gefitinib in combination with paclitaxel (P) and carboplatin (C) as second-line therapy for ovarian, tubal or peritoneal adenocarcinoma (1839IL/0074). Bougnoux, P; Carrasco, AT; Fumoleau, P; Joly, F; Kerbrat, P; Lhommé, C; Pautier, P; Petit, T; Ringeisen, F; Rixe, O, 2010)	0.36
" EGF104900 compared the activity of lapatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab in patients with ErbB2-positive, trastuzumab-refractory metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."	( Randomized study of Lapatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab in women with ErbB2-positive, trastuzumab-refractory metastatic breast cancer. Baselga, J; Bischoff, J; Blackwell, KL; Burstein, HJ; Casey, M; Ellis, C; Koehler, M; O'Shaughnessy, J; Rugo, H; Sledge, G; Storniolo, AM; Vukelja, S, 2010)	0.36
"Patients with ErbB2-positive MBC who experienced progression on prior trastuzumab-containing regimens were randomly assigned to receive either lapatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab."	( Randomized study of Lapatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab in women with ErbB2-positive, trastuzumab-refractory metastatic breast cancer. Baselga, J; Bischoff, J; Blackwell, KL; Burstein, HJ; Casey, M; Ellis, C; Koehler, M; O'Shaughnessy, J; Rugo, H; Sledge, G; Storniolo, AM; Vukelja, S, 2010)	0.36
"Despite disease progression on prior trastuzumab-based therapy, lapatinib in combination with trastuzumab significantly improved PFS and CBR versus lapatinib alone, thus offering a chemotherapy-free option with an acceptable safety profile to patients with ErbB2-positive MBC."	( Randomized study of Lapatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab in women with ErbB2-positive, trastuzumab-refractory metastatic breast cancer. Baselga, J; Bischoff, J; Blackwell, KL; Burstein, HJ; Casey, M; Ellis, C; Koehler, M; O'Shaughnessy, J; Rugo, H; Sledge, G; Storniolo, AM; Vukelja, S, 2010)	0.36
" These results suggest that: i) lapatinib has antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo; ii) lapatinib may be more effective in combination with cisplatin or paclitaxel; and iii) lapatinib might provide useful clinical benefits to HNSCC patients."	( Antitumor effects of lapatinib (GW572016), a dual inhibitor of EGFR and HER-2, in combination with cisplatin or paclitaxel on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Fujita, K; Ishiguro, Y; Kimura, M; Kondo, N; Matsuda, H; Sakakibara, A; Takahashi, H; Toth, G; Tsukuda, M, 2010)	0.36
"This phase II randomized trial evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of anastrozole combined with gefitinib or anastrozole with placebo in women with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."	( Phase II, randomized trial to compare anastrozole combined with gefitinib or placebo in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. Anderson, E; Arena, FP; Bacus, S; Cora, EM; Cristofanilli, M; Curcio, E; Kroener, JF; Magill, PJ; Mangalik, A; Rabinowitz, I; Royce, M; Valero, V; Watkins, C, 2010)	0.36
"This small randomized study showed that anastrozole in combination with gefitinib is associated with a marked advantage in PFS compared with anastrozole plus placebo, and that the combination was tolerated in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive MBC."	( Phase II, randomized trial to compare anastrozole combined with gefitinib or placebo in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. Anderson, E; Arena, FP; Bacus, S; Cora, EM; Cristofanilli, M; Curcio, E; Kroener, JF; Magill, PJ; Mangalik, A; Rabinowitz, I; Royce, M; Valero, V; Watkins, C, 2010)	0.36
"This phase I/II study was conducted to assess the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) and the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of gefitinib in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC)."	( Gefitinib in combination with capecitabine as second-line therapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC): a phase I/II study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). Frieling, T; Graeven, U; Hegewisch-Becker, S; Lehnert, L; Reinacher-Schick, A; Schmiegel, W; Trarbach, T; Vanhoefer, U, 2010)	0.36
"After failure of a 1st-line therapy, patients with aCRC received escalating doses of gefitinib once daily in combination with capecitabine twice daily: dose level (DL) 1: gefitinib 250 mg and capecitabine 1,000 mg/m(2), DL 2: gefitinib 250 mg and capecitabine 1,250 mg/m(2), DL 3: gefitinib 500 mg and capecitabine 850 mg/m(2)."	( Gefitinib in combination with capecitabine as second-line therapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (aCRC): a phase I/II study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO). Frieling, T; Graeven, U; Hegewisch-Becker, S; Lehnert, L; Reinacher-Schick, A; Schmiegel, W; Trarbach, T; Vanhoefer, U, 2010)	0.36
" In cellular models of wild-type or mutant EGFR (L858R and T790M mutations), SNX-2112 alone and in combination with erlotinib inhibited EGF activation of pAKT(473) and pSTAT3(705)."	( Targeting of multiple signaling pathways by the Hsp90 inhibitor SNX-2112 in EGFR resistance models as a single agent or in combination with erlotinib. Barabasz, A; Fadden, P; Foley, B; Hall, S; Huang, K; Rice, JW; Scott, A; Steed, P; Veal, JM, 2009)	0.35
"To investigate the killing effect of ZD6474 combined with adriamycin (ADM) on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells."	( [Inhibitory effect of ZD6474 combined with adriamycin on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro]. He, BF; Luo, RC; Miao, JX; Ruan, J; Shen, J; Zhao, P; Zheng, H, 2010)	0.36
"To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of concurrent chemoradiation in combination with erlotinib for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma."	( Phase II study of concurrent chemoradiation in combination with erlotinib for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma. Deng, X; Hu, W; Li, G; Wang, J; Wu, S; Xie, C; Zhang, P; Zhang, X, 2010)	0.36
"Application of concurrent chemoradiotherapy in combination with erlotinib for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma yielded satisfactory 2-year overall survival and local-regional control."	( Phase II study of concurrent chemoradiation in combination with erlotinib for locally advanced esophageal carcinoma. Deng, X; Hu, W; Li, G; Wang, J; Wu, S; Xie, C; Zhang, P; Zhang, X, 2010)	0.36
"Our data suggest that lapatinib combined with fractionated radiotherapy may be useful against EGFR+ and HER2+ breast cancers and that inhibition of downstream signaling to ERK1/2 and AKT correlates with sensitization in EGFR+ and HER2+ cells, respectively."	( Lapatinib in combination with radiation diminishes tumor regrowth in HER2+ and basal-like/EGFR+ breast tumor xenografts. Camp, JT; Kimple, RJ; Livasy, CA; Peters, E; Sambade, MJ; Sartor, CI; Shields, JM, 2010)	0.36
"Oral cediranib 20, 30, and/or 45 mg/day was given in combination with standard mFOLFOX6; docetaxel; irinotecan; irinotecan and cetuximab; or pemetrexed."	( Cediranib in combination with various anticancer regimens: results of a phase I multi-cohort study. Gadgeel, S; Guthrie, T; Liu, Q; Lorusso, P; Puchalski, T; Shields, AF; Vaishampayan, U; Xu, J, 2011)	0.37
"Gefitinib (250 mg daily) in combination with RT and CDDP in patients with Stage III NSCLC is feasible, but CDDP likely enhances toxicity."	( Gefitinib in combination with irradiation with or without cisplatin in patients with inoperable stage III non-small cell lung cancer: a phase I trial. Aebersold, DM; Bernier, J; Bucher, SE; Ciernik, IF; Glanzmann, C; Lippuner, T; Lombrieser, N; Lütolf, UM; Ries, G; Rothschild, S; Zouhair, A, 2011)	0.37
"This Phase I study investigated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of vandetanib when administered with either gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) or vinorelbine plus cisplatin (VC) in patients with previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer."	( A phase I study of Vandetanib in combination with vinorelbine/cisplatin or gemcitabine/cisplatin as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Blackhall, FH; Kennedy, SJ; Milenkova, T; Nicolson, M; O'brien, M; Schmid, P; Taylor, P; Thatcher, N, 2010)	0.36
"In this study, in patients with previously untreated advanced non-small cell lung cancer, vandetanib 100 mg/d in combination with either VC or GC was not tolerated."	( A phase I study of Vandetanib in combination with vinorelbine/cisplatin or gemcitabine/cisplatin as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Blackhall, FH; Kennedy, SJ; Milenkova, T; Nicolson, M; O'brien, M; Schmid, P; Taylor, P; Thatcher, N, 2010)	0.36
"Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are generally treated with many pharmacological compounds and are exposed to a high risk of drug-drug interactions."	( Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors (gliptins): focus on drug-drug interactions. Scheen, AJ, 2010)	0.36
" The in vitro migration of H1299 cells, which expressed high levels of both VEGF ligands and receptors, was inhibited by treatment with sorafenib, and this effect was significantly increased by the combination with anti-EGFR drugs."	( Synergistic antitumor activity of sorafenib in combination with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in colorectal and lung cancer cells. Berrino, L; Capasso, A; Ciardiello, F; De Vita, F; Eckhardt, SG; Martinelli, E; Morelli, MP; Morgillo, F; Orditura, M; Rodolico, G; Santoro, M; Troiani, T; Tuccillo, C; Vecchione, L; Vitagliano, D, 2010)	0.36
"To investigate whether EGFR inhibitor AG1478 combined with celecoxib could enhance the inhibitive effects on the growth of gastric cancer cells."	( [Effects of EGFR inhibitor AG1478 in combination with celecoxib on the growth of gastric cancer cells]. Li, RK; Liao, J; Qiang, O; Wang, CH, 2010)	0.36
"AG1478 combined with celecoxib results in enhanced inhibitive effect on the growth of SGC-7901, which may partly due to the suppression of ERK phospholation."	( [Effects of EGFR inhibitor AG1478 in combination with celecoxib on the growth of gastric cancer cells]. Li, RK; Liao, J; Qiang, O; Wang, CH, 2010)	0.36
"To evaluate the efficacy,clinical benefits and toxicities of gemcitabine combined with erlotinib for advanced pancreatic cancer."	( [Efficacy of gemcitabine combined with erlotinib in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer]. Bai, CM; Cheng, YJ; Zhang, ZJ, 2010)	0.36
"Gemcitabine combined with erlotinib is an effective regimen for pancreatic cancer with good clinical tolerance."	( [Efficacy of gemcitabine combined with erlotinib in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer]. Bai, CM; Cheng, YJ; Zhang, ZJ, 2010)	0.36
"Apricoxib, a novel once-daily selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, was investigated in combination with erlotinib for recurrent stage IIIB/IV nonsmall cell lung cancer to determine the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicity, and recommended phase II dose (RP2D) based on changes in urinary prostaglandin E₂ metabolite (PGE-M)."	( Biomarker-based phase I dose-escalation, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of oral apricoxib in combination with erlotinib in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. Chen, LC; Gitlitz, B; Jezior, D; Milne, G; Patel, R; Reckamp, K; Syto, M; Zaknoen, S, 2011)	0.37
"Patients received escalating doses of apricoxib (100, 200, and 400 mg/day) in combination with erlotinib 150 mg/day until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity."	( Biomarker-based phase I dose-escalation, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of oral apricoxib in combination with erlotinib in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. Chen, LC; Gitlitz, B; Jezior, D; Milne, G; Patel, R; Reckamp, K; Syto, M; Zaknoen, S, 2011)	0.37
"VEGF, mTOR, and EGFR inhibitors have demonstrated anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects alone and in combination with each other."	( A phase I study of bevacizumab (B) in combination with everolimus (E) and erlotinib (E) in advanced cancer (BEE). Bendell, JC; Blobe, GC; Broadwater, G; Bullock, KE; Gockerman, JP; Howard, LA; Hurwitz, HI; Lager, JJ; Meadows, KL; Morse, MA; O'Neill, MM; Petros, WP; Truax, R; Uronis, HE; Younis, I; Zafar, SY, 2011)	0.37
"Lapatinib, an orally active tyrosine kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB1 (EGFR) and ErbB2 (HER2), has activity as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy in HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."	( A single-arm phase II trial of first-line paclitaxel in combination with lapatinib in HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Abbey, R; DeSilvio, M; Dobrovolskaya, N; Jagiello-Gruszfeld, A; Manikhas, A; Pienkowski, T; Ridderheim, M; Tjulandin, S, 2010)	0.36
"This phase II single-arm trial assessed the safety and efficacy of first-line lapatinib in combination with paclitaxel in previously untreated patients with HER2-overexpressing MBC."	( A single-arm phase II trial of first-line paclitaxel in combination with lapatinib in HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Abbey, R; DeSilvio, M; Dobrovolskaya, N; Jagiello-Gruszfeld, A; Manikhas, A; Pienkowski, T; Ridderheim, M; Tjulandin, S, 2010)	0.36
"The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of radiation therapy (RT) combined with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) vandetanib (antiepidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] plus antivascular endothelial growth factor receptor [anti-VEGFR]) and cediranib (anti-VEGFR) to inhibit glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) growth."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor expression modulates antitumor efficacy of vandetanib or cediranib combined with radiotherapy in human glioblastoma xenografts. Daroczi, B; Dicker, AP; Lawrence, YR; Liu, Y; Wachsberger, PR; Xu, X, 2012)	0.38
" In U87MG EGFR-null cells, TKI combined with radiation was no better than radiation therapy alone."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor expression modulates antitumor efficacy of vandetanib or cediranib combined with radiotherapy in human glioblastoma xenografts. Daroczi, B; Dicker, AP; Lawrence, YR; Liu, Y; Wachsberger, PR; Xu, X, 2012)	0.38
" Hence EGFR status plays a major role in determining a tumor's in vivo response to radiation combined with TKI, supporting a "personalized" approach to GBM management."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor expression modulates antitumor efficacy of vandetanib or cediranib combined with radiotherapy in human glioblastoma xenografts. Daroczi, B; Dicker, AP; Lawrence, YR; Liu, Y; Wachsberger, PR; Xu, X, 2012)	0.38
"4 μg/mL and did not differ when combined with standard-exposure versus reduced-exposure tacrolimus (P=0."	( Pharmacokinetics of sotrastaurin combined with tacrolimus or mycophenolic acid in de novo kidney transplant recipients. Arns, W; Budde, K; Dantal, J; Grinyo, JM; Kovarik, JM; Proot, P; Rostaing, L; Steiger, JU, 2011)	0.37
"Sotrastaurin pharmacokinetics were similar when combined with reduced-exposure or standard-exposure tacrolimus or with MPA."	( Pharmacokinetics of sotrastaurin combined with tacrolimus or mycophenolic acid in de novo kidney transplant recipients. Arns, W; Budde, K; Dantal, J; Grinyo, JM; Kovarik, JM; Proot, P; Rostaing, L; Steiger, JU, 2011)	0.37
"This phase I/II study of saracatinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer was conducted by the NCIC Clinical Trials Group."	( A phase I/II study of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer. Chen, E; Gauthier, I; Gill, S; Goel, R; Hedley, D; Jonker, D; McIntosh, L; Moore, MJ; Renouf, DJ; Seymour, L; Southwood, B; Walde, D; Walsh, W, 2012)	0.38
" In phase I saracatinib was escalated in combination with gemcitabine (1000 mg/m(2)) to determine the recommended phase II dose (RP2D)."	( A phase I/II study of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer. Chen, E; Gauthier, I; Gill, S; Goel, R; Hedley, D; Jonker, D; McIntosh, L; Moore, MJ; Renouf, DJ; Seymour, L; Southwood, B; Walde, D; Walsh, W, 2012)	0.38
" Saracatinib 175 mg PO daily was chosen as the RP2D in combination with gemcitabine."	( A phase I/II study of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer. Chen, E; Gauthier, I; Gill, S; Goel, R; Hedley, D; Jonker, D; McIntosh, L; Moore, MJ; Renouf, DJ; Seymour, L; Southwood, B; Walde, D; Walsh, W, 2012)	0.38
"Saracatinib 175 mg daily in combination with gemcitabine is well tolerated but the combination did not improve efficacy over what would be expected from gemcitabine alone."	( A phase I/II study of the Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer. Chen, E; Gauthier, I; Gill, S; Goel, R; Hedley, D; Jonker, D; McIntosh, L; Moore, MJ; Renouf, DJ; Seymour, L; Southwood, B; Walde, D; Walsh, W, 2012)	0.38
" The aim of this multicenter, randomized phase II study was to evaluate clinical activity and safety of sorafenib in combination with erlotinib or gemcitabine in unselected untreated elderly patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( Sorafenib in combination with erlotinib or with gemcitabine in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized phase II study. Cerea, G; Chella, A; Ciardiello, F; de Marinis, F; Di Maio, M; Fasano, M; Favaretto, A; Gridelli, C; Maione, P; Mattioli, R; Morgillo, F; Pasello, G; Ricciardi, S; Rossi, A; Tortora, G, 2011)	0.37
" Therefore, HM781-36B may be useful for the treatment of HER2 amplified gastric cancer alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents."	( Antitumor activity of HM781-36B, an irreversible Pan-HER inhibitor, alone or in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents in gastric cancer. Bang, YJ; Han, SW; Hur, HS; Im, SA; Kim, HP; Kim, MS; Kim, TY; Lee, GS; Nam, HJ; Oh, DY; Song, SH; Yoon, YK, 2011)	0.37
"Thus, we showed that L858R receptor mutation in combination with expression of its negative regulator, Mig6, alters signaling outcomes and results in variable drug sensitivity."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in combination with expression of MIG6 alters gefitinib sensitivity. Nagashima, T; Naka, T; Nakakuki, T; Naruo, Y; Okada-Hatakeyama, M; Saeki, Y; Tanaka, H; Tsai, SF; Ushikoshi-Nakayama, R, 2011)	0.37
"Vandetanib at doses of 100 mg and 300 mg daily in combination with capecitabine and oxaliplatin was well tolerated."	( A phase I trial of vandetanib combined with capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Cabebe, EC; Fisher, GA; Sikic, BI, 2012)	0.38
"To confirm the efficacy and toxicity of Erlotinib in combination with Gemcitabine and Capecitabine when used as a first-line therapy in metastatic/recurrent pancreatic cancer (PC)."	( A phase II trial of erlotinib in combination with gemcitabine and capecitabine in previously untreated metastatic/recurrent pancreatic cancer: combined analysis with translational research. Bang, YJ; Kang, HJ; Kim, BS; Kim, JS; Lee, KH; Lee, KW; Oh, DY; Park, YS; Ryoo, HM; Sohn, CH; Song, HS; Zang, DY, 2012)	0.38
"Exposure to vandetanib, as assessed by AUC(504) in healthy subjects, was reduced by around 40% when a single dose was given in combination with the potent CYP3A4 inducer rifampicin."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with vandetanib during coadministration with rifampicin or itraconazole. Duvauchelle, T; Kennedy, SJ; Martin, P; Oliver, S; Read, J; Robertson, J, 2011)	0.37
" Intravenous administration of S(4)TdR, in combination with UVA delivered directly to the bladder, resulted in an antitumour effect in three of five animals treated."	( Thiothymidine combined with UVA as a potential novel therapy for bladder cancer. Boddy, AV; Heer, R; Karran, P; Newell, DR; O'Toole, K; Pridgeon, SW; Robinson, M; Taylor, GA; Xu, YZ, 2011)	0.37
"This Phase I study investigated the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of cediranib (20 or 30 mg) in combination with mFOLFOX6 in Japanese patients with previously untreated metastatic CRC."	( Phase I results from a two-part Phase I/II study of cediranib in combination with mFOLFOX6 in Japanese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Boku, N; Mishima, H; Okamoto, W; Satoh, T; Shi, X; Shimamura, T; Yamaguchi, K; Yamazaki, K, 2012)	0.38
"Cediranib (20 or 30 mg) in combination with mFOLFOX6 was considered tolerable according to the protocol-defined criteria, providing justification for the Phase II part of this study."	( Phase I results from a two-part Phase I/II study of cediranib in combination with mFOLFOX6 in Japanese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Boku, N; Mishima, H; Okamoto, W; Satoh, T; Shi, X; Shimamura, T; Yamaguchi, K; Yamazaki, K, 2012)	0.38
" Thus, the targeted approach against HER1/EGFR likely requires a synergistic drug combination strategy to ultimately become successful in this disease."	( Drug combinations enhancing the antineoplastic effects of erlotinib in high-grade glioma. Halatsch, ME; Karpel-Massler, G; Wirtz, CR, 2011)	0.37
"We have investigated in vitro effects of anticancer therapy with the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PB) combined with receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKi) gefitinib or vandetanib on the survival of glioblastoma (U343MGa) and medulloblastoma (D324Med) cells."	( Enhanced effects by 4-phenylbutyrate in combination with RTK inhibitors on proliferation in brain tumor cell models. Baryawno, N; Ekström, TJ; Johnsen, JI; Larsson, C; Marino, AM; Sofiadis, A; Vukojević, V, 2011)	0.37
"Patients with advanced or metastatic cancer were treated with escalating doses of LY2334737 monotherapy or in combination with continuous daily administration of 100 mg erlotinib."	( Phase I study of Oral gemcitabine prodrug (LY2334737) alone and in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Beijnen, JH; Benhadji, KA; Callies, S; Garcia-Ribas, I; Jansen, RS; Koolen, SL; Kronemeijer, RH; Langenberg, MH; Nol, A; Schellens, JH; Slapak, CA; Voest, EE; Witteveen, PO, 2011)	0.37
"Chemotherapy in combination with small-molecule epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors has yielded inconsistent results."	( Phase I study of continuous and intermittent schedules of lapatinib in combination with vinorelbine in solid tumors. Chew, HK; Christensen, S; Davies, AM; Gandour-Edwards, R; Gitlitz, B; Linden, H; Mack, PC; Solis, LJ; Somlo, G; Yang, X, 2012)	0.38
"This phase 1b study assessed the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and pharmacokinetics of motesanib (a small-molecule antagonist of VEGF receptors 1, 2, and 3; platelet-derived growth factor receptor; and Kit) administered once daily (QD) or twice daily (BID) in combination with erlotinib and gemcitabine in patients with solid tumors."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib for the treatment of solid tumors: a phase 1b study. Adewoye, AH; Desai, J; Johnson, J; Kotasek, D; McCoy, S; Price, T; Siu, LL; Sun, YN; Tebbutt, N; Welch, S, 2011)	0.37
"Patients received weekly intravenous gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2) and erlotinib (100 mg QD) alone (control cohort) or in combination with motesanib (50 mg QD, 75 mg BID, 125 mg QD, or 100 mg QD; cohorts 1-4); or erlotinib (150 mg QD) in combination with motesanib (100 or 125 mg QD; cohorts 5 and 6)."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib for the treatment of solid tumors: a phase 1b study. Adewoye, AH; Desai, J; Johnson, J; Kotasek, D; McCoy, S; Price, T; Siu, LL; Sun, YN; Tebbutt, N; Welch, S, 2011)	0.37
" The MTD of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib was 100 mg QD."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib for the treatment of solid tumors: a phase 1b study. Adewoye, AH; Desai, J; Johnson, J; Kotasek, D; McCoy, S; Price, T; Siu, LL; Sun, YN; Tebbutt, N; Welch, S, 2011)	0.37
" Motesanib 125 mg QD was tolerable only in combination with erlotinib alone."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of motesanib in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib for the treatment of solid tumors: a phase 1b study. Adewoye, AH; Desai, J; Johnson, J; Kotasek, D; McCoy, S; Price, T; Siu, LL; Sun, YN; Tebbutt, N; Welch, S, 2011)	0.37
"In this phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 172 patients with metastatic CRC were randomised to receive once-daily cediranib (20 or 30 mg) or placebo, each combined with modified FOLFOX6 (mFOLFOX6)."	( Cediranib in combination with mFOLFOX6 in Japanese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results from the randomised phase II part of a phase I/II study. Amagai, K; Baba, H; Bando, H; Denda, T; Fukase, K; Hazama, S; Kato, T; Mishima, H; Muro, K; Shi, X; Skamoto, J; Yamaguchi, K, 2012)	0.38
"The primary objective of this Phase I study was to assess the safety and tolerability of the vascular endothelial growth factor signalling inhibitor cediranib in combination with cisplatin plus an oral fluoropyrimidine, in Japanese patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer."	( Phase I study of cediranib in combination with cisplatin plus fluoropyrimidine (S-1 or capecitabine) in Japanese patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer. Boku, N; Brown, KH; Hayashi, H; Muro, K; Nakajima, TE; Satoh, T; Shi, X; Shimada, Y; Takahari, D; Taku, K; Yamada, Y, 2012)	0.38
"Patients received continuous, once-daily oral doses of cediranib 20 mg in combination with either cisplatin (60 mg/m(2) iv day 1) plus S-1 (40-60 mg bid, days 1-21) every 5 weeks for a maximum of eight cycles [Arm A]; or cisplatin (80 mg/m(2) iv, day 1) plus capecitabine (1,000 mg/m(2) bid, days 1-14) every 3 weeks for a maximum of six cycles [Arm B]."	( Phase I study of cediranib in combination with cisplatin plus fluoropyrimidine (S-1 or capecitabine) in Japanese patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer. Boku, N; Brown, KH; Hayashi, H; Muro, K; Nakajima, TE; Satoh, T; Shi, X; Shimada, Y; Takahari, D; Taku, K; Yamada, Y, 2012)	0.38
"Cediranib 20 mg/day in combination with cisplatin and S-1 or capecitabine was tolerable, with no new toxicities identified, and showed preliminary evidence of antitumour activity."	( Phase I study of cediranib in combination with cisplatin plus fluoropyrimidine (S-1 or capecitabine) in Japanese patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer. Boku, N; Brown, KH; Hayashi, H; Muro, K; Nakajima, TE; Satoh, T; Shi, X; Shimada, Y; Takahari, D; Taku, K; Yamada, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Optimal effects are obtained when these compounds are used in combination with chemotherapy, as shown in preclinical models and more recently in clinical trials."	( Docetaxel combined with targeted therapies in metastatic breast cancer. Cortes, J; Roché, H, 2012)	0.38
" In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of (ZEGFR:1907)2 in combination with external radiation and the possible inhibitory effects in the EGFR signalling pathways in the colon cancer cell lines HT-29 and HCT116."	( The effect of a dimeric Affibody molecule (ZEGFR:1907)2 targeting EGFR in combination with radiation in colon cancer cell lines. Glimelius, B; Häggblad Sahlberg, S; Lennartsson, J; Nygren, P; Spiegelberg, D; Stenerlöw, B, 2012)	0.38
" The conventional schedule of capecitabine limits full dosing in combination with other agents due to toxicity."	( Phase II trial of a novel capecitabine dosing schedule in combination with lapatinib for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Chen, C; D'Andrea, G; Drullinsky, P; Feigin, K; Gajria, D; Gonzalez, J; Hudis, CA; Lake, D; Norton, L; Patil, S; Theodoulou, M; Traina, TA, 2012)	0.38
" The primary objective of this open-label phase I trial was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose (RD) of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC)."	( Phase I dose-finding study of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine in locally advanced unresectable or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cerny, T; De Dosso, S; Koeberle, D; Renggli, V; Saletti, P; Sessa, C, 2011)	0.37
"Vandetanib 100 mg/day is the RD in combination with gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with advanced PAC."	( Phase I dose-finding study of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine in locally advanced unresectable or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cerny, T; De Dosso, S; Koeberle, D; Renggli, V; Saletti, P; Sessa, C, 2011)	0.37
" This Phase I study investigated cediranib, an oral inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor signalling in combination with saracatinib, an oral Src inhibitor."	( Phase I open-label study of cediranib, an oral inhibitor of VEGF signalling, in combination with the oral Src inhibitor saracatinib in patients with advanced solid tumours. Brown, KH; Drevs, J; Eberhardt, WE; Gauler, TC; Le Scouiller, S; Marotti, M; Schneider, V; Schultheis, B; Strumberg, D; Trarbach, T, 2012)	0.38
"All cediranib doses were tolerated; however, in patients with advanced solid tumours, for combination with saracatinib 175 mg/day, cediranib 20 or 30 mg/day was more sustainable than 45 mg/day."	( Phase I open-label study of cediranib, an oral inhibitor of VEGF signalling, in combination with the oral Src inhibitor saracatinib in patients with advanced solid tumours. Brown, KH; Drevs, J; Eberhardt, WE; Gauler, TC; Le Scouiller, S; Marotti, M; Schneider, V; Schultheis, B; Strumberg, D; Trarbach, T, 2012)	0.38
" Patients were randomly assigned to receive erlotinib (150 mg orally once a day) in combination with either placebo, R1507 9 mg/kg weekly, or R1507 16 mg/kg intravenously once every 3 weeks."	( Randomized phase II study of erlotinib in combination with placebo or R1507, a monoclonal antibody to insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, for advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Brownstein, CM; Chen, D; Crino, L; Eberhardt, WE; Engelman, JA; Habben, K; Jänne, PA; Liu, L; Novello, S; Ramalingam, SS; Reck, M; Schneider, CP; Spigel, DR; Steins, MB, 2011)	0.37
"This study investigated the curative effect of cryoablation combined with molecular target therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( Cryoablation combined with molecular target therapy improves the curative effect in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Fang, W; Gu, XY; Jiang, Z, 2011)	0.37
"To review the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness evidence base for lapatinib (LAP) in combination with an aromatase inhibitor (AI) and trastuzumab (TRA) in combination with an AI for the first-line treatment of patients who have hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor 2-positive (HER2+) mBC."	( Lapatinib and trastuzumab in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for the first-line treatment of metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer which over-expresses human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2): a systematic review and economic analysis. Armstrong, A; Bagust, A; Blundell, M; Boland, A; Davis, H; Dickson, R; Dundar, Y; Fleeman, N; Moonan, M; Oyee, J; Thorp, N, 2011)	0.37
"Three trials were included in the systematic review [the patient populations of the efficacy and safety of lapatinib combined with letrozole (EGF30008) trial, the efficacy and safety of trastuzumab combined with anastrozole (TAnDEM) trial and the efficacy and safety of letrozole combined with trastuzumab (eLEcTRA) trial]."	( Lapatinib and trastuzumab in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for the first-line treatment of metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer which over-expresses human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2): a systematic review and economic analysis. Armstrong, A; Bagust, A; Blundell, M; Boland, A; Davis, H; Dickson, R; Dundar, Y; Fleeman, N; Moonan, M; Oyee, J; Thorp, N, 2011)	0.37
"Cynomolgus monkey recipients of life-supporting kidney allografts were treated orally with STN alone or in combination with cyclosporine A (CsA)."	( Sotrastaurin (AEB071) alone and in combination with cyclosporine A prolongs survival times of non-human primate recipients of life-supporting kidney allografts. Audet, M; Beerli, C; Bigaud, M; Blancher, A; Heusser, C; Morris, RE; Wagner, J; Wieczorek, G, 2012)	0.38
"STN prolonged survival times of non-human primate kidney allograft recipients both as monotherapy and most effectively in combination with CsA."	( Sotrastaurin (AEB071) alone and in combination with cyclosporine A prolongs survival times of non-human primate recipients of life-supporting kidney allografts. Audet, M; Beerli, C; Bigaud, M; Blancher, A; Heusser, C; Morris, RE; Wagner, J; Wieczorek, G, 2012)	0.38
" Unless long-term outcome data show different results, lapatinib should not be used outside of clinical trials as single anti-HER2-treatment in combination with neoadjuvant chemotherapy."	( Lapatinib versus trastuzumab in combination with neoadjuvant anthracycline-taxane-based chemotherapy (GeparQuinto, GBG 44): a randomised phase 3 trial. Bischoff, J; Blohmer, JU; Eidtmann, H; Fasching, PA; Gerber, B; Hanusch, C; Hilfrich, J; Huober, J; Jackisch, C; Kaufmann, M; Kreienberg, R; Kühn, T; Loibl, S; Nekljudova, V; Rezai, M; Strumberg, D; Tesch, H; Untch, M; von Minckwitz, G, 2012)	0.38
" There are currently insufficient safety data in human subjects, particularly when ascorbic acid is combined with chemotherapy."	( Phase I evaluation of intravenous ascorbic acid in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Bazzan, AJ; Deshmukh, S; Levine, M; Littman, S; Mitchell, E; Monti, DA; Newberg, AB; Pillai, MV; Yeo, CJ; Zabrecky, G, 2012)	0.38
" This, combined with the observed response to treatment, suggests the need for a phase II study of longer duration."	( Phase I evaluation of intravenous ascorbic acid in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Bazzan, AJ; Deshmukh, S; Levine, M; Littman, S; Mitchell, E; Monti, DA; Newberg, AB; Pillai, MV; Yeo, CJ; Zabrecky, G, 2012)	0.38
" It is likely that clinical testing of these agents will be in combination with standard therapies to harness the apoptotic potential of both the agents."	( The MEK1/2 inhibitor, selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142886), enhances anti-tumour efficacy when combined with conventional chemotherapeutic agents in human tumour xenograft models. Alferez, D; Davies, BR; Heaton, SP; Heier, A; Holt, SV; Logié, A; Odedra, R; Smith, PD; Wilkinson, RW, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study was to identify agents, which would be likely to offer clinical benefit when combined with selumetinib."	( The MEK1/2 inhibitor, selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142886), enhances anti-tumour efficacy when combined with conventional chemotherapeutic agents in human tumour xenograft models. Alferez, D; Davies, BR; Heaton, SP; Heier, A; Holt, SV; Logié, A; Odedra, R; Smith, PD; Wilkinson, RW, 2012)	0.38
" In several models we observed that continuous exposure to selumetinib in combination with docetaxel results in tumour regression."	( The MEK1/2 inhibitor, selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142886), enhances anti-tumour efficacy when combined with conventional chemotherapeutic agents in human tumour xenograft models. Alferez, D; Davies, BR; Heaton, SP; Heier, A; Holt, SV; Logié, A; Odedra, R; Smith, PD; Wilkinson, RW, 2012)	0.38
"The data presented suggests that MEK inhibition in combination with several standard chemotherapeutics or an Aurora B kinase inhibitor is a promising clinical strategy."	( The MEK1/2 inhibitor, selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142886), enhances anti-tumour efficacy when combined with conventional chemotherapeutic agents in human tumour xenograft models. Alferez, D; Davies, BR; Heaton, SP; Heier, A; Holt, SV; Logié, A; Odedra, R; Smith, PD; Wilkinson, RW, 2012)	0.38
"This phase 1b dose-escalation study assessed safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) receptor, combined with targeted agents or cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab (AMG 479) combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chan, E; Deng, H; Friberg, G; Gilbert, J; Hwang, YC; Mahalingam, D; McCaffery, I; Michael, SA; Mita, AC; Mita, MM; Mulay, M; Puzanov, I; Rosen, LS; Sarantopoulos, J; Shubhakar, P; Zhu, M, 2012)	0.38
" every 2 weeks) combined with either sorafenib 400 mg twice daily, panitumumab 6 mg/kg every 2 weeks, erlotinib 150 mg once daily, or gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 4-week cycle."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab (AMG 479) combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chan, E; Deng, H; Friberg, G; Gilbert, J; Hwang, YC; Mahalingam, D; McCaffery, I; Michael, SA; Mita, AC; Mita, MM; Mulay, M; Puzanov, I; Rosen, LS; Sarantopoulos, J; Shubhakar, P; Zhu, M, 2012)	0.38
"Ganitumab up to 12 mg/kg appeared well tolerated combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab (AMG 479) combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chan, E; Deng, H; Friberg, G; Gilbert, J; Hwang, YC; Mahalingam, D; McCaffery, I; Michael, SA; Mita, AC; Mita, MM; Mulay, M; Puzanov, I; Rosen, LS; Sarantopoulos, J; Shubhakar, P; Zhu, M, 2012)	0.38
"Ganitumab up to 12 mg/kg was well tolerated, without adverse effects on pharmacokinetics in combination with either sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of ganitumab (AMG 479) combined with sorafenib, panitumumab, erlotinib, or gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chan, E; Deng, H; Friberg, G; Gilbert, J; Hwang, YC; Mahalingam, D; McCaffery, I; Michael, SA; Mita, AC; Mita, MM; Mulay, M; Puzanov, I; Rosen, LS; Sarantopoulos, J; Shubhakar, P; Zhu, M, 2012)	0.38
"The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of metronomic chemotherapy combined with targeted drugs in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC)."	( Metronomic chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab and erlotinib in patients with metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer: clinical and biological activity. Bagnardi, V; Bertolini, F; Calleri, A; Cancello, G; Colleoni, M; Dellapasqua, S; Goldhirsch, A; Intra, M; Luini, A; Montagna, E; Pastrello, D; Perri, G; Rampinelli, C; Veronesi, P; Viale, G, 2012)	0.38
"The object of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of metronomic chemotherapy in combination with bevacizumab and erlotinib in patients with HER2-negative (HER2(-)) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and poor hormone receptor expression."	( Metronomic chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab and erlotinib in patients with metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer: clinical and biological activity. Bagnardi, V; Bertolini, F; Calleri, A; Cancello, G; Colleoni, M; Dellapasqua, S; Goldhirsch, A; Intra, M; Luini, A; Montagna, E; Pastrello, D; Perri, G; Rampinelli, C; Veronesi, P; Viale, G, 2012)	0.38
"Treatment with metronomic chemotherapy in combination with bevacizumab and erlotinib was effective in HER2(-), estrogen receptor (ER)- and progesterone receptor (PR)-poor advanced breast cancer."	( Metronomic chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab and erlotinib in patients with metastatic HER2-negative breast cancer: clinical and biological activity. Bagnardi, V; Bertolini, F; Calleri, A; Cancello, G; Colleoni, M; Dellapasqua, S; Goldhirsch, A; Intra, M; Luini, A; Montagna, E; Pastrello, D; Perri, G; Rampinelli, C; Veronesi, P; Viale, G, 2012)	0.38
"As a prelude to combination studies aimed at resistance reversal, this dose-escalation/dose-expansion study investigated the selective Src kinase inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with carboplatin and/or paclitaxel."	( Phase I study of saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with paclitaxel and/or carboplatin in patients with solid tumours. Aamdal, S; Barrett, S; Barriuso, J; Boven, E; Burke, W; de Vries, EG; Emeribe, U; Freyer, G; Hartog, V; Jones, R; Kaye, S; Kristensen, GB; Kuenen, B; Nyakas, M; Pietersma, D; Pujade-Lauraine, E; Ruijter, R; Sandhu, S; Stuart, M; Tan, DS, 2012)	0.38
"Patients with advanced solid tumours received saracatinib once-daily oral tablets in combination with either carboplatin AUC 5 every 3 weeks (q3w), paclitaxel 175 mg m(-2) q3w, paclitaxel 80 mg m(-2) every 1 week (q1w), or carboplatin AUC 5 plus paclitaxel 175 mg m(-2) q3w."	( Phase I study of saracatinib (AZD0530) in combination with paclitaxel and/or carboplatin in patients with solid tumours. Aamdal, S; Barrett, S; Barriuso, J; Boven, E; Burke, W; de Vries, EG; Emeribe, U; Freyer, G; Hartog, V; Jones, R; Kaye, S; Kristensen, GB; Kuenen, B; Nyakas, M; Pietersma, D; Pujade-Lauraine, E; Ruijter, R; Sandhu, S; Stuart, M; Tan, DS, 2012)	0.38
"From September 2008 to October 2011, a total of 31 patients of NSCLC with multiple brain metastases (≥3) received selected incranial, bronchial and corresponding target arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with EGFR-TKIs."	( [Selected arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with target drugs for non-small cell lung cancer with multiple brain metastase]. Guo, Z; Li, J, 2012)	0.38
"Patients with HER2-positive MBC whose disease progressed during prior trastuzumab-based therapies were randomly assigned to receive lapatinib monotherapy or lapatinib in combination with trastuzumab."	( Overall survival benefit with lapatinib in combination with trastuzumab for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer: final results from the EGF104900 Study. Aktan, G; Baselga, J; Bischoff, J; Blackwell, KL; Burstein, HJ; Ellis, C; Florance, A; O'Shaughnessy, J; Rugo, HS; Sledge, G; Storniolo, AM; Vukelja, S, 2012)	0.38
" This phase II study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of erlotinib and enzastaurin in NSCLC, a combination with promise to overcome EGFR resistance based on preclinical models."	( A phase II study of enzastaurin in combination with erlotinib in patients with previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Bernstein, ED; Clément-Duchêne, C; Dudek, AZ; Jahan, T; Krupitskaya, Y; Latz, JE; Natale, RB; Osarogiagbon, R; Sanborn, RE; Shi, P; Wakelee, HA, 2012)	0.38
" This study will investigate onartuzumab (MetMAb) in combination with erlotinib compared with erlotinib alone, as second- or third-line treatment, in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are Met-positive by immunohistochemistry."	( Treatment Rationale Study Design for the MetLung Trial: A Randomized, Double-Blind Phase III Study of Onartuzumab (MetMAb) in Combination With Erlotinib Versus Erlotinib Alone in Patients Who Have Received Standard Chemotherapy for Stage IIIB or IV Met-Po Edelman, MJ; Mok, T; O'Byrne, K; Paz-Ares, L; Rittweger, K; Spigel, DR; Thurm, H; Yu, W, 2012)	0.38
" We used a panel of stably and transiently transfected cell lines to elucidate the carrier-mediated transport processes that are involved in linagliptin disposition in vivo and to assess the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Evaluation and prediction of potential drug-drug interactions of linagliptin using in vitro cell culture methods. Ebner, T; Ishiguro, N; Kishimoto, W; Schaefer, O; Shimizu, H, 2013)	0.39
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of OSI-930 that can be combined with erlotinib, and establish recommended phase 2 doses when both agents are administered daily in patients with advanced solid tumours."	( A phase 1 study of OSI-930 in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumours. Brock, K; Evans, TR; Gedrich, R; Hopkins, CA; Macpherson, IR; Poondru, S; Simon, GR; Stephens, A; Stewart, K, 2013)	0.39
" We evaluated the antitumor effect of a c-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor, saracatinib (AZD0530), alone or combined with chemotherapeutic agents in gastric cancer cell lines and a NCI-N87 xenograft model."	( Antitumor activity of saracatinib (AZD0530), a c-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor, alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in gastric cancer. Bang, YJ; Elvin, P; Han, SW; Im, SA; Kim, HP; Kim, TY; Min, A; Nam, HJ; Oh, DY; Song, SH; Yoon, YK, 2013)	0.39
"A phase I study to assess the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a short course of afatinib in combination with docetaxel for the treatment of solid tumors."	( Phase I study of pulsatile 3-day administration of afatinib (BIBW 2992) in combination with docetaxel in advanced solid tumors. Awada, AH; Besse-Hammer, T; Dumez, H; Fleischer, F; Hendlisz, A; Piccart, M; Schöffski, P; Stopfer, P; Uttenreuther-Fischer, M; Wolter, P, 2013)	0.39
" Afatinib doses were escalated to 160 mg/day in combination with 75 mg/m(2) docetaxel."	( Phase I study of pulsatile 3-day administration of afatinib (BIBW 2992) in combination with docetaxel in advanced solid tumors. Awada, AH; Besse-Hammer, T; Dumez, H; Fleischer, F; Hendlisz, A; Piccart, M; Schöffski, P; Stopfer, P; Uttenreuther-Fischer, M; Wolter, P, 2013)	0.39
" The current study evaluated the tolerability and efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in combined with gefitinib as a second-line or third-line treatment in patients with advanced NSCLC."	( Gefitinib combined with stereotactic radiosurgery in previously treated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Hou, B; Jiang, WR; Kong, QT; Li, B; Li, J; Liu, ZB; Shen, TZ; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wu, XH; Zhu, XX, 2014)	0.4
"The SBRT combined with gefitinib is a promising treatment strategy for advanced (stage IIIb or IV) NSCLC after the failure of previously chemotherapy."	( Gefitinib combined with stereotactic radiosurgery in previously treated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Hou, B; Jiang, WR; Kong, QT; Li, B; Li, J; Liu, ZB; Shen, TZ; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wu, XH; Zhu, XX, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of this phase I trial was to define the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and the recommended dose of erlotinib combined with capecitabine and gemcitabine in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer (APC)."	( Phase I trial of gemcitabine combined with capecitabine and erlotinib in advanced pancreatic cancer: a clinical and pharmacological study. Bennouna, J; Chamorey, E; Douillard, JY; Etienne-Grimaldi, MC; Follana, P; Francois, E; Mari, V; Michel, C; Milano, G; Renée, N; Senellart, H, 2012)	0.38
" Lapatinib combined with CRT was well-tolerated."	( Randomised Phase II study of oral lapatinib combined with chemoradiotherapy in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: rationale for future randomised trials in human papilloma virus-negative disease. Berrier, A; Biswas-Baldwin, N; Compton, N; de Mendoza, FH; El-Hariry, I; Fayette, J; Franklin, N; Harrington, K; Housset, M; Kumar, R; Lau, M; Legenne, P; Mehanna, H; Remenar, E; Robinson, M, 2013)	0.39
"Lapatinib combined with CRT is well-tolerated with numeric increases in CRR at 6 months post-CRT and median PFS in p16-negative disease."	( Randomised Phase II study of oral lapatinib combined with chemoradiotherapy in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: rationale for future randomised trials in human papilloma virus-negative disease. Berrier, A; Biswas-Baldwin, N; Compton, N; de Mendoza, FH; El-Hariry, I; Fayette, J; Franklin, N; Harrington, K; Housset, M; Kumar, R; Lau, M; Legenne, P; Mehanna, H; Remenar, E; Robinson, M, 2013)	0.39
" Among the anti-EGFR agents tested, the strongest biological effect was observed when afatinib was combined with T790M-specific-siRNAs."	( Effect of siRNAs targeting the EGFR T790M mutation in a non-small cell lung cancer cell line resistant to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and combination with various agents. Chen, G; De Grève, J; Kronenberger, P; Teugels, E; Umelo, IA, 2013)	0.39
"In this phase Ib, dose-escalation study, the oral irreversible ErbB family blocker afatinib (BIBW 2992) was combined with cisplatin (Cadila Healthcare Ltd, Ahmedabad, India) 50 or 75 mg/m(2)/paclitaxel (Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceuticals Ltd, New York, USA) (Taxol)175 mg/m(2) (regimen A) or cisplatin 75-100 mg/m(2)/5-fluorouracil 750-1000 mg/m(2) (regimen B) in patients with advanced solid tumors."	( A phase Ib, open-label study to assess the safety of continuous oral treatment with afatinib in combination with two chemotherapy regimens: cisplatin plus paclitaxel and cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Ehrnrooth, E; Lahogue, A; Machiels, JP; Pelling, K; Rottey, S; Vermorken, JB; Wind, S, 2013)	0.39
"5 or 3 mg/kg/day) was evaluated alone and in combination with either gefitinib, imatinib, ZD6126, saracatinib, selumetinib, bevacizumab, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), docetaxel, oxaliplatin, gemcitabine, pemetrexed, irinotecan or cisplatin in human tumour xenograft models."	( Anti-tumour and anti-vascular effects of cediranib (AZD2171) alone and in combination with other anti-tumour therapies. Jürgensmeier, JM; Kendrew, J; Logié, A; Odedra, R; Ogilvie, DJ; Pearsall, S; Taylor, PJ; Wedge, SR, 2013)	0.39
" A combination of cediranib with gefitinib also induced tumour regressions, and cediranib combined with either gemcitabine or irinotecan was found to inhibit tumour growth profoundly (by 99 and 98 %, respectively)."	( Anti-tumour and anti-vascular effects of cediranib (AZD2171) alone and in combination with other anti-tumour therapies. Jürgensmeier, JM; Kendrew, J; Logié, A; Odedra, R; Ogilvie, DJ; Pearsall, S; Taylor, PJ; Wedge, SR, 2013)	0.39
" In xenograft models, while gefitinib induced marked regression via apoptosis of tumors without the BIM polymorphism, its combination with vorinostat was needed to induce marked regression of tumors with the BIM polymorphism in the same manner."	( EGFR-TKI resistance due to BIM polymorphism can be circumvented in combination with HDAC inhibition. Ebi, H; Hasegawa, Y; Ishikawa, D; Nakagawa, T; Nanjo, S; Sano, T; Sato, M; Sekido, Y; Takeuchi, S; Yamada, T; Yano, S, 2013)	0.39
" Rutaecarpine has been used in combination with other drugs in the treatment of disorders and found to produce herb-drug interactions."	( Rutaecarpine effects on expression of hepatic phase-1, phase-2 metabolism and transporter genes as a basis of herb-drug interactions. Jin, T; Liu, J; Lu, YF; Wu, Q; Zhang, D; Zhu, QN, 2013)	0.39
"The results from a phase III trial conducted outside of Japan demonstrated a significant improvement in time to progression (TTP) when lapatinib was combined with capecitabine compared with capecitabine alone in patients with HER2-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer."	( Efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics and biomarker findings in patients with HER2-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer treated with lapatinib in combination with capecitabine: results from 51 Japanese patients treated in a clinical study. Ellis, CE; Fujii, H; Gagnon, RC; Iwata, H; Katsura, K; Masuda, N; Mukai, H; Nakamura, S; Nishimura, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Lapatinib in combination with capecitabine was well tolerated in the 51 patients enrolled in this study."	( Efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics and biomarker findings in patients with HER2-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer treated with lapatinib in combination with capecitabine: results from 51 Japanese patients treated in a clinical study. Ellis, CE; Fujii, H; Gagnon, RC; Iwata, H; Katsura, K; Masuda, N; Mukai, H; Nakamura, S; Nishimura, Y, 2015)	0.42
"Lapatinib in combination with capecitabine in Japanese HER2-positive breast cancer patients was well tolerated."	( Efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics and biomarker findings in patients with HER2-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer treated with lapatinib in combination with capecitabine: results from 51 Japanese patients treated in a clinical study. Ellis, CE; Fujii, H; Gagnon, RC; Iwata, H; Katsura, K; Masuda, N; Mukai, H; Nakamura, S; Nishimura, Y, 2015)	0.42
" Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug and also displays significant growth-inhibitory and proapoptotic effects in several cancer models, alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs."	( Synergistic effects of metformin treatment in combination with gefitinib, a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in LKB1 wild-type NSCLC cell lines. Ciardiello, F; D'Aiuto, E; De Palma, R; De Vita, F; Della Corte, CM; Martinelli, E; Morgillo, F; Orditura, M; Sasso, FC; Troiani, T; Vitagliano, D, 2013)	0.39
" However, further studies are required to investigate better the effect of metformin action on the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway and the best context in which to use metformin in combination with molecular targeted agents."	( Synergistic effects of metformin treatment in combination with gefitinib, a selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in LKB1 wild-type NSCLC cell lines. Ciardiello, F; D'Aiuto, E; De Palma, R; De Vita, F; Della Corte, CM; Martinelli, E; Morgillo, F; Orditura, M; Sasso, FC; Troiani, T; Vitagliano, D, 2013)	0.39
"Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma, and a theoretical basis exists for utilising whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) combined with erlotinib for the treatment for brain metastases in patients with lung adenocarcinoma."	( The theoretical foundation and research progress for WBRT combined with erlotinib for the treatment of multiple brain metastases in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Wang, J; Wang, P; Yuan, Z; Zhao, L; Zhuang, H, 2013)	0.39
" Here we report the first phase 2 study of erlotinib in combination with adjuvant chemoradiation and chemotherapy for resected PDAC."	( Phase 2 study of erlotinib combined with adjuvant chemoradiation and chemotherapy in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. Blackford, AL; Cameron, JL; Choti, MA; De Jesus-Acosta, A; Donehower, RC; Edil, BH; Ellsworth, S; Fan, KY; Hacker-Prietz, A; Herman, JM; Hidalgo, M; Hruban, RH; Laheru, DA; Le, DT; Pawlik, TM; Schulick, RD; Wild, AT; Wolfgang, CL; Wood, LD; Zheng, L, 2013)	0.39
"Erlotinib can be safely administered with adjuvant IMRT-based CRT and chemotherapy."	( Phase 2 study of erlotinib combined with adjuvant chemoradiation and chemotherapy in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer. Blackford, AL; Cameron, JL; Choti, MA; De Jesus-Acosta, A; Donehower, RC; Edil, BH; Ellsworth, S; Fan, KY; Hacker-Prietz, A; Herman, JM; Hidalgo, M; Hruban, RH; Laheru, DA; Le, DT; Pawlik, TM; Schulick, RD; Wild, AT; Wolfgang, CL; Wood, LD; Zheng, L, 2013)	0.39
" In conclusion, p38 MAPK phosphorylation may be a prognostic marker for high-grade glioma patients, and vandetanib combined with a p38 MAPK inhibitor may be useful combination chemotherapy for glioma patients."	( Vandetanib combined with a p38 MAPK inhibitor synergistically reduces glioblastoma cell survival. Alafuzoff, I; Bergqvist, M; Blomquist, E; Edqvist, PH; Ekman, S; Gullbo, J; Jaiswal, A; Johansson, F; Lennartsson, J; Navani, S; Pontén, F; Popova, S; Sooman, L; Tsakonas, G, 2013)	0.39
" Taken together, these data indicate that CH5164840 has potent antitumor activity and is highly effective in combination with erlotinib against NSCLC tumors with EGFR overexpression and mutations."	( Enhanced antitumor activity of erlotinib in combination with the Hsp90 inhibitor CH5164840 against non-small-cell lung cancer. Aoki, Y; Fujii, T; Ishii, N; Kondoh, O; Mio, T; Ono, N; Sakata, K; Suda, A; Tsukaguchi, T; Tsukuda, T; Yamazaki, T, 2013)	0.39
"This phase IB, open-label, dose-escalation study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and optimally tolerated regimen (OTR) of lapatinib in combination with docetaxel and trastuzumab in patients with previously untreated stage IV metastatic breast cancer (MBC) tumors overexpressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)."	( Optimally tolerated dose of lapatinib in combination with docetaxel plus trastuzumab in first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Burris, HA; Crown, J; DeSilvio, M; Diéras, V; Espie, M; Kennedy, MJ; Koch, KM; Kothari, D; Lau, MR; Marty, M; Tresca, P, 2013)	0.39
"A randomized, phase III, placebo-controlled, partially blinded clinical trial (REGAL [Recent in in Glioblastoma Alone and With Lomustine]) was conducted to determine the efficacy of cediranib, an oral pan-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, either as monotherapy or in combination with lomustine versus lomustine in patients with recurrent glioblastoma."	( Phase III randomized trial comparing the efficacy of cediranib as monotherapy, and in combination with lomustine, versus lomustine alone in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Ashby, LS; Batchelor, TT; Campone, M; Cher, L; Degroot, J; Gattamaneni, R; Jain, RK; Jürgensmeier, JM; Liu, Q; Mason, W; Mikkelsen, T; Mulholland, P; Nabors, LB; Neyns, B; Payer, F; Phuphanich, S; Rosenthal, M; Sorensen, AG; van den Bent, M; Wick, A; Xu, J, 2013)	0.39
"This study did not meet its primary end point of PFS prolongation with cediranib either as monotherapy or in combination with lomustine versus lomustine in patients with recurrent glioblastoma, although cediranib showed evidence of clinical activity on some secondary end points including time to deterioration in neurologic status and corticosteroid-sparing effects."	( Phase III randomized trial comparing the efficacy of cediranib as monotherapy, and in combination with lomustine, versus lomustine alone in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Ashby, LS; Batchelor, TT; Campone, M; Cher, L; Degroot, J; Gattamaneni, R; Jain, RK; Jürgensmeier, JM; Liu, Q; Mason, W; Mikkelsen, T; Mulholland, P; Nabors, LB; Neyns, B; Payer, F; Phuphanich, S; Rosenthal, M; Sorensen, AG; van den Bent, M; Wick, A; Xu, J, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this explorative phase II study was to evaluate the activity and safety of lapatinib in combination with intravenous vinorelbine in women with HER2 positive metastatic or recurrent breast cancer."	( Phase II study of lapatinib in combination with vinorelbine in patients with HER2 positive recurrent or metastatic breast cancer: a multicentric Turkish Oncology Group (TOG) trial. Basaran, G; Benekli, M; Cetin, B; Eralp, Y; Isikdogan, A; Karaca, H; Kucukoner, M; Onur, H; Ozkan, M; Saip, P; Sen, F; Un, O, 2013)	0.39
" The TASK study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib in combination with the anti-angiogenic agent bevacizumab as first-line therapy in unselected, advanced non-squamous NSCLC patients."	( A phase II study of erlotinib in combination with bevacizumab versus chemotherapy plus bevacizumab in the first-line treatment of advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. Amoroso, D; Chao, TY; Chung, CY; Ciuleanu, T; Groen, HJ; Heo, DS; Klingelschmitt, G; Klughammer, B; Middleton, G; Milanowski, J; Szczesna, A; Thatcher, N; Tsai, CM; Tsao, CJ; Zeaiter, A, 2013)	0.39
" These results combined with the worse outcomes observed in MET-negative patients treated with onartuzumab highlight the importance of diagnostic testing in drug development."	( Randomized phase II trial of Onartuzumab in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Barlesi, F; Blumenschein, GR; Daniel, DB; Ervin, TJ; Godbert, B; Goldschmidt, JH; Govindan, R; Krzakowski, MJ; Orlov, SV; Patel, PH; Patel, T; Peterson, AC; Phan, SC; Ramlau, RA; Robinet, G; Spigel, DR; Wertheim, MS; Yauch, RL; Yu, W; Zha, J, 2013)	0.39
" In addition, we aimed to explore differences in drug-drug interactions across multiple GBM-derived cell cultures and predict such differences by use of transcriptional biomarkers."	( Comparative drug pair screening across multiple glioblastoma cell lines reveals novel drug-drug interactions. Baskaran, S; Forsberg Nilsson, K; Gerlee, P; Häggblad, M; Hansson, C; Karlsson-Lindahl, L; Kling, T; Lundgren, B; Martens, U; Monsefi, N; Nelander, S; Olsson, M; Schmidt, L; Uhrbom, L; Westermark, B, 2013)	0.39
"We performed a screen in which we quantified drug-drug interactions for 465 drug pairs in each of the 5 GBM cell lines U87MG, U343MG, U373MG, A172, and T98G."	( Comparative drug pair screening across multiple glioblastoma cell lines reveals novel drug-drug interactions. Baskaran, S; Forsberg Nilsson, K; Gerlee, P; Häggblad, M; Hansson, C; Karlsson-Lindahl, L; Kling, T; Lundgren, B; Martens, U; Monsefi, N; Nelander, S; Olsson, M; Schmidt, L; Uhrbom, L; Westermark, B, 2013)	0.39
"Clinical data of 45 patients with advanced NSCLC who received local radiotherapy combined with EGFR-TKI after solitary progression were reviewed and analyzed."	( [Local treatment combined with EGFR-TKIs for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with solitary progression during EGFR-TKI treatment]. Chen, S; Hao, X; Li, J; Lin, L; Shi, Y; Wang, B; Zhang, X, 2013)	0.39
"Local therapies combined with EGFR-TKIs can prolong the PFS of patients with NSCLC who exhibited solitary progression during EGFR-TKI treatment."	( [Local treatment combined with EGFR-TKIs for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with solitary progression during EGFR-TKI treatment]. Chen, S; Hao, X; Li, J; Lin, L; Shi, Y; Wang, B; Zhang, X, 2013)	0.39
"The purpose of the current study was to assess a novel anti-cancer drug, MPT0B014, which is not a substrate for the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter, alone and in combination with erlotinib, against human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( In vitro and in vivo anti-tumour effects of MPT0B014, a novel derivative aroylquinoline, and in combination with erlotinib in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Liou, JP; Pai, HC; Pan, SL; Teng, CM; Tsai, AC; Wang, CY; Wang, JC, 2014)	0.4
" B014 in combination with erlotinib caused significant tumour inhibition in vitro and in vivo."	( In vitro and in vivo anti-tumour effects of MPT0B014, a novel derivative aroylquinoline, and in combination with erlotinib in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Liou, JP; Pai, HC; Pan, SL; Teng, CM; Tsai, AC; Wang, CY; Wang, JC, 2014)	0.4
" Combined with the EGF receptor inhibitor, erlotinib, MPT0B014 exerted significant growth inhibition of A549 cells both in vitro and in vivo."	( In vitro and in vivo anti-tumour effects of MPT0B014, a novel derivative aroylquinoline, and in combination with erlotinib in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Liou, JP; Pai, HC; Pan, SL; Teng, CM; Tsai, AC; Wang, CY; Wang, JC, 2014)	0.4
"Japanese patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC received tivantinib in combination with erlotinib to evaluate safety and pharmacokinetics."	( CYP2C19 genotype-based phase I studies of a c-Met inhibitor tivantinib in combination with erlotinib, in advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Akinaga, S; Fujisaka, Y; Hayashi, H; Hirashima, T; Miyoshi, K; Murakami, H; Nakagawa, K; Satouchi, M; Takahashi, T; Takeda, K; Yamamoto, N, 2013)	0.39
"Tivantinib, when combined with erlotinib, was well tolerated up to 360 mg BID for EMs and 240 mg BID for PMs, respectively."	( CYP2C19 genotype-based phase I studies of a c-Met inhibitor tivantinib in combination with erlotinib, in advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Akinaga, S; Fujisaka, Y; Hayashi, H; Hirashima, T; Miyoshi, K; Murakami, H; Nakagawa, K; Satouchi, M; Takahashi, T; Takeda, K; Yamamoto, N, 2013)	0.39
"Two doses of tivantinib in combination with erlotinib were recommended based on CYP2C19 genotype: 360 mg BID for EMs and 240 mg BID for PMs."	( CYP2C19 genotype-based phase I studies of a c-Met inhibitor tivantinib in combination with erlotinib, in advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Akinaga, S; Fujisaka, Y; Hayashi, H; Hirashima, T; Miyoshi, K; Murakami, H; Nakagawa, K; Satouchi, M; Takahashi, T; Takeda, K; Yamamoto, N, 2013)	0.39
" A potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction was also investigated."	( Phase I dose-escalation study of oral vinflunine in combination with erlotinib in pre-treated and unselected EGFR patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Bennouna, J; Dansin, E; Favrel, S; Hiret, S; Kowalski, D; Krzakowski, M; Penel, N; Tourani, JM, 2014)	0.4
" As afatinib is not a relevant modulator or substrate of cytochrome P450 enzymes, the drug-drug interaction potential is considered to be low."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of afatinib with rifampicin and ritonavir. Bertulis, J; Brand, T; Gansser, D; Giessmann, T; Hocke, J; Jungnik, A; Marzin, K; Stopfer, P; Wind, S, 2014)	0.4
" This combination was highly active with a treatment response lasting for 9 months supporting the hypothesis that EGFR monoclonal antibodies in combination with chemotherapy may play a role in reversing EGFR-TKI resistance in EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC."	( Overcoming resistance to first generation EGFR TKIs with cetuximab in combination with chemotherapy in an EGFR mutated advanced stage NSCLC patient. Fiegl, M; Hilbe, W; Manzl, C; Pircher, A; Pirker, R; Popper, H, 2014)	0.4
"Panobinostat, a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, enhances antiproliferative activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines when combined with erlotinib."	( A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic study of panobinostat, an HDAC inhibitor, combined with erlotinib in patients with advanced aerodigestive tract tumors. Akar, A; Altiok, S; Bepler, G; Chiappori, A; Gray, JE; Haura, E; Kish, JA; Kreahling, J; Lush, R; Neuger, A; Pinder-Schenck, M; Schell, MJ; Tanvetyanon, T; Tetteh, L; Williams, CC; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
" In a PIK3CA-mutant HER2+ xenograft, PI3K inhibition with BKM120 in combination with lapatinib and trastuzumab was required to achieve tumor regression."	( Direct inhibition of PI3K in combination with dual HER2 inhibitors is required for optimal antitumor activity in HER2+ breast cancer cells. Arteaga, CL; Chanthaphaychith, S; Dahlman, K; Rexer, BN, 2014)	0.4
" Secondary objectives included evaluation of safety, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of LY2584702 in combination with erlotinib or everolimus."	( A phase Ib trial of LY2584702 tosylate, a p70 S6 inhibitor, in combination with erlotinib or everolimus in patients with solid tumours. Benhadji, KA; Brail, LH; Bumgardner, W; Cohen, EE; Hollebecque, A; Houédé, N; Italiano, A; Massard, C; Miller, J; Soria, JC; Westwood, P, 2014)	0.4
"Patients with advanced solid tumours were treated with a total daily dose of 50-200mg of LY2584702 in combination with erlotinib 150 mg once daily (Arm A) or everolimus 10mg once daily (Arm B)."	( A phase Ib trial of LY2584702 tosylate, a p70 S6 inhibitor, in combination with erlotinib or everolimus in patients with solid tumours. Benhadji, KA; Brail, LH; Bumgardner, W; Cohen, EE; Hollebecque, A; Houédé, N; Italiano, A; Massard, C; Miller, J; Soria, JC; Westwood, P, 2014)	0.4
" Exposure of erlotinib increased when administered in combination with LY2584702."	( A phase Ib trial of LY2584702 tosylate, a p70 S6 inhibitor, in combination with erlotinib or everolimus in patients with solid tumours. Benhadji, KA; Brail, LH; Bumgardner, W; Cohen, EE; Hollebecque, A; Houédé, N; Italiano, A; Massard, C; Miller, J; Soria, JC; Westwood, P, 2014)	0.4
"LY2584702 was not well tolerated when administered with erlotinib, therefore this combination is not feasible."	( A phase Ib trial of LY2584702 tosylate, a p70 S6 inhibitor, in combination with erlotinib or everolimus in patients with solid tumours. Benhadji, KA; Brail, LH; Bumgardner, W; Cohen, EE; Hollebecque, A; Houédé, N; Italiano, A; Massard, C; Miller, J; Soria, JC; Westwood, P, 2014)	0.4
"A phase 1 study of pazopanib alone or in combination with lapatinib was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of these oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors in Japanese patients with solid tumors."	( Phase 1 study of pazopanib alone or combined with lapatinib in Japanese patients with solid tumors. Ando, Y; Araki, K; Inada-Inoue, M; Ishida, H; Kawada, K; Mitsuma, A; Mizuno, K; Nagamatsu, K; Nagashima, F; Sasaki, Y; Sawaki, M; Sunakawa, Y; Takekura, A; Yamashita, K; Yokoyama, T, 2014)	0.4
"The primary objectives of this phase I study were to evaluate the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of SAR245409, a pan-class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor, combined with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors."	( Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor SAR245409 (XL765) in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cohen, RB; Engelman, JA; Felip, E; Jänne, PA; Laird, AD; Macé, S; Martinez, P; Rockich, K; Ruiz-Soto, R; Shapiro, GI; Xu, J, 2014)	0.4
" SAR245409 30, 50, 70, or 90 mg once daily (QD) or 20 or 30 mg twice daily (BID) was administered, in combination with erlotinib 100 mg QD, in 28-day cycles."	( Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor SAR245409 (XL765) in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cohen, RB; Engelman, JA; Felip, E; Jänne, PA; Laird, AD; Macé, S; Martinez, P; Rockich, K; Ruiz-Soto, R; Shapiro, GI; Xu, J, 2014)	0.4
"The MTDs of SAR245409, in combination with erlotinib 100 mg QD, were 70 mg QD and 20 mg BID."	( Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor SAR245409 (XL765) in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cohen, RB; Engelman, JA; Felip, E; Jänne, PA; Laird, AD; Macé, S; Martinez, P; Rockich, K; Ruiz-Soto, R; Shapiro, GI; Xu, J, 2014)	0.4
" A stronger inhibitory effect was observed when CUS was combined with gefitinib."	( PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell growth inhibited by cucurmosin alone and in combination with an epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted drug. Chen, M; Huang, H; Wang, C; Xie, J; Yang, A; Yin, Q; Zhang, B, 2014)	0.4
" The drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between simotinib and other drugs in combination and the underlying mechanism of its gastrointestinal toxicity remain unclear."	( Drug interaction studies reveal that simotinib upregulates intestinal absorption by increasing the paracellular permeability of intestinal epithelial cells. Cheng, Z; Li, P; Liu, Z; Zhu, Q, 2014)	0.4
"The effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, linagliptin, alone and in combination with voglibose or exendin-4, on glycaemic control and body weight were assessed in an animal model of type 2 diabetes."	( Effect of linagliptin, alone and in combination with voglibose or exendin-4, on glucose control in male ZDF rats. Cheetham, SC; Headland, KR; Jones, RB; Klein, T; Mark, M; Vickers, SP, 2014)	0.4
" Results of a previous phase 1 trial of the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib combined with cisplatin-based CRT (E + CRT) recommended a phase 2 erlotinib dose of 150 mg/day."	( Phase 2 trial of erlotinib combined with cisplatin and radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. Alves, FV; Carmo, CC; Erlich, F; Ferreira, CG; Grazziotin, R; Mamede, M; Moralez, G; Nogueira-Rodrigues, A; Small, IA; Triginelli, SA; Viegas, C, 2014)	0.4
" Patients received erlotinib at a dose of 150 mg/day 1 week before and in combination with cisplatin (40 mg/m(2) administered weekly for 5 cycles) and radiotherapy (4500 centigrays in 25 fractions), followed by brachytherapy (4 fractions at a dose of 600 centigrays weekly)."	( Phase 2 trial of erlotinib combined with cisplatin and radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer. Alves, FV; Carmo, CC; Erlich, F; Ferreira, CG; Grazziotin, R; Mamede, M; Moralez, G; Nogueira-Rodrigues, A; Small, IA; Triginelli, SA; Viegas, C, 2014)	0.4
" Finally, this study demonstrated that MPT0B271 in combination with erlotinib significantly inhibits the growth of the human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells as compared with erlotinib treatment alone, both in vitro and in vivo."	( Orally active microtubule-targeting agent, MPT0B271, for the treatment of human non-small cell lung cancer, alone and in combination with erlotinib. Chang, JY; Hsiao, CJ; Liou, JP; Pai, HC; Pan, SL; Teng, CM; Tsai, AC; Wang, CY; Wang, JC, 2014)	0.4
" This randomized phase 2 trial evaluated apricoxib, a novel COX-2 inhibitor, in combination with erlotinib in biomarker-selected patients."	( A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, biomarker-selected, phase 2 study of apricoxib in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Bernstein, E; Burrows, F; Gitlitz, BJ; Milne, G; Otterson, GA; Santos, ES; Syto, M; Zaknoen, S, 2014)	0.4
"We assessed the maximum tolerated regimen (MTR) and dose-limiting toxicities of pazopanib and lapatinib in combination with weekly paclitaxel, and the effect of pazopanib and lapatinib on paclitaxel pharmacokinetics."	( Phase I study of weekly paclitaxel in combination with pazopanib and lapatinib in advanced solid malignancies. Bendell, J; Burris, HA; Dowlati, A; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Kane, MP; Levinson, KT; Stein, MN; Suttle, AB; Tan, AR, 2014)	0.4
"Pazopanib 400 mg per day and lapatinib 1000 mg per day can be combined with paclitaxel 80 mg m(-2) in 28-day cycles."	( Phase I study of weekly paclitaxel in combination with pazopanib and lapatinib in advanced solid malignancies. Bendell, J; Burris, HA; Dowlati, A; Infante, JR; Jones, SF; Kane, MP; Levinson, KT; Stein, MN; Suttle, AB; Tan, AR, 2014)	0.4
" We investigated whether E7820 in combination with erlotinib, an EGFR-TKI, could overcome EGFR-TKI-resistance in the NSCLC cell lines A549 (KRAS; G12S), H1975 (EGFR; L858R/T790M), and H1650 (PTEN; loss, EGFR; exon 19 deletion), which are resistant to erlotinib."	( Enhanced anti-angiogenic effect of E7820 in combination with erlotinib in epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer xenograft models. Asada, M; Funahashi, Y; Ito, K; Semba, T; Uenaka, T; Wakabayashi, T, 2014)	0.4
" This two-part Japanese study (NCT01003158) assessed the safety/tolerability of AZD8931 monotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumors and in combination with paclitaxel in female patients with advanced breast cancer."	( Inhibition of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 signaling with AZD8931 alone and in combination with paclitaxel: phase i study in Japanese patients with advanced solid malignancies and advanced breast cancer. Fujisaka, Y; Hayashi, H; Hayashi, N; Kawakami, H; Kurata, T; Nakagawa, K; Okamoto, W; Shin, E; Tsurutani, J, 2014)	0.4
" No dose-limiting toxicities were observed for AZD8931 alone or combined with paclitaxel."	( Inhibition of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 signaling with AZD8931 alone and in combination with paclitaxel: phase i study in Japanese patients with advanced solid malignancies and advanced breast cancer. Fujisaka, Y; Hayashi, H; Hayashi, N; Kawakami, H; Kurata, T; Nakagawa, K; Okamoto, W; Shin, E; Tsurutani, J, 2014)	0.4
"Although maximum tolerated dose was not confirmed for AZD8931, based on overall incidence of rash and diarrhea AEs in the 80 mg group, doses up to 60 mg bid as monotherapy and 40 mg bid combined with paclitaxel are the feasible AZD8931 doses in Japanese patients."	( Inhibition of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 signaling with AZD8931 alone and in combination with paclitaxel: phase i study in Japanese patients with advanced solid malignancies and advanced breast cancer. Fujisaka, Y; Hayashi, H; Hayashi, N; Kawakami, H; Kurata, T; Nakagawa, K; Okamoto, W; Shin, E; Tsurutani, J, 2014)	0.4
" Erlotinib combined with pemetrexed/cisplatin may be effective in the treatment of LM in EGFR mutation patients after gefitinib failure."	( Erlotinib in combination with pemetrexed/cisplatin for leptomeningeal metastases and cerebrospinal fluid drug concentrations in lung adenocarcinoma patients after gefitinib faliure. Deng, Q; He, J; Liu, X; Xu, X; Yang, H; Yang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, M, 2015)	0.42
" Image-based profiling and analysis led to the rapid discovery of a drug combination effective against TNBC in vitro and in vivo, and has the potential to lead to the development of new therapeutic options in other hard-to-treat cancers."	( Computational analysis of image-based drug profiling predicts synergistic drug combinations: applications in triple-negative breast cancer. Beck, D; Brandl, MB; Kavallaris, M; Li, F; Pasquier, E; Wong, ST; Zhang, S; Zhao, H, 2014)	0.4
"In a 3 + 3 dose-escalation design, patients were given intravenous pemetrexed (500 mg/m(2)) on day 1 of a 21-day cycle (maximum 6 cycles), combined with continuous daily oral afatinib (schedule A [SA]; starting dose 30 mg, escalation to 50 mg) or pulsed-dose daily oral afatinib (schedule B [SB]; starting dose 50 mg, escalation to 70 mg) on days 1-6 of each 21-day cycle."	( A phase I, dose-escalation trial of continuous- and pulsed-dose afatinib combined with pemetrexed in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chand, VK; Chu, QS; Hirte, HW; Hotte, SJ; Sangha, R; Schnell, D; Sergenson, G, 2014)	0.4
"Continuous- or pulsed-dose afatinib combined with pemetrexed exhibited a manageable safety profile."	( A phase I, dose-escalation trial of continuous- and pulsed-dose afatinib combined with pemetrexed in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chand, VK; Chu, QS; Hirte, HW; Hotte, SJ; Sangha, R; Schnell, D; Sergenson, G, 2014)	0.4
"High EGFR gene copy number or activating EGFR mutations may identify patient subgroups who receive increased clinical benefit from vandetanib in combination with docetaxel in second-line NSCLC."	( EGFR biomarkers predict benefit from vandetanib in combination with docetaxel in a randomized phase III study of second-line treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Herbst, RS; Heymach, JV; Johnson, BE; Lockwood, SJ; Ryan, AJ, 2014)	0.4
" Cell cycle and cell apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry (FCM) combined with PI staining and annexin V-FITC/PI, respectively."	( [Inhibitory effect of norcantharidin combined with evodiamine on the growth of human hepatic carcinoma cell line HepG2 in vitro]. Liao, H; Liu, Y; You, Z; Zahng, J, 2014)	0.4
"EVO combined with NCTD showed synergetic effect on anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis in HepG2 cells."	( [Inhibitory effect of norcantharidin combined with evodiamine on the growth of human hepatic carcinoma cell line HepG2 in vitro]. Liao, H; Liu, Y; You, Z; Zahng, J, 2014)	0.4
" Inhibition of PARP-1 is tested in combination with DNA damaging agents such as topoisomerase I inhibitors or ionizing radiations (RT) for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM)."	( Effect of p53 activity on the sensitivity of human glioblastoma cells to PARP-1 inhibitor in combination with topoisomerase I inhibitor or radiation. Carlomagno, C; Della Vittoria Scarpati, G; Ferrone, S; Fusciello, C; Leonardi, A; Pacelli, R; Pepe, S; Pepin, D; Poudel, R; Sabbatino, F; Somma, D, 2014)	0.4
"Neratinib in combination with capecitabine had a manageable toxicity profile and showed promising antitumor activity in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer pretreated with trastuzumab and lapatinib."	( Safety and efficacy of neratinib in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. Baselga, J; Cortés, J; Garcia-Saenz, JA; Germa, C; Harb, W; Kiger, C; Kim, SB; Martin, M; Moroose, R; Pluard, T; Saura, C; Wang, K; Xu, B, 2014)	0.4
"The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy and safety of Gefitinib versus VMP in combination with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) for multiple brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( Comparison of Gefitinib versus VMP in the combination with radiotherapy for multiple brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. Chen, S; Hao, Y; Li, B; Li, L; Liu, C; Ning, F; Wang, F; Yu, Z, 2015)	0.42
" FW-04-806, a novel Hsp90 N-terminal inhibitor that disassociates the Hsp90/Cdc37/client complex and degrades Hsp90 clients, was studied alone or in combination with the EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib in HER2+ breast cancer cells."	( Novel Hsp90 inhibitor FW-04-806 displays potent antitumor effects in HER2-positive breast cancer cells as a single agent or in combination with lapatinib. Cao, PR; Huang, W; Kong, YL; Wu, QD; Xu, JH; Ye, M; Zhang, M; Zheng, W, 2015)	0.42
"0) mm(3) in the cetuximab treatment group and 0 mm(3) in the cetuximab combined with icotinib group."	( [Cetuximab in combination with icotinib overcomes the acquired resistance caused by EGFR T790M mutation in non-small cell lung cancer]. Chen, Y; Liu, J; Wang, C; Wang, M; Zhang, L; Zhao, X, 2014)	0.4
"To analyze the efficacy and survival associated factors of gefitinib combined with cisplatin and gemcitabine for advanced non-small cell lung cancer."	( Efficacy and survival-associated factors with gefitinib combined with cisplatin and gemcitabine for advanced non- small cell lung cancer. Fang, H; Lin, RY; Sun, MX; Tian, Y; Wang, Q; Wang, XY; Yu, JL; Zhao, YL, 2014)	0.4
"A total of 57 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), who received platinum-based chemotherapy regimens for more than 1 cycle, were treated with gefitinib combined with cisplatin and gemcitabine until disease progression."	( Efficacy and survival-associated factors with gefitinib combined with cisplatin and gemcitabine for advanced non- small cell lung cancer. Fang, H; Lin, RY; Sun, MX; Tian, Y; Wang, Q; Wang, XY; Yu, JL; Zhao, YL, 2014)	0.4
"Gefitinib combined with cisplatin andgemcitabine, is effective for patients with IIIb~IV NSCLC who received multiple cycles of chemotherapy."	( Efficacy and survival-associated factors with gefitinib combined with cisplatin and gemcitabine for advanced non- small cell lung cancer. Fang, H; Lin, RY; Sun, MX; Tian, Y; Wang, Q; Wang, XY; Yu, JL; Zhao, YL, 2014)	0.4
" Ad-p53 combined with gefitinib was used in vivo to explore their effect on tumor xenograft in nude mice."	( [Effect of recombinant human p53 adenovirus (Ad-p53) combined with EGFR inhibitor gefitinib on the sensitivity of breast cancer MDA-MB-468 cells]. Guan, X; Liu, Q; Wang, L; Wang, X; Xie, L; Yu, Z, 2014)	0.4
