Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 9578005 |
| CHEMBL ID | 1201863 |
| CHEBI ID | 135931 |
| SCHEMBL ID | 44975 |
| MeSH ID | M0525973 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| nsc-758710 |
| t-168390 |
| tak-390 |
| lansoprazole, (r)- |
| lansoprazole r-form |
| CHEMBL1201863 |
| (r)-lansoprazole |
| kapidex |
| dexilant |
| dexlansoprazole |
| CHEBI:135931 |
| D08903 |
| dexilant (tn) |
| dexlansoprazole (inn/usan) |
| 138530-94-6 |
| unii-uye4t5i70x |
| 1h-benzimidazole, 2-((r)-((3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl)methyl)sulfinyl)- |
| (+)-2-((r)-{(3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)methyl}sulfinyl)-1h-benzimidazole |
| 2-((r)-((3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl)methyl)sulfinyl)-1h-benzimidazole |
| uye4t5i70x , |
| nsc 758710 |
| dexlansoprazole [usan:inn] |
| t 168390 |
| tak 390 |
| S4099 |
| dexilant solutab |
| PB33188 |
| dexlansoprazole [usan] |
| dexlansoprazole [vandf] |
| lansoprazole r-form [mi] |
| dexlansoprazole [inn] |
| dexlansoprazole [who-dd] |
| dexlansoprazole [orange book] |
| (+)-2-((r)-((3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)-1h-benzimidazole |
| dexlansoprazole [mart.] |
| gtpl5487 |
| (+)-lansoprazol |
| 2-[(r)-{[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-2-yl]methane}sulfinyl]-1h-1,3-benzodiazole |
| CCG-213301 |
| HY-13662B |
| (r)-(+)2-([3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-2-yl]methylsulfinyl)-1h-benzimidazole |
| (r)-2-[[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]methyl]sulfinyl]benzimidazole |
| r-(+)-lansoprazole |
| 2-[(r)-[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]methyl]sulfinyl]-1h-benzimidazole |
| (r)-2-[[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]methyl]sulfinyl]-1h-benzimidazole |
| (r)-2-[[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridyl]methyl]sulfinyl]-1h-benzimidazole |
| (r)-2-[[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridyl]methyl]sulfinyl]benzimidazole |
| SCHEMBL44975 |
| 2-[(r)-[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridyl]methylsulfinyl]-1h-benzimidazole |
| r-lansoprazole |
| AKOS025290765 |
| AC-26449 |
| AB01563023_01 |
| AB01563023_02 |
| (r)-2-(((3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)sulfinyl)-1h-benzo[d]imidazole |
| HMS3652C14 |
| mfcd13196699 |
| SW219466-1 |
| DB05351 |
| bdbm50247930 |
| AS-18086 |
| Q5268339 |
| AMY25226 |
| NCGC00386267-03 |
| 1h-benzimidazole, 2-[(r)-[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-2-pyridinyl]methyl]sulfinyl]- |
| dexlansoprazol |
| lansoprazole, r isomer |
| r lansoprazole |
| dexlansoprazole (mart.) |
| lansoprazole, r-isomer |
| dexlansoprazoledelayed release |
| dexlansoprazolum |
| dexlansoprazole|lansoprazole |
| r-isomer lansoprazole |
| a02bc06 |
Dexlansoprazole (DLP) is a heterocyclic compound containing benzimidazole moiety and a proton pump inhibitor used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease. It is a new PPI and lacks of evidence in support of a role in H.
Dexlansoprazole has a unique active formulation independent of time-of-day dosing or food. The drug releases drug at 2 points in time; the first peak occurs 1-2 hours after administration and the second occurs 4-5 hours after treatment.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Dexlansoprazole has a unique active formulation independent of time-of-day dosing or food." | ( Dexlansoprazole is Effective in Relieving Heartburn during the Fasting Month of Ramadan. Chaar, H; Rahal, MA; Rimmani, HH; Rustom, LBO; Sharara, AI; Shayto, RH, 2019) | 2.68 |
| "Dexlansoprazole MR 30-90 mg has a safety profile comparable to that of lansoprazole." | ( Safