Page last updated: 2024-12-06

xanthoxyletin

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Xanthoxyletin is a natural coumarin derivative found in various plants, particularly in the Rutaceae family. It exhibits a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Its synthesis has been explored through various methods, often involving natural sources like the fruits of Xanthoxylum species. Research into xanthoxyletin is driven by its potential therapeutic applications. For instance, studies have investigated its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the inhibition of tumor growth. The compound's ability to modulate signaling pathways involved in inflammation and oxidative stress makes it a promising target for the development of new drugs. The complexity of its biological mechanisms and its potential medicinal value continue to drive scientific interest in xanthoxyletin.'

xanthoxyletin: structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID66548
CHEMBL ID501358
CHEBI ID69929
SCHEMBL ID5793283
MeSH IDM0454079

Synonyms (39)

Synonym
5-methoxy-8,8-dimethyl-2h,8h-pyrano[3,2-g]chromen-2-one
5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-pyrano[3,2-g]chromen-8-one
2h,2-b:5,4-b']dipyran-2-one, 5-methoxy-8,8-dimethyl-
xanthoxylin n
84-99-1
xanthoxyletin
2-propenoic acid,2-dimethyl-2h-1-benzopyran-6-yl)-, .delta.-lactone
nsc-35542
nsc35542
NCI60_003203
MEGXP0_001370
ACON1_000545
MLS000876794
smr000440571
NCGC00168976-01
BRD-K28556256-001-01-3
5-methoxy-2,2-dimethylpyrano[3,2-g]chromen-8-one
chebi:69929 ,
CHEMBL501358
2h,8h-benzo(1,2-b:5,4-b')dipyran-2-one, 5-methoxy-8,8-dimethyl-
69mpx4m5vd ,
nsc 35542
unii-69mpx4m5vd
bdbm50428432
HMS2269F07
xanthoxyloin
xanthoxyletin [mi]
7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2h-1-benzopyran-6-acrylic acid .delta.-lactone
SCHEMBL5793283
DTXSID70232891
5-methoxy-8,8-dimethyl-2h,8h-benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b']dipyran-2-one,9ci
ncgc00168976-02!5-methoxy-2,2-dimethylpyrano[3,2-g]chromen-8-one
AKOS032962595
Q27138273
FS-8762
nsc 35542; xanthoxylin n
XX163678
CS-0016348
HY-N1065

Research Excerpts

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Xanthoxyletin treatment was associated with G2/M arrest of the cell cycle and with increased apoptosis and autophagy of SCC-1 cells."( Xanthoxyletin Inhibits Proliferation of Human Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cells and Induces Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Cell Cycle Arrest by Modulation of the MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway.
Huang, H; Liao, W; Luo, K; Wen, Q; Yang, H, 2019
)
2.68
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
metaboliteAny intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
coumarins
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (17)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate OxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.177814.390939.8107AID2147
LuciferasePhotinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)Potency16.94410.007215.758889.3584AID588342
acid sphingomyelinaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency25.118914.125424.061339.8107AID504937
glp-1 receptor, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency13.35730.01846.806014.1254AID624172; AID624417
ATAD5 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.09990.004110.890331.5287AID504467
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency18.75560.000811.382244.6684AID686978; AID686979
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency1.41250.035520.977089.1251AID504332
chromobox protein homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency100.00000.006026.168889.1251AID540317
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency7.30780.00419.984825.9290AID504444
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1Mus musculus (house mouse)Potency14.12540.00798.23321,122.0200AID2546
TAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)Potency12.58931.778316.208135.4813AID652104
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Carbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.96000.00021.10439.9000AID729559
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)Ki7.71000.00001.372610.0000AID729563
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki100.00000.00000.72369.9200AID729562
Carbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)Ki6.27000.00021.37379.9000AID729561
Carbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.74000.00010.78749.9000AID729560
Carbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)Ki3.15000.00031.23099.8000AID729558
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (35)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
estrous cycleCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
chloride ion homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epitheliumCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reductionCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathwayCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic anion transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
secretionCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pHCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
carbon dioxide transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reductionCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transportCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pHCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA processingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
RNA splicingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stabilityTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
response to endoplasmic reticulum stressTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleusTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythmTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation by host of viral transcriptionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic processTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilizationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilizationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membrane organizationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formationTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expressionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epitheliumCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
response to testosteroneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
secretionCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (16)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
hydro-lyase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
lipid bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
pre-mRNA intronic bindingTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
molecular condensate scaffold activityTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (21)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 12Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheathCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 7Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelleTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
perichromatin fibrilsTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speckTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
interchromatin granuleTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinTAR DNA-binding protein 43Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 9Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheathCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 13Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (34)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID400457Antimicrobial activity against Sarcina lutea 9341 at 500 ppm after 24 hrs
AID400476Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at 500 ppm after 24 hrs
AID587893Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H187 by resazurin microplate assay2011Journal of natural products, Feb-25, Volume: 74, Issue:2
Claurailas A-D, cytotoxic carbazole alkaloids from the roots of Clausena harmandiana.
AID400474Antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger at 500 ppm after 24 hrs
AID400468Antimicrobial activity against Saccharomyces carlsbergensis at 500 ppm after 24 hrs
AID587894Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells by green fluorescent protein microplate assay2011Journal of natural products, Feb-25, Volume: 74, Issue:2
Claurailas A-D, cytotoxic carbazole alkaloids from the roots of Clausena harmandiana.
AID729559Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 12 preincubated for 6 hrs by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6
Natural product coumarins that inhibit human carbonic anhydrases.
AID400188Antimicrobial activity against Bordetella bronchiseptica 4614 at 500 ppm after 24 hrs
AID400200Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli 10536 at 500 ppm after 24 hrs
AID729563Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated for 6 hrs by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6
Natural product coumarins that inhibit human carbonic anhydrases.
AID587892Cytotoxicity against human KB cells by resazurin microplate assay2011Journal of natural products, Feb-25, Volume: 74, Issue:2
Claurailas A-D, cytotoxic carbazole alkaloids from the roots of Clausena harmandiana.
AID729560Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 9 preincubated for 6 hrs by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6
Natural product coumarins that inhibit human carbonic anhydrases.
AID400442Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis 6633 at 500 ppm after 24 hrs
AID729561Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 7 preincubated for 6 hrs by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6
Natural product coumarins that inhibit human carbonic anhydrases.
AID400194Antimicrobial activity against Salmonella gallinarum X142 at 500 ppm after 24 hrs
AID729558Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 13 preincubated for 6 hrs by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6
Natural product coumarins that inhibit human carbonic anhydrases.
AID431552Antiviral activity against Hepatitis B virus infected in human Hep2A cells assessed as suppression of viral surface antigen production upto 15 uM after 48 hrs by enzyme immunoassay2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 17, Issue:16
Anti-HBV and cytotoxic activities of pyranocoumarin derivatives.
AID400452Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus 6538-P at 500 ppm after 24 hrs
AID400462Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 10490 at 500 ppm after 24 hrs
AID400447Antimicrobial activity against Pneumococcus clinical isolates at 500 ppm after 24 hrs
AID729562Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 6 hrs by CO2 hydration stopped-flow assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6
Natural product coumarins that inhibit human carbonic anhydrases.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (14)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's4 (28.57)29.6817
2010's8 (57.14)24.3611
2020's2 (14.29)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 16.91

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index16.91 (24.57)
Research Supply Index2.77 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.50 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index10.37 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (16.91)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other15 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]