"This phase I study evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics of pilaralisib (SAR245408), an oral pan-class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, in combination with erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor."	( Phase I dose-escalation study of pilaralisib (SAR245408, XL147), a pan-class I PI3K inhibitor, in combination with erlotinib in patients with solid tumors. Bahleda, R; Burris, H; Jiang, J; Lager, J; Liu, L; LoRusso, P; Macé, S; Martini, JF; Soria, JC, 2015)	0.42
" In this study, we investigated erlotinib in combination with shikonin and 14 shikonin derivatives in parental U87MG and transfected U87MG."	( Shikonin and its derivatives inhibit the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling and synergistically kill glioblastoma cells in combination with erlotinib. Bauer, R; Efferth, T; Kretschmer, N; Zhao, Q, 2015)	0.42
" We conducted a phase II trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of gefitinib when combined with bevacizumab as first-line therapy in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring EGFR gene mutations."	( Phase II trial of gefitinib in combination with bevacizumab as first-line therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with activating EGFR gene mutations: the Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group Trial 1001. Aoe, K; Bessho, A; Chikamori, K; Fujii, M; Harada, D; Hisamoto-Sato, A; Hosokawa, S; Hotta, K; Ichihara, E; Kishino, D; Kiura, K; Kozuki, T; Kubo, T; Kuyama, S; Nogami, N; Oze, I; Tabata, M; Takigawa, N; Tanimoto, M; Ueoka, H, 2015)	0.42
"Gefitinib in combination with bevacizumab as first-line therapy seems to be a favorable and well-tolerated treatment for patients with advanced NSCLC with activating EGFR gene mutations, especially those with EGFR exon 19 deletion mutations, although the primary end point was not met because the lower limit of the CI was less than 40%."	( Phase II trial of gefitinib in combination with bevacizumab as first-line therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer with activating EGFR gene mutations: the Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group Trial 1001. Aoe, K; Bessho, A; Chikamori, K; Fujii, M; Harada, D; Hisamoto-Sato, A; Hosokawa, S; Hotta, K; Ichihara, E; Kishino, D; Kiura, K; Kozuki, T; Kubo, T; Kuyama, S; Nogami, N; Oze, I; Tabata, M; Takigawa, N; Tanimoto, M; Ueoka, H, 2015)	0.42
"These findings suggest the potential roles of HM781-36B as the treatment for EGFR-overexpressing colon cancer, singly or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents."	( Antitumor Activity of HM781-36B, alone or in Combination with Chemotherapeutic Agents, in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Kang, MH; Kim, JH; Kim, JW; Lee, HS; Lee, JS; Lee, KW; Moon, SU; Sung, JH, 2016)	0.43
" For the future, drug combination therapies, including letermovir, might be indicated under special medical conditions, such as the emergence of multidrug-resistant virus strains in transplant recipients or in HCMV-HIV-coinfected patients."	( In vitro drug combination studies of Letermovir (AIC246, MK-8228) with approved anti-human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and anti-HIV compounds in inhibition of HCMV and HIV replication. Lischka, P; Wildum, S; Zimmermann, H, 2015)	0.42
" This study was carried out to identify the contribution percentage of CYP450 to icotinib and use the results to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, which can help to predict drug-drug interaction (DDI)."	( Relative contributions of the major human CYP450 to the metabolism of icotinib and its implication in prediction of drug-drug interaction between icotinib and CYP3A4 inhibitors/inducers using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Chen, J; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Liu, D; Zhao, Q; Zheng, X, 2015)	0.42
" The purpose of the present trial is to determine whether CHM (Fuzheng Kang'ai decoction (FZKA), a CHM formula) combined with gefitinib results in longer progression-free survival with less toxicity than gefitinib alone."	( Fuzheng Kang'ai decoction combined with gefitinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Cai, JZ; Deng, H; He, WF; Li, QP; Liao, GY; Long, SQ; Pan, ZQ; Wu, WY; Xiao, SJ; Yang, XB; Zhou, YS, 2015)	0.42
" This trial is designed to determine if CHM (FZKA) combined with gefitinib results in longer progression-free survival with less toxicity than gefitinib alone."	( Fuzheng Kang'ai decoction combined with gefitinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Cai, JZ; Deng, H; He, WF; Li, QP; Liao, GY; Long, SQ; Pan, ZQ; Wu, WY; Xiao, SJ; Yang, XB; Zhou, YS, 2015)	0.42
" This study will provide objective evidence to evaluate the efficiency of CHM combined with gefitinib in NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations, and may provide a novel regimen for patients with NSCLC."	( Fuzheng Kang'ai decoction combined with gefitinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutations: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Cai, JZ; Deng, H; He, WF; Li, QP; Liao, GY; Long, SQ; Pan, ZQ; Wu, WY; Xiao, SJ; Yang, XB; Zhou, YS, 2015)	0.42
"To evaluate the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of afatinib combined with nintedanib."	( A Phase I dose-escalation study of afatinib combined with nintedanib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Gordon, MS; LoRusso, PM; Ould-Kaci, M; Springett, GM; Su, YB; Wind, S; Zhao, Y, 2015)	0.42
" We report the first bench-to-bedside evidence that RET inhibitor combined with an mTOR inhibitor is active against brain-metastatic RET-rearranged lung cancer and the first evidence of blood-brain barrier penetration."	( Systemic and CNS activity of the RET inhibitor vandetanib combined with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in KIF5B-RET re-arranged non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases. Ali, SM; Berry, J; Cascone, T; Guha-Thakurta, N; Heymach, JV; McMahon, C; Miller, V; Pai, S; Roxas, M; Subbiah, IM; Subbiah, V; Tang, Z, 2015)	0.42
" We designed a study of cediranib, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, combined with cilengitide, an integrin inhibitor."	( A phase I study of cediranib in combination with cilengitide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Ahluwalia, MS; Batchelor, TT; Duda, DG; Gerstner, ER; Grossman, S; Jain, RK; Kaley, TJ; Levine, MA; Mikkelsen, T; Nabors, BL; Olson, JJ; Wen, PY; Ye, X, 2015)	0.42
"Cediranib did not improve the progression-free survival of patients with advanced biliary tract cancer in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine, which remains the standard of care."	( Cediranib or placebo in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine chemotherapy for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (ABC-03): a randomised phase 2 trial. Anthoney, DA; Backen, AC; Beare, S; Bridgewater, JA; Corrie, P; Cunningham, D; Dive, C; Duggan, M; Lopes, A; Madhusudan, S; Maraveyas, A; Morris, K; Palmer, DH; Rees, C; Ross, PJ; Steward, WP; Valle, JW; Wasan, H; Waters, JS, 2015)	0.42
" We aimed to investigate the apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of CuB as a single agent and in combination with Gef on both HT-29 and HCT-116 cell lines."	( Treatment with cucurbitacin B alone and in combination with gefitinib induces cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis via EGFR and JAK/STAT pathway in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Alp, E; Elmazoglu, Z; Menevse, S; Yar Saglam, AS, 2016)	0.43
" Using a panel of eleven patient-derived ovarian cancer xenografts (EOC-PDX) growing orthotopically in the peritoneal cavity of nude mice we investigated the effect of cediranib as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy on overall survival (primary endpoint, at euthanasia), and tumor dissemination and metastasis in the peritoneal cavity (secondary endpoint, interim analysis)."	( Cediranib combined with chemotherapy reduces tumor dissemination and prolongs the survival of mice bearing patient-derived ovarian cancer xenografts with different responsiveness to cisplatin. Belotti, D; Bettolini, R; Bizzaro, F; Cesca, M; Decio, A; Giavazzi, R; Porcu, L; Taraboletti, G; Ubezio, P, 2015)	0.42
" We explored multiple intermittent dose levels of pazopanib combined with continuous daily dosing of lapatinib in patients with solid tumors."	( A phase 1 study of intermittently administered pazopanib in combination with continuous daily dosing of lapatinib in patients with solid tumors. Fu, S; George, GC; Henary, H; Hong, DS; Kurzrock, R; Mistry, R; Naing, A; Piha-Paul, S; Wheler, J; Zinner, R, 2015)	0.42
"Every other day dosing of pazopanib combined with daily lapatinib was tolerated at the established MTD, but no complete or partial tumor responses were observed at these dose levels."	( A phase 1 study of intermittently administered pazopanib in combination with continuous daily dosing of lapatinib in patients with solid tumors. Fu, S; George, GC; Henary, H; Hong, DS; Kurzrock, R; Mistry, R; Naing, A; Piha-Paul, S; Wheler, J; Zinner, R, 2015)	0.42
"We conducted a phase I trial of erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, combined with amrubicin, a topoisomerase II inhibitor."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of erlotinib administered in combination with amrubicin in patients with previously treated, advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Asakuma, M; Fukui, T; Hamada, A; Hayashi, N; Hiyoshi, Y; Igawa, S; Ishihara, M; Kasajima, M; Katagiri, M; Katono, K; Kimura, M; Kubota, M; Maki, S; Masuda, N; Mitsufuji, H; Otani, S; Ryuge, S; Saito, H; Sasaki, J; Takakura, A; Toyooka, I; Wada, M; Yamamoto, M; Yokoba, M, 2015)	0.42
" No drug-drug interactions between erlotinib and amrubicin were observed in this study."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of erlotinib administered in combination with amrubicin in patients with previously treated, advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Asakuma, M; Fukui, T; Hamada, A; Hayashi, N; Hiyoshi, Y; Igawa, S; Ishihara, M; Kasajima, M; Katagiri, M; Katono, K; Kimura, M; Kubota, M; Maki, S; Masuda, N; Mitsufuji, H; Otani, S; Ryuge, S; Saito, H; Sasaki, J; Takakura, A; Toyooka, I; Wada, M; Yamamoto, M; Yokoba, M, 2015)	0.42
" Both drugs are mainly metabolized by CYP3A4, and drug-drug interactions are a major concern."	( Phase I dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of docetaxel and gefitinib in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: evaluation of drug-drug interaction. Ando-Makihara, R; Hayashi, Y; Makino, Y; Motonaga, M; Ohe, Y; Takano, M; Yamamoto, N, 2015)	0.42
"The tolerability of 60 mg/m(2) docetaxel with 250 mg/day gefitinib was confirmed, and we observed no drug-drug interaction in this combination."	( Phase I dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of docetaxel and gefitinib in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: evaluation of drug-drug interaction. Ando-Makihara, R; Hayashi, Y; Makino, Y; Motonaga, M; Ohe, Y; Takano, M; Yamamoto, N, 2015)	0.42
"PET-CT imaging with [(18)F]-gefitinib is a powerful tool to non-invasively assess potential ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in vivo."	( PET-CT imaging with [(18)F]-gefitinib to measure Abcb1a/1b (P-gp) and Abcg2 (Bcrp1) mediated drug-drug interactions at the murine blood-brain barrier. DeGroot, J; Jansen, HT; Kivits, S; Läppchen, T; Sio, CF; Steinbach, OC; van de Steeg, E; van der Hoorn, JW; van Driel, A; Vlaming, ML, 2015)	0.42
"Oral afatinib was combined with intravenous paclitaxel (80mg/m(2); days 1, 8 and 15 every four weeks) starting at 20mg once daily and escalated to 40 and 50mg in successive cohorts of ⩾3 patients."	( A phase I study of daily afatinib, an irreversible ErbB family blocker, in combination with weekly paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumours. Ang, JE; de Bono, J; Harris, D; Kristeleit, R; Kyle, F; Pelling, K; Pemberton, K; Rudman, S; Schnell, D; Solca, F; Spicer, J; Suder, A; Uttenreuther-Fischer, M, 2015)	0.42
"The MTD and recommended phase II dose of once-daily afatinib combined with paclitaxel 80mg/m(2) (days 1, 8 and 15 every four weeks) was 40mg."	( A phase I study of daily afatinib, an irreversible ErbB family blocker, in combination with weekly paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumours. Ang, JE; de Bono, J; Harris, D; Kristeleit, R; Kyle, F; Pelling, K; Pemberton, K; Rudman, S; Schnell, D; Solca, F; Spicer, J; Suder, A; Uttenreuther-Fischer, M, 2015)	0.42
" Preclinical evidence suggests that the scheduling of bevacizumab may be crucial to optimize its combination with chemo-radiotherapy."	( Critical role of bevacizumab scheduling in combination with pre-surgical chemo-radiotherapy in MRI-defined high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer: Results of the BRANCH trial. Aloj, L; Avallone, A; Bianco, F; Botti, G; Budillon, A; Caracò, C; Comella, P; Delrio, P; Granata, V; Iaffaioli, VR; Leone, A; Marone, P; Muto, P; Pecori, B; Petrillo, A; Romano, C; Romano, G; Tatangelo, F, 2015)	0.42
"These results highlights the relevance of bevacizumab scheduling to optimize its combination with preoperative chemo-radiotherapy in the management of LARC."	( Critical role of bevacizumab scheduling in combination with pre-surgical chemo-radiotherapy in MRI-defined high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer: Results of the BRANCH trial. Aloj, L; Avallone, A; Bianco, F; Botti, G; Budillon, A; Caracò, C; Comella, P; Delrio, P; Granata, V; Iaffaioli, VR; Leone, A; Marone, P; Muto, P; Pecori, B; Petrillo, A; Romano, C; Romano, G; Tatangelo, F, 2015)	0.42
" This study aimed to evaluate the effect of metformin in combination with EGFR-TKI on the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2)."	( Synergistic effects of metformin in combination with EGFR-TKI in the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and type 2 diabetes. Cao, M; Chen, H; Chu, Q; Han, R; He, Y; Sun, J; Wang, D; Wang, Y; Yao, W, 2015)	0.42
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of volasertib, a Polo-like kinase inhibitor, combined with afatinib, an oral irreversible ErbB family blocker, in patients with advanced solid tumors (NCT01206816; Study 1230."	( A phase I study of volasertib combined with afatinib, in advanced solid tumors. De Smet, M; Herremans, C; Liu, D; Machiels, JP; Peeters, M; Pilz, K; Rottey, S; Specenier, P; Strelkowa, N; Surmont, V, 2015)	0.42
"Patients with advanced non-resectable and/or metastatic disease following failure of conventional treatment received intravenous volasertib 150-300 mg on day 1 every 21 days, combined with oral afatinib 30-40 mg on days 2-21 of a 3-week cycle (Schedule A), or 50-90 mg on days 2-6 of a 3-week cycle (Schedule B)."	( A phase I study of volasertib combined with afatinib, in advanced solid tumors. De Smet, M; Herremans, C; Liu, D; Machiels, JP; Peeters, M; Pilz, K; Rottey, S; Specenier, P; Strelkowa, N; Surmont, V, 2015)	0.42
"Volasertib combined with afatinib had manageable adverse effects and limited antitumor activity in this heavily pretreated population."	( A phase I study of volasertib combined with afatinib, in advanced solid tumors. De Smet, M; Herremans, C; Liu, D; Machiels, JP; Peeters, M; Pilz, K; Rottey, S; Specenier, P; Strelkowa, N; Surmont, V, 2015)	0.42
"Lapatinib has proven efficacy as monotherapy and in combination with capecitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) overexpressing HER2 and/or EGFR."	( Phase I and pharmacological trial of lapatinib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced breast cancer. Beijnen, JH; Boss, DS; Grob, M; Huitema, AD; Keessen, M; Rehorst, H; Rosing, H; Schellens, JH; Smit, WM; Tibben, MM; van der Noll, R; Wymenga, AN, 2015)	0.42
" The drug-drug molecular salt may have some bearing on the treatment of patient suffering from anticancer and hypertension."	( Drug-Drug Molecular Salt Hydrate of an Anticancer Drug Gefitinib and a Loop Diuretic Drug Furosemide: An Alternative for Multidrug Treatment. Badiger, MV; Gonnade, RG; Patwadkar, MV; Sahu, SK; Thorat, SH, 2015)	0.42
" The secondary target that can afford the highest potential for clinical translation is the one with the highest synergy against tumor cells in combination with HER2-inhibition, allowing the widest therapeutic index for clinical translation."	( Chemical probing of HER2-amplified cancer cells identifies TORC2 as a particularly effective secondary target for combination with lapatinib. Amin, DN; Gulizia, N; Moasser, MM; Ruiz-Saenz, A, 2015)	0.42
" In this context, alternatives to the lapatinib (L) and capecitabine (C) regimen, evaluating L combined with other cytotoxic drugs, are warranted."	( A Phase II Randomized Study of Lapatinib Combined With Capecitabine, Vinorelbine, or Gemcitabine in Patients With HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer With Progression After a Taxane (Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group 0801 Study). Barrios, CH; Bines, J; Blajman, C; Capó, A; Fanelli, M; Fein, L; Gómez, HL; Ismael, G; Lerzo, G; Mano, M; Martínez-Mesa, J; Neciosup, S; Nerón, Y; Pinczowski, H; Sampaio, C; Santi, PX; Tosello, C; Varela, MS; Werutsky, G; Zarba, JJ, 2016)	0.43
"In the present phase II, multicenter study, patients with HER2(+) MBC with progression after taxane were randomized between L, 1250 mg, combined with C, 2000 mg/m(2) on days 1 to 14 (LC), vinorelbine (V), 25 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 (LV), or gemcitabine (G), 1000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 (LG), every 21 days."	( A Phase II Randomized Study of Lapatinib Combined With Capecitabine, Vinorelbine, or Gemcitabine in Patients With HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer With Progression After a Taxane (Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group 0801 Study). Barrios, CH; Bines, J; Blajman, C; Capó, A; Fanelli, M; Fein, L; Gómez, HL; Ismael, G; Lerzo, G; Mano, M; Martínez-Mesa, J; Neciosup, S; Nerón, Y; Pinczowski, H; Sampaio, C; Santi, PX; Tosello, C; Varela, MS; Werutsky, G; Zarba, JJ, 2016)	0.43
" The aims of this study are to investigate the inhibitory effects of TKIs on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities, and to quantitatively evaluate their potential to cause drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Drug-Drug Interaction Potentials of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors via Inhibition of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases. Jeong, H; Liu, Y; Zhang, N, 2015)	0.42
"Here we investigated the activity of afatinib, a second-generation irreversible pan-EGFR family kinase inhibitor, alone or in combination with ionizing radiation, toward pancreatic cancer cells."	( Afatinib, an Irreversible EGFR Family Inhibitor, Shows Activity Toward Pancreatic Cancer Cells, Alone and in Combination with Radiotherapy, Independent of KRAS Status. Favaudon, V; Fernet, M; Giocanti, N; Huguet, F; Larsen, AK, 2016)	0.43
"In this study, we examined the effect of cetuximab (epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody) combined with afatinib (epidermal growth factor receptorand human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 tyrosine kinase irreversible inhibitor) on the apoptosis of A549 cells and on kinase domain receptor (KDR) and aquaporin 1 (AQP1) expression in A549 cells."	( Effects of cetuximab combined with afatinib on the expression of KDR and AQP1 in lung cancer. Liu, YH; Zhu, WL, 2015)	0.42
" This phase I study evaluated the safety profile of vandetanib in combination with standard doses of gemcitabine and capecitabine in order to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD)."	( Phase I trial of vandetanib in combination with gemcitabine and capecitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors with an expanded cohort in pancreatic and biliary cancers. Bradshaw-Pierce, EL; Eckhardt, SG; Eppers, S; Freas, E; Kane, MA; Kessler, ER; Leong, S; Lieu, CH; Messersmith, WA; Nallapreddy, S; O'byrant, CL; Pitts, TM; Spratlin, J; Weekes, C, 2016)	0.43
" The present study was set out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vinorelbine when combined with lapatinib, an anti-HER2 tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, as late-line regimen administered beyond previous disease progression on prior lapatinib in patients with HER-2/neu- positive MBC."	( Phase II study on the efficacy and safety of Lapatinib administered beyond disease progression and combined with vinorelbine in HER-2/neu- positive advanced breast cancer: results of the CECOG LaVie trial. Bartsch, R; Brodowicz, T; Knittelfelder, R; Kuhar, CG; Lang, I; Melichar, B; Petruzelka, L; Singer, CF; Thallinger, C; Zielinski, C, 2016)	0.43
"MK-2206 combined with lapatinib can be tolerated with both drugs above biologically active single-agent doses."	( Phase I Study of an AKT Inhibitor (MK-2206) Combined with Lapatinib in Adult Solid Tumors Followed by Dose Expansion in Advanced HER2+ Breast Cancer. Bell, MC; Burkard, ME; Eickhoff, J; Flynn, C; Kolesar, JM; Liu, G; Rampurwala, M; Tevaarwerk, AJ; Wisinski, KB, 2016)	0.43
" The effect of afatinib, as either a single agent or in combination with gemcitabine (GEM), on tumor growth was determined using NPC tumor xenografts in mice."	( In vitro and in vivo efficacy of afatinib as a single agent or in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Fang, W; Tian, Y; Xue, C; Zhan, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Afatinib in combination with GEM demonstrated significant antitumor effect in an NPC xenograft model."	( In vitro and in vivo efficacy of afatinib as a single agent or in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Fang, W; Tian, Y; Xue, C; Zhan, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Using NSCLC cell lines with differential EGFR status, we examined the potency of PA-MSHA (Pseudomonas aeruginosa-mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin) in combination with Gefitinib on proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, EGFR signaling and tumor growth."	( PA-MSHA in combination with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor: A new strategy to overcome the drug resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cai, XW; Chang, JH; Fu, XL; Huang, QL; Liu, Q; Liu, ZB; Lu, YN; Pan, SY; Wang, JL; Wu, XH; Zhao, XM, 2016)	0.43
" Methods The study comprised a 3 + 3 dose-escalation part for LY2875358 monotherapy in patients with advanced malignancies (Part A) followed by an assessment of LY2875358 in combination with erlotinib or gefitinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (Part B)."	( A phase I dose-escalation study of LY2875358, a bivalent MET antibody, given as monotherapy or in combination with erlotinib or gefitinib in Japanese patients with advanced malignancies. Doi, T; Enatsu, S; Kojima, T; Nakamura, T; Ohmatsu, H; Takahashi, H; Turner, K; Uenaka, K; Wacheck, V; Yoh, K; Zenke, Y, 2016)	0.43
"Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive daily anastrozole (1 mg) in combination with AZD8931 20 mg twice daily (bid), AZD8931 40 mg bid, or placebo."	( Inhibition of EGFR, HER2, and HER3 signaling with AZD8931 in combination with anastrozole as an anticancer approach: Phase II randomized study in women with endocrine-therapy-naïve advanced breast cancer. Basik, M; Clemons, M; Cristofanilli, M; Dreosti, L; Grzeda, L; Hegg, R; Johnston, S; Lausoontornsiri, W; Mann, H; Stuart, M, 2016)	0.43
"At the interim analysis, 359 patients were randomized and received anastrozole in combination with AZD8931 20 mg (n = 118), 40 mg (n = 120), or placebo (n = 121); 39 % of patients (n = 141) had a progression event."	( Inhibition of EGFR, HER2, and HER3 signaling with AZD8931 in combination with anastrozole as an anticancer approach: Phase II randomized study in women with endocrine-therapy-naïve advanced breast cancer. Basik, M; Clemons, M; Cristofanilli, M; Dreosti, L; Grzeda, L; Hegg, R; Johnston, S; Lausoontornsiri, W; Mann, H; Stuart, M, 2016)	0.43
"AZD8931, in combination with endocrine therapy, does not appear to enhance endocrine responsiveness and is associated with greater skin and gastrointestinal toxicity."	( Inhibition of EGFR, HER2, and HER3 signaling with AZD8931 in combination with anastrozole as an anticancer approach: Phase II randomized study in women with endocrine-therapy-naïve advanced breast cancer. Basik, M; Clemons, M; Cristofanilli, M; Dreosti, L; Grzeda, L; Hegg, R; Johnston, S; Lausoontornsiri, W; Mann, H; Stuart, M, 2016)	0.43
" We assessed the clinical relevance of this potential drug-drug interaction (DDI) in a retrospective cohort of EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients."	( EGFR kinase inhibitors and gastric acid suppressants in EGFR-mutant NSCLC: a retrospective database analysis of potential drug interaction. Asmat, A; Kumarakulasinghe, NB; Loy, EY; Pang, B; Soo, RA; Soon, YY; Syn, N; Zheng, H, 2016)	0.43
"Intestinal P-gp and CYP3A4 work coordinately to reduce the intracellular concentration of drugs, and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) based on this interplay are of clinical importance and require pre-clinical investigation."	( The consequence of regional gradients of P-gp and CYP3A4 for drug-drug interactions by P-gp inhibitors and the P-gp/CYP3A4 interplay in the human intestine ex vivo. de Graaf, IA; de Jager, MH; Groothuis, GM; Li, M; van de Steeg, E, 2017)	0.46
"Co-administration of antineoplastics with ART is challenging due to potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Use of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to simulate drug-drug interactions between antineoplastic and antiretroviral drugs. Back, D; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Owen, A; Rajoli, R; Siccardi, M; Valle, M, 2017)	0.46
" Thirteen different TKIs were combined with or without SZU-101 and studied to determine their effects on immunocytes."	( Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Effects of a Novel TLR7 Agonist Combined with Lapatinib. Diao, Y; Gao, N; Jiang, W; Jin, G; Jin, Z; Li, W; Liu, Y; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Zhong, J, 2016)	0.43
" Despite a clear potential in inhibiting these proteins in ovarian cancer, as a single agent or in combination with a carboplatin treatment, we need to target kinases in tandem because of their capacity to trigger compensatory pathways that synergize to promote drug resistance."	( Dasatinib + Gefitinib, a non platinum-based combination with enhanced growth inhibitory, anti-migratory and anti-invasive potency against human ovarian cancer cells. Jean-Claude, B; Thibault, B, 2017)	0.46
"Here we target EGFR, c-Src and Met individually or in combination with carboplatin, using Gefitinib, Dasatinib and Crizotinib respectively, in a panel of carboplatin-sensitive (OVCAR-3, IGROV-1 and A2780) and carboplatin-resistant cells (SKOV-3 and EFO-21)."	( Dasatinib + Gefitinib, a non platinum-based combination with enhanced growth inhibitory, anti-migratory and anti-invasive potency against human ovarian cancer cells. Jean-Claude, B; Thibault, B, 2017)	0.46
"Crizotinib, Dasatinib and Gefitinib, alone or in combination with carboplatin, showed a cell-specific cytotoxic synergy in ovarian cancer cells."	( Dasatinib + Gefitinib, a non platinum-based combination with enhanced growth inhibitory, anti-migratory and anti-invasive potency against human ovarian cancer cells. Jean-Claude, B; Thibault, B, 2017)	0.46
" The primary end point established the maximum tolerated dose in combination with cisplatin-pemetrexed in a dose deescalation scheme."	( Phase I Trial of Cediranib in Combination with Cisplatin and Pemetrexed in Chemonaive Patients with Unresectable Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (SWOG S0905). Gandara, DR; Kalemkerian, GP; Kelly, K; Moon, J; Redman, MW; Tsao, AS; Vogelzang, NJ; Wistuba, II, 2017)	0.46
"Cediranib combined with cisplatin-pemetrexed has a reasonable toxicity profile and preliminary promising efficacy."	( Phase I Trial of Cediranib in Combination with Cisplatin and Pemetrexed in Chemonaive Patients with Unresectable Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (SWOG S0905). Gandara, DR; Kalemkerian, GP; Kelly, K; Moon, J; Redman, MW; Tsao, AS; Vogelzang, NJ; Wistuba, II, 2017)	0.46
" In MDA-MB-468 and HCC1806 orthotopic TNBC xenograft tumors in nude mice, the drug combination inhibited tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival, although this effect was not significant for the gefitinib-resistant cell line HCC70."	( Inhibition of basal-like breast cancer growth by FTY720 in combination with epidermal growth factor receptor kinase blockade. Baxter, RC; Boyle, FM; de Silva, HC; Julovi, SM; Lin, MZ; Martin, JL, 2017)	0.46
"PIKHER2 phase IB study aimed primarily to determine a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and propose a recommended phase II dose (RP2D) for buparlisib in combination with lapatinib in HER2-positive, trastuzumab-resistant, advanced breast cancer."	( PIKHER2: A phase IB study evaluating buparlisib in combination with lapatinib in trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. Autret, A; Bertucci, F; Boher, JM; Camerlo, J; Campone, M; Charafe-Jauffret, E; Extra, JM; Gonçalves, A; Guerin, M; Hervieu, A; Isambert, N; Lokiec, F; Pakradouni, J; Provansal, M; Rezai, K; Sabatier, R; Viens, P, 2017)	0.46
" There was no significant evidence for drug-drug PK interaction."	( PIKHER2: A phase IB study evaluating buparlisib in combination with lapatinib in trastuzumab-resistant HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. Autret, A; Bertucci, F; Boher, JM; Camerlo, J; Campone, M; Charafe-Jauffret, E; Extra, JM; Gonçalves, A; Guerin, M; Hervieu, A; Isambert, N; Lokiec, F; Pakradouni, J; Provansal, M; Rezai, K; Sabatier, R; Viens, P, 2017)	0.46
" To date, systematic studies on the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction of icotinib were limited."	( Metabolic Pathway of Icotinib In Vitro: The Differential Roles of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP1A2 on Potential Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction. Li, Z; Lu, C; Ma, L; Wang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y; Zhu, M; Zhuang, X, 2018)	0.48
" These results suggest that letermovir may be a perpetrator of CYP2C9/19-mediated drug-drug interactions."	( Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Letermovir Coadministered With Azole Antifungals (Posaconazole or Voriconazole) in Healthy Subjects. Butterton, JR; Cho, CR; de Haes, JIU; Drexel, M; Hulskotte, EGJ; Hussaini, A; Iwamoto, M; Jordan, HR; Kantesaria, BS; Liu, F; Macha, S; Marshall, WL; McCrea, JB; Menzel, K; Tsai, C; van Schanke, A, 2018)	0.48
" These results were used to inform the US prescribing information in the absence of clinical drug-drug interaction studies."	( PBPK Modeling Strategy for Predicting Complex Drug Interactions of Letermovir as a Perpetrator in Support of Product Labeling. Chen, D; Cho, CR; Hartmann, G; Menzel, K; Wang, YH, 2019)	0.51
" Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including erlotinib and gefitinib, which block the action of the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 1 receptor, provide small increases in patient survival when administered with gemcitabine."	( Targeting retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation in combination with EGFR inhibition in pancreatic cancer cells. Abraham, RG; Dedi, B; Krucher, NA; Thomas, NA, 2019)	0.51
" This prospective, multicenter, open-label, phase I/II study determined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and evaluated the safety and efficacy of poziotinib combined with paclitaxel and trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer (GC)."	( A phase I/II study of poziotinib combined with paclitaxel and trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer. Bang, YJ; Cho, JY; Han, HS; Jung, SA; Kim, JS; Kim, TY; Kim, YH; Lee, KH; Lee, KW; Lee, N; Park, SH; Park, YI; Rha, SY; Song, EK; Zang, DY, 2019)	0.51
"The MTD of poziotinib combined with paclitaxel and trastuzumab was 8 mg/day."	( A phase I/II study of poziotinib combined with paclitaxel and trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer. Bang, YJ; Cho, JY; Han, HS; Jung, SA; Kim, JS; Kim, TY; Kim, YH; Lee, KH; Lee, KW; Lee, N; Park, SH; Park, YI; Rha, SY; Song, EK; Zang, DY, 2019)	0.51
"The impact of evodiamine in combination with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors on survival of thyroid carcinoma cells was identified."	( Evodiamine in combination with histone deacetylase inhibitors has synergistic cytotoxicity in thyroid carcinoma cells. Choi, MG; Ihm, SH; Kang, JG; Kim, CS; Kim, SH; Lee, SJ, 2019)	0.51
" Moreover, repression of PI3K/Akt signaling synergistically reinforces cytotoxicity of evodiamine combined with HDAC inhibitors in thyroid carcinoma cells."	( Evodiamine in combination with histone deacetylase inhibitors has synergistic cytotoxicity in thyroid carcinoma cells. Choi, MG; Ihm, SH; Kang, JG; Kim, CS; Kim, SH; Lee, SJ, 2019)	0.51
"Antiangiogenic agents combined with chemotherapy have efficacy in the treatment of unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM)."	( Phase II Trial of Cediranib in Combination With Cisplatin and Pemetrexed in Chemotherapy-Naïve Patients With Unresectable Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (SWOG S0905). Box-Noriega, B; Fossella, FV; Gadgeel, S; Gandara, DR; Heymach, JV; Hueftle, JG; Kelly, K; Lu, C; Miao, J; Redman, MW; Tsao, AS; Velasco, MR; Vogelzang, NJ; Wistuba, II, 2019)	0.51
"AZD8931 (20 mg, 40 mg or 60 mg bd) was given with Xelox (oxaliplatin + capecitabine) for eight 21-day cycles, continuously or with intermittent schedule (4 days on/3 off every week; 14 days on/7 off, per cycle) in a rolling-six design."	( Dual Erb B Inhibition in Oesophago-gastric Cancer (DEBIOC): A phase I dose escalating safety study and randomised dose expansion of AZD8931 in combination with oxaliplatin and capecitabine chemotherapy in patients with oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma. Anthoney, DA; Collins, L; Eatock, M; Elhussein, L; Falk, S; Goff, M; Lord, SR; Love, S; Middleton, MR; Moschandreas, J; Thomas, A; Turkington, RC; Virdee, PS, 2020)	0.56
" The primary aim is to assess progression-free survival after EGFR-TKIs treatment combined with apatinib 250 mg once daily."	( Clinical study of apatinib combined with EGFR-TKI in the treatment of chronic progression after EGFR-TKI treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (ChiCTR1800019185). Chen, J; Li, X; Liu, H; Liu, M; Zhang, H, 2020)	0.56
" Inhibition of CYP1A1 may increase the concentration of ningetinib in target tissues, and the long-term safety and efficacy of ningetinib combined with gefitinib should be evaluated."	( Drug interaction of ningetinib and gefitinib involving CYP1A1 and efflux transporters in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Chen, X; Guo, Z; Hou, X; Li, J; Li, M; Liu, L; Sun, M; Wang, Q; Xi, N; Xie, C; Xie, N, 2021)	0.62
" In this phase II study, we prospectively analyzed the efficacy and safety of raltitrexed combined with S-1 (RS regimen) in the treatment of mCRC after the failure of conventional chemotherapy."	( A prospective phase II study of raltitrexed combined with S-1 as salvage treatment for patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Chen, Z; Guo, W; Huang, M; Li, W; Qiu, L; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhao, X; Zhu, X, 2021)	0.62
" Our results suggest that voriconazole trough concentration decreases when voriconazole is combined with letermovir in allogeneic HCT recipients."	( Drug interaction between letermovir and voriconazole after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Doke, Y; Fukuda, T; Fukushi, Y; Hashimoto, H; Inamoto, Y; Nakashima, T; Yamaguchi, M, 2021)	0.62
" Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of icotinib combined with CRT in the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer."	( Outcomes of icotinib combined with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer. Chen, WJ; Ding, Y; Liu, H; Liu, YM; Sun, HL; Xu, YY; Ying, SP, 2021)	0.62
"Bevacizumab combined with S-1 and raltitrexed demonstrated positive antitumor efficacy and acceptable toxicity."	( Bevacizumab Combined with S-1 and Raltitrexed for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Refractory to Standard Therapies: A Phase II Study. Bi, F; Cao, D; Chen, Y; Cheng, K; Gou, HF; Li, Q; Li, ZP; Liu, JY; Luo, DY; Qiu, M; Shen, YL; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Zhou, YW, 2021)	0.62
" In the present study, we assessed the activity and safety of bevacizumab combined with S-1 and raltitrexed."	( Bevacizumab Combined with S-1 and Raltitrexed for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Refractory to Standard Therapies: A Phase II Study. Bi, F; Cao, D; Chen, Y; Cheng, K; Gou, HF; Li, Q; Li, ZP; Liu, JY; Luo, DY; Qiu, M; Shen, YL; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Zhou, YW, 2021)	0.62
"Bevacizumab combined with S-1 and raltitrexed showed promising antitumor activity and safety in refractory mCRC."	( Bevacizumab Combined with S-1 and Raltitrexed for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Refractory to Standard Therapies: A Phase II Study. Bi, F; Cao, D; Chen, Y; Cheng, K; Gou, HF; Li, Q; Li, ZP; Liu, JY; Luo, DY; Qiu, M; Shen, YL; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Zhou, YW, 2021)	0.62
" This case suggests the re-challenge of the first-generation EGFR-TKIs combined with bevacizumab may overcome the tumor resistance and prolong survival of NSCLC patient."	( Bevacizumab Combined with Icotinib Overcomes Osimertinib Resistance in a Patient of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Ji, YX; Mu, XY; Sun, L; Zhang, L, 2019)	0.51
" Based on this, the COUP-1 trial aims at testing the toxicity and efficacy of copanlisib in combination with rituximab in treatment naive and relapsed MZL."	( A phase II study of the PI3K inhibitor copanlisib in combination with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab for patients with marginal zone lymphoma: treatment rationale and protocol design of the COUP-1 trial. Barth, TFE; Buske, C; Dreyhaupt, J; Grunenberg, A; Kaiser, LM; Kiesewetter, B; Möller, P; Muche, R; Raderer, M; Schmelzle, B; Viardot, A; Woelfle, S, 2021)	0.62
"The COUP-1 trial evaluates the efficacy and toxicity of the treatment of copanlisib in combination with rituximab in patients with MZL and additionally offers the chance for translational research in this heterogenous type of lymphoma."	( A phase II study of the PI3K inhibitor copanlisib in combination with the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab for patients with marginal zone lymphoma: treatment rationale and protocol design of the COUP-1 trial. Barth, TFE; Buske, C; Dreyhaupt, J; Grunenberg, A; Kaiser, LM; Kiesewetter, B; Möller, P; Muche, R; Raderer, M; Schmelzle, B; Viardot, A; Woelfle, S, 2021)	0.62
" Moreover, when it used in combination with liposomal doxorubicin, it extended the time to end from 22."	( Development of a stable and high loaded liposomal formulation of lapatinib with enhanced therapeutic effects for breast cancer in combination with Caelyx®: In vitro and in vivo evaluations. Badiee, A; Jafari, MR; Karimi, M; Mansouri, A; Mehrabian, A; Nikpoor, AR; Sadri, K; Shokooh Saremi, S, 2021)	0.62
" Preclinical data with cediranib, an inhibitor of all 3 VEGF receptors, in combination with selumetinib, an inhibitor of MEK 1/2, demonstrated improved tumor control experimentally."	( Phase I study of cediranib, an oral VEGFR inhibitor, in combination with selumetinib, an oral MEK inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Adjei, A; Costello, BA; Doyle, LA; Erlichman, C; Fiskum, J; Haluska, P; Hubbard, JM; Ivy, P; Lin, G; Menefee, M; Qin, R; Reid, JM; Schenk, EL; Strand, C; Yin, J, 2022)	0.72
"This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects and potential mechanisms of icotinib combined with antiangiogenic drugs on lung adenocarcinoma in vivo."	( Inhibitory effects of icotinib combined with antiangiogenic drugs in human non-small cell lung cancer xenograft models are better than single target drugs. Cui, J; Jiang, P; Li, Y; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Icotinib combined with bevacizumab or rh-endostatin has a stronger inhibitory effect on tumor growth than single-target drug in vivo, with no additional side effects."	( Inhibitory effects of icotinib combined with antiangiogenic drugs in human non-small cell lung cancer xenograft models are better than single target drugs. Cui, J; Jiang, P; Li, Y; Wang, X; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Cell lines treated with trametinib or AZD6244 in combination with AZD0424 had reduced EGFR, FAK and SRC compensatory activation, and cell viability was synergistically inhibited."	( Pathway profiling of a novel SRC inhibitor, AZD0424, in combination with MEK inhibitors for cancer treatment. Brunton, VG; Carragher, NO; Dawson, JC; Frame, M; Macleod, K; Muir, M; Munro, A; Timpson, P; Williams, RJ, 2022)	0.72
" Peposertib (M3814) is a DNA-PK inhibitor that has shown preclinical activity in combination with DNA-damaging agents, including ionizing radiation (IR) and topoisomerase II inhibitors."	( Pre-clinical activity of the oral DNA-PK inhibitor, peposertib (M3814), combined with radiation in xenograft models of cervical cancer. Aghajanian, C; Chui, MH; Gardner, GJ; Gordhandas, SB; Grisham, RN; Henson, C; Iyer, G; Manning-Geist, B; Moore, KN; Sonoda, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Understanding potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) informs proper dosing when co-administering tucatinib with other therapies."	( Evaluation of Safety and Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions with Tucatinib in Healthy Volunteers. Abdulrasool, LI; Endres, CJ; Lee, A; Mayor, JG; Rustia, EL; Sun, H; Topletz-Erickson, A; Walker, L, 2022)	0.72
" This Phase I/II study examined the toxicity and efficacy of high-dose pulsed AZD8931, an EGFR/HER2/HER3 inhibitor, combined with chemotherapy, in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC)."	( PANTHER: AZD8931, inhibitor of EGFR, ERBB2 and ERBB3 signalling, combined with FOLFIRI: a Phase I/II study to determine the importance of schedule and activity in colorectal cancer. Barber, PR; Forsyth, S; Gao, F; Hackett, LD; Hartley, JA; Hochhauser, D; Lopes, A; Lowe, HL; Ng, TT; Pearce, S; Propper, DJ; Sarker, D; Saunders, MP; Spanswick, VJ; Weitsman, GE; White, L, 2023)	0.91
"Copanlisib dose selection was established under the maximum tolerated dose paradigm, and no dedicated dose-finding studies have investigated copanlisib dose selection when used in combination with rituximab."	( Copanlisib population pharmacokinetics from phase I-III studies and exposure-response relationships in combination with rituximab. Austin, R; Beckert, V; Childs, BH; Garmann, D; Hiemeyer, F; Mongay Soler, L; Morcos, PN; Moss, J; Zinzani, PL, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Pharmacokinetic and biotransformation studies indicate that prazosin is well absorbed and is excreted principally in metabolized form with biliary excretion being the major route of elimination."	( Prazosin: biochemistry and structure-activity studies. Hess, HJ, 1975)	0.25
" Oral bioavailability was 56."	( Prazosin, pharmacokinetics and concentration effect. Bateman, DN; Hobbs, DC; Rawlins, MD; Stevens, EA; Twomey, TM, 1979)	0.26
" Changrolin could be well absorbed by oral administration."	( Studies on a new antiarrhythmic drug changrolin-4-(3',5'-bis [(N-pyrrolidinyl) methyl]-4'-hydroxyanilino)-quinazoline. Ding, GS; Hu, GJ; Li, LQ; Qu, ZX; Wang, ZM; Yang, XY; Zeng, YL, 1979)	0.26
" The enhanced antihypertensive effect of prazosin in renal failure appears to reflect changes in the bioavailability or distribution of the drug, which result in higher drug concentrations for a given dose."	( Responsiveness to prazosin in renal failure. Frost, GW; MacCarthy, EP; Monaghan, JC; Stokes, GS, 1979)	0.26
" The bioavailability of zenarestat was 93% in rats and 65% in dogs."	( Absorption, distribution and excretion of zenarestat, a new aldose reductase inhibitor, in rats and dogs. Esumi, Y; Katami, Y; Noda, K; Sawamoto, T; Sekiguchi, M; Tanaka, Y; Ueda, T, 1992)	0.28
"), but its bioavailability following oral administration appeared to be low (approximately 10%-20%)."	( The pharmacokinetics of the quinazoline antifolate ICI D 1694 in mice and rats. Calvert, AH; Gibson, W; Hughes, LR; Jodrell, DI; Newell, DR, 1991)	0.28
" Pelanserin bioavailability after oral dosing was about 30%, this could be due to a poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract or to an important hepatic biotransformation by first pass effect."	( [Pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effect of pelanserin in dogs ]. Castañeda Hernández, G; Flores Murrieta, FJ; Hong, E, )	0.13
"; this indicated a high bioavailability of RO 13-6438."	( Dose-response following single administrations of a new cardiac performance enhancer RO 13-6438 in normal volunteers. Belz, GG; Butzer, R; Stern, HC, )	0.13
" Similarly, clinical myotonolytic activity of eperisone would only be expected at high doses unless its functional bioavailability were to be much better in man than in either the mouse or rabbit."	( Comparison of the myotonolytic activity of tizanidine, eperisone and afloqualone in mouse and rabbit. Coward, DM; White, TG, )	0.13
" With oral administration, the mean bioavailability was 44% (range, 19 to 67%)."	( Bioavailability of oral trimetrexate in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Allegra, CJ; Balis, FM; Chabner, BA; Drake, JC; Lane, HC; Masur, H; Murphy, RF; Parrillo, JE; Poplack, DG; Rogers, P, 1988)	0.27
" Moreover, there was no evidence of unexpected accumulation of the drug in the plasma during multiple dosing and food did not appear to alter the bioavailability of tiacrilast to any clinically significant extent."	( Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses of the antiallergic agent tiacrilast in man. Dunton, A; Keigher, N; Massarella, JW; Pao, J; Silvestri, TM, 1987)	0.27
"The relative bioavailability of two different Prazosine preparations (Adversuten, VEB Arzneimittelwerk Dresden, GDR and Minipress, Pfizer GmbH, Karlsruhe, FRG) has been determined in 10 patients suffering from an essential hypertension by the cross-over test following a single oral application."	( [Comparative study of the relative bioavailabilities of two prazosin preparations in patients with essential hypertension]. Faulhaber, HD; Günzel, R; Homuth, V; Prehm, C; Rostock, G; Unger, P, 1985)	0.27
" Lacking an intravenous dosage form for use in human subjects, our study concentrated on the determination of the bioavailability and disposition parameters of tiodazosin in dogs, with a comparison to those parameters for prazosin, obtained from previous work in our laboratory."	( The bioavailability and disposition of tiodazosin levulinate in beagle dogs with a comparison to prazosin hydrochloride. Baughman, RA; Benet, LZ; Mico, BA, )	0.13
" The hypotensive action of prazosin is greater in patients with chronic renal failure, and the bioavailability or distribution of the drug is altered."	( Clinical pharmacology of prazosin in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure. Aubert, P; Chaignon, M; Flouvat, B; Guedon, J; Le Roux, E; Lucsko, M; Safar, M, )	0.13
"Prior to the introduction of an intravenous dosage form for use in humans, prazosin pharmacokinetic studies emphasizing clearance, hepatic extraction, and bioavailability were carried out in dogs."	( Dose-dependent bioavailability of prazosin in beagle dogs. Baughman, RA; Benet, LZ; Mico, BA; Sorgel, F, )	0.13
" Our data suggest that the greater hypotensive activity of the combination results at least in part from a kinetic interaction that enhances the bioavailability of prazosin, but it is possible that a dynamic interaction at the level of vascular smooth muscle or compensatory cardiac activity also plays a role."	( Combined alpha adrenoceptor antagonism and calcium channel blockade in normal subjects. Elliott, HL; McSharry, DR; Meredith, PA; Pasanisi, F; Reid, JL, 1984)	0.27
" Inhibitors of this enzyme can enhance the bioavailability of purine antagonists and in turn are helpful for the chemotherapy of cancer."	( New guanine deaminase inhibitors. Ahmad, S; Kishor, K; Saxena, AK; Shanker, K, 1984)	0.27
" The rate of absorption of prazosin was identical in the two groups (t max: I,3 +/- 0,2 h and I,6 +/- 0,4 h)."	( [Clinical pharmacology of prazosin in arterial hypertension with chronic renal insufficiency]. Aubert, P; Chaignon, M; Flouvat, B; Guédon, J; Le Roux, E; Lucsko, M, 1981)	0.26
"Extractive alkylation was carried out on fenquizone, a sulphonamide diuretic, in order to devise a suitable method for its determination in pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies."	( Gas-liquid chromatographic evaluation of fenquizone in biological samples for pharmacokinetic investigations. Marzo, A; Quadro, G; Treffner, E, 1983)	0.27
" Oral bioavailability of prazosin ranges from 43."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of prazosin. Jaillon, P, )	0.13
" All patients did not respond in a similar way; two distinct patterns of BP and pulse response emerged, although there was no significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters, namely, absorption rate constant (Ka), maximum plasma concentration (Cpmax), time to reach the maximum concentration (Tmax), prazosin plasma half-life (T 1/2), elimination rate constant (kel), prazosin plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), and clearance."	( Prazosin plasma concentration and blood pressure reduction. Armstrong, J; du Souich, P; Hamet, P; Larochelle, P; Larocque, P, )	0.13
" After oral doses bioavailability ranged between 55% and 82%."	( Prazosin kinetics in hypertension. Grahnén, A; Haglund, K; Lindström, B; Seideman, P; von Bahr, C, 1981)	0.26
" The results suggest that these acrids have the capacity to increase the bioavailability of certain drugs."	( Scientific evidence on the role of Ayurvedic herbals on bioavailability of drugs. Atal, CK; Rao, PG; Zutshi, U, 1981)	0.26
" The only effect of antacid, compared to fasting, was to slow the rate of absorption without appreciably altering the extent of absorption."	( The effect of antacid and food on the absorption of proquazone (Biarison) in man. Ohnhaus, EE, 1980)	0.26
"9 mg/kg iv and 9 mg/kg po doses, systemic blood clearance (CLB) and bioavailability (F) of L-738,372 were species-dependent and inversely related (CLB = 48, 15, and 3 ml/min/kg; F = 6, 62 and 94%, in dogs, rats, and monkeys, respectively)."	( Species differences in the metabolism of a potent HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor L-738,372. In vivo and in vitro studies in rats, dogs, monkeys, and human. Balani, SK; Dwyer, LM; Ellis, JD; Kauffman, LR; Pitzenberger, SM; Prueksaritanont, T; Theoharides, AD; Varga, SL, 1995)	0.29
" Ibopamine is well absorbed through the cornea, it is rapidly hydrolysed by esterases to epinine and the mydriatic effect is correlated with the concentration of epinine in the aqueous humor."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in rabbits of ibopamine, a new mydriatic agent. Galbiati, I; Gazzaniga, A; Gianesello, V; Soldati, L; Virno, M, 1993)	0.29
" Previous drug design efforts based on co-factor analogues have produced good inhibitors of TS, but poor bioavailability and toxicity have limited their usefulness."	( The complex of the anti-cancer therapeutic, BW1843U89, with thymidylate synthase at 2.0 A resolution: implications for a new mode of inhibition. Stout, TJ; Stroud, RM, 1996)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic studies in normotensive volunteers showed that plasma peak concentration (Cmax) of bunazosin retard and bioavailability were approximately 50% and 81%, respectively, of the values of the standard non-retarded formulation."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic use of bunazosin in hypertension. A review. Weidinger, G, 1995)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 1954U89 were examined in male beagle dogs and male CD rats."	( The pharmacokinetics of 1954U89, 1,3-diamino-7-(1-ethylpropyl)-8-methyl-7H-pyrrolo-(3,2-f)quinazoline, in dogs and rats after intravenous and oral administration. Deangelis, DV; Studenberg, SD; Wargin, WA; Woolley, JL, 1997)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic studies suggested that SG-210 has a high bioavailability and possesses a long half-life in rats (ca."	( Effect of SG-210, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, on impaired polyol pathway in rats received diabetic manipulations. Horie, S; Nagai, H; Nakajima, T; Nakamura, N; Narita, Y; Tsuda, Y; Yuuki, T, )	0.13
" The bioavailability and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral nolatrexed were also studied."	( Phase I studies with the nonclassical antifolate nolatrexed dihydrochloride (AG337, THYMITAQ) administered orally for 5 days. Boddy, AV; Calvert, AH; Calvete, JA; Clendeninn, N; Griffin, MJ; Hughes, AN; Johnston, A; Newell, DR; Rafi, I, 1999)	0.3
" As oral bioavailability is high (70-100%), nolatrexed was administered orally, 6 hourly for 10 days, at 3-week intervals, and dose escalated from 80 to 572 mg m(-2) day(-1) in 23 patients."	( A phase I study of the lipophilic thymidylate synthase inhibitor Thymitaq (nolatrexed dihydrochloride) given by 10-day oral administration. Boddy, A; Bowman, A; Byrne, B; Clendeninn, NJ; Jodrell, DI; Johnston, A; Rafi, I; Rye, R; Taylor, GA, 1999)	0.3
" bioavailability was 95% for rats, as well as for mice."	( In vivo toxicity and pharmacokinetic features of the janus kinase 3 inhibitor WHI-P131 [4-(4'hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7- dimethoxyquinazoline. Chen, CL; Ek, O; Liu, XP; Uckun, FM, 1999)	0.3
" Alf was not due to the species difference in its bioavailability and biotransformation."	( Selective effects of alfuzosin and doxazosin with intraduodenal administration on urethral pressure of cats. Fu, SX; Li, YS; Ren, LM; Wu, ZJ; Yang, ZH, 1999)	0.3
"1% when administered intravenously at 30 microg/kg to the chronically hypoxic rats and had an apparent oral bioavailability of about 19."	( 4-(3-Chloro-4-methoxybenzyl)aminophthalazines: synthesis and inhibitory activity toward phosphodiesterase 5. Adachi, H; Ishibashi, K; Ishihara, H; Kabasawa, Y; Kakiki, M; Kodama, K; Matsukura, M; Miyazaki, K; Nishino, M; Ozaki, H; Takase, Y; Watanabe, N, 2000)	0.31
" The ability of halofuginone to interfere with key events in neovascularization, together with its oral bioavailability and safe use as an anti-parasitic agent, make it a promising drug for further evaluation in the treatment of a wide range of diseases associated with pathological angiogenesis."	( Halofuginone: a potent inhibitor of critical steps in angiogenesis progression. Aingorn, E; Dou, HL; Elkin, M; Hemo, I; Miao, HQ; Nagler, A; Pines, M; Reich, R; Vlodavsky, I, 2000)	0.31
" On the basis of animal experiments, the oral bioavailability and penetration of raltitrexed into cerebrospinal fluid are both likely to be limited in the clinical setting."	( Clinical and preclinical pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed. Beale, PJ; Clarke, SJ; Rivory, LP, 2000)	0.31
" The third study investigated the effect of food on the bioavailability of a single 50mg dose of ZD1839."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of the orally active selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 in healthy volunteers. Dane, A; Jones, H; Laight, A; Morris, C; Stafford, L; Swaisland, H; Yates, R, 2001)	0.31
" The best compounds are potent orally bioavailable inhibitors of both wild-type HIV-1 and its clinically relevant K103N mutant virus, but are highly protein-bound in human plasma."	( 4,1-Benzoxazepinone analogues of efavirenz (Sustiva) as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bacheler, LT; Chidester, DR; Cocuzza, AJ; Cordova, BC; Diamond, S; Erickson-Viitanen, SK; Jeffrey, S; Klabe, RM; Ko, SS; Rodgers, JD; Weigelt, CA, 2001)	0.31
"4) and good oral bioavailability in rat and dog (> 80 and > 50%, respectively)."	( Novel 4-anilinoquinazolines with C-7 basic side chains: design and structure activity relationship of a series of potent, orally active, VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Curwen, JO; Dukes, M; Hennequin, LF; Johnstone, C; Kendrew, J; Ogilvie, DJ; Plé, PA; Stokes, ES; Thomas, AP; Wedge, SR, 2002)	0.67
" This review traces the systematic development of the former Rhone-Poulenc Rorer factor Xa program from conception to the realization of potent, orally bioavailable inhibitors with exquisite selectivity against other serine proteases."	( The design of competitive, small-molecule inhibitors of coagulation factor Xa. Ewing, WR; Pauls, HW, 2001)	0.31
" The present data demonstrate that BIBN4096BS is a very potent antagonist that could, depending on its bioavailability and in vivo affinity, be of potential benefit in the acute treatment of migraine headache by blocking and/or reversing the CGRP-mediated dilation of intracranial vessels induced by activation of trigeminovascular afferents."	( Efficacy of the non-peptide CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in blocking CGRP-induced dilations in human and bovine cerebral arteries: potential implications in acute migraine treatment. Abounader, R; Doods, H; Hamel, E; Hébert, E; Moreno, MJ, 2002)	0.31
" Results from Phase I trials, in healthy volunteers and in patients with advanced disease, have shown that ZD1839 has excellent bioavailability and an acceptable tolerability profile."	( ZD1839: targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor in cancer therapy. Herbst, RS, 2002)	0.31
" Bioavailability with an unoptimized tablet formulation was 30% in fasted dogs and 86% in fed dogs."	( Formulation and food effects on the oral absorption of a poorly water soluble, highly permeable antiretroviral agent. Aungst, BJ; Bindra, DS; Nguyen, NH; Taylor, NJ, 2002)	0.31
" Based on AUC(0-24) values corrected by the administered daily dose, the relative bioavailability of alfuzosin OD was 75."	( Alfuzosin, an alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: once daily versus 3 times daily dosing in healthy subjects. Ahtoy, P; Chrétien, P; Delfolie, A; Dupain, T; Rauch, C; Rouchouse, A, 2002)	0.31
"Alfuzosin 10 mg once-daily provides a suitable pharmacokinetic profile for a once-daily administration, equivalent bioavailability between the 2 dosage regimens and a good safety profile justify the use of alfuzosin 10 mg in patients with BPH."	( Alfuzosin, an alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: once daily versus 3 times daily dosing in healthy subjects. Ahtoy, P; Chrétien, P; Delfolie, A; Dupain, T; Rauch, C; Rouchouse, A, 2002)	0.31
" Derivatives of ML03 with lower metabolic clearance rate and higher bioavailability should be synthesized and their potential as anticancer drugs and PET bioprobes evaluated."	( Labeled EGFr-TK irreversible inhibitor (ML03): in vitro and in vivo properties, potential as PET biomarker for cancer and feasibility as anticancer drug. Ben-David, I; Chisin, R; Freedman, NM; Levitzki, A; Mishani, E; Ortu, G; Rozen, Y, 2002)	0.31
" Gefitinib is orally bioavailable and is cleared via the cytochrome P450 3A4 pathway."	( Gefitinib. Culy, CR; Faulds, D, 2002)	0.31
"The development of potent, orally bioavailable (in rat) and selective dihydroquinazolinone inhibitors of p38alpha MAP kinase is described."	( Design and synthesis of potent, orally bioavailable dihydroquinazolinone inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase. Cameron, PM; Doherty, JB; Hop, CE; Liu, L; Nichols, EA; O'Keefe, SJ; O'Neill, EA; Patel, SB; Pivnichny, JV; Scapin, G; Schmatz, DM; Schwartz, CD; Singh, S; Stelmach, JE; Strauss, JR; Thompson, CM; Wang, Z; Zaller, DM, 2003)	0.32
" Pigs in group 3 were used for bioavailability evaluation."	( Pharmacokinetics studies and toxicity profile of raltitrexed used by intraperitoneal route in normothermia in a pig model. Dube, P; Emond, C; Leclerc, Y; Nguyen, D; Sherman, I, 2003)	0.32
" The 4-aminopentamethylpiperidine naphthyridinone 5, which was designed to block metabolism at major 'hot spots', combined excellent inhibitory potency with good oral bioavailability in the rat."	( p38 Inhibitors: piperidine- and 4-aminopiperidine-substituted naphthyridinones, quinolinones, and dihydroquinazolinones. Doherty, JB; Hop, CE; Hunt, JA; Ita, I; Kallashi, F; Kumar, S; McCormick, SX; O'Keefe, SJ; O'Neill, EA; Pivnichny, JV; Porter, G; Ruzek, RD; Sinclair, PJ; Thompson, JE; Wang, Z; Woods, A; Zaller, DM, 2003)	0.32
" Following oral administration of T-5557, the absolute bioavailability in AA rats was increased by sixfold compared with normal rats."	( Differences in pharmacokinetics and hepatobiliary transport of a novel anti-inflammatory agent between normal and adjuvant arthritis rats. Achira, M; Kume, T; Totsuka, R, 2002)	0.31
"Clinical development of ZD1839 (Iressa; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE) was initiated based on strong preclinical studies that showed antitumor responses in a variety of solid tumor types and established its oral bioavailability and tolerability."	( Phase I studies of ZD1839 in patients with common solid tumors. Lorusso, PM, 2003)	0.32
" ZD4190 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of VEGF receptor-2 (KDR) tyrosine kinase activity, which elicits broad-spectrum antitumour activity in preclinical models following chronic once-daily dosing."	( Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of vascular changes induced by the VEGF-signalling inhibitor ZD4190 in human tumour xenografts. Checkley, D; Curry, B; Dukes, M; Kendrew, J; Middleton, B; Tessier, JJ; Waterton, JC; Wedge, SR, 2003)	0.32
" The confirmed efficacy, proven bioavailability and good cardiovascular safety profile support the use of this drug for the management of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)."	( Alfuzosin for the management of benign prostate hyperplasia. Lowe, FC; Weiner, DM, 2003)	0.32
"These data indicate that the formation of O2- by the endothelial gp91phox-containing NADPH oxidase accounts for the reduced NO bioavailability in the 2K1C model and contributes to the development of renovascular hypertension and endothelial dysfunction."	( gp91phox-containing NADPH oxidase mediates endothelial dysfunction in renovascular hypertension. Brandes, RP; Busse, R; Geiger, H; Jung, O; Pedrazzini, T; Schreiber, JG, 2004)	0.32
" However, gefitinib treatment dramatically increased the oral bioavailability of irinotecan after simultaneous oral administration."	( Gefitinib enhances the antitumor activity and oral bioavailability of irinotecan in mice. Cheshire, PJ; Daw, N; Germain, GS; Gilbertson, R; Harwood, FC; Houghton, PJ; Jenkins, JJ; Leggas, M; Panetta, JC; Peterson, J; Schuetz, JD; Stewart, CF, 2004)	0.32
" Food has been found to exert a clinically important effect by enhancing the bioavailability of the ER formulation; thus, the drug should be taken on a full stomach."	( Extended-release alfuzosin hydrochloride: a new alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Guay, DR, 2004)	0.32
"The aim of the present study was to determine the relative bioavailability and safety profile of a single dose of gefitinib, an orally active inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, when administered as a whole 250-mg tablet or as a dispersion preparation via drink or nasogastric tube in healthy male volunteers."	( Relative bioavailability and safety profile of gefitinib administered as a tablet or as a dispersion preparation via drink or nasogastric tube: results of a randomized, open-label, three-period crossover study in healthy volunteers. Bailey, C; Cantarini, MV; Marshall, AL; McFarquhar, T; Smith, RP, 2004)	0.32
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of interest included AUC, C(max), and the relative bioavailability of the dispersion via drink or nasogastric tube compared with the standard tablet."	( Relative bioavailability and safety profile of gefitinib administered as a tablet or as a dispersion preparation via drink or nasogastric tube: results of a randomized, open-label, three-period crossover study in healthy volunteers. Bailey, C; Cantarini, MV; Marshall, AL; McFarquhar, T; Smith, RP, 2004)	0.32
" The gefitinib dispersion preparation administered by drink had a mean bioavailability of 103."	( Relative bioavailability and safety profile of gefitinib administered as a tablet or as a dispersion preparation via drink or nasogastric tube: results of a randomized, open-label, three-period crossover study in healthy volunteers. Bailey, C; Cantarini, MV; Marshall, AL; McFarquhar, T; Smith, RP, 2004)	0.32
" The 5-isoquinoline-containing compound 14a (hTRPV1 IC50 = 4 nM) exhibited 46% oral bioavailability and in vivo activity in animal models of visceral and inflammatory pain."	( Novel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of pain: structure-activity relationships for ureas with quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, phthalazine, quinoxaline, and cinnoline moieties. Bayburt, EK; Didomenico, S; Drizin, I; Faltynek, CR; Gomtsyan, A; Hannick, SM; Honore, P; Jarvis, MF; Jinkerson, T; Koenig, JR; Lee, CH; Macri, BS; Marsh, KC; McDonald, HA; Oie, T; Perner, RJ; Schmidt, RG; Stewart, KD; Surowy, CS; Turner, S; Wetter, J; Wismer, CT; Zheng, GZ, 2005)	0.33
"CF101, an A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) agonist, is a small orally bioavailable molecule known to suppress in vitro the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)."	( Antiinflammatory effect of A3 adenosine receptor agonists in murine autoimmune arthritis models. Baharav, E; Bar-Yehuda, S; Fishman, P; Halpren, M; Madi, L; Ochaion, A; Rath-Wolfson, L; Silberman, D; Weinberger, A, 2005)	0.33
" ZD6474 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of VEGF receptor-2 tyrosine kinase activity that in preclinical studies has been shown to inhibit both VEGF-induced signalling in endothelial cells and tumour-induced angiogenesis."	( ZD6474--a novel inhibitor of VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinase activity. Ryan, AJ; Wedge, SR, 2005)	0.33
"Study 1: Oral bioavailability of a gefitinib 250 mg dose was 57% in healthy volunteers."	( Single-dose clinical pharmacokinetic studies of gefitinib. Duvauchelle, T; Kerr, DJ; Laight, A; Ranson, M; Smith, RP; Swaisland, HC; Wilder-Smith, CH, 2005)	0.33
"The gefitinib 250 mg tablet is orally bioavailable in both healthy volunteers and cancer patients; bioavailability is independent of dose and unaffected by food to any clinically significant extent."	( Single-dose clinical pharmacokinetic studies of gefitinib. Duvauchelle, T; Kerr, DJ; Laight, A; Ranson, M; Smith, RP; Swaisland, HC; Wilder-Smith, CH, 2005)	0.33
"Gefitinib (Iressa, ZD 1839) is an orally bioavailable small molecule that selectively inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity."	( [Molecular targeted therapy--non-small-cell lung cancer and gefitinib]. Horio, Y; Mitsudomi, T; Shimizu, J, 2005)	0.33
"A randomized, open-label, 2-period crossover study was conducted to evaluate the bioequivalence of 6 tablets of erlotinib 25 mg and 1 tablet of erlotinib 150 mg (arm A, n = 42) and the oral bioavailability of the 150-mg tablet versus a 25-mg intravenous infusion (arm B, n = 20) in healthy subjects."	( Evaluation of the absolute oral bioavailability and bioequivalence of erlotinib, an inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, in a randomized, crossover study in healthy subjects. Eppler, S; Frohna, P; Hamilton, M; Kenkare-Mitra, SR; Ling, J; Lu, J; Lum, BL; Rakhit, A; Wolf, J, 2006)	0.33
"Our results show that YM-359445 is more potent than orally bioavailable VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which leads to great expectations for clinical applicability."	( YM-359445, an orally bioavailable vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has highly potent antitumor activity against established tumors. Amino, N; Hisamichi, H; Ideyama, Y; Kudoh, M; Kuromitsu, S; Matsuhisa, A; Samizu, K; Shibasaki, M; Shirasuna, K; Tajinda, K; Yamano, M, 2006)	0.33
" ATC0175 has adequate ADME profile (reasonable oral bioavailability and brain penetration) and potent oral activity in animal models."	( ATC0175: an orally active melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonist for the potential treatment of depression and anxiety. Chaki, S; Sekiguchi, Y; Semple, G; Thomsen, W; Tran, TA; Yamada, H; Yamaguchi, J, 2005)	0.33
" The nearly equal inhibitory activities of 1 and 2, despite of their different binding modes at the active site, indicate that this 1-substituent is promising in improving the bioavailability of the inhibitor without compromising its inhibitory activity."	( Binding mode of novel 1-substituted quinazoline derivatives to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-catalytic domain, revealed by X-ray crystal structure analysis of complexes. Ishida, T; Kawashima, A; Kitamura, K; Kondo, K; Matsumoto, K; Ota, T, 2006)	0.33
" Oral administration of 4-AQ molecules, such as gefitinib, inhibits ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-mediated drug efflux and strongly increases the apparent bioavailability of coadministered drug molecules that are transporter substrates."	( Gefitinib modulates the function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters in vivo. Bai, F; Houghton, PJ; Johnston, B; Leggas, M; Panetta, JC; Schuetz, JD; Sorrentino, B; Stewart, CF; Zhou, S; Zhuang, Y, 2006)	0.33
" When administered orally, sulfasalazine is poorly absorbed with an estimated bioavailability of 3-12%."	( Breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp/abcg2) is a major determinant of sulfasalazine absorption and elimination in the mouse. Brayman, TG; Khan, AA; Palandra, J; Ware, JA; Yu, L; Zaher, H, )	0.13
"5 microM genistein, a broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor, virtually eliminates the CO(2) sensitivity of HCO(3)(-) absorption rate (J(HCO(3)))."	( Role of a tyrosine kinase in the CO2-induced stimulation of HCO3- reabsorption by rabbit S2 proximal tubules. Boron, WF; Bouyer, P; Zhou, Y, 2006)	0.33
" Simulations exploring the effect of the rate of absorption, bioavailability after an extravascular administration and the rate of activation/inactivation of the anti-migraine effect were performed."	( Modelling the anti-migraine effects of BIBN 4096 BS: a new calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist. Roth, W; Schaefer, HG; Tillmann, C; Trocóniz, IF; Wolters, JM, 2006)	0.33
" The resulting aminoquinazoline 70 represents a novel VR1 antagonist with improved in vitro potency and oral bioavailability vs the analogous compounds from the lead series."	( From arylureas to biarylamides to aminoquinazolines: discovery of a novel, potent TRPV1 antagonist. Bakthavatchalam, R; Blum, CA; Blurton, P; Brian Jones, A; Brielmann, H; Burkamp, F; Chandrasekhar, J; Clarkson, R; Cortright, D; Crandall, M; De Lombaert, S; Hodgetts, KJ; Hutchison, A; Zheng, X, 2006)	0.6
", Melville, NY) is a low molecular weight, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the EGFR that has been approved for both non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancers."	( Inactivation of Akt by the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib is mediated by HER-3 in pancreatic and colorectal tumor cell lines and contributes to erlotinib sensitivity. Buck, E; Cagnoni, P; Eyzaguirre, A; Gibson, NW; Haley, JD; Iwata, KK, 2006)	0.33
" Optimized, orally bioavailable compounds 32 and 47 exhibit anti-inflammatory activity (ED(50) of 22 and 11 mg/kg, respectively) in the anti-CD3-induced production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in mice."	( Discovery of aminoquinazolines as potent, orally bioavailable inhibitors of Lck: synthesis, SAR, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. Bemis, JE; Boucher, C; Buchanan, JL; Buckner, WH; Cee, VJ; Chai, L; Deak, HL; DiMauro, EF; Epstein, LF; Faust, T; Gallant, P; Geuns-Meyer, SD; Gore, A; Gu, Y; Henkle, B; Hodous, BL; Hsieh, F; Huang, X; Kim, JL; Lee, JH; Martin, MW; Masse, CE; McGowan, DC; Metz, D; Mohn, D; Morgenstern, KA; Newcomb, J; Nunes, JJ; Oliveira-dos-Santos, A; Patel, VF; Powers, D; Rose, PE; Schneider, S; Tomlinson, SA; Tudor, YY; Turci, SM; Welcher, AA; White, RD; Zhao, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, X, 2006)	0.67
"A 2-compartment first-order absorption pharmacokinetic (PK) model with inter-subject variability (ISV) on the apparent oral elimination clearance (CL/F), apparent central volume of distribution (V1/F), apparent peripheral volume of distribution (V2/F), and first-order oral absorption rate constant (ka), interoccasion variability (IOV) on CL/F, and body weight (WT) as covariate on CL/F was developed."	( Population pharmacokinetics of a HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor CP-724,714 in patients with advanced malignant HER2 positive solid tumors. Guo, F; Letrent, SP; Sharma, A, 2007)	0.34
" Two lead compounds are further shown to have low clearance and moderate bioavailability in rat."	( The discovery of highly selective erbB2 (Her2) inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. Arcari, J; Bhattacharya, S; Campbell, M; Chen, J; Hungerford, W; Kauffman, GS; Kwan, T; Lippa, B; Ma, L; Moyer, JD; Pustilnik, L; Steyn, S; Su, C; Williams, C; Xiao, J; Zhao, X, 2007)	0.34
" Furthermore, the rutaecarpine-loaded microemulsion gave significantly higher AUC and Cmax than did suspension, suggesting that the oral bioavailability of rutaecarpine in this microemulsion system could be enhanced due to the enhanced solubility of rutaecarpine by microemulsion."	( Short communication: in vivo evaluation of microemulsion system for oral and parenteral delivery of rutaecarpine to rats. Bhamdari, K; Choi, HG; Jahng, Y; Kim, DH; Lee, MH; Park, BJ; Woo, JS; Yong, CS; Yoo, BK, 2007)	0.34
" PK data indicated that the bioavailability of oral PQD-A4 was greatly limited at high dose levels, that PQD-A4 was slowly converted to PQD via a sequential three-step process of conversion, and that PQD-A4 was significantly less toxic than the one-step hydrolysis drug, PQD-BE."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and hydrolysis of oral pyrroloquinazolinediamines administered in single and multiple doses in rats. Anova, L; Kozar, MP; Li, Q; Lin, AJ; Milhous, WK; Shearer, TW; Si, Y; Skillman, DR; Smith, KS; Xie, LH; Zhang, J, 2007)	0.34
" The kinetics of drug release, swelling and erosion, and dynamics of textural changes during dissolution for the designed composite systems offer a novel approach for developing gastro-retentive drug delivery system that has potential to enhance bioavailability and site-specific delivery to the proximal small intestine."	( Zero-order delivery of a highly soluble, low dose drug alfuzosin hydrochloride via gastro-retentive system. Fassihi, R; Liu, Q, 2008)	0.35
"The aims of this study were to determine the relative bioavailability of a single dose of gefitinib when administered as 250 mg of a new granular formulation compared with the standard 250 mg tablet, and to assess the intra-subject variability of the granular formulation, in healthy subjects."	( The relative bioavailability of gefitinib administered by granular formulation. Bailey, CJ; Cantarini, MV; Collins, B; Smith, RP, 2008)	0.35
" Although the clinical use of trastuzumab (Herceptin) has prolonged the survival of breast cancer patients with erbB2-overexpressing tumors, there is an urgent need for more potent and orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitors."	( Discovery and pharmacologic characterization of CP-724,714, a selective ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Bhattacharya, SK; Campbell, M; Coleman, KG; Connell, RD; Currier, N; Emerson, EO; Finn, RS; Floyd, E; Harriman, S; Jani, JP; Kath, JC; Morris, J; Moyer, JD; Pustilnik, LR; Rafidi, K; Ralston, S; Rossi, AM; Steyn, SJ; Wagner, L; Winter, SM, 2007)	0.34
" EGFR inhibition may be achieved either by small-molecule orally bioavailable tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib or erlotinib, or else by large-molecule receptor antibodies, such as cetuximab or panitumumab."	( Tumor resensitization to erlotinib following brief substitution of cetuximab. Epstein, RJ; Leung, TW, 2008)	0.35
" This study illustrates the potential of BAS 100 to increase the low and variable oral bioavailability of erlotinib in cancer patients."	( Modulation of erlotinib pharmacokinetics in mice by a novel cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor, BAS 100. Baker, SD; Figg, WD; Gonzalez, FJ; Harris, JW; Smith, NF; Sparreboom, A, 2008)	0.35
" In summary, this first phase I study indicates that DOP has linear and dose-proportional pharmacokinetics, satisfactory oral bioavailability and plasma half-life and renal excretion."	( Phase I clinical trial with desoxypeganine, a new cholinesterase and selective MAO-A inhibitor: tolerance and pharmacokinetics study of escalating single oral doses. Algorta, J; Alvarez-González, A; Maraschiello, C; Maruhn, D; Mucke, HA; Pena, MA; Windisch, M, 2008)	0.35
" In the present study, we determined the effects of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (Bioresponse BR-DIM referred to as B-DIM), a formulated DIM with greater bioavailability on cell viability and apoptosis with erlotinib in vitro and in vivo using an orthotopic animal tumor model."	( Apoptosis-inducing effect of erlotinib is potentiated by 3,3'-diindolylmethane in vitro and in vivo using an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. Ahmad, A; Ali, S; Banerjee, S; El-Rayes, BF; Philip, PA; Sarkar, FH, 2008)	0.35
"01) as well as bioavailability of erlotinib after oral administration (5 mg/kg) were statistically significantly increased in Bcrp1/Mdr1a/1b(-/-) knockout mice (60."	( Effect of the ATP-binding cassette drug transporters ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC2 on erlotinib hydrochloride (Tarceva) disposition in in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies employing Bcrp1-/-/Mdr1a/1b-/- (triple-knockout) and wild-type mice. Beijnen, JH; Bolijn, MJ; Buckle, T; de Vries, NA; Marchetti, S; Mazzanti, R; Schellens, JH; van Eijndhoven, MA; van Tellingen, O, 2008)	0.35
" In vivo, absence of P-gp and Bcrp1 significantly affected the oral bioavailability of erlotinib."	( Effect of the ATP-binding cassette drug transporters ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC2 on erlotinib hydrochloride (Tarceva) disposition in in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies employing Bcrp1-/-/Mdr1a/1b-/- (triple-knockout) and wild-type mice. Beijnen, JH; Bolijn, MJ; Buckle, T; de Vries, NA; Marchetti, S; Mazzanti, R; Schellens, JH; van Eijndhoven, MA; van Tellingen, O, 2008)	0.35
" BIBN4096 (olcegepant) is the first CGRP antagonist for the treatment of migraine which has been tested in clinical trials, but its principal limitation is that BIBN4096 presents low oral bioavailability and has only been tested through intravenous formulation."	( Proinflammatory mediators and migraine pathogenesis: moving towards CGRP as a target for a novel therapeutic class. Farinelli, I; Martelletti, P; Missori, S, 2008)	0.35
" Here, we have summarized the progress made in recent years, including the identification and optimization of an orally bioavailable small molecule CGRP receptor antagonist."	( The tortuous road to an ideal CGRP function blocker for the treatment of migraine. Davis, CD; Xu, C, 2008)	0.35
" The validated method was successfully employed for bioavailability study after oral administration of 10 mg of alfuzosin hydrochloride and 5mg of solifenacin succinate tablet formulations in eight healthy volunteers under fed condition."	( Highly sensitive and rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of uroselective alpha1-blocker, alfuzosin and an antimuscarinic agent, solifenacin in human plasma. Jangid, AG; Mistri, HN; Pudage, A; Rathod, DM; Shrivastav, PS, 2008)	0.35
"To establish a methods based on high-performance liquid chromatogram-mass spectrum for measuring the plasma concentration of nolatrexed dihydrochloride and investigate the pharmacokinetic profile and absolute bioavailability of the drug in mice."	( [Measurement of plasma concentration and bioavailability of nolatrexed dihydrochloride in mice]. Shao, CF; Wan, SH; Wang, GF; Wu, SY; Xu, W; Zhang, JJ; Zhang, JY, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using DAS software, and the absolute bioavailability of orally and intravenously administered was assessed according to the ratio of their area under the curve (AUC)."	( [Measurement of plasma concentration and bioavailability of nolatrexed dihydrochloride in mice]. Shao, CF; Wan, SH; Wang, GF; Wu, SY; Xu, W; Zhang, JJ; Zhang, JY, 2008)	0.35
" The absolute bioavailability of nolatrexed dihydrochloride in mice was 23."	( [Measurement of plasma concentration and bioavailability of nolatrexed dihydrochloride in mice]. Shao, CF; Wan, SH; Wang, GF; Wu, SY; Xu, W; Zhang, JJ; Zhang, JY, 2008)	0.35
"The absolute bioavailability of nolatrexed dihydrochloride in mice determined in this study provides an experimental basis for development of the oral preparation of the drug."	( [Measurement of plasma concentration and bioavailability of nolatrexed dihydrochloride in mice]. Shao, CF; Wan, SH; Wang, GF; Wu, SY; Xu, W; Zhang, JJ; Zhang, JY, 2008)	0.35
"The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), an N-glycosylated transmembrane protein, is the target of erlotinib, an orally bioavailable agent approved for treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( Activation of ER stress and inhibition of EGFR N-glycosylation by tunicamycin enhances susceptibility of human non-small cell lung cancer cells to erlotinib. Haigentz, M; Li, T; Ling, YH; Perez-Soler, R, 2009)	0.35
"This study was conducted to characterize the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of lapatinib."	( Effects of food on the relative bioavailability of lapatinib in cancer patients. Beelen, AP; Cohen, RB; Koch, KM; Lewis, LD; Lewis, NL; Mackay, K; Reddy, NJ; Stead, A; Whitehead, B, 2009)	0.35
" Increased bioavailability in the fed state did not significantly decrease relative variability."	( Effects of food on the relative bioavailability of lapatinib in cancer patients. Beelen, AP; Cohen, RB; Koch, KM; Lewis, LD; Lewis, NL; Mackay, K; Reddy, NJ; Stead, A; Whitehead, B, 2009)	0.35
"These large increases in lapatinib bioavailability and absolute variability support the recommendation for dosing in the fasted state to achieve consistent therapeutic exposure."	( Effects of food on the relative bioavailability of lapatinib in cancer patients. Beelen, AP; Cohen, RB; Koch, KM; Lewis, LD; Lewis, NL; Mackay, K; Reddy, NJ; Stead, A; Whitehead, B, 2009)	0.35
" This validated LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to a bioavailability study of oral and intravenous administration of changrolin with 20mg/kg dosage in SD rats."	( Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of changrolin in rat plasma: application to a bioavailability study. Li, S; Liu, G; Lu, Y; Wang, Y; Yang, D; Yu, C, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted to assess the effect of pancreatic enzyme deficiency and intestinal malabsorption secondary to cystic fibrosis on the bioavailability of orally administered erlotinib, a lipophilic drug."	( Pharmacokinetics of erlotinib for the treatment of high-grade glioma in a pediatric patient with cystic fibrosis: case report and review of the literature. Broniscer, A; Christiansen, SR; Panetta, JC; Stewart, CF, 2009)	0.35
" To assess the effect of gefitinib on the pharmacokinetics of IV irinotecan and on the bioavailability of a single oral dose of irinotecan."	( Tyrosine kinase inhibitor enhances the bioavailability of oral irinotecan in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. Crews, KR; Daw, NC; Furman, WL; Gajjar, AJ; Houghton, PJ; McCarville, MB; McGregor, LM; Navid, F; Panetta, JC; Rodriguez-Galindo, C; Santana, VM; Spunt, SL; Stewart, CF; Wu, J, 2009)	0.35
" Gefitinib significantly enhances the bioavailability of oral irinotecan."	( Tyrosine kinase inhibitor enhances the bioavailability of oral irinotecan in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors. Crews, KR; Daw, NC; Furman, WL; Gajjar, AJ; Houghton, PJ; McCarville, MB; McGregor, LM; Navid, F; Panetta, JC; Rodriguez-Galindo, C; Santana, VM; Spunt, SL; Stewart, CF; Wu, J, 2009)	0.35
" For the orally bioavailable CGRP antagonist telcagepant 300 mg, the headache relief was only 55% in one phase III study."	( Is there an inherent limit to the efficacy of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists in the acute treatment of migraine? A comment. Tfelt-Hansen, PC, 2009)	0.35
" This study sought to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of erlotinib administered as a single 30-min infusion in patients with advanced solid tumors and absolute bioavailability of erlotinib tablets at matched doses."	( A phase I dose-escalation and bioavailability study of oral and intravenous formulations of erlotinib (Tarceva, OSI-774) in patients with advanced solid tumors of epithelial origin. Dean, E; Hamilton, M; Judson, I; McCarthy, S; Ranson, M; Reid, A; Shaw, H; Wolf, J, 2010)	0.36
"This was a two-center, open label, Phase I, dose-escalation and bioavailability study of single dose IV and oral erlotinib."	( A phase I dose-escalation and bioavailability study of oral and intravenous formulations of erlotinib (Tarceva, OSI-774) in patients with advanced solid tumors of epithelial origin. Dean, E; Hamilton, M; Judson, I; McCarthy, S; Ranson, M; Reid, A; Shaw, H; Wolf, J, 2010)	0.36
" Median bioavailability of erlotinib tablets was 76%."	( A phase I dose-escalation and bioavailability study of oral and intravenous formulations of erlotinib (Tarceva, OSI-774) in patients with advanced solid tumors of epithelial origin. Dean, E; Hamilton, M; Judson, I; McCarthy, S; Ranson, M; Reid, A; Shaw, H; Wolf, J, 2010)	0.36
"A 100 mg single IV dose of erlotinib, given as a 30-min infusion, was well tolerated with only minor adverse events and the high level of bioavailability of oral erlotinib was confirmed."	( A phase I dose-escalation and bioavailability study of oral and intravenous formulations of erlotinib (Tarceva, OSI-774) in patients with advanced solid tumors of epithelial origin. Dean, E; Hamilton, M; Judson, I; McCarthy, S; Ranson, M; Reid, A; Shaw, H; Wolf, J, 2010)	0.36
" Our study led to the identification of compound 59 as a highly potent, orally bioavailable CDK inhibitor that exhibited significant in vivo efficacy on the A2780 ovarian carcinoma xenograft model."	( Identification of potent pyrazolo[4,3-h]quinazoline-3-carboxamides as multi-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Ballinari, D; Brasca, MG; Casale, E; Ciomei, M; Colombo, N; Croci, V; Fiorentini, F; Isacchi, A; Longo, A; Mercurio, C; Panzeri, A; Pastori, W; Pevarello, P; Roussel, P; Traquandi, G; Volpi, D; Vulpetti, A, 2010)	0.36
" One promising therapeutic approach is to identify drugs that have been developed for other indications but that also correct the CFTR trafficking defect, thereby exploiting their known safety and bioavailability in humans and reducing the time required for clinical development."	( Correction of the Delta phe508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator trafficking defect by the bioavailable compound glafenine. Balghi, H; Carlile, GW; de Jonge, HR; Hanrahan, JW; Kus, B; Lesimple, P; Liao, J; Liu, N; Robert, R; Rotin, D; Scholte, BJ; Thomas, DY; Wilke, M, 2010)	0.36
" We report on a novel small molecule inhibitor of Hsp90, SNX-2112, and an orally bioavailable prodrug analog, SNX-5422."	( Targeting of multiple signaling pathways by the Hsp90 inhibitor SNX-2112 in EGFR resistance models as a single agent or in combination with erlotinib. Barabasz, A; Fadden, P; Foley, B; Hall, S; Huang, K; Rice, JW; Scott, A; Steed, P; Veal, JM, 2009)	0.35
" For example, the 1,8-naphthyridine 52 was characterized as an orally bioavailable and brain penetrant TRPV1 antagonist."	( Discovery of novel 6,6-heterocycles as transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV1) antagonists. Bakthavatchalam, R; Blum, CA; Boyce, S; Brielmann, H; Burnaby-Davies, N; Caldwell, T; Capitosti, S; Chenard, BL; Conley, R; Cortright, D; Crandall, M; De Lombaert, S; Hodgetts, KJ; Jones, AB; Kershaw, MT; Krause, JE; Martin, WJ; Mason, G; Matson, D; Murphy, BA; Perrett, H; Rycroft, W; Zheng, X, 2010)	0.36
" Moreover, compound 1·2HCl has an oral bioavailability of 98% with LD(50) values of 693 mg/kg (p."	( Antitumor activity of 3,4-dihydroquinazoline dihydrochloride in A549 xenograft nude mice. Chang, SK; Choo, DJ; Jung, SY; Kang, HB; Kim, J; Kim, YD; Lee, JY; Lee, KT; Lee, SH; Oh, CR; Park, HA; Seo, JH, 2010)	0.36
" Moreover, the in vivo study showed that the oral bioavailability of CH330331 was 82."	( Absorption of CH330331, a novel 4-anilinoquinazoline inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase: comparative studies using in vitro, in situ and in vivo models. Bi, H; Huang, M; Liu, D; Qin, Z; Sun, H, 2010)	0.36
" The objectives of the study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after intravenous administration of linagliptin and to determine its absolute bioavailability (F)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects. Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010)	0.36
" The absolute bioavailability was estimated to be about 30% for the linagliptin 10 mg tablet."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects. Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010)	0.36
" Because of the nonlinear pharmacokinetics, the standard approach of comparing the AUC after oral administration with the AUC after intravenous administration was inappropriate to determine the absolute bioavailability of linagliptin."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single rising intravenous doses (0.5 mg-10 mg) and determination of absolute bioavailability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin (BI 1356) in healthy male subjects. Dugi, KA; Duval, V; Graefe-Mody, U; Hüttner, S; Jaehde, U; Jungnik, A; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Staab, A, 2010)	0.36
"75 mg/day × 1 day) on the relative bioavailability of either compound in healthy subjects (n = 20, age 18-55 years)."	( Assessment of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the novel DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and a sulfonylurea, glyburide, in healthy subjects. Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ; Zander, K, 2011)	0.37
" Here we report the identification and characterization of NMS-P715, a selective and orally bioavailable MPS1 small-molecule inhibitor, which selectively reduces cancer cell proliferation, leaving normal cells almost unaffected."	( Targeting the mitotic checkpoint for cancer therapy with NMS-P715, an inhibitor of MPS1 kinase. Avanzi, N; Bertrand, JA; Bossi, RT; Caldarelli, M; Cappella, P; Colombo, R; Colotta, F; Cucchi, U; Depaolini, SR; Donati, D; Galvani, A; Giorgini, ML; Isacchi, A; Mennecozzi, M; Moll, J; Perrera, C; Pesenti, E; Rusconi, L; Sola, F, 2010)	0.36
"The oral bioavailability of vasicine (1) was investigated in hard gelatin capsules of lyophilized Vasa Swaras (aqueous extract of Adhatoda vasica Nees."	( Formulation and pharmacokinetic evaluation of hard gelatin capsule encapsulating lyophilized Vasa Swaras for improved stability and oral bioavailability of vasicine. Anandjiwala, S; Dash, RP; Nivsarkar, M; Vyas, T, 2011)	0.37
" Reduced toxicity, enhancement of bioavailability and counteraction of resistance are features desired by clinicians."	( Newer antifungal agents. Türel, O, 2011)	0.37
"A nonoral alternative such as transdermal system is desired to improve bioavailability and to maintain a constant and prolonged drug level with reduced frequency of dosing."	( Influence of chemical permeation enhancers on transdermal permeation of alfuzosin: an investigation using response surface modeling. Bindhani, A; Mallick, S; Pattnaik, S; Swain, K, 2011)	0.37
" Vandetanib reduces constitutive NO production and increases blood pressure, yet flow-stimulated NO bioavailability was preserved."	( Contrary effects of the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib on constitutive and flow-stimulated nitric oxide elaboration in humans. Beckman, JA; Burstein, HJ; Dallabrida, SM; Hannagan, K; Ismail, NS; Mayer, EL; Redline, WM; Rupnick, MA, 2011)	0.37
" They are characterized by a moderate rate of absorption after oral administration with peak plasma concentrations at several hours post-dose."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of tyrosine kinase inhibitors: focus on 4-anilinoquinazolines. Di Gion, P; Doroshyenko, O; Fuhr, U; Scheffler, M; Wolf, J, 2011)	0.6
"The objective of this study was to determine the relative bioavailability of the dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor linagliptin when administered with and without food, in accordance with regulatory requirements to support dosing recommendations for patients."	( A randomized, open-label, crossover study evaluating the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin in healthy subjects. Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" Relative bioavailability was assessed by the total area under the curve between 0 and 72 hours (AUC(0-72)) and maximum measured plasma concentration (C(max)) of linagliptin."	( A randomized, open-label, crossover study evaluating the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin in healthy subjects. Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
"3 kg; male, 53%; white race, 100%), intake of a high-fat meal resulted in comparable bioavailability with regard to AUC(0-72) (geometric mean ratio [GMR] between the fed and fasted group means was 103."	( A randomized, open-label, crossover study evaluating the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin in healthy subjects. Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" Tryptanthrin was well absorbed across the Caco-2 monolayers, and its transepithelial transports were dominated by passive diffusion."	( Transport characteristics of tryptanthrin and its inhibitory effect on P-gp and MRP2 in Caco-2 cells. Ma, G; Wang, H; Yan, J; Yang, Q; Zhang, X; Zhu, X, 2011)	0.37
"The bioavailability of Rut and Evo was increased along with the increasing of purity (16%-80%) in Wu-Chu-Yu extracts."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of rutaecarpine and evodiamine after oral administration of Wu-Chu-Yu extracts with different purities to rats. Chen, F; Ding, J; He, L; Li, Y; Peng, J; Xu, S; Zhang, J, 2012)	0.38
" Two studies evaluated the role of P-gp-mediated transport in the bioavailability and intestinal secretion of linagliptin in rats."	( Excretion of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin in rats is primarily by biliary excretion and P-gp-mediated efflux. Fuchs, H; Held, HD; Runge, F, 2012)	0.38
" One triphenylbutanamine analogue and ispinesib possess very good bioavailability (51% and 45%, respectively), with the former showing in vivo antitumor growth activity in nude mice xenograft studies."	( Triphenylbutanamines: kinesin spindle protein inhibitors with in vivo antitumor activity. Good, JA; Kaan, HY; Kozielski, F; Mackay, SP; Rath, O; Sutcliffe, OB; Wang, F, 2012)	0.38
" CEP-32496 is orally bioavailable in multiple preclinical species (>95% in rats, dogs, and monkeys) and has single oral dose pharmacodynamic inhibition (10-55 mg/kg) of both pMEK and pERK in BRAF(V600E) colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice."	( CEP-32496: a novel orally active BRAF(V600E) inhibitor with selective cellular and in vivo antitumor activity. Apuy, JL; Armstrong, RC; Ator, MA; Bhagwat, SS; Cheng, M; Cramer, MD; Dobrzanski, P; Dorsey, BD; Faraoni, R; Gardner, MF; Gitnick, D; Gunawardane, RN; Holladay, MW; Hunter, K; Insko, DE; James, J; Jones-Bolin, S; Nepomuceno, RR; Rowbottom, MW; Ruggeri, B; Williams, M; Yazdanian, M; Zhao, H, 2012)	0.38
" NMS-P937, with its favorable pharmacologic parameters, good oral bioavailability in rodent and nonrodent species, and proven antitumor activity in different preclinical models using a variety of dosing regimens, potentially provides a high degree of flexibility in dosing schedules and warrants investigation in clinical settings."	( NMS-P937, an orally available, specific small-molecule polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor with antitumor activity in solid and hematologic malignancies. Alli, C; Alzani, R; Avanzi, N; Ballinari, D; Beria, I; Cappella, P; Caruso, M; Casolaro, A; Ciavolella, A; Cucchi, U; De Ponti, A; Felder, E; Fiorentini, F; Galvani, A; Gianellini, LM; Giorgini, ML; Isacchi, A; Lansen, J; Moll, J; Pesenti, E; Rizzi, S; Rocchetti, M; Sola, F; Valsasina, B, 2012)	0.38
" SKLB1206 also showed a very good oral bioavailability (50."	( SKLB1206, a novel orally available multikinase inhibitor targeting EGFR activating and T790M mutants, ErbB2, ErbB4, and VEGFR2, displays potent antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. Cao, Z; Chen, X; Feng, S; Ji, P; Liu, J; Luo, S; Pan, Y; Wang, BL; Wang, L; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Wei, YQ; Xu, Y; Yang, HY; Yang, J; Yang, SY; Yu, Y; Zhang, S; Zheng, R; Zhong, L, 2012)	0.38
"In recent years, new and effective therapeutic agents for blood glucose control have been added to standard diabetes therapies: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, which prolong the bioavailability of the endogenously secreted incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)."	( The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin attenuates inflammation and accelerates epithelialization in wounds of diabetic ob/ob mice. Engelmann-Pilger, K; Frank, S; Klein, T; Linke, A; Mark, M; Pfeilschifter, J; Schürmann, C; Steinmetz, C, 2012)	0.38
" The oral bioavailability of linagliptin estimated with this model is approximately 30%."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linagliptin. Friedrich, C; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S, 2012)	0.38
"Vandetanib (an orally bioavailable VEGFR-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinases inhibitor) was combined at 100 mg, 200 mg, or 300 mg daily with standard dosed cetuximab and irinotecan (3+3 dose-escalation design)."	( Phase I study of cetuximab, irinotecan, and vandetanib (ZD6474) as therapy for patients with previously treated metastastic colorectal cancer. Abrams, TA; Ancukiewicz, M; Blaszkowsky, L; Chan, JA; Duda, DG; Elliott, M; Enzinger, PC; Goldstein, M; Jain, RK; Kulke, MH; Meyerhardt, JA; Regan, E; Schrag, D; Wolpin, BM; Zhu, AX, 2012)	0.38
" Anagrelide is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, and previous studies of the effect of food on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of anagrelide were conducted prior to the identification of the active metabolite, 3-hydroxyanagrelide."	( Cardiovascular safety of anagrelide in healthy subjects: effects of caffeine and food intake on pharmacokinetics and adverse reactions. Datino, T; Fernández-Avilés, F; Figueiras-Graillet, L; Franklin, R; Gama, JG; Jones, C; Martínez-Sellés, M, 2013)	0.39
" Friend Leukemia Virus Strain B (FVB) mice were used to determine the bioavailability of elacridar after a 10 mg/kg dose of elacridar in the microemulsion, intraperitoneally (i."	( Development and evaluation of a novel microemulsion formulation of elacridar to improve its bioavailability. Elmquist, WF; Mittapalli, RK; Sane, R, 2013)	0.39
" Those with the best potency and oral bioavailability were progressed to evaluations of efficacy against acute murine TB."	( Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of tryptanthrins as antitubercular agents. Cho, SN; Franzblau, SG; Hwang, JM; Kaneko, T; Kim, P; Ma, Z; Oh, T; Upton, AM, 2013)	0.39
" They have good oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics and induced complete tumor regression in nude mice explanted with lung cancer patient xenografts."	( Optimized S-trityl-L-cysteine-based inhibitors of kinesin spindle protein with potent in vivo antitumor activity in lung cancer xenograft models. Good, JA; Kaan, HY; Kozielski, F; MacKay, SP; Podgórski, D; Rath, O; Talapatra, SK; Wang, F, 2013)	0.39
" Our compound optimization that has led to synthesis of several potent 4-anilinoquinazolines, including NEU617, 23a, a highly potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of trypanosome replication."	( Kinase scaffold repurposing for neglected disease drug discovery: discovery of an efficacious, lapatinib-derived lead compound for trypanosomiasis. Behera, R; Edwards, P; Guyett, PJ; Karver, CE; Mensa-Wilmot, K; Patel, G; Pollastri, MP; Roncal, NE; Sullenberger, C, 2013)	0.62
" Pharmacological inhibition of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) to increase the bioavailability of glucagon-like peptide-1 is an emerging therapy for control of glycemia in type 2 diabetes patients."	( Dipeptidylpeptidase inhibition is associated with improvement in blood pressure and diastolic function in insulin-resistant male Zucker obese rats. Aroor, AR; Bender, SB; Demarco, VG; Garro, M; Hayden, MR; Johnson, MS; Mugerfeld, I; Nistala, R; Salam, M; Sowers, JR; Whaley-Connell, A, 2013)	0.39
"The LUX-Lung 3 study investigated the efficacy of chemotherapy compared with afatinib, a selective, orally bioavailable ErbB family blocker that irreversibly blocks signaling from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ErbB2), and ErbB4 and has wide-spectrum preclinical activity against EGFR mutations."	( Phase III study of afatinib or cisplatin plus pemetrexed in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations. Bennouna, J; Boyer, M; Geater, SL; Gorbunova, V; Hirsh, V; Kato, T; Lee, KH; Massey, D; Mok, T; O'Byrne, K; Orlov, S; Schuler, M; Sequist, LV; Shah, R; Shahidi, M; Su, WC; Tsai, CM; Yamamoto, N; Yang, JC; Zazulina, V, 2013)	0.39
"As the bioavailability of erlotinib is dependent on gastric pH, an increase in gastric pH via the concurrent use of gastric acid suppressive medications (AS) may reduce its bioavailability and efficacy."	( An evaluation of the possible interaction of gastric acid suppressing medication and the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib. Bradbury, PA; Hilton, JF; Seymour, L; Shepherd, FA; Tu, D, 2013)	0.39
" Vandetanib, also known as ZD6474, is an orally bioavailable small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of multiple growth factors that is an antagonist of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2)."	( Specific binding of modified ZD6474 (Vandetanib) monomer and its dimer with VEGF receptor-2. Kim, YS; Li, F; Li, Z; O'Neill, BE, 2013)	0.39
" Its oral bioavailability is low and its intestinal absorption mechanism is not clear."	( Intestinal absorption of raltitrexed and evaluation of the effects of absorption enhancers. Li, X; Lu, Y; Yin, Z; Yu, Y; Zhao, X, 2013)	0.39
"To improve the solubility, bioavailability and anti-tumor effect of lapatinib, lapatinib-incorporated lipid nanoparticles (LTNPs) were prepared and characterized."	( In vivo behavior and safety of lapatinib-incorporated lipid nanoparticles. Cao, S; Chen, C; Chen, J; Gao, H; Jiang, X; Xi, Z; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
"The objectives of the studies reported here were to determine the relative bioavailability of linagliptin and metformin when administered in a fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet with and without food, and to investigate the relative bioavailability of linagliptin and metformin FDC tablets from two treatment batches with different dissolution behavior."	( Effect of food and tablet-dissolution characteristics on the bioavailability of linagliptin fixed-dose combination with metformin: evidence from two randomized trials. Friedrich, C; Hohl, K; Jungnik, A; Meinicke, T; Metzmann, K; Ring, A; Schnell, D; Theodor, R, 2014)	0.4
"The administration of the FDC tablet with food had no influence on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin and metformin with regard to the extent of exposure as determined by AUC(0-72) (linagliptin) and AUC(0-inf) (metformin) compared with FDC tablet administration while fasting."	( Effect of food and tablet-dissolution characteristics on the bioavailability of linagliptin fixed-dose combination with metformin: evidence from two randomized trials. Friedrich, C; Hohl, K; Jungnik, A; Meinicke, T; Metzmann, K; Ring, A; Schnell, D; Theodor, R, 2014)	0.4
"Food did not have a relevant impact on the bioavailability of linagliptin from the FDC tablet."	( Effect of food and tablet-dissolution characteristics on the bioavailability of linagliptin fixed-dose combination with metformin: evidence from two randomized trials. Friedrich, C; Hohl, K; Jungnik, A; Meinicke, T; Metzmann, K; Ring, A; Schnell, D; Theodor, R, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetically, after oral administration, gefitinib is slowly absorbed with bioavailability of approximately 60% in human."	( Gefitinib. Kassem, MG; Korashy, HM; Rahman, AF, 2014)	0.4
" It shows moderate oral bioavailability of 42-53 % and Tmax < 4 h in mouse, rat, dog and monkey, with exposure-dose linearity proved in rats and dogs."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and disposition of a novel selective VEGFR inhibitor fruquintinib (HMPL-013) and the prediction of its human pharmacokinetics. Gu, Y; Guo, L; Li, K; Ren, H; Sai, Y; Su, W; Wang, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.4
" It also showed a moderate oral bioavailability and good safety in vivo."	( Novel N-substituted sophoridinol derivatives as anticancer agents. Bi, CW; Deng, HB; Li, YH; Shao, RG; Song, DQ; Tang, S; Wang, Z; Zhang, CX; Zhao, WL, 2014)	0.4
" Afatinib is a novel, orally bioavailable irreversible pan-HER inhibitor that has been evaluated in multiple tumor types."	( Afatinib in the treatment of breast cancer. Harbeck, N; Hurvitz, SA; Shatsky, R, 2014)	0.4
" However, low bioavailability caused by its poor water solubility limits it anticancer efficacy in clinic."	( Preparation, characterization, and anticancer efficacy of evodiamine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Bao, J; Chen, F; Chen, M; He, C; Wang, L; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zou, L, 2016)	0.43
" The possible explanations for improved absorption and bioavailability were put forward here."	( Supermolecular evodiamine loaded water-in-oil nanoemulsions: enhanced physicochemical and biological characteristics. Fang, C; Hu, J; Sun, L; Tan, Q; Wang, H; Ye, M; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhao, D, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic analysis confirms that co-administration of gefitinib increases irinotecan bioavailability leading to an increased SN-38 lactone systemic exposure."	( Phase I dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of oral gefitinib and irinotecan in children with refractory solid tumors. Brennan, RC; Furman, W; Mao, S; McGregor, LM; Santana, V; Stewart, CF; Turner, DC; Wu, J, 2014)	0.4
"Compared with EDA or conventional nanoemulsions containing EDA instead of evodiamine-phospholipid complex, NEEPN with its favorable in vivo kinetic characteristics clearly enhanced the gastrointestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of EDA; for example, the relative bioavailability of NEEPN to free EDA was calculated to be 630."	( Improved absorption and in vivo kinetic characteristics of nanoemulsions containing evodiamine-phospholipid nanocomplex. Chen, D; Hu, J; Jiang, R; Tan, Q; Zhang, J; Zhu, B, 2014)	0.4
"NEEPN markedly improved the oral bioavailability of EDA, which was probably due to its increased gastrointestinal absorption."	( Improved absorption and in vivo kinetic characteristics of nanoemulsions containing evodiamine-phospholipid nanocomplex. Chen, D; Hu, J; Jiang, R; Tan, Q; Zhang, J; Zhu, B, 2014)	0.4
" In this article, we report the discovery of highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable MMP-13 inhibitors as well as their detailed structure-activity data."	( Discovery of novel, highly potent, and selective quinazoline-2-carboxamide-based matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 inhibitors without a zinc binding group using a structure-based design approach. Kanzaki, N; Kori, M; Kuno, H; Mototani, H; Naito, T; Nara, H; Oki, H; Santou, T; Sato, K; Terauchi, J; Uchikawa, O; Yamamoto, Y, 2014)	0.4
" The absorption rate constant was influenced by food."	( Population pharmacokinetics of HM781-36 (poziotinib), pan-human EGF receptor (HER) inhibitor, and its two metabolites in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Bae, KS; Jung, JA; Lim, HS; Noh, YH; Song, TH, 2015)	0.42
" We evaluated the comparative bioavailability and tolerability of the test and reference formulations in healthy adult volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of two erlotinib 150 mg formulations with a genetic effect evaluation in healthy Korean subjects. Cho, SJ; Choi, HG; Im, YJ; Jeon, JY; Kim, MG; Kim, Y; Seo, YH; Song, EK, 2015)	0.42
" Despite of poor physico-chemical properties of hit compound 1, our medicinal chemistry effort allowed the discovery and characterization of lead compound 33 (SEN461), with improved ADME profile, good bioavailability and active in vitro and in vivo in glioblastoma, gastric and sarcoma tumors."	( Structure-activity relationship and properties optimization of a series of quinazoline-2,4-diones as inhibitors of the canonical Wnt pathway. Andreini, M; Bakker, A; Benicchi, T; Cappelli, F; Caradonna, NP; De Robertis, A; Magnani, M; Mennillo, F; Nencini, A; Nibbio, M; Pratelli, C; Quinn, JM; Rossi, M; Salerno, M; Tunici, P; Turlizzi, E; Valensin, S; Varrone, M; Zanelli, U, 2015)	0.42
" However, there was no clinically significant difference in bioavailability or toxicity between the two clinically used fed conditions at least in 14 days."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib administered in complete fasting and 2 h after a meal in patients with lung cancer. Fujiwara, Y; Goto, Y; Hamada, A; Horinouchi, H; Kanda, S; Katsuya, Y; Nokihara, H; Ohe, Y; Osawa, S; Sunami, K; Takashima, Y; Tamura, T; Utsumi, H; Yamamoto, N, 2015)	0.42
" Typical value of clearance, distribution clearance, central volume of distribution, maximum absorption rate were 29."	( Development of population pharmacokinetics model of icotinib with non-linear absorption characters in healthy Chinese volunteers to assess the CYP2C19 polymorphism and food-intake effect. Chen, J; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Liu, D; Zhao, Q; Zheng, X, 2015)	0.42
"To evaluate the relative bioavailability of single pill combination (SPC) tablets of linagliptin and metformin compared with separate tablets co-administered in healthy Chinese subjects."	( Relative bioavailability study of linagliptin/metformin tablets in healthy Chinese subjects. Cui, Y; Friedrich, C; Hohl, K; Meinicke, T; Pichereau, S; Zhao, S; Zhao, X, 2015)	0.42
" Furthermore, the optimized compounds 7q and 8f also demonstrated good pharmacokinetic profiles, oral bioavailability as well as excellent in vivo efficacy in H1975 and HCC827 xenografts at a non-toxic dose."	( Structure-activity study of quinazoline derivatives leading to the discovery of potent EGFR-T790M inhibitors. Chen, D; Fan, C; Li, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, L; Zhao, S; Zheng, Q; Zheng, S; Zhou, H, 2015)	0.42
" 23bb has a good pharmacokinetic profile with oral bioavailability of 47."	( Discovery of Selective Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibitors Using the Quinazoline as the Cap for the Treatment of Cancer. Cao, D; Chen, L; Chen, X; Liu, Z; Long, C; Ma, L; Niu, T; Tang, M; Wang, F; Wang, T; Wang, X; Xiang, W; Yang, Z; Yi, Y; You, J, 2016)	0.43
" (-)-Epicatechin prevented a compromised NO bioavailability and the development of oxidative stress produced by fructose overload essentially acting on superoxide anion metabolism."	( Modifications in nitric oxide and superoxide anion metabolism induced by fructose overload in rat heart are prevented by (-)-epicatechin. Calabró, V; Fischerman, L; Fraga, CG; Galleano, M; Piotrkowski, B; Vazquez Prieto, MA, 2016)	0.43
" To minimize systemic exposure, a topically active PDE4 inhibitor with low transdermal bioavailability could be clinically useful."	( Efficacy of a novel phosphodiesterase inhibitor, E6005, in patients with atopic dermatitis: An investigator-blinded, vehicle-controlled study. Akama, H; Hojo, S; Imayama, S; Matsuguma, K; Matsuki, S; Nomoto, M; Ohba, F, 2016)	0.43
" Unfortunately, the low oral bioavailability of lapatinib and drug efflux by blood-brain barrier have resulted in low drug delivery efficiency into the brain and limited therapeutic effects for patients with brain metastasis in clinical trials."	( Lapatinib-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles for the prevention and treatment of triple-negative breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Jiang, T; Jiang, X; Pang, X; Pang, Z; Wan, X; Xu, W; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhao, J; Zheng, X, 2016)	0.43
" We have tested this hypothesis using an orally bioavailable Src inhibitor (saracatinib) in a rat model of cancer-induced bone pain."	( Effects of Src-kinase inhibition in cancer-induced bone pain. Andrew, D; De Felice, M; Escott, KJ; Holen, I; Lambert, D, 2016)	0.43
" The relative bioavailability of evodiamine inclusion complex was 256."	( [A preliminary study of pharmacokinetics of evodiamine hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex]. Feng, J; Lei, TT; Liu, HM; Zhang, JQ; Zhang, X, 2016)	0.43
" Additionally, there was no statistical difference in tlag or tmax , suggesting no difference in the absorption rate between treatments."	( Bioequivalence study with lapatinib powder for oral suspension and the original tablet formulation in cancer patients. Arya, N; Cartee, L; Curran, D; D'Amelio, AM; Ferron-Brady, G; Hollyfield, H; Koch, KM; Lemmon, C; Piepszak, A; Swaby, RF, )	0.13
"Molecularly targeted agents that are designed to target specific lesions have been proven effective as clinical cancer therapies; however, most currently available therapeutic agents are poorly water-soluble and require oral administration, thereby resulting in low bioavailability and a high risk of side effects due to dose intensification."	( iRGD-Decorated Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Efficient Delivery of Vandetanib to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Preparation and in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation. Li, J; Liu, Z; Lu, D; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wei, X; Xie, H; Xu, X; Zheng, S; Zhuang, R, 2016)	0.43
"We report the results of feasibility, phase I, and phase II studies of tandutinib (MLN518), an orally bioavailable inhibitor of type III receptor tyrosine kinases including PDGF receptor-β, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3, and c-Kit in patients with recurrent glioblastoma."	( Feasibility, phase I, and phase II studies of tandutinib, an oral platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Batchelor, TT; Chowdhary, S; Desideri, S; Duda, DG; Gerstner, ER; Grossman, S; Lesser, GJ; Peereboom, D; Supko, JG; Wen, PY; Ye, X, 2017)	0.46
"Lapatinib is an orally bioavailable dual inhibitor of the intracellular domain of both the HER2 protein and the epidermal growth factor receptor."	( [A Case of Interstitial Pneumonitis Induced by Lapatinib plus Letrozole]. Yamamoto, C; Yamamoto, D; Yamamoto, M, 2016)	0.43
"This open-label, randomized, phase 1 crossover study investigated the effect of elevated gastric pH level (>5) on the relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib."	( Effect of Sustained Elevated Gastric pH Levels on Gefitinib Exposure. Masson, E; Tang, W; Tomkinson, H, 2017)	0.46
" The results revealed that a significant reduction in the oral bioavailability was recorded with both ERL and LAP following the ingestion of GTE particularly for short-term administration."	( UPLC-ESI-MS/MS study of the effect of green tea extract on the oral bioavailability of erlotinib and lapatinib in rats: Potential risk of pharmacokinetic interaction. Abahussain, AO; Alzoman, NZ; Maher, HM; Shehata, SM, 2017)	0.46
" Bioavailability of AER was 55% of the CARP under fasting conditions and 60% under fed conditions."	( Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Anagrelide Extended-Release Formulation in Healthy Subjects: Food Intake and Comparison With a Reference Product. Jilma, B; Klade, CS; Petrides, PE; Schoergenhofer, C; Widmann, R, 2018)	0.48
" It is an accepted opinion that modifying GEF strong hydrophobicity and poor bioavailability would not only enhance its antitumor effects, but also reduce its side effects."	( In vitro and in vivo antitumor effect of gefitinib nanoparticles on human lung cancer. Chen, LX; Chen, Y; Fu, SZ; Liu, J; Ni, XL; Wu, JB; Wu, M; Xu, S; Yang, B; Yang, LL; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.46
" Oral area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and bioavailability of well known BCRP (sulfasalazine and rosuvastatin), P-glycoprotein (fexofenadine, aliskiren, and talinolol), and CYP3A (midazolam) substrates were investigated in the presence and absence of inhibitors."	( Curcumin as an In Vivo Selective Intestinal Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Inhibitor in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Abe, K; Ando, O; Imaoka, T; Karibe, T, 2018)	0.48
" These ingredients are expected to have much better absorption and higher bioavailability than synthetic antitumor agents."	( Improved delivery of natural alkaloids into lung cancer through woody oil-based emulsive nanosystems. Hu, X; Li, Y; Liu, S; Yan, S; Yang, L; Zeng, M; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, H; Zhao, J, 2018)	0.48
"Afatinib, a second-generation irreversible epidermal growth factor inhibitor receptor for the development of non-small cell lung cancer and secondary drug resistance, has low bioavailability and adverse reactions due to current oral administration."	( [Formulation and Efficacy of Liposome-encapsulated Afatinib for Therapy of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. Liu, S; Lv, X; Sun, K; Yang, X; Yin, J, 2018)	0.48
" DVAS exhibited linear dose-proportional pharmacokinetics at doses of 5, 15, and 45 mg/kg after oral administration, and the average oral absolute bioavailability of DVAS was 47."	( In vivo and in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetics of cholinesterase inhibitor deoxyvasicine from aerial parts of Peganum harmala Linn in rats via UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Cao, N; Cheng, X; Deng, G; Ding, W; Guan, H; Liu, W; Ma, C; Rong, X; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wu, C; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
"The overall bioavailability of the evaluated formulation of fruquintinib was not affected by the consumption of a high-fat, high-calorie meal prior to dosing."	( Effects of a High-fat Meal on the Pharmacokinetics of the VEGFR Inhibitor Fruquintinib: A Randomized Phase I Study in Healthy Subjects. Chen, Q; Fan, S; Jia, J; Li, K; Li, T; Liu, Y; Qian, H; Sai, Y; Su, W; Wang, W; Yu, C, 2019)	0.51
" Previous findings demonstrate that evodiamine (Evo), an indolequinone alkaloid, is effective in combating CRC; however, its poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability limit its application in the prevention of invasion and metastasis of CRC."	( Development of EGFR-targeted evodiamine nanoparticles for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cai, G; Cai, J; Gao, R; Ji, Q; Li, C; Li, Q; Song, D; Sui, H; Teng, P; Wang, Y; Zhou, L, 2019)	0.51
"The current work aimed to develop low-density gastroretentive sponges loaded with alfuzosin HCl (ALF) to sustain the rate of drug release, improve its oral bioavailability and deliver it to the main site of absorption."	( Alfuzosin hydrochloride-loaded low-density gastroretentive sponges: development, Abd El-Aziz, MF; Elnabarawi, MA; Ismail, S; Tadros, MI, 2020)	0.56
" As BPR1K871 lacks oral bioavailability, we continued searching for orally bioavailable analogs through drug-like property optimization."	( Drug-like property optimization: Discovery of orally bioavailable quinazoline-based multi-targeted kinase inhibitors. Chang, CF; Chen, CH; Chen, PY; Coumar, MS; Hsieh, HP; Hsu, JTA; Kuo, FM; Kuo, PC; Li, AS; Li, MC; Lin, CY; Lin, SY; Lin, WH; Song, JS; Wang, SY; Yang, CM; Yeh, TK, 2020)	0.56
"We assessed the pharmacokinetics and safety of a single oral administration of selatinib to healthy Chinese subjects and evaluated the potential bioavailability advantage of selatinib relative to lapatinib."	( First-in-human, phase I single-ascending-dose study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and relative bioavailability of selatinib, a dual EGFR-ErbB2 inhibitor in healthy subjects. Cao, Y; Gong, LY; Guo, CX; Hua, Y; Huang, J; Kuang, Y; Pei, Q; Wang, MN; Yang, GP, 2020)	0.56
" An orally bioavailable GRK2 inhibitor could offer unique therapeutic outcomes that cannot be attained by current heart failure treatments that directly target GPCRs or angiotensin-converting enzyme."	( Hit-to-lead optimization and discovery of a potent, and orally bioavailable G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) inhibitor. DesJarlais, RL; Gaul, MD; Hermans, A; Huang, DZ; Krosky, D; Liu, Z; Lu, HR; Milligan, CM; Petrounia, I; Qi, J; Spurlino, JC; Wang, W; Xu, G; Xu, JZ, 2020)	0.56
" Given the favorable safety profile and its oral bioavailability letermovir may be considered a valuable off-label option for secondary prophylaxis of GCV-resistant CMV in SOT recipients."	( Emergence of letermovir resistance in solid organ transplant recipients with ganciclovir resistant cytomegalovirus infection: A case series and review of the literature. Bittel, P; Dahdal, S; Hirzel, C; Hofmann, E; Manuel, O; Sidler, D; Suter-Riniker, F; Walti, LN, 2021)	0.62
" These staged analyses indicate that letermovir PK in HSCT recipients and healthy participants differ only with respect to bioavailability and absorption rate."	( Population pharmacokinetics of letermovir following oral and intravenous administration in healthy participants and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. Cho, CR; Davis, C; de Alwis, D; Dykstra, K; Fancourt, C; Iwamoto, M; Macha, S; Prohn, M; Sabato, P; Viberg, A; Zhang, D, 2021)	0.62
" In vivo experimental results indicated that compared to intragastric administration of drug solution, the intranasal administration of hydrogel increased bioavailability of BBR and EVO, approximately 135 and 112 folds, respectively."	( Intranasal co-delivery of berberine and evodiamine by self-assembled thermosensitive in-situ hydrogels for improving depressive disorder. Cui, YL; Qiao, T; Qiu, C; Wang, Y; Xu, D, 2021)	0.62
" 6c showed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in vivo, with a bioavailability of 65."	( Design of Orally-bioavailable Tetra-cyclic phthalazine SOS1 inhibitors with high selectivity against EGFR. Chen, R; Fang, H; He, H; Liu, Y; Pan, W; Qing, L; Wang, Z; Zhang, S; Zhang, Y, 2023)	0.91
" The hit compound showed a good bioavailability score (0."	( Identification and exploration of quinazoline-1,2,3-triazole inhibitors targeting EGFR in lung cancer. Ali, I; Azizov, S; Gupta, MK; Kumar, D; Kumar, S; Lalhlenmawia, H; Sengupta, S, 2023)	0.91
" In this study, we report the discovery of quinazolines and 8-azaquinazolines as NLRP3 agonists and their chemical optimization to afford compounds with oral bioavailability in mice."	( Discovery and characterisation of quinazolines and 8-Azaquinazolines as NLRP3 agonists with oral bioavailability in mice. Baker, D; Ciotta, G; Degorce, SL; Demanze, S; Dockerill, M; Escudero-Ibarz, L; Ireland, L; Mao, Y; O' Donovan, DH; Packer, MJ; Robinson, J; Scarfe, G; Tang, H; Valge-Archer, V, 2023)	1.45

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" There was a distinct improvement in the course of the 4 weeks' therapy with a mean dosage of 900 mg/day (it was in the meantime raised to a maximum of 1500 mg/day in isolated cases) especially in the pain, stiffness and functional capacity."	( [Effect and tolerance of Biarison (proquazone) in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. Ghimicescu, R, 1978)	0.26
" Dosage can be progressively increased up to 30 mg/day."	( [Prazosine: a new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertension (author's transl)]. Bret, M; Fillastre, JP; Godin, M, 1978)	0.26
" In contrast, BL-5111, an antihypertensive agent similar in chemical structure and shown in previous studies to be slightly less potent than prazosin but with appreciably less alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist activity, had no effect on blood pressure at 12 hours after dosing (1 and 2 mg/kg po)."	( Comparative first dose effects of prazosin and tiodazosin (BL-5111) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Buyniski, JP; Florczyk, AP; Roebel, LE, 1979)	0.26
" Frusemide dosage was increased and the alpha adrenoreceptor blocking drug prazosin hydrochloride was added to the therapeutic regime."	( The use of alpha blockade in the treatment of congestive heart failure associated with dirofilariasis and mitral valvular incompetence. Atwell, RB, 1979)	0.26
"In order to determine and compare the pharmacodynamic responses to single and multiple dose prazosin therapy in cardiac failure, 14 patients with severe low-output heart failure underwent central and regional hemodynamic measurements after random placement in one of two prazosin dosing schedules."	( Development of pharmacodynamic tolerance to prozosin in congestive heart failure. Blanford, MF; Desch, CE; Leier, CV; Magorien, RD; Triffon, DW; Unverferth, DV, 1979)	0.26
"The pharmacokinetics and effects of prazosin have been studied after intravenous and oral dosing (1 mg) to 6 normal male volunteers."	( Prazosin, pharmacokinetics and concentration effect. Bateman, DN; Hobbs, DC; Rawlins, MD; Stevens, EA; Twomey, TM, 1979)	0.26
" Examination of data from each subject on repeated dosing indicates considerable intrasubject consistency in pharmacokinetic response despite intersubject variability."	( Pharmacokinetics of prazosin in man. Hobbs, DC; Palmer, RF; Twomey, TM, )	0.13
"In fifteen patients with hypertension, inadequately controlled during treatment with propranolol alone (mean dosage 333 mg/day), plasma volume (PV) and extracellular fluid volume (ECV) were determined."	( Changes in plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume after addition of prazosin to propranolol treatment in patients with hypertension. Ibsen, H; Jensen, HA; Leth, A; Rasmussen, K, 1978)	0.26
" The dosage used was 1 mg TDS."	( A phase II study of prazosin hydrochloride in hypertensive subjects. Paul, RR; Sharma, PL; Wahi, PL, 1976)	0.26
" Dosage increments were limited to 0-5 mg, beginning late in the evening."	( Prazosin in the treatment of patients with hypertension and renal functional impairment. Bailey, RR, 1977)	0.26
" In patients with mild hypertension, prazosin in a dosage of 5 mg three or four times a day was consistently effective in lowering blood pressure to less than 100 mm Hg and often reduced it to less than 95 mm Hg."	( Clinical evaluation of prazosin in 20 private practice patients. Maher, PH, 1975)	0.25
" The maximum useful dosage of prazosin was not defined, but increasing the dosage above 15 mg a day did not improve control of blood pressure."	( Treatment of hypertension with a combination of prazosin and polythiazide. Carroll, HJ; Cruz, WM; Lejano, RF; Oh, MS; Whang, ES, 1975)	0.25
" The selective A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX also had no effect on release when administered at a low dosage (0."	( Excitatory transmitter amino acid release from the ischemic rat cerebral cortex: effects of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists. O'Regan, MH; Perkins, LM; Phillis, JW; Simpson, RE, 1992)	0.28
" Thus, these improvements were not correlated with the dosage of drug."	( [The evaluation of the effects of bunazosin hydrochloride in the treatment of prostatic hyperplasia]. Asano, H; Fujita, T; Hirabayashi, S; Kato, N; Kinukawa, T; Ohshima, S; Ono, Y, 1992)	0.28
" dosing to bile duct-cannulated rats, 96% of the radioactive dose was excreted in the bile."	( Absorption, distribution and excretion of zenarestat, a new aldose reductase inhibitor, in rats and dogs. Esumi, Y; Katami, Y; Noda, K; Sawamoto, T; Sekiguchi, M; Tanaka, Y; Ueda, T, 1992)	0.28
" The dosage schedule was single-dose intravenous administration (single treatment), followed by one or two courses of 5-day intravenous administration (5-day treatment) at 3-week intervals."	( [Phase I study of CI-898. CI-898 Study Group]. Ariyoshi, H; Furue, H; Hasegawa, K; Majima, H; Nakao, I; Niitani, H; Ohta, K; Taguchi, T; Tsukagoshi, S; Yasutomi, M, 1991)	0.28
" At the late stage (within 8-11 hours of the perfusion period), the dose-response curve for guanabenz was shifted to the left and the maximum response became approximately 3-fold larger than that in the early stage."	( Perfusion-time dependent enhancements of guanabenz- and KCl-induced vasoconstrictions in isolated and perfused dog pulmonary veins. Chiba, S; Haniuda, M, 1990)	0.28
"To determine the maximal tolerable dosage of trimetrexate for treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia, 25 patients were treated each day with 45 mg/m2 of trimetrexate and 80 mg/m2 of leucovorin; 10 received 60 mg/m2 and 80 mg/m2; 12 received 60 mg/m2 and 160 mg/m2; and 6 received 90 mg/m2 and 160 mg/m2, respectively."	( Trimetrexate-leucovorin dosage evaluation study for treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Akil, B; Allegra, CJ; Feinberg, J; Hughlett, C; Lane, HC; Ogata-Arakaki, D; Sattler, FR; Shelhamer, J; Tuazon, CU; Verdegem, TD, 1990)	0.28
" Pelanserin bioavailability after oral dosing was about 30%, this could be due to a poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract or to an important hepatic biotransformation by first pass effect."	( [Pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effect of pelanserin in dogs ]. Castañeda Hernández, G; Flores Murrieta, FJ; Hong, E, )	0.13
" A dosage of 12 mg/day did not improve subjective symptoms more than did the 9 mg/day dose."	( [Clinical study of bunazosin hydrochloride, an alpha 1-adrenergic blocker, in benign prostatic obstruction and neurogenic bladder dysfunction]. Kondo, A; Mitsuya, H; Otani, T; Takita, T, 1987)	0.27
" Consequently, the stability of the chemotherapeutic agents can influence the dosing accuracy and ultimately the achievement of the desired therapeutic goal."	( Stability of trimetrexate, a new non-classical antifolate, in infusion solutions. Ensminger, WD; Shukla, UA; Stetson, PL, 1989)	0.28
" At the dosage and schedule of trimetrexate used, no responses occurred in this population of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer."	( Phase II trial of trimetrexate in patients with stage III and IV non-small-cell lung cancer. Burke, MT; D'Acquisto, RW; Fanucchi, MP; Gralla, RJ; Heelan, RT; Kris, MG; Marks, LD, 1989)	0.28
" The results indicated that the dosage of CRL and Lid generally used in anti-arrhythmic therapy basically exerted no harm to myocytes."	( [Cytotoxic effects of changrolin, lidocaine and amiodarone on ultrastructure of cultured rat beating cardiac myocytes]. Chen, HZ; Chen, WZ; Gong, ZX; Guo, Q; Jin, PY; Pen, BZ; Shen, JY; Yang, XY; Yang, YZ, 1989)	0.28
" The dosage chosen for the Phase 2 study, based only on the hematological dose limiting toxicity, was 10."	( Trimetrexate and cyclophosphamide for metastatic inoperable nonsmall cell lung cancer. Grove, W; Holsti, LR; Maasilta, P; Mattson, K; Tammilehto, L, 1988)	0.27
" Courses were repeated at 3 week intervals with the trimetrexate dosage escalated according to patient tolerance."	( Trimetrexate combined with cisplatin or etoposide in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a pilot study. Maroun, JA; Natale, RB; Robert, F, 1988)	0.27
" An intraluminal injection of serotonin (5-HT) produced a marked vasoconstriction and the dose-response curve was bell-shaped."	( Pharmacological analysis of 5-HT-induced vasoconstriction in isolated, perfused dog skeletal muscle arteries. Chiba, S; Sinanović, O, 1987)	0.27
" Two additional studies were done in rats dosed with 400 mg/kg, and with 90, 200, or 400 mg/kg, respectively."	( Teratogenicity of the antiallergic Sm 857 SE in rats versus rabbits. Kast, A; Kobayashi, S; Nishimura, M; Tsunenari, Y, 1988)	0.27
" The increases in the requirement of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methyl-THF) by the resistant sublines were more pronounced than PGA requirement, moving the dose-response curve nearly 3 log orders in magnitude to the right."	( Folate requirements of methotrexate-resistant human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. Holland, JF; Kano, Y; Ohnuma, T, 1986)	0.27
" Dosage adjustment may have to be considered for patients who have renal dysfunction."	( Clinical pharmacology of trimetrexate. Covington, WP; Ho, DH; Krakoff, IH; Legha, SS; Newman, RA, 1987)	0.27
" TMTX plasma levels were measured by HPLC every 3 days prior to daily dosing in patients receiving 4 mg/m2 to determine whether drug accumulation occurred during this prolonged administration schedule."	( A phase I study of trimetrexate, an analog of methotrexate, administered monthly in the form of nine consecutive daily bolus injections. Eisenhauer, E; Jolivet, J; Landry, L; McCormack, JJ; Pinard, MF; Tong, WP, 1987)	0.27
" While TMQ appeared to be more immunosuppressive than MTX following in vitro addition of the drugs, the converse appeared to be true when dosing was performed in vivo."	( Comparative effects on the immune system of methotrexate and trimetrexate. Ackermann, MF; Germolec, DR; Lamm, KR; Luster, MI; Rosenthal, GJ, 1987)	0.27
" These results show that the dose-response curve for the inhibitory effect of prazosin on Ca2+ overload is complex, and that adding prazosin coincident with the reperfusion of isolated ischaemic hearts does not attenuate Ca2+ gain."	( The protective effect of prazosin on the ischaemic and reperfused myocardium. Gordon, M; Nayler, WG; Stephens, DJ; Sturrock, WJ, 1985)	0.27
"The dose-response for the new cardiotonic agent RO13-6438 was studied in 6 patients with grade III or IV congestive heart failure."	( RO 13-6438 in congestive heart failure: dose-response relationship after 3 single doses. Elkik, F; Grosgogeat, Y; Komajda, M; Lechat, P, 1987)	0.27
" Plasma samples were obtained at specified times after the initial dose, after 4 days of multiple dosing and after the last dose of tiacrilast."	( Pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses of the antiallergic agent tiacrilast in man. Dunton, A; Keigher, N; Massarella, JW; Pao, J; Silvestri, TM, 1987)	0.27
" The dose-response curves for synaptosomal 22Na uptake and for the inotropic effect on guinea pig left atria are parallel for sulmazole and the quinazolone drug, with first an increase and then a decrease in activity."	( Effect of some new cardiotonic agents on synaptosomal sodium uptake. Decker, N; Grima, M; Schwartz, J, 1986)	0.27
"A linear dose-response curve was produced by the addition of ouabain (10(-8)-10(-6) M) to the media bathing segments of porcine right coronary arteries."	( Insurmountable antagonism of ouabain-induced coronary constriction by prazosin. Fairfax, CA; Tanz, RD, 1985)	0.27
" Dose-response studies revealed that 5 microM-carbachol significantly increased (16%) the accumulation of InsP3 whereas a significant increase in accumulation of InsP2 and InsP was observed only at agonist concentrations greater than 10 microM."	( Carbachol causes rapid phosphodiesteratic cleavage of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and accumulation of inositol phosphates in rabbit iris smooth muscle; prazosin inhibits noradrenaline- and ionophore A23187-stimulated accumulation of inositol pho Abdel-Latif, AA; Akhtar, RA, 1984)	0.27
" Only a few side-effects were reported and these occurred during the first 4 weeks whilst prazosin dosage was being adjusted."	( Combined antihypertensive therapy: vasodilatation using prazosin in combination with beta-adrenoceptor blockers and diuretics. Urban Waern, A, 1980)	0.26
" Prazosin (PRZ), a selective alpha 1-receptor blocker, inhibited preferentially the positive phase of the inotropic response and displaced the dose-response curve of PE to the right in nanomolar concentrations, indicating a competitive mechanism of inhibition."	( Competitive blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors in rat heart by prazosin. Osnes, JB; Oye, I; Skomedal, T, 1980)	0.26
" Furthermore, at the end of the 52-day chronic dosing period tiodazosin caused appreciably less alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist activity than prazosin as assessed by the norepinephrine dose-pressor response profiles."	( Effects of tiodazosin, praxosin, trimazosin and phentolamine on blood pressure, heart rate and on pre- and postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptors in the rat. Buyniski, JP; Campbell, JA; Pircio, AW; Schurig, JE, 1980)	0.26
" The range of dosage varied widely and the side effects, although frequent, were not serious."	( Prazosin in general practice. Musgrove, JP, 1981)	0.26
" In the isolated rabbit aorta, E-643 blocked noradrenaline-induced contraction of the aorta with a parallel shift of the dose-response curve to the right."	( alpha-Adrenoceptor blocking properties of a new antihypertensive agent, 2-[4-(n-butyryl)-homopiperazine-1-yl]-4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (E-643). Daiku, Y; Igarashi, T; Shoji, T, 1980)	0.26
" (2) The dose-response pattern exhibits a plateau phase, beyond which higher doses cause little further effect."	( Clinical, hemodynamic, and neuroendocrine effects of chronic prazosin therapy for congestive heart failure. Braunwald, E; Colucci, WS; Williams, GH, 1981)	0.26
" Clonidine followed by prazosin was added to their regimen on an outpatient basis to establish the dose-response for BP and catecholamines."	( Clonidine and prazosin effects in hypernoradrenergic vasodilator-treated and beta-blocker-treated patients. Mitchell, HC; Pettinger, WA, 1981)	0.26
" The order of affinity (pA2) for presynaptic alpha-receptors, as assessed from parallel shift of the dose-response curve to clonidine, was: phentolamine greater than yohimbine greater than tolazoline greater than E-643 greater than or equal to prazosin."	( Comparison of pre- and postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor blocking effects of E-643 in the isolated vas deferens of the rat. Shoji, T, 1981)	0.26
" Dose-response curves were constructed following increasing concentrations of prazosin."	( A pharmacological analysis of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonism by prazosin in arteries and veins. Schulz, JC; Westfall, DP, 1982)	0.26
" The pharmacodynamic response was a dose-related fall in the systemic arterial pressure, both supine and standing; dose-response effects were most evident in the upright posture."	( The pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and haemodynamic effects of acute and chronic alpha-adrenoceptor blockade in chronic heart failure. Silke, B; Taylor, SH, 1981)	0.26
" Lacking an intravenous dosage form for use in human subjects, our study concentrated on the determination of the bioavailability and disposition parameters of tiodazosin in dogs, with a comparison to those parameters for prazosin, obtained from previous work in our laboratory."	( The bioavailability and disposition of tiodazosin levulinate in beagle dogs with a comparison to prazosin hydrochloride. Baughman, RA; Benet, LZ; Mico, BA, )	0.13
"alpha-Adrenoceptor antagonists have been compared for their effects on dose-response curves of fast and slow components of contraction of the rat aorta to noradrenaline (NA)."	( Non-competitive antagonism of the alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated fast component of contraction of rat aorta, by doxazosin and prazosin. Downing, OA; Wilson, KA; Wilson, VG, 1983)	0.27
" A clear dose-response effect of the drug on both variables only became apparent during standing, when there was a significant correlation between dose, the postural fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and the increase in heart rate."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies with prazosin in chronic heart failure. Lakhani, ZM; Silke, B; Taylor, SH, )	0.13
" During chronic oral dosing (3--21 days), tolerance developed and blood pressure returned to base-line pretreatment levels."	( Changes in alpha-adrenoceptors during long-term treatment of rabbits with prazosin. Hamilton, CA; Reid, JL, )	0.13
"Prior to the introduction of an intravenous dosage form for use in humans, prazosin pharmacokinetic studies emphasizing clearance, hepatic extraction, and bioavailability were carried out in dogs."	( Dose-dependent bioavailability of prazosin in beagle dogs. Baughman, RA; Benet, LZ; Mico, BA; Sorgel, F, )	0.13
"We recorded intra-arterial ambulatory blood pressure in 13 patients with essential hypertension before and after long-term twice-daily prazosin therapy (mean dosage 13."	( Prazosin alone and combined with a beta-adrenoreceptor blocker in treatment of hypertension. Cashman, PM; Gould, BA; Hornung, RS; Kieso, HA; Raftery, EB, )	0.13
"The effect of oral prazosin on blood pressure and antagonism of phenylephrine-induce blood pressure increase was investigated in six healthy subjects during a dosing interval after the first dose and 3 days after the first dose of the drug."	( Alpha-receptor function changes after the first dose of prazosin. Lindström, B; Seideman, P; von Bahr, C, 1982)	0.26
" Dosages were titrated until the patient showed a sitting diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm Hg or to a maximum dosage of 100 mg/day of hydrochlorothiazide, 320 mg of propranolol and 20 mg of prazosin."	( Monotherapy in mild to moderate hypertension: comparison of hydrochlorothiazide, propranolol and prazosin. Benowitz, N; Inouye, I; Loge, D; Massie, B; Simpson, P; Topic, N, 1984)	0.27
" Dosage was adjusted to individual needs and a striking feature of the results was the decreasing dose requirement, a trend which was most marked after 2 years of treatment."	( Prazosin ('Peripress'): a long-term study. Melkild, A, 1984)	0.27
" Long-term dosage requirements were predicted by the blood pressure response to a single 1-mg oral dose."	( Pheochromocytoma and prazosin. Artusio, J; Kleinert, HD; Laragh, JH; Lopez-Overjero, JA; Nicholson, JP; Pickering, TG; Resnick, LM; Vaughn, ED, 1983)	0.27
") was administered at 30 min intervals on four experimental days: no pretreatment; after prazosin 1 mg/kg and infusion; after pharmacological 'total' autonomic effector block (TAB) and with repeated three point methoxamine dose-response lines."	( Haemodynamic response to ketanserin in rabbits with Page hypertension: comparison with prazosin. Angus, JA; Wright, CE, 1983)	0.27
" For adequate intravenous dosing of the poorly water-soluble proquazone, advantage was taken of the high degree of protein binding of the drug."	( Pharmacokinetics of the antirheumatic proquazone in healthy humans. Hinderling, PH; Roos, A, 1984)	0.27
"Halofuginone lactate, given once orally at a dosage rate of 1,2 mg/kg body mass on the 1st, 3rd or 5th days of fever, resulted in the recovery of only 1 out of 5 splenectomized cattle."	( Chemotherapy of Theileria parva lawrencei infections in cattle with halofuginone. De Vos, AJ; Roos, JA, 1983)	0.27
" The metabolite pattern did not vary significantly among the 3 human subjects analyzed nor over the 5-day dosing period."	( The biotransformation of fluproquazone in man and several animal species. Bhuta, SI; Dugger, HA; Orwig, BA; Schwarz, HJ; Talbot, KC, 1981)	0.26
" Both dosage were well tolerated during the short-term trial."	( Fluproquazone in the management of strains and sprains. Jaegemann, V; Kolb, E; Lataste, X; Pabst, J, 1981)	0.26
" Although more investigation is needed to define prazosin kinetics in congestive heart failure and chronic renal failure, the available information about prolongation of elimination half-life, decreased protein binding and increased peak plasma concentrations suggest that prazosin dosage should be titrated cautiously in such patients."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of prazosin. Jaillon, P, )	0.13
" Each dosage level of proquazone and aspirin provided significant analgesia compared to placebo and was well tolerated."	( An evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of proquazone and aspirin in postoperative dental pain. Forbes, JA; Hughes, MK; White, EH; White, RW, 1980)	0.26
" The difference between the 2 groups, however, was not statistically significant, indicating an advantage for the lower daily dosage regimen over the high daily dosage regimen."	( Proquazone ('Biarison') in osteoarthritis of the knee: a double-blind, dose comparison trial. Serry, MM, 1980)	0.26
") there was a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve of R 28935 (v."	( Centrally induced impairment of the hypotensive effects of R 28935 and R 29814 by prazosin in anaesthetized cats. Timmermans, PB; Van Zwieten, PA, 1980)	0.26
" The dosage was increased, as necessary, by 1 tablet every 2 weeks to a maximum of 4 tablets daily to provide an adequate blood pressure response."	( Treatment of Essential hypertension with single daily doses of a prazosin-polythiazide combination: a multicentre study with Minizide. Gordon, AJ; Woeltjen, AE, 1981)	0.26
" It is concluded that the drug combination, Minizide, is effective and well tolerated as initial and long-term therapy in hypertension and that the convenient dosage regimen will lead to enhanced treatment compliance for this chronic condition."	( Sustained antihypertensive response with Minizide: long-term follow-up in a multicentre study. Gordon, AJ; Woeltjen, AE, 1981)	0.26
" 5 It was concluded that reduced venous return to the heart, due to significant suppression of sympathetically mediated venoconstriction by small initial oral dosage of prazosin, contributes to the pathophysiology of the orthostatic hypotension and faintness, described as the 'first-dose phenomenon'."	( The effect of a single oral dose of prazosin on venous reflex response, blood pressure and pulse rate in normal volunteers. Betts, WH; Schapel, GJ, 1981)	0.26
" Effect on blood pressure was significantly better at the dosage range of 3 to 8 mg/day than at higher doses of 9 to 20 mg/day."	( Prazosin kinetics and effectiveness in renal failure. Affrime, MB; Hobbs, D; Lowenthal, DT; Martinez, EW; Onesti, G; Twomey, TM, 1980)	0.26
" Some compounds also proved to be effective inhibitors of stimulated acid secretion in both the rat and dog when dosed intravenously."	( Reversible inhibitors of the gastric (H+/K+)-ATPase. 5. Substituted 2,4-diaminoquinazolines and thienopyrimidines. Blurton, P; Brown, TH; Ife, RJ; Keeling, DJ; Leach, CA; Meeson, ML; Parsons, ME; Theobald, CJ, 1995)	0.52
" A significant decrease in both systolic and diastolic BP was observed after consecutive dosing of bunazosin compared to baseline values over 24 h in the NRF and for 8 h in the IRF."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist bunazosin retard in hypertensives. Gotoh, E; Ishii, M; Minamisawa, K; Minamisawa, M; Shionoiri, H; Sugimoto, K; Takasaki, I; Takizawa, T; Ueda, S, 1994)	0.29
" Dosage was of 3 and 6 mg/day per os; after 2 weeks' treatment, if DBP in clinostatism > or = 95 mmHg, the dose was doubled."	( [Dose-response study of bunazosin in the treatment of light-to-moderate arterial hypertension]. De Luca, N; Fontana, D; Lamenza, F; Marchegiano, R; Sarno, D; Tozzi, N, 1993)	0.29
" In fact, this range of daily dosage led to a fall in pressure values, without causing clinically significant alterations of heart rate, electrocardiograph traces and laboratory parameters."	( [Dose-response study of bunazosin in the treatment of light-to-moderate arterial hypertension]. De Luca, N; Fontana, D; Lamenza, F; Marchegiano, R; Sarno, D; Tozzi, N, 1993)	0.29
"In conclusions, in mild/moderate arterial hypertension, bunazosin in monotherapy at the dosage of 3-6 mg/day, is an effective and safe treatment."	( [Dose-response study of bunazosin in the treatment of light-to-moderate arterial hypertension]. De Luca, N; Fontana, D; Lamenza, F; Marchegiano, R; Sarno, D; Tozzi, N, 1993)	0.29
" As there was a close correlation between plasma levels and antihypertensive activity of bunazosin in the present study, dosage adjustment of the alpha 1-receptor blocker in patients with impaired liver and kidney function appears to be mandatory."	( Bunazosin in patients with impaired hepatic or renal function. Halabi, A; Kirch, W; Nokhodian, A, )	0.13
" The dose-response curves for clonidine and NA were shifted to the right by bunazosin (a selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist), but were not affected by midaglizole (a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist)."	( Characteristics of the responses of isolated and perfused canine splenic arteries to vasoactive substances and to periarterially electrical stimulation. Chiba, S; Nakane, T; Ren, LM, 1994)	0.29
" Changes in hepatic enzymes have been seen with both drugs, and are also seen with other anti-folates including MTX, but these changes settle with repeat dosing and with cessation of treatment."	( The history of the development and clinical use of CB 3717 and ICI D1694. Clarke, SJ; Jackman, AL; Judson, IR, 1993)	0.29
" Patients who received Tomudex spent a substantially shorter time in hospital for dosing and had significantly lower rates of grade 3 and 4 toxicities such as leucopenia and mucositis."	( 'Tomudex' (ZD1694): results of a randomised trial in advanced colorectal cancer demonstrate efficacy and reduced mucositis and leucopenia. The 'Tomudex' Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Cunningham, D; Harper, P; Kerr, D; Olver, I; Perez-Manga, G; Rath, U; Seitz, JF; Svensson, C; Van Cutsem, E; Zalcberg, JR, 1995)	0.29
" Prolonged dosing periods of 5 or 10 days were required for activity, and efficacy was improved with twice-daily dose administration."	( AG337, a novel lipophilic thymidylate synthase inhibitor: in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. Bartlett, CA; Boritzki, TJ; Hillard, JA; Howland, EF; Johnston, AL; Kosa, M; Margosiak, SA; Morse, CA; Shetty, BV; Webber, S, 1996)	0.29
" In addition, Tomudex has an acceptable toxicity profile and a convenient dosing schedule (single intravenous injection every 3 weeks) and thus appears to offer real potential as a novel agent for the treatment of patients with advanced CRC."	( ZD1694: A novel thymidylate synthase inhibitor with substantial activity in the treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Tomudex Colorectal Study Group. Adenis, A; Azab, M; Cunningham, D; Francois, E; Green, M; Iveson, A; Schornagel, J; Seymour, I; Van Cutsem, E; Zalcberg, JR, 1996)	0.29
" Because current dosing guidelines for anagrelide are scarce, the dosing method of the Anagrelide Study Group that published the largest study to date on the drug's efficacy in thrombocytosis was followed."	( Precipitous fall in platelet count with anagrelide: case report and critique of dosing recommendations. Liles, D; Lindley, C; McCune, JS, )	0.13
" Another advantage compared with alfuzosin (and prazosin) is the once-daily dosing regimen of tamsulosin."	( Comparison of tamsulosin with alfuzosin in the treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction (symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia). The European Tamsulosin Study Group. Buzelin, JM; Fonteyne, E; Khan, A; Kontturi, M; Witjes, WP, 1997)	0.3
" One of these toxic findings was cataract, and we have found that cataract appeared in rats dosed orally with FK506 for 13 weeks and more."	( Cataract development induced by repeated oral dosing with FK506 (tacrolimus) in adult rats. Fukuhara, Y; Hisatomi, A; Ishida, H; Mitamura, T; Murato, K; Ohara, K; Takahashi, Y, 1997)	0.3
" Elevated transaminases were frequently reported with raltitrexed but were usually reversible with continued dosing and were not associated with clinical sequelae."	( Overview of the tolerability of 'Tomudex' (raltitrexed): collective clinical experience in advanced colorectal cancer. Zalcberg, J, 1997)	0.3
" It has a convenient dosing schedule and a potential for lower toxicity which represent important advantages over existing treatments."	( 'Tomudex' (raltitrexed) development: preclinical, phase I and II studies. Judson, IR, 1997)	0.3
" A North American study (study 10) was originally set up to compare two raltitrexed dosage arms (3."	( Mature results from three large controlled studies with raltitrexed ('Tomudex'). Cunningham, D, 1998)	0.3
" To date, the role of varying dosing regimens in responding patients has not been well studied."	( Intermittent alpha-blocker therapy in the treatment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Cologna, A; Kaplan, SA; Kohn, IJ; Martins, AC; Reis, RB; Suaid, HJ; Te, AE, 1998)	0.3
"In men with LUTS who responded to alfuzosin, changing the dosing regimen from daily to once every other day resulted in similar efficacy and safety at 3 and 6 months."	( Intermittent alpha-blocker therapy in the treatment of men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Cologna, A; Kaplan, SA; Kohn, IJ; Martins, AC; Reis, RB; Suaid, HJ; Te, AE, 1998)	0.3
" Raltitrexed, a thymidylate synthase inhibitor, offers similar antitumoral activity together with a tolerability in comparison to standard 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy and its simple dosage schedule also contributes to better quality of life."	( [Drug clinics. How I treat. II. Therapeutic approaches to metastatic colorectal cancer]. Bours, V; Fillet, G; Jerusalem, G, 1998)	0.3
" Raltitrexed has the added convenience of an every 3 weeks dosing schedule."	( Open, randomized, multicenter trial of raltitrexed versus fluorouracil plus high-dose leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Tomudex Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Cocconi, G; Cunningham, D; Francois, E; Gustavsson, B; Hietschold, SM; Kerr, D; Possinger, K; Van Cutsem, E; van Hazel, G, 1998)	0.3
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of anagrelide are reviewed."	( Anagrelide, a selective thrombocytopenic agent. Oertel, MD, 1998)	0.3
" Based on these results, the recommended dosage and administration for the phase II study of ZD-1694 was 3 n (3."	( [Phase I study of raltitrexed (ZD-1694)]. Aiba, K; Akazawa, S; Fukuoka, M; Furue, H; Furuse, K; Horikoshi, N; Kanamaru, R; Konishi, T; Kotake, T; Kudoh, S; Kurihara, M; Niitani, H; Ota, K; Sakata, Y; Taguchi, T; Tsukagoshi, S; Wakui, A; Yoshida, S, 1998)	0.3
" Nolatrexed plasma concentrations 1 h after dosing were 6-16 microg ml(-1), and trough 3-8 microg ml(-1), at 572 mg m(-2) day(-1)."	( A phase I study of the lipophilic thymidylate synthase inhibitor Thymitaq (nolatrexed dihydrochloride) given by 10-day oral administration. Boddy, A; Bowman, A; Byrne, B; Clendeninn, NJ; Jodrell, DI; Johnston, A; Rafi, I; Rye, R; Taylor, GA, 1999)	0.3
" At the peak approximately 30% of the administered dose was in the deep tissue compartment, and 24 h after the dosing >20% of the administered dose remained in the body with >99% in the deep tissue compartment."	( The plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of the thymidylate synthase inhibitor raltitrexed (Tomudex) in a nonhuman primate model. Adamson, PC; Balis, FM; Godwin, KS; McCully, C; Widemann, BC, 1999)	0.3
" Oral administration of selected compounds to mice produced total plasma levels 6 h after dosing of between 3 and 49 microM."	( Design and structure-activity relationship of a new class of potent VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Curwen, JO; Dukes, M; Hennequin, LF; Johnstone, C; Kendrew, J; Lambert-van der Brempt, C; Lohmann, JJ; Ogilvie, DJ; Plé, PA; Stokes, ES; Thomas, AP; Wedge, SR, 1999)	0.3
" Chronic once-daily oral dosing of ZD4190 to young rats produced a dose-dependent increase in the femoral epiphyseal growth plate area, which may be attributed to the inhibition of VEGF signaling in vivo because vascular invasion of cartilage is a prerequisite to the process of ossification."	( ZD4190: an orally active inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling with broad-spectrum antitumor efficacy. Curry, B; Curwen, JO; Dukes, M; Hennequin, LF; Kendrew, J; Ogilvie, DJ; Richmond, GH; Stokes, ES; Thomas, AP; Wadsworth, PF; Wedge, SR, 2000)	0.31
"To assess the efficacy and safety of a new prolonged release formulation of the uroselective alpha(1)-blocker alfuzosin for a once-daily dosing regimen in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)."	( Efficacy and safety of a new prolonged release formulation of alfuzosin 10 mg once daily versus alfuzosin 2.5 mg thrice daily and placebo in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. ALFORTI Study Group. Jardin, A; Laval, KU; van Cangh, P; van Kerrebroeck, P, 2000)	0.31
" Just 16 patients (3%) developed adverse events; measures undertaken were to modify the dosage or to interrupt the treatment (2 cases)."	( [Prostatic benign hypertrophy: review of effectiveness, tolerance, and impact on quality of life of prolonged treatment with alfuzosin]. Ausín, I; Barajas, R; Gabriel, R; Vela Navarrete, R, 2000)	0.31
" The stability of the DPC 961 and 963 in the dosing formulation was followed over a 24-h period using a stability indicating HPLC method."	( In-use testing of extemporaneously prepared suspensions of second generation non-nucleoside reversed transcriptase inhibitors in support of phase I clinical studies. Aubry, AF; Gray, V; Hobson, T; Rabel, S; Sebastian, D; Xie, M; Xu, JQ, 2000)	0.31
" Body-surface area did not correlate with drug clearance; therefore, fixed daily dosing of 25 mg/d was studied and found to be tolerable, with two of 12 dose-limiting events."	( Phase I study of ZD9331 on short daily intravenous bolus infusion for 5 days every 3 weeks with fixed dosing recommendations. Averbuch, S; Bertucci, D; Douglass, E; Goh, BC; Hutchison, M; Mani, S; Ratain, MJ; Schilsky, RL; Smith, M; Smith, R; Vogelzang, NJ, 2001)	0.31
" Faecal samples were collected on the first day of dosing and four, seven, 14 and 21 days later, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were counted and faecal indices for diarrhoea were determined after a clinical examination."	( Efficacy of halofuginone lactate in the prevention of cryptosporidiosis in suckling calves. Chermette, R; Lefay, D; Naciri, M; Poirier, P, 2001)	0.31
" Dose-response relationships for evodiamine, rutaecarpine and capsaicin were obtained."	( The positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of evodiamine and rutaecarpine, indoloquinazoline alkaloids isolated from the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa, on the guinea-pig isolated right atria: possible involvement of vanilloid receptors. Hoshikuma, K; Kamiya, T; Kobayashi, Y; Nakano, Y; Yokoo, Y, 2001)	0.31
" Anticipatory changes in hydroxyurea dosage or the maintenance of a constant dose did not abolish periodicity, but a change in therapy to the non-cycle-specific drug anagrelide dampened and abolished the cycling."	( Hydroxyurea and periodicity in myeloproliferative disease. Bennett, M; Grunwald, AJ, 2001)	0.31
"Anagrelide was introduced with gradually higher dosage, while the dosage of hydroxyurea was gradually reduced."	( [Anagrelide in primary thrombocythemia]. Hysing, J; Knutsen, H, 2001)	0.31
" In contrast, dosing with 60 mg/kg of CW252053 produced a cure rate against tumor growth of 37."	( In vivo antitumor efficacy of CW252053, a folate-based thymidylate synthase inhibitor. Baek, DJ; Ha, JR; Oh, SW, 2001)	0.31
" A once-daily formulation of alfuzosin administered through a novel prolonged-release system has been recently developed to improve the convenience of dosing and to provide optimal pharmacokinetic coverage over 24 hours."	( Alfuzosin: overview of pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of a clinically uroselective alpha-blocker. Roehrborn, CG, 2001)	0.31
" dosing and 15-16% and 16% of the administered dose within 24 and 48 h, respectively, after oral dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of halofuginone (NSC 713205) in CD2F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats. Covey, JM; Egorin, MJ; Eiseman, JL; Hamburger, DR; Parise, RA; Stecklair, KP, 2001)	0.31
" As with other cytotoxic agents, serious and potentially life-threatening side-effects can occur; nevertheless, adherence to simple patient guidelines should minimise the incidence of serious side-effects with raltitrexed; these include the assessment of renal function before each and every treatment, dosage adjustment in the presence of renal impairment and close monitoring with prompt treatment of toxicities, particularly diarrhoea and neutropenia."	( Efficacy, tolerability and management of raltitrexed (Tomudex) monotherapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. a review of phase II/III trials. Clarke, S; Cunningham, D; Facchini, T; González Barón, M; James, R; Maroun, J; Maughan, TS; Schulz, J; Vincent, M; Zalcberg, J, 2002)	0.31
" No dosage titration is required."	( Alfuzosin: a review of the therapeutic use of the prolonged-release formulation given once daily in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. McKeage, K; Plosker, GL, 2002)	0.31
") formulation of alfuzosin has recently been developed in order to improve the convenience of dosing and to provide optimal pharmacokinetic coverage over a 24-h period."	( Alfuzosin: a clinically uroselective alpha1-blocker. Höfner, K; Jonas, U, 2002)	0.31
" To accomplish this, groups of four to six dogs were dosed with various formulations of DPC 961 under fasted or fed conditions, and DPC 961 pharmacokinetics were examined."	( Formulation and food effects on the oral absorption of a poorly water soluble, highly permeable antiretroviral agent. Aungst, BJ; Bindra, DS; Nguyen, NH; Taylor, NJ, 2002)	0.31
"Alfuzosin 10 mg once-daily provides a suitable pharmacokinetic profile for a once-daily administration, equivalent bioavailability between the 2 dosage regimens and a good safety profile justify the use of alfuzosin 10 mg in patients with BPH."	( Alfuzosin, an alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: once daily versus 3 times daily dosing in healthy subjects. Ahtoy, P; Chrétien, P; Delfolie, A; Dupain, T; Rauch, C; Rouchouse, A, 2002)	0.31
" dosing might be a suitable therapeutic regimen."	( ZD1839 (Iressa): an orally active inhibitor of epidermal growth factor signaling with potential for cancer therapy. Ashton, SE; Barker, AJ; Curry, BJ; Gibson, KH; Guy, SP; Wakeling, AE; Woodburn, JR, 2002)	0.31
" In conclusion, once-daily alfuzosin, 10 mg, could be safely administered to patients with impaired renal function, and dosage adjustment does not seem necessary."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of a single oral dose of once-daily alfuzosin, 10 mg, in male subjects with mild to severe renal impairment. Blum, RA; Marbury, TC; Pinquier, JL; Rauch, C, 2002)	0.31
" Intermittent and continuous dosing schedules with ZD1839 were well tolerated by these patients for up to 6 months or more."	( Phase I studies of ZD1839 in patients with common solid tumors. Lorusso, PM, 2003)	0.32
" Anagrelide offers the advantage of oral dosing and long-term effectiveness at managing platelet counts."	( Indications for lowering platelet numbers in essential thrombocythemia. Barbui, T, 2003)	0.32
" Mean terminal half-life following multiple dosing was 50."	( Phase I pharmacokinetic trial of the selective oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839) in Japanese patients with solid malignant tumors. Dong, RP; Fukuoka, M; Hirose, M; Kudoh, S; Nakagawa, K; Nakatani, I; Negoro, S; Swaisland, H; Takeda, K; Tamura, T; Yamamoto, N, 2003)	0.32
" Alfuzosin prostate and blood concentrations at 12 hours post dosing on day 4 were significantly correlated (r=0."	( Prostatic tissual distribution of alfuzosin in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia following repeated oral administration. Bressolle, F; Costa, P; Delmas, V; Mottet, N; Robert, M, 2003)	0.32
" This includes defining dosing schedules and appropriate combination partners, identifying predictive markers of response, developing techniques to accurately assess antitumor activity, and determining whether it is possible to preselect patients before therapy."	( Challenges and opportunities for Erlotinib (Tarceva): what does the future hold? Hortobagyi, GN; Sauter, G, 2003)	0.32
"0 mL volume) human prostate (PC-3), lung (Calu-6) and breast (MDA-MB-231) tumor xenografts, were dosed with ZD4190 (p."	( Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of vascular changes induced by the VEGF-signalling inhibitor ZD4190 in human tumour xenografts. Checkley, D; Curry, B; Dukes, M; Kendrew, J; Middleton, B; Tessier, JJ; Waterton, JC; Wedge, SR, 2003)	0.32
" No dosage titration is needed for ER alfuzosin, and its onset of peak action is within days of the start of treatment."	( Alfuzosin hydrochloride for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Lee, M, 2003)	0.32
" The base model employed for modeling dose-response effect is the four parameter Hill equation [1]."	( A new nonlinear mixture response surface paradigm for the study of synergism: a three drug example. Brun, Y; Greco, WR; Slocum, HK; White, DB; Wrzosek, C, 2003)	0.32
" Initially, patients were dosed at 130 mg/m2 (Regimen 1); however, following a protocol amendment, the starting dose was reduced to 65 mg/m2 (Regimen 2)."	( Phase II multicentre trial of ZD9331 monotherapy as first-line treatment for gastric cancer. Petruzelka, L, 2003)	0.32
" However, since the tumor in this animal model was EGFR positive and because tumor growth tended to be suppressed in mice with higher immune activity, it seems likely that additional studies of this therapy will contribute to identifying the optimum drugs to be combined with gefitinib and the optimum method of dosing that will lead to satisfactory efficacy and safety of gefitinib combined with immunotherapy."	( [Significance of gefitinib combined with immunotherapy in tumor-bearing mice]. Maruyama, S; Sukegawa, Y; Yagita, A, 2003)	0.32
" Ongoing investigation will help to determine optimal dosing and dose frequency of erlotinib in various cancers in the clinical setting."	( Erlotinib: preclinical investigations. Hidalgo, M, 2003)	0.32
" Dosing erlotinib at the maximum tolerated dose, which is associated with more frequent and more severe rash, may improve response rates and survival durations."	( Can rash associated with HER1/EGFR inhibition be used as a marker of treatment outcome? Pérez-Soler, R, 2003)	0.32
" Dose-response studies for this compound against HT-29 human colon adeno carcinoma xenografts at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg doses were performed."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of [4-(2-phenylethenesulfonylmethyl)phenyl]-quinazolin-4-yl-amines as orally active anti-cancer agents. Adi Seshu, KV; Ajaykumar, R; Babu, PA; Chandra Sekhar, V; Kumar, TS; Madan, S; Rajagopal, S; Ravi Krishna, V; Sharma, VM; Sreenu, J; Vamsee Krishna, C; Venkateswarlu, A; Vishnu, B, 2004)	0.32
" Gefitinib was investigated clinically by a single dose ascending study and 3-day multiple dosing study in male volunteers in the UK initially."	( [Development of novel molecular targeted drug, "Iressa", for the treatment of malignant diseases--its basic and clinical studies]. Mikami, O; Tsukagoshi, S, 2003)	0.32
" Patient characteristics, lack of patient selection, dosing schedule, and trial design may all have played roles."	( HER1/EGFR targeting: refining the strategy. Pérez-Soler, R, 2004)	0.32
" In contrast, continuous treatment of mice bearing established GEO xenografts with ZD6474 resulted in efficient tumor growth inhibition for the entire duration of dosing (up to 150 days)."	( Antitumor activity of ZD6474, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in human cancer cells with acquired resistance to antiepidermal growth factor receptor therapy. Bianco, AR; Bianco, R; Caputo, R; Ciardiello, F; Damiano, V; De Placido, S; De Vita, F; Melisi, D; Tortora, G; Troiani, T, 2004)	0.32
" The use of influential covariates to guide anticancer dosage selection may result in less variability in drug exposure and potentially a better clinical outcome."	( Population pharmacokinetics of raltitrexed in patients with advanced solid tumours. Blair, EY; Clarke, SJ; McLachlan, AJ; Rivory, LP, 2004)	0.32
" Gefitinib, which can be given at doses below the maximum tolerated dose, is associated with slightly lower rates of adverse events than erlotinib, which is dosed at the maximum tolerated dose."	( Rationale and clinical validation of epidermal growth factor receptor as a target in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Caponigro, F, 2004)	0.32
" Gefitinib is administered orally at a dosage of 250 mg/day."	( Gefitinib: a new antineoplastic for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Cersosimo, RJ, 2004)	0.32
"Nineteen patients were treated with 71 cycles of ZD9331 and docetaxel (ZD9331/docetaxel) at dose levels that encompassed dosing iterations of ZD9331 ranging from 65 to 260 mg/m(2) and docetaxel doses in the range of 50 to 75 mg/m(2)."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the nonpolyglutamatable thymidylate synthase inhibitor ZD9331 plus docetaxel in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Garrison, M; Jones, CB; McCreery, H; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Schwartz, GH; Skinner, M; Takimoto, C; Tolcher, AW, 2004)	0.32
" Gefitinib represents a significant advance in the treatment of this population; a once-daily, oral dosage of 250 mg/day was well tolerated, produced objective tumour responses and disease stabilisation, and improved disease-related symptoms and quality of life."	( Gefitinib: a review of its use in the management of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Easthope, SE; Frampton, JE, 2004)	0.32
" Gefitinib was found to be generally well tolerated at the approved dosage of 250 mg/day; the most commonly reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were mild to moderate skin rash and diarrhoea, which were manageable and non-cumulative."	( Overview of the tolerability of gefitinib (IRESSA) monotherapy : clinical experience in non-small-cell lung cancer. Faulkner, K; Forsythe, B, 2004)	0.32
"This article reviews data on the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, tolerability, drug-interaction potential, and dosing of alfuzosin ER."	( Extended-release alfuzosin hydrochloride: a new alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Guay, DR, 2004)	0.32
" Plasma samples obtained before dosing to 240 hours after dosing were analyzed for gefitinib using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass-spectrometric detection."	( Relative bioavailability and safety profile of gefitinib administered as a tablet or as a dispersion preparation via drink or nasogastric tube: results of a randomized, open-label, three-period crossover study in healthy volunteers. Bailey, C; Cantarini, MV; Marshall, AL; McFarquhar, T; Smith, RP, 2004)	0.32
" No dosage adjustment is required for patient age, body weight, gender, ethnicity or moderate to severe hepatic impairment due to liver metastases."	( Gefitinib: current status in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Alfaro, V; Tanović, A, 2004)	0.32
" The anti-EGFR mAbs and TKIs have partially overlapping toxicity profiles, but distinct routes of administration, serum half-lives and therefore dosing schedules."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition strategies in oncology. Harari, PM, 2004)	0.32
" After 25 minutes of perfusion, peritoneal fluid, portal and systemic blood were harvested and prepared for dosage of Raltitrexed."	( A study of the effect of temperature on the pharmacokinetic profile of raltitrexed administered by intraperitoneal route in the rat. Bendavid, Y; Dubé, P; Leblond, FA, 2005)	0.33
" This provokes a problem for correct dosage finding in formulations for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and in the therapy of alcoholism and nicotine dependence."	( Biotransformation of desoxypeganine by microsomal enzymes of the rabbit liver. Illgner, S; Matusch, R, 2005)	0.33
" PK demonstrated steady state within the first 2 weeks of dosing and dose dependent exposure."	( A phase I study of oral ZD 1839 given daily in patients with solid tumors: IND.122, a study of the Investigational New Drug Program of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Batist, G; Douglas, L; Friedmann, J; Goss, G; Hanna, P; Hirte, H; Lorimer, IA; Mathews, S; Miller, WH; Parolin, DA; Seymour, LK; Stafford, S; Stewart, D; Walsh, W, 2005)	0.33
" Eleven patients required dosing modification (hold or reduction), while 3 patients discontinued therapy because of toxicity."	( A phase II trial of ZD1839 (Iressa) 750 mg per day, an oral epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Batist, G; Douglas, L; Glenwood, G; Goel, R; Hirte, HW; Jean, M; Lorimer, IA; Mackenzie, MJ; Major, PP; Matthews, S; Miller, WH; Panasci, L; Seymour, L, 2005)	0.33
" Dosage was titrated to achieve a platelet count < 600 x 10(9) L(-1) and ideally between 130 and 450 x 10(9) L(-1)."	( Anagrelide: analysis of long-term efficacy, safety and leukemogenic potential in myeloproliferative disorders. Fiddler, G; Fruchtman, SM; Gilbert, HS; Lyne, A; Petitt, RM, 2005)	0.33
" We observed preliminary evidence of antileukemia activity using this weekly dosing schedule and these observations support further evaluation of raltitrexed in this population."	( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of raltitrexed in children with recurrent or refractory leukemia: a pediatric oncology group study. Berg, SL; Bernstein, M; Blaney, SM; Horton, TM; Kamen, B; Kuhn, J; Langevin, AM; Weitman, S, 2005)	0.33
" Furthermore, we hypothesized that intermittent dosing would allow for dose escalation and greater inhibition of EGFR-dependent antiapoptotic pathways."	( Pulsatile administration of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor gefitinib is significantly more effective than continuous dosing for sensitizing tumors to paclitaxel. Kris, MG; Lobo, J; Rosen, N; Scher, HI; She, Y; Sirotnak, FM; Solit, DB, 2005)	0.33
"To test these assertions, we compared combinations of paclitaxel and gefitinib using either intermittent or continuous dosing schedules in mice."	( Pulsatile administration of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor gefitinib is significantly more effective than continuous dosing for sensitizing tumors to paclitaxel. Kris, MG; Lobo, J; Rosen, N; Scher, HI; She, Y; Sirotnak, FM; Solit, DB, 2005)	0.33
" Following intravenous dosing (5 mg kg(-1), gefitinib plasma half-life was 3-6h in rats and dogs, although studies using a more sensitive HPLC-MS assay produced longer estimates of half-life (7-14h)."	( Pharmacokinetics of gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in rat and dog. Bardsley, J; Hutchison, M; McKillop, D; Parry, AC; Partridge, EA; Rhead, SA; Swaisland, HC; Woodman, HM, 2004)	0.32
" Gefitinib represents a significant advance in the treatment of this population; a once-daily oral dosage of 250 mg/day was well tolerated, produced objective tumour responses and disease stabilization, and improved disease-related symptoms and quality of life."	( Spotlight on gefitinib in non-small-cell lung cancer. Easthope, SE; Frampton, JE, 2005)	0.33
"Once-daily oral dosing of ZD6474 at 300 mg/day is generally well tolerated in patients with advanced solid tumors, and this dose is being investigated in phase II trials."	( Clinical evaluation of ZD6474, an orally active inhibitor of VEGF and EGF receptor signaling, in patients with solid, malignant tumors. Barge, A; Basser, R; de Boer, R; Eckhardt, SG; Green, M; Holden, SN; Hurwitz, HI; Rischin, D; Rosenthal, MA; Wheeler, C, 2005)	0.33
" The major challenges on the clinical development of targeted therapy include the proper selection of patients, the identification of the optimal dosage and schedule of administration, the combinations with conventional treatments and the more appropriate therapeutic strategy."	( Therapy of breast cancer with molecular targeting agents. Gasparini, G; Longo, R; Morabito, A; Torino, F, 2005)	0.33
" Consistent with inhibition of angiogenesis, once-daily oral dosing of ZD6474 produced significant broad-spectrum antitumour activity in a panel of histologically diverse human tumour xenografts."	( ZD6474--a novel inhibitor of VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinase activity. Ryan, AJ; Wedge, SR, 2005)	0.33
" The assay was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in mice to determine dosing schedules that would approximate therapeutic ZD6474 levels determined in humans."	( Rapid and sensitive LC/MS/MS analysis of the novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD6474 in mouse plasma and tissues. Bradshaw, EL; Gustafson, DL; Long, ME; Zirrolli, JA, 2005)	0.33
"This study (EGF10004) assessed the safety/tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity of daily oral dosing with lapatinib (GW572016) in patients with ErbB1-expressing and/or ErbB2-overexpressing advanced-stage refractory solid tumors."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity study of lapatinib (GW572016), a reversible dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic carcinomas. Blackwell, KL; Burris, HA; Dees, EC; Dowlati, A; Ellis, MJ; Harris, JL; Hurwitz, HI; Jones, SF; Koch, KM; Mangum, S; Marcom, PK; O'Neil, B; Overmoyer, B; Smith, DA; Spector, NL; Stead, A, 2005)	0.33
" Because of the potentially serious consequences of this interaction, close monitoring of the International Normalized Ratio and warfarin dosage adjustment are recommended for patients receiving warfarin together with gefitinib."	( Drug interaction between gefitinib and warfarin. Abe, T; Hagiri, S; Ishii, K; Katagiri, M; Kato, E; Kobayashi, H; Kuboto, M; Masuda, N; Mitsufuji, H; Onoda, S; Ryuge, S; Takada, N; Tanaka, N; Wada, M; Yamamoto, M; Yanaihara, T; Yanase, N; Yokoba, M, 2005)	0.33
" The possibility that this skin toxicity correlates with anti-tumour activity offers the potential to titrate dosing on a case-by-case basis."	( The management of skin reactions in cancer patients receiving epidermal growth factor receptor targeted therapies. Chosidow, O; Dirschka, T; Elsner, J; Layton, A; Mancini, L; Maughan, T; Morere, JF; Santoro, A; Segaert, S; Sobrero, A; Tabernero, J; Van Cutsem, E, 2005)	0.33
" Cell growth was analyzed by the MTS assay, with differences between dose-response curves analyzed nonparametrically."	( Differential effects of gefitinib and cetuximab on non-small-cell lung cancers bearing epidermal growth factor receptor mutations. Cantley, LC; Engelman, JA; Halmos, B; Hanna, NH; Jänne, PA; Johnson, BE; Kobayashi, S; Lindeman, N; Mukohara, T; Pearlberg, J; Tenen, DG; Tsuchihashi, Z; Yeap, BY, 2005)	0.33
" Exposure to gefitinib is increased by coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors, but since gefitinib is known to have a good tolerability profile, a dosage reduction is not recommended."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of gefitinib with rifampicin, itraconazole and metoprolol. Laight, A; Leadbetter, J; McKillop, D; Ranson, M; Smith, RP; Swaisland, HC; Wild, MJ, 2005)	0.33
"A novel slow release formulation of alfuzosin should improve compliance by reducing dosing to one 10 mg tablet per day."	( Early symptom improvement of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treated with once daily alfuzosin. Casey, R; Elhilali, M; Kuzmarov, I; Nickel, JC; Saad, F; Valiquette, L, 2005)	0.33
" Highly potent inhibition, high selectivity and physical properties suitable for oral dosing were achieved within this series: 23d and 42 were identified as sub-0."	( New heterocyclic analogues of 4-(2-chloro-5-methoxyanilino)quinazolines as potent and selective c-Src kinase inhibitors. Barlaam, B; Costello, G; Fennell, M; Germain, H; Green, T; Hennequin, L; Morgentin, R; Olivier, A; Plé, P; Vautier, M, 2005)	0.57
" Further investigations of dosing regimens using EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and radioimmunotherapy in the treatment of EGFR expressing tumors are warranted."	( Enhanced efficacy of radioimmunotherapy with 90Y-CHX-A''-DTPA-hu3S193 by inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478. Brechbiel, MW; Burgess, AW; Hall, C; Johns, TG; Kelly, MP; Lee, FT; Mountain, AJ; Nice, EC; Rigopoulos, A; Scott, AM; Smyth, FE, 2005)	0.33
" Thus, the microemulsion system composed of castor oil, PEG 400, Tween 80, and water could be a stable dosage form for rutaecarpine."	( Physicochemical characterization of rutaecarpine-loaded microemulsion system. Choi, HG; Jahng, Y; Kim, JK; Kim, JO; Park, BJ; Park, YJ; Rhee, JD; Yong, CS; Yoo, BK, 2005)	0.33
") dosing in rats, six of eight drugs produced dose- and time-related antinociception on both the tail flick and hot plate tests over a nearly eight-fold range of potencies."	( Antinociceptive, brain-penetrating derivatives related to improgan, a non-opioid analgesic. Hough, LB; Lu, Q; Montero, MJ; Nalwalk, JW; Shan, Z; Svokos, K; Wentland, MP, 2005)	0.33
" Gefitinib undergoes rapid plasma clearance and has an extensive volume of distribution, resulting in a pharmacokinetic profile supportive of a once-daily dosage regimen."	( Single-dose clinical pharmacokinetic studies of gefitinib. Duvauchelle, T; Kerr, DJ; Laight, A; Ranson, M; Smith, RP; Swaisland, HC; Wilder-Smith, CH, 2005)	0.33
" A dose-response relationship may exist for this agent in SCCHN and grade of cutaneous toxicity attributable to gefitinib is a clinical predictor of better outcome."	( Phase II trial of gefitinib 250 mg daily in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Brockstein, BE; Cohen, EE; Dekker, A; Huo, D; Kane, MA; List, MA; Mauer, AM; Mehrotra, B; Pierce, C; Vokes, EE, 2005)	0.33
"Parallel dose-response effects were found in both CD41(+) number and TPO-specific pTyr activity."	( A preliminary investigation into the action of anagrelide: thrombopoietin-c-Mpl receptor interactions. Dessypris, EN; Kanamori, D; McCarty, JM; Melone, PD; Simanis, JP; Warshamana-Greene, GS, 2006)	0.33
"7%); previous radiotherapy dosage ranged between 30 and 55 Gy (median, 50."	( Preoperative hyperfractionated chemoradiation for locally recurrent rectal cancer in patients previously irradiated to the pelvis: A multicentric phase II study. Bolzicco, G; Coco, C; Dalla Palma, M; De Paoli, A; Di Russo, A; Doglietto, GB; Gambacorta, MA; Mohiuddin, M; Morganti, AG; Rossi, C; Valentini, V; Valvo, F, 2006)	0.33
" Cumulative dose-response study with acetylcholine and histamine indicated for its non-specific direct effect on smooth muscles."	( Synthesis and bronchodilator activity of new quinazolin derivative. Bhagat, A; Dhar, KL; Gupta, BD; Gupta, OP; Qazi, GN; Satti, NK; Singh, GD; Suri, KA; Suri, OP; Youssouf, MS; Zabeer, A, 2006)	0.33
" In study 1, CV alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonism was assessed by measuring the inhibition of phenylephrine (PE)-induced increases in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) before and after dosing with placebo, tamsulosin OCAS, and alfuzosin XL in 18 young subjects."	( Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of tamsulosin oral controlled absorption system (OCAS) and alfuzosin prolonged release (XL). Chapple, CR; Michel, MC, 2006)	0.33
"In study 1, tamsulosin OCAS induced statistically significantly less inhibition of PE-induced increases in DBP at 2 h after dosing and in TPR at 2 and 4 h after dosing than alfuzosin XL."	( Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of tamsulosin oral controlled absorption system (OCAS) and alfuzosin prolonged release (XL). Chapple, CR; Michel, MC, 2006)	0.33
"Gefitinib and sirolimus were administered on a continuous daily dosing schedule at dose levels that were escalated in successive cohorts of malignant glioma patients at any recurrence who were stratified based on concurrent use of CYP3A-inducing anticonvulsants [enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs, (EIAED)]."	( Phase 1 trial of gefitinib plus sirolimus in adults with recurrent malignant glioma. Bigner, DD; Desjardins, A; Dowell, JM; Friedman, AH; Friedman, HS; Gururangan, S; Herndon, JE; Lyons, P; McLendon, RE; Ochs, JS; Provenzale, JM; Quinn, JA; Reardon, DA; Rich, JN; Sampson, JH; Sathornsumetee, S; Smith, RP; Swaisland, AJ; Tourt-Uhlig, S; Vredenburgh, JJ, 2006)	0.33
"We show that gefitinib plus sirolimus can be safely coadministered on a continuous, daily dosing schedule, and established the recommended dose level of these agents in combination for future phase 2 clinical trials."	( Phase 1 trial of gefitinib plus sirolimus in adults with recurrent malignant glioma. Bigner, DD; Desjardins, A; Dowell, JM; Friedman, AH; Friedman, HS; Gururangan, S; Herndon, JE; Lyons, P; McLendon, RE; Ochs, JS; Provenzale, JM; Quinn, JA; Reardon, DA; Rich, JN; Sampson, JH; Sathornsumetee, S; Smith, RP; Swaisland, AJ; Tourt-Uhlig, S; Vredenburgh, JJ, 2006)	0.33
" Comparative studies to assess the therapeutic indices of PQD-A4, PQD-BE, and PQD were conducted in Plasmodium berghei-infected rats following daily intragastric dosing for three consecutive days."	( New potential antimalarial agents: therapeutic-index evaluation of pyrroloquinazolinediamine and its prodrugs in a rat model of severe malaria. Li, Q; Lin, AJ; Skillman, DS; Smith, K; Xie, LH; Zhang, J, 2006)	0.33
" The incorporation of an empirical approach to dosing in mouse models of cancer in preclinical studies may allow for better prediction of clinical efficacy for ZD6474 alone and in combination with other therapeutic modalities based on equivalent drug exposure."	( Tissue distribution and metabolism of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD6474 (Zactima) in tumor-bearing nude mice following oral dosing. Bradshaw-Pierce, EL; Gustafson, DL; Merz, AL; Zirrolli, JA, 2006)	0.33
"Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA expression and EGFR gene dosage by quantitative PCR in tumor samples obtained from patients with gefitinib-treated non-small cell lung cancer were analyzed in order to determine the association with treatment outcome, clinical, and biological features [EGFR copy number by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), EGFR tyrosine kinase mutations, and EGFR protein expression]."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor messenger RNA expression, gene dosage, and gefitinib sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Barón, AE; Bunn, PA; Cappuzzo, F; Crino, L; Danenberg, KD; Danenberg, PV; Dziadziuszko, R; Franklin, WA; Hirsch, FR; Park, S; Tanaka, K; Varella-Garcia, M; Witta, SE, 2006)	0.33
"EGFR mRNA expression was measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR in 64 patients, and EGFR gene dosage was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR in 82 patients from paraffin-embedded specimens."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor messenger RNA expression, gene dosage, and gefitinib sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Barón, AE; Bunn, PA; Cappuzzo, F; Crino, L; Danenberg, KD; Danenberg, PV; Dziadziuszko, R; Franklin, WA; Hirsch, FR; Park, S; Tanaka, K; Varella-Garcia, M; Witta, SE, 2006)	0.33
" EGFR gene dosage is neither predictive for response nor progression-free nor overall survival."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor messenger RNA expression, gene dosage, and gefitinib sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Barón, AE; Bunn, PA; Cappuzzo, F; Crino, L; Danenberg, KD; Danenberg, PV; Dziadziuszko, R; Franklin, WA; Hirsch, FR; Park, S; Tanaka, K; Varella-Garcia, M; Witta, SE, 2006)	0.33
" Although higher exposure to gefitinib occurs in individuals who are poor CYP2D6 metabolisers, genotyping prior to initiation of therapy and dosage adjustment are not warranted."	( Exploring the relationship between expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes and gefitinib pharmacokinetics. Cantarini, MV; Fuhr, R; Holt, A; Swaisland, HC, 2006)	0.33
" The objective of the current study is to develop a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model resembling the mechanism of action of BIBN 4096 BS, and to extract by model-based simulations dosage formulations and pharmacodynamic properties that can assist in the development of CGRP receptor antagonists."	( Modelling the anti-migraine effects of BIBN 4096 BS: a new calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist. Roth, W; Schaefer, HG; Tillmann, C; Trocóniz, IF; Wolters, JM, 2006)	0.33
" However, the response rates of IFN-alpha therapy frequently have been hampered by high dropout rates due to side effects and inconvenient dosing schedules."	( Pegylated interferon therapy for patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative disorders. Giles, F; Kantarjian, HM; Quintás-Cardama, A; Verstovsek, S, 2006)	0.33
"The long half-life of erlotinib supports the current once-daily dosing regimen at 150 mg/d."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of erlotinib in patients with solid tumors and exposure-safety relationship in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Bruno, R; Eppler, SM; Hamilton, M; Lu, JF; Lum, BL; Rakhit, A; Wolf, J, 2006)	0.33
" The actin remodeling effect was more prominent at lower dosage levels (1/8-1/4 of IC(50)), which was accompanied by an increased cell adhesion and decreased motility."	( Effect of an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor on actin remodeling in an in vitro bladder cancer carcinogenesis model. Belldegrun, A; Figlin, R; Iwata, KK; Jin, Y; Lieberman, R; Pantuck, A; Rao, J; Zhang, ZF, 2006)	0.33
" Although both classes of anti-EGFR agents target the same receptor, substantial distinctions regarding their mechanism significantly affect dosing requirements, toxicity profiles, and their use as combination agents."	( Clinical implications of the mechanism of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Marshall, J, 2006)	0.33
" AZD0530 is a potent inhibitor of tumor growth in a c-Src-transfected 3T3-fibroblast xenograft model in vivo and led to a significant increase in survival in a highly aggressive, orthotopic model of human pancreatic cancer when dosed orally once daily."	( N-(5-chloro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)-7-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy]-5- (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yloxy)quinazolin-4-amine, a novel, highly selective, orally available, dual-specific c-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor. Allen, J; Breed, J; Costello, G; Curwen, J; Fennell, M; Green, TP; Hennequin, LF; Lambert-van der Brempt, C; Morgentin, R; Norman, RA; Olivier, A; Otterbein, L; Plé, PA; Warin, N, 2006)	0.33
" In the escalating phase of the trial, patients were enrolled in sequential cohorts using 100 or 150 mg oral daily dosing of erlotinib."	( Erlotinib plus gemcitabine in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer and other solid tumors: phase IB trial. Dragovich, T; Hage, G; Hamilton, M; Huberman, M; Nadler, P; Patnaik, A; Rowinsky, EK; Von Hoff, DD; Wolf, J; Wood, D, 2007)	0.34
" These EGFR mutations were associated with increased EGFR gene dosage and conferred anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity to NIH-3T3 cells."	( Epidermal growth factor receptor activation in glioblastoma through novel missense mutations in the extracellular domain. Beroukhim, R; Cloughesy, T; DeBiasi, RM; Feng, WL; Gabriel, S; Getz, G; Glatt, KA; Greulich, H; Huang, JH; Kawaguchi, T; Khan, H; King, JC; Leahy, DJ; Lee, JC; Levine, RL; Liau, LM; Linhart, DJ; Mellinghoff, IK; Meyerson, M; Mischel, P; Nelson, SF; Nghiemphu, P; O'Neill, K; Onofrio, R; Paez, JG; Peck, TC; Pieper, RO; Rao, PN; Sawyers, CL; Sellers, WR; Thomas, RK; Vivanco, I; Xu, Q; Yoshimoto, K; Yuza, Y; Ziaugra, L, 2006)	0.33
" Dosing at 400 mg twice daily and 250 mg thrice daily was not feasible due to reversible, cholestatic liver dysfunction."	( First study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of CP-724,714 in patients with advanced malignant solid HER2-expressing tumors. Britten, CD; Denis, L; Gelmon, K; Guo, F; Letrent, SP; Minton, SE; Mita, M; Moulder, S; Munster, PN; Slamon, DJ; Tolcher, AW, 2007)	0.34
" This study aimed to evaluate the schedule-dependent interaction of clinically relevant dosing of vandetanib with RT in human head and neck cancer models that had been characterized as EGFR positive (EGFR+) or negative (EGFR-) in order to begin differentiating vandetanib and RT interactions at the level of antitumor (EGFR) or antivascular (VEGFR2) activities."	( Dose scheduling of the dual VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib (ZD6474, Zactima) in combination with radiotherapy in EGFR-positive and EGFR-null human head and neck tumor xenografts. Frederick, B; Gustafson, DL; Merz, AL; Raben, D, 2008)	0.35
" Vandetanib was dosed at 30 mg kg(-1) day(-1) based on pharmacokinetic studies in nude mice showing that this dose results in drug exposure similar to that seen in humans at clinical doses."	( Dose scheduling of the dual VEGFR and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor vandetanib (ZD6474, Zactima) in combination with radiotherapy in EGFR-positive and EGFR-null human head and neck tumor xenografts. Frederick, B; Gustafson, DL; Merz, AL; Raben, D, 2008)	0.35
" Both effects depend on the dosage of the drug, which shows saturation kinetics."	( relocating job wise? A mathematical model separates quantitatively the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of a HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Arteaga, CL; Hinow, P; Wang, SE; Webb, GF, 2007)	0.34
" Due to difficulties in crystalline identification in the jejunal fluid samples, only the same crystalline form as the dosed form was identified."	( Pharmacokinetics of gefitinib in humans: the influence of gastrointestinal factors. Bergman, E; Cantarini, MV; Dickinson, P; Farmer, MR; Forsell, P; Knutson, L; Lennernäs, H; Persson, EM; Smith, R; Swaisland, H, 2007)	0.34
" Thus, our results indicated that the microemulsion system composed of castor oil, polyethylene glycol 400, Tween 80, and water could be a more effective oral and parenteral dosage form for rutaecarpine."	( Short communication: in vivo evaluation of microemulsion system for oral and parenteral delivery of rutaecarpine to rats. Bhamdari, K; Choi, HG; Jahng, Y; Kim, DH; Lee, MH; Park, BJ; Woo, JS; Yong, CS; Yoo, BK, 2007)	0.34
"Patients with measurable and nonmeasurable disease were treated with erlotinib 150 mg/d on days 1 through 28 of each 28-day dosing cycle."	( Phase II study of erlotinib in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. Altomare, DA; Borden, EC; Gandara, DR; Garland, LL; Klein-Szanto, AJ; Nagle, RB; Rankin, C; Rivkin, SE; Scott, KM; Testa, JR, 2007)	0.34
" AZD1152 was dosed via several parenteral (s."	( AZD1152, a selective inhibitor of Aurora B kinase, inhibits human tumor xenograft growth by inducing apoptosis. Barrass, NC; Bigley, A; Boyle, FT; Brady, MC; Brown, E; Byth, KF; Crafter, C; Foote, KM; Foster, JR; Green, S; Heaton, SP; Heron, NM; Jung, FH; Keen, NJ; Mortlock, AA; Mundt, KE; Odedra, R; Wedge, SR; Wilkinson, RW, 2007)	0.34
" A representative quinazolinimine (MD212) showed attenuation of cognitive deficits at a low dosage (0."	( In vivo investigations on the cholinesterase-inhibiting effects of tricyclic quinazolinimines: scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in rats are attenuated at low dosage and reinforced at higher dosage. Appenroth, D; Decker, M; Fleck, C; Lehmann, J; Mohr, K; Tränkle, C, 2008)	0.35
"Patients (n = 30) with advanced malignant HER2 positive solid tumors were enrolled in this open label dose-escalation study, and treated with daily oral dosing of CP-724,714 in 21-day cycles at the following dose levels: 250 mg QD, 250 mg BID, 400 mg BID, and 250 mg TID."	( Pharmacokinetics of a HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor CP-724,714 in patients with advanced malignant HER2 positive solid tumors: correlations with clinical characteristics and safety. Britten, CD; Gelmon, K; Guo, F; Letrent, SP; Munster, PN; Sharma, A; Tolcher, AW, 2008)	0.35
" When various dosing schedules were applied, MP-412 showed significant effects with daily and every-other-day schedules, but not with a once-weekly schedule, suggesting that frequent dosing is preferable for this compound."	( Pharmacological characterization of MP-412 (AV-412), a dual epidermal growth factor receptor and ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Abe, D; Amano, Y; Fujii, A; Kitano, Y; Nakamura, H; Ohya, J; Suzuki, T, 2007)	0.34
"The study design includes two different dosage arms and a placebo group with a total sample size of 150 patients and is powered to detect a modest reduction in the mean tumor size burden in the high-dose sorafenib arm compared with a slight increase in the placebo group."	( Design of phase II cancer trials using a continuous endpoint of change in tumor size: application to a study of sorafenib and erlotinib in non small-cell lung cancer. Karrison, TG; Maitland, ML; Ratain, MJ; Stadler, WM, 2007)	0.34
" Healthy male subjects (n = 18) received either a single gefitinib 250 mg tablet (once), or a 250 mg granular formulation of gefitinib (on two separate occasions) over the three dosing periods, in randomized order."	( The relative bioavailability of gefitinib administered by granular formulation. Bailey, CJ; Cantarini, MV; Collins, B; Smith, RP, 2008)	0.35
" These dosing schedules resulted in significant effects on tumor vasculature, with decreased volume transfer constants, area under the curve, and permeability surface factor as well as increased gadolinium clearance after 30 days of treatment."	( Investigation of two dosing schedules of vandetanib (ZD6474), an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, in combination with irinotecan in a human colon cancer xenograft model. Ciardiello, F; Eckhardt, SG; Gustafson, DL; Henthorn, TK; Lockerbie, O; Long, M; Merz, A; Morrow, M; Serkova, NJ; Troiani, T, 2007)	0.34
" We detected no antitumor activity of ispinesib in RMHNSC on this dosing schedule."	( Phase II study of ispinesib in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Chen, EX; Chia, S; Colevas, AD; Hotte, SJ; Johnson, C; Pond, GR; Schwarz, JK; Siu, LL; Synold, TW; Tang, PA; Vasist, LS; Winquist, E, 2008)	0.35
" Its extended half-life probably permits dosing less frequently than once a day."	( New and emerging treatments for fungal infections. Denning, DW; Pasqualotto, AC, 2008)	0.35
"These studies provide a rationale for intermittent dosing of EGFR TKIs with chemotherapy in order to enhance cytotoxicity."	( Schedule-dependent apoptosis in K-ras mutant non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines treated with docetaxel and erlotinib: rationale for pharmacodynamic separation. Davies, AM; Gandara, DR; Gumerlock, PH; Holland, W; Lara, PN; Mack, PC; Mahaffey, CM; Pryde, B, 2007)	0.34
" This case suggests that, in some patients with NSCLC, even short-term administration of gefitinib may bring about clinical benefits and disease response comparable to the standard long-term daily dosing schedule."	( Short-term gefitinib treatment brought about a long-term regression of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma without EGFR gene alterations: a case report. Goya, S; Kawase, I; Kijima, T; Kumagai, T; Matsuoka, H; Minami, S; Osaki, T; Suzuki, M; Tachibana, I; Takeda, Y; Ueda, K; Yokota, S; Yoshida, M, 2007)	0.34
" Compound 11a possessed desirable pharmaceutical properties, including excellent brain exposure and long brain half-life following oral dosing to mice."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2,4-diaminoquinazoline derivatives as SMN2 promoter activators for the potential treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. Andresson, T; Bedell, L; Bjornsson, JM; Bragason, G; Burghes, AH; Butchbach, ME; Coovert, DD; Gurney, ME; Haraldsson, M; Keyvan, M; Mishra, R; Pai, G; Palomo, M; Pease, B; Rao, M; Singh, J; Thosteinsdottir, M; Thurmond, J, 2008)	0.35
" In contrast, systemic exposure of lapatinib after oral dosing was unchanged when efflux by Pgp and BCRP was absent from the gastrointestinal tract."	( The role of efflux and uptake transporters in [N-{3-chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-6-[5-({[2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl]amino}methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine (GW572016, lapatinib) disposition and drug interactions. Castellino, S; Harmon, KA; Humphreys, JE; John-Williams, LS; Koch, KM; O'Mara, MJ; Olson, KL; Polli, JW; Serabjit-Singh, CJ, 2008)	0.35
" Three treatment cohorts were assessed, using different dosing regimens."	( Erlotinib in combination with capecitabine and docetaxel in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a dose-escalation study. Baselga, J; De Rosa, F; Fettner, S; Jones, R; Rakhit, A; Trigo, JM; Twelves, C; Wright, T, 2008)	0.35
" The goal of this investigation was to cast the combined PG/PK/PD variables into models that could be used to design equivalent PK/PD dosing regimens for gefitinib in genetically distinct tumor models."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models of gefitinib and the design of equivalent dosing regimens in EGFR wild-type and mutant tumor models. Gallo, JM; Guo, P; Wang, S; Wang, X; Zhou, Q, 2008)	0.35
"Although no maximum tolerated dose was reached in cycle 1 with 35 mg/m(2) docetaxel, repetitive dosing proved intolerable in a substantial number of patients; thus, the recommended phase II dose of weekly docetaxel is 30 mg/m(2) when combined with 150 mg of daily erlotinib."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of erlotinib in combination with weekly docetaxel in patients with taxane-naive malignancies. Al Omari, AS; Chiorean, EG; Fife, KL; Foster, AE; Jones, DR; Murry, DJ; Porter, JM; Strother, RM; Sweeney, CJ; Yoder, CA; Yu, M, 2008)	0.35
"Our present results imply that (1) mutation analyses of EGFR and KRAS provide valuable information about whether or not to apply treatments targeting against EGFR and the selection of dosage for such treatments, and (2) siRNA-mediated knockdown is effective in lung adenocarcinomas with EGFR mutation, probably in those with resistance to gefitinib by acquired mutation in EGFR."	( siRNA targeting against EGFR, a promising candidate for a novel therapeutic application to lung adenocarcinoma. Fujisaki, R; Gu, Z; Horii, A; Inomata, K; Inoue, A; Kondo, T; Nukiwa, T; Sakurada, A; Sato, M; Yamanaka, S, 2008)	0.35
" Our findings suggest that HKI-272 treatment at maximally tolerated dosing may lead to the emergence of T790M-mediated resistance, whereas treatment with a more potent irreversible inhibitor could yield a resistance mutation at EGFR C797."	( The T790M "gatekeeper" mutation in EGFR mediates resistance to low concentrations of an irreversible EGFR inhibitor. Brannigan, BW; Godin-Heymann, N; Haber, DA; Lamb, J; Maheswaran, S; McDermott, U; Settleman, J; Ulkus, L, 2008)	0.35
" Treatment arms with gefitinib 250mg/day and platinum-based doublets chemotherapy irrespective of dosage and schedule were combined to calculate the pooled estimates for efficacy and safety outcomes of interest."	( The safety and efficacy of gefitinib versus platinum-based doublets chemotherapy as the first-line treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients in East Asia: a meta-analysis. Chan, KA; Chang, CH; Chen, KY; Kurth, T; Orav, EJ; Yang, PC; Young-Xu, Y, 2008)	0.35
" There were no significant differences in clinical activity or the AE profile between the dosing schedules."	( Efficacy and safety of lapatinib as first-line therapy for ErbB2-amplified locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Ang, PC; Arbushites, MC; Aziz, Z; Berger, MS; Casey, MA; Chavez, MA; Chow, LW; Doval, DC; Franco, SX; Gomez, HL; Nag, S; Ng, C; Sledge, GW; Stein, SH, 2008)	0.35
" Dosing 3 mg/kg/d cediranib for 4 days induced a marked hypertension of 35 to 50 mmHg."	( Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-a signaling induces hypertension: examining the effect of cediranib (recentin; AZD2171) treatment on blood pressure in rat and the use of concomitant antihypertensive therapy. Curwen, JO; Kendrew, J; Musgrove, HL; Ogilvie, DJ; Richmond, GH; Wedge, SR, 2008)	0.35
" Phase I studies have established that it is suitable for once-daily oral dosing at a dose of up to 300 mg."	( Dual targeting of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways with vandetinib (ZD6474) in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Natale, RB, 2008)	0.35
" Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed increased EGFR dosage in 28% of MPNSTs."	( EGFR and erbB2 in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and implications for targeted therapy. Holtkamp, N; Malzer, E; Mautner, VF; Mawrin, C; Mucha, J; Okuducu, AF; Schildhaus, HU; von Deimling, A; Zietsch, J, 2008)	0.35
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug and food interactions, dosage and administration, and role in therapy of lapatinib in metastatic breast cancer are reviewed."	( Lapatinib: a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor for metastatic breast cancer. Paul, B; Thompson, J; Trovato, JA, 2008)	0.35
" This is likely to be due to lack of radical corrections in the dosage of the drug for different reasons."	( [What is the current treatment of patients with essential thrombocytopenia and other myeloproliferations accompanied with thrombocythemia [corrected] and what can be the predictive sign of the risk of thrombosis in such patients--a report from the registr Brychtová, Y; Cerná, O; Doubek, M; Dulícek, P; Dusek, L; Hadacová, I; Hlusi, A; Hochová, I; Kissová, J; Pavlík, T; Penka, M; Pytiĺk, R; Schutzová, M; Schwarz, J; Seghetová, J; Szotkowski, T; Voglová, J; Volková, Z; Vozobulová, V, )	0.13
" Docetaxel may exert antiangiogenic effects if dosed so plasma levels are maintained at low nanomolar concentrations over a prolonged time."	( Pharmacokinetic-directed dosing of vandetanib and docetaxel in a mouse model of human squamous cell carcinoma. Bradshaw-Pierce, EL; Gustafson, DL; Raben, D; Steinhauer, CA, 2008)	0.35
" The approved dosing of lapatinib is 1,250 mg PO QD given continuously in combination with capecitabine 2,000 mg/m(2) daily administered in 2 divided doses on days 1 to 14 of a 21-day cycle."	( Lapatinib: a dual inhibitor of human epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Goodin, S; Medina, PJ, 2008)	0.35
" Cediranib (3 mg/kg per day) or vehicle was then dosed orally (2, 26 and 50 h after the baseline scan; 12 rats per group) and a second scan acquired 2 h after the final dosing event."	( Examining the acute effects of cediranib (RECENTIN, AZD2171) treatment in tumor models: a dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI study using gadopentate. Bradley, DP; Jürgensmeier, JM; Kilburn, L; Lacey, T; Mills, J; Odedra, R; Scott, M; Tessier, JJ; Wedge, SR, 2009)	0.35
" The effect of 1 to 2 months of chronic dosing of BI 1356 in two different animal models was investigated."	( Chronic treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor BI 1356 [(R)-8-(3-amino-piperidin-1-yl)-7-but-2-ynyl-3-methyl-1-(4-methyl-quinazolin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione] increases basal glucagon-like peptide-1 and improves glycemic contro Mark, M; Tadayyon, M; Thomas, L, 2009)	0.35
" It was concluded that a change of the dosage from the crude drug to solid dispersion could improve significantly the efficiency of rutaecarpine absorption and increase its plasma concentration."	( Solid dispersion of rutaecarpine improved its antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Ding, JS; Gao, R; Li, D; Li, YJ; Peng, J; Ran, LL, 2008)	0.35
" Gefitinib was administrated orally at a dosage of 250mg/day during the radiation course and was continued for each 28-day treatment cycle until progression of the disease, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal of consent."	( Treatment of brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer with whole brain radiotherapy and Gefitinib in a Chinese population. Deng, Q; Ma, S; Xu, Y; Yu, X, 2009)	0.35
" Additionally, 57 inhibited the related receptor, VEGF receptor I (VEGFR-1), and showed excellent exposure when dosed orally to female CD-1 mice."	( Arylphthalazines as potent, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of VEGFR-2. Balagtas, C; Bohlen, P; Doody, JF; Duncton, MA; Hadari, YR; Katoch-Rouse, R; Kawakami, JK; Kiselyov, AS; Kussie, P; Milligan, DL; Mitelman, S; Patel, SN; Piatnitski Chekler, EL; Rolster, RL; Sherman, D; Smith, LM; Surguladze, D; Tonra, JR; Wang, Y; Wong, WC, 2009)	0.35
"Five dosage levels (70, 90, 120, 160, and 200 mg/m(2) per day) were planned in this phase I study."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic studies of erlotinib administered concurrently with radiotherapy for children, adolescents, and young adults with high-grade glioma. Baker, SJ; Broniscer, A; Ellison, DW; Endersby, R; Gajjar, A; Kocak, M; Laningham, FH; Merchant, TE; Morris, EB; Schaiquevich, P; Stewart, CF, 2009)	0.35
" However, there was no relationship between erlotinib dosage and drug exposure."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic studies of erlotinib administered concurrently with radiotherapy for children, adolescents, and young adults with high-grade glioma. Baker, SJ; Broniscer, A; Ellison, DW; Endersby, R; Gajjar, A; Kocak, M; Laningham, FH; Merchant, TE; Morris, EB; Schaiquevich, P; Stewart, CF, 2009)	0.35
"Lapatinib was dosed at 1,500 mg/day orally continuously."	( A phase II study of lapatinib in patients with advanced biliary tree and hepatocellular cancer. Belani, CP; Dancey, J; Gandara, DR; Gandour-Edwards, R; Iqbal, S; Kindler, HL; Lenz, HJ; Longmate, J; Lurje, G; Mack, PC; Ramanathan, RK; Singh, DA; Tanaka, M; Yen, Y, 2009)	0.35
"These large increases in lapatinib bioavailability and absolute variability support the recommendation for dosing in the fasted state to achieve consistent therapeutic exposure."	( Effects of food on the relative bioavailability of lapatinib in cancer patients. Beelen, AP; Cohen, RB; Koch, KM; Lewis, LD; Lewis, NL; Mackay, K; Reddy, NJ; Stead, A; Whitehead, B, 2009)	0.35
" These data suggest that the inhibition of aurora B kinase may be a useful therapeutic strategy in the treatment of AML and that further exploration of dosing and treatment schedules is warranted in clinical trials."	( AZD1152 rapidly and negatively affects the growth and survival of human acute myeloid leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. Bonnet, D; Cavenagh, J; Crafter, C; Fitzgibbon, J; Joel, S; Lister, AT; Odedra, R; Oke, A; Pearce, D; Wilkinson, RW, 2009)	0.35
" We think that in our case, the adverse response of anagrelide therapy was determined, by accumulated dosage of the drug, through an intensive inotropic stimulation and a sympathetic hyperactivation in a vulnerable myocardium."	( Atypical Takotsubo syndrome during anagrelide therapy. Ardizzone, F; Maccio, S; Proietti, R; Rognoni, A; Rognoni, G; Santagostino, A, 2009)	0.35
" This validated LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to a bioavailability study of oral and intravenous administration of changrolin with 20mg/kg dosage in SD rats."	( Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of changrolin in rat plasma: application to a bioavailability study. Li, S; Liu, G; Lu, Y; Wang, Y; Yang, D; Yu, C, 2009)	0.35
"The clinical records were assessed for the patients who started treatment with erlotinib, on a compassionate-use basis, with an oral dosage of 150 mg/day until June 2008."	( [Effectiveness and safety of erlotinib in 2 patients with carcinoma of the cervix]. Albornoz López, R; Fernández García, I; Pérez Rodrigo, I; Soto Rojas, M; Torres Degayón, V, )	0.13
" x 15 days, respectively, as dictated by the equivalent PK/PD dosing strategy."	( Demonstration of the equivalent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic dosing strategy in a multiple-dose study of gefitinib. Gallo, JM; Wang, S; Zhou, Q, 2009)	0.35
" The steady-state pharmacokinetics of linagliptin and metformin and the inhibition of DPP-4 activity were determined at the end of each dosing period."	( Evaluation of the potential for steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and metformin in healthy subjects. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Padula, S; Ring, A; Withopf, B, 2009)	0.35
"An isocratic reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection at 245 nm has been developed for the determination of alfuzosin hydrochloride in dosage formulation."	( Quantitation of alfuzosin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations by RP-HPLC. Ganesh, M; Gangully, S; Kamalakannan, K; Rathinavel, G; Sivakumar, T; Tivari, R; Uppatyay, S, 2009)	0.35
" dosing of [(14)C]-radio labeled BI 1356."	( Tissue distribution of the novel DPP-4 inhibitor BI 1356 is dominated by saturable binding to its target in rats. Binder, R; Fuchs, H; Greischel, A, 2009)	0.35
"This was a multicenter, open-label, single-arm trial evaluating the toxicity and efficacy of oral erlotinib at an initial dosage of 150 mg daily until progressive disease or adverse effects prohibited further therapy."	( A phase II trial of erlotinib in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Lee, YC; Mannel, R; Schilder, RJ; Sill, MW, 2009)	0.35
" Data further indicated that the modified USP method provided for complete matrix hydration and swelling as the dosage form remained fully submerged, allowing for more reliable release mimicking the in-vivo conditions."	( Application of a novel symmetrical shape factor to gastroretentive matrices as a measure of swelling synchronization and its impact on drug release kinetics under standard and modified dissolution conditions. Fassihi, R; Liu, Q, 2009)	0.35
", increasing the dosage until a rash appears) as a rational management strategy."	( Expert consensus on the management of erlotinib-associated cutaneous toxicity in the u.k. Dunlop, J; Eaby, B; Groves, RW; McPhelim, J; Nicolson, M; Nijjar, R; Steele, J; Thatcher, N; Ukachukwu, I, 2009)	0.35
" Medical information, including the indication for warfarin use, warfarin dosing and dosing changes, and exposure to gefitinib were collected from computerized databases and medical records."	( Effect of gefitinib on warfarin antithrombotic activity. Arai, S; Fukui, T; Hataishi, R; Iwasaki, M; Katagiri, M; Katono, K; Kobayashi, H; Kubota, M; Masuda, N; Mitsufuji, H; Nishii, Y; Onoda, S; Otani, S; Ryuge, S; Takakura, A; Wada, M; Yamamoto, M; Yanaihara, T; Yanase, N; Yokoba, M, 2009)	0.35
" The applicability of the method was demonstrated by successful determination of AZD1152 and hQPA in human plasma and in plasma, brain, liver, kidney and ileum samples from mice dosed with AZD1152."	( Simultaneous determination of AZD1152 (prodrug) and AZD1152-hydroxyquinazoline pyrazol anilide by reversed phase liquid chromatography. Beijnen, JH; Pluim, D; Schellens, JH; van Tellingen, O, 2009)	0.35
" Individually, the selection and dosing of erlotinib for the treatment of lung cancer patients who continue to smoke is a clinical challenge."	( Using erlotinib to treat patients with non-small cell lung cancer who continue to smoke. Miller, AA; Petty, WJ; Waller, LL, 2010)	0.36
" Dosing levels of saracatinib ascended by cohort (60 to 250 mg)."	( Effects of the Src kinase inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) on bone turnover in healthy men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase I trial. Clack, G; Eastell, R; Finkelman, RD; Hannon, RA; Lockton, JA; Rimmer, M; Swaisland, A, 2010)	0.36
" However, recent data reported elevated liver transaminases when telcagepant was dosed twice daily for three months for the prevention of migraine rather than acutely."	( The role of CGRP in the pathophysiology of migraine and efficacy of CGRP receptor antagonists as acute antimigraine drugs. Olesen, J; Villalón, CM, 2009)	0.35
" Twice-daily dosing was implemented to further explore tolerability, and was limited by diarrhea to 500 mg twice daily."	( A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of oral lapatinib administered once or twice daily in patients with solid malignancies. Arya, N; Burris, HA; Fleming, RA; Jones, SF; Koch, KM; Pandite, L; Smith, DA; Spector, N; Taylor, CW; Versola, MJ; Wilding, G, 2009)	0.35
" This review summarizes the background, scientific rationale and early clinical data in support of intercalation of intermittent erlotinib dosing with pemetrexed as a means of achieving pharmacodynamic separation."	( Intercalation of erlotinib and pemetrexed in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Gandara, DR; Lara, PN; Li, T; Mack, PC; Perez-Soler, R, 2010)	0.36
" The current analysis focused mainly on evaluation of anagrelide dosage needed to achieve a complete response in high-risk patients: reduction in platelet count to below 400 x 10(9)/l, which was also considered as reaching the therapeutic goal."	( [The results of patients with essentials thrombocythemia and other myeloproliferation-related thrombocythemia--a report of patients treated with Thromboreductin]. Bodzásová, C; Brychtová, Y; Cerná, O; Doubek, M; Dulícek, P; Dusek, L; Hadacová, I; Hlusí, A; Hochová, I; Indrák, K; Jelínková, P; Jonásová, A; Kissová, J; Korístek, Z; Nováková, L; Pavlík, T; Penka, M; Pospísilová, D; Schutzová, M; Schwarz, J; Segethová, J; Voglová, J; Vozobulová, V; Walterová, L, 2009)	0.35
"Principles of experimental design have been exploited to develop the dosage form."	( Alfuzosin hydrochloride transdermal films: evaluation of physicochemical, in vitro human cadaver skin permeation and thermodynamic parameters. Acharya, PK; Choudhury, P; Mallick, S; Pattnaik, S; Swain, K, )	0.13
" Key aspects of erlotinib clinical pharmacology, dosing in special populations (e."	( A review of erlotinib--an oral, selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Bharthuar, A; Iyer, R, 2010)	0.36
" The reader will also understand the pharmacologic bases for the recent change in dosing guidelines of erlotinib, and the current knowledge of clinical and laboratory correlates that can serve as surrogates of response."	( A review of erlotinib--an oral, selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Bharthuar, A; Iyer, R, 2010)	0.36
" More studies to individualize therapy and optimize dosing are needed."	( A review of erlotinib--an oral, selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Bharthuar, A; Iyer, R, 2010)	0.36
" All other treatments were continued with some dosage adjustments."	( Management of refractory essential thrombocythemia with anagrelide in a patient undergoing hemodialysis. Demulder, AC; Malarme, M; Mesquita, Mdo C; Noubouossie, D; Sol, EB, 2009)	0.35
" The CSF concentration of EGFR-TKIs achieved by standard daily dosing may be insufficient for therapeutic effect."	( High dose weekly erlotinib achieves therapeutic concentrations in CSF and is effective in leptomeningeal metastases from epidermal growth factor receptor mutant lung cancer. Clarke, JL; Lassman, AB; Miller, VA; Pao, W; Wu, N, 2010)	0.36
"It was shown that AZD1152 is an effective antineoplastic agent for breast cancer, and our results define a novel mechanism for posttranscriptional regulation of Aurora B after AZD1152 treatment and provide insight into dosing regimen design for this kinase inhibitor in metastatic breast cancer treatment."	( Antineoplastic effects of an Aurora B kinase inhibitor in breast cancer. Chen, J; Gully, CP; Lee, MH; Velazquez-Torres, G; Wang, E; Yeung, JA; Yeung, SC; Zhang, F, 2010)	0.36
" Toxicity studies in animals and phase I/II clinical trials have indicated that RVX-208 is safe and well tolerated in multiple dosing regimens."	( RVX-208, a stimulator of apolipoprotein AI gene expression for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. McNeill, E, 2010)	0.36
" Dose-response curves were generated to determine sensitivity to lapatinib, erlotinib, and trastuzumab."	( Lapatinib, a dual EGFR and HER2 kinase inhibitor, selectively inhibits HER2-amplified human gastric cancer cells and is synergistic with trastuzumab in vitro and in vivo. Anghel, A; Ayala, R; Desai, AJ; Fejzo, MS; Finn, RS; Hecht, JR; Luo, T; Safran, B; Slamon, DJ; Wainberg, ZA, 2010)	0.36
" Wistar rats were orally administered with a daily dosage of 200 mg kg(-1) Erlotinib-HCl either as free drug or as Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) encapsulated nanoparticles."	( Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoencapsulation reduces Erlotinib-induced subacute toxicity in rat. Franklin, G; Kalaichelvan, VK; Manavalan, R; Marslin, G; Reddy, PN; Sheeba, CJ, 2009)	0.35
" Adverse events were similar across dosing regimens."	( Randomized phase II multicenter trial of two schedules of lapatinib as first- or second-line monotherapy in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Aisner, J; Allen, KE; Blumenschein, GR; Damjanov, N; Dowlati, A; Garst, J; Hassani, H; Leopold, L; Rigas, JR; Ross, HJ; Shepherd, FA; Smylie, M; Zaks, TZ, 2010)	0.36
" The proposed method is applied to time course microarray data of lung cells treated by stimulating EGF receptors and dosing an anticancer drug, Gefitinib."	( A state space representation of VAR models with sparse learning for dynamic gene networks. Gotoh, N; Higuchi, T; Imoto, S; Kojima, K; Miyano, S; Nagasaki, M; Shimamura, T; Ueno, K; Yamaguchi, R; Yamauchi, M; Yoshida, R, 2010)	0.36
"Given the marked toxicity in our patient population, the combination of vinflunine and erlotinib cannot be recommended for further study with these dosing schemas."	( A phase I evaluation of the combination of vinflunine and erlotinib in patients with refractory solid tumors. Buie, L; Chiu, WK; Davies, JM; Dees, EC; Irvin, W; Ivanova, A; Keller, K; O'Neil, BH; Sanoff, HK; Stinchcombe, TE; Walko, C, 2011)	0.37
" Blood samples were collected before dosing and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28."	( The relationship between drug exposure and clinical outcomes of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib. Guo, Y; Jiang, W; Li, S; Liao, H; Shi, YX; Xue, C; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zhao, HY; Zhao, YY, 2011)	0.37
" In 24 patients, the mean Cmax and AUC erlotinib values increased with dose and following cumulative dosing (days 7 and 8 vs."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of erlotinib (OSI-774) in combination with docetaxel in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SSCHN). Agrawal, A; Aimiumu, J; Chan, KK; Chen, P; Cheng, H; Dancey, J; Grever, MR; Kraut, EH; Lang, J; Rhoades, C; Young, DC; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.37
" Dosing for phase II trials was docetaxel 35 mg/m² and erlotinib 50 mg."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of erlotinib (OSI-774) in combination with docetaxel in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SSCHN). Agrawal, A; Aimiumu, J; Chan, KK; Chen, P; Cheng, H; Dancey, J; Grever, MR; Kraut, EH; Lang, J; Rhoades, C; Young, DC; Zhang, Y, 2011)	0.37
" The synergy with docetaxel depended on the treatment sequence; a schedule of MK-2206 dosed before docetaxel was not effective."	( MK-2206, an allosteric Akt inhibitor, enhances antitumor efficacy by standard chemotherapeutic agents or molecular targeted drugs in vitro and in vivo. Hatch, H; Hirai, H; Kotani, H; Majumder, PK; Miyama, K; Nakatsuru, Y; Pan, BS; Sootome, H; Taguchi, S; Tsujioka, K; Ueno, Y, 2010)	0.36
" The accumulation ratio with multiple dosing was <1."	( Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a Phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of single and multiple escalating doses in healthy adult male Japanese subjects. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Nakashima, M; Sarashina, A; Sesoko, S; Taniguchi, A; Woerle, HJ, 2010)	0.36
" Multiple dosing of linagliptin for 12 days was well tolerated and exhibited a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile consistent with a once-daily regimen."	( Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a Phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of single and multiple escalating doses in healthy adult male Japanese subjects. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Hayashi, N; Horie, Y; Nakashima, M; Sarashina, A; Sesoko, S; Taniguchi, A; Woerle, HJ, 2010)	0.36
" Patients were stratified by platinum sensitivity and were treated with erlotinib 150 mg daily on a continuous dosing schedule, and carboplatin at an AUC of 5 every 21 days."	( A phase II study of erlotinib (OSI-774) given in combination with carboplatin in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (NCIC CTG IND.149). Ellard, SL; Fisher, B; Grimshaw, R; Hirte, H; Oza, A; Seymour, L; Swenerton, K; Tsao, M, 2010)	0.36
" Although some patients may benefit from the treatment, other dosing regimens and novel taxanes such as Nab-paclitaxel should be explored in this setting."	( Docetaxel second-line therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: a retrospective study. Kaley, K; Penney, R; Saif, MW; Syrigos, K, 2010)	0.36
" The initial gefitinib dosage was 100mg/m(2)/d commencing with radiation therapy and the dose-finding period extended until 2 weeks post-radiation."	( A phase I and biology study of gefitinib and radiation in children with newly diagnosed brain stem gliomas or supratentorial malignant gliomas. Banerjee, A; Blaney, SM; Boyett, JM; Broniscer, A; Douglas, JG; Geyer, JR; Gilbertson, RJ; Gururangan, S; Kieran, MW; Kocak, M; Kun, LE; Packer, RJ; Phillips, P; Stewart, CF, 2010)	0.36
" Lapatinib dosage was related linearly to area under the [concentration-time] curve from start time to 12 hours later (AUC(0-12)) and dose-normalized maximum serum concentration and AUC values for patients in stratum II were both significantly higher (P = ."	( Phase I trial of lapatinib in children with refractory CNS malignancies: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium study. Blaney, SM; Boyett, JM; Fouladi, M; Gajjar, A; Gilbertson, RJ; Kun, LE; Onar-Thomas, A; Packer, RJ; Schaiquevich, P; Stewart, CF, 2010)	0.36
" The patient's warfarin dosage was adjusted to reach a target INR of 2-3."	( Elevated international normalized ratio associated with concomitant warfarin and erlotinib. Amarshi, N; Billingsley, A; Nair, BA; Thomas, KS, 2010)	0.36
" A 7-day intrathecal treatment with morphine (15 μg/day) produced tolerance to its analgesic effects as well as a rightward shift in the dose-response curve to its antinociceptive effects."	( Morphological evidence for the involvement of microglial p38 activation in CGRP-associated development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance. Chabot, JG; Ma, W; Quirion, R; Wang, Z, 2010)	0.36
" Saracatinib accumulated 4- to 5-fold on once-daily dosing to reach steady-state exposure after 10 to 17 days of dosing."	( Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and inhibition of SRC activity study of saracatinib in patients with solid tumors. Baselga, J; Casado, E; Cervantes, A; Chirivella, I; Elvin, P; Hamberg, P; Hoekman, K; Hurwitz, HI; Iacona, R; Jodrell, DI; Martinelli, E; Swaisland, A; Tabernero, J, 2010)	0.36
" Dose modification including dose reduction and dosing schedule modification may be utilized to manage toxicities, but this must be based on careful hematologic, neurologic, and liver function monitoring."	( Optimizing ixabepilone treatment schedules in patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Egerton, N, 2010)	0.36
"To determine, for each of two dosing schedules, the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of AZD1152, an Aurora B kinase inhibitor, and to evaluate its safety, biologic activity and pharmacokinetics (PK)."	( Clinical evaluation of AZD1152, an i.v. inhibitor of Aurora B kinase, in patients with solid malignant tumors. Ataman, O; Boss, DS; Das, S; Lolkema, MP; Schellens, JH; Stockman, PK; van der Sar, J; Voest, EE; Wilson, D; Witteveen, PO, 2011)	0.37
" However, this was not seen as clinically relevant due to the absence of a reliable dose-response relationship and the known large pharmacokinetic interindividual variability of glyburide."	( Assessment of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the novel DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin and a sulfonylurea, glyburide, in healthy subjects. Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Rose, P; Woerle, HJ; Zander, K, 2011)	0.37
" This study evaluated the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of cediranib and compared the administration of continual cediranib via two dosing strategies using this as a platform to investigate pharmacodynamic imaging biomarkers."	( A two-part phase II study of cediranib in patients with advanced solid tumours: the effect of food on single-dose pharmacokinetics and an evaluation of safety, efficacy and imaging pharmacodynamics. Cheung, S; Evans, J; Fielding, A; Harris, A; Jackson, A; Jayson, GC; Kelly, C; Middleton, M; Mitchell, CL; O'Connor, JP; Parker, GJ; Roberts, C; Rudman, S; Spicer, J; Tessier, J; Watson, Y; Young, H, 2011)	0.37
" In continual dosage phase (Part B), patients were randomised to a fixed-dose or dose-escalation arm."	( A two-part phase II study of cediranib in patients with advanced solid tumours: the effect of food on single-dose pharmacokinetics and an evaluation of safety, efficacy and imaging pharmacodynamics. Cheung, S; Evans, J; Fielding, A; Harris, A; Jackson, A; Jayson, GC; Kelly, C; Middleton, M; Mitchell, CL; O'Connor, JP; Parker, GJ; Roberts, C; Rudman, S; Spicer, J; Tessier, J; Watson, Y; Young, H, 2011)	0.37
" L + T for short duration (14 and 42 days), intermittent administration (14 days on/off), and reduced dosing (half dose) was also investigated."	( Reduced dose and intermittent treatment with lapatinib and trastuzumab for potent blockade of the HER pathway in HER2/neu-overexpressing breast tumor xenografts. Arpino, G; Gutierrez, C; Hilsenbeck, SG; Huang, C; Massarweh, S; Migliaccio, I; Osborne, CK; Rimawi, MF; Schiff, R; Soliz, R; Wang, YC; Ward, R; Wiechmann, LS; Wu, MF, 2011)	0.37
"6 μg/mL, and area under the drug concentration-time curve over a dosing interval (AUC) was 12."	( Pharmacokinetics of sotrastaurin combined with tacrolimus or mycophenolic acid in de novo kidney transplant recipients. Arns, W; Budde, K; Dantal, J; Grinyo, JM; Kovarik, JM; Proot, P; Rostaing, L; Steiger, JU, 2011)	0.37
" Furthermore, we advise to monitor closely erlotinib plasma concentrations and adjust the erlotinib dose accordingly when a clinically relevant interaction is suspected and no proper dosing guidelines are available."	( Erlotinib and pantoprazole: a relevant interaction or not? Beijnen, JH; Fanggiday, JC; Lankheet, NA; Malingré, MM; Staaks, GH; Ter Heine, R; Van Der Westerlaken, MM, 2010)	0.36
" Treatment durations and dosing were derived from randomized controlled trials, FDA labeling, and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines."	( Budget impact of erlotinib for maintenance therapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Carlson, JJ; Reyes, C; Veenstra, DL; Wong, WB, 2011)	0.37
" The recommended dosage is not dependent on body weight either."	( Lapatinib in breast cancer - the predictive significance of HER1 (EGFR), HER2, PTEN and PIK3CA genes and lapatinib plasma level assessment. Bouchalova, K; Cizkova, M; Cwiertka, K; Friedecky, D; Hajduch, M; Trojanec, R, 2010)	0.36
" First, we provide advances into administration schedules and dosing regimens for the combination treatment in in vivo pancreatic tumour."	( Aurora B kinase inhibitor AZD1152: determinants of action and ability to enhance chemotherapeutics effectiveness in pancreatic and colon cancer. Azzariti, A; Bocci, G; Chiarappa, P; Del Bufalo, D; Del Tacca, M; Fioravanti, A; Mangia, A; Paradiso, A; Porcelli, L; Quatrale, AE; Sebastian, S; Simone, GM; Sini, P, 2011)	0.37
" At the end of the 24-h dosing interval, inhibition was still high (82-90%)."	( The oral DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin significantly lowers HbA1c after 4 weeks of treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dugi, KA; Forst, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Ring, A; Ritzhaupt, A; Uhlig-Laske, B, 2011)	0.37
" PEG-IFNα was dosed subcutaneously once weekly (initially 6 μg/kg/week, later reduced to 4 μg/kg/week) for 12 weeks."	( A phase II trial of gefitinib and pegylated IFNα in previously treated renal cell carcinoma. Frankel, P; Gandara, DR; Lara, PN; Longmate, J; Margolin, KA; Pan, CX; Quinn, DI; Shek, D; Twardowski, P, 2011)	0.37
" It shows highly selective, potent, dose-dependent inhibition of DPP-4, with ≥ 80% inhibition of DPP-4 throughout the 24-hour dosing interval."	( Linagliptin: in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Scott, LJ, 2011)	0.37
" In Study 2, the geometric mean gefitinib steady-state AUC during the 24-h dosing interval was slightly, but not significantly, higher in patients with moderate hepatic impairment; there were, however, no significant differences between groups in gefitinib and metabolite pharmacokinetic parameters."	( The effect of different etiologies of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of gefitinib. Cantarini, M; Carmichael, J; Harris, AL; Holt, A; Horak, J; Macpherson, M; Swaisland, A; Swaisland, H; Twelves, C; Verrill, M; White, J, 2011)	0.37
" We applied ImageRail to collect and analyze drug dose-response landscapes in human cell lines at single-cell resolution."	( Adaptive informatics for multifactorial and high-content biological data. Menden, MP; Millard, BL; Muhlich, JL; Niepel, M; Sorger, PK, 2011)	0.37
" Cediranib was dosed at 3 mg/kg daily five times a week orally for 2 weeks."	( Cediranib enhances control of wild type EGFR and EGFRvIII-expressing gliomas through potentiating temozolomide, but not through radiosensitization: implications for the clinic. Andersen, B; Dicker, AP; Lawrence, RY; Liu, Y; Wachsberger, PR; Xia, X, 2011)	0.37
"Coadministration of linagliptin did not alter the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of R- or S-warfarin, indicating that no dosage adjustment for warfarin is necessary when co-administered with linagliptin."	( Effect of linagliptin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers. Brand, T; Graefe-Mody, EU; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Stangier, J; Withopf, B; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" The number of pain episodes, analgesic dosage and the number of days of spontaneous passage of the calculi through the ureter were also recorded."	( Efficacy of three different alpha 1-adrenergic blockers and hyoscine N-butylbromide for distal ureteral stones. Canat, L; Caskurlu, T; Gurbuz, MC; Kilic, M; Polat, H, )	0.13
" In this report, it was observed that combined treatment of a low dosage of curcumin (5-10 µM) with a low concentration (0."	( Combined treatment of curcumin and small molecule inhibitors suppresses proliferation of A549 and H1299 human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Chuu, CP; Kuo, LK; Lin, HP, 2012)	0.38
" The initial cohort was dosed at 100 mg every other day."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of vandetanib in Chinese patients with solid, malignant tumors: an open-label, phase I, rising multiple-dose study. Guan, Z; Jiang, Y; Li, S; Liao, H; Martin, PD; Smith, R; Zhan, J; Zhang, L; Zhang, Y; Zou, BY, 2011)	0.37
" Taken together, this non-clinical study shows that lapatinib and capecitabine modulate each other's molecular determinants of response and that concomitant dosing seems to be the optimal way to combine these drugs."	( Positive interaction between lapatinib and capecitabine in human breast cancer models: study of molecular determinants. Chefrour, M; Ciccolini, J; Denden, A; Fischel, JL; Formento, P; Giacometti, S; Iliadis, A; Milano, G; Renée, N, 2012)	0.38
"The two-stage approach could have been applied safely to define starting doses for alternative dosing strategies with barasertib."	( Two-stage model-based design of cancer phase I dose escalation trials: evaluation using the phase I program of barasertib (AZD1152). Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Keizer, RJ; Schellens, JH; Zandvliet, AS, 2012)	0.38
" The pharmacokinetic parameters measured were maximum steady-state plasma concentration during a dosage interval (C(max,ss)), time to reach maximum plasma concentration following administration at steady state (t(max,ss)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve during a dosage interval (τ) at steady state (AUC(τ,ss))."	( Effect of multiple oral doses of linagliptin on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of a combination oral contraceptive in healthy female adults: an open-label, two-period, fixed-sequence, multiple-dose study. Friedrich, C; Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Port, A; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" Because both drugs were developed to target wild-type EGFR, we hypothesized that current dosing schedules were not optimized for mutant EGFR or to prevent resistance."	( Optimization of dosing for EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer with evolutionary cancer modeling. Amato, KR; Arcila, M; Chmielecki, J; de Stanchina, E; Foo, J; Ginsberg, MS; Hutchinson, K; Inoue, A; Kris, MG; Ladanyi, M; Michor, F; Miller, VA; Ohashi, K; Oxnard, GR; Pao, W; Socci, ND; Somwar, R; Sos, ML; Thomas, RK; Viale, A; Wang, L, 2011)	0.37
"The objective of this study was to determine the relative bioavailability of the dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor linagliptin when administered with and without food, in accordance with regulatory requirements to support dosing recommendations for patients."	( A randomized, open-label, crossover study evaluating the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin in healthy subjects. Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" Plasma samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected before dosing and at prespecified time points after dosing."	( A randomized, open-label, crossover study evaluating the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin in healthy subjects. Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" Since adequate drug exposure for inhibition of DPP-4 was still given for the entire 24-hour dosing interval, this result was considered to be of no clinical relevance."	( A randomized, open-label, crossover study evaluating the effect of food on the relative bioavailability of linagliptin in healthy subjects. Giessmann, T; Graefe-Mody, U; Iovino, M; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.37
" Combined dosing with gefitinib and AZ12253801 similarly delayed the onset of symptoms, and at 200 days suppressed small intestinal tumourigenesis more effectively than either treatment alone (median small intestinal adenoma volume (47 mm(3) (comb) vs 248 mm(3) (AZ12253801), P=0."	( Dual inhibition of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like 1 growth factor receptors reduce intestinal adenoma burden in the Apc(min/+) mouse. Clarke, AR; Maughan, TS; Shaw, PH, 2011)	0.37
"AEB071 combined with a smaller dosage of Tac may be clinically possible to establish calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) minimization protocol in solid organ transplantation."	( The effects of AEB071 (sotrastaurin) with tacrolimus on rat heterotopic cardiac allograft rejection and survival. Fang, YH; Huh, KH; Joo, DJ; Kim, MS; Kim, YS; Lim, BJ; Suh, H, 2011)	0.37
"A total of 143 patients were randomly assigned to either erlotinib 150 mg daily orally until disease progression (PD) occurred or to chemotherapy with paclitaxel 200 mg/m(2) intravenously (IV) and carboplatin dosed by creatinine clearance (AUC 6) IV on day 1 intercalated with erlotinib 150 mg orally on days 2 through 15 every 3 weeks for four cycles followed by erlotinib 150 mg orally until PD occurred (CT + erlotinib)."	( A randomized, phase II, biomarker-selected study comparing erlotinib to erlotinib intercalated with chemotherapy in first-line therapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Bunn, PA; Camidge, DR; Camidge, R; Dziadziuszko, R; Eisen, T; Franklin, WA; Hirsch, FR; Kabbinavar, F; Martins, R; Richardson, F; Richardson, K; Rusk, J; Schnell, FM; Sternberg, DW; Varella-Garcia, M; Wacker, B, 2011)	0.37
"Erlotinib is effective for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant lung cancer, but CNS penetration at standard daily dosing is limited."	( "Pulsatile" high-dose weekly erlotinib for CNS metastases from EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Clarke, JL; Grommes, C; Holodny, AI; Kris, MG; Lassman, AB; Miller, VA; Oxnard, GR; Pao, W, 2011)	0.37
"Our group applied mathematical modeling to capecitabine dosing and predicted 7 days of treatment followed by 7 days of rest (7-7) would improve efficacy and minimize toxicity."	( Phase II trial of a novel capecitabine dosing schedule in combination with lapatinib for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Chen, C; D'Andrea, G; Drullinsky, P; Feigin, K; Gajria, D; Gonzalez, J; Hudis, CA; Lake, D; Norton, L; Patil, S; Theodoulou, M; Traina, TA, 2012)	0.38
" Erlotinib was dosed at 150 mg daily, and 5-azacytidine was escalated by increasing the number of daily doses of 75 mg/m(2) per cycle."	( A phase I study of 5-azacytidine and erlotinib in advanced solid tumor malignancies. Bauman, J; Belinsky, S; Fekrazad, M; Jones, D; Lee, SJ; Muller, C; Ravindranathan, M; Rutledge, T; Verschraegen, C, 2012)	0.38
" Irinotecan dosing started at 50 mg m(-2) and was escalated in patients by 25 mg m(-2) increments up to a maximum dose of 150 mg m(-2)."	( Phase I study of irinotecan and gefitinib in patients with gefitinib treatment failure for non-small cell lung cancer. Horai, T; Horiike, A; Kasahara, K; Kudo, K; Miyauchi, E; Nishio, M; Ohyanagi, F, 2011)	0.37
"MET gene dosage of the tumor tissues from 208 NSCLC patients was investigated by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and compared with molecular and clinical features, including EGFR mutations, KRAS mutations, EGFR gene copy numbers, and patient survivals."	( Clinical implications of high MET gene dosage in non-small cell lung cancer patients without previous tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. Chang, JW; Chen, YR; Chen, YT; Chiu, YT; Hsieh, JJ; Huang, SF; Liu, HP; Wu, HD; Yu, TF, 2011)	0.37
"The proportion of high MET gene dosage was 10."	( Clinical implications of high MET gene dosage in non-small cell lung cancer patients without previous tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. Chang, JW; Chen, YR; Chen, YT; Chiu, YT; Hsieh, JJ; Huang, SF; Liu, HP; Wu, HD; Yu, TF, 2011)	0.37
"High MET gene dosage was not related to primary TKI resistance and the incidence was increased after chemotherapy, suggesting high MET gene dosage may also be related to chemotherapy resistance."	( Clinical implications of high MET gene dosage in non-small cell lung cancer patients without previous tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. Chang, JW; Chen, YR; Chen, YT; Chiu, YT; Hsieh, JJ; Huang, SF; Liu, HP; Wu, HD; Yu, TF, 2011)	0.37
" Adequate monitoring and early intervention are recommended to prevent debilitating toxicity and suboptimal dosing of EGFRI."	( The risk of nail changes with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Garden, BC; Lacouture, ME; Wu, S, 2012)	0.38
" Since linagliptin is mostly eliminated via the enterohepatic system (80%) and not to a significant extent through renal excretion, dosage adjustment is not necessary in patients with renal impairment."	( Linagliptin: the newest dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aletti, R; Cheng-Lai, A, )	0.13
" In addition, significant oral efficacy was observed in a 14-day BRAF(V600E)-dependent human Colo-205 tumor xenograft mouse model, upon dosing at 30 and 100 mg/kg BID."	( Identification of 1-(3-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-3-(5-(1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylpropan-2-yl)isoxazol-3-yl)urea hydrochloride (CEP-32496), a highly potent and orally efficacious inhibitor of V-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 (B Abraham, S; Apuy, JL; Armstrong, RC; Ator, MA; Bhagwat, S; Campbell, BT; Chao, Q; Cramer, MD; Dorsey, BD; Ezawa, M; Faraoni, R; Gardner, MF; Ghose, AK; Gibney, M; Gitnick, D; Gunawardane, RN; Herbertz, T; Holladay, MW; Hua, H; Insko, DE; James, J; Jones-Bolin, S; Lai, AG; Nepomuceno, RR; Rowbottom, MW; Ruggeri, B; Setti, E; Sprankle, KG; Struss, B; Tran, L; Valenta, I; Williams, M, 2012)	0.38
" was administered on days 1, 8, 15, and erlotinib 150 mg was dosed orally on days 2-7, 9-14, 16-28 of each 28-day cycle."	( Phase II trial of erlotinib and docetaxel in advanced and refractory hepatocellular and biliary cancers: Hoosier Oncology Group GI06-101. Bufill, JA; Chiorean, EG; Coleman, N; Currie, C; Johnston, EL; Loehrer, PJ; Picus, J; Ramasubbaiah, R; Tong, Y; Yu, M, 2012)	0.38
" Therefore, a potential effect of hepatic impairment on the elimination of linagliptin may have important implications for dosing recommendations."	( Pharmacokinetics of linagliptin in subjects with hepatic impairment. Cinca, R; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Rose, P; Waldhauser, L; Woerle, HJ, 2012)	0.38
"• This study shows that mild, moderate or severe hepatic impairment did not result in an increase in linagliptin exposure after single and multiple dosing as compared with normal hepatic function."	( Pharmacokinetics of linagliptin in subjects with hepatic impairment. Cinca, R; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Rose, P; Waldhauser, L; Woerle, HJ, 2012)	0.38
"Mild, moderate or severe hepatic impairment did not result in an increase in linagliptin exposure after single and multiple dosing compared with normal hepatic function."	( Pharmacokinetics of linagliptin in subjects with hepatic impairment. Cinca, R; Graefe-Mody, U; Retlich, S; Ring, A; Rose, P; Waldhauser, L; Woerle, HJ, 2012)	0.38
" Bone turnover markers were measured in serum and urine samples collected before dosing on days 1, 2, 3, 17 and 28."	( Effects of Src kinase inhibition by saracatinib (AZD0530) on bone turnover in advanced malignancy in a Phase I study. Baselga, J; Clack, G; Eastell, R; Finkelman, RD; Gossiel, F; Hannon, RA; Iacona, RB; Rimmer, M, 2012)	0.38
" Of 14 recruited subjects enrolled, nine completed the study (three in each dosage tier)."	( Phase I evaluation of intravenous ascorbic acid in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Bazzan, AJ; Deshmukh, S; Levine, M; Littman, S; Mitchell, E; Monti, DA; Newberg, AB; Pillai, MV; Yeo, CJ; Zabrecky, G, 2012)	0.38
" It contrasts with other agents in its class by not requiring dosage adjustment in patients with renal or hepatic impairment."	( Pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Neumiller, JJ, 2012)	0.38
" NMS-P937, with its favorable pharmacologic parameters, good oral bioavailability in rodent and nonrodent species, and proven antitumor activity in different preclinical models using a variety of dosing regimens, potentially provides a high degree of flexibility in dosing schedules and warrants investigation in clinical settings."	( NMS-P937, an orally available, specific small-molecule polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor with antitumor activity in solid and hematologic malignancies. Alli, C; Alzani, R; Avanzi, N; Ballinari, D; Beria, I; Cappella, P; Caruso, M; Casolaro, A; Ciavolella, A; Cucchi, U; De Ponti, A; Felder, E; Fiorentini, F; Galvani, A; Gianellini, LM; Giorgini, ML; Isacchi, A; Lansen, J; Moll, J; Pesenti, E; Rizzi, S; Rocchetti, M; Sola, F; Valsasina, B, 2012)	0.38
" Scheduling of docetaxel before selumetinib was more beneficial than when selumetinib was dosed before docetaxel and demonstrated a pro-apoptotic phenotype."	( The MEK1/2 inhibitor, selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142886), enhances anti-tumour efficacy when combined with conventional chemotherapeutic agents in human tumour xenograft models. Alferez, D; Davies, BR; Heaton, SP; Heier, A; Holt, SV; Logié, A; Odedra, R; Smith, PD; Wilkinson, RW, 2012)	0.38
"From May 2005 to August 2006, 15 patients received a 250 mg/day dosage of gefitinib after having disease progression while taking erlotinib at a dose of 150 mg/day."	( The administration of gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer after the failure of erlotinib. Barletta, G; Boldrini, L; Brianti, A; Cosso, M; Dal Bello, MG; Defferrari, C; Fontanini, G; Genova, C; Grossi, F; Murolo, C; Pronzato, P; Rijavec, E; Truini, M, 2012)	0.38
" For a real data application, our proposed approach is applied to time series data from normal Human lung cells and Human lung cells treated by stimulating EGF-receptors and dosing an anticancer drug termed Gefitinib."	( Identifying regulational alterations in gene regulatory networks by state space representation of vector autoregressive models and variational annealing. Fujita, A; Gotoh, N; Imoto, S; Kojima, K; Miyano, S; Yamaguchi, R; Yamauchi, M, 2012)	0.38
" On the other hand, the optimal combination and dosage of these drugs, selection of the apropriate biomarker and better understanding of the conflicting role of PDGFR and FGFR signaling in angiogenesis remain future challenges."	( [Possibilities for inhibiting tumor-induced angiogenesis: results with multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitors]. Döme, B; Török, S, 2012)	0.38
" We demonstrate that dasatinib plus erlotinib can be safely co-administered on a continuous, daily dosing schedule with erlotinib, and established the recommended dose level of this combination."	( Phase 1 trial of dasatinib plus erlotinib in adults with recurrent malignant glioma. Coan, A; Desjardins, A; Friedman, HS; Herndon, JE; McLendon, RE; McSherry, F; Peters, KB; Reardon, DA; Rich, JN; Sampson, JH; Sathornsumetee, S; Threatt, S; Vredenburgh, JJ; Zhang, S, 2012)	0.38
" Patients received continuous once-daily oral dosing with saracatinib starting 7 days after a single dose in ascending dose cohorts until dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) or disease progression."	( First report of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the Src kinase inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumours. Boku, N; Fujisaka, Y; Goto, I; Kurata, T; Machida, N; Onozawa, Y; Shi, X; Shimada, H; Watanabe, J; Yamazaki, K; Yasui, H, 2013)	0.39
"The purpose of this article is to review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, tolerability including drug-drug interactions, contraindications/precautions, and dosage and administration of linagliptin, and the potential role of linagliptin in the management of glycemia in adults with T2DM."	( Review of linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Neumiller, JJ; Setter, SM, 2012)	0.38
" Dosage adjustments based on renal or hepatic function are not required."	( Review of linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Neumiller, JJ; Setter, SM, 2012)	0.38
" Dosage adjustment of linagliptin is not required in patients with renal impairment."	( Review of linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Neumiller, JJ; Setter, SM, 2012)	0.38
" Follow-up dose-response studies revealed that 12 of the 13 known EGFR inhibitors in the library were confirmed as hits."	( A high-content biosensor-based screen identifies cell-permeable activators and inhibitors of EGFR function: implications in drug discovery. Antczak, C; Bhinder, B; Calder, PA; Djaballah, H; Mahida, JP, 2012)	0.38
" This study aimed to establish the recommended dosing of the erlotinib and pertuzumab combination; assess safety, preliminary efficacy, and pharmacokinetics; and analyze biomarkers."	( A phase Ib, dose-finding study of erlotinib in combination with a fixed dose of pertuzumab in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Brewster, M; Cedrés, S; Dean, E; Felip, E; Galdermans, D; Martínez, P; McNally, V; Ranson, M; Ross, G, 2012)	0.38
"The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics and safety profile for two different dosing regimens of barasertib, a selective inhibitor of Aurora B Kinase."	( Phase I study of barasertib (AZD1152), a selective inhibitor of Aurora B kinase, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Ataman, O; Carvajal, RD; Das, S; Midgley, R; Rodig, SJ; Schwartz, GK; Shapiro, GI; Stockman, PK; Wilson, D, 2013)	0.39
"Vandetanib (an orally bioavailable VEGFR-2 and EGFR tyrosine kinases inhibitor) was combined at 100 mg, 200 mg, or 300 mg daily with standard dosed cetuximab and irinotecan (3+3 dose-escalation design)."	( Phase I study of cetuximab, irinotecan, and vandetanib (ZD6474) as therapy for patients with previously treated metastastic colorectal cancer. Abrams, TA; Ancukiewicz, M; Blaszkowsky, L; Chan, JA; Duda, DG; Elliott, M; Enzinger, PC; Goldstein, M; Jain, RK; Kulke, MH; Meyerhardt, JA; Regan, E; Schrag, D; Wolpin, BM; Zhu, AX, 2012)	0.38
" The large (n=331), randomized, double-blind, multinational ZETA trial compared vandetanib at a dosage of 300 mg once daily with placebo in patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic, hereditary or sporadic, medullary thyroid cancer."	( Vandetanib: in medullary thyroid cancer. Frampton, JE, 2012)	0.38
" Two dosing schedules were evaluated; in the "intermittent 5 & 9 dosing" cohort, XL647 350 mg for 5 days every 14 days was given; and in the "daily dosing" cohort, XL647 300 mg daily for 28 days was administered."	( Phase II study of the multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor XL647 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Azzoli, CG; Beumer, JH; Dowlati, A; Gadgeel, SM; Kris, MG; Krug, LM; Lynch, TJ; Miller, VA; Mitchell, B; Pietanza, MC; Price, KA; Riely, GJ; Rizvi, NA; Rowland, KM; Salgia, R; Tonda, M; Wertheim, MS, 2012)	0.38
" The adverse-event profile was similar for the two dosing schedules."	( Phase II study of the multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor XL647 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Azzoli, CG; Beumer, JH; Dowlati, A; Gadgeel, SM; Kris, MG; Krug, LM; Lynch, TJ; Miller, VA; Mitchell, B; Pietanza, MC; Price, KA; Riely, GJ; Rizvi, NA; Rowland, KM; Salgia, R; Tonda, M; Wertheim, MS, 2012)	0.38
"A dosage of sunitinib 37."	( Sunitinib plus erlotinib for the treatment of advanced/metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: a lead-in study. Blumenschein, GR; Chao, RC; Ciuleanu, T; Groen, HJ; Juhasz, E; Robert, F; Ruiz-Garcia, A; Tye, L; Usari, T, 2012)	0.38
"Multiparticulate floating drug delivery systems have proven potential as controlled-release gastroretentive drug delivery systems that avoid the "all or none" gastric emptying nature of single-unit floating dosage forms."	( Statistical approach for assessing the influence of calcium silicate and HPMC on the formulation of novel alfuzosin hydrochloride mucoadhesive-floating beads as gastroretentive drug delivery systems. Fahmy, RH, 2012)	0.38
"5 mg twice-daily dosing of linagliptin has comparable efficacy and safety to 5 mg once-daily dosing when given in addition to metformin twice daily in patients with inadequate glycaemic control."	( Efficacy and safety of linagliptin 2.5 mg twice daily versus 5 mg once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Meinicke, T; Rafeiro, E; Ross, SA; Toorawa, R; Weber-Born, S; Woerle, HJ, 2012)	0.38
" Low solubility of BAT in water, high toxicity and necessity of high drug dosing are major limitations of its use as a chemotherapeutic drug."	( Novel approaches in the synthesis of batracylin and its analogs: rebirth of an old player? Dzierzbicka, K; Januchta, W; Skladanowski, A, 2012)	0.38
" Initial cediranib dosing was 45 mg daily during a 28-day cycle."	( Cediranib in patients with malignant mesothelioma: a phase II trial of the University of Chicago Phase II Consortium. Agamah, E; Campbell, NP; Gandara, DR; Gitlitz, BJ; Kindler, HL; Koczywas, M; Kunnavakkam, R; Leighl, N; Stadler, WM; Thomas, SP; Vincent, MD; Vokes, EE, 2012)	0.38
"The PK profile of barasertib is similar to previous studies using the same dosing regimen in patients with AML."	( Phase I study of the Aurora B kinase inhibitor barasertib (AZD1152) to assess the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and excretion in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. D'Souza, R; Davies, M; Dennis, M; Oliver, S; Pike, L; Stockman, P, 2012)	0.38
" Additional trials and subgroup analyses of pooled data suggest that linagliptin improves glycaemic control regardless of factors such as age, duration of type 2 diabetes, ethnicity and renal function, and as linagliptin is eliminated primarily via a nonrenal route, it can be used without dosage adjustment in patients with renal impairment of any degree."	( Linagliptin: a review of its use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Deeks, ED, 2012)	0.38
"To ascertain the role of patient age as an influencing factor in the pharmacokinetics of anagrelide and to clarify whether different dosing is required in young (18 - 50 years) vs."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of anagrelide hydrochloride in young (18 - 50 years) and elderly (≥ 65 years) patients with essential thrombocythemia. Alvarez-Larrán, A; Besses, C; Coll, R; Freitag, C; Martin, P; Purkayastha, J; Troy, S; Zeller, W, 2012)	0.38
" Three days prior to pharmacokinetic assessment, patients divided their normal daily anagrelide into a structured twice-daily dosing (BID) schedule."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of anagrelide hydrochloride in young (18 - 50 years) and elderly (≥ 65 years) patients with essential thrombocythemia. Alvarez-Larrán, A; Besses, C; Coll, R; Freitag, C; Martin, P; Purkayastha, J; Troy, S; Zeller, W, 2012)	0.38
"To conclude, the differences observed in anagrelide and 3-hydroxy-anagrelide pharmacokinetics do not justify using a different dosing regimen in young vs."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of anagrelide hydrochloride in young (18 - 50 years) and elderly (≥ 65 years) patients with essential thrombocythemia. Alvarez-Larrán, A; Besses, C; Coll, R; Freitag, C; Martin, P; Purkayastha, J; Troy, S; Zeller, W, 2012)	0.38
" Assuming no dose limiting toxicities were observed, dosage was maintained at 150 mg BID for 10 more cycles."	( Phase I/II study of oral erlotinib for treatment of relapsed/refractory glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. Boockvar, JA; Christos, P; Kaplan, R; Kesavabhotla, K; Lavi, E; Mubita, L; Pannullo, SC; Scheff, R; Schlaff, CD; Shin, B; Tsiouris, AJ, 2012)	0.38
" The lack of direct comparison PFS and treatment dosage modification data were the main limitations."	( Budget impact analysis of the use of oral and intravenous anti-cancer drugs for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Benjamin, L; Buthion, V; Farah, B; Iskedjian, M; Rioufol, C; Vidal-Trécan, G, 2013)	0.39
"We used mathematical modeling and available clinical trial data to predict how different pharmacokinetic parameters (fast versus slow metabolism) and dosing schedules (low dose versus high dose; missed doses with and without make-up doses) might affect the evolution of T790M-mediated resistance in mixed populations of tumor cells."	( Effects of pharmacokinetic processes and varied dosing schedules on the dynamics of acquired resistance to erlotinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Chmielecki, J; Foo, J; Michor, F; Pao, W, 2012)	0.38
"For existing and new kinase inhibitors, this novel framework can be used to rationally and rapidly design optimal dosing strategies to minimize the development of acquired resistance."	( Effects of pharmacokinetic processes and varied dosing schedules on the dynamics of acquired resistance to erlotinib in EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Chmielecki, J; Foo, J; Michor, F; Pao, W, 2012)	0.38
" Animals were then dosed with vehicle or linagliptin (3 mg/kg PO) orally once-daily for a 28 day period."	( Effects of the DPP-4 inhibitor, linagliptin, in diet-induced obese rats: a comparison in naive and exenatide-treated animals. Birmingham, GD; Cheetham, SC; Dickinson, K; Grempler, R; Headland, KR; Hocher, B; Klein, T; Mark, M; Rowley, HL; Vickers, SP, 2012)	0.38
" Similar dose-response lapatinib experiments were conducted with varying concentrations of 5-FU or GEM and isobolograms were constructed to evaluate therapeutic synergy."	( Dual ErbB1 and ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition exerts synergistic effect with conventional chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Drebin, JA; Pippin, JA; Singla, S, 2012)	0.38
" Multiple dosing levels were studied, combining pazopanib up to 800 mg/day with lapatinib up to 1,500 mg/day."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of pazopanib and lapatinib combination therapy in patients with advanced solid tumors. Arumugham, T; de Jonge, MJ; Hamberg, P; Hodge, J; Hurwitz, HI; Pandite, LN; Savage, S; Suttle, AB; Verweij, J, 2013)	0.39
" Thirty-two patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and 32 patients with recurrent anaplastic gliomas (AGs) were treated in the phase II trial, at a dosage of 300 mg/day on 28-day cycles."	( A phase I/II trial of vandetanib for patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Fine, HA; Iwamoto, FM; Kreisl, TN; McNeill, KA; Shih, J; Sul, J, 2012)	0.38
"Patients with advanced solid tumors received three weekly AVE1642 dosed at 6 mg/kg, chosen following previous study, with 75 (cohort A) or 100 mg/m(2) (B) docetaxel, 1250 mg/m(2) gemcitabine/100 mg erlotinib (C1), or 60 mg/m(2) doxorubicin (D1)."	( Phase I study of humanized monoclonal antibody AVE1642 directed against the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), administered in combination with anticancer therapies to patients with advanced solid tumors. Bahleda, R; Blay, JY; Dieras, V; LoRusso, P; Macaulay, VM; Mery-Mignard, D; Middleton, MR; Protheroe, AS; Sessa, C; Soria, JC; Tolcher, A, 2013)	0.39
" Double dosage of gefitinib (500 mg per day) together with pemetrexed were given as the second-line therapy after the patient developed new brain lesions and leptomeningeal metastasis during the maintenance therapy of gefitinib."	( Activity of pemetrexed and high-dose gefitinib in an EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma with brain and leptomeningeal metastasis after response to gefitinib. Fang, X; Hu, Y; Li, M; Ma, S; Shen, H; Tan, C; Yuan, Y, 2012)	0.38
"Twenty-three patients received oral saracatanib on a continuous daily dosing regimen."	( Phase II study of the Src kinase inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) in metastatic melanoma. Clark, JI; Gajewski, TF; Gangadhar, TC; Karrison, T, 2013)	0.39
"A Phase I study to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and pharmacokinetics of afatinib (BIBW 2992), a novel irreversible ErbB Family Blocker, administered orally once daily in a 3-week-on/1-week-off dosing schedule."	( A Phase I, open-label, dose escalation study of afatinib, in a 3-week-on/1-week-off schedule in patients with advanced solid tumors. Burger, H; Cohen, RB; Eskens, FA; Hwang, J; Lewis, NL; Malik, S; Marshall, J; Ould-Kaci, M; Stopfer, P; Uttenreuther-Fischer, M, 2013)	0.39
"To increase knowledge about lung tumor tissue levels of erlotinib and its primary active metabolite, and about erlotinib plasma levels in intercalated dosing schedules, a sensitive and accurate method for determination of erlotinib and O-desmethyl erlotinib (OSI-420) in human plasma and lung tumor tissue has been developed."	( Quantitative determination of erlotinib and O-desmethyl erlotinib in human EDTA plasma and lung tumor tissue. Beijnen, JH; Burgers, JA; Huitema, AD; Lankheet, NA; Rosing, H; Schaake, EE; Schellens, JH, 2012)	0.38
" In this phase I, open-label, parallel-group study, adults with advanced solid tumours received a single 45 mg dose of cediranib, followed by 30 mg continuous once-daily oral dosing for 21 days after a 7-day washout period (clinicaltrials."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of cediranib, a potent VEGF signalling inhibitor, in cancer patients with hepatic impairment. Brown, KH; de Jonge, MJ; Desar, IM; Lassen, U; Marotti, M; van Herpen, CM, 2013)	0.39
" Two compounds exhibiting suitable mouse PK were profiled in in vivo tumor models and were shown to suppress mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling for over 12 h when dosed orally."	( Potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin kinase domain exhibiting single agent antiproliferative activity. Bergeron, P; Blackwood, E; Bowman, KK; Chen, YH; Deshmukh, G; Ding, X; Epler, J; Koehler, MF; Lau, K; Lee, L; Liu, L; Ly, C; Lyssikatos, JP; Malek, S; Nonomiya, J; Oeh, J; Ortwine, DF; Pei, Z; Sampath, D; Sideris, S; Trinh, L; Truong, T; Wu, J, 2012)	0.38
" However, these inhibitors have yet to prove clinically efficacious, and their toxicity in skin, reflecting activity against wild-type EGFR, may limit dosing required to effectively suppress EGFR T790M in vivo."	( Noncovalent wild-type-sparing inhibitors of EGFR T790M. Chan, E; Heffron, TP; La, H; Lee, HJ; Malek, S; Merchant, M; Pirazzoli, V; Politi, K; Schaefer, G; Settleman, J; Shao, L; Sideris, S; Ubhayakar, S; Yauch, RL; Ye, X, 2013)	0.39
" On detection of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)mutations, we administered gefitinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, at a dosage of 250 mg daily."	( [Efficacy of low-dose erlotinib against gefitinib-induced hepatotoxicity in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harboring EGFR mutations]. Hokkoku, K; Igarashi, S; Kitade, H; Mori, M; Nakai, M; Sagawa, M; Shintaku, K; Yamada, T; Yano, S, 2013)	0.39
" We intended to identify the optimum dosage of anagrelide in treatment-naïve Japanese patients with ET and assess its long-term safety and efficacy."	( Open-label, dose-titration and continuation study to assess efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of anagrelide in treatment-naïve Japanese patients with essential thrombocythemia. Abhyankar, B; Hodgson, I; Kanakura, Y; Miyakawa, Y; Okamoto, S; Smith, J; Troy, S, 2013)	0.39
" Although daily dosing with erlotinib is effective, weekly dosing may reduce toxicity and have advantages, particularly for prevention."	( Effect of intermittent dosing regimens of erlotinib on methylnitrosourea-induced mammary carcinogenesis. Bode, A; Gill, SC; Grubbs, CJ; Iwata, KK; Juliana, MM; Lubet, RA; Nicastro, HL; Steele, VE; Szabo, E; Tucker, C, 2013)	0.39
" The optimum dosing combination of these two agents has yet to be determined however, and in many patients it is likely that greater overall survival will be achieved by using them in successive lines rather than in combination."	( New oxaliplatin-based combinations in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cassidy, J; Hochster, H, 2003)	0.32
"Patients received AZD8931 as a single oral dose followed by 4 days of observation, then twice-daily dosing for 21 consecutive days."	( Phase I, dose-finding study of AZD8931, an inhibitor of EGFR (erbB1), HER2 (erbB2) and HER3 (erbB3) signaling, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Keilholz, U; Learoyd, M; Manikhas, G; Moiseyenko, V; Saunders, A; Semiglazov, V; Stuart, M; Tjulandin, S, 2014)	0.4
" However, frequent repeated dosing is required, and hepatic and cardiac adverse events may occur."	( A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, dose-ranging study to investigate the efficacy and safety of 4 dose regimens of oral albaconazole in patients with distal subungual onychomycosis. Malahias, S; Raterink, K; Sigurgeirsson, B; van Rossem, K, 2013)	0.39
" In 2B/- SMA mice, RG3039 provided a >600% survival benefit (median 18 days to >112 days) when dosing began at P4, highlighting the importance of early intervention."	( The DcpS inhibitor RG3039 improves survival, function and motor unit pathologies in two SMA mouse models. Bail, S; Barlow, C; Cardona, H; DiDonato, CJ; Durens, M; Emery, C; Gogliotti, RG; Heier, CR; Jacques, V; Jarecki, J; Jorgensen, M; Kiledjian, M; Kuntz, N; Plasterer, HL; Rusche, J; Singh, J; Xia, B, 2013)	0.39
" However, linagliptin is the first DPP-4 inhibitor to be approved as a once-daily, 5-mg dose and, due to its primarily non-renal route of excretion, no dosage adjustment is required for patients with renal or hepatic impairment."	( Clinical utility of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin. Grunberger, G, 2013)	0.39
" The approved dosage is 250 mg/body/day without adjustment for physical size such as body surface area (BSA), and the impact of physical size on the efficacy of gefitinib has not been evaluated."	( Impact of physical size on gefitinib efficacy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutations. Hayakawa, H; Honda, Y; Hotta, K; Ichihara, E; Kato, Y; Kiura, K; Kudo, K; Minami, D; Sato, A; Tabata, M; Takigawa, N; Tanimoto, M, 2013)	0.39
" We investigated the toxicities and recommended phase 2 dosing (RP2D) of the combination of cediranib, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1/2/3 and olaparib, a PARP-inhibitor (NCT01116648)."	( A Phase 1 trial of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib (AZD2281) in combination with the anti-angiogenic cediranib (AZD2171) in recurrent epithelial ovarian or triple-negative breast cancer. Birrer, M; Buss, MK; Dahlberg, SE; Fleming, GF; Ivy, P; Lee, H; Liu, JF; Matulonis, UA; Tolaney, SM; Tyburski, K; Whalen, C; Winer, E, 2013)	0.39
" Maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) values were achieved 2-5 h after dosing and thereafter declined at least bi-exponentially."	( Pharmacokinetics of afatinib, a selective irreversible ErbB family blocker, in patients with advanced solid tumours. Erhardt, J; Goeldner, RG; Schmid, M; Stopfer, P; Wind, S, 2013)	0.39
"The pharmacokinetic profile of afatinib supports a once-daily dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of afatinib, a selective irreversible ErbB family blocker, in patients with advanced solid tumours. Erhardt, J; Goeldner, RG; Schmid, M; Stopfer, P; Wind, S, 2013)	0.39
"Based on the convenient oral dosing of erlotinib and the promising results of biologic therapy, we undertook a phase II study with 21 patients with locally advanced (T3-4) lesions combining radiation with intra-arterial (IA) cisplatin and oral daily erlotinib for a 7-week therapy."	( A phase II study of intra-arterial cisplatin with concurrent radiation and erlotinib for locally advanced head and neck cancer. Chalasani, P; Clausen, C; Dhiwakar, M; Kalapurakal, S; Malone, J; Rao, K; Robbins, KT; Robinson, K; Ronen, O; Shevlin, B, 2013)	0.39
" Despite the slightly faster clearance compared with typical bivalent mAbs, the PK of onartuzumab support dosing regimens of 15 mg/kg every 3 weeks or doses equivalent to achieve the target minimum tumoristatic concentration in patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis from phase I and phase II studies of the humanized monovalent antibody, onartuzumab (MetMAb), in patients with advanced solid tumors. Bai, S; Bothos, J; Damico-Beyer, LA; Davis, JD; Eppler, S; Jin, D; Joshi, A; Kaur, S; Nijem, I; Patel, P; Peterson, A; Xin, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Further clinical evaluation is warranted to investigate whether a low dosage of these antifolates can elicit immunosuppressive effects equivalent to MTX, and whether they are superior to MTX in patients who fail to respond to MTX."	( Methotrexate analogues display enhanced inhibition of TNF-α production in whole blood from RA patients. Assaraf, YG; Dijkmans, BA; Gerards, AH; Jansen, G; Lems, WF; Oerlemans, R; Scheper, RJ; van der Heijden, JW, 2014)	0.4
" Hypertensive animals entered a 16-week dosing period."	( Effects of telmisartan and linagliptin when used in combination on blood pressure and oxidative stress in rats with 2-kidney-1-clip hypertension. Alter, ML; Chaykovska, L; Hocher, B; Hohmann, M; Klein, T; Kraft, R; Kutil, B; Reichetzeder, C; Tsuprykov, O; von Websky, K, 2013)	0.39
"The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of erlotinib in a human tumor xenograft model were described by the indirect response model and integrated model, which will be helpful in understanding the detailed processes of erlotinib activity and determining an appropriate dosing regimen in clinical studies."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the anticancer effect of erlotinib in a human non-small cell lung cancer xenograft mouse model. Deng, CH; Li, HQ; Li, L; Li, MY; Lu, W; Wu, Q; Zhou, TY, 2013)	0.39
"5 mg twice-daily provided bioequivalent exposure and similar inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 over the whole dosing interval."	( Bioequivalence of Linagliptin 5 mg once daily and 2.5 mg twice daily: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in an open-label crossover trial. Friedrich, C; Jungnik, A; Meinicke, T; Retlich, S; Ring, A, 2014)	0.4
"Because of the complexity derived from the existence of various phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms and their differential roles in cancers, development of PI3K inhibitors with differential pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic profiles would allow best exploration in different indications, combinations, and dosing regimens."	( BAY 80-6946 is a highly selective intravenous PI3K inhibitor with potent p110α and p110δ activities in tumor cell lines and xenograft models. Bull, CO; Fracasso, PR; Haegebarth, A; Hentemann, M; Liu, N; Mumberg, D; Rowley, BR; Schatz, CA; Schneider, C; Scott, WJ; Wilhelm, SM; Wilkie, DP; Ziegelbauer, K, 2013)	0.39
" The convenient, once-daily dosing does not need adjustment in patients with hepatic and/or renal impairment."	( Linagliptin as add-on therapy to insulin for patients with type 2 diabetes. Hocher, B; Reichetzeder, C; von Websky, K, 2013)	0.39
" This allows the usage of p110α-specific PI3K inhibitors and thus may spare patients the toxicities of pan-PI3K inhibition to allow maximal dosage and efficacy."	( Enhanced PI3K p110α signaling confers acquired lapatinib resistance that can be effectively reversed by a p110α-selective PI3K inhibitor. Brady, SW; Seok, D; Wang, H; Yu, D; Zhang, J, 2014)	0.4
" The method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of CUDC-101 after intravenous administration of single dosage 5 mg/kg in rats."	( Determination of CUDC-101 in rat plasma by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Ma, J; Wang, X; Wen, C; Xiang, Z; Zhang, Q, 2014)	0.4
"These findings suggest that the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of erlotinib are related to skin toxicity and may support further studies where erlotinib dosing is tailored according to pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Correlation between erlotinib pharmacokinetics, cutaneous toxicity and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Andreoli, R; Ardizzoni, A; Azzoni, C; Bartolotti, M; Bortesi, B; De Palma, G; Gelsomino, F; Goldoni, M; Mozzoni, P; Mutti, A; Silini, EM; Tiseo, M, 2014)	0.4
" Twelve phase I patients treated at the maximum tolerated dosage were included in the phase II cohort for analysis."	( Phase I/II study of erlotinib and temsirolimus for patients with recurrent malignant gliomas: North American Brain Tumor Consortium trial 04-02. Aldape, KD; Chang, SM; Cloughesy, TF; Dancey, J; Drappatz, J; Gilbert, MR; Groves, MD; Kuhn, JG; Lamborn, KR; Lieberman, FS; Ligon, AH; Ligon, KL; Mehta, MP; Norden, AD; Prados, MD; Robins, HI; Santagata, S; Wen, PY; Wright, JJ; Yung, WK, 2014)	0.4
"Because of increased toxicity, the maximum tolerated dosage of temsirolimus in combination with erlotinib proved lower than expected."	( Phase I/II study of erlotinib and temsirolimus for patients with recurrent malignant gliomas: North American Brain Tumor Consortium trial 04-02. Aldape, KD; Chang, SM; Cloughesy, TF; Dancey, J; Drappatz, J; Gilbert, MR; Groves, MD; Kuhn, JG; Lamborn, KR; Lieberman, FS; Ligon, AH; Ligon, KL; Mehta, MP; Norden, AD; Prados, MD; Robins, HI; Santagata, S; Wen, PY; Wright, JJ; Yung, WK, 2014)	0.4
"Erlotinib exposure (AUC0-∞ and C max) was reduced after pre- or concomitant dosing with rifampicin."	( The effect of rifampicin, a prototypical CYP3A4 inducer, on erlotinib pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Drolet, DW; Fettner, SH; Hamilton, M; Lum, BL; Rakhit, AK; Witt, K; Wolf, JL, 2014)	0.4
" After dosing 400 mg of Icotinib with high-fat and high-calorie meal, mean Cmax and AUC were significantly increased by 59 and 79 %, respectively."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of Icotinib, an anti-cancer drug: evaluation of dose proportionality, food effect, and tolerability in healthy subjects. Hu, P; Jiang, J; Liu, D; Tan, F; Wang, Y; Zhang, D; Zhang, L, 2014)	0.4
" Plasma concentration-time data for up to 7 months dosing were analyzed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling."	( Population pharmacokinetics of afatinib, an irreversible ErbB family blocker, in patients with various solid tumors. Fleury, A; Freiwald, M; Schmid, U; Staab, A; Stopfer, P; Wind, S, 2014)	0.4
" Male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats were dosed for 3 days, fasted overnight and a sucrose/glucose tolerance test was performed."	( Effect of linagliptin, alone and in combination with voglibose or exendin-4, on glucose control in male ZDF rats. Cheetham, SC; Headland, KR; Jones, RB; Klein, T; Mark, M; Vickers, SP, 2014)	0.4
" Testing of biological activity revealed limited potential for resistance to these agents, low toxicity, and highly effective in vivo activity, even with low dosing regimens."	( Antibacterial activity of a series of N2,N4-disubstituted quinazoline-2,4-diamines. Burda, WN; Fleeman, R; Manetsch, R; Shaw, LN; Van Horn, KS, 2014)	0.4
"Cigarette smoking dosage of ≥ 30 pack-years is an independent negative predictive factor of EGFR-TKI treatment outcome in lung adenocarcinoma patients with activating EGFR mutations."	( Impact of cigarette smoking on response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in lung adenocarcinoma with activating EGFR mutations. Bae, MK; Cho, BC; Kang, DR; Kim, EY; Kim, HR; Kim, JH; Kim, MH; Lee, CY; Lee, JS, 2014)	0.4
" The VEGF signal inhibitors significantly elevated blood pressure (BP) in rats within a few days of the initiation of dosing, and levels recovered after dosing ended."	( Estimating the clinical risk of hypertension from VEGF signal inhibitors by a non-clinical approach using telemetered rats. Honda, M; Isobe, T; Komatsu, R; Kuramoto, S; Shindoh, H; Tabo, M, 2014)	0.4
" donovani in the BALB/c mouse model of infection; dosing on days 7-11 with a 50 mg/kg oral dose of sunitinib, lapatinib or sorafenib reduced liver amastigote burdens by 41%, 36% and 30%, respectively, compared with untreated control mice."	( Activity of anti-cancer protein kinase inhibitors against Leishmania spp. Croft, SL; Sanderson, L; Yardley, V, 2014)	0.4
" Lapatinib dose was escalated to 7,000 mg per day in twice-daily dosing with no DLTs; however, plasma lapatinib concentrations plateaued in this dose range."	( Phase I dose-escalation study of 5-day intermittent oral lapatinib therapy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing breast cancer. Auerback, G; Chien, AJ; Goga, A; Khanafshar, E; Koch, KM; Melisko, ME; Moasser, MM; Munster, PN; Ordovas, K; Park, JW; Rugo, HS, 2014)	0.4
"Lapatinib exposure can be safely and significantly increased through intermittent dosing but reaches a ceiling that currently impedes clinical translation of the treatment hypothesis."	( Phase I dose-escalation study of 5-day intermittent oral lapatinib therapy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing breast cancer. Auerback, G; Chien, AJ; Goga, A; Khanafshar, E; Koch, KM; Melisko, ME; Moasser, MM; Munster, PN; Ordovas, K; Park, JW; Rugo, HS, 2014)	0.4
" The median time from dosing to the maximum concentration of linagliptin in plasma (t(max)) was similar under both conditions."	( Effect of food and tablet-dissolution characteristics on the bioavailability of linagliptin fixed-dose combination with metformin: evidence from two randomized trials. Friedrich, C; Hohl, K; Jungnik, A; Meinicke, T; Metzmann, K; Ring, A; Schnell, D; Theodor, R, 2014)	0.4
" Low incidence of toxicity and low erlotinib exposure suggest standardized and maximum-allowable dosing may be suboptimal in African Americans."	( Erlotinib in African Americans with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective randomized study with genetic and pharmacokinetic analyses. Aimiuwu, J; Blachly, JS; Gao, Y; Hicks, WJ; Li, J; Otterson, GA; Papp, A; Phelps, MA; Poi, M; Schaaf, LJ; Socinski, MA; Starrett, SL; Stinchcombe, TE; Villalona-Calero, MA; Wang, D; Wei, L; Zhao, W, 2014)	0.4
" PI4KIIα knockdown greatly prolonged the effects and decreased the effective dosage of AG-1478, a specific inhibitor of EGFR."	( Dual inhibition of EGFR at protein and activity level via combinatorial blocking of PI4KIIα as anti-tumor strategy. Chen, C; Gao, Z; Kang, H; Li, J; Rong, G; Zhang, L; Zhang, X, 2014)	0.4
"Erlotinib is currently marketed at fixed standard dosage against pancreatic cancer and non-small-cell lung carcinoma."	( Erlotinib: another candidate for the therapeutic drug monitoring of targeted therapy of cancer? A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic systematic review of literature. Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Gairard-Dory, AC; Gourieux, B; Guidi, M; Petit-Jean, E; Quoix, E; Ubeaud-Séquier, G; Widmer, N, 2015)	0.42
"2% of the patients developed side effects resulting in dosage reductions."	( Chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma in elderly patients (≥70 years of age): a retrospective cohort study at the National Center for Tumor Diseases Heidelberg. Abel, U; Berger, AK; Harig, S; Jäger, D; Komander, C; Springfeld, C, )	0.13
" To investigate the antitumor effect of erlotinib at different dosing times and the underlying molecular mechanism via the PI3K/AKT pathway, we established a mouse model of Lewis lung cancer xenografts."	( Chronopharmacology and mechanism of antitumor effect of erlotinib in Lewis tumor-bearing mice. An, F; Li, M; Lin, P; Liu, J; Liu, L; Wang, P; Zhang, B; Zhao, L; Zhuang, X, 2014)	0.4
" With a therapeutic dosing regimen in which mice were fed Western diet for 10 weeks to develop lesions followed by switching to a low fat diet and concurrent treatment with RVX-208 for 14 weeks, RVX-208 similarly reduced lesion formation by 39% in the whole aorta without significant changes in the plasma lipid parameters."	( A novel BET bromodomain inhibitor, RVX-208, shows reduction of atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic ApoE deficient mice. Attwell, S; Azhar, S; Hansen, HC; Jahagirdar, R; Johansson, J; McLure, KG; Srivastava, RA; Tobin, J; Wagner, GS; Wong, NC; Wu, J; Young, PR; Yu, R; Zhang, H, 2014)	0.4
" Pulsed dosing conferred no apparent safety or dose advantage."	( A phase I, dose-escalation trial of continuous- and pulsed-dose afatinib combined with pemetrexed in patients with advanced solid tumors. Chand, VK; Chu, QS; Hirte, HW; Hotte, SJ; Sangha, R; Schnell, D; Sergenson, G, 2014)	0.4
"To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, dosage and administration, and formulary considerations for ado-trastuzumab emtansine."	( Ado-trastuzumab emtansine: a HER2-positive targeted antibody-drug conjugate. Auten, JJ; Cicci, TA; Corrigan, PA; Lowe, DK, 2014)	0.4
" In phase II, participants were randomized (stratified by age and KPS) to receive A, T or AT; A was dosed at 40 mg/day and T at 75 mg/m(2) for 21 of 28 days."	( Phase I/randomized phase II study of afatinib, an irreversible ErbB family blocker, with or without protracted temozolomide in adults with recurrent glioblastoma. Cong, J; Cseh, A; Eisenstat, DD; Fu, Y; Kavan, P; Mason, WP; Mathieu, D; Nabors, LB; Perry, JR; Phuphanich, S; Reardon, DA; Shapiro, W; Wind, S, 2015)	0.42
" Further greenhouse experiments indicated that compounds 11d and 11 h displayed strong and broad-spectrum post-emergent herbicidal activity even at a dosage as low as 37."	( Design, synthesis and herbicidal activity of novel quinazoline-2,4-diones as 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitors. Cao, RJ; Chen, T; Hao, GF; Lin, HY; Ming, ZZ; Wang, DW; Yang, GF; Yang, WC, 2015)	0.42
" Because tasisulam is highly albumin-bound, patients in the tumor-specific confirmation arms were dosed targeting specific albumin-corrected exposure ranges (AUCalb) identified during dose-escalation (3,500 hμg/mL [75th percentile] for docetaxel, temozolomide, and cisplatin; 4,000 hμg/mL for gemcitabine and erlotinib)."	( An innovative, multi-arm, complete phase 1b study of the novel anti-cancer agent tasisulam in patients with advanced solid tumors. Becerra, CR; Braiteh, F; Chen, J; Chow, KH; Conkling, PR; Garbo, L; Ilaria, R; Jotte, RM; Richards, DA; Robert-Vizcarrondo, F; Smith, DA; Stephenson, J; Tai, DF; Turner, PK; Von Hoff, DD, 2015)	0.42
"To determine the more effective dosing sequence of intermittent erlotinib and docetaxel for treating chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)."	( Docetaxel and intermittent erlotinib in patients with metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; a phase II study from the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Boukovinas, I; Briasoulis, E; Dimopoulos, MA; Fountzilas, G; Kalogera-Fountzila, A; Karavasilis, V; Klouvas, G; Kosmidis, P; Kotoula, V; Mavropoulou, P; Papandreou, CN; Pectasides, D; Syrigos, KN, 2014)	0.4
" Linagliptin is the first DPP-4 inhibitor to be eliminated primarily via a nonrenal route, enabling its use without dosage adjustment in patients with any degree of renal impairment."	( Linagliptin: an update of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. McKeage, K, 2014)	0.4
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, adverse effects, dosage and administration, and role in therapy of afatinib in the management of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are reviewed."	( Afatinib: A first-line treatment for selected patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Engle, JA; Kolesar, JM, 2014)	0.4
" The recommended dosage is 40 mg once daily."	( Afatinib: A first-line treatment for selected patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Engle, JA; Kolesar, JM, 2014)	0.4
" It would require high potency (low effective drug concentrations) and sufficient drug exposures at tolerated doses so that the drug concentration can be maintained above effective drug concentration for target inhibition within the dosing period."	( Discovery of fruquintinib, a potent and highly selective small molecule inhibitor of VEGFR 1, 2, 3 tyrosine kinases for cancer therapy. Cai, H; Cui, Y; Gu, Y; Guo, M; Hong, M; Liang, J; Long, J; Ni, L; Qing, W; Ren, Y; Sai, Y; Su, W; Sun, J; Sun, Q; Yang, H; Yang, Z; Yin, F; Zhang, M; Zhang, W; Zhang, Z; Zhou, F; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.4
" Central lead shield was used if the dose reached 30 Gy to produce a total dosage of 50 Gy."	( The role of raltitrexed/cisplatin with concurrent radiation therapy in treating advanced cervical cancer. Li, XY; Liu, L; Xie, XM; Zhou, C, 2014)	0.4
" Vandetanib and sirolimus were orally administered on a continuous daily dosing schedule in escalating dose cohorts."	( Vandetanib plus sirolimus in adults with recurrent glioblastoma: results of a phase I and dose expansion cohort study. Batchelor, TT; Beroukhim, R; Betensky, RA; Chheda, MG; Chi, AS; Drappatz, J; Eichler, AF; Gerstner, ER; Hochberg, FH; Norden, AD; Wen, PY; Yang, D, 2015)	0.42
" Inhibitory concentrations on cell proliferation were calculated by non-linear regression analysis using sigmoidal fitting of dose-response curves."	( Calcitriol and its analogues enhance the antiproliferative activity of gefitinib in breast cancer cells. Díaz, L; Esparza-López, J; García-Becerra, R; García-Quiroz, J; González-González, ME; Ibarra-Sánchez, MJ; Larrea, F; Martínez-Reza, I; Prado-Garcia, H; Segovia-Mendoza, M, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic evaluation suggested low accumulation with this dosing regimen."	( A Phase I Study of CUDC-101, a Multitarget Inhibitor of HDACs, EGFR, and HER2, in Combination with Chemoradiation in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Atoyan, R; Bauman, JE; Burtness, B; Colevas, AD; Galloway, TJ; Gilbert, J; Jimeno, A; Ma, AW; Mehra, R; Raben, D; Saba, NF; Wang, J; Wirth, LJ, 2015)	0.42
" Our own data as well as data from the literature was used to calculate those R levels revealing that the formation of 5'-DFUR - the immediate precursor of 5-fluorouracil - was not affected by concomitant medication within the dosing range investigated."	( A simple method for comparing enzymatic capecitabine activation in various mono- and combination chemotherapies. Baroian, N; Buchner, P; Czejka, M; Dittrich, C; Sahmanovic, A; Schreiber, V, 2015)	0.42
" In the ranitidine study, on day 13, participants were randomized to either concomitant dosing (treatment B) or staggered administration (treatment C) of erlotinib and ranitidine and crossed over to the other treatment starting on day 27."	( Effect of gastric pH on erlotinib pharmacokinetics in healthy individuals: omeprazole and ranitidine. Abt, M; Ducray, PS; Giraudon, M; Hamilton, M; Kletzl, H; Lum, BL, 2015)	0.42
" After 4 weeks of treatment, AZD0530 dosing of APP/PS1 transgenic mice fully rescues spatial memory deficits and synaptic depletion, without altering APP or Aß metabolism."	( Fyn inhibition rescues established memory and synapse loss in Alzheimer mice. Gunther, EC; Haas, LT; Jeng, AT; Kaufman, AC; Kostylev, MA; Nygaard, HB; Robinson, SA; Salazar, SV; Strittmatter, SM; van Dyck, CH; Yang, J, 2015)	0.42
"This phase I open-label trial of a novel gefitinib dosing schedule employed a 3+3 design."	( A phase I trial of high dose gefitinib for patients with leptomeningeal metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. Cioffredi, LA; Jackman, DM; Jacobs, L; Johnson, BE; Kesari, S; Lucca, J; Lynch, TJ; Marcoux, PJ; Morse, LK; Plotkin, SR; Rabin, MS; Sharmeen, F, 2015)	0.42
" To investigate the influence of dosing time on the ability of erlotinib to inhibit tumor growth and the underlying molecular mechanisms via the PI3K/AKT and ERK/MAPK pathway, we established nude mice HCC827 tumor xenografts models."	( Chronopharmacodynamics and mechanisms of antitumor effect induced by erlotinib in xenograft-bearing nude mice. An, F; Li, M; Lin, P; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, N; Wang, L; Wang, P; Xu, X; Zhao, L, 2015)	0.42
" LC-MS-SPE-NMR is a technique that allows complete structure identification, but is difficult to apply to complex in vivo samples (such as bile collected during in vivo drug metabolism studies) due to the presence, at high concentrations, of interfering endogenous components, and potentially also dosage excipient components (e."	( Micropreparative isolation and NMR structure elucidation of metabolites of the drug candidate 1-isopropyl-4-(4-isopropylphenyl)-6-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy) quinazolin-2(1H)-one from rat bile and urine. Aichholz, R; Blanz, J; Braun, E; Dayer, J; Délémonté, T; Desrayaud, S; Gertsch, W; Luneau, A; Pearson, D; Ramstein, P; Ritzau, M, 2015)	0.42
" Kinase inhibitors preferentially targeting growth of fulvestrant resistant cells were identified and the growth inhibitory effect verified by dose-response cell growth experiments."	( Aurora kinase B is important for antiestrogen resistant cell growth and a potential biomarker for tamoxifen resistant breast cancer. Bak, M; Duun-Henriksen, AK; Kirkegaard, T; Laenkholm, AV; Larsen, SL; Lykkesfeldt, AE; Rasmussen, BB; Yde, CW, 2015)	0.42
" UNC0638 inhibition of G9a caused dosed accumulation of HbF up to 30% of total hemoglobin in differentiated cells."	( Inhibition of G9a methyltransferase stimulates fetal hemoglobin production by facilitating LCR/γ-globin looping. Byrnes, C; de Vasconcellos, JF; Dean, A; Kaushal, M; Krivega, I; Lee, YT; Miller, JL, 2015)	0.42
" To determine whether inhibition of HER2 could increase the efficacy of AZD5363, a novel AKT inhibitor, a panel of breast cancer cells was dosed with AZD5363 in combination with AZD8931, an inhibitor of EGFR/HER2/HER3 signalling."	( Combining AZD8931, a novel EGFR/HER2/HER3 signalling inhibitor, with AZD5363 limits AKT inhibitor induced feedback and enhances antitumour efficacy in HER2-amplified breast cancer models. Crafter, C; Davies, BR; Dudley, P; James, NH; Klinowska, T; Tang, E; Vincent, JP, 2015)	0.42
" Our results suggest that the use of a hybrid system may allow a decrease in the dosage regimen without the loss of therapeutic effect."	( Novel nanosystem to enhance the antitumor activity of lapatinib in breast cancer treatment: Therapeutic efficacy evaluation. Huo, ZJ; Liu, K; Liu, P; Pang, B; Wang, SJ; Wang, ZQ; Zuo, WS, 2015)	0.42
" Clinically, continuous dosing of pazopanib/lapatinib combination was associated with a higher response rate than with lapatinib monotherapy, with poor tolerance."	( A phase 1 study of intermittently administered pazopanib in combination with continuous daily dosing of lapatinib in patients with solid tumors. Fu, S; George, GC; Henary, H; Hong, DS; Kurzrock, R; Mistry, R; Naing, A; Piha-Paul, S; Wheler, J; Zinner, R, 2015)	0.42
"The present study used a phase 1, modified 3 + 3, dose-escalation design to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the combination of orally received pazopanib once every other day with continuous daily dosing of lapatinib for 28 days."	( A phase 1 study of intermittently administered pazopanib in combination with continuous daily dosing of lapatinib in patients with solid tumors. Fu, S; George, GC; Henary, H; Hong, DS; Kurzrock, R; Mistry, R; Naing, A; Piha-Paul, S; Wheler, J; Zinner, R, 2015)	0.42
"Every other day dosing of pazopanib combined with daily lapatinib was tolerated at the established MTD, but no complete or partial tumor responses were observed at these dose levels."	( A phase 1 study of intermittently administered pazopanib in combination with continuous daily dosing of lapatinib in patients with solid tumors. Fu, S; George, GC; Henary, H; Hong, DS; Kurzrock, R; Mistry, R; Naing, A; Piha-Paul, S; Wheler, J; Zinner, R, 2015)	0.42
" Dose-response studies, biochemical and cytometric assessment of the effect of OOS on cell cycle and apoptosis, and drug combination analyses were performed on BT474 and SKBR3 cells, 2 HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines."	( Effect of Oncoxin Oral Solution in HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer. González, V; Hernández-García, S; Pandiella, A; Sanz, E, 2015)	0.42
" It was dosed daily with gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2 on days 1, 8 and 15) and cisplatin (70 mg/m2 on day 2) every 28 days."	( Results from a Phase I Study of Lapatinib with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Advanced or Metastatic Bladder Cancer: EORTC Trial 30061. Agerbaek, M; Cerbone, L; Collette, S; Daugaard, G; Marreaud, S; Sengeløv, L; Sternberg, CN; Van Herpen, C; Zhang, J, 2016)	0.43
" Eligible patients were randomized to one of the following treatment arms: PCG, P 175 mg/m(2), and C AUC 5 administered intravenously on day 1 intercalated with G 250 mg orally on days 2 through 15 every 3 weeks for four cycles followed by G 250 mg orally until progressive disease; or PC, same dosing schedule for four cycles only."	( Randomized phase II study of paclitaxel/carboplatin intercalated with gefitinib compared to paclitaxel/carboplatin alone for chemotherapy-naïve non-small cell lung cancer in a clinically selected population excluding patients with non-smoking adenocarcino Ahn, JH; Choi, CM; Choi, YJ; Kim, SW; Lee, DH; Lee, JS; Lee, SJ, 2015)	0.42
" Optimal dosing is currently determined using concentrations of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in plasma as a surrogate for tumor concentrations."	( Lapatinib Plasma and Tumor Concentrations and Effects on HER Receptor Phosphorylation in Tumor. Avisar, E; Bacus, S; Beitsch, P; Blackwell, K; Cartee, L; Gittelman, M; Glenn, K; Harris, J; Kimbrough, CL; Koch, KM; Robertson, FC; Smith, DA; Spector, NL, 2015)	0.42
"Mice bearing BT474 HER2+ human breast cancer xenografts were dosed once or twice daily (BID) with lapatinib."	( Lapatinib Plasma and Tumor Concentrations and Effects on HER Receptor Phosphorylation in Tumor. Avisar, E; Bacus, S; Beitsch, P; Blackwell, K; Cartee, L; Gittelman, M; Glenn, K; Harris, J; Kimbrough, CL; Koch, KM; Robertson, FC; Smith, DA; Spector, NL, 2015)	0.42
" Tumor concentrations exceeded the in vitro IC90 (~ 900 nM or 500 ng/mL) for inhibition of HER2 phosphorylation throughout the 12-hour dosing interval."	( Lapatinib Plasma and Tumor Concentrations and Effects on HER Receptor Phosphorylation in Tumor. Avisar, E; Bacus, S; Beitsch, P; Blackwell, K; Cartee, L; Gittelman, M; Glenn, K; Harris, J; Kimbrough, CL; Koch, KM; Robertson, FC; Smith, DA; Spector, NL, 2015)	0.42
"Plasma lapatinib concentrations underestimated tumor drug levels, suggesting that optimal dosing should be focused on the site of action to avoid to inappropriate dose escalation."	( Lapatinib Plasma and Tumor Concentrations and Effects on HER Receptor Phosphorylation in Tumor. Avisar, E; Bacus, S; Beitsch, P; Blackwell, K; Cartee, L; Gittelman, M; Glenn, K; Harris, J; Kimbrough, CL; Koch, KM; Robertson, FC; Smith, DA; Spector, NL, 2015)	0.42
"Plasma lapatinib concentrations underestimated tumor drug levels, suggesting that optimal dosing should be focused on the site of action to avoid to inappropriate dose escalation."	( Lapatinib Plasma and Tumor Concentrations and Effects on HER Receptor Phosphorylation in Tumor. Avisar, E; Bacus, S; Beitsch, P; Blackwell, K; Cartee, L; Gittelman, M; Glenn, K; Harris, J; Kimbrough, CL; Koch, KM; Robertson, FC; Smith, DA; Spector, NL, 2015)	0.42
" The therapeutic window of erlotinib is narrow, and the recommended dosage is close to the maximum tolerable dosage."	( Evaluation of Three Small Molecular Drugs for Targeted Therapy to Treat Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer. Ni, J; Zhang, L, 2016)	0.43
"Purpose The approval history, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, efficacy, dosing recommendations, drug interactions, safety, place in therapy, and economic considerations of gefitinib are reviewed."	( Flipped script for gefitinib: A reapproved tyrosine kinase inhibitor for first-line treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation positive metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer. Bogdanowicz, BS; Hartranft, ME; Hoch, MA, 2017)	0.46
" However, the use of daily dosing of ERBB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)-including afatinib-has been fraught with plasma concentrations that barely achieve preclinical model inhibition, significant patient-reported toxicities, and limited clinical activity."	( Pulse Afatinib for ERBB2 Exon 20 Insertion-Mutated Lung Adenocarcinomas. Costa, DB; Freed, JA; Huberman, MS; Jorge, SE; Kobayashi, SS; Moran, JP; Zerillo, JA, 2016)	0.43
"Pulse afatinib at a weekly dosing scheme induced antitumor activity in ERBB2 exon 20 insertion-mutated lung adenocarcinomas."	( Pulse Afatinib for ERBB2 Exon 20 Insertion-Mutated Lung Adenocarcinomas. Costa, DB; Freed, JA; Huberman, MS; Jorge, SE; Kobayashi, SS; Moran, JP; Zerillo, JA, 2016)	0.43
" Patients received once-daily vandetanib (planned dosing levels of 100, 200, and 300 mg) with concomitant daily radiotherapy (1."	( Induction Therapy for Locally Advanced, Resectable Esophagogastric Cancer: A Phase I Trial of Vandetanib (ZD6474), Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, 5-Fluorouracil, and Radiotherapy Followed by Resection. Astsaturov, IA; Berger, AC; Boland, PM; Burtness, BA; Cheng, JD; Cohen, SJ; Cooper, HS; Davey, M; Lebenthal, A; Meyer, JE; Neuman, T; Olszanski, AJ; Scott, WJ, 2017)	0.46
"The dose escalation cohort enrolled adults with advanced solid tumors, who received MK-2206 dosed 30 to 60 mg every other day and lapatinib 1,000 to 1,500 mg daily continuously, escalated using a 3+3 design."	( Phase I Study of an AKT Inhibitor (MK-2206) Combined with Lapatinib in Adult Solid Tumors Followed by Dose Expansion in Advanced HER2+ Breast Cancer. Bell, MC; Burkard, ME; Eickhoff, J; Flynn, C; Kolesar, JM; Liu, G; Rampurwala, M; Tevaarwerk, AJ; Wisinski, KB, 2016)	0.43
" A higher dosage of r-TNC induced cerebral arterial constriction more severely, which continued for 48 hours."	( Epidermal growth factor-like repeats of tenascin-C-induced constriction of cerebral arteries via activation of epidermal growth factor receptors in rats. Fujimoto, M; Imanaka-Yoshida, K; Kawakita, F; Liu, L; Nakasaki, A; Shiba, M; Shimojo, N; Suzuki, H; Yoshida, T, 2016)	0.43
"This study aimed to evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the combination of oral vinorelbine with erlotinib using the conventional (CSV) and metronomic (MSV) dosing schedules in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)."	( Phase I Study of Oral Vinorelbine in Combination with Erlotinib in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Using Two Different Schedules. Ang, MK; Chowbay, B; Lim, WT; Ng, QS; Sutiman, N; Tan, EH; Tan, SW; Toh, CK; Zhang, Z, 2016)	0.43
" This study was an open-label, randomized, adaptive design, two-period crossover bioequivalence study of the powder for suspension relative to the commercial tablet at steady state following once daily dosing for 7 days in patients with advanced cancer."	( Bioequivalence study with lapatinib powder for oral suspension and the original tablet formulation in cancer patients. Arya, N; Cartee, L; Curran, D; D'Amelio, AM; Ferron-Brady, G; Hollyfield, H; Koch, KM; Lemmon, C; Piepszak, A; Swaby, RF, )	0.13
" In comparison to capsaicin, coadministration of 1 and capsaicin increased the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of capsaicin-activated TRPV1 currents as shown by a right shift in the dose-response curve, whereas coadministration of 1 with protons failed to inhibit the proton-induced current."	( Partial Activation and Inhibition of TRPV1 Channels by Evodiamine and Rutaecarpine, Two Major Components of the Fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa. Dai, Y; Kogure, Y; Noguchi, K; Wang, S; Yamamoto, S; Zhang, W, 2016)	0.43
"[(14) C]-AZD1152 (barasertib) drug substance was prepared in order to support a hADME study that was to be dosed as an intravenous infusion to patients with acute myeloid leukaemia."	( [(14) C]-AZD1152 drug substance manufacture: challenges of an IV-infusion dosed human mass balance study in patients. Bergin, J; Bushby, N; Harding, J, 2016)	0.43
" As such, the development of PI3K inhibitors from novel compound classes should lead to differential pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles and allow exploration in various indications, combinations, and dosing regimens."	( Discovery and SAR of Novel 2,3-Dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline PI3K Inhibitors: Identification of Copanlisib (BAY 80-6946). Brands, M; Bull, CO; Bullion, AM; Esler, W; Fracasso, RP; Garrison, T; Hamilton, M; Hentemann, MF; Jenkins, S; Johnson, J; Lefranc, J; Levy, J; Liu, N; Michels, M; Redman, A; Robbins, AH; Rowley, RB; Schaefer, M; Scott, WJ; Stasik, E; Wilkie, DP; Wood, JE; Xiao, H, 2016)	0.43
"The stability of extemporaneously prepared erlotinib, lapatinib, and imatinib oral liquid dosage forms using two commercially available vehicles when stored at 4 and 25 °C was evaluated."	( Stability of extemporaneous erlotinib, lapatinib, and imatinib oral suspensions. Griffith, N; Kolli, S; Li, Q; Liu, Z; Poi, MJ; Wetz, K, 2016)	0.43
" More importantly, compound 3k also strongly blocked tumor growth with the dosage of 30 mg/kg/day, and subsequent mechanism exploration suggested that this series of compounds took effect mainly through angiogenesis signaling pathways."	( Discovery and Optimization of N-Substituted 2-(4-pyridinyl)thiazole carboxamides against Tumor Growth through Regulating Angiogenesis Signaling Pathways. Chen, Y; Dong, Y; Jiang, Z; Li, Y; Pei, H; Peng, Y; Shao, T; Sun, Z; Tang, W; Wang, J; Yi, Z; Zhou, W, 2016)	0.43
" Different risk factors, including malnourishment, sarcopenia, and low body surface might be associated with a higher toxicity risk, and these groups of patients could begin treatment with a low dose of afatinib followed by a close evaluation on tolerability and toxicity in order to slowly increase the dosage of afatinib."	( The safety of afatinib for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Arrieta, O; Barron, F; Cardona, AF; de la Torre-Vallejo, M; Luna-Palencia, RL, 2016)	0.43
" We confirmed the diagnosis by evaluating the total radiation dosage and by excluding target therapy-induced maculopathy based on a review of the medical literature."	( Rapid onset of radiation maculopathy after whole-brain radiation therapy: A case report. Chang, YH; Chien, KH; Hsu, CR; Tai, MC, 2016)	0.43
"Whether a full dosage of afatinib is tolerable and effective for elderly or low performance status (PS) patients with advanced refractory non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear."	( Tolerability and efficacy of afatinib at a low starting dosage in 10 elderly or low performance status patients with advanced refractory non-small-cell lung cancer. Fujii, S; Kashiwabara, K; Semba, H; Tsumura, S, 2016)	0.43
" Afatinib was administered at a starting dosage of 20 or 30mg/day, followed by 10mg increases in dose up to a maximum dosage of 40mg/day."	( Tolerability and efficacy of afatinib at a low starting dosage in 10 elderly or low performance status patients with advanced refractory non-small-cell lung cancer. Fujii, S; Kashiwabara, K; Semba, H; Tsumura, S, 2016)	0.43
" Eight patients did not receive the 40mg/day dosage because of patient refusal due to grade 2 diarrhea (n=6) or the judgment of the doctor (n=2)."	( Tolerability and efficacy of afatinib at a low starting dosage in 10 elderly or low performance status patients with advanced refractory non-small-cell lung cancer. Fujii, S; Kashiwabara, K; Semba, H; Tsumura, S, 2016)	0.43
"A low starting dosage of afatinib might enable elderly or low PS patients with advanced refractory NSCLC to receive this drug as salvage therapy."	( Tolerability and efficacy of afatinib at a low starting dosage in 10 elderly or low performance status patients with advanced refractory non-small-cell lung cancer. Fujii, S; Kashiwabara, K; Semba, H; Tsumura, S, 2016)	0.43
"8 mg/kg, dosed intermittently on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle."	( A Phase I study of intravenous PI3K inhibitor copanlisib in Japanese patients with advanced or refractory solid tumors. Bando, H; Doi, T; Fuse, N; Kaneko, M; Kojima, T; Miyamoto, H; Ohtsu, A; Osada, M; Yoshino, T, 2017)	0.46
" Based on our predictions, dose-adjustment strategies may consist of once-daily dosing erlotinib at 25 mg and gefitinib at 125 mg with darunavir/ritonavir; or erlotinib at 200 mg and gefitinib at 375 mg with etravirine."	( Use of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to simulate drug-drug interactions between antineoplastic and antiretroviral drugs. Back, D; Clotet, B; Miranda, C; Moltó, J; Owen, A; Rajoli, R; Siccardi, M; Valle, M, 2017)	0.46
" Moreover, this study revealed that CBZ dosage was related to toxicity in mice."	( Evaluating the Effectiveness of GTM-1, Rapamycin, and Carbamazepine on Autophagy and Alzheimer Disease. Che, H; Fu, P; Gao, Y; Pan, Y; Wang, L; Wang, R; Zhang, L, 2017)	0.46
" Dosage reduction is recommended in patients with intolerable adverse events; however, data regarding the efficacy of low-dose afatinib are limited."	( Complete Tumor Response with Afatinib 20 mg Daily in EGFR-Mutated Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Report. Giusti, R; Iacono, D; Lauro, S; Marchetti, P; Mazzotta, M, 2017)	0.46
"A highly sensitive, cheap, simple and accurate spectrofluorimetric method has been developed and validated for the determination of alfuzosin hydrochloride and terazosin hydrochloride in their pharmaceutical dosage forms and in human plasma."	( Utility of Hantzsch reaction for development of highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for determination of alfuzosin and terazosin in bulk, dosage forms and human plasma. Hammad, MA; Omar, MA; Salman, BI, 2017)	0.46
" These highly selective IRAK4 compounds show activity in vivo via oral dosing in a TLR7 driven model of inflammation."	( Identification of quinazoline based inhibitors of IRAK4 for the treatment of inflammation. Altman, MD; Andresen, B; Baker, J; Brubaker, JD; Chen, H; Chen, Y; Childers, M; Donofrio, A; Ferguson, H; Fischer, C; Fischmann, TO; Gibeau, C; Hicks, A; Jin, S; Kattar, S; Kleinschek, MA; Leccese, E; Lesburg, C; Li, C; Lim, J; Liu, D; Maclean, JKF; Mansoor, F; Moy, LY; Mulrooney, EF; Necheva, AS; Northrup, A; Presland, J; Rakhilina, L; Smith, GF; Torres, L; Yang, R; Zhang-Hoover, J, 2017)	0.46
"Standard 3+3 dose escalation scheme using two different dosing schedules were studied: once daily, 14-day on, and 7-day off (intermittent schedule); and once daily continuous dosing with food effect."	( Phase 1 Studies of Poziotinib, an Irreversible Pan-HER Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Bang, YJ; Han, H; Han, SW; Im, SA; Kim, DW; Kim, JH; Kim, TM; Kim, TY; Kim, WH; Kim, YJ; Lee, JS; Lee, KW; Oh, DY, 2018)	0.48
" Doselimiting toxicities were grade 3 diarrhea in the intermittent schedule and grade 3 anorexia and diarrhea in the continuous dosing schedule."	( Phase 1 Studies of Poziotinib, an Irreversible Pan-HER Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Bang, YJ; Han, H; Han, SW; Im, SA; Kim, DW; Kim, JH; Kim, TM; Kim, TY; Kim, WH; Kim, YJ; Lee, JS; Lee, KW; Oh, DY, 2018)	0.48
" The average dosage of EGFR-TKI was 56±22% of the standard dosage."	( Effects of an Alkaline Diet on EGFR-TKI Therapy in EGFR Mutation-positive NSCLC. Hamaguchi, R; Hasegawa, M; Okamoto, T; Sato, M; Wada, H, 2017)	0.46
" Subgroup analysis suggested that the increased risk of all-grade rash was clear across all subgroups, including first-line/second-line therapy, phase 2/phase 3 trial, sample size 200, a dosage of 100 or 300 mg, and monotherapy/combination therapy."	( Risk of rash associated with vandetanib treatment in non-small-cell lung cancer patients: A meta-analysis of 9 randomized controlled trials. Hou, S; Li, Y; Liu, Q; Liu, Y; Qi, M; Shao, L; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.46
" Here, we developed a computational approach to model the in vitro cellular dynamics of the EGFR-mutant cell line SF268 in response to different lapatinib concentrations and dosing schedules."	( Mathematical modeling identifies optimum lapatinib dosing schedules for the treatment of glioblastoma patients. Haeno, H; Michor, F; Stein, S; Vivanco, I; Zhao, R, 2018)	0.48
"A new, selective and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was designed for the quantitation of doxazosin (DOX), terazosin (TER) and alfuzosin (ALF) in their dosage forms and human plasma."	( An efficient spectrofluorimetric method adopts doxazosin, terazosin and alfuzosin coupling with orthophthalaldehyde: Application in human plasma. Derayea, SM; Hammad, MA; Mohamed, AA; Mohamed, AI; Omar, MA, 2018)	0.48
" The results demonstrate that the xenobiotic metabolism conferred by transfection of CYP-encoding mRNAs shifts the dose-response relationship for some of the tested chemicals such as aflatoxin B1 (bioactivation) and fenazaquin (detoxification)."	( mRNA transfection retrofits cell-based assays with xenobiotic metabolism. Carmichael, PL; DeGroot, DE; Lee, MY; Simmons, SO; Strynar, M; Swank, A; Thomas, RS, )	0.13
" weekly dosing with EGFR inhibitors (gefitinib and lapatinib) and an AKT inhibitor (MK2206) were compared in two rodent breast cancer models."	( Daily or weekly dosing with EGFR inhibitors, gefitinib and lapatinib, and AKt inhibitor MK2206 in mammary cancer models. Bode, A; Grubbs, CJ; Juliana, MM; Lubet, RA; Moeinpour, F; Steele, VE, 2018)	0.48
" Alternatively, the concept of prior dosing allows for the application of dialyzable chemotherapeutic drugs using a normal dose, with an HD followed shortly after to mimic normal renal function."	( Chemotherapeutic agents eligible for prior dosing in pancreatic cancer patients requiring hemodialysis: a systematic review . Egger, J; Hann, A; Hermann, PC; Keller, F; Nosalski, E; Seufferlein, T, 2018)	0.48
" Letermovir is available both orally and intravenously in 480-mg and 240-mg dosage forms, and is approved for use in the prophylaxis of CMV infection and disease in CMV-seropositive recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) over the age of 18."	( Letermovir for prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients. Cho, JC; Le, AD; Locke, SC, 2018)	0.48
"To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of XL647 and determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of oral XL647 once-daily using intermittent or continuous dosing schedules."	( A safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic analysis of two phase I studies of multitargeted small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor XL647 with an intermittent and continuous dosing schedule in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Adjei, A; Das, M; Frymoyer, A; Lensing, JL; Miles, D; Molina, J; Padda, SK; Sikic, BI; Wakelee, HA, 2018)	0.48
"Patients with advanced solid malignancies were enrolled in successive cohorts to receive escalating dose levels of oral once-daily XL647 using two different dosing schedules: 5 consecutive days of every 14-day cycle (study XL647-001) or continuously over 28-day cycles (study XL647-002)."	( A safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic analysis of two phase I studies of multitargeted small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor XL647 with an intermittent and continuous dosing schedule in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Adjei, A; Das, M; Frymoyer, A; Lensing, JL; Miles, D; Molina, J; Padda, SK; Sikic, BI; Wakelee, HA, 2018)	0.48
" Estimated growth rate and dose-response was found to be comparable between brain metastasis and subcutaneous mouse models."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in brain metastasis mouse models. Aarons, L; Martin, EC; Yates, JWT, 2018)	0.48
" This model suggests changes to dosing and dosing schedule may not prevent resistance to treatment developing, and that additional treatments would need to be used in combination to overcome resistance."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition in brain metastasis mouse models. Aarons, L; Martin, EC; Yates, JWT, 2018)	0.48
" The developed method was successfully applied to determine the studied drugs in dosage forms and human plasma samples and the results were satisfactory as revealed by statistical analysis of the data."	( Simultaneous HPLC determination of alfuzosin, tamsulosin and vardenafil in human plasma and pharmaceutical formulations using time programmed fluorescence detection. Belal, F; Borg, H; Fathy, M; Walash, MI; Zayed, S, 2019)	0.51
"Once-daily dosing of epertinib at 800 mg was well-tolerated and demonstrated promising antitumour activity in patients with heavily pretreated HER2-positive breast and upper GI cancer, including those with brain metastases."	( An extended phase Ib study of epertinib, an orally active reversible dual EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with solid tumours. Adenis, A; Arimura, A; Arkenau, HT; Baird, RD; Deva, S; Donaldson, K; Flynn, M; Forster, M; Garcia-Corbacho, J; Italiano, A; Kawabata, I; Mak, G; Plummer, R; Posner, J; Spicer, J; Tosi, D; Toulmonde, M; Wilson, RH, 2018)	0.48
" Here we describe the identification of potent pan-KIT mutant kinase inhibitors that can be dosed without being limited by the tolerability issues seen with multitargeted agents."	( Discovery of N-(4-{[5-Fluoro-7-(2-methoxyethoxy)quinazolin-4-yl]amino}phenyl)-2-[4-(propan-2-yl)-1 H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]acetamide (AZD3229), a Potent Pan-KIT Mutant Inhibitor for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Anjum, R; Barry, E; Bhavsar, D; Boyd, S; Brown, C; Campbell, A; Goldberg, K; Grondine, M; Guichard, S; Hardy, CJ; Hunt, T; Jones, RDO; Kettle, JG; Li, X; Moleva, O; Ogg, D; Overman, RC; Packer, MJ; Pearson, S; Schimpl, M; Shao, W; Smith, A; Smith, JM; Stead, D; Stokes, S; Tucker, M; Ye, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Fatigue is a common adverse event during treatment with these and other TKIs and a common cause of drug discontinuation or dosage reduction."	( Primary Adrenal Insufficiency During Lenvatinib or Vandetanib and Improvement of Fatigue After Cortisone Acetate Therapy. Colombo, C; De Leo, S; Di Stefano, M; Fugazzola, L; Persani, L; Vannucchi, G, 2019)	0.51
"We show that the occurrence of PAI may be a common cause of fatigue during lenvatinib and vandetanib treatment, and we therefore recommend testing adrenal function for a prompt start of replacement therapy to avoid treatment discontinuation, dosage reduction, and potentially severe PAI complications."	( Primary Adrenal Insufficiency During Lenvatinib or Vandetanib and Improvement of Fatigue After Cortisone Acetate Therapy. Colombo, C; De Leo, S; Di Stefano, M; Fugazzola, L; Persani, L; Vannucchi, G, 2019)	0.51
" Mice were examined in the Barnes maze at the end of the dosing period, and brain tissue and optic nerves were examined immunohistochemically or biochemically for changes in MT density, axonal dystrophy, and tau pathology."	( A brain-penetrant triazolopyrimidine enhances microtubule-stability, reduces axonal dysfunction and decreases tau pathology in a mouse tauopathy model. Ballatore, C; Brunden, KR; Cornec, AS; James, MJ; Koivula, P; Lee, VM; Oukoloff, K; Smith, AB; Trojanowski, JQ; Yao, Y; Zhang, B, 2018)	0.48
" For pharmacokinetic studies, 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely, intravenous dosage group (2 mg/kg DVAS) and three oral dosage groups (5, 15, and 45 mg/kg DVAS)."	( In vivo and in vitro metabolism and pharmacokinetics of cholinesterase inhibitor deoxyvasicine from aerial parts of Peganum harmala Linn in rats via UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Cao, N; Cheng, X; Deng, G; Ding, W; Guan, H; Liu, W; Ma, C; Rong, X; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wu, C; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" These data support the reduction in clinical dosage of letermovir (to 240 mg) upon coadministration with cyclosporine."	( Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions Between Letermovir and the Immunosuppressants Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, and Mycophenolate Mofetil. Adedoyin, A; Cho, CR; Iwamoto, M; Kraft, WK; Levine, V; Liu, F; Macha, S; Marshall, W; McCrea, JB; Menzel, K; Panebianco, D; Stoch, SA; Yoon, E; Zhao, T, 2019)	0.51
"5 mL; n = 7), dosed once every 24 hours for 21 days."	( Long-term cardiovascular effects of vandetanib and pazopanib in normotensive rats. Carter, JJ; Cooper, SL; March, J; Woolard, J, 2019)	0.51
" Detailed information on therapeutic-drug-monitoring measures and dosage adjustments for letermovir is provided."	( Compassionate Use of Letermovir in a 2-Year-Old Immunocompromised Child With Resistant Cytomegalovirus Disease. Andre, P; Asner, SA; Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Gengler, C; Jaton-Ogay, K; Mercier, T; Meylan, P; Murray, K; Natterer, J; Opota, O; Pérez Marín, M; Perez, MH; Rizzi, M, 2020)	0.56
" However, traditional Body Surface Area (BSA)-based dosing is unsafe or ineffective, and a more accurate model-based approach is required."	( Hepatic Artery and Peripheral Vein Pharmacokinetics of Raltitrexed in Swine After the Administration of a Hepatic Arterial Infusion. Li, X; Zhang, X; Zheng, N; Zhu, L, 2019)	0.51
"The pharmacokinetic model could be helpful in quantitatively describing the detailed processes of raltitrexed activity administered by HAI and determining an appropriate dosing regimen for preclinical and clinical studies."	( Hepatic Artery and Peripheral Vein Pharmacokinetics of Raltitrexed in Swine After the Administration of a Hepatic Arterial Infusion. Li, X; Zhang, X; Zheng, N; Zhu, L, 2019)	0.51
" These results provide a foundation for loading RTX in a nanoparticle formulation, and establish a combined radiation and drug dosing schedule to determine optimal tumor growth delay and subsequent treatment efficacy."	( Enhancing chemoradiation of colorectal cancer through targeted delivery of raltitrexed by hyaluronic acid coated nanoparticles. Landry, MR; Rosch, JG; Sun, C; Thomas, CR, 2019)	0.51
" Further study of the dosing and efficacy of letermovir for CMV prophylaxis or treatment in thoracic organ transplant recipients is warranted."	( Single-center experience with use of letermovir for CMV prophylaxis or treatment in thoracic organ transplant recipients. Ahmad, K; Aryal, S; Brown, AW; Chun, J; Cochrane, A; Desai, S; Fregoso, M; Katugaha, SB; King, C; Marinak, L; Nathan, SD; Shlobin, OA, 2019)	0.51
" The pediatric dosing was 30% lower compared to the adult dosing, which may have contributed to response differences."	( Cediranib phase-II study in children with metastatic alveolar soft-part sarcoma (ASPS). Chen, AP; Cohen, JW; Derdak, J; Dombi, E; Dompierre, J; Glod, J; Goodwin, A; Kummar, S; O'Sullivan Coyne, G; Onukwubiri, U; Steinberg, SM; Widemann, BC, 2019)	0.51
" The drug effect score (DES) was calculated from the dose-response of each drug for comparison among drugs or samples."	( Aurora B kinase as a therapeutic target in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Goto, H; Goto, S; Hamanoue, S; Inukai, T; Ito, M; Iwasaki, F; Keino, D; Kumamoto, T; Miyagawa, N; Nagai, J; Sakurai, Y; Shiomi, M; Yokosuka, T; Yoshino, Y, 2020)	0.56

Class	Description
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
quinazolines	Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
azaarene
ortho-fused heteroarene	An ortho-fused compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one heteroatom.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0270	0.0000	0.5369	10.0000	AID1795547; AID69425
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascade	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
ossification	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic placenta development	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
hair follicle development	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
translation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
salivary gland morphogenesis	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
midgut development	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
learning or memory	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythm	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
diterpenoid metabolic process	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex cell migration	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell growth	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
lung development	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migration	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of superoxide anion generation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cobalamin	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hydroxyisoflavone	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to reactive oxygen species	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
ERBB2-EGFR signaling pathway	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein catabolic process	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
vasodilation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphorylation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
ovulation cycle	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
hydrogen peroxide metabolic process	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
tongue development	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA repair	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA replication	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone resorption	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstriction	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of JNK cascade	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cell	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein autophosphorylation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
astrocyte activation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
digestive tract morphogenesis	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection morphogenesis	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell proliferation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein insertion into membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to calcium ion	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glial cell proliferation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelial fold	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
eyelid development in camera-type eye	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to UV-A	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mucus secretion	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amino acid stimulus	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to mechanical stimulus	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cadmium ion	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to epidermal growth factor stimulus	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to estradiol stimulus	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to dexamethasone stimulus	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
liver regeneration	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell-cell adhesion	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein kinase C activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of prolactin secretion	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cardiocyte differentiation	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neurogenesis	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism development	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of kinase activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
epidermal growth factor receptor activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
virus receptor activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
MAP kinase kinase kinase activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine kinase activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane signaling receptor activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
integrin binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
calmodulin binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
kinase binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine kinase activator activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cadherin binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
actin filament binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor binding	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
endosome	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
ruffle membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
focal adhesion	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell junction	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raft	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
multivesicular body, internal vesicle lumen	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular vesicle	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complex	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
Shc-EGFR complex	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	Epidermal growth factor receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID422946	Inhibition of NADH fumarate reductase in Echinococcus multilocularis protoscolece	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 52, Issue:1	Anaerobic NADH-fumarate reductase system is predominant in the respiratory chain of Echinococcus multilocularis, providing a novel target for the chemotherapy of alveolar echinococcosis.
AID58159	The concentration required to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase in rat liver	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 27, Issue:7	General distance geometry three-dimensional receptor model for diverse dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors.
AID1145385	Inhibition of liver dihydrofolate reductase (unknown origin)	1976	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 19, Issue:5	Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase. Structure-activity correlations of quinazolines.
AID69425	Inhibitory potency against isolated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) from human A431 carcinoma cells	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-26, Volume: 39, Issue:9	Tyrosine kinase inhibitors. 10. Isomeric 4-[(3-bromophenyl)amino]pyrido[d]-pyrimidines are potent ATP binding site inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase function of the epidermal growth factor receptor.
AID1795547	Kinase Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm9508651: \\Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. 10. Isomeric 4-[(3-Bromophenyl)amino]pyrido[d]- pyrimidines Are Potent ATP Binding Site Inhibitors of the Tyrosine Kinase Function of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-26, Volume: 39, Issue:9	Tyrosine kinase inhibitors. 10. Isomeric 4-[(3-bromophenyl)amino]pyrido[d]-pyrimidines are potent ATP binding site inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase function of the epidermal growth factor receptor.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	2214 (11.92)	18.7374
1990's	1157 (6.23)	18.2507
2000's	5498 (29.59)	29.6817
2010's	8573 (46.14)	24.3611
2020's	1137 (6.12)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	2,417 (12.57%)	5.53%
Reviews	2,030 (10.55%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1,137 (5.91%)	4.05%
Observational	40 (0.21%)	0.25%
Other	13,611 (70.76%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	2.02	1	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.41	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
alpha-ketobutyric acid alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.	2.21	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; short-chain fatty acid
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	3.16	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	7.52	15	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	4.31	5	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.08	1	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.04	5	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.88	4	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	3	4	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
adenine [no description available]	11.2	95	2	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.29	6	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	3.09	5	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	3.12	5	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	3.71	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzene [no description available]	2.9	4	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.1	1	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	1.94	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.44	2	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.5	2	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	8.86	24	2	amino-acid anion
carbamic acid carbamic acid : A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.	2.05	1	0	carbon oxoacid; one-carbon compound; organonitrogen compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	3.4	7	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chloroacetic acid chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.	2.07	1	0	chlorocarboxylic acid; haloacetic acid	alkylating agent; herbicide
choline [no description available]	2.92	4	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	6.71	31	2	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	1.94	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.91	4	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	3	4	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.74	3	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.37	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.58	2	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
2,4-diaminobutyric acid 2,4-diaminobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid : A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups.	2.21	1	0	diamino acid; gamma-amino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.06	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	1.95	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
creatine [no description available]	2.68	3	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	6.15	10	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.53	15	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.53	23	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	3.62	9	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	5.85	22	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	1.99	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	1.97	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.11	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	4.04	3	1	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.53	2	0
histamine [no description available]	7.28	19	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	3.3	6	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	3.8	2	1	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	3.54	2	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	4.57	7	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.89	3	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	7.99	4	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.06	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.46	2	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.08	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methylmercaptan methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	alkanethiol	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.59	2	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	6.27	11	1	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	5.06	5	2	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	1.97	1	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
naphthalene [no description available]	3.45	7	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.52	2	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	18.79	177	22	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	7	10	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.08	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.94	4	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
n,n-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	1.98	1	0	dimethylaniline; tertiary amine
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	1.99	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	1.99	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	1.97	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.39	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.95	4	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	2.04	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.98	4	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.03	1	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	4.95	6	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.06	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.99	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pteridines [no description available]	8.44	23	2	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.7	3	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	2.31	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	3.44	7	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	4.07	4	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.42	2	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.13	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	2.39	2	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taurine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	5.77	11	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.69	3	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	11.25	40	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	7.08	12	3	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	8.78	47	1	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	3.51	2	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.08	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.92	4	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	3.72	10	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	1.98	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	3.33	1	1	catecholamine
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	1.99	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	3.46	1	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	3.66	2	0	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.02	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine: weak agonist at metabotropic glutamate receptors; occludes the action of 1-aminocyclopentyl-1,3-dicarboxylate in hippocampus	2	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.42	2	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	5.99	35	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.46	2	0	isoquinolinol	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.21	1	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
my 5445 MY 5445: potential platelet aggregation inhibitor	2.38	2	0	pyridazines; ring assembly
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.38	7	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	1.96	1	0	imidazoles
pd 173074 [no description available]	4.48	8	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; dimethoxybenzene; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2	1	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.13	1	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.15	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.11	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.35	2	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
pyrithione pyrithione: split from cephalosporin molecule; some metal complexes of this have fumarate reductase inhibitory activity and may be useful against trypanosomes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyrithione : A pyridinethione that is pyridine-2(1H)-thione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a Zn(2+) ionophore; the zinc salt is used as an antifungal and antibacterial agent.	2.11	1	0	monohydroxypyridine; pyridinethione	ionophore
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.03	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	1.98	1	0	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.04	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	4.21	5	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	2.11	1	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.66	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.	2	1	0	oxopurine	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cgp 52411 4,5-dianilinophthalimide: structure given in first source. 4,5-dianilinophthalimide : Phthalimide substituted at the 4- and 5-positions by anilino groups.	2.4	2	0	phthalimides	geroprotector; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride [no description available]	2	1	0
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;	2	1	0	benzoisoquinoline; dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	2.39	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.46	1	1	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	4.86	8	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
ag-1549 capravirine: a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor	3.51	2	0
5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	tryptamines
5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist
phenanthridone phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.	2.44	2	0	lactam; phenanthridines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mutagen
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	2.69	3	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	3.11	5	0	oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	2.67	3	0
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.41	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.43	2	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.1	1	0	monoazo compound
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	4.31	2	2	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	6.55	11	5	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	3.2	6	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acridone acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.	6.55	9	0	acridines; cyclic ketone
afloqualone [no description available]	6.07	29	1	organic molecular entity
tyrphostin ag 1024 tyrphostin AG 1024: modulates radiosensitivity in human breast cancer cells; also an IGF1 receptor inhibitor	3.84	11	0	alkylbenzene
ag-1296 6,7-dimethoxy-3-phenylquinoxaline: ATP-competitive inhibitor of receptor kinase	3.96	13	0	quinoxaline derivative
tyrphostin a23 tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source	2.93	4	0	catechols
tyrphostin 25 [no description available]	2.42	2	0	benzenetriol
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid 1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2	1	0
albendazole [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	3.78	2	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source	20.91	362	114	monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
alpha-methylserotonin alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	3.23	6	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	2.05	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.6	1	0	aromatic amine
ametantrone ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	2.02	1	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
theophylline [no description available]	7.11	44	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	4.72	5	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.41	2	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	3.04	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amosulalol amosulalol: RN given is for mono-HCl; structure given in first source	3.48	2	0	sulfonamide
amprolium Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.	3.36	7	0	pyridinium ion	coccidiostat
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.48	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	13.1	25	8	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	4.27	4	1	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	2.46	2	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.37	2	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
arotinolol arotinolol: structure given in first source; arotinolol is the (+-)-isomer	1.98	1	0	aromatic amide; thiophenes
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	14.14	75	13	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	8.15	25	12	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	3.55	2	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
baclofen [no description available]	2.41	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	1.96	1	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	3.78	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	3.75	2	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.69	3	0	benzamides
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.73	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.1	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzyl isothiocyanate benzyl isothiocyanate: inhibits carcinogen-induced neoplasia; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #715; also promotes urinary bladder carcinoma	2.52	2	0	benzenes; isothiocyanate	antibacterial drug
berberine [no description available]	7.13	23	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	1.96	1	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
bethanidine Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.	3.74	2	1	guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent
betaxolol [no description available]	3.38	1	1	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	4.05	3	1	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	4.8	7	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	2.42	2	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	3.96	13	0
bithionol Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.	2.25	1	0	aryl sulfide; bridged diphenyl antifungal drug; bridged diphenyl fungicide; dichlorobenzene; organochlorine pesticide; polyphenol	antifungal agrochemical; antiplatyhelmintic drug
bohemine bohemine : Purine substituted on C-2, C-6 and N-9 with (3-hydroxypropyl)amino, benzylamino and isopropyl groups respectively; a synthetic, cell-permeable, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor that is structurally similar to olomoucine and roscovitine.	2.05	1	0	purines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
bu 224 BU 224: a selective imidazoline 2-receptor blocker	2.52	2	0	quinolines
bumetanide [no description available]	2.47	2	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin bunazosin: structure	13.85	225	32	quinazolines
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	2.4	2	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	5.8	7	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	2.45	2	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	7.51	27	2	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	5.49	21	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.07	1	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	5.9	7	1	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carmofur [no description available]	4.35	4	1	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	5.06	3	1	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	3.75	2	1	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	3.38	1	1	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	2.92	4	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
celecoxib [no description available]	13.02	44	12	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.	2.91	1	0	aromatic ketone
cgp 12177 CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
cgs 15943 9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.	7.48	86	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; furans; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; quinazolines; triazoloquinazoline	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; antineoplastic agent; central nervous system stimulant
chetomin chetomin: C31H30N6O6S4, similar to epipolythiodioxopiperazines. chetomin : An organic heteropentacyclic compound of the class of epipolythiodioxopiperazine. Isolated from Chaetomium globosum and Farrowia seminuda, it exhibits immunosuppressive activity.	2.07	1	0	indoles; organic disulfide; organic heteropentacyclic compound	Chaetomium metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.73	3	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	3.45	2	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	4.02	2	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	6.3	12	1	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	1.96	1	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	5.64	24	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	5.5	9	2	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	5.44	8	2	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	3.57	9	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	1.95	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	7.06	14	7	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
ci 994 tacedinaline: oral cytostatic drug with impressive differential activity against leukemic cells & normal stem-cells. tacedinaline : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid with one of the amino groups of 1,2-phenylenediamine. An oral cytostatic drug with impressive differential activity against leukemic cells and normal stem-cells. Also used in combination therapy for selected tumors including non-smoll cell lung, pancreatic, breast, and colorectal cancers.	2.41	1	0	acetamides; benzamides; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
ciclopirox [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
cilostamide cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure	2.89	4	0	quinolines
cilostazol [no description available]	2.67	3	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	4.76	7	1	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.97	4	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cirazoline cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	2.08	1	0	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	1.96	1	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
cl 387785 CL 387785: structure in first source. N-{4-[(3-bromophenyl)amino]quinazolin-6-yl}but-2-ynamide : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 4,6-diaminoquinazoine in which the one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group at position 4 has been replaced by a m-bromophenyl group while one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group at position 6 has been replaced by a but-2-ynoyl group.	5.39	22	0	bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; ynamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	1.99	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	10.57	70	7	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cyclopenthiazide Cyclopenthiazide: Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.64	3	0	benzothiadiazine
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.37	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
damnacanthal damnacanthal: structure given in first source; isolated from the stem bark and roots of Morinda lucida; a selective inhibitor of p56(lck) tyrosine kinase activity	3.1	1	0	aldehyde; monohydroxyanthraquinone
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.05	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
dapsone [no description available]	7.7	11	1	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	1.95	1	0	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.08	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	2.46	2	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	3.06	5	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	4.56	8	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	4.2	5	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	3.78	3	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	10.86	13	2	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	7.14	11	3	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	8.19	14	4	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorophen Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	2.25	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; diarylmethane
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.35	2	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.73	3	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diphenidol diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	antiemetic
dihydrocytochalasin b dihydrocytochalasin B: inhibits cell motility in many eucaryotic cells	2.07	1	0
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	2.45	2	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	1.94	1	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dinitolmide Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.38	2	0	dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.88	4	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.48	2	0	organic cation
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	5.09	14	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disulfiram [no description available]	2.51	2	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	6.09	8	1	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	2	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.57	2	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	14.36	72	6	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	3.06	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
e 4031 E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD	2	1	0	sulfonamide
ebastine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.04	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase	2.41	2	0
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.21	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
embelin embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.44	2	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
eperisone eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.	2.92	4	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines
epirizole Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.	3.76	2	1	aromatic ether
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.51	8	0
etazolate Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.	1.95	1	0	ethyl ester; hydrazone; pyrazolopyridine	alpha-secretase activator; antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	2.66	3	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	1.96	1	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethoxyresorufin ethoxyresorufin: structure	2.01	1	0	phenoxazine
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.05	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	3.35	1	1	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fendiline Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.07	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	2.49	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
flavoxate Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.	1.99	1	0	carboxylic ester; flavones; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	5.37	13	1	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	3.08	5	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
fluphenazine [no description available]	3.75	2	1	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.91	4	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.66	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	23.72	499	176	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.49	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	1.95	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	1.99	1	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.42	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	1.99	1	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	4.52	3	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furafylline [no description available]	2.01	1	0	oxopurine
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	6.15	18	2	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	5.04	3	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	3.33	1	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.85	3	0
glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.	2.05	1	0	aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	3.16	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	10.28	12	7	sulfonamide
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	2.86	4	0	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	6.25	10	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
go 6976 [no description available]	2.97	4	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.13	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.95	4	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	2.65	3	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	1.98	1	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.48	2	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
gyki 52466 GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.7	3	0	benzodiazepine
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	3.1	5	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
n-(2-aminoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	2.31	1	0
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.06	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
ha14-1 ethyl 2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate: a BH3 mimetic; synergistic induction of apoptosis by simultaneous disruption of the Bcl-2 and MEK/MAPK pathways in acute myelogenous leukemia	2.03	1	0	1-benzopyran
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	2.7	3	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.25	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	2.15	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	2.68	3	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	3.34	7	0	barbiturates
beta-thujaplicin beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.	2.1	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; monoterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; plant metabolite
hexamethylene bisacetamide N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208	3.79	3	0	acetamides
hydroxy-2-naphthalenyl-methyl phosphonic acid trisacetoxymethylester hydroxy-2-naphthalenyl-methyl phosphonic acid trisacetoxymethylester : An organic phosphonate that is the trisacetoxymethylester derivative of naphthalene substituted hydroxymethylphosphonic acid. It has been found to inhibit insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity and insulin stimulated glucose oxidation.	2.06	1	0	acetate ester; naphthalenes; organic phosphonate	tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.5	2	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	12.2	59	18	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	7.48	22	7	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	1.95	1	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	2.81	3	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	16.89	116	14	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	7.04	7	4	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	4.56	8	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifosfamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.88	4	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	5.87	8	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indirubin-3'-monoxime indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.	2.13	1	0
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	2.03	1	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	8.44	34	12	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	5.98	3	3	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	4.42	2	2	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	4.17	17	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.1	1	0	tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	2.44	2	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	6.85	11	2	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
propyphenazone propyphenazone: structure. propyphenazone : A pyrazolone derivative that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by an isopropyl group.	2.03	1	0	pyrazolone	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	5.16	47	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline WHI P131: a quinazoline derivative, inhibitor of glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration	7.2	49	0
whi p154 WHI P154: an anti-leukemic agent; structure in first source	5.9	31	0
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	3.14	5	0
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.4	2	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	3.68	10	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	8.18	17	3	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	3.78	2	1	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	2.08	1	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	3.52	2	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	1.98	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	5.7	6	1	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	2.49	2	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.06	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
lavendustin a lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source	7.42	2	0	aromatic amine
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	4.56	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	15.1	38	15	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lg 100268 LG 100268: a retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective compound; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
lomustine [no description available]	5.82	2	2	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	1.97	1	0	benzodiazepine
lorglumide lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.	2.02	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; dichlorobenzene; glutamic acid derivative
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	3.65	9	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	9.79	95	1	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
manidipine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	diarylmethane
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.37	2	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	2.52	2	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.45	5	1	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
memantine [no description available]	2.52	2	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	3.87	3	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	1.94	1	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	3.33	7	0	organic molecular entity
mequitazine mequitazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.97	1	0	phenothiazines
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	1.94	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	1.96	1	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	17.14	75	29	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	2.1	1	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	1.97	1	0	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
nocodazole [no description available]	3.66	9	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	5.9	9	3	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	2.98	4	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	3.53	2	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexazolam [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hemiaminal ether; oxazolobenzodiazepine
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	2.38	2	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	9.66	20	7	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	5.78	17	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	7.01	8	2	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	4.11	2	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	7.76	21	1	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2.92	4	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
monodansylcadaverine monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.	2.46	2	0	aminonaphthalene; primary amino compound; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; protective agent
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	2.67	3	0	monoterpenoid
entinostat [no description available]	6.33	4	2	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.41	2	0	naphthalenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; sulfonamide
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2	1	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142 FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist	1.97	1	0	beta-carbolines
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	2.38	2	0	catecholamine
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.1	1	0	purine nucleoside
nadifloxacin nadifloxacin: (R)-isomer does not induce chromosomal aberrations, unlike (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; hydroxypiperidine; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug
naftopidil [no description available]	6.69	8	0	piperazines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	2.74	3	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
nan 190 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.	2.91	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phthalimides	serotonergic antagonist
naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source	2.49	2	0	heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	3.23	6	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.49	2	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	7.62	18	3	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.03	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	1.95	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	3.37	1	1	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	8.52	21	2	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.96	4	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	2.39	2	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	3.63	9	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
o(6)-benzylguanine O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity	3.13	1	0
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	3.52	2	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	8.6	11	5	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	11.47	24	5	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.35	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.22	6	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	5.15	6	2	aromatic ether
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	3.42	2	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	3.35	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pamidronate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	2.78	3	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	6.78	13	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
1,7-dimethylxanthine 1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.	2.06	1	0	dimethylxanthine	central nervous system stimulant; human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	1.94	1	0	aromatic amine
pd 153035 4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.	11.37	163	2	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 158780 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aromatic amine; bromobenzenes; diamine; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pd168393 PD 168393 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying bromoanilino and acrylamido substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	5.11	41	0	acrylamides; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 169316 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor	2.46	2	0	imidazoles
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	5.86	91	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	7.06	8	1	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.76	11	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	1.98	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.13	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	morpholines	metabolite; sympathomimetic agent
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	4.95	9	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	7.05	26	1	aromatic amine
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	2.07	1	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	2.77	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.01	1	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	4.72	7	1	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin [no description available]	2.39	2	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
o-phthalaldehyde o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.	2.17	1	0	benzaldehydes; dialdehyde	epitope
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.49	2	0	aromatic ketone
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	3.48	2	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	3.32	2	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	5.37	7	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	11.23	15	6	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piperazine [no description available]	2.8	3	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
pipobroman Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.	8.64	9	1	N-acylpiperazine; organobromine compound; tertiary carboxamide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	2.1	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirbuterol pirbuterol: structure	4.44	1	1	pyridines
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	1.97	1	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	5.42	24	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	2.1	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.17	1	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	6.05	36	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2.42	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	4.26	4	1	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	20.19	879	129	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	3.5	2	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.42	2	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.23	6	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	3.16	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	1.97	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.66	3	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procaterol Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.	2.38	2	0	quinolines
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	2.02	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	1.94	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	3.14	1	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propentofylline [no description available]	1.96	1	0	oxopurine
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.95	4	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propiverine propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome	3.84	2	1	diarylmethane
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	11.73	95	24	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.	3.6	2	0
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	6.83	28	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
pyroxamide [no description available]	3.1	1	0	aromatic amide
sch 16134 quazepam: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	benzodiazepine
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone: structure in first source. quinalizarin : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone having the four hydroxy groups at the 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-positions.	2.57	2	0	tetrahydroxyanthraquinone	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	2.36	2	0	piperazines; pyridines
1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase	1.99	1	0	carbamate ester; organonitrogen compound
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	2.08	1	0	benzothiazoles
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	2.38	2	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate	2.04	1	0	tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.71	3	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	3.38	7	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	4.36	4	1	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	7.24	18	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
roxarsone Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.	2.65	3	0	2-nitrophenols; organoarsonic acid	agrochemical; animal growth promotant; antibacterial drug; coccidiostat
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.13	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	3.31	6	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sc-10 N-(m-heptyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: protein kinase C activator	2.4	2	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	4.58	3	2	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	2.07	1	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	9.44	7	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.92	4	0	morpholines
sk&f 86002 6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-(4-pyridinyl)imidazo(2,1-b)thiazole: inhibits p38 MAP kinase	3.13	1	0	imidazoles
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.44	2	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	4.04	3	1	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	3.07	5	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
ponalrestat [no description available]	2	1	0	phthalazines
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.07	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	8.75	20	3	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	2.03	1	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.65	3	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	4.07	3	1	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	6.35	7	1	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	1.94	1	0	pyridazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	1.93	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.49	2	0
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	4.15	5	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	1.97	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.37	2	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	3.07	4	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulmazole sulmazole: structure given in first source. sulmazole : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent.	5.66	8	0	imidazopyridine; sulfoxide	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.66	3	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	4.78	5	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	3.39	7	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
tegafur [no description available]	13.72	43	7	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	15.57	63	23	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	12.37	55	2	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	1.98	1	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.79	3	0	diarylmethane
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.42	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	2.01	1	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	9.05	24	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	3.28	6	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.08	1	0	thiazolidenedione
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	4.73	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	1.97	1	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
todralazine Todralazine: An antihypertensive agent with both central and peripheral action; it has some central nervous system depressant effects.	1.96	1	0	phthalazines
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	3.82	4	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	2.02	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
trequinsin trequinsin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	3.6	3	0	pyridopyrimidine
triallate Triallate: A pre-emergence, selective herbicide for the control of wild oats in various crops.	2	1	0	tertiary amine
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	3.75	2	1	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	2.05	1	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	1.94	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
triclosan [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.92	4	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	7.55	18	1	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	14.55	168	12
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	3.17	5	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tropicamide Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.	2.03	1	0	acetamides
tyramine [no description available]	3.06	5	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alkylbenzene	geroprotector
urapidil [no description available]	3.47	8	0	piperazines
5-methylurapidil [no description available]	3.12	5	0
urethane [no description available]	3.26	6	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vesnarinone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	2.92	4	0
wb 4101 N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	4.68	9	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxine; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine 8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	2.39	2	0
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	2.66	3	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2.1	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
zardaverine zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.	2.47	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyridazinone	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; peripheral nervous system drug
fr 74366 [no description available]	8.65	31	2
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.75	3	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.06	1	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	9.65	17	2	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	2.93	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	6.1	16	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	1.97	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	7.92	25	3	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	10.29	57	4	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	3.38	7	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.21	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	8.13	57	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	6.5	25	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	9.05	13	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.95	4	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
dibenzylchlorethamine Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.	1.97	1	0
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2	1	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	5.78	21	1	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	2.87	4	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	6.53	18	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	2.87	4	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	5.27	6	2	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.02	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androsterone [no description available]	2.08	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	3.81	2	1	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
idoxuridine [no description available]	4.48	5	1	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.	1.95	1	0	phenylethanolamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	3.43	7	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	4.54	25	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.01	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.46	2	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	5.55	5	1	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.1	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.02	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	6.65	9	2	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	4.48	22	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.46	2	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.94	4	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	4.11	16	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	3.3	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	4.23	16	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.77	11	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.36	2	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2.08	1	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.95	4	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	3.45	1	1	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.31	1	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.87	4	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	3.16	5	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.93	4	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	4.26	4	1	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	4.51	24	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine [no description available]	4.38	6	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	2.37	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	2.08	1	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	4.89	13	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.69	3	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	8.72	33	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
piperoxan Piperoxan: A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.	2.36	2	0
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	9.82	79	5	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
n-nitrosomorpholine N-nitrosomorpholine : A nitrosamine that is morpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. A carcinogen and mutagen, it is found in snuff tobacco.	2.42	2	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.95	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	5.06	10	1	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	1.94	1	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.54	2	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	17.41	102	5	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.5	2	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	4.27	19	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	3.64	9	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	2.17	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.66	3	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
4-toluenesulfonic acid 4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.15	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; toluenes
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	5.22	11	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.4	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	3.27	6	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	4.15	15	0	anilines; primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	1.99	1	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	1.97	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.13	5	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2	1	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	10.83	11	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	6.16	17	2	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	4.39	8	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	8.63	9	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	1.95	1	0
cytidine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
strophanthidin Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.	1.97	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolides; steroid aldehyde
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	2.13	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	4.1	15	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.43	2	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.9	12	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.07	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
gliotoxin Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.	2.49	2	0	dipeptide; organic disulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazinoindole	antifungal agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; proteasome inhibitor
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.05	1	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
chlorisondamine Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.	1.95	1	0	isoindoles
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.98	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	2.42	2	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	8.38	12	2	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.05	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	5.31	6	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
phenacyl bromide phenacyl bromide: structure. phenacyl bromide : An alpha-bromoketone that is acetophenone substituted by a bromo group at position 2.	2.11	1	0	acetophenones; alpha-bromoketone	metabolite
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	3.41	7	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.71	3	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.93	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2.45	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	5.02	9	1	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	6.12	15	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	5.83	23	1	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	5.66	25	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.41	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.	4.93	39	0	quinazolines	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	5.8	21	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.1	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.68	3	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.05	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
vinyl chloride Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.	2.05	1	0	chloroethenes; gas molecular entity; monohaloethene	carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.22	5	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.07	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.1	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	2.65	3	0	acyl chloride
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	2.08	1	0	fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.81	3	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.7	3	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.93	4	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
divinyl sulfone divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.	2.42	2	0	sulfone	cross-linking reagent
isopentane [no description available]	2	1	0	alkane	refrigerant
acrylamide [no description available]	7.63	2	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.08	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	3.55	2	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
sulfachlorpyridazine Sulfachlorpyridazine: A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.. sulfachloropyridazine : A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.	2.6	1	0	organochlorine compound; pyridazines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	2.35	2	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	5.09	3	1	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.07	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	3.83	11	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.3	6	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
skimmianine skimmianine: furanoquinoline alkaloid from Teclea (RUTACEAE)	2.47	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
phensuximide phensuximide: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.31	1	0	pyrrolidines
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid with the carboxy group at position 2 and carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by the biodegradation of phenanthrene by microorganisms.	2.13	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid; naphthols	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; fungal xenobiotic metabolite
salicylanilide salicylanilide: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicylanilide : An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.	2.11	1	0	benzanilide fungicide; salicylamides; salicylanilides
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	8.72	18	3	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
gramine gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.	2.13	1	0	aminoalkylindole; indole alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.48	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
anthranilamide [no description available]	2.75	3	0	substituted aniline
4-nitrophthalimide 4-nitrophthalimide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	2.06	1	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
benzhydrylamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
decalin decalin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; don't confuse with decaline which has a nitrogen at the juncture of the two rings;. trans-decalin : The trans-stereoisomer of decalin.. decalin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is the decahydro- derivative of naphthalene.	2.52	2	0	ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon	solvent
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	10.95	59	2	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	5.53	11	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	8.34	6	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
2-methylquinoline 2-methylquinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylquinoline : Any member of the class of quinolines carrying at least one methyl substituent.. quinaldine : A quinoline compound in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a methyl group.	2.37	2	0	quinolines
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.02	1	0
phenylpiperazine phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.53	8	0	xanthene
methyl nicotinate methyl nicotinate: erythema provoked is basis of a methylnicotinate test of anti-inflammatories	3.41	1	1	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
synephrine [no description available]	2.72	3	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.11	1	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
butylparaben [no description available]	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	8.64	2	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	8.02	4	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
2-methyltetrahydrofuran 2-methyltetrahydrofuran: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.15	5	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.	2.39	2	0	5-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
arsanilic acid Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.	1.97	1	0	organoarsonic acid
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.46	2	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.36	2	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
3-aminobenzoic acid 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.	2.21	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.17	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.11	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2.11	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
methylaniline methylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylaniline : A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.	3.41	1	0	methylaniline; phenylalkylamine; secondary amine
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	4.55	5	1	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
phenyl isocyanate [no description available]	2.41	1	0	benzenes; isocyanates	allergen; hapten
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	3.51	1	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	2.45	2	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.03	1	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.05	1	0	alkane
3-hydroxybutanal [no description available]	2.5	2	0
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.17	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
2-aminopyrimidine pyrimidin-2-amine : An aminopyrimidine carrying an amino group at position 2.. aminopyrimidine : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.	3.59	2	0	aminopyrimidine
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.41	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	20.37	362	25	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.46	2	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.03	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	22.88	538	130	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.05	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
dimethylethylenediamine dimethylethylenediamine: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.46	2	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	3.01	4	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	4.29	3	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
isatoic anhydride isatoic anhydride: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.45	2	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.53	2	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
triethylamine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	tertiary amine
carbarson Carbarson: sometimes used in treatment of intestinal amoebiasis; structure in first source	1.97	1	0	ureas
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	4.07	14	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
1,4-naphthoquinone naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.	2.08	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
pamoic acid pamoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	4.11	4	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.	1.95	1	0	benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
fluorodeoxyuridylate Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.	4.18	17	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.94	4	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.75	3	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.38	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	5.35	58	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	2.07	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	2.9	4	0	purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	2.9	4	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.46	2	0	organic molecular entity
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
cycloguanil cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.	1.95	1	0	triazines	antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	4.69	10	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
phthalazine phthalazine : An azaarene that is the 2,3-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of phthalazines.	7.73	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines
cinnoline cinnoline: structure in first source. cinnoline : An azaarene that is the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of cinnolines.	4.06	4	0	azaarene; cinnolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	13.18	30	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	16.62	83	15	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	2.17	1	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	3.63	9	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
triethylenediamine triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.	2.71	3	0	bridged compound; diamine; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent; tertiary amino compound	antioxidant; catalyst; reagent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	8.39	17	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	3.41	7	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	9.37	27	1	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	14.47	60	8	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	15.44	134	8	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	3.88	3	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyridazine pyridazine: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	diazine; pyridazines
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	5.56	12	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	13.42	84	2	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	2.9	4	0	organic cation
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	3.74	3	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	4.72	30	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	3.28	6	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	4.31	6	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	7.64	16	3	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
6-aminonicotinamide 6-Aminonicotinamide: A vitamin antagonist which has teratogenic effects.. 6-aminonicotinamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.	2.11	1	0	aminopyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary amino compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.44 (NADP(+)-dependent decarboxylating phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; teratogenic agent
nicarbazin Nicarbazin: An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry.	3.48	8	0	organic molecular entity
mecloqualone mecloqualone: minor descriptor (72-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search QUINAZOLINES (72-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	3.45	8	0	quinazolines
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	2.02	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.48	2	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	3.06	5	0	ergoline alkaloid
phenylbenzoquinone phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
kynuramine Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.	1.95	1	0	kynurenamines; primary amino compound	metabolite
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	4.07	15	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
cuprizone [no description available]	2.55	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	1.94	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	7.01	1	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	3.35	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.47	2	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.68	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	3.16	5	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
propadiene [no description available]	2.48	2	0	allenes
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2.31	1	0	ketene
thiophosgene [no description available]	2.11	1	0	one-carbon compound; thiocarbonyl compound
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	5.19	4	3	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.06	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	3.42	7	0
funiculosin (anthraquinone) funiculosin (anthraquinone): see also a pyridone cpd called funiculosin; structure	2.11	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone
indirubin [no description available]	3.55	8	0
cepharanthine cepharanthine: isoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of STEPHANIA; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation. cepharanthine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.	3.19	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.02	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	6.39	7	2	phthalazines
reticulin Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.	5.02	3	3	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	plant metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.41	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
vasicinone vasicinone: isolated from Adhatoda vasica; structure given in first source	3.99	13	0
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.96	4	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
indole-3-carbaldehyde indole-3-carbaldehyde: metabolite of tryptophan; structure. indole-3-carbaldehyde : A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.	2.21	1	0	heteroarenecarbaldehyde; indole alkaloid; indoles	bacterial metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; plant metabolite
thioxanthone thioxanthone: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	5.23	4	1	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	7.08	1	0	indoles
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	2.25	1	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
azetidine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	9.91	34	1
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	4.21	5	0	thiazolidine
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.17	5	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	3.34	1	1	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	4.07	4	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.93	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.11	1	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.42	7	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
3',5'-dichloromethotrexate 3',5'-dichloromethotrexate: structure	1.96	1	0
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	2.02	1	0	thiazoles
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	2.69	3	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	2.65	3	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.4	2	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.99	13	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.06	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	2.11	1	0
resazurin resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure	2.06	1	0	phenoxazine
paeonol paeonol: structure	1.98	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	2.05	1	0
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.02	1	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.13	1	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	3.61	2	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
8-aminoquinoline [no description available]	1.99	1	0
6-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.01	1	0
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	3.48	7	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
levulinic acid levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.	1.96	1	0	oxopentanoic acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
megestrol acetate [no description available]	4.41	2	2	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.02	1	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	2.03	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
galactitol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzoylhydrazine benzoylhydrazine: inhibits copper-depleted bovine serum amine oxidase	2.15	1	0	carbohydrazide
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	5.52	15	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
n,n-diethylformamide N,N-diethylformamide: industrial solvent claimed to have HIV protease inhibitory action	2.05	1	0	carboxamide
4,4'-bisphenol f 4,4'-bisphenol F: RN given refers to parent cpd. bisphenol F : A bisphenol that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups.	1.95	1	0	bisphenol; diarylmethane	environmental food contaminant; xenoestrogen
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
1,4-cyclohexadiene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cyclohexadiene
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.02	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester	hepatic steatosis inducing agent
phendimetrazine phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	4.33	4	1	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	3.41	1	1	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
isosorbide Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.	2.02	1	0	organic molecular entity
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	2.6	1	0
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.87	3	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.46	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.08	1	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	3.45	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
acryloyl chloride [no description available]	2.01	1	0
2-aminobenzimidazole 2-aminobenzimidazole: metabolite of benomyl; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-aminobenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.	2.03	1	0	benzimidazoles	marine xenobiotic metabolite
1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
2-phenylindole alpha-phenylindole: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.17	1	0	phenylindole
deoxycytidine [no description available]	24.81	558	227	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	6.98	22	4	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetylhydrazine acetylhydrazine: metabolite of isoniazid in animals and humans; RN given refers to parent cpd. acetohydrazide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.21	1	0	carbohydrazide; carbohydrazonic acid	drug metabolite
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	1.98	1	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.07	1	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide : A salicylanilide derivative with chloride substituents at C-3 and C-5 of the salicylate moiety and at C-3 and C-4 of the anilide moiety.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene; salicylanilides	drug allergen
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	2.03	1	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.42	2	0	alkali metal hydroxide
vanadium pentoxide [no description available]	2	1	0	vanadium oxide
cascade blue [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aminonaphthalene	fluorochrome
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	4.27	5	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.42	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.25	1	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.17	5	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	3.12	1	0
amidephrine amidephrine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0	sulfonamide
win 18446 WIN 18446 : A carboxamide that is 1,8-diaminooctane in which a hydrogen attached to each of the amino groups has been replaced by a dichloroacetyl group. Inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a2 (ALDH1a2). Inhibits the biosynthesis of retinoic acid from retinol in neonatal and adult murine testis. It down-regulates sex related genes in zebrafish.	1.94	1	0	organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
flurandrenolone Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)	2.07	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.04	1	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.85	2	1	tertiary amine
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	3.04	1	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	6.53	14	1	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	2.17	1	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.67	3	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
toluidine red [no description available]	3.13	1	0
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.	2.08	1	0	UDP-D-glucuronic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfuryl fluoride sulfuryl fluoride: fumigant	2.13	1	0	sulfuryl halide	fumigant insecticide
tetramethylthiourea [no description available]	2.02	1	0	thioureas
clopidol pharmcoccide: Russian drug; no other info available 1/1/79	2.66	3	0	chloropyridine
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	3.81	3	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
methional [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	prostaglandin antagonist
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.42	7	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
tetramethylsuccinonitrile [no description available]	1.98	1	0
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	1.96	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
palmatine burasaine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	berberine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	plant metabolite
cyclic cmp Cyclic CMP: A cyclic nucleotide formed from CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE by the action of cytidylate cyclase. It is a potential cyclic nucleotide intracellular mediator of signal transductions.. 3',5'-cyclic CMP : A 3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.05	1	0	3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide	human metabolite
dimethyl trisulfide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic trisulfide
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	3.03	4	0	carbon oxoanion
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine: A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine.. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.	2.95	4	0	nitrosamine; primary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
quazodine quazodine: phosphodiesterase inhibitor; structure	2.36	2	0
4,6-diamino-2,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-1-phenyl-s-triazine 4,6-diamino-2,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-1-phenyl-s-triazine: structure in first source	1.96	1	0
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	1.99	1	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
pn 401 uridine triacetate: A uridine prodrug that is used in the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria.. uridine triacetate : An acetate ester that is uracil in which the three hydroxy hydrogens are replaced by acetate group. A prodrug for uridine, it is used for the treatment of hereditary orotic aciduria and for management of fluorouracil toxicity.	3.27	1	0	acetate ester; uridines	neuroprotective agent; orphan drug; prodrug
cladribine [no description available]	3.64	2	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
st 91 ST 91: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.36	2	0	substituted aniline
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.47	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
metocurine metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	3.61	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
diaveridine diaveridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. diaveridine : An aminopyrimidine in which the pyrimidine ring carries amino substituents at C-2 and C-4 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at C-5. A folic acid antagonist, it is used as a synergist with sulfonamides against the parasitic Eimeria species.	1.96	1	0	aminopyrimidine	antiparasitic agent; drug allergen
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	3.53	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	2.25	1	0	dioxolane
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	4.97	14	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
ormetoprim ormetoprim: proposed chemotherapeutic agent; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PYRIMIDINES (75-84)	2.38	2	0	dimethoxybenzene
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	2.11	1	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lutetium Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.	2.05	1	0	d-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.73	3	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.39	2	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.05	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neodymium Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.	2.17	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	4.69	26	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	14.34	35	14	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	3	4	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	7.99	4	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	3.74	9	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.61	2	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	3.63	9	0	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.42	2	0	titanium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.03	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	3.04	4	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.08	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	2	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.01	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	9.13	14	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	1.94	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.01	1	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	1.95	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.46	2	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.7	3	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride 2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride: structure	2.55	2	0
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	3.47	1	1	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	19.51	202	47	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.21	1	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	2.05	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.87	4	0	diatomic bromine
metoprine metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist	3.36	7	0
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.89	4	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.79	11	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.9	4	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
sulfonyl chloride [no description available]	2.1	1	0	sulfuryl halide
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	3.45	1	1
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.06	1	0
phosphoryl chloride phosphoryl chloride: structure	2.47	2	0	phosphorus coordination entity
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.02	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
magnesium perchlorate magnesium perchlorate: structure	2.1	1	0	alkaline earth salt
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.78	3	0	cadmium coordination entity
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.13	1	0	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.02	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	6.21	13	3
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	2.02	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.42	2	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
apazone Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.	3.35	1	1	benzotriazines	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; uricosuric drug
nequinate nequinate: minor descriptor (75-88); on line & & INDEX MEDICUS search QUINOLINES (75-88)	1.99	1	0	quinolines
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.95	4	0
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	2.04	1	0
phytanic acid Phytanic Acid: A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.. phytanic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.	2.13	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	3.11	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	5.52	9	2	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.94	36	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	2	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	3.06	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	2.91	1	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
decoquinate Decoquinate: A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.66	3	0
etoprine etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP	1.95	1	0
1-deoxynojirimycin 1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.	2.15	1	0	2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol; piperidine alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
iodine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	4.64	8	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.06	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	4	2	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	4.69	28	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
2,6-diaminopurine 9H-purine-2,6-diamine : A member of the class of 2,6-diaminopurines that is 9H-purine in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by amino groups.	2.47	2	0	2,6-diaminopurines; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	1.97	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	18.06	191	23	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	2.03	1	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
pyrrolidine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
1,4-dioxane 1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.	2	1	0	dioxane; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; non-polar solvent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
dimedone dimedone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	7.05	1	0
n-chlorosuccinimide N-chlorosuccinimide : A five-membered cyclic dicarboximide compound having a chloro substituent on the nitrogen atom.	2.08	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.46	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	2.36	2	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
proquazone proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure	10.32	36	15	pyrimidines
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.47	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	3.27	6	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.73	3	0
tridemorph tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.	2.72	3	0	morpholines; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
alkenes [no description available]	7.77	3	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	1.97	1	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	8.01	26	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
alovudine [no description available]	9.32	12	6	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	3.81	3	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	3.45	7	0
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	2	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.68	3	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	4.12	16	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	4.88	8	1	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.	6.68	7	1	tryptamines
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	2	1	0	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
2-aminotetralin 2-aminotetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0	tetralins
vidarabine phosphate Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.	4	2	0
be 2254 BE 2254: produces blockade of central receptors for norepinephrine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.67	3	0	tetralins
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	5.39	4	1	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
4-ipomeanol 4-ipomeanol: lung-toxic furanoterpenoid produced in moldy sweet potatoes in response to fungus infection; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	4.46	1	1	aromatic ketone
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	23.1	362	155	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	10.39	37	3	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
1-cyclopropylmethyl-4-phenyl-6-methoxy-2(1h)-quinazolinone [no description available]	3.05	5	0
substance p [no description available]	5.13	14	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	4.16	5	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
trimazosin trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	10.49	24	12	N-arylpiperazine
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	4.58	4	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	3.09	5	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tolamolol [no description available]	1.95	1	0
fluproquazone fluproquazone: structure given in first source	8.28	25	14
triazinate triazinate: structure	2.36	2	0
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	10.65	27	20	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
tocainide Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic; sodium channel blocker
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	4.04	3	1
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	4.17	17	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	2.07	1	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
triadimefon 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; hemiaminal ether; ketone; monochlorobenzenes; triazoles
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.08	1	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	5.34	21	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
doxantrazole doxantrazole: structure	2.36	2	0
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	2	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	3.82	3	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
vindesine Vindesine: Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).	3.83	2	1	methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	2.06	1	0	epoxide	intercalator
arprinocid arprinocid: structure	2.88	4	0	6-aminopurines
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	2.74	3	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	10.3	14	10	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
eg 626 phthalazinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse with phthalazinol: 62054-23-3; thromboxane A2 antagonist	1.96	1	0	phthalazines
prenalterol Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.	3.75	2	1	aromatic ether
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	2.1	1	0
lorcainide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	acetamides
eniluracil eniluracil: structure in first source; inactivates dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase	5.49	5	0	pyrimidone
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	2.88	4	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.15	1	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
2-methoxy-5-(2',3',4'-trimethoxyphenyl)tropone 2-methoxy-5-(2',3',4'-trimethoxyphenyl)tropone: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	7.83	17	4	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bopindolol bopindolol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. bopindolol : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bopindolol and (S)-bopindolol. It is a non-selective antagonist of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors and a prodrug in which the ester group is hydrolysed to form the corresponding hydroxy derivative.. 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl benzoate : A methylindole that is 2-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(benzoyloxy)-3-(tert-butylamino)propyl group.	2.91	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoate ester; methylindole; secondary amino compound
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	2.47	2	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	3.08	5	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	5.36	22	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
amonafide xanafide: salt formulation of amonafide; DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor	4.46	1	1	isoquinolines
pimonidazole pimonidazole: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.1	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	6.7	22	3	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
swainsonine Swainsonine: An indolizidine alkaloid from the plant Swainsona canescens that is a potent alpha-mannosidase inhibitor. Swainsonine also exhibits antimetastatic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activity.. swainsonine : An indolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant Swainsona canescens with three hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 2 and 8.	2.13	1	0	indolizidine alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.114 (mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,3-1,6-alpha-mannosidase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; plant metabolite
alifedrine alifedrine: inotropic cpd; structure given in first source	3.06	1	0
dazoxiben dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.44	7	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0	aminopyridine
tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source	3.52	2	0	naphthalenes	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
rimcazole rimcazole: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	carbazoles
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	7.03	8	2	aromatic ketone
piritrexim piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	6	15	0
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	6.82	8	3	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	2.54	2	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	2.02	1	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.54	2	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	2.05	1	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.02	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
nsc 330770 NSC 330770: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.79	3	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	4.28	5	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone piroximone: structure in first source	3.98	4	0
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	6.28	7	2	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
loxtidine loxtidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parenet cpd. loxtidine : A triazole that consists of 1,2,4-triazole bearing a methyl substituent at position 1, a hydroxymethyl substituent at position 3 and a {3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl}amino group at position 5. A highly potent and selective H2-receptor antagonist.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; primary alcohol; triazoles	H2-receptor antagonist
flavone acetic acid flavone acetic acid: structure given in first source	3.06	1	0
imazodan imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;	2.03	1	0
cilazapril, anhydrous Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	1.99	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; pyridazinodiazepine	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.07	1	0	naphthoic acid
bmy 25067 N-7-(2-(nitrophenyldithio)ethyl)mitomycin C: better antitumor activity than mitomycin C. BMY-25067 : An organic disulfide that is mitomycin C in which the amino group at position 7 is replaced by a {2-[(4-nitrophenyl)disulfanyl]ethyl}amino group. It is a derivative of mitomycin C with activity against a range of tumour cell lines and xenografts.	3.07	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic disulfide	antineoplastic agent
brequinar brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.	4.46	1	1	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.74	3	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	8.72	17	2	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	4.37	3	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
mk 458 MK 458: a sustained release formulation of a naphthoxazine compoud with selective D-2 dopamine receptor agonism. naxagolide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of naxagolide.	2	1	0	hydrochloride	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
piroxantrone [no description available]	4.46	1	1
aromasil [no description available]	5.72	6	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulofenur sulofenur: a diarylsulfonylurea	4.46	1	1
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.74	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	3.01	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	3.88	3	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	2.72	3	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	12	36	7	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	23.2	363	157	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
atorvastatin [no description available]	4.29	5	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
irinotecan [no description available]	18.64	171	40	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
draflazine draflazine: a nucleoside transport inhibitor; has cardioprotective effect; draflazine is the (-)-enantiomer; R 88016 is the (+)-enantiomer	2.01	1	0
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.02	1	0
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	2.05	1	0	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	2	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tiodazosin tiodazosin: BL 5111A is for mono-HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source	3.34	7	0	N-arylpiperazine
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	21.85	271	99	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	11.48	103	1	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
gallium nitrate gallium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.06	1	0
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.93	4	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.74	3	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.1	1	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
isothiocyanic acid [no description available]	2.75	3	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound
caloreen caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.	2.05	1	0
halofuginone [no description available]	13.07	138	7	quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.17	1	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	2.01	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
glycosine glycosine: structure	2.43	2	0	quinazolines
mci 176 MCI 176: structure given in first source	3.47	8	0
febrifugine febrifugine: antimalarials; structure	7.79	50	0	quinazolines
4-hydrazinoquinazoline [no description available]	2.06	1	0
2,4(1h,3h)-quinazolinedione 2,4(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione: structure given in first source	3.93	13	0
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.13	5	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	2.05	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
rolofylline rolofylline: selective antagonist for adenosine receptors; a cardiovascular agent	2.01	1	0	oxopurine
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	9.64	10	4	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	2.11	1	0
norharman norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.	2.25	1	0	beta-carbolines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	4.06	14	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.	3.61	9	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
calanolide a calanolide A: NSC 661122 and costatolide are isomers; a novel HIV-inhibitory class of coumarin derivatives from the tropical rainforest tree, Calophyllum lanigerum (Clusiaceae); structure in first source. (+)-calanolide A : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 11,12-dihydro-2H,6H,10H-dipyrano[2,3-f:2',3'-h]chromen-2-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 12, methyl groups at positions 6, 6, 10 and 11 and a propyl group at position 4 (the 10R,11S,12S stereoisomer). Isolated from Calophyllum lanigerum var austrocoriaceum and Calophyllum brasiliense, it exhibits potent activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.	3.12	1	0	cyclic ether; delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol	HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
prostratin prostratin: RN given refers to the (1aR-(1aalpha,1bbeta,4abeta,7aalpha,7balpha,8alpha,9aalpha))-isomer	3.9	3	0
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	3.02	4	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	2.1	1	0
2'-deoxyuridylic acid 2'-deoxyuridylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.77	31	0	deoxyuridine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	4.49	8	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
deoxyuridine triphosphate [no description available]	3.09	5	0	deoxyuridine phosphate; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
protolichesterinic acid protolichesterinic acid: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; isolated from the lichen Cetraria islandica; RN given refers to (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
2,4-diaminoquinazoline [no description available]	7.71	46	0
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.48	2	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.48	2	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
kasugamycin kasugamycin: experimental antimicrobial agent from Streptomyces kausugaensis; used in pseudomonas infections; interfers with protein synthesis in susceptible Escherichia coli. kasugamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis and exhibits antibiotic and fungicidal properties.	3.17	1	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.76	3	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	2	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.47	2	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine 4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1	3.26	6	0	purine nucleoside
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl phosphate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl phosphate: substrate for demonstration of activity of alkaline phosphatase; structure given in first source. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate that is indoxyl phopshate in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, which cleaves the phosphate group to give 5-bromo-4-chloroindoxyl, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.	2.41	2	0	aryl phosphate; indoles; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound	chromogenic compound
pelanserin pelanserin: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.85	12	0
sinefungin [no description available]	3.61	2	0	adenosines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.6	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.5	2	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
imirestat imirestat: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
metrifudil [no description available]	1.98	1	0
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	10.71	190	1	beta-carbolines
anpirtoline anpirtoline: structure given in first source	2	1	0	aryl sulfide
adibendan adibendan: a pyridyl-pyrrolo-benzimidazole	1.98	1	0
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.1	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
methoxy-morpholinyl-doxorubicin methoxy-morpholinyl-doxorubicin: structure in first source	1.98	1	0	anthracycline antibiotic; morpholines; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
abecarnil [no description available]	1.99	1	0
tallimustine tallimustine: structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.48	2	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
methacycline [no description available]	3.49	2	0	1,2-diglyceride
trenbolone acetate Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.	2.11	1	0	steroid ester
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine [no description available]	2.31	1	0
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	6.11	5	1
toxoflavin toxoflavin: azapteridine antibiotic; structure. toxoflavin : A pyrimidotriazine that is 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine with oxo groups at positions 5 and 7.	3.14	1	0	carbonyl compound; pyrimidotriazine	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; toxin; virulence factor; Wnt signalling inhibitor
acetamidine acetamidine: bovine trypsin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	carboxamidine
2,4-diaminopyrimidine 2,6-diaminopyrimidine: structure in first source. pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.	3.78	3	0	aminopyrimidine
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	3.4	7	0	phenanthroline
pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine [no description available]	3.41	1	0
1h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 1H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: structure given in first source. 4-azabenzimidazole : The [4,5-b]-fused isomer of imidazopyridine.	3.41	1	0	imidazopyridine
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	24.52	322	26	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	2.07	1	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
triflic anhydride triflic anhydride: structure in first source	7.21	1	0	organosulfonic anhydride
formamidine formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.	2.21	1	0	carboxamidine; formamidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tangeretin tangeretin: structure given in first source; from citrus plants; inhibits invasion of MO4 mouse cells into embryonic chick heart in vitro. tangeretin : A pentamethoxyflavone flavone with methoxy groups at positions 4', 5, 6 , 7 and 8.. pentamethoxyflavone : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a five methoxy groups.	2.41	1	0	pentamethoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
dictamnine dictamnine: furanoquinoline alkaloid; crosslinks DNA in presence of ultraviolet light	2.05	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
2,3-trimethylene-4-quinazolone 2,3-trimethylene-4-quinazolone: structure in first source	4.14	15	0	quinazolines
coproporphyrin i coproporphyrin I: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants; see also record for coproporphyrin III; zinc coproporphyrin I is fluorescent and a characteristic component of meconium	2.41	1	0
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.25	1	0
11h-pyrido(2,1-b)quinazolin-11-one 11H-pyrido(2,1-b)quinazolin-11-one: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
fenquizone fenquizone: structure	6.05	11	3	quinazolines
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	2.38	2	0	benzoate ester; phenols
toltrazuril toltrazuril: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	14.26	53	25	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	4.81	2	1	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	3.33	6	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
nitraquazone nitraquazone: structure given in first source	3.99	4	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	3.56	2	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
doqualast doqualast: structure given in first source	5.93	14	2
midaglizole midaglizole: orally effective hypoglycemic agent structurally unrelated to known hypoglycemics; RN given for parent cpd	3.22	6	0
timegadine timegadine: first source states that SR 1368 is synonym for cpd; SR 1368 is a different cpd in Chemline; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
4-aminopyrimidine [no description available]	3.41	1	0	aminopyrimidine
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.	2.17	1	0	quinolines
2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde: from African medicinal plants: Mondia whitei (Apocynaceae), Rhus vulagaris (Anacardiaceae), Sclerocarya caffra (Anacardiaceae)	2.13	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
5-fluoropyrimidine [no description available]	4.31	4	1
5-fluoroorotic acid 5-fluoroorotic acid: inhibits the dietary induction of serine dehydratase. 5-fluoroorotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic that is orotic acid which is substituted by fluorine at position 5. It is used in yeast molecular genetics to detect expression of the URA3 gene, which encodes orotine-5'-monophosphate dicarboxylase. A yeast with and active URA3 gene converts 5-fluoroorotic acid to fluorodeoxyuridine, which is toxic to cells.	1.99	1	0
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	1.99	1	0
atipamezole [no description available]	2.01	1	0
dapoxetine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	naphthalenes
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	1.99	1	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	2.46	2	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0	tocol
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	5.91	12	2	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
bay h 2049 batracylin: structure given in first source	8.78	21	1
mitozolomide mitozolomide: RN & structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
buparvaquone buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
secnidazole [no description available]	2.17	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; secondary alcohol	epitope
parvaquone parvaquone: structure given in first source	3.07	5	0
buquineran buquineran: cardiac stimulant; structure	7.59	10	1
carbazeran carbazeran: structure given in first source	6.21	4	1
indorenate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
nipradilol [no description available]	4.47	5	1	organic molecular entity
efaroxan efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	1-benzofurans
terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.	2	1	0	polypeptide
9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine 9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine: RN refers to (S)-isomer	2.03	1	0
fagomine fagomine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	piperidines
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	1.96	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
honokiol [no description available]	2.78	3	0	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.08	1	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
jatrorrhizine jatrorrhizine: isolated from bark of Enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae); structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	alkaloid
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.13	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
5-iodo-6-amino-1,2-benzopyrone [no description available]	2.46	2	0
9-aminocamptothecin [no description available]	3.09	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
leupeptin [no description available]	2.75	3	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
picropodophyllin picropodophyllin: isolated from American May apple (Podophyllum); inhibits IGF-I autophosphorylation without interfering with tyrosine kinase activity. picropodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that has a furonaphthodioxole skeleton bearing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and hydroxy substituents.	3.61	2	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
phleomycins Phleomycins: Water-soluble, copper-containing low molecular weight polypeptides obtained from the culture medium of Streptomyces verticillus. They are specific inhibitors of DNA synthesis in bacteria and have been found to act as antitumor agents. They have also been used against rust fungi of plants.. phleomycin : A mixture of glycopeptide antibiotics originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus whose components all contain a thiazolinylthiazole moiety and can form complexes with redox-active metals such as Co, Cu, and Fe. (Bleomycins are very similar to phleomycins, but have a bithiazole moiety in place of the thiazolinylthiazole moiety).	2.52	2	0
berberrubine berberrubine: RN refers to chloride salt; a protoberberine alkaloid antitumor agent which exhibits topoisomerase II poison activity as well as catalytic inhibition activity; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
bathophenanthroline 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two phenyl substituents at positions 4 and 7.	2.15	1	0	benzenes; phenanthrolines	chelator
nsc 251635 [no description available]	4.45	7	0
centazolone centazolone: tranquillosedative drug with action similar to that of chlordiazepoxide; structure in UD 30;55a	3.46	8	0
2-aminobenzonitrile o-aminobenzonitrile: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
3-deazaneplanocin 3-deazaneplanocin: S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase antagonist	2.51	2	0
xanthosine 5'-triphosphate xanthosine 5'-phosphate : xanthosine phosphate compounds having phosphate groups at position 5'.. 5'-xanthylic acid : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having xanthine as the nucleobase.	1.97	1	0	purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; xanthosine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
tryptanthrine tryptanthrine: minor constituent of traditional Chinese medicine qing dai	9.58	100	1	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
5-benzylhydantoin 5-benzylhydantoin: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	4.1	4	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
monoethyl phosphate ethyl dihydrogen phosphate : A monoalkyl phosphate epitope having ethyl as the alkyl group.	2.21	1	0	monoalkyl phosphate	epitope; phosphoantigen
5-aminopyrazole 5-aminopyrazole: structure in first source	3.41	1	0
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	2.1	1	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide 5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. MTIC : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is dacarbazine in which one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydrogen. It is the active metabolite of dacarbazine, and is also produced by spontaneous hydrolysis of temozolomide in the body.	2.4	2	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
bendamustine hydrochloride [no description available]	6.41	4	1
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.	2.02	1	0	indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	3.55	8	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
7,8,9,10-tetrahydroazepino(2,1-b)quinazolin-12(6h)-one 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroazepino(2,1-b)quinazolin-12(6H)-one: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
erucin [no description available]	2.53	2	0	isothiocyanate
delta(1)-pyrroline [no description available]	1.95	1	0	imine; pyrroline
1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene [no description available]	2.31	1	0
2,4-diamino-5-benzylpyrimidine 2,4-diamino-5-benzylpyrimidine: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
cryptolepine cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.	1.95	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
bexarotene [no description available]	8.1	12	4	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
s20098 [no description available]	2.25	1	0	acetamides
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.52	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
4-aminoquinazoline 4-aminoquinazoline: structure in first source	6.45	31	0
4-chloro-n-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)-3-ethyl-1-methyl-1h-pyrazole-5-carboxamide [no description available]	2	1	0	pyrazole acaricide; pyrazole insecticide	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
fenazaquin fenazaquin: an experimental miticide	4.17	16	0	quinazolines	acaricide; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
fluquinconazole fluquinconazole: a component of the pesticide Vision 250 SC. fluquinconazole : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 6-fluoroquinazolin-4-one carrying additional 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl substituents at positions 2 and 3 respectively. A fungicide used to control Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Basidiomycetes spp. on cereals, beets and fruit.	2.01	1	0	conazole fungicide; dichlorobenzene; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
dibromosulphthalein dibromosulphthalein: RN refers to 3H-labeled parent compound	2.01	1	0
2,4-diamino-5,6-dihydro-6,6-dimethyl-5-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-s-triazine 2,4-diamino-5,6-dihydro-6,6-dimethyl-5-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-s-triazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	4.23	5	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.73	3	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
lupinine lupinine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1R-trans)-isomer; structure	2.02	1	0	quinolizidine alkaloid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	1.97	1	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	5.41	5	3	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
salsolinol salsolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; EP to SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); on-line search SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); Index Medicus search ISOQUINOLINES (78-82). (S)-salsolinol : A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.	2.08	1	0	1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol	human urinary metabolite
hydroxyflutamide [no description available]	2.01	1	0
pyridaben [no description available]	2	1	0	organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; pyridazinone	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
sk&f 95282 zolantidine: structure given in first source	2.46	2	0	piperidines
4-hydroxyphenylglycine 4-hydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine molecule carrying a 4-hydroxyphenyl substituent.	2	1	0	hydroxy-amino acid	bacterial metabolite
n(6)-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine N(6)-dimethylallyladenine : A 6-isopentenylaminopurine in which has the isopentenyl double bond is located between the 2 and 3 positions of the isopentenyl group.	2.05	1	0	6-isopentenylaminopurine	cytokinin
4-methylaminorex 4-methylaminorex: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4-chlorophenyl)xanthine [no description available]	2.38	2	0
mci 9038 [no description available]	2.17	1	0	peptide
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	2.51	2	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
norcantharidin norcantharidin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpds without isomeric designation	3.02	4	0	furofuran
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.06	1	0
r 28935 R 28935: RN given refers to (R,S)-isomer; structure	2.65	3	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.05	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
9-fluoreneacetic acid 9-fluoreneacetic acid: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC	1.99	1	0
phosphoramide mustard [no description available]	2.15	1	0	nitrogen mustard; phosphorodiamide
1,3,4-oxadiazole 1,3,4-oxadiazole: structure in first source	2.54	2	0
pam 1392 [no description available]	2.36	2	0
n-hydroxy-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane N-hydroxy-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine 5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2	1	0
wr 158122 WR 158122: structure	2.87	4	0
deoxyshikonin deoxyshikonin: isolated from Lithospermum erythrorhizon	2.11	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
diosgenin [no description available]	2.51	2	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs	3.12	5	0
phorbolol myristate acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside pyrimidin-2-one beta-ribofuranoside: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	2.17	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleosides
kemptide [no description available]	2.21	1	0
combretastatin combretastatin: cytotoxic principle from South African tree COMBRETUM caffrum; structure given in first source; acts at COLCHICINE site of TUBULIN	4.07	4	0
fangchinoline fangchinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; limacine is the (1'beta)-isomer; 7-O-demethyltetrandrine is the (1S,1'S)-isomer. fangchinoline : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is (1beta)- berbaman which has been substituted by methyl groups at the 2 and 2' positions, by methoxy groups at the 6, 6', and 12 positions, and by a hydroxy group at position 7. Isolated from Stephania tetrandra, it has been found to possess neuroprotective and anti-tumour activity.	2.07	1	0
cb 3703 CB 3703: inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase & thymidylate synthetase; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.06	5	0
coumarin 6 coumarin 6: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
wr 159412 [no description available]	2.65	3	0
denitro-kt-1 denitro-KT-1: structure given in first source; analog of KT-1 with nitro group replaced by hydroxy group	1.97	1	0
diphenylditelluride [no description available]	2.06	1	0
dicentrine dicentrine: structure given in first source; RN refers to (S)-isomer	3.13	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).	2.08	1	0	nitrile; phenols	estrogen receptor agonist
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	3.68	9	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.93	4	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	12.25	35	5	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
uftoral UFT(R) drug: a drug containing tegafur and uracil; a biochemical modulator of 5-fluorouracil; used for postoperative chemotherapy of colon cancer; reported to cause severe liver injury; do not confuse with 1-UFT protocol	4.01	2	0
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.7	3	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	2.02	1	0
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	1.99	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	3.96	13	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
fotemustine fotemustine: structure given in first source. fotemustine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fotemustine. It is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma.. diethyl (1-{[(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino}ethyl)phosphonate : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is ethyl diethylphosphonate in the hydrogen at position 1 of the ethyl group attached to the phosphorus has been replaced by a [(2-chloroethyl)(nitroso)carbamoyl]amino group.	3.17	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.72	3	0	oligopeptide
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	3.49	2	0
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	3.12	1	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5h)-one 2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5H)-one: a mixed agonist/antagonist of the benzodiazepine receptor	2.38	2	0
chlorethylclonidine chlorethylclonidine: RN refers to 2-chloroethyl derivative	2.92	4	0
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.02	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	4.81	7	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.75	3	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.44	2	0
3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine: legal replacement for MDMA; RN given for (+-)-isomer; structure given in first source. 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-ethylpropan-2-amine : A secondary amino compound that is N-ethylisopropylamine in which a hydrogen of one of the isopropyl methyl groups has been replaced by a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group.	1.98	1	0	benzodioxoles; secondary amino compound
bradykinin, des-arg(9)- bradykinin, des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source	1.97	1	0	beta-carbolines
quin2-acetoxymethyl ester Quin2-acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
((18)O)water ((18)O)water : A form of water consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen-18 atom.. oxygen-18 atom : The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 17.999160 and 0.205 atom percent natural abundance.	2.6	1	0	isotopically modified compound; water
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	2.48	2	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
dihydroergocristine Dihydroergocristine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position of the molecule.. dihydroergocristine : Ergocristine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. It is used as the mesylate salt for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease.	2.01	1	0	ergot alkaloid	adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide drug combination amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide drug combination: amiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide drug combination.	1.96	1	0
pyronaridine [no description available]	4.05	3	1	aminoquinoline
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets	2.42	2	0
phorbol-12-myristate [no description available]	2.11	1	0
afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	benzodiazepine
anhydrotetrodotoxin anhydrotetrodotoxin: sodium channel blocker; structure given in first source; from the toad Atelopus oxyrhynchus	1.97	1	0
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.08	1	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
deguelin deguelin: a natural product from Mundulea sericea; RN refers to (7aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source. deguelin : A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.	2.44	2	0	aromatic ether; diether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; plant metabolite
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	2.78	3	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
triptolide [no description available]	2.11	1	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
parthenolide [no description available]	2.45	2	0	germacranolide
tryptoquivaline tryptoquivaline: tremor-producing metabolite from Aspergillus clavatus; tetrapeptide derived from tryptophan, anthranilic acid, valine, & methylalanine; structure & N1 names previously assigned to tryptoquivaline C & tryptoquivaline D found to be incorrect & are revised in third source; see also record for tryptoquivalone; structure in third source	2.57	2	0
benzamil [no description available]	2.17	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	3.82	3	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.01	1	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.24	6	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
sr 140333 SR 140333: SR-140603 is the (R)-antipode of SR-140333; a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	2.21	1	0
ci 988 PD 134308: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonist; inhibits growth of LoVo, a human colon cancer cell line; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	3.42	7	0
tadalafil [no description available]	6.35	6	2	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
2-aminoperimidine 2-aminoperimidine: inhibits bacterial NhaA Na/H+ antiporters; structure in first source	3.12	5	0
indolo(3,2-b)carbazole indolo(3,2-b)carbazole: potent inducer of cytochrome P-4501A1-dependent monooxygenase	2.41	2	0
5-hydroxydopamine 5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	catecholamine
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	3.33	1	1	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.71	3	0
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	2.38	2	0
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	3.23	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
perloline perloline: a fluorescent diaza-phenanthrene alkaloid from Lolium contamination of fescue; structure	1.92	1	0
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane 1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane: GABA(A) receptor ligand for autoradiography	2.02	1	0
sc 58125 1-((4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyrazole: a COX-2 inhibitor	3.01	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
stachydrine stachydrine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (S)-isomer; structure. L-proline betaine : An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.	2.07	1	0	alkaloid; amino-acid betaine; N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid	food component; human blood serum metabolite; plant metabolite
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	monoterpenoid
cp 65,526 azidoprazosin: labeled with 125I	3.35	7	0
tafenoquine tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.	1.99	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; primary amino compound; secondary amino compound
bis-neodecanoato-1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum(ii) [no description available]	3.08	1	0
centpropazine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	4.57	4	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
sr 48692 SR 48692: structure in first source; a neurotensin receptor-1 antagonist	2.1	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
7-methoxyresorufin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	3.58	8	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.37	2	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ah 6809 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD	2.11	1	0	xanthones
n'-(2-chloroethyl)-n-(2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)-n'-nitrosourea N'-(2-chloroethyl)-N-(2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)-N'-nitrosourea: structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline-2,4(1h,3h)-dione 6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione: a key intermediate for production of medicines such as alfuzosin, prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, and IAAP which are effective alpha1-adrenergic blockers and antihypertensives; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
perimidine [no description available]	5.34	17	0	perimidine
hydroquinidine hydroquinidine: urinary quinine metabolite; RN given refers to (9S)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4703	2.57	2	0	cinchona alkaloid
ym 12617 YM 12617: RN given refers to HCl salt; RN from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 5/85; structure given in first source. 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide : A secondary amino compound that is ammonia in which nitrogen is substituted by a 1-(4-methoxy-3-sulfamoylphenyl)propan-2-yl group and a 2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.44	2	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
y 26763 Y 26763: structure given in first source; an active metabolite of Y 27152	2	1	0	1-benzopyran
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	2.07	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
egta acetoxymethyl ester EGTA acetoxymethyl ester: membrane-permeable form of EGTA	2.04	1	0
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
sgb 1534 SGB 1534: RN given refers to mono-HCl	4.27	19	0
2-(n,n-dimethylamino)-6,7-dihydroxytetralin [no description available]	2.36	2	0
piperaquine piperaquine : An aminoquinoline that is 1,3-di(piperazin-1-yl)propane in which the nitrogen at position 4 of each of the piperazine moieties is replaced by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group.	4.05	3	1	aminoquinoline; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	antimalarial
3-deoxy-3-fluoro-d-glucose [no description available]	1.97	1	0
astragaloside a [no description available]	2.15	1	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.78	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	7.44	2	0	carbene; methanediyl
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.08	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	14.01	117	2	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	35.68	4,189	583	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	4.78	7	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
kf 17837s KF 17837: adenosine A(2a) receptor antagonist; KF17837S is the equilibrium mixture of (E)- and (Z)-isomers	2.69	3	0
changrolin changrolin: structure	6.5	36	0
cgp 42112a CGP 42112A: a hexapeptide analog of angiotensin II; activation of Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 results in vasodilation. CGP-42112A : A hexapeptide consisting of L-tyrosine, L-lysine, L-histidine, L-proline and L-isoleucine amino acid residues coupled in sequence and in which the amino group of the L-tyrosyl residue is substituted by a (pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl)nitrilo group and in which the L-lysyl side chain amino group is substituted by a {N(2)-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-L-arginyl}nitrilo group. It is a potent angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2 receptor) agonist.	2.01	1	0	benzyl ester; oligopeptide; pyridinecarboxamide	angiotensin receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	2.07	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine 2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors	2.9	4	0
cgp 28392 CGP 28392: partial calcium channel agonist; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether
tak 044 TAK 044: endothelin receptor antagonist	3.12	1	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	2.15	1	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
bq 610 BQ 610: endothelin A receptor antagonist; endothelin-1 antagonist	2.02	1	0
vadimezan vadimezan : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.	3.55	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; xanthones	antineoplastic agent
e 64 E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)	1.99	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide; epoxy monocarboxylic acid; guanidines; L-leucine derivative; zwitterion	antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; protease inhibitor
cp 66713 CP 66713: adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.31	2	0
teloxantrone teloxantrone: structure given in first source	3.09	1	0
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	1.96	1	0
dibutyryl cyclic-3',5'-cytidine monophosphate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethene 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethene: inhibits tubulin polymerization; RN & structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
adenosine amine congener adenosine amine congener: a highly potent & selective adenosine A1 receptor agonist	2.01	1	0
lestaurtinib [no description available]	6.11	8	0	indolocarbazole
gyki 53655 GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist	2.46	2	0
methotrexate [no description available]	16.25	191	14	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
cgs 26393 CGS 26393: prodrug of CGS-26303; RN given for (S)-isomer	3.12	1	0
ly 293558 tezampanel: structure given in first source; an AMPA receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0
dioctanoylphosphatidic acid dioctanoylphosphatidic acid: structure given in first source	2	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate; octanoate ester
4-(3-chloroanilino)quinazoline 4-(3-chloroanilino)quinazoline: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
tamsulosin [no description available]	16.05	92	16	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
planinin planinin: from Zanthoxylum planispinum; structure given in first source	3.27	1	0	lignan
4-hydroxy-25-desoxyneorollinicin 4-hydroxy-25-desoxyneorollinicin: isol from Rollina papilionella; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0
esterbut-3 esterbut-3: stabilizes butyric acid as a potent inhibitor of tumor cell proliferation in vivo; RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/91	2	1	0
talotrexin N(alpha)-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-N(delta)-hemiphthaloyl-L-ornithine: RN refers to (S)-isomer	3.11	5	0
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	2.41	2	0	biphenyls
umifenovir umifenovir: an antiviral agent	2.08	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	2	1	0	sulfonamide	prodrug
4-diethoxyphosphorylmethyl-n-(4-bromo-2-cyanophenyl)benzamide 4-diethoxyphosphorylmethyl-N-(4-bromo-2-cyanophenyl)benzamide: increases lipoprotein lipase activity with resulting elevation of high density lipoprotein cholesterol	1.99	1	0
1-(4-bromophenylaminocarbonyl)-4,5-diphenyl-3-pyrazolidinone 1-(4-bromophenylaminocarbonyl)-4,5-diphenyl-3-pyrazolidinone: a diphenylpyrazolidinone; cholecystokin antagonist; decreases midbrain dopamine unit activity; LY288513 and LY288512 are optical isomers of LlY262691	2.02	1	0
cyclazosin cyclazosin: an alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given for (cis)-isomer. cyclazosin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of furoic acid with the secondary amino group of 6,7-dimethoxy-2-[(4aR,8aS)-octahydroquinoxalin-1-yl]quinazolin-4-amine.	4.28	18	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; quinoxaline derivative	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist
4-bromomethyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid 4-bromomethyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid: structure given in first source; a thiol photo-deprotection agent	2.07	1	0
glyantrypine glyantrypine: structure given in first source; an anthranilic acid-containing metabolite isolated from Aspergillus clavatus	4.22	5	0	quinazolines
sc 51089 SC 51089: structure in first source; dinoprostone antagonist	2.1	1	0
l 733060 3-((3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyloxy)-2-phenylpiperidine: RN given refers to (2S-cis)-isomer; L-733,061 is pharmacologically inactive; structure in first source	2.76	3	0	piperidines
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
dc 015 DC 015: a selective alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.09	5	0
cgs 26303 CGS 26303: a potent non-peptidic inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase capable of protecting atrial natriuretic peptide from enzymatic degradation; structure given in first source	3.12	1	0
abiraterone [no description available]	3.88	3	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
ml-3000 [no description available]	2.5	2	0
ws 79089b WS 79089B: isolated from Streptosporangium roseum; FR901533 is the sodium salt; structure in first source	3.12	1	0
pd 142505-0028 [no description available]	2	1	0
5'-(4-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-(4-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenosine: affinity label of the inhibitory DPNH site of bovine liver dehydrogenase; adenosylhomocysteinase antagonist; structure	1.99	1	0
nsc 181928 NSC 181928: potently stimulates tubulin-dependent GTP hydrolysis; member of 1-deaza-7,8-dihydropteridine class of mitotic inhibitors with antineoplastic activity; structure given in both sources	1.97	1	0
eg 1088 [no description available]	3.09	5	0
carbapenems [no description available]	2.02	1	0
dithiane dithiane: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	dithiane
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.07	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
perrhenate perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re	2.06	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; rhenium oxoanion
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	8.07	26	4	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
asperlicin c asperlicin C: cholecystokinin antagonist; from Aspergillus alliaceus; structure given in first source; MF C25-H18-N4-O2. asperlicin C : A member of the class of asperlicins in which the core 6,7-dihydroquinazolino[3,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-5,13-dione skeleton is substituted at the 7 pro-S position by an indol-3-ylmethyl group. It is a cholecystokinin antagonist.	2.02	1	0	asperlicins; indoles; organic heterotetracyclic compound	Aspergillus metabolite; cholecystokinin antagonist
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.	3.46	1	1	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	22.07	288	101	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
perifosine [no description available]	4.59	4	0	ammonium betaine; phospholipid	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
irofulven irofulven: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	cyclohexenones
lonafarnib lonafarnib: inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase. lonafarnib : A 4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide that has R configuration. It is used as oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor.	4.34	3	0	4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
tariquidar [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzamides
rec 15-2739 Rec 15-2739: an alpha-1 antagonist selective for the lower urinary tract; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.04	1	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.	3.61	2	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
vatalanib [no description available]	8.65	21	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
tyrosinamide tyrosinamide: RN given refers to (S)-isomer. L-tyrosinamide : An amino acid amide that is L-tyrosine in which the carboxy OH group is replaced by NH2.	2.05	1	0	amino acid amide; L-tyrosine derivative
evodiamine [no description available]	11.79	303	1	beta-carbolines
2,4,6-triamino-5-chloroquinazoline 2,4,6-triamino-5-chloroquinazoline: antifolate drug; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	4.12	3	1	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
as 3201 ranirestat: an aldose reductase inhibitor; AS-3201 and SX-3202 are the (R-(-))- and (S-(+))-isomers, respectively; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
ruboxistaurin ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.	1.96	1	0	morpholines
varespladib [no description available]	3.16	1	0	aromatic ether; benzenes; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; primary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory drug; antidote; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
besonprodil besonprodil: CI-1041 is also known as PD19680; NMDA receptor antagonist for treatment of Parkinson's disease; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	6.12	7	5	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
canertinib [no description available]	9.31	33	0	monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
hydroxypiperaquine hydroxypiperaquine: more effective than chloroquine; RN given refers to tetraphosphate salt; structure in first source	1.97	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	1.97	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	2	1	0	organic sulfate salt
tipifarnib [no description available]	7.14	11	0	imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
atrasentan Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.	3.55	2	0	pyrrolidines
resiquimod S 28463: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	imidazoquinoline
tricycloquinazoline tricycloquinazoline: structure given in first source	8.44	8	0
ungeremine ungeremine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.21	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.85	3	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
nitroquine nitroquine: RN given refers to parent cpd	5.51	16	1
fidarestat fidarestat: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.08	1	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	4.39	6	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.77	3	0	carbodiimide
oxirene oxirene: structure	2	1	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; oxacycle
gamma-glutamylmethylamide gamma-glutamylmethylamide: RN refers to L-isomer	2.05	1	0
methylselenic acid methylseleninic acid : An organoselenium compound that is seleninic acid in which the hydrogen attached to selenium is replaced by a methyl group.	2.6	1	0	one-carbon compound; organoselenium compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite
chiriquitoxin chiriquitoxin: natural analog of tetrodotoxin isolated from Central American frog Atelopus chiriquensis	3.12	1	0
ip 66 IP 66: may show strong antagonism toward postsynaptic alpha-receptors & slight agonism towards presynaptic beta-receptors	1.96	1	0
bw a522 BW A522: blocks adenosine A3 receptor-mediated hypotensive responses in rats	1.99	1	0
ahc 52 AHC 52: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
4-(3-(biotinylaminohexamethylenaminocarbonyl)propanoylaminomethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dithiolane-2-yl-(ala(7))phalloidin 4-(3-(biotinylaminohexamethylenaminocarbonyl)propanoylaminomethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dithiolane-2-yl-(Ala(7))phalloidin: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
n-(2-amino-3-(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)propyl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-n,n',n',n'',n''-pentaacetic acid N-(2-amino-3-(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)propyl)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine-N,N',N',N'',N''-pentaacetic acid: used for (111)Indium labeling of monoclonal antibodies; structure in J Chem Soc (Perkin 1) 1992:1173-8; RN given refers to ((1alpha(S*),2beta)-(+-))-isomer	2.05	1	0
5-(saenta-x8)fluorescein 5-(SAENTA-x8)fluorescein: structure given in first source; used for the flow cytometric quantitation of nucleoside transporter expression on leukemic cells	2	1	0
clorazepate dipotassium Clorazepate Dipotassium: A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions.	2.39	2	0	potassium salt	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug
palladium(ii) acetate [no description available]	2.11	1	0
hexamethylenebis(dimethyl-(3-phthalimidopropyl)ammonium bromide) hexamethylenebis(dimethyl-(3-phthalimidopropyl)ammonium bromide): antidote in organophosphate poisoning	2.39	2	0
formyl phosphate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acyl monophosphate; one-carbon compound
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	9.4	25	1	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
farglitazar farglitazar: a non-thiazolidinedione insulin sensitiser and PPARgamma agonist	3.51	1	1
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	4.92	8	1	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	6.48	58	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
ro 21-7634 2-methoxy-11-oxo-11H-pyrido(2,1-b)quinazoline-8-carboxylic acid: NM same as N1 (9CI); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.87	4	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	4.32	20	0
7-hydroxy-5,11-dioxotetranorprostane-1,16-dioic acid [no description available]	5.35	2	2	prostanoid
sb 203580 [no description available]	5.7	25	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.1	1	0	indoles; maleimides
enzastaurin [no description available]	6.02	5	2	indoles; maleimides
paris saponin vii Paris saponin VII: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Trillium tschonoskii; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
zm 241385 ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor	4.88	13	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	30.36	2,986	644	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
cilengitide Cilengitide: an alphaVbeta3 integrin antagonist that paralyzes cancer cells	6.01	4	1	oligopeptide
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	8.59	22	1	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
limonin [no description available]	3.55	8	0	epoxide; furans; hexacyclic triterpenoid; lactone; limonoid; organic heterohexacyclic compound	inhibitor; metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethylarsinous acid dimethylarsinous acid: a reactive organic intermediate of dimethylarsinic acid involved in toxicity	2.45	2	0	methylarsinous acid
aurantiamide aurantiamide: a Src kinase ligand; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.11	1	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
etravirine [no description available]	3.54	2	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
2-anilino-5-thiazolinone [no description available]	2.03	1	0
maduramicin maduramicin: isolated from Actinomadura rubra	2.38	2	0
cp 100356 CP 100356: modulates multidrug resistance; structure in first source	3.42	7	0
n-(3-cyano-4-methyl-1h-indol-7-yl)-3-cyanobenzene-sulfonamide [no description available]	2.1	1	0
lapatinib [no description available]	27.49	1,448	296	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
albaconazole albaconazole: UR-9825 is the (1R,2R)-isomer; structure in first source	9.46	25	1
bmy 7378 [no description available]	3.3	6	0
2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine 2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine: structure in first source	2.17	1	0	morpholines; purines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	adenosine A3 receptor antagonist; antineoplastic agent; Aurora kinase inhibitor; cell dedifferentiation agent
nk3201 NK3201: inhibits vascular proliferation in grafted vein	3.18	1	0
dapivirine Dapivirine: effectively prevented human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in cocultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and T cells, representing primary targets in sexual transmission	3.12	1	0
taspine taspine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.17	1	0
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	3.95	4	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
sorafenib [no description available]	18.61	168	21	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
succinobucol succinobucol: monosuccinic acid ester of probucol; a metabolically stable modification of probucol, an equipotent antioxidant to probucol but is pharmacologically distinct	3.16	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
lenalidomide [no description available]	7.03	8	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	6.78	6	1	isoquinolines
diflomotecan diflomotecan: a fluorinated E-ring modified camptothecin; structure in first source. diflomotecan : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is (5R)-8-[(6,7-difluoroquinolin-3-yl)methyl]-5-ethyl-5-hydroxy-1,4,5,8-tetrahydrooxepino[3,4-c]pyridine-3,9-dione in which position 7 of the oxepinopyridine moiety is joined to position 3 of the difluoroquinoine ring by a single bond. An E-ring modified camptothecin analogue that has greater lactone stability in plasma compared with other topoisomerase I inhibitors.	2.01	1	0	epsilon-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organofluorine compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
3-hydroxy-quinazoline-2,4-dione 3-hydroxy-quinazoline-2,4-dione: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	2.39	2	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.13	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.32	6	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
cortisone [no description available]	2.21	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gossypol acetic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0
4-methylquinazoline 4-methylquinazoline: isolated from Nasonia vitripennis; structure in first source	8.36	6	0
1',2'-dihydrorotenone 1',2'-dihydrorotenone: RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,6aalpha,12aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	2	1	0
nsc 74859 NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.	2.54	2	0	amidobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; tosylate ester	STAT3 inhibitor
mrs 1067 3,6-dichloro-2'-isopropyloxy-4'-methylflavone: structure in first source	2.4	2	0
pheophorbide a pheophorbide a: split product of chlorophyll obtained by saponification of pheophytin	2.05	1	0
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.01	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	15.72	54	18
nsc 83265 3-tritylthio-L-alanine: RN & NM given refers to (L)-isomer	2.76	3	0	benzenoid aromatic compound
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	3.41	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
lupeol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	2.13	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.61	2	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
4-methyl-2-quinazolinamine 4-methyl-2-quinazolinamine: from Streptomyces of TCM plant; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.11	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
wortmannin [no description available]	6.19	42	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.51	2	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-azabicyclo(2,2,2,)octan-3-one 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-azabicyclo(2,2,2,)octan-3-one: structure in first source	2.47	2	0	cyclic ketone; quinuclidines
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.61	2	0
nsc 352122 trimetrexate glucuronate: an orphan drug and AIDS drug; used for treatment of Pneumocytis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS	3.22	6	0
sorbinil sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.	3.52	2	0	azaspiro compound; chromanes; imidazolidinone; organofluorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline 2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline: structure given in first source	3.98	12	0
2,4-diaminopteridine 2,4-diaminopteridine: structure in first source	2.41	2	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	7.37	9	1
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	3.11	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.49	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	12.17	42	3	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.74	3	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	4.18	3	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
acetogenins Acetogenins: Polyketides of up to a few dozen carbons in length, formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES and oxygenated to form tetrahydrofuran and lactone rings along the length of the chain. They are found in ANNONACEAE and other PLANTS. Related compounds cyclize to MACROLIDES.	3.65	2	0
mrs 1191 MRS 1191: a selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.26	6	0	cinnamate ester
mrs 1220 9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-5-phenylacetylamino(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazoline: structure in first source	7.6	32	1	quinazolines
evodine evodine: structure in first source	4.53	5	1
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	4.9	11	0
protoverin Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.	2.37	2	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	3.85	11	0
carboplatin [no description available]	21.61	231	150
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.15	1	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
leptomycin b [no description available]	2.15	1	0
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2.73	3	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.36	2	0
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.15	1	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	3.93	13	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
elastin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	oligopeptide
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.68	3	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	2.07	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.25	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	2.9	4	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.39	2	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	3.35	7	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	2.74	3	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	3.06	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.09	5	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
n-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate: found in proteinase I from Dictyostelium discoideum. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate : A N-acyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate in which the acyl group specified is acetyl.. 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate : A N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate that is 2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 1-(dihydrogen phosphate) substituted by an acetamido group at position 2.	2.07	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.71	3	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.05	1	0	cellotriose
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.64	3	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	3.74	10	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	3.53	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2.66	3	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	4.12	16	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	2.13	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
limonene-1,2-epoxide limonene-1,2-epoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (4R)-limonene 1,2-epoxide : The (R)-enantiomer of limonene 1,2-epoxide.	2.06	1	0	limonene 1,2-epoxide
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	3.34	1	1	benzazocine
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.18	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	4.47	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2.4	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
indican [no description available]	2.49	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2.41	2	0
rutaevin rutaevin: from root bark of Dictamnus daycarpus Turcz.	2.1	1	0	steroid lactone
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	3.91	3	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
genipin [no description available]	2.55	2	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.15	1	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
3-deoxyvasicine 3-deoxyvasicine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.14	5	0	quinazolines
cyclopamine [no description available]	3.85	11	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	4.67	8	0
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.	2.11	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	cysteine protease inhibitor
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	4.04	4	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	3.12	5	0	tripeptide
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	2.01	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.05	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
trispheridine trispheridine: structure in first source	3.23	1	0	phenanthridines
medigoxin Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).	1.95	1	0	cardenolide glycoside
oxendolone [no description available]	3.35	1	1	organic molecular entity
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.38	2	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	4.72	3	2	organic molecular entity
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	3.03	1	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	5.14	10	1	cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.06	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.46	2	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
tapi-2 TAPI-2: analog of TAPI inhibitor with the naphthyl-alanine side chain replaced by a tert-butyl group	2.46	2	0
ergosterol [no description available]	2.76	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	3.96	12	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	6.72	16	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	4.25	18	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.05	1	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.01	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	2	1	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	3.6	8	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.38	2	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
latrunculin a latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source. latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.	2.08	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
palmitoleic acid hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.04	1	0	hexadec-9-enoic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.73	3	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	10.94	22	7	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
om99-2 OM99-2: eight-residue memapsin 2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
farnesyl pyrophosphate farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.	3.11	1	0	farnesyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.15	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	3.68	10	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.68	9	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	9.52	14	3	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
tetragastrin Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.	2.93	4	0	peptidyl amide; tetrapeptide	anxiogenic; human metabolite
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	2.06	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	3.61	3	0
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent	2	1	0
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	3.16	5	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.17	1	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
gw 3965 GW 3965: a liver X receptor ligand	2.47	2	0	diarylmethane
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	2.1	1	0
hts 466284 HTS 466284: a TGFbeta-RI inhibitor; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	pyrazoles; pyridines; quinolines	TGFbeta receptor antagonist
epothilone b [no description available]	3.83	3	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-stabilising agent
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	3.31	6	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	4.39	21	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.41	2	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bms 214662 7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.	3.11	1	0	benzenes; benzodiazepine; imidazoles; nitrile; sulfonamide; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	6.66	11	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
roflumilast [no description available]	2.77	3	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.39	7	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	3.15	5	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	5.02	7	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
decitabine [no description available]	4.69	8	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.78	3	0
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2	1	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
purvalanol a 6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;	2.05	1	0	purvalanol
diclazuril [no description available]	2.4	2	0	nitrile
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.52	8	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.5	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	3.06	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.39	2	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	3.84	2	1	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.13	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	3.44	7	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2	1	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ravuconazole ER 30346: structure in first source. ravuconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the butyl group is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 3 by hydroxy, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively (the R,R stereoisomer). It exhibits antifungal activity by inhibition of 14alpha demethylase, an enzyme involved in sterol synthesis, resulting in lysis of the fungal cell wall and fungal cell death. (NCIO4)	5.48	8	0	1,3-thiazoles; fluorobenzenes; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazoles	antifungal drug; antileishmanial agent; EC 1.14.14.154 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor
schizandrin schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name	1.99	1	0
posaconazole [no description available]	4.12	3	1	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
gw 257406x maribavir: has antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus	8.06	11	0
dpc 961 [no description available]	3.51	8	0
dpc 963 DPC 963: structure in first source	2	1	0
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	2.03	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
isobutyrylshikonin isobutyrylshikonin: from root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
acetylshikonin acetylshikonin: from roots of Boraginacea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.11	1	0
shikonin shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities	2.83	3	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
tak 187 TAK 187: structure in first source; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor with possible usage against Trypanosoma	3.1	1	0
cmx 001 [no description available]	5.91	7	0
abt 492 WQ 3034: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
efinaconazole efinaconazole: an antifungal agent; structure in first source. efinaconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-methylenepiperidin-1-yl groups, respectively (the 2R,3R stereoisomer). It is an antifungal drug used for the topical treatment of onychomycosis (a nail infection caused mainly by dermatophytes).	2.17	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	3.31	1	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
evp 4593 EVP 4593: an NF-kappaB pathway inhibitor; structure in first source	5.15	12	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.08	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
zn(ii)-phthalocyanine [no description available]	2.5	2	0	metallophthalocyanine; zinc tetrapyrrole	fluorochrome
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	3.31	6	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
pyrrolopyrimidine pyrrolopyrimidine: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
tolfenamic acid tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.	4.04	3	1	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
2-(1-piperazinyl)-4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline 2-(1-piperazinyl)-4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: prazosin metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.78	3	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	2.01	1	0	triterpenoid
glycosides [no description available]	9.51	7	0
4-oxothiazolidine 4-oxothiazolidine: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	3.71	2	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.	2.25	1	0	sinapic acid	MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.32	55	2	isomethyleugenol
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.08	1	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	1.96	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	5.7	14	0	stilbene
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.25	1	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
curvularin curvularin: from Penicillium Baradicum Baghdadi; structure	3.41	1	0
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	2.25	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	2.41	2	0	cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	4.63	6	1	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	2.11	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.74	3	0	benzamides
s 1033 [no description available]	7.89	19	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bz-423 [no description available]	3.03	5	0
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.	2.44	2	0	tetrapeptide	protease inhibitor
bucillamine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	3.53	2	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine [no description available]	3.53	2	0	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
r 59949 R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor	5.66	25	0	diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	3.49	8	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	6.44	14	0
chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.	1.96	1	0	chlorprothixene
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	3.17	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2.35	2	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
vasicine vasicine: RN given refers to (R)-isomer	5.16	45	0
3-phenyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4(3h)-one 3-phenyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ag-213 tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;	2.41	2	0
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	3.55	2	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	3.26	6	0
jrf 12 N2,N4-dibenzylquinazoline-2,4-diamine: a selective, potent, reversible, and ATP-competitive p97 inhibitor	4.12	14	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2.05	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
(e)-3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-n-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide 3-(4-t-butylphenyl)-N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(b)(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and antihyperalgesic agent; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
rg108 RG108: DNA methyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.55	2	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
3-(isopropylideneamino)-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1h)-one 3-(isopropylideneamino)-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	2.06	1	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
tetrahydropalmatine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	5.43	10	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
secinh3 SecinH3: a small molecule antagonist of cytohesins; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	triazoles
brd 7389 BRD 7389: a protein kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	anthracenes
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	2.95	4	0	thiazolidinone
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	1.97	1	0
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	6.83	5	3	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	6.63	27	2	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine [no description available]	2.43	2	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.	2.41	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	3.84	3	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.11	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
fatostatin fatostatin: inhibits activation of SREBP; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	thiazoles
tg 003 TG 003: a Clk inhibitor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
xl147 [no description available]	4.41	1	1	aromatic amine; benzothiadiazole; quinoxaline derivative; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	1.97	1	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	2.02	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	2.07	1	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	9.45	21	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	2.95	4	0
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.45	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
4-thiopyridine 4-thiopyridine: RN given refers to 4-thiopyridine cpd	2	1	0
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	3.1	5	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.08	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
brij-58 Cetomacrogol: Non-ionic surfactant of the polyethylene glycol family. It is used as a solubilizer and emulsifying agent in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, often as an ointment base, and also as a research tool.	2.07	1	0
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	9.38	19	6	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	3.74	10	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist	2.01	1	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	14.66	76	8	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is dodecyl.	2.11	1	0	1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
nadp [no description available]	4.12	16	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	3.82	10	0
t 0070907 T 0070907: a PPARgamma antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
stattic [no description available]	2.13	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; C-nitro compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; radiosensitizing agent; STAT3 inhibitor
ale 0540 ALE 0540: structure in first source	2.51	2	0
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.58	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
k 858 K 858: an Eg5 inhibitor and antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	benzenes
importazole importazole: an importin-8 inhibitor; structure in first source	4.54	21	0	quinazolines
lch-7749944 LCH-7749944: potent p21-activated kinase 4 inhibitor, structure in first source	2.07	1	0
monastrol monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.	4.06	4	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; phenols; racemate; thioureas	antileishmanial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2.05	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.94	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	8.56	9	6	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	5.38	55	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
4,5-dihydro-6-(4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-5-methyl-3(2h)-pyridazinone 4,5-dihydro-6-(4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-5-methyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone: RN & structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.45	2	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	4.87	11	0	alkali metal atom
goitrin goitrin: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. (R)-goitrin : A 5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione that has R-configuration. It is a constituent of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Radix isatidis.	2.15	1	0	5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione	antiviral agent; plant metabolite
6-thiouric acid 6-thiouric acid: structure	2.13	1	0	oxopurine
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	2.48	2	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
quinine [no description available]	2.78	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
deoxy-4-thiothymidine 4-thiothymidine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	3.14	5	0
amrubicin amrubicin: structure in first source; a 9-amino-anthracycline antibiotic. amrubicin : A synthetic anthracycline antibiotic with molecular formula C25H25NO9. A specific inhibitor of topoisomerase II, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of cancer, especially lung cancer, where it is a prodrug for the active metabolite, ambrucinol.	5.22	3	1	anthracycline antibiotic; methyl ketone; primary amino compound; quinone; tetracenes	antineoplastic agent; prodrug; topoisomerase II inhibitor
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	12.32	722	0
asperlicin asperlicin: cholecystokinin antagonist; isolated from Aspergillus alliaceus; structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
e 7010 E 7010: inhibits tubulin polymerization; structure given in first source	3.14	1	0	sulfonamide
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source	4.09	3	1
n(alpha)-(4-amino-4-deoxy-n(10)--methylpteroyl-n(epsilon)-4'-fluoresceinthiocarbamoyl)-l-lysine trihydrate fluoresceinated methotrexate: inhibits tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase; fluorescent dihydrofolate reductase probe for studies of methotrexate resistance; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
cystine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	2.07	1	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
ly335979 [no description available]	2.48	2	0	carbopolycyclic compound
bp 897 BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	naphthalenecarboxamide
tandutinib [no description available]	12.36	39	5	aromatic ether; N-arylpiperazine; N-carbamoylpiperazine; phenylureas; piperidines; quinazolines; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
vx-745 [no description available]	3.81	3	0	aryl sulfide; dichlorobenzene; difluorobenzene; pyrimidopyridazine	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	19.49	59	9	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline: structure given in first source	2.83	3	0	benzofurans
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	23.58	557	98	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
7-o-ethyl fangchinoline 7-O-ethyl fangchinoline: RN given refers to the (1beta)-isomer;	1.97	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.5	2	0
verticillins verticillins: 3 antibiotics isolated from imperfect fungus Verticillium: verticillin A, verticillin B (mono-3-hydroxymethyl analog of verticillin A), & verticillin C (differs from verticillin B in that 1 of dioxopiperazine rings has a trisulfide rather than a disulfide bridge; active against gram-positive bacteria & mycobacteria but not against gram-negative bacteria & fungi; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; structure (verticillins A & B))	2.07	1	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.96	12	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	4.15	4	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	5.16	18	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
nih-12848 NIH-12848: inhibits phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase gamma; structure in first source	2.91	3	0
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	2.43	2	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
cambinol cambinol: inhibitor of human silent information regulator 2 enzymes; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.	2.04	1	0	1,2-thiazoles; indoles; ureas	receptor modulator; serotonergic antagonist
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	4.46	22	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	4.51	5	1	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
blister blebbistatin: structure in first source. blebbistatin : A pyrroloquinoline that is 1,2,3,3a-tetrahydro-H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolin-4-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3a, a methyl group at position 6 and a phenyl group at position 1. It acts as an inhibitor of ATPase activity of non-muscle myosin II.	2.76	3	0	cyclic ketone; pyrroloquinoline; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	inhibitor
rs 100329 RS 100329: an alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.75	3	0	piperazines
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.02	1	0
sb 242084 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source	2.04	1	0
mrs 1523 2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.43	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
ro 106-9920 Ro 106-9920: inhibits ubiquitination to block NF-kappaB-dependent cytokine expression; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	sulfoxide
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	1.96	1	0
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	2.13	1	0	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins	2	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	5.41	14	1
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	3.01	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
2-(2-(5-bromo-1h-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(1-methylethoxyphenyl)-4-(3h)-quinazolinone 2-(2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-3-(1-methylethoxyphenyl)-4-(3H)-quinazolinone: CCK2 receptor antagonist	3.11	5	0	quinazolines
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	6.96	1	0
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	2.17	1	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
icodextrin Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.	2.02	1	0
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	3.68	9	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	3.45	7	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	3.17	5	0
jnj 7777120 1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
pyrroloquinoline pyrroloquinoline: check to see if actually PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE (PQQ COFACTOR)	2.44	2	0
annomontine annomontine: antileishmanial pyrimidine-beta-carboline alkaloid from the bark extract of Annona foetida; structure in first source. annomontine : An alkaloid that is beta-carboline substituted at position C-1 by a 2-aminopyrimidin-4-yl moiety. An antiparasitic agent found in Annona montana and Annona foteida.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; aminopyrimidine; beta-carbolines	antiparasitic agent; metabolite
cinnamamide cinnamamide: structure in first source. cinnamamide : The simplest member of the class of cinnamamides that consists of acrylamide bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position.. trans-cinnamamide : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamamide.	2.13	1	0	cinnamamide
ku 55933 2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source	3.57	2	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	3.97	13	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	4.64	8	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
ubiquinone q2 Ubiquinone Q2: interacts with iron atom to form acceptor quinone complex; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.02	1	0	ubiquinones
bilirubin [no description available]	3.39	7	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	6.52	44	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	4.8	10	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sterigmatocystin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	sterigmatocystins	metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	2.04	1	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
luteolin [no description available]	3.01	4	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone 7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.	2.11	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antioxidant; metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	1.99	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	5.37	7	2	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	3.03	1	0
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.02	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	3.12	5	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.7	3	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	3.09	5	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
herbacetin herbacetin: from Ramose Scouring Rush Herb; structure in first source. herbacetin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is kaempferol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. It is a natural flavonoid from flaxseed which exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.	2.25	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.46	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	2.01	1	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
quercetin 3-o-methyl ether quercetin 3-O-methyl ether: from Rhamnus species; structure in first source. 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone : A tetrahydroxyflavone having the 4-hydroxy groups located at the 3'- 4'- 5- and 7-positions as well as a methoxy group at the 2-position.	2.08	1	0	monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; metabolite
alprostadil [no description available]	3.59	9	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	2.08	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.4	2	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.46	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	2.04	1	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	2.37	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	4.28	7	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	3.01	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.43	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	1.97	1	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.99	4	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	6.06	37	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	3.28	6	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.07	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
butein [no description available]	2.11	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; radiosensitizing agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cucurbitacin b [no description available]	2.13	1	0	cucurbitacin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ophiobolin a ophiobolin A: sesterterpene; phytotoxin produced by plant pathogen Helminthosporium maydis; natural product inhibitor of calmodulin; RN refers to (18R)-isomer; structure given in first source. ophiobolin A : A sesterterpenoid that is ophiobolane with a hydroxy group at position 3, oxo groups at positions 5 and 25, double bonds at positions 7-8 and 19-20, and an oxygen link between positions 14 and 18.	2.03	1	0	cyclic ketone; enal; oxaspiro compound; sesterterpenoid; tertiary alcohol
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2	1	0	alpha-humulene
garcinol garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi	2.11	1	0
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	3.41	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
fisetin [no description available]	3.61	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
pterostilbene [no description available]	2.51	2	0	diether; methoxybenzenes; stilbenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; neurotransmitter; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.54	2	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
maytansine Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.	15.7	51	14	alpha-amino acid ester; carbamate ester; epoxide; maytansinoid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organochlorine compound	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	3.32	6	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.21	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
savinin savinin: a lignan from Pterocarpus santalinus inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and T cell proliferation; structure in first source. savinin : A lignan that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (gamma-butyrolactone) substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylidene group at position 3 and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl group at position 4 (the 3E,4R-isomer). It exhibits antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.	2.08	1	0	benzodioxoles; gamma-lactone; lignan	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; T-cell proliferation inhibitor
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.53	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	3.47	2	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
uf 021 isopropyl unoprostone: a safe and effective ocular hypotensive drug. isopropyl unoprostone : The isopropyl ester of unoprostone.	3.08	1	0	isopropyl ester; ketone; prostaglandins Falpha	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; prodrug
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	3.49	2	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.07	1	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	4.14	3	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	3.78	3	0	cinnamic acids
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	1.98	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
fondaparinux Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.	2.05	1	0	amino sugar; oligosaccharide sulfate; pentasaccharide derivative	anticoagulant
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.15	1	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	5.24	12	1	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid 8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 8,9-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 8,9-double bond of arachidonic acid.	2.01	1	0	EET	mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.95	4	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	3.12	5	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
purmorphamine purmorphamine: structure in first source. purmorphamine : A member of the class of purines that is purine substituted at C-2 by a 1-naphthyloxy group, at C-4 by a 4-morpholinophenylamino group, and at N-9 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; morpholines; purines; secondary amino compound	osteogenesis regulator; SMO receptor agonist
mitolactol Mitolactol: Alkylating antineoplastic toxic to bone marrow; used in breast cancer, also in combination with other drugs.	3.06	1	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
methyl linoleate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester	plant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	2.48	2	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	1.96	1	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.43	2	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
erythrityl tetranitrate Erythrityl Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1020). erythrityl tetranitrate : Erythritol in which each of the hydroxy groups has been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to nitroglycerin. It is usually used diluted with lactose or other suitable inert excipients, in order to minimise the risk of explosion; undiluted erythrityl tetranitrate can be exploded by percussion or excessive heat.	4.31	2	2	nitrate ester	explosive; vasodilator agent
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	2.1	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.93	4	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	2.1	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	18.52	163	26	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.98	4	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	4.05	4	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol seocalcitol: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
glycinamide ribonucleotide glycinamide ribonucleotide: structure in first source	2.41	2	0	organophosphate oxoanion
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.	2.99	4	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	Hsp90 inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	6	26	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
su 5402 SU 5402: structure given in first source. SU5402 : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	3.81	3	0
su 9516 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
2-methylthio-atp 2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
adp beta s adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd	2.01	1	0
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	2.69	3	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
sb 277011 SB 277011: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
ly 344864 LY 344864: has selective affinity for the 5-HT1F receptor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	carbazoles
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	2.07	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	4.36	6	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
pd 180970 PD 180970: inhibits p210(Bcr-Abl) tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	2.45	2	0
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.39	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
l 365260 L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively	2.01	1	0	benzodiazepine
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	3.81	2	1	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	3.74	10	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.44	2	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	2.47	2	0
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.	2.47	2	0	carboxylic ester; difluorobenzene; dipeptide; tert-butyl ester	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.52	2	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	3.16	1	0
neurokinin b Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.	2.05	1	0	polypeptide
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	2.73	3	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	1.98	1	0
cl 316243 disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source	2.46	2	0
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	2.44	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source	7.68	15	0	indolecarboxamide
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	2.42	2	0	piperazines
su 6656 SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.	3.17	5	0
bisdemethoxycurcumin curcumin III: structure in first source. bisdemethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.	2.69	2	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; metabolite
evocarpine evocarpine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.42	2	0	quinolines
icariin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
nerolidol nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.	2.07	1	0	nerolidol
1-(4-(6-bromobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3h-cyclopenta(c)quinolin-8-yl)ethanone 1-(4-(6-bromobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta(c)quinolin-8-yl)ethanone: G-1 was able to induce both c-fos expression and proliferation in the ERalpha-negative/GPR30-positive SKBR3 breast cancer cells, the requirement for ERalpha expression in GPR30/EGFR signaling may depend on the specific cellular context of different tumor types	2.17	1	0	agonist
malealdehyde malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer	2.15	1	0	but-2-enedial
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	3.85	11	0
spd-304 SPD-304: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
pd 161570 PD 161570: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
ag 99 tyrphostin A46: epidermal growth factor-urogastrone receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
tyrphostin ag-494 AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source	2.73	3	0
ag 556 AG 556: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
ag-490 [no description available]	3.82	11	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
bosutinib 4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	6.78	7	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; N-methylpiperazine; nitrile; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cb676475 CB676475: structure in first source	2.72	3	0	quinazolines
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	6.36	13	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	4.95	4	0
su 11248 [no description available]	17.36	127	10	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
m475271 AZM475271: a Src family kinase inhibitor	2.13	1	0
palbociclib [no description available]	5.94	6	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
d-64406 D-64406: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
jnj-7706621 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	sulfonamide
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	3.19	1	0
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	3.42	1	1	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.46	2	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.	4.03	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	3.01	4	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
bay 11-7085 BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.	2.44	2	0	benzenes; nitrile; sulfone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor
rg 14620 RG 14620: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
su 4984 SU 4984: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	3.12	5	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	2.46	2	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.64	3	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
styrylquinoline styrylquinoline: structure in first source	2.45	2	0	2-styrylquinoline
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	2	1	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	3.07	5	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.82	10	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.4	2	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.53	2	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.15	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	3.22	6	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	3.8	3	0	boron group element atom
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	2.17	1	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
batimastat batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.	3.53	8	0	hydroxamic acid; L-phenylalanine derivative; organic sulfide; secondary carboxamide; thiophenes; triamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	5.04	13	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
ethyl oleate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.74	3	0
isoalloxazine isoalloxazine: structure	2.72	3	0	benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	4.85	4	2	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	2.07	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.81	3	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.13	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	3.23	6	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
astatine Astatine: Astatine. A radioactive halogen with the atomic symbol At, and atomic number 85. Its isotopes range in mass number from 200 to 219 and all have an extremely short half-life. Astatine may be of use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism because it emits ALPHA PARTICLES.	2.42	2	0	elemental astatine
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	5.67	24	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.57	2	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.69	3	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.49	2	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	2	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.	3.18	1	0	amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor
phytochlorin phytochlorin: RN given refers to (2S-trans)-isomer; structure given in the first source	2.21	1	0
bb 2116 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	isoquinolines
morphine-3-glucuronide morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.15	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.53	2	0
6-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1h,4h)-quinoxalinedione 6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedione: inhibits AMPA receptor binding; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	3.14	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	2.08	1	0
oxyfedrine Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.	3.06	1	0	aromatic ketone
vx680 [no description available]	5.61	13	0	N-arylpiperazine
n-acetylsphingosine N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
arglabin arglabin: a sesquiterpene lactone from the Chinese herb Artemisia myriantha; structure given in first source. arglabin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-dimethyl-1,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydroazulen-5-yl group in which the double bond in the 7-membered ring has been epoxidised and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to give the corresponding gamma-lactone. It is found in Artemisia glabella. Arglabin-DMA HCl, the hydrochloride salt of the adduct resulting from the conjugate addition of dimethylamine to the ene-lactone moiety, has been successfully used in Khazakhstan for the treatment of breast, colon, ovarian and lung cancers.	3.12	1	0	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	4.18	5	0	dichlorobenzene
bafilomycin a [no description available]	2.74	3	0
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	2.46	2	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.13	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	2.13	1	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
apaziquone apaziquone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	3.49	2	0	indoles
roquefortine roquefortine: metabolite of Penicillium roqueforti; structure	2.02	1	0	pyrroloindole
su 1498 SU 1498: structure in first source. SU1498 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-2-cyano-3-[4-hydroxy-3,5-di(propan-2-yl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 3-phenylpropylamine.	2.72	3	0	enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; phenols; secondary carboxamide	vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
piriqualone piriqualone: structure	2.37	2	0
tyrphostin ag825 tyrphostin AG825: a tyrphostin of the benzylidene malononitrile family; an erbB2 antagonist. tyrphostin AG 825 : An organic sulfide that consists of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur atom is replaced by a 5-[(1E)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl]-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl group. It acts as an epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist.	5.84	11	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; enamide; nitrile; organic sulfide; phenols; primary carboxamide	epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2	1	0
12-o-retinoylphorbol-13-acetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	1.95	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.	1.96	1	0	oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	4.96	12	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	5.63	5	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.4	2	0
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	2	1	0	organic anion
palonosetron Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.	2.02	1	0	azabicycloalkane; delta-lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound	antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	2.02	1	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
n-desmethyltamoxifen N-desmethyltamoxifen: main metabolite of tamoxifen; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	3.41	1	1	stilbenoid
fk 409 FK 409: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces griseoporeus	1.98	1	0
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	2.88	4	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.97	4	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.04	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
cyc 116 4-methyl-5-(2-(4-morpholinophenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)thiazol-2-amine: an aurora kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
sulphoraphene sulphoraphene: from radish; structure in first source	2.53	2	0
bambermycins Bambermycins: Antibiotic complex obtained from Streptomyces bambergiensis containing mainly Moenomycins A and C. They are used as feed additives and growth promoters for poultry, swine, and cattle.	1.96	1	0
tiacrilast tiacrilast: structure given in first source	5.78	8	3
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	3.36	6	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
rhizoxin rhizoxin: from Rhizopus chinensis; causal agent of rice seedling blight; structure given in first source. rhizoxin : An macrolide antibiotic isolated from the pathogenic plant fungus Rhizopus microsporus. It also exhibits antitumour and antimitotic activity.	1.98	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cgp 39653 CGP 39653: NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
piericidin a piericidin A: pyridine-substituted fatty alcohol antibiotic; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search ANTIBIOTICS (75-85); RN given refers to (S-(R,R-(all-E)))-isomer. piericidin A : A member of the class of monohydroxypyridines that acts as an irreversible mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor that strongly associates with ubiquinone binding sites in both mitochondrial and bacterial forms of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase	2	1	0	aromatic ether; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; secondary allylic alcohol	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.6.5.3 [NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)] inhibitor; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
concanamycin a concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.	2.11	1	0	carbamate ester; concanamycin	antifungal agent; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
manumycin manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source. manumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.	2.15	1	0	enamide; epoxide; organic heterobicyclic compound; polyketide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol	antiatherosclerotic agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; marine metabolite
brl 26830a BRL 26830A: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
plastochromanol 8 plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol	2.46	2	0
thiazole orange thiazole orange: structure given in first source. thiazole orange : A cyanine dye comprising the thiazole orange cation [1-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl]quinolinium] with the p-tosylate counterion.	2.07	1	0	cyanine dye	fluorochrome
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor	2.05	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
rhodoquinone rhodoquinone: methoxy group of ubiquinone substituted with amino group; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.43	2	0
everolimus [no description available]	16.45	79	17	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	2	1	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
nb 598 NB 598: decreases serum total & LDL-cholesterol levels; structure given in first source; inhibits squalene epoxidase	2.06	1	0
ixabepilone [no description available]	5.99	7	0	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
ekb 569 EKB 569: an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor	9.42	18	1	aminoquinoline; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	protein kinase inhibitor
axitinib [no description available]	9.48	24	1	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	2.49	2	0
tracizoline tracizoline: RN given for (R-(R,R))-2,3-dihydroxybutanedionate (1:1); ligand for imidazoline receptor; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
scy-635 [no description available]	2.11	1	0
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	5.52	12	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.15	1	0
su 5614 SU 5614: inhibits the mast cell growth factor receptor known as kit protein; a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. SU5614 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 5-chlorooxindole in which the two hydrogens at position 3 are replaced by a (3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl)methylidene group.	2.03	1	0	organochlorine compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
beta-escin [no description available]	5.02	12	0
gw2974 GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2	4.06	14	0	pyridopyrimidine
cr 2945 CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist	2.02	1	0
suloctidil Suloctidil: A peripheral vasodilator that was formerly used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is hepatotoxic and fatalities have occurred. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	1.95	1	0
ro 25-6981 Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.	2.08	1	0	benzenes; phenols; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	3.54	2	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
ispinesib [no description available]	11.54	37	11	benzamides
6 beta-hydroxycortisol 6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.	2.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 6beta-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; probe
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	7.66	9	3	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.38	2	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	2.05	1	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	1.99	1	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	2.95	4	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.04	1	0
cv 1808 2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects	2.39	2	0	purine nucleoside
edatrexate edatrexate: structure given in first source	6.8	10	0	glutamic acid derivative
vorozole vorozole: structure given in first source; vorozole/R 83842 is ((+)/dextro-isomer), RN 129731-10-8; R 83839 ((-)/levo-isomer)	3.69	3	0	benzotriazoles
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	4.93	6	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
vilazodone hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
soblidotin soblidotin: a dolastatin 10 derivative; RN refers to (2S-(1(1R(R),2S),2R(1S,2S)))-isomer; structure given in first source. soblidotin : A tetrapeptide derivative of dolastatin 10. It is an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization which exhibits potent antitumor activity.	2.02	1	0	tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; microtubule-destabilising agent
tonabersat tonabersat: potential antimigraine agent; structure in first source	3.13	1	0
beta-elemene beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.	2.13	1	0	beta-elemene	antineoplastic agent
pki 166 [no description available]	7.47	10	0
ac 7700 AC 7700: a vascular disrupting agent; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
pd 184352 2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source	5.44	7	0	aminobenzoic acid
laulimalide laulimalide: isolated from Cacospongia mycofijiensis; structure in first source. laulimalide : A macrolide with formula C30H42O7 that is isolated from the marine sponges, Cacospongia mycofijiensis and Hyattella sp.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic ester; epoxide; macrolide; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	animal metabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
isavuconazole isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.	4.7	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor; orphan drug
voclosporin voclosporin: semi-synthetic cyclosporine A analog & calcineurin inhibitor; FDA approved use to treat lupus nephritis.	3.15	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
bibx 1382bs BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001	2	1	0	substituted aniline
vildagliptin [no description available]	8.07	13	0	amino acid amide
dalcetrapib dalcetrapib: inhibits cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)	3.16	1	0	anilide
indacaterol indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source. indacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	2.07	1	0	indanes; monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
belinostat [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydroxamic acid; olefinic compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
cysmethynil cysmethynil: an Icmt inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
panobinostat Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.	4.18	3	1	cinnamamides; hydroxamic acid; methylindole; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	8.38	26	0	ammonium ion derivative
bufalin bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.	2.8	3	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid	animal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; cardiotonic drug
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	3.07	5	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taxane taxane: produced by Taxomyces andreanae	13.29	22	11	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
krn 633 N-(2-chloro-4-((6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinazolinyl)oxy)phenyl)-N'-propylurea: a VEGF receptor-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	4.31	17	0
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	1.94	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
sephin1 sephin1: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	3.81	3	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.4	2	0
3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone: a neuroprotective agent; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
fenpyroximate fenpyroximate: structure in first source	4.11	4	0	pyrazole acaricide; tert-butyl ester	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
st 1481 ST 1481: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 5-position.	2.11	1	0	glycerophosphoinositol phosphate
ammonium hexafluorophosphate [no description available]	2.25	1	0
iniparib [no description available]	2.51	2	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
win 51708 WIN 51708: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	2.1	1	0
gw 501516 GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source. GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	carcinogenic agent; PPARbeta/delta agonist
givinostat [no description available]	3.19	1	0	carbamate ester
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	3.61	2	0
edotecarin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
dehydroevodiamine dehydroevodiamine: RN given refers to hydroxide, inner salt; structure in first source.	6.6	15	1
cajanine cajanine: isolated from Cajanus cajan L.; structure in first source	2.6	1	0	stilbenoid
apricoxib apricoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor; structure in first source	5.63	3	2
spc-839 SPC-839: an inhibitor of activator protein 1; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	7.23	16	0	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
ono 8711 ONO 8711: a prostaglandin E receptor EP1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	3.48	7	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	6.15	10	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
lu 28-179 Lu 28-179: sigma(2) ligand and lysosomotropic agent; structure in first source	2.54	2	0
pd 176252 PD 176252: a non-peptide gastrin-releasing peptide (BB2) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.45	2	0
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide: a proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptide; SL-NH2 is NOT Ser-Leu-NH2 here	2.1	1	0
jasplakinolide jasplakinolide: cyclodepsipeptide isolated from marine sponge Jaspis; active against Candida; RN refers to 2S-(2R,4E,6S,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source. jaspamide : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.	2.05	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; phenols	actin polymerisation inducer; animal metabolite; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; marine metabolite; neuroprotective agent
efatutazone efatutazone: a high-affinity PPARgamma agonist with antineoplastic activity	2.52	2	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.76	3	0	oligopeptide
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	3.59	3	0
rs 25344 RS 25344: inhibits phosphodiesterase PDE-4D3; structure given in first source	2.91	4	0
cp 465,022 CP 465,022: structure in first source	3.42	7	0
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.49	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
cgp 71683 a CGP 71683 A: selective NPY Y(5) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
px-866 PX-866: inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase signaling with antitumor activity; structure in first source. PX-866 : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is obtained from wortmanin via aminolysis of its furan ring by diallyl amine.	2.02	1	0	acetate ester; delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
gambogic acid gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer	2.07	1	0	pyranoxanthones	metabolite
upamostat [no description available]	3.47	1	1
ag 331 AG 331: structure given in second source	5.58	7	0
ppi-0903 ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.	2.07	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; iminium betaine; organic phosphoramidate; oxime O-ether; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; prodrug
rwj-56110 RWJ-56110: a PAR-1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.75	3	0
cabazitaxel cabazitaxel: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. cabazitaxel : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.	2.31	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-stabilising agent
elisidepsin elisidepsin: antineoplastic; structure in first source. elisidepsin : A synthetic cyclodepsipeptide derived from a marine metabolite that exhibits antineoplastic properties.	2.05	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent
adarotene adarotene: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.5	7	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
sc 236 4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: SC58236 = SC236 re email from Harris, Ray	2.71	3	0
osi 930 OSI 930: inhibits both receptor tyrosine kinase Kit and kinase insert domain receptor; structure in first source	4.77	2	1	aromatic amide
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	3.01	1	0	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
ajm300 AJM300: an alpha4 integrin antagonist	3.64	1	1
cp 724714 2-methoxy-N-(3-(4-((3-methyl-4-((6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy)phenyl)amino)-6-quinazolinyl)-2-propenyl)acetamide: CP-724714 is the ((2E)-isomer, 1:1.5 succinate); structure in first source	6.19	11	3	2-methoxy-N-[3-[4-[3-methyl-4-[(6-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy]anilino]-6-quinazolinyl]prop-2-enyl]acetamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
4-methylene-2-octyl-5-oxofuran-3-carboxylic acid 4-methylene-2-octyl-5-oxofuran-3-carboxylic acid: an anorectic fatty acid synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. (2R,3S)-C75 : A 4-methylidene-2-octyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid that has 2R,3S-configuration.	2.05	1	0	4-methylidene-2-octyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid; gamma-lactone
dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin: an NF-kappaB inhibitor; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
treosulfan treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer	2.02	1	0	methanesulfonate ester
pi103 PI103: pyridofuropyrimidine antineoplastic; a potent inhibitor of class I phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K); structure in first soruce	3.67	9	0	aromatic amine; morpholines; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
n-((1s,trans)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl)adenosine N-((1S,trans)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl)adenosine: structure given in first source; an adenosine A1 receptor agonist	1.98	1	0	purine nucleoside
pd 90780 PD 90780: a nonpeptide inhibitor of nerve growth factor; structure given in first source	3.64	9	0
sm 19712 SM 19712: an endothelin converting enzyme inhibitor; structure in first source	3.12	1	0
balaglitazone balaglitazone: structure in first source	7.89	8	3
ct52923 CT52923: structure in first source	2.41	2	0
zd 6126 [no description available]	3.12	5	0
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
2-((aminocarbonyl)amino)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide 2-((aminocarbonyl)amino)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide: an IKK-2 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.83	3	0	aromatic amide; thiophenes
ro 48-8587 Ro 48-8587: structure in first source	3.52	8	0
tgx 221 TGX 221: a platelet aggregation inhibitor	3.01	4	0	pyridopyrimidine
ic 87114 IC 87114: structure in first source	7.43	55	0	6-aminopurines; biaryl; quinazolines	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
zibotentan ZD4054: a potent endothelin receptor A antagonist that inhibits ovarian carcinoma cell proliferation	4.08	4	0	phenylpyridine
sp 100030 N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide: transcription factor inhibitor specific to T-cells	2.1	1	0
tivozanib N-(2-chloro-4-((6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy)phenyl)-N'-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)urea: KNR-951 is the HCl, monohydrate salt; an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	4.42	3	0	aromatic ether
hki 272 [no description available]	13.53	58	3	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.21	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
perampanel perampanel : A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.	2.13	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	AMPA receptor antagonist; anticonvulsant
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	5.73	6	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tryprostatin a tryprostatin A: isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus; a mammalian cell cycle inhibitor; structure given in first source. tryprostatin A : A cyclic dipeptide that is brevianamide F (cyclo-L-Trp-L-Pro) substituted at positions 2 and 6 on the indole ring by prenyl and methoxy groups respectively.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; dipeptide; indole alkaloid; indoles; pyrrolopyrazine	breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor
rucaparib AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.2	5	0	azepinoindole; caprolactams; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
cediranib [no description available]	21.45	260	107	aromatic ether
l 706000 L 706000: a spirobenzopyran piperidine; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
tae226 TAE226: an adhesion kinase inhibitor, offers an attractive therapeutic approach in ovarian carcinoma; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	morpholines
gw0742 GW 610742: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
sb 743921 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
eht 1864 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
darapladib darapladib: a selective lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) inhibitor, on biomarkers of cardiovascular (CV) risk	3.16	1	0
roflumilast n-oxide roflumilast N-oxide: an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; active metabolite of roflumilast	2.07	1	0
pasireotide pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.	3.57	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	antineoplastic agent
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	organochlorine compound
3,4-dihydro-5-(4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy)-1(2h)-isoquinolinone [no description available]	2.1	1	0
cp 31398 CP 31398: structure in first source	2.61	2	0
rs 504393 RS 504393: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	1,3-oxazoles
chir 99021 Chir 99021: structure in first source. CHIR 99021 : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2-aminopyrimidine substituted at positions N2, 5 and 6 by (5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)ethyl, 4-methylimidazol-2-yl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups respectively.	2.21	1	0	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; cyanopyridine; diamine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.21	1	0
osu 03012 OSU 03012: a PDK-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.76	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; aromatic amide; glycine derivative; organofluorine compound; phenanthrenes; pyrazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
ici 195739 ICI 195739: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0
fidaxomicin Fidaxomicin: A narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION.. fidaxomicin : An 18-membered macrolide that is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. A narrow spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related infections.	3.58	2	0
ardeemin ardeemin: isolated from Aspergillus fischeri; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
masitinib [no description available]	3.23	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorapaxar vorapaxar: has antiplatelet activity; structure in first source. vorapaxar : A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.	2.11	1	0	carbamate ester; lactone; naphthofuran; organofluorine compound; pyridines	cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	2.01	1	0
18f-faza fluoroazomycin arabinoside: used for hypoxia-specific imaging; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
ageladine a Ageladine A: an antiangiogenic matrixmetalloproteinase inhibitor from the marine sponge Agelas nakamurai; structure in first source. ageladine A : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-amine substituted by a 4,5-dibromo-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group at position 4. It is an alkaloid isolated from a marine sponge Agelas nakamurai and acts as an inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinases, the key enzymes involved in tumour growth, migration, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.	3.31	1	0	alkaloid; aromatic amine; imidazopyridine; organobromine compound; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; metabolite
fumiquinazoline f fumiquinazoline F: structure in first source. fumiquinazoline F : A fumiquinazoline that consists of pyrazino[2,1-b]quinazoline-3,6(1H,4H)-dione bearing a methyl substituent at position 1 and an indol-3-yl group at position 4.	2.98	4	0	fumiquinazoline; indoles; pyrazinoquinazoline
ly-2157299 LY-2157299: an orally active transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGF-beraR) kinase inhibitor. LY-2157299 : A pyrrolopyrazole that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 6-methylpyridin-2-yl and 6-(aminocarbonyl)quinolin-4-yl groups, respectively. A Transforming growth factor-betaRI (TGF-betaRI) kinase inhibitor, it blocks TGF-beta-mediated tumor growth in glioblastoma.	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide; methylpyridines; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolopyrazole; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; TGFbeta receptor antagonist
4-hydroxy-n-desmethyltamoxifen 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen: metabolite of tamoxifen in human bile	2.54	2	0	stilbenoid
fiscalin b fiscalin B: isolated from culture broth produced by Neosartorya fischeri; inhibits the binding of substance P ligand to human neurokinin receptor; structure given in first source	2.96	4	0
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	20.83	190	64	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
fmrfamide FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)	2.15	1	0
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	15.31	41	14	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sepantronium sepantronium: a survivin suppressant with antineoplastic activity. sepantronium : An organic cation that is 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione in which the nitrogen at position 3 of the napthoimidazole moiety has been alkylated by a pyrazin-2-ylmethyl group.	2.79	3	0	organic cation
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	10.38	29	5	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
odanacatib odanacatib: a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis; structure in first source	4.08	1	0
cp-673,451 CP-673,451: is a potent inhibitor of platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor (PDGFR-beta) kinase; structure in first source	2.96	1	0	aminoquinoline
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	2.04	1	0
bibw 2992 [no description available]	23.89	533	120	aromatic ether; enamide; furans; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
elsibucol elsibucol: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	alkylbenzene
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.66	2	0
pik 75 PIK 75: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	2.25	1	0	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
binimetinib binimetinib : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positions 4, 5, and 6 by fluorine, (4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)nitrilo, and N-(2-hydroxyethoxy)aminocarbonyl groups, respectively. It is a MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor (IC50= 12 nM). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation in combination with encorafenib.	3.89	2	1	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
sotrastaurin sotrastaurin: a potent protein kinase C-selective inhibitor; structure in first source. sotrastaurin : A member of the class of maleimides that is maleimide which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group and at position 4 by a quinazolin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted at position 2 by a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C and has been investigated as an immunosuppresant in renal transplant patients.	14.46	72	12	indoles; maleimides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	anticoronaviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
aee 788 AEE 788: structure in first source	6.09	14	0	6-{4-[(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]phenyl}-N-(1-phenylethyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; trypanocidal drug
saracatinib [no description available]	17.53	160	24	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; diether; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; oxanes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.72	2	0
osi-420 [no description available]	9.47	23	8
luotonin a luotonin A: structure in first source	4.24	5	0	quinazolines
demethoxyfumitremorgin c demethoxyfumitremorgin C: isolated from the fermentation broth of Aspergillus fumigatus; a mammalian cell cycle inhibitor; structure given in first source. demethoxyfumitremorgin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a mycotoxic indole alkaloid, consisting of fumitremorgin C lacking the 9-methoxy substituent.	3.53	2	0	indole alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mycotoxin
cgs 24012 CGS 24012: adenosine agonist with both high affinity & selectivity for the adenosine A2 receptor	1.98	1	0
spiroquinazoline spiroquinazoline: isolated from the fungus Aspergillus flavipes; structure given in first source; substance P antagonist	2.08	1	0
galidesivir [no description available]	2.11	1	0
exel-7647 tesevatinib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by (3,4-dichloro-2-fluorophenyl)amino, methoxy, and [(3aR,5r,6aS)-2-methyloctahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-5-yl]methoxy groups at positions 4, 6 and 7, respectively. It is a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor of EGFR, ErbB2, KDR, Flt4 and EphB4 and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	8	7	4
volasertib BI 6727: a polo-like kinase inhibitor with broad antitumor activity; structure in first source	4.88	2	1
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	10.44	19	0
vinflunine vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.	6.01	4	2	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
alantrypinone alantrypinone: a Penicillium alkaloid; a tricyclic pyrazinoquinazolinedione base bridged by a 3-methyleneoxindole substructure	3.27	6	0
circumdatin f circumdatin F: from the fungus, Aspergillus ochraceus; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
ly 341495 LY 341495: structure in first source	2.49	2	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.92	4	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	7.41	2	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
regorafenib [no description available]	7.16	19	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; hepatotoxic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
wp1066 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
erastin erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; quinazolines; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer; voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
hippodamine hippodamine: structure in first source	4.25	5	0
abt-737 [no description available]	2.98	4	0	aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
brivanib [no description available]	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoroindole; pyrrolotriazine; secondary alcohol	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	3.1	5	0
lurasidone hydrochloride Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
zm 252868 PD-153035 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining PD-153035 with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	5.1	10	0	hydrochloride	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
fumiquinazoline a fumiquinazoline A: structure in first source. fumiquinazoline A : A fumiquinazoline that consists of imidazoindole and pyrazinoquinazoline units connected by a methylene group.	3.65	9	0	fumiquinazoline; imidazoindole; pyrazinoquinazoline
dutogliptin [no description available]	3.16	1	0
mp470 [no description available]	2.48	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
pirarubicin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	anthracycline
np 031112 tideglusib: an NSAID and neuroprotective agent. tideglusib : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a naphthalen-1-yl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) and has neuroprotective effects. Currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.	3.41	1	0	benzenes; naphthalenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
telcagepant telcagepant: structure in first source	9.07	26	0
nu 7441 8-dibenzothiophen-4-yl-2-morpholin-4-yl-chromen-4-one: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	dibenzothiophenes
fumiquinazoline c fumiquinazoline C: structure in first source. fumiquinazoline C : A fumiquinazoline obtained by oxidative spirocyclisation of fumiquinazoline A.	3.32	6	0	azaspiro compound; fumiquinazoline; imidazoindole; organic heteroheptacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound
marizomib marizomib: a proteasome inhibitor from a marine bacterium Salinospora; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	beta-lactone; gamma-lactam; organic heterobicyclic compound; organochlorine compound; salinosporamide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
bms-690514 [no description available]	5.08	3	1
er-086526 eribulin: a halichondrin B derivative that suppresses microtubule growth and acts as an antimitotic agent; structure in first source. eribulin : A fully synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of marine sponge natural products. Inhibits growth phase of microtubules via tubulin-based antimitotic mechanism, which leads to G2/M cell-cycle block, disruption of mitotic spindles, and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death after prolonged mitotic blockage	6.42	4	1	cyclic ketal; cyclic ketone; macrocycle; polycyclic ether; polyether; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
bi 2536 [no description available]	3.2	5	0
potassium cyanate potassium cyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNO	1.98	1	0	cyanate salt; one-carbon compound	herbicide
vx 765 belnacasan: a NSAID	2.17	1	0	dipeptide
verubulin verubulin: antineoplastic; a small-molecule inhibitor of microtubule formation that is not a substrate for multidrug resistance pumps; structure in first source	8.4	12	3
kw 2449 KW 2449: has both multikinase inhibitory activity and antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	3.15	1	0
nutlin-3a nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source	3.01	4	0	stilbenoid
danusertib [no description available]	4.96	4	0	piperazines
6-methyl-3-phenethyl-3,4-dihydro-1h-quinazoline-2-thione 6-methyl-3-phenethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinazoline-2-thione: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
alogliptin alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.	8.05	14	0	nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
nvp-aew541 [no description available]	3.33	6	0
5-(2,2-difluorobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-ylmethylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione 5-(2,2-difluorobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-ylmethylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione: a PI3Kgamma inhibitor; structure in first source	2.47	2	0
arq 197 [no description available]	9.36	10	5	indoles
pf 00299804 dacomitinib: a pan-ERBB inhibitor. dacomitinib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 7-methoxyquinazoline-4,6-diamine in which the amino group at position 4 is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl group and the amino group at position 6 is substituted by an (E)-4-(piperidin-1-yl)but-2-enoyl group.	14.21	35	12	enamide; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pyrazolone pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.	2.1	1	0
azd2932 AZD2932: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
ridaforolimus [no description available]	4.95	4	0	macrolide lactam
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
incb 3284 INCB 3284: a CCR2 receptor antagonist	2.1	1	0
artemisone artemisone: second-generation semi-synthetic artemisinin derivative for antimalarial therapy devoid of neurotoxicity	2.21	1	0
anacetrapib [no description available]	3.16	1	0
carfilzomib [no description available]	2.57	2	0	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
apremilast [no description available]	3.31	1	0	aromatic ether; N-acetylarylamine; phthalimides; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	8.32	17	0
dimethylenastron dimethylenastron: a kinesin Eg5 inhibitor and antiproliferative agent; structure in first source	3.76	10	0
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	1.98	1	0
tak 285 N-(2-(4-((3-chloro-4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)phenyl)amino)-5H-pyrrolo(3,2-d)pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl)-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanamide: also inhibits HER2; structure in first source	2.83	3	0
incb3619 INCB3619: ADAM inhibitor; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
idelalisib idelalisib: an antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor; structure in first source. idelalisib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	7.03	8	0	aromatic amine; organofluorine compound; purines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	11.81	65	1	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
as 252424 5-(5-(4-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)furan-2-ylmethylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione: a PI3K gamma inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
ly2334737 LY2334737: an orally available prodrug of gemcitabine for treatment of patients with advanced solid tumors	3.45	1	1
zstk474 ZSTK-474 : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by morpholin-4-yl groups while the third hydrogen has been replaced by a 2-(difluoromethyl)benzimidazol-1-yl group. It is an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.	2.49	2	0	benzimidazoles; morpholines; organofluorine compound; triamino-1,3,5-triazine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
chir-265 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.	3.14	1	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant
fostamatinib fostamatinib: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor, metabolized to R406	3.86	3	0
az-628 AZ-628: a multikinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.12	4	0	benzamides
aminocandin aminocandin: a lipopeptide belonging to the echinocandin class of antifungal compounds; inhibits glucan synthase. aminocandin : A member of the family of echinocandins that shows broad-spectrum in vitro activity against Aspergillus and Candida spp.	4.07	2	0	aromatic ether; echinocandin; homodetic cyclic peptide	antiinfective agent
trametinib [no description available]	3.84	10	0	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mln8054 [no description available]	4.28	5	0	benzazepine
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.87	3	0
amrubicinol amrubicinol: a diastereoisomeric mixture; a synthetic antracycline drug. amrubicinol : A diastereoisomeric mixture resulting from the formal reduction of the acetyl group at position 9 of amrubicin to the corresponding 1-hydroxyethyl group. The active metabolite of amrubicin in lung cancer patients.	2.03	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; quinone; secondary alcohol; tetracenes	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; topoisomerase II inhibitor
2-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose: fluorescent probe for glucose uptake activity in E coli; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	8.57	5	4	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
lc15-0444 LC15-0444: Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors; orally active small molecule for the treatment of type II diabetes	3.19	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.85	12	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.25	1	0
veliparib [no description available]	3.88	3	0	benzimidazoles	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	1.99	1	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	3.24	5	0
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	5.42	13	1	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	3.76	11	0
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	1.97	1	0
bacitracin methylenedisalicylic acid bacitracin methylenedisalicylic acid: RN given refers to Bacitracin, methylenebis(2-hydroxybenzoate)	1.95	1	0
sch 529074 SCH 529074: restores DNA-binding activity of mutant p53; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
2-phenylquinazoline 2-phenylquinazoline: structure in first source	3.63	9	0
cyclopenin cyclopenin: Penicillium metabolite; structure	2.4	2	0
thienopyrimidine thienopyrimidine: structure in first source. thienopyrimidine : A class of aromatic heterobicyclic compounds each of which contains a pyrimidine ring ortho fused to a 5-membered thiophene ring.	3.18	5	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	2.1	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.69	3	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.08	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	3.1	1	0
gonadotropin-releasing hormone [no description available]	2.1	1	0
3-hydroxyquinidine 3-hydroxyquinidine: RN given refers to (9S)-isomer	2.15	1	0
butaprost butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.48	2	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2.02	1	0
jaw [no description available]	3.21	1	0	indolecarboxamide
sch 51866 SCH 51866: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
hinckdentine a hinckdentine A: structurally unique marine alkaloid containing an 11b,12,13,14,15,16-hexahydroazepino[4',5':2,3] indolo[1,2-c]quinazoline ring system; structure in first source	4.78	5	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	3.86	12	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100 [no description available]	2.55	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; imidazolidinone; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; thiocarbonyl compound	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
gsk 461364 GSK 461364: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits polo-like kinase 1	2.21	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
azd 1152-hqpa AZD2811: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.88	3	0	anilide; monofluorobenzenes; primary alcohol; pyrazoles; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; Aurora kinase inhibitor
nvp-tae684 [no description available]	2.79	3	0	piperidines
enmd 2076 ENMD 2076: an antiangiogenic agent with aurora kinase inhibitory and antineoplastic activities	3.21	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.87	11	0
gw 4869 GW 4869: inhibits neutral sphingomyelinase; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
4-methyl-3-(2-(2-morpholinoethylamino)quinazolin-6-yl)-n-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)benzamide 4-methyl-3-(2-(2-morpholinoethylamino)quinazolin-6-yl)-N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)benzamide: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
chaetominine chaetominine: a cytotoxic alkaloid produced by endophytic Chaetomium sp.; structure in first source. chaetominine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that consists of 4,5,5a,9c-tetrahydro-3H-2a,9b-diazacyclopenta[jk]fluorene-1,3(2H)-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5, a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl group at position 4 (the 2S,4R,5aS,9cS stereoisomer). It is a cytotoxic alkaloid isolated from the endophytic fungus Chaetomium.	2.44	2	0	indole alkaloid; lactam; organic heterotetracyclic compound; quinazolines	metabolite
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	5.75	16	0
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	3.02	4	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	4.87	8	1	polypeptide
hes1 protein, human HES1 protein, human: RefSeq NM_005524	2.06	1	0
abarelix abarelix: RN & structure in first source. abarelix : A polypeptide compound composed of ten natural and non-natural amino acid resiudes in a linear sequence.	3.12	1	0	polypeptide	antineoplastic agent; hormone antagonist
alamethicin Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.07	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	2.4	2	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	7.83	7	2	peptide hormone
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	2.13	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	4.28	5	0
echistatin echistatin: 49 amino acid residues given in first source; from the venom of the viper Echis	2	1	0
ac 187 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	10.88	28	2
liraglutide [no description available]	5.12	5	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	9.38	19	1
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	7.24	7	1
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	3.87	2	1
gastrin 17 gastrin-17 : One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	2.11	1	0	gastrin	antineoplastic agent
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	2.1	1	0
exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4	2.08	1	0
ristocetin Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.	1.97	1	0	glycopeptide; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; tetrasaccharide derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.47	2	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	5.37	18	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.91	4	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	2.07	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
gw 583340 [no description available]	2.76	3	0
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
buparlisib NVP-BKM120: a pan class I PI3 kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	5.66	6	1	aminopyridine; aminopyrimidine; morpholines; organofluorine compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
azd 1480 [no description available]	2.78	3	0
famitinib famitinib: structure in first source	3.23	1	0
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.48	2	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
lumacaftor lumacaftor: a corrector of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR); structure in first source. lumacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid with the aromatic amino group of 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.58	2	0	aromatic amide; benzodioxoles; benzoic acids; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; pyridines	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
phenylmercuric acetate Phenylmercuric Acetate: A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.	2.04	1	0	arylmercury compound; benzenes
dibutyltin dilaurate dibutyltin dilaurate: used in prevention of parasitic dieases in cattle and sheep	2.38	2	0
4-aminophenylmercuriacetate 4-aminophenylmercuriacetate: covalently linked to agarose for purification of FAD & COA with chromatography	2.04	1	0
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	2.04	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
pha 848125 N,1,4,4-tetramethyl-8-((4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-h)quinazoline-3-carboxamide: a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor	5.07	9	1
pevonedistat pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.	2.21	1	0	cyclopentanols; indanes; pyrrolopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; sulfamidate	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
gsk690693 [no description available]	2.5	2	0	1,2,5-oxadiazole; acetylenic compound; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; imidazopyridine; piperidines; primary amino compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
dihydroceramide dihydroceramide: lacks the 4-5 trans double bond of the sphingosine moiety of ceramides; structure in first source. N-acylsphinganine : A ceramide consisting of sphinganine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a fatty acyl group.. dihydroceramide : An N-acylsphingoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any dihydrosphingoid base.	2	1	0
nsc 23766 NSC 23766 trihydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of NSC 23766 with 3 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride. An inhibitor of the signalling G-protein known as RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1).. Rac1 inhibitor : Any inhibitor of Rac1.	2.75	3	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.6.5.2 (small monomeric GTPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist
zm323881 ZM323881: inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor-receptor-2 tyrosine kinase activity; structure in first source	4.21	16	0	aromatic ether; benzyl ether; fluorophenol; halophenol; monofluorobenzenes; organic cation; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.	2	1	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	3.7	9	0
jsh 23 4-methyl-N1-(3-phenylpropyl)benzene-1,2-diamine: structure in first source. JSH-23 : A diamine that is 1,2-phenylenediamine carrying a methyl substituent at position 4 and a 3-phenylpropyl substituent at position N1.	2.25	1	0	diamine; substituted aniline	NF-kappaB inhibitor
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	2.52	2	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	4.19	5	0
robenidine Robenidine: An anticoccidial agent mainly for poultry.	2.89	4	0
alcaftadine alcaftadine : An imidazobenzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][3]benzazepine substituted at position 3 by a formyl group and at position 11 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. An antihistamine used for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.	2.07	1	0	aldehyde; imidazobenzazepine; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.81	3	0
zetekitoxin ab zetekitoxin AB: a sodium channel blocker; isolated from the frog Atelopus zeteki; structure in first source	3.12	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.73	9	0
icotinib [no description available]	17.88	173	31
technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.	2.04	1	0
5-n-acetylardeemin 5-N-acetylardeemin: structure given in first source; reverses multiple drug resistance in tumor cells and potentiates cyctotoxicity of vinblastine; from Aspergillus fischeri var. brasiliensis	2.01	1	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	2.38	2	0
styrylquinazoline styrylquinazoline: structure in first source	3.36	6	0
bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials	1.98	1	0
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2 15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2	2.03	1	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	2.11	1	0	organosulfonic acid
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.23	6	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
tert-butoxide, potassium [no description available]	2.13	1	0
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination [no description available]	2.15	1	0
xk 469 XK 469: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
ru 28318 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	1.96	1	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	3.1	5	0
olaparib [no description available]	13.53	32	13	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
plx 4720 PLX 4720: a B-Raf(V600E) kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.19	5	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; organochlorine compound; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.15	1	0
ast 1306 AST 1306: an antineoplastic agent that inhibits epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 2; structure in first source	6.76	9	2	quinazolines
cx 4945 [no description available]	2.79	3	0
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 4-position.	2.4	2	0
cudc 101 7-(4-(3-ethynylphenylamino)-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yloxy)-N-hydroxyheptanamide: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source	8.39	19	2
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.31	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mln 8237 MLN 8237: an aurora kinase A inhibitor	4.86	5	0	benzazepine
snx 2112 SNX 2112: an orally available small molecule Hsp90 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
lde225 sonidegib: specific Smoothened/Smo antagonist. sonidegib : A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.	4.12	2	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ether; benzamides; biphenyls; morpholines; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist
gdc 0449 HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity	5.54	6	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist; teratogenic agent
bms 754807 BMS 754807: an IGR-1R kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	pyrazoles; pyridines; pyrrolidines; pyrrolotriazine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
bms 777607 N-(4-(2-amino-3-chloropyridin-4-yloxy)-3-fluorophenyl)-4-ethoxy-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide: a Met kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide
sgi 1776 SGI 1776: a Pim kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	imidazoles
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.52	2	0
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	7.04	8	1	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ponatinib [no description available]	6	7	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; acetylenic compound; benzamides; imidazopyridazine; N-methylpiperazine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	2.11	1	0	glycoside
amg 900 N-(4-((3-(2-amino-4-pyrimidinyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy)phenyl)-4-(4-methyl-2-thienyl)-1-phthalazinamine: a pan-aurora kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.5	2	0
mk-1775 adavosertib: a Wee1 kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.18	1	0	piperazines
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	2.47	2	0
quizartinib [no description available]	3.71	3	0	benzoimidazothiazole; isoxazoles; morpholines; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; necroptosis inhibitor
cr4056 [no description available]	5.17	9	1
mk 2206 MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent	7.05	15	2	organic heterotricyclic compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
navitoclax [no description available]	5.01	8	0	aryl sulfide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; piperazines; secondary amino compound; sulfone; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
sns 314 SNS 314: an aurora kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.55	2	0	ureas
lucitanib E-3810: a multi-kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. E-3810 : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 6-({7-[(1-aminocyclopropyl)methoxy]-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl}oxy)-N-methyl-1-naphthamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. E-3810 is a dual VEGFR and FGFR inhibitor. E-3810 free base : A naphthalenecarboxamide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of aminocyclopropyl)methoxy]-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl}oxy)-1-naphthoic acid with methylamine.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; naphthalenecarboxamide; primary amino compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.49	2	0	BODIPY compound
n-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide N-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2-((4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl)amino)-4-pyrimidinyl)benzamide: a Janus kinase 1 and Janus kinase 2 inhibitor; structure in first source. momelotinib : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{2-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl}benzoic acid with the primary amino group of aminoacetonitrile. It is an ATP-competitive JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor with IC50 of 11 nM and 18 nM, respectively. Used for the treatment of patients with intermediate- or high-risk myelofibrosis.	2.07	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; morpholines; nitrile; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-anaemic agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	6.75	11	1
pnd 1186 PND 1186: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
trelstar Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.	2.02	1	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	4.05	4	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
apelin-13 peptide apelin-13 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source. apelin-13 : A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis.	2.21	1	0	oligopeptide	antihypertensive agent; autophagy inhibitor; biomarker; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ah 111585 AH 111585: an RGD-based integrin peptide-polymer conjugate for imaging breast cancer	2.05	1	0
cabozantinib cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.	9.97	37	1	aromatic ether; dicarboxylic acid diamide; organofluorine compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
golgicide a golgicide A: inhibits the cis-golgi ArfGEF GBF1; structure in first source. golgicide A : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising racemic cis- and racemic trans-goglioside A in a 10:1 ratio. It is a potent and rapidly reversible GBF1 (Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1) inhibitor. The (3aS,4R,9bR) isomer is the most active (see Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2012, 22, 5177-5181).	2.46	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture	cis-Golgi ArfGEF GBF inhibitor
ly2584702 [no description available]	4.4	1	1
incb-018424 [no description available]	7.63	6	1	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
poziotinib HM781-36B: antitumor irreversible Pan-HER inhibitor for treatment of gastric cancer	10.84	38	11	acrylamides; aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; diether; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperidine; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	5.76	4	1	tartrate salt
ixazomib ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.	2.31	1	0	benzamides; boronic acids; dichlorobenzene; glycine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; orphan drug; proteasome inhibitor
(5-(2,4-bis((3s)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol (5-(2,4-bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol: a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor with in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	benzyl alcohols; morpholines; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; mTOR inhibitor
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid 11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.	2.01	1	0	11,12-EET	human xenobiotic metabolite
plx4032 [no description available]	6.07	14	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
gsk 1363089 GSK 1363089: a multikinase inhibitor that acts on Met, RON, Axl, and VEGFR; structure in first source	5.65	6	1	aromatic ether
arry-334543 ARRY-334543: an antagonist of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2); structure in first source	2.1	1	0
ganglioside, gd1a [no description available]	2.04	1	0
debio 0932 CUDC 305: an Hsp90 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	2.06	1	0
arry 520 filanesib: a kinesin spindle protein inhibitor	2.31	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	24.45	918	105
tas-115 4-(2-fluoro-4-((((2-phenylacetyl)amino)thioxomethyl)amino)phenoxy)-7-methoxy-N-methyl-6-quinolinecarboxamide: inhibits both VEGFR and MET kinase; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	3.85	3	0
(4-(n-hydroxyamino)-2r-isobutyl-3s-methylsuccinyl)-l-phenylglycine-n-methylamide KB R7785: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2.13	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	7.25	35	1
dabrafenib [no description available]	2.52	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; organofluorine compound; sulfonamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
hmpl-013 HMPL-013: a VEGF receptor antagonist; structure in first source	15.47	43	18
anagliptin anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound	3.19	1	0	amino acid amide
pki 587 gedatolisib: inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
cblc137 CBLC137: a FACT histone chaperone inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. CBL0137 : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 9H-carbazole which is substituted by acetyl groups at positions 3 and 6, and by a 2-isopropylethyl group on the nitrogen atom (position 9). It is a modulator of histone chaperone FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription) - interaction of CBL0137 with the FACT complex results in simultaneous NF-kappa beta suppression, Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 (HSF1) suppression and p53 activation - and shows antitumour effects in animal models of various cancers.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone; carbazoles; methyl ketone; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; p53 activator
sd 1029 SD 1029: putative antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
targocil targocil: structure in first source	3.03	4	0
mirabilin mirabilin: isolated from tubers of Cyclamen mirabile; mirabilin G (an alkaloid) is also available; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
an2728 crisaborole: NSAID, Dermatologic Agent; structure in first source. crisaborole : A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 5-hydroxy-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzoxaborole in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyanophenyl group. A phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that is used for treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adults.	4.8	3	0	aromatic ether; benzoxaborole; nitrile	antipsoriatic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
thiopental sodium [no description available]	3.7	9	0	organochlorine compound; piperazines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letermovir letermovir: has antiviral activity; structure in first source	17.92	167	23
apatinib apatinib: reverses multidrug resistance by inhibiting the efflux function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters; structure in first source	7.75	5	2
gx 15-070 obatoclax: a pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor potentially useful in treating mantle cell lymphoma	3.56	8	0
5-(4-amino-1-propan-2-yl-3-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine sapanisertib: an mTOR inhibitor	2.5	2	0	benzoxazole
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	5.26	6	0
unc 0638 UNC 0638: inhibits lysine methyltransferases G9a and GLP; structure in first source	5.75	24	0	quinazolines
mk-3118 ibrexafungerp: a glucan synthase inhibitor with antifungal activity; structure in first source	3.27	1	0
bms 708163 BMS 708163: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
gsk 1070916 GSK 1070916: an antineoplastic agent with aurora B/C kinase inhibitory activity	2.59	2	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
gsk923295 GSK923295: an antimotitic agent and CENP-E inhibitor	2.1	1	0
unc 0321 7-(2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)ethoxy)-6-methoxy-2-(4-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)quinazolin-4-amine: a G9a antagonist; structure in first source	4.13	4	0	quinazolines
dinaciclib [no description available]	5.16	3	1	pyrazolopyrimidine
lgk974 LGK974: a potent and specific small-molecule inhibitor of Porcupine (PORCN) acyltransferase. LGK974 : A carboxamide, the structure of which is that of acetamide substituted on carbon by a 2',3-dimethyl-2,4'-bipyridin-5-yl group and on nitrogen by a 5-(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl group. It is a highly potent, selective and orally bioavailable Porcupine inhibitor (a Wnt signalling inhibitor).	2.25	1	0	bipyridines; pyrazines; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	Wnt signalling inhibitor
gsk525762a molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source	2.79	3	0	benzodiazepine
bix 01294 BIX 01294: structure in first source	9.92	97	1
ch5164840 CH5164840: biotin-labeled version of 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG)	2.48	2	0
nms p937 NMS P937: a polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	5.23	10	1
alectinib [no description available]	2.17	1	0	aromatic ketone; morpholines; nitrile; organic heterotetracyclic compound; piperidines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
abt-199 venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.	2.63	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
ly2940680 [no description available]	3.23	1	0
xl765 [no description available]	3.48	1	1	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; benzamides; quinoxaline derivative; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
ipi-145 [no description available]	4.23	4	0	isoquinolines
encorafenib encorafenib: a BRAF inhibitor	2.13	1	0
spautin-1 [no description available]	5.77	28	0
azd4547 [no description available]	2.84	3	0	benzamides; N-arylpiperazine; pyrazoles	fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
gsk2141795 GSK2141795: an Akt inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	3.3	6	0
butyrolactone i butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source	2.44	2	0	butenolide
eliglustat tartrate agalsidase beta: recombinant protein for treatment of Fabry disease. eliglustat tartrate : A tartrate that is the hemitartrate salt of eliglustat. A ceramide glucosyltransferase inhibitor used (as its tartrate salt) for treatment of Gaucher's disease.	2.02	1	0	tartrate salt	EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.	4.37	5	0	aminopyrimidine; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
nvp-cgm097 NVP-CGM097: an MDM2 and HDM2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
5-((1-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)methoxy)quinazoline-2,4-diamine 5-((1-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)methoxy)quinazoline-2,4-diamine: inhibits DcpS protein	3.21	5	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	3.83	3	0
unc 0631 N-(1-(cyclohexylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-isopropyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)quinazolin-4-amine: inhibits protein lysine methyltransferase G9a; structure in first source	2.53	2	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	4.85	7	1	polypeptide
pf 956980 PF 956980: structure in first source. PF-956980 : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by a methyl[(3R,4R)-4-methyl-1-(pyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonyl)piperidin-3-yl]nitrilo group. It is a potent JAK3-selective chemical probe.	2.04	1	0	N-acylpiperidine; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.55	2	0
bp-1-102 BP-1-102: a STAT3 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
7-methyl-5-(1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl)-2,3-dihydro-1h-indol-5-yl)-7h-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-amine 7-methyl-5-(1-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl)-7H-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: inhibits protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK); structure in first source	2.53	2	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	2.44	2	0
tuftsin Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.	2.11	1	0	peptide
neuromedin b neuromedin B: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord	2.05	1	0
dihydronicotinamide [no description available]	2	1	0
cudc-907 [no description available]	3.64	2	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	9.12	17	5	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.41	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	8.98	11	2
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	1.98	1	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.66	3	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	4.32	3	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	3.07	5	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	1.95	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	2.89	4	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	2.1	1	0	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	1.96	1	0	benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	7.71	25	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
metastat tetracycline CMT-3: a non-antimicrobial tetracycline; structure in second source	2.03	1	0
gimeracil gimeracil: a biochemical and pharmacological modulator of 5-FU	3.53	2	0	organic molecular entity
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	3.34	1	1	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	2	1	0	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
lfm a13 LFM A13: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source	4.56	4	0
lymecycline Lymecycline: A semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE. It is more readily absorbed than TETRACYCLINE and can be used in lower doses.. lymecycline : A tetracycline-based broad-spectrum antibiotic. It is approximately 5000 times more soluble than tetracycline base and is unique amongst tetracyclines in that it is absorbed by the "active transport" process across the intestinal wall.	3.93	2	1
s 1 (combination) S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer	11.13	21	4
byl719 [no description available]	3.76	9	0	proline derivative
rpx7009 RPX7009: a beta-lactamase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	19.64	527	16
pf 3512676 ProMune: an anticancer adjuvant and immunostimulant	4.39	1	1
d-4f peptide D-4F peptide: an apo A-I mimetic peptide synthesized from D-amino acids; may play a role in reducing inflammatory responses to influenza virus in mice; may also have anti-atherosclerotic properties	3.16	1	0
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	3.13	5	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	2.03	1	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	10.64	55	2
cep-32496 agerafenib: inhibitor of RAF family kinases; structure in first source	3.02	4	0
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	3.12	1	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	3.13	5	0	ketal
rociletinib rociletinib: inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity; structure in first source	5.52	4	0
sm 1 peptide fumigaclavine C: isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus; structure in first source. fumigaclavine C : An ergot alkaloid produced by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus that is ergoline which is substituted by a 2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl group at position 2, methyl groups at the 6 and 8beta positions, and by an acetoxy group at the 9beta position.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; ergot alkaloid	metabolite
phosphatidylethanol phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.	1.99	1	0
ceritinib ceritinib: an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor. ceritinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.	4.31	5	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; piperidines; secondary amino compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.01	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
bms-833923 BMS-833923: an Smo inhibitor	6.02	7	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	2	1	0
epz-6438 tazemetostat: a histone methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity	3.92	2	0
sf 1126 SF 1126: an LY294002 prodrug and pan PI3K inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
t-2307 T-2307: antimalarial	3.27	1	0
erdafitinib erdafitinib: inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptors	3.71	2	0
3-(6-isobutyl-9-methoxy-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydropyrazino(1',2'-1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indol-3-yl)propionic acid tert-butyl ester 3-(6-isobutyl-9-methoxy-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydropyrazino(1',2'-1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indol-3-yl)propionic acid tert-butyl ester: a breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor; structure in first source	3.86	3	0
bgp 15 BGP 15: A PARP (poy(ADP)-ribose polymerase) inhibitor; structure in first source; do not confuse with BGP-15 calcipotriene cpd	2	1	0
trp-lys-tyr-met-val-met Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-Met: a synthetic peptide, stimulates phosphoinositide hyrolysis in human leukocytes	2.45	2	0
sklb1002 SKLB1002: structure in first source	3.02	4	0
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	13.97	40	10	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	4.32	4	0
cobra cardiotoxin proteins Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins: Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.	2.46	2	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	3.19	5	0
imetelstat [no description available]	9.74	15	1
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	9.83	51	4
kapakahine b kapakahine B: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
lysophosphatidylethanolamine lysophosphatidylethanolamine : A glycerophosphoethanolamine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylethanolamine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl.	2.03	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.44	2	0
ter 286 TER 286: a glutathione-based glutathione S-transferase-activated cytotoxin; TLK-286 is the ((R)-(-))-isomer	3.12	1	0
nov 002 NOV 002: a 1000-to-1 mixture of glutathione disulfide and cisplatin that is used to increase efficacy of chemotherapy against advanced non-small cell lung cancer; modulates cellular redox balance	2.03	1	0
vt-1161 VT-1161: has antifungal activity	3.27	1	0	organic molecular entity
ldc4297 LDC4297: a CDK7 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. LDC4297 : A pyrazolotriazine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine substituted by a piperidin-3-yloxy group, [2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzyl]nitrilo group and an isopropyl group at positions 2, 4 and 8 respectively. It is a potent and selective CDK7 inhibitor and exhibits antiviral activity.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazoles; pyrazolotriazine; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
azd3759 [no description available]	6.5	14	1
6,7-dimethoxy-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-n-(5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)quinazolin-4-amine 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-N-(5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)quinazolin-4-amine: a SETD8 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.84	3	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.45	2	0
tetraphenylporphine tetraphenylporphyrin: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
g(m3) ganglioside G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).	2.71	3	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide; sialodiosylceramide; sialotriaosylceramide	mouse metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	3.44	7	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	3.16	5	0
tetrodonic acid tetrodonic acid: structure given in first source	4.32	6	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	2.45	2	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.44	2	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
contrast agent p792 contrast agent P792: a gadolinium macrocyclic compound based on a Gd-DOTA structure substituted by hydrophilic arms; rapid clearance blood pool agent for magnetic resonance imaging; structure in first source	2.72	3	0
gadoxetic acid disodium gadolinium ethoxybenzyl DTPA: DTPA covalently linked to the lipoohilic ethoxybenzyl moiety; a contrast agent in MR imaging of hepatobiliary system	2.08	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	3.66	2	0
carbopol 941 Carbopol 981: high molecular mucoadhesive polymer substance	2.11	1	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	3.73	10	0
lipofectamine Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent	2.07	1	0
sta 2 STA 2: thromboxane A2 agonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
oridonin [no description available]	2.77	3	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.37	2	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.67	3	0
yuanhuacin [no description available]	2.11	1	0
refludan lepirudin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.	2.03	1	0
oblimersen oblimersen: targets the Bcl-2 oncogene good efficacy with low toxicity tumour regressions	4.66	3	0
s 8932 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	4.4	3	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	11.23	98	5
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	8.66	20	3
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	3.34	6	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.7	3	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	3.31	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.13	1	0
formosanin c formosanin C: diosgenin saponin from Paris formosana; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin [no description available]	2.47	2	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.11	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.04	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	4.22	5	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.01	4	0
nedaplatin nedaplatin: structure given in first source	4.45	2	2
lewis y antigen [no description available]	2.72	3	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.48	2	0
trabedersen Trabedersen: TGF-beta2 inhibitor antisense therapeutic for tumor treatment	2.07	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.08	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.07	1	0
plicamycin mithramycin A: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
narasin narasin: related to salinomycin & A28086B; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
mrk 003 MRK 003: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
akt-i-1,2 compound Akt-I-1,2 compound: an aminopeptidase P inhibitor; structure in first source	3.4	2	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	4.77	5	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
osi 027 OSI 027: inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
nu 1025 NU 1064: structure in first source	6.33	28	0	phenols; quinazolines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	18.55	146	61	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	7.44	38	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine triphosphate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	deoxyguanosine phosphate; guanyl deoxyribonucleotide; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydrofolate dihydrofolic acid : A folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division and is targeted by various drugs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis.	3.37	7	0	dihydrofolic acids	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.04	14	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	20.66	186	57	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2.41	2	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	3.48	8	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.31	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine [no description available]	4.87	6	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine diphosphate Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	1.97	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	18.15	225	3	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	3.83	10	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.63	9	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	7.8	14	5	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	2.02	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	15.6	65	23	dacarbazine
ganciclovir [no description available]	7.25	29	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	4.15	4	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	6.35	12	0	triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed [no description available]	22.72	494	128	N-acyl-amino acid
nolatrexed nolatrexed: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride	12.45	52	13
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid: RN refers to parent cpd(L-Glu)-isomer	3.93	13	0	benzamides; methylenetetrahydrofolic acid
ici 198583 ICI 198583: RN & structure given in first source	3.69	10	0
2-methyl-4(3h)-quinazolinone 2-methyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone: from Bacillus cereus; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
2-aminopurine dioxolane (4-2-aminopurin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol: structure in first source	2	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	4.81	10	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	1.95	1	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	1.96	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
1843u89 1843U89: structure given in first source; a folate analog	8.61	33	1
5,11-methenyltetrahydrohomofolate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
4-hydroxyquinazoline 4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazoline: structure in first source	4.26	18	0	quinazolines
bl 4162a anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.	19.81	292	38	imidazoquinazoline	anticoagulant; antifibrinolytic drug; cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tak 491 azilsartan medoxomil: an azilsartan prodrug and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker. azilsartan medoxomil : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of azilsartan with the hydroxy group of 4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one. A prodrug for azilsartan, it is used for treatment of hypertension.	2.07	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; carboxylic ester; cyclic carbonate ester; dioxolane	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; prodrug
2-styrylquinazolin-4(3h)-one 2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one: structure given in first source	2.93	4	0
1,5-dihydro-7-(1-piperidinyl)-imidazo(2,1-b)quinazolin-2(3h)-one 1,5-dihydro-7-(1-piperidinyl)-imidazo(2,1-b)quinazolin-2(3H)-one: a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation	5.56	23	0
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	21.35	226	74	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
lometrexol lometrexol: RN & structure given in first source;	7.55	18	0
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	7.39	11	2	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	4.91	8	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	3.31	6	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
da 8159 udenafil: a pyrazolo-pyrimidinone similar to sildenafil; phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor;	3.14	1	0	sulfonamide
vardenafil dihydrochloride Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.	4.8	5	0
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	3.1	5	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
2-phenoxymethyl-3h-quinazolin-4-one 2-phenoxymethyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one: induces growth inhibition and apoptosis; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
quazinone [no description available]	8.95	18	1
xav939 XAV939: selectively inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcription; structure in first source. XAV939 : A thiopyranopyrimidine in which a 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine skeleton is substituted at C-4 by a hydroxy group and at C-2 by a para-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; thiopyranopyrimidine	tankyrase inhibitor
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.67	3	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
ag-879 AG-879: structure given in first source	3.28	6	0
hesperadin [no description available]	4.4	6	0
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	2.7	3	0
nintedanib nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.	10.23	15	4
2-(5'-chloro-2'-phosphoryloxyphenyl)-6-chloro-4-(3h)-quinazolinone 2-(5'-chloro-2'-phosphoryloxyphenyl)-6-chloro-4-(3H)-quinazolinone: structure given in first source	4.01	14	0	aryl phosphate; monochlorobenzenes; quinazolines	fluorochrome
glycosminine glycosminine: structure	1.95	1	0	quinazolines
ec20 folate peptide EC20 folate peptide: peptide derivative of folic acid; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
zd 9331 ZD 9331: BGC9331 was formerly known as ZD9331; structure in first source	12.72	55	17
isaindigotone isaindigotone: 3-arylidenepyrrolo(2,1-b)quinazoline-9-one from Isatis indigotica; structure in first source	3.86	11	0
lixazinone lixazinone: structure given in first source	3.77	11	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.46	2	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
homofolic acid homofolic acid: major descriptor (75-84); on-line search FOLIC ACID/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search HOMOFOLIC ACID/*analogs (75-84)	2.66	3	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.08	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
bms 536924 BMS 536924: inhibits insulin-like growth factor I receptor kinase; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-gmp 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	2	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; ribonucleotide	protein kinase agonist
formycin b formycin B: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	2.02	1	0	formycin
centpiperalone [no description available]	3.34	7	0
5,8-dideazaisofolic acid 5,8-dideazaisofolic acid: structure given in first source	4.16	17	0
diaminoglyoxime diaminoglyoxime: a ballistic modifier in RDX incorporated double base propellant formulations; DAG does not have adverse effect on vulnerability and chemical stability of the propellant formulation	7.1	1	0
10-formyltetrahydrofolate 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A form of tetrahydrofolate that acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism. In these reactions 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid is used as a substrate in formyltransferase reactions, which is important in purine biosynthesis.	1.99	1	0	formyltetrahydrofolic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ag 2034 AG 2034: inhibits glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	glutamic acid derivative
formycins Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.	2.02	1	0
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	2.07	1	0
6-methyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo(2,1-b)quinazolin-2-one hydrochloride [no description available]	3.05	5	0
chrysogine chrysogine: metabolite of Penicillium chrysogenum; structure	2.4	2	0	cyclic amide; quinazoline alkaloid; quinazolines; secondary alcohol; secondary amide	Aspergillus metabolite; biological pigment; marine metabolite
cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine cytidylyl-3'-5'-guanosine: also referred to as CpG	2.03	1	0	(3'->5')-dinucleotide
l 2286 2-((2-piperidin-1-ylethyl)thio)quinazolin-4(3H)-one: structure in first source	3.77	10	0
r 80122 R 80122: structure given in first source; inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type III; RN given refers to the E- isomer; R 79595 has no isomeric designation; R 80123 is the Z-isomer	6.56	14	4
cgs 15696 CGS 15696: adenosine antagonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
rvx 208 apabetalone: a bromodomain and extra-terminal domain protein (BET) inhibitor; prevents interactions between BET proteins and acetyl-lysine residues on histone tails to modify epigenetic regulation	12.21	24	6
sta 9090 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	ring assembly; triazoles
bay 80-6946 copanlisib: an antineoplastic agent with PI3K inhibitory activity; structure in first source. copanlisib : An imidazoquinazoline that is 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline substituted by (2-aminopyrimidine-5-carbonyl)amino, methoxy, and 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 8, respectively. It is a intravenous pan-class I PI3K inhibitor used for the treatment of relapsed follicular lymphoma in patients who have received at least 2 prior systemic therapies.	15.89	61	17
pp242 torkinib : A member of the class of pyrazolopyrimidines that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by isopropyl, 5-hydroxyindol-2-yl and amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 4 respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	3.02	4	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; hydroxyindoles; phenols; primary amino compound; pyrazolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; mTOR inhibitor
cb 3705 CB 3705: inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase & thymidylate synthetase	3.49	8	0
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	1.96	1	0
2-desamino-2-methyl-5,8-dideazaisofolic acid 2-desamino-2-methyl-5,8-dideazaisofolic acid: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
ARS-1620 ARS-1620: covalent S-IIP G12C inhibitor for targeting of KRAS G12C mutant tumors. ARS-1620 : A qinazoline derivative carrying chloro and fluoro substituents at positions 6 and 8 respectively, a 2-fluoro-6-hydroxyphenyl group at position 7, and a 4-(prop-2-enoyl)piperazin-1-yl group at position 4. A potent, selective, and orally bioavailable covalent KRAS-G12C inhibitor, it inhibits the protein coding gene KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus) with high potency in cells and animals.	4.65	6	0	quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; inhibitor
sotorasib sotorasib: a KRAS(G12C) inhibitor. sotorasib : A pyridopyrimidine that is pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one substituted by 4-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl, (2S)-2-methyl-4-(prop-2-enoyl)piperazin-1-yl, fluoro and 2-fluoro-6-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 1, 4, 6 and 7, respectively. It is approved for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer having KRAS(G12C) mutations.	3.41	1	0	acrylamides; methylpyridines; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phenols; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.41	1	0
conglobatin conglobatin: dimer consisting of 2 molecules of 7-hydroxy-8-oxazolyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-2-octenoic acid joined by 2 ester linkages; structure	2.11	1	0
eye [no description available]	5.89	7	1
abaloparatide abaloparatide: synthetic analog of human PTHrP (Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein)	2.17	1	0
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	2.03	1	0
chaetocin chaetocin: inhibits G9a histone methyltransferase	5.36	6	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.1	5	0
antimony sodium gluconate Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.	2.05	1	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	5.44	6	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	4.93	8	1
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	7.51	42	0
10-formyl-5,8-dideazafolate 10-formyl-5,8-dideazafolate: structure given in first source	2.7	3	0
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	2.02	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	6.68	10	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	13	188	6
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	13.28	41	20
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	28.57	440	174
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	13	188	6
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	13.28	41	20
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	23.57	440	174
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	8.98	26	4
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	8.98	26	4
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	5.41	5	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	6.26	7	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	5.41	5	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	23.68	632	195
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	8.97	40	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	23.68	632	195
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	8.97	40	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	3.36	6	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	5	8	1
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	5	8	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	23.13	423	151
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	23.13	423	151
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	18.81	184	28
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	2.59	2	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	18.81	184	28
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	16.62	99	18
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	25.73	856	213
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	25.73	856	213
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	4.93	5	0
Black Fever [description not available]	4.16	5	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	9.93	5	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	4.16	5	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	14.76	62	22
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	17.78	160	32
Exanthem [description not available]	20.24	183	80
Cancer of Head [description not available]	21.21	308	96
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	12.53	22	16
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	22.97	399	215
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	14.76	62	22
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	20.24	183	80
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	21.21	308	96
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	12.53	22	16
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	33.66	5,327	2,366
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	34.1	6,389	2,506
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	33.66	5,327	2,366
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	34.1	6,389	2,506
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	18.68	143	34
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	18.68	143	34
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	18.34	149	32
Breast Cancer [description not available]	28.01	1,561	387
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	28.01	1,561	387
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	8.39	39	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	8.39	39	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	16.62	484	4
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	15.97	158	24
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	12.19	110	5
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	17.7	249	40
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	15.97	158	24
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	12.19	110	5
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	17.7	249	40
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	5.11	9	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	5.11	9	0
Lassa Virus Infection [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Stomatitis, Vesicular [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Lassa Fever An acute febrile human disease caused by the LASSA VIRUS.	2.54	2	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	4.55	8	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	4.55	8	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.49	2	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	3.04	4	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	14.5	51	13
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	14.5	51	13
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	6.7	7	1
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	12.51	23	7
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	29.14	2,165	983
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	29.14	2,165	983
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	23.56	546	169
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	16.64	140	31
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	23.56	546	169
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	21.64	140	31
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	10.64	17	5
Dermatoses [description not available]	12.68	36	9
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	12.68	36	9
Metastase [description not available]	25.56	634	351
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	25.56	634	351
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	17.87	86	55
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	17.87	86	55
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	6.72	14	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	13.95	79	11
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	6.72	14	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	11	41	4
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	11	41	4
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	9.44	71	2
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	9.44	71	2
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	11.94	28	4
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	10.05	23	2
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	10.05	23	2
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	11.94	28	4
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	2.52	2	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	17.17	192	26
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	17.17	192	26
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	18.93	219	55
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	18.93	219	55
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	13.16	48	17
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	13.16	48	17
Anasarca [description not available]	9.11	62	1
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	9.11	62	1
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	4.37	7	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	4.37	7	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	2.69	2	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	19.26	189	57
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	19.26	189	57
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	12.72	125	3
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	16.06	140	27
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	16.06	140	27
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	3.45	7	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	3.45	7	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	15.63	67	24
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	15.79	80	23
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	15.63	67	24
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	15.79	80	23
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	11.51	20	12
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	11.51	20	12
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	7.35	18	7
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.35	18	7
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	25.56	672	353
Carcinomatous Meningitis [description not available]	9.12	34	1
Meningeal Carcinomatosis Primary or secondary neoplasm in the ARACHNOID or SUBARACHNOID SPACE. It appears as a diffuse fibrotic thickening of the MENINGES associated with variable degrees of inflammation.	9.12	34	1
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	10.26	54	2
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	10.26	54	2
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia [description not available]	17.7	163	21
Thrombocythemia, Essential A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.	17.7	163	21
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.53	2	0
Diathesis [description not available]	4.37	7	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	21.79	399	147
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	21.79	399	147
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	13.87	77	14
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	13.87	77	14
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	11.87	40	15
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	14.41	33	24
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	14.41	33	24
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	11.14	43	10
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	11.14	43	10
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	11.41	98	8
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	2.59	2	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	3.42	7	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	7.1	14	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	7.1	14	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	5.26	8	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	5.26	8	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	12.92	33	26
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	12.92	33	26
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	6.5	6	1
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	6.5	6	1
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	5.1	16	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	5.1	16	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	8.49	8	3
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	8.49	8	3
Brill-Symmers Disease [description not available]	5.26	5	0
Lymphoma, Follicular Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.	5.26	5	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	15.54	61	1
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	4.34	4	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	5.09	16	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.41	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	4.34	4	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	5.09	16	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.55	2	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	15.54	61	1
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	4.79	8	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	5.25	10	1
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	5.25	10	1
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	4.24	3	1
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	4.24	3	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	12.07	71	7
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	4.44	21	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	12.07	71	7
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	5.6	9	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	5.6	9	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	13.18	67	3
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	13.18	67	3
Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	10.22	13	5
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	10.22	13	5
Anoxemia [description not available]	4.82	32	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	4.82	32	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	9.4	55	1
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	9.4	55	1
Grippe [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	2.87	3	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2.59	2	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	4.68	5	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	4.68	5	1
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	9.17	18	8
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	9.17	18	8
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	6.53	43	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	22	215	63
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	22	215	63
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	5.95	5	1
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	7.26	38	1
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	5.95	5	1
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [description not available]	5.5	4	1
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	5.43	4	1
Myositis Ossificans A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.	5.5	4	1
Arrhythmia [description not available]	7.84	31	1
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	7.84	31	1
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	9.05	36	2
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	9.05	36	2
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	3.46	2	0
Erythremia [description not available]	11.59	36	4
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	12.66	62	14
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	11.59	36	4
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	2.9	3	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.72	2	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	21.16	229	140
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	12.33	27	8
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	16.8	105	29
Chordoma A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.34	13	1
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	2.98	3	0
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	2.98	3	0
Bleeding [description not available]	14.59	43	14
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	14.59	43	14
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	2.41	1	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	2.41	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	5.56	26	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	5.56	26	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	10.22	19	6
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	10.22	19	6
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.41	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	18.23	166	43
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	18.23	166	43
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	7.08	7	1
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	7.08	7	1
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	9.57	24	4
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	9.57	24	4
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	3.52	7	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	3.52	7	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	6.97	27	1
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.97	27	1
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma [description not available]	7.7	8	3
Sarcoma, Alveolar Soft Part A variety of rare sarcoma having a reticulated fibrous stroma enclosing groups of sarcoma cells, which resemble epithelial cells and are enclosed in alveoli walled with connective tissue. It is a rare tumor, usually occurring between 15 and 35 years of age. It appears in the muscles of the extremities in adults and most commonly in the head and neck regions of children. Though slow-growing, it commonly metastasizes to the lungs, brain, bones, and lymph nodes. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1365)	7.7	8	3
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	3.33	4	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	3.33	4	0
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	3.54	6	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	3.46	2	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	14.24	98	13
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	14.24	98	13
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	4.59	10	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	9.59	10	0
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	8.54	16	4
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	18.57	206	78
Sex Disorders [description not available]	8.09	12	5
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	18.57	206	78
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	8.09	12	5
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	6.49	12	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	17.19	68	49
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	17.19	68	49
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	6.49	12	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	13.12	71	8
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	13.12	71	8
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	4.89	12	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	4.89	12	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	3.89	2	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	9.28	24	6
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	9.28	24	6
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	2.6	1	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	5.73	29	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	3.01	3	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	3.01	3	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	12.91	79	7
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	12.91	79	7
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	8.07	30	2
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.6	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	8.07	30	2
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	5.24	4	1
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	5.24	4	1
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	17.04	220	5
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	4.25	3	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	13.53	67	9
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	13.53	67	9
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	21.55	313	126
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	7.59	10	2
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	7.59	10	2
Ache [description not available]	13.06	54	12
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	13.06	54	12
Extracapsular Extension [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	12.28	41	4
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	12.28	41	4
Joint Pain [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	3.64	1	1
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	3.64	1	1
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	3.64	1	1
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	7.91	8	2
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	14.8	55	15
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	3.1	4	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	4	13	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	4	13	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	6.83	8	3
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3	4	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	6.83	8	3
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	3	4	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	10.75	19	5
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	10.75	19	5
Aura [description not available]	6.51	10	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	6.51	10	1
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	3.53	8	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	3.53	8	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	3.08	4	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	3.57	2	0
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Shingles [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	3.57	2	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	3.45	2	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.17	1	0
Eye Infections, Viral Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.	2.31	1	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.79	3	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.87	3	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.59	2	0
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	4.45	5	1
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	2.82	3	0
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	2.63	2	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	4.45	5	1
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.87	3	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	12.58	100	4
Absence Status [description not available]	3.51	7	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	3.51	7	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	4.6	9	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	4.6	9	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	4.03	13	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	4.03	13	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	15.21	112	9
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	15.21	112	9
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	15.63	93	33
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	15.63	93	33
Margins of Excision The edges of tissue removed in a surgery for assessment of the effectiveness of a surgical procedure in achieving the local control of a neoplasm and the adequacy of tumor removal. When the margin is negative or not involved by tumor (e.g., CANCER) it suggests all of the tumor has been removed by the surgery.	2.25	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	14.7	42	32
Emesis [description not available]	13.4	30	22
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	14.7	42	32
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	13.4	30	22
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.87	3	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.83	3	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	4.79	11	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	4.79	11	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	4.09	12	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	4.09	12	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	17.95	85	39
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	2.21	1	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	5.46	14	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	2.25	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	5.14	10	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	12.76	22	10
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	19.71	480	141
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	12.76	22	10
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	19.71	480	141
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	15.74	70	57
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	3.81	4	0
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	2.25	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	5.26	11	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	10.23	23	3
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	10.23	23	3
Drop Attack [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	3.08	5	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	5.39	7	2
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	5.39	7	2
Atherogenesis [description not available]	5.88	15	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	5.88	15	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	7.25	12	3
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	3.48	7	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	4.16	3	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	12.89	27	3
Ductal Carcinoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal Malignant neoplasms involving the ductal systems of any of a number of organs, such as the MAMMARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the PROSTATE, or the LACRIMAL GLAND.	2.25	1	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.55	2	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	7.22	94	1
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	12.7	35	21
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	12.7	35	21
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	6.52	25	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.25	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	15.97	73	33
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	8.69	8	2
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	8.69	8	2
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	8.98	20	5
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	8.98	20	5
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	3.16	5	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	6.04	15	2
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	6.04	15	2
Allodynia [description not available]	4.71	26	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	8.94	20	2
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	8.94	20	2
Kahler Disease [description not available]	6.21	17	2
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	11.21	17	2
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	4.07	14	0
Familial Turner Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Noonan Syndrome A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.	2.25	1	0
Vascular Malformations A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.	2.25	1	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	2.25	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	7.73	42	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	4.16	16	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	3.27	5	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	5.22	19	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	5.22	19	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2.74	3	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	8.26	17	7
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.25	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	6.74	30	2
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	6.95	16	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	12.39	25	14
Merkel Cell Cancer [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Carcinoma, Merkel Cell A carcinoma arising from MERKEL CELLS located in the basal layer of the epidermis and occurring most commonly as a primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Merkel cells are tactile cells of neuroectodermal origin and histologically show neurosecretory granules. The skin of the head and neck are a common site of Merkel cell carcinoma, occurring generally in elderly patients. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1245)	2.25	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2.84	3	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	4.81	7	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	4.02	13	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	8.17	40	1
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	8.17	40	1
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	4.81	7	1
Myoepithelial Tumor [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Myoepithelioma A usually benign tumor made up predominantly of myoepithelial cells.	2.25	1	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	4.24	6	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	3.26	6	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	2.77	3	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	2.77	3	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	9.8	30	5
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	2.52	2	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	2.25	1	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	2.71	3	0
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	2.93	3	0
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	3.53	7	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.6	2	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	2.25	1	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	3.53	7	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	8.81	10	2
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	8.81	10	2
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	4.6	9	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	4.6	9	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	4.77	12	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	4.77	12	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.51	2	0
Acute Onset Aura Migraine [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Migraine with Aura A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.51	2	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.55	2	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	7.04	12	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	2.25	1	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	2.25	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	7.06	15	2
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	9.31	27	5
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	9.31	27	5
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	14.13	42	13
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.65	6	1
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	2.51	2	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	12.41	43	7
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	12.41	43	7
Macrocephaly [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	5.09	43	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	5.09	43	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	14.03	83	19
Visceral Pain Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.	2.25	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	14.03	83	19
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	3.43	7	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	2.94	3	0
Analgesic Overuse Headache [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.25	1	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	2.25	1	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Autoimmune Experimental Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.74	3	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	2.63	2	0
ATLL [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.74	3	0
Microsatellite Instability The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.	2.49	2	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	9.08	13	5
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	9.08	13	5
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	2.25	1	0
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.84	3	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.59	2	0
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	2.25	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	8.01	7	2
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	8.01	7	2
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	13.98	126	16
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	3.53	2	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	3.17	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	13.04	28	16
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	17.45	90	4
Kidney Stones [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	9.42	13	7
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	3.34	2	0
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.25	1	0
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.25	1	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)	2.25	1	0
Latent Infection Delayed infection of the host by a dormant or inactive pathogen.	3.23	1	0
Colitis-Associated Cancer [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	4.17	3	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	4.17	3	0
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	13.68	31	20
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	13.68	31	20
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral [description not available]	3.7	1	1
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.	3.7	1	1
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	12.71	39	18
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	4.97	5	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	4.37	2	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	4.97	5	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	4.37	2	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.51	8	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	4.51	8	0
Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue [description not available]	6.94	3	1
Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone Extranodal lymphoma of lymphoid tissue associated with mucosa that is in contact with exogenous antigens. Many of the sites of these lymphomas, such as the stomach, salivary gland, and thyroid, are normally devoid of lymphoid tissue. They acquire mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type as a result of an immunologically mediated disorder.	6.94	3	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	7.3	21	2
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	3.96	12	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	3.01	4	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	7.27	8	3
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	7.27	8	3
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	7.8	24	3
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	7.8	24	3
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	3.23	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	6.92	10	3
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	3.45	2	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	4.18	6	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	6.92	10	3
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	6.38	6	1
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.86	3	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	6.87	16	0
Myeloproliferative-Myelodisplastic Diseases [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	6.87	16	0
Myelodysplastic-Myeloproliferative Diseases Clonal myeloid disorders that possess both dysplastic and proliferative features but are not properly classified as either MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES or MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.	3.23	1	0
a-Synucleinopathies [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	10.6	19	6
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	5.56	8	2
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	10.6	19	6
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	2.59	2	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	4.39	7	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	4.39	7	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	5.51	26	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	5.51	26	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.47	2	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	5.49	5	1
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	11.31	15	10
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.49	5	1
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	11.31	15	10
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.	8.69	16	5
Angiosarcoma [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hemangiosarcoma A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lumpy spaces. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.31	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	2.52	2	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	13.97	120	1
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.55	2	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.9	3	0
Atheroma [description not available]	9.45	8	5
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	2.85	3	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	2.31	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	3.21	5	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.31	1	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	3.13	5	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	2.31	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	8.09	24	1
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	12.35	46	7
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	13.63	37	22
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	6.24	4	1
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	6.02	3	1
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	6.02	3	1
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	2.41	2	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.57	2	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	3.99	4	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	3.99	4	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	2.79	3	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	3.39	7	0
Eye Hemorrhage Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.	2.15	1	0
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	10.66	21	4
Duncan Disease [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	4.76	11	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	3.04	1	0
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.	3.38	2	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	15.29	42	26
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.	10.02	14	10
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	6.02	15	2
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	13.15	37	11
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	13.15	37	11
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	3.95	4	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	3.95	4	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	12.94	26	10
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	12.94	26	10
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary [description not available]	9.5	11	9
Brain Stem Neoplasms Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.	9.5	11	9
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	7.58	9	6
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	7.58	9	6
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	8.33	10	2
MEA 2a [description not available]	5.65	6	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.96	4	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	6.35	8	1
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	5.48	5	1
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	6.35	8	1
Breast Cancer, Male [description not available]	11.49	17	17
Chemotherapy-Induced Acral Erythema [description not available]	9.82	10	6
Thrombopenia [description not available]	14.12	45	27
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	14.12	45	27
Breast Neoplasms, Male Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.	11.49	17	17
Hand-Foot Syndrome Chemotherapy-induced dermal side effects that are associated with the use of various CYTOSTATIC AGENTS. Symptoms range from mild ERYTHEMA and/or PARESTHESIA to severe ulcerative dermatitis with debilitating pain involving typically palmoplantar and intertriginous areas. These cutaneous manifestations are sometimes accompanied by nail anomalies.	9.82	10	6
Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia FEVER accompanied by a significant reduction in NEUTROPHIL count associated with CHEMOTHERAPY.	9.76	9	9
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	7.3	16	1
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	2.15	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	5.72	10	2
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	3.37	2	0
Polyploid [description not available]	4.56	23	0
Atresia, Biliary [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Biliary Atresia Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.	2.15	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	12.95	31	16
Oncogene Addiction The dependence of tumor cells on a single oncogenic pathway or protein for their continued proliferation and survival.	3.48	2	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	6.69	7	1
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	6.69	7	1
Neurilemoma [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Acoustic Neurinoma, Bilateral [description not available]	7.38	9	3
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	3.01	4	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	2.47	2	0
Neurofibromatosis 2 An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.	7.38	9	3
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Acrocephaly Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.	2.15	1	0
Craniosynostoses Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.	2.15	1	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	2.78	3	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.76	3	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	5.85	22	1
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	3.37	2	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	3.37	2	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	2.47	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	3.02	4	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	6.98	6	2
Itching [description not available]	10.03	22	3
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	10.03	22	3
Inflammatory Breast Cancer [description not available]	9.45	14	4
Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms Metastatic breast cancer characterized by EDEMA and ERYTHEMA of the affected breast due to LYMPHATIC METASTASIS and eventual obstruction of LYMPHATIC VESSELS by the cancer cells.	9.45	14	4
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	4.32	7	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	3.62	9	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.68	3	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.62	9	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Adenoma Sebaceum Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis	2.17	1	0
Tuberous Sclerosis Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.	2.17	1	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.17	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.69	3	0
CACH Syndrome [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	3.13	5	0
Cancer of Spleen [description not available]	4.33	2	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	3.81	11	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	3.81	11	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2.98	4	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	2.98	4	0
Tetraploid [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Ectopic Pregnancy [description not available]	6.45	8	2
Constricted Pupil [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pregnancy, Ectopic A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (	6.45	8	2
Miosis Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.	2.17	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.71	3	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.17	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	4.18	16	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	4.18	16	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	5.78	35	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	5.78	35	0
Paronychia An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)	7.53	18	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	6.42	5	3
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	5.62	3	2
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	6.42	5	3
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	2.49	2	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.94	4	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	2.49	2	0
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	3.49	7	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	3.49	7	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.54	2	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	3.19	5	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.7	3	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2.92	4	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	3.25	6	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	3.18	5	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	3.75	10	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	3.18	5	0
Mandibular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MANDIBLE.	2.17	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	2.52	2	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.17	1	0
Amputation, Traumatic Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.	2.17	1	0
Splenic Rupture Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.	2.17	1	0
Finger Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the fingers.	2.17	1	0
Blastocystis hominis Infections [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.93	12	0
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	6.43	8	2
Acromegaly Due To Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.97	13	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.97	13	0
Flank Pain Pain emanating from below the RIBS and above the ILIUM.	2.17	1	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.59	2	0
Pulmonary Veno Occlusive Disease [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease Pathological process resulting in the fibrous obstruction of the small- and medium-sized PULMONARY VEINS and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. Veno-occlusion can arise from fibrous proliferation of the VASCULAR INTIMA and VASCULAR MEDIA; THROMBOSIS; or a combination of both.	2.17	1	0
Thrombotic Microangiopathies Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.	2.17	1	0
Ph 1 Chromosome [description not available]	4.84	7	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.79	3	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.54	2	0
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis A condition characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall, the submucosa and/or subserosa of the INTESTINE. The majority of the cysts are found in the JEJUNUM and the ILEUM.	3.2	5	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	5.66	3	2
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	5.66	3	2
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	5.56	11	0
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.	3.15	5	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	2.43	2	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.59	2	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.72	3	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.57	2	0
Addison's Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Addison Disease An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.	2.21	1	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	2.21	1	0
Cystosarcoma Phyllodes [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	3.48	2	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	3.48	2	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	2.17	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	4.93	13	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	3.46	7	0
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	2.21	1	0
Hematoma, Subdural, Acute Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	2.17	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	15.64	208	31
Oophoritis Inflammation of the OVARY, generally caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix.	2.17	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	15.64	208	31
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.	2.9	3	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	2.81	3	0
Autism [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	2.58	2	0
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	3.12	1	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.52	2	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.52	2	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	6	10	1
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	2.21	1	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	2.21	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.21	1	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	4.33	4	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	3.01	4	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	6.21	13	3
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	6.21	13	3
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	7.67	17	4
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	3.14	5	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	7.67	17	4
Surgical Incision [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Aprosodia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	4.55	5	1
Weight Reduction [description not available]	7.08	11	1
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	7.08	11	1
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.59	1	1
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bowel Incontinence [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.	2.21	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.83	3	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	7.12	9	4
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	2.25	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	6.7	11	2
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	6.7	11	2
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.39	7	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	8.56	18	1
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	8.56	18	1
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	4.26	6	0
Infections, Hantavirus [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Acute respiratory illness in humans caused by the SIN NOMBRE VIRUS whose primary rodent reservoir is the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus. First identified in the southwestern United States, this syndrome is characterized most commonly by fever, myalgias, headache, cough, and rapid respiratory failure.	3.73	3	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	3.12	1	0
Hantavirus Infections Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.	3.12	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	3.74	3	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	6.13	11	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	6.13	11	1
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	10.02	19	5
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	10.02	19	5
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	2.95	4	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	3.47	8	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	2.08	1	0
Thyroid Nodule A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).	2.08	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	14.32	73	19
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	14.32	73	19
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	13.05	61	22
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	2.08	1	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	2.86	4	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	13.72	29	23
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	3	4	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	3	4	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	14.12	58	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	8.7	16	2
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	8.7	16	2
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	4.6	10	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	4.6	10	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	5.47	6	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	5.47	6	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	8.38	15	2
Dysarthosis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Autonomic Dysfunction, Paraneoplastic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	9.51	24	3
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.44	2	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	2.1	1	0
Acneiform Eruptions Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575)	10.69	34	2
Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy, Familial [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	5.46	5	1
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	3.11	5	0
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	5.46	5	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	3.34	6	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	3.34	6	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	13.4	22	18
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	13.4	22	18
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	9.99	16	5
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	4.77	2	1
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	4.77	2	1
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	3.34	2	0
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary [description not available]	6.48	5	2
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	4.79	2	1
Micrometastases, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	10.9	33	4
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	10.9	33	4
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	2.08	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	3.66	3	0
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	2.8	3	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	16.78	87	3
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	5.38	22	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	16.78	87	3
Atelectasis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	5.26	7	0
Coin Lesion, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hemothorax Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.	2.08	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	2.49	2	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	5.26	7	0
Xeroderma [description not available]	4.69	4	0
Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.	4.69	4	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	5.18	6	2
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	8.99	20	3
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	8.99	20	3
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	8.77	11	8
Adenomatous Polyps Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelium. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.08	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	4.24	6	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	4.24	6	0
Ectropion The turning outward (eversion) of the edge of the eyelid, resulting in the exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.77	3	0
Corneal Perforation A puncture or hole through the CORNEAL STROMA resulting from various diseases or trauma.	2.77	3	0
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	5.51	15	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	5.51	15	1
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	2.08	1	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	12.1	17	9
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	12.1	17	9
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	7.69	13	1
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	7.69	13	1
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	2.08	1	0
Nail Fungus [description not available]	4.39	1	1
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	4.77	2	1
Onychomycosis A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by DERMATOPHYTES; YEASTS; or nondermatophyte MOLDS.	4.39	1	1
HPV Infection [description not available]	3.57	8	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	3.74	10	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	3.74	10	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	2.69	3	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	3.57	8	0
MEA 2b [description not available]	6.26	5	1
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	2.77	3	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	4.17	3	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	4.11	3	1
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	4.17	3	0
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	2.08	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	5.26	6	2
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	5.26	6	2
Uveal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.	4.85	7	1
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.46	8	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	9.9	12	4
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	9.9	12	4
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	5.59	6	1
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	5.59	6	1
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	4.9	4	2
Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	4.9	4	2
Sarcoma, Endometrial Stromal A highly malignant subset of neoplasms arising from the endometrial stroma. Tumors in this group infiltrate the stroma with a wide range of atypia cells and numerous mitoses. They are capable of widespread metastases (NEOPLASM METASTASIS).	3.47	1	1
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	6.35	5	1
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	6.35	5	1
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	3.74	10	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3.74	10	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	5.19	6	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	4.35	7	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	5.19	6	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	4.83	13	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	10.65	40	23
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at multiple sites. MUTATION of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, a component of the DNA DAMAGE response pathway, apparently predisposes family members who inherit it to develop certain cancers. The spectrum of cancers in the syndrome was shown to include, in addition to BREAST CANCER and soft tissue sarcomas (SARCOMA); BRAIN TUMORS; OSTEOSARCOMA; LEUKEMIA; and ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA.	2.78	3	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	3.89	4	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	3.39	7	0
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	2.1	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	4.8	2	1
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.08	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.12	5	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	5.94	9	1
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	3.11	5	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	4.21	6	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	2.08	1	0
Polyomavirus Infections Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).	2.1	1	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	7.43	13	4
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	2.74	3	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	2.08	1	0
Articulation Disorders Disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes.	2.11	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	5.13	10	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	5.13	10	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	3	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	3	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	4.64	10	0
Sycosis [description not available]	7.4	16	3
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	7.4	16	3
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	6.58	11	1
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	6.58	11	1
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	2.77	3	0
Prolapse The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.	3.48	1	1
Iris Diseases Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.	7.84	14	2
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	4.05	5	0
Cancer of Endocrine Gland [description not available]	3	1	0
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.	3	1	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	4.06	5	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	3.86	2	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	2.41	2	0
Cancer of the Fallopian Tube [description not available]	10.64	16	14
Fallopian Tube Neoplasms Benign or malignant neoplasms of the FALLOPIAN TUBES. They are uncommon. If they develop, they may be located in the wall or within the lumen as a growth attached to the wall by a stalk.	10.64	16	14
Rift Valley Fever An acute infection caused by the RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS, an RNA arthropod-borne virus, affecting domestic animals and humans. In animals, symptoms include HEPATITIS; abortion (ABORTION, VETERINARY); and DEATH. In humans, symptoms range from those of a flu-like disease to hemorrhagic fever, ENCEPHALITIS, or BLINDNESS.	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	8.17	8	5
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	8.17	8	5
Icterus [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	3.4	2	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	4.77	2	1
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	4.77	2	1
Febrile Neutropenia Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.	5.38	2	2
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	6.27	4	2
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	6.98	6	2
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.08	1	0
Giant Cell Tumors Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.	2.08	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	11.08	23	18
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	11.08	23	18
Adenoma, Oxyphilic A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.	4.77	2	1
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	7.72	10	4
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	7.72	10	4
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	4.06	3	1
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	4.06	3	1
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	5.78	12	2
Neoplasms, Skull [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	2.69	3	0
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	2.46	2	0
Hypertrichosis Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.	4.13	15	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	8.27	9	3
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	8.27	9	3
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	3.14	5	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	3.14	5	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.1	1	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	2.1	1	0
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	6.94	12	7
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	6.94	12	7
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	2.38	2	0
Basal Cell Cancer [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	3.81	11	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	3.81	11	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	5.06	3	1
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	3.13	5	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	3.76	2	1
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	7.33	11	4
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	7.33	11	4
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic [description not available]	4.37	4	1
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	8.25	13	2
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	8.25	13	2
Viral Diseases [description not available]	4.82	4	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	4.82	4	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	9.29	12	4
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	6.22	4	3
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Neoplasms, Squamous Cell Neoplasms of the SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in tissue composed of squamous elements.	6.98	10	1
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)	2.1	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.1	1	0
Lymphangiomyomatosis [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).	2.48	2	0
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.1	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	6.41	12	4
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	6.41	12	4
Connective Tissue Neoplasms [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)	6.06	10	0
Ocular Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	2.1	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.	2.1	1	0
Night Blindness Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.1	1	0
Bilateral Diffuse Uveal Melanocytic Proliferation, Paraneoplastic [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	2.38	2	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	2.44	2	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	7.83	10	3
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	7.83	10	3
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.1	1	0
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	2.11	1	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	4.77	2	1
Carcinoma, Lobular A type of BREAST CANCER where the abnormal malignant cells form in the lobules, or milk-producing glands, of the breast.	9.27	13	7
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia Gestational Trophoblastic diseases that are malignant. It does not include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE. However, there is a minority of authors that consider the term gestational trophoblastic neoplasia synonymous with gestational trophoblastic disease.	2.1	1	0
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease A group of diseases arising from pregnancy that are commonly associated with hyperplasia of trophoblasts (TROPHOBLAST) and markedly elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. They include HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, invasive mole (HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, INVASIVE), placental-site trophoblastic tumor (TROPHOBLASTIC TUMOR, PLACENTAL SITE), and CHORIOCARCINOMA. These neoplasms have varying propensities for invasion and spread.	2.1	1	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	2.1	1	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	2.1	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	2.1	1	0
Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).	2.1	1	0
Foot Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	7.57	6	2
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	7.57	6	2
MODS [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.	2.51	2	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.76	3	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	2.41	2	0
Pancoast Syndrome A condition caused by an apical lung tumor (Pancoast tumor) with involvement of the nearby vertebral column and the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Symptoms include pain in the shoulder and the arm, and atrophy of the hand.	2.1	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	2.11	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	3.42	2	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	3.03	1	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	2.1	1	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	2.11	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.11	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	5.8	2	2
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	3.94	4	0
Cyst [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	4.06	5	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	3.71	3	0
Angiohemophilia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia [description not available]	2.1	1	0
von Willebrand Diseases Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.	2.1	1	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	3.71	3	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	3.77	11	0
Cancer of Cecum [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Capsule Opacification Clouding or loss of transparency of the posterior lens capsule, usually following CATARACT extraction.	2.5	2	0
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	7.26	8	5
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	3.09	5	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	2.1	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	2.95	4	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	3.48	1	1
Impotence [description not available]	9.48	25	6
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	14.48	25	6
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	3.6	9	0
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	5.3	7	2
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	5.3	7	2
Infectious Myelitis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	4.07	3	1
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	2.11	1	0
Anal Cancer [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Anus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.	3.5	1	1
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	3.09	5	0
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	5.86	8	1
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	5.86	8	1
Dry Eye [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	2.11	1	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	3.36	2	0
Vaginal Fistula An abnormal anatomical passage that connects the VAGINA to other organs, such as the bladder (VESICOVAGINAL FISTULA) or the rectum (RECTOVAGINAL FISTULA).	2.11	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	3.89	4	0
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.11	1	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	2.11	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	2.49	2	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	3.89	12	0
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	2.11	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	2.11	1	0
Papulosquamous Disorders [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	3.38	2	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	3.38	2	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.52	2	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	4.9	4	2
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	2.73	3	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	4.55	5	1
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	4.1	5	0
Central Serous Retinopathy [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.	3.5	1	1
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.46	2	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.46	2	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	6.24	13	3
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	6.24	13	3
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.11	1	0
Pneumoperitoneum A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.	2.11	1	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	2.11	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.43	2	0
Erysipelas An acute infection of the skin caused by species of STREPTOCOCCUS. This disease most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face.	3.5	1	1
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.53	2	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	5.11	5	2
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	3.51	1	1
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	4.71	3	2
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	4.72	3	2
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	4.44	3	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	4.2	3	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	4.44	3	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	4.2	3	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.11	1	0
Prostatism Lower urinary tract symptom, such as slow urinary stream, associated with PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA in older men.	9.19	10	4
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	3.1	5	0
Acute Pain Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.	2.13	1	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	9.03	10	6
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	9.03	10	6
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	4.08	3	1
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	4.08	3	1
Berger Disease [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	2.48	2	0
Calculosis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	2.49	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	3.01	4	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	6.05	16	2
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	2.11	1	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	6.05	16	2
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.46	2	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	5.25	8	0
Angiogranuloma [description not available]	4.37	7	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	2.11	1	0
Budd-Chiari Syndrome A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.	2.13	1	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.	2.13	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	5.21	6	2
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	4.36	4	1
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	4.36	4	1
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	2.94	4	0
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Muscle [description not available]	5.04	3	1
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	2.11	1	0
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Congenital Immunodeficiency Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Genetic immunologic deficiency diseases and syndromes due to mutations in genes involved in IMMUNITY generally characterized by an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. They are often associated with AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE manifestations.	2.15	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2.42	2	0
Cancer of Maxillary Sinus [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hypotrichosis Presence of less than the normal amount of hair. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.13	1	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	2.13	1	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	2.67	3	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	2.11	1	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	3.04	1	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	5.53	11	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	5.53	11	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	2.41	2	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	7.88	38	6
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	7.88	38	6
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	4.46	5	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	5.23	6	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	5.23	6	0
Cystadenoma, Serous A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)	2.13	1	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	4.43	1	1
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	4.43	1	1
Choroid Neoplasms Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).	5.48	5	1
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.13	1	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	4.48	5	1
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	4.48	5	1
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	6.42	8	2
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	6.42	8	2
Cancer of the Urethra [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Urethral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.	2.13	1	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Familial Hibernation (Kleine-Levin) Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital Congenital structural abnormalities of the LOWER EXTREMITY.	2.15	1	0
Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital Congenital structural abnormalities of the UPPER EXTREMITY.	2.15	1	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	2.77	3	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	2.13	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	2.13	1	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	3.51	1	1
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema Recurrent cutaneous manifestation of GLUCAGONOMA characterized by necrolytic polycyclic migratory lesions with scaling borders. It is associated with elevated secretion of GLUCAGON by the tumor. Other conditions with elevated serum glucagon levels such as HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS may also result in similar skin lesions, which are referred to as pseudoglucagonoma syndrome.	2.13	1	0
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	2.13	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	2.4	2	0
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	5.46	5	0
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	5.46	5	0
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	3.04	1	0
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	3.04	1	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	2.13	1	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	3.4	2	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	5.36	14	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	5.36	14	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	4.53	5	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	4.53	5	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.97	4	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	2.13	1	0
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Craniopharyngioma A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)	2.15	1	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	3.04	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.38	2	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	3.29	6	0
Sepsis Associated Delirium [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.15	1	0
Infection [description not available]	6.22	4	3
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	6.22	4	3
Bronchiolitis, Exudative [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.	2.15	1	0
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	2.15	1	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	9.1	14	5
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	9.1	14	5
Anemia, Congenital Hypoplastic, Of Blackfan And Diamond [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan A rare congenital hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. The disease is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, occasional neutropenia or thrombocytosis, a normocellular bone marrow with erythroid hypoplasia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. (Curr Opin Hematol 2000 Mar;7(2):85-94)	2.15	1	0
Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.	2.15	1	0
Erythroderma, Sezary [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Mycosis Fungoides A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.	2.45	2	0
Sezary Syndrome A form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma manifested by generalized exfoliative ERYTHRODERMA; PRURITUS; peripheral lymphadenopathy, and abnormal hyperchromatic mononuclear (cerebriform) cells in the skin, LYMPH NODES, and peripheral blood (Sezary cells).	2.45	2	0
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	2.15	1	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Myelomonocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	2.75	3	0
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic A myelodysplastic-myeloproliferative disease characterized by monocytosis, increased monocytes in the bone marrow, variable degrees of dysplasia, but an absence of immature granulocytes in the blood.	2.46	2	0
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	5.25	4	1
Combined Immunodeficiency, X-Linked [description not available]	2.04	1	0
X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases Forms of combined immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene for INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA SUBUNIT. Both severe and non-severe subtypes of the disease have been identified.	2.04	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	5.08	17	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Vestibular Diseases Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.	2.04	1	0
Auricular Cancer [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Ear Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).	2.46	2	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	2.74	3	0
Back Ache [description not available]	4.29	4	1
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	4.29	4	1
Neoplasms, Nerve Sheath [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Nerve Sheath Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from nerve sheaths formed by SCHWANN CELLS in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM or by OLIGODENDROCYTES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, NEUROFIBROMA, and NEURILEMMOMA are relatively common tumors in this category.	3.14	5	0
Compression Fractures [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	2.04	1	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	4.51	5	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	8.2	24	5
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	2.04	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.71	3	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	10.55	32	7
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	3.84	4	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	4.13	3	1
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	4.72	2	1
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	2.71	3	0
Multiple Pulmonary Nodules A number of small lung lesions characterized by small round masses of 2- to 3-mm in diameter. They are usually detected by chest CT scans (COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY). Such nodules can be associated with metastases of malignancies inside or outside the lung, benign granulomas, or other lesions.	2.05	1	0
Hepatorenal Syndrome Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.	2.45	2	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	10.68	22	12
Pus [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Infections, Serratia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2.46	2	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	2.05	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	6.21	9	4
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	6.21	9	4
Hematoma, Subdural Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.	2.45	2	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	6.37	6	1
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	6.37	6	1
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	2.44	2	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.91	4	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.04	1	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.94	4	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	2.46	2	0
Glioblastoma with Sarcomatous Component [description not available]	4.75	2	1
Gliosarcoma Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)	4.75	2	1
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	10.79	14	7
Pelvic Pain Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.	9.64	8	5
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	10.79	14	7
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	3.29	6	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	2.43	2	0
Hair Diseases Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.	5.13	7	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	7.77	8	3
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	3.78	2	1
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	4.75	2	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	2.44	2	0
Desmoid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fibromatosis, Aggressive A childhood counterpart of abdominal or extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, characterized by firm subcutaneous nodules that grow rapidly in any part of the body but do not metastasize. The adult form of abdominal fibromatosis is FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.05	1	0
Chicken Pox [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	2.05	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	5.38	14	1
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	5.38	14	1
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	2.05	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	7.06	6	2
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	7.06	6	2
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.9	4	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.71	3	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Onycholysis Separation of nail plate from the underlying nail bed. It can be a sign of skin disease, infection (such as ONYCHOMYCOSIS) or tissue injury.	2.46	2	0
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	2.46	2	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	3.83	2	1
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	2.68	3	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	3.6	3	0
Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	2.04	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.45	2	0
Cancer of the Vulva [description not available]	7.14	14	1
Vulvar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.	7.14	14	1
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	2.05	1	0
Leukoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	2.05	1	0
Acantholysis Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see PEMPHIGUS) and DARIER DISEASE.	2.05	1	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	2.71	3	0
Rhabdoid Tumor A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)	2.95	4	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	2.05	1	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	2.05	1	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	2.4	2	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	2.05	1	0
Acanthamoeba Meningoencephalitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.43	2	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	6.16	6	2
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	6.16	6	2
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	2.05	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	8.94	121	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	2.05	1	0
Genetic Non-Disjunction [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	2.97	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	7.4	12	1
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	7.4	12	1
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	9.16	14	1
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	9.16	14	1
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.38	2	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	2.05	1	0
Nails, Ingrown Excessive lateral nail growth into the nail fold. Because the lateral margin of the nail acts as a foreign body, inflammation and granulation may result. It is caused by improperly fitting shoes and by improper trimming of the nail.	2.46	2	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	2.05	1	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	2.05	1	0
Situs Inversus A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.	2.06	1	0
Diverticulitis Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.	3.44	1	1
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	2.46	2	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	3.83	4	0
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	2.73	3	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Keratoacanthoma A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.	2.46	2	0
Nycturia [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Nocturia Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS).	3.84	2	1
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Hypopharyngeal Cancer [description not available]	5.82	4	2
Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.	5.82	4	2
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	2.05	1	0
Nodular Goiter [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.	2.05	1	0
Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available]	3.85	2	0
Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	3.85	2	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.44	2	0
B-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Acute Biphenotypic Leukemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute An acute leukemia exhibiting cell features characteristic of both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages and probably arising from MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS.	2.05	1	0
Multiple Hemangioblastomas [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Angiomatosis Retinae [description not available]	2.71	3	0
von Hippel-Lindau Disease An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.	2.71	3	0
Hemangioblastoma A benign tumor of the nervous system that may occur sporadically or in association with VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE. It accounts for approximately 2% of intracranial tumors, arising most frequently in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. Histologically, the tumors are composed of multiple capillary and sinusoidal channels lined with endothelial cells and clusters of lipid-laden pseudoxanthoma cells. Usually solitary, these tumors can be multiple and may also occur in the brain stem, spinal cord, retina, and supratentorial compartment. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas usually present in the third decade with INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION, and ataxia. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2071-2)	2.06	1	0
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	9.91	36	9
Parotiditis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Salivary Gland Calculi Calculi occurring in a salivary gland. Most salivary gland calculi occur in the submandibular gland, but can also occur in the parotid gland and in the sublingual and minor salivary glands.	2.05	1	0
Parotid Diseases Diseases involving the PAROTID GLAND.	2.05	1	0
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.05	1	0
Submandibular Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND.	2.05	1	0
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	9.91	36	9
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	3.87	4	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	3.84	2	1
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	2.45	2	0
Clubbed Fingers [description not available]	3.37	2	0
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.44	2	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	2.71	3	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	3.81	4	0
Angiitis [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Skin Diseases, Vascular Skin diseases affecting or involving the cutaneous blood vessels and generally manifested as inflammation, swelling, erythema, or necrosis in the affected area.	3.38	2	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	3.66	3	0
Acinar Carcinoma [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Carcinoma, Acinar Cell A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)	2.73	3	0
Neoplasms, Skull Base [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	2.48	2	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.98	1	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.98	1	0
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	4.06	15	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	2.06	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	8.42	17	1
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	8.42	17	1
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.69	6	1
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Acariasis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	2.73	3	0
African Lymphoma [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	3.39	7	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	2.45	2	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	3.34	2	0
Candidiasis, Invasive An important nosocomial fungal infection with species of the genus CANDIDA, most frequently CANDIDA ALBICANS. Invasive candidiasis occurs when candidiasis goes beyond a superficial infection and manifests as CANDIDEMIA, deep tissue infection, or disseminated disease with deep organ involvement.	2.98	1	0
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	2.06	1	0
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).	2.06	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	3.89	1	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	3.89	1	0
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.89	1	0
Myositis, Multiple [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Polymyositis Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)	2.06	1	0
Cancer of the Tonsil [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Tonsillar Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.	2.98	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	3.45	1	1
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	2.06	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Sigmoid Colon Diseases [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	5.46	15	1
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	5.46	15	1
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine [description not available]	2.06	1	0
ADPKD [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	2.06	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	4.09	3	1
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	6.18	4	1
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	6.18	4	1
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.41	2	0
Osteosclerosis An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.	2.07	1	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	4.06	3	1
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	2.07	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	3.46	1	1
Lymphangitis A lymphatic disease characterized by INFLAMMATION of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	2.45	2	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	4.1	3	1
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	2.45	2	0
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	2.06	1	0
Tracheal Diseases Diseases involving the TRACHEA.	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	3.84	2	1
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	3.37	2	0
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.06	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	8.77	20	1
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	8.77	20	1
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	6.45	5	2
Gastritis, Familial Giant Hypertrophic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	2.07	1	0
Fifth Phacomatosis [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome Hereditary disorder consisting of multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic keratocysts, and multiple skeletal defects, e.g., frontal and temporoparietal bossing, bifurcated and splayed ribs, kyphoscoliosis, fusion of vertebrae, and cervicothoracic spina bifida. Genetic transmission is autosomal dominant.	2.98	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.4	2	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	13.93	50	0
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	13.93	50	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	4.14	6	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	4.14	6	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Lethargy A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.	2.06	1	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	3.22	6	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	3.39	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	3.09	5	0
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	2.07	1	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	2.06	1	0
Cranial Nerve V Injury [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.07	1	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	2.07	1	0
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.	2.07	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2.44	2	0
Delayed Graft Function General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.07	1	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.46	2	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Mucinous A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)	2.07	1	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	3.78	2	1
Eye Disorders [description not available]	5.27	4	1
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	5.27	4	1
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	5.23	4	3
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	5.23	4	3
Esophagotracheal Fistula [description not available]	4.37	1	1
Pemphigoid [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	2.07	1	0
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	2.07	1	0
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)	2.08	1	0
ARPKD [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive A genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS and associated LIVER lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at BIRTH with high PERINATAL MORTALITY.	2.45	2	0
Gastric Rupture [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Nasal Septal Perforation An opening or hole in the NASAL SEPTUM that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, drug use, or pathological process.	2.07	1	0
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	2.07	1	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	4.97	3	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	4.97	3	1
Epidural Neoplasm, Malignant [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.08	1	0
Yolk Sac Tumor [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)	2.08	1	0
Endodermal Sinus Tumor An unusual and aggressive tumor of germ-cell origin that reproduces the extraembryonic structures of the early embryo. It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor found in children. It is characterized by a labyrinthine glandular pattern of flat epithelial cells and rounded papillary processes with a central capillary (Schiller-Duval body). The tumor is rarely bilateral. Before the use of combination chemotherapy, the tumor was almost invariably fatal. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1189)	2.08	1	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	2.08	1	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	2.88	4	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	2.08	1	0
Thoracic Diseases Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.	2.08	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.67	3	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	6.69	9	1
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	6.69	9	1
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	2.01	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.4	2	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	5.8	8	3
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	5.79	8	3
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	5.79	8	3
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	4.45	23	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	4.32	20	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	2.65	3	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Anemia, Splenic [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	2.93	1	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	2.93	1	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	2.87	4	0
Actinomycetoma [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Mycetoma A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.	2.01	1	0
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	2.01	1	0
Impotence, Arteriogenic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cancer of ILEUM [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.01	1	0
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.	2.01	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	2.71	3	0
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cardiovascular Abnormalities Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.	2.01	1	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Urethral Obstruction Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.	5.68	4	1
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	1.93	1	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	3.27	2	0
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	2.34	2	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	6.51	18	3
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	1.94	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	5	5	2
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Psychoses [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	5	5	2
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	1.93	1	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.34	2	0
Neuroses [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	1.94	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	2.37	2	0
Moniliasis, Oral [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Asialia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Candidiasis, Oral Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	4.25	4	1
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	2.65	3	0
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	1.94	1	0
Malaria, Avian Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.	1.94	1	0
Central Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	1.94	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).	1.94	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	2.34	2	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.64	3	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	2.01	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	4.75	12	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	4.75	12	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	5.55	6	1
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	5.55	6	1
Anterior Urethral Stricture [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Urethral Stricture Narrowing of any part of the URETHRA. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.	2.41	2	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	3.82	2	1
Cerebral Cryptococcosis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Meningitis, Cryptococcal Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)	2.02	1	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	2.02	1	0
ADDH [description not available]	2.02	1	0
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Lentigines [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	2.02	1	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	2.02	1	0
Lentigo Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome).	2.02	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.	2.02	1	0
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Esophageal Stricture [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.	2.42	2	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	2.02	1	0
Hives [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	2.39	2	0
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).	2.02	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	3.85	4	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	3.85	4	0
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	3.47	8	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.02	1	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	2.02	1	0
Aggressive Systemic Mastocytosis A form of systemic mastocytosis in which patients have impaired organ functions due to multifocal infiltrates of pathological MAST CELLS in bone marrow, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or skeletal system. The cytomorphology shows a low to high grade.	2.02	1	0
Mastocytosis, Systemic A group of disorders caused by the abnormal proliferation of MAST CELLS in a variety of extracutaneous tissues including bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal tract. Systemic mastocytosis is commonly seen in adults. These diseases are categorized on the basis of clinical features, pathologic findings, and prognosis.	2.02	1	0
Acne [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	3.82	2	1
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	2.02	1	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	2.02	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Congenital Epulides [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	2.02	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	3.77	2	1
Ecchymosis Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia.	2.02	1	0
Alastrim [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	2.02	1	0
Smallpox An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)	2.02	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	2.02	1	0
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	2.94	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	2.02	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.91	4	0
Synovioma [description not available]	7.64	5	4
Sarcoma, Synovial A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)	7.64	5	4
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency An autosomal recessive disorder affecting DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE and causing familial pyrimidinemia. It is characterized by thymine-uraciluria in homozygous deficient patients. Even a partial deficiency in the enzyme leaves individuals at risk for developing severe 5-FLUOROURACIL-associated toxicity.	2.43	2	0
Mononeuritis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Mononeuropathies Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.	2.03	1	0
Angiomyolipoma A benign tumor containing vascular, adipose, and muscle elements. It occurs most often in the kidney with smooth muscle elements (angiolipoleiomyoma) in association with tuberous sclerosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.02	1	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	2.02	1	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	2.02	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	4.27	7	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	4.27	7	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	2.03	1	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	2.94	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	2.38	2	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	2.02	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	3.41	1	1
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	2.03	1	0
Abnormalities, Skin [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Skin Abnormalities Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.	2.03	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	6.57	19	1
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.03	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	2.03	1	0
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.44	2	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.03	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2.03	1	0
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	2.03	1	0
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	2.03	1	0
Pyoderma Gangrenosum An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.	2.03	1	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	2.03	1	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	2.03	1	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	2.03	1	0
Verruca [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	2.03	1	0
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	4.05	3	1
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	4.05	3	1
Adenocarcinoma, Endometrioid [description not available]	4.34	1	1
Carcinoma, Endometrioid An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of cells resembling the glandular cells of the ENDOMETRIUM. It is a common histological type of ovarian CARCINOMA and ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA. There is a high frequency of co-occurrence of this form of adenocarcinoma in both tissues.	4.34	1	1
Dermatitis, Irritant A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.	3.42	1	1
Adenomatosis, Pulmonary A neoplastic disease in which the alveoli and distal bronchi are filled with mucus and mucus-secreting columnar epithelial cells. It is characterized by abundant, extremely tenacious sputum, chills, fever, cough, dyspnea, and pleuritic pain. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.03	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	2.03	1	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.03	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	2.95	1	0
Refractory Anemia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Anemia, Refractory A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.	2.03	1	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	2.38	2	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	2.03	1	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	2.03	1	0
Dysuria Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.	2.03	1	0
Oligohydramnios A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.	2.96	1	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	4.34	1	1
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.03	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	2.03	1	0
Spider Veins [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	2.95	1	0
Livedo Reticularis A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming.	2.03	1	0
Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue.	3.43	1	1
HMN (Hereditary Motor Neuropathy) Proximal Type I [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood A group of recessive inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)	2.04	1	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	2.04	1	0
Episcleritis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Scleritis Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.	2.04	1	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	2.04	1	0
Fracture, Pathologic [description not available]	2.96	1	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	2.04	1	0
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.	2.04	1	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	2.04	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	2.04	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	5	5	2
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	5	5	2
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	1.96	1	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	3.34	1	1
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	7.23	11	4
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	7.23	11	4
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	4.6	3	2
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	4.6	3	2
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	4.95	3	3
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	4.95	3	3
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	3.46	8	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	3.46	8	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	2.87	1	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	1.96	1	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	4.29	4	1
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	4.29	4	1
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	3.34	1	1
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	1.96	1	0
Corridor Disease [description not available]	5.49	16	1
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	4.26	7	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	4.26	7	0
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	4.26	7	0
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	4.26	7	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	1.96	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Sarcocystosis Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism.	1.96	1	0
Leukemia L5178 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.	3.23	6	0
Hymenolepiasis Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.	1.96	1	0
Electric Injuries Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.	1.95	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	1.96	1	0
Cerebral Arterial Diseases Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.	1.96	1	0
Sprains [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	3.34	1	1
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Infections, Nematomorpha [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Helminthiasis Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.	3.55	3	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	1.96	1	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	4.13	6	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	1.96	1	0
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.	1.96	1	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	3.75	2	1
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	1.95	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	1.95	1	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.37	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Hypospermatogenesis [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	1.98	1	0
Ocular Hypotension Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).	1.98	1	0
Adenofibroma A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.9	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.36	7	0
Frigidity [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	3.37	1	1
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	1.98	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	1.98	1	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	1.99	1	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	1.99	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	2.9	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.	1.99	1	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	1.99	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Aggressive Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.	1.99	1	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	2.39	2	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	2	1	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	2	1	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	2	1	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	2	1	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	2	1	0
ACD-MPV [description not available]	2	1	0
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).	2	1	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	2.91	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	2	1	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	2	1	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	2.41	2	0
Palsy [description not available]	2	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2	1	0
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.	2.91	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	2	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	3.29	2	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	2.39	2	0
Fat Necrosis A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol.	2	1	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	2.92	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Placental Abruption [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Erythermalgia [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Abruptio Placentae Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.	2.92	1	0
Erythromelalgia A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.	2.92	1	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	2	1	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	2	1	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	2	1	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	2	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	2.01	1	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	2.01	1	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	2.01	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	2.38	2	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.01	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	1.95	1	0
Hydrarthrosis Accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	4.81	4	2
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	4.81	4	2
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	3.34	1	1
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	3.34	1	1
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.02	8	4
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	1.95	1	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	1.95	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.65	3	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Enterovirus Infections Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.	1.98	1	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	2.89	4	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	1.98	1	0
Eisenmenger Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Eisenmenger Complex A condition associated with VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT and other congenital heart defects that allow the mixing of pulmonary and systemic circulation, increase blood flow into the lung, and subsequent responses to low oxygen in blood. This complex is characterized by progressive PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY of the RIGHT VENTRICLE; CYANOSIS; and ERYTHROCYTOSIS.	1.97	1	0
Dermatitis, Poison Ivy [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Costen's Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	1.97	1	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	1.96	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	1.97	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	1.96	1	0
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	1.97	1	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	1.97	1	0
Chancroid Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas.	1.97	1	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	4.27	1	1
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	4.27	1	1
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	1.97	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	1.96	1	0
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	1.96	1	0
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	1.96	1	0
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cataleptic Attacks [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	1.94	1	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	3.32	1	1
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	3.32	1	1
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	2.35	2	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	2.86	1	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	1.95	1	0
Cramp [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	4.65	2	1
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	1.95	1	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	4.65	2	1
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	2.86	1	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	1.94	1	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	1.94	1	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	1.94	1	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	1.94	1	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cephalgia, Vascular [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	1.94	1	0
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dysautonomia, Familial An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)	1.94	1	0

quinazolines

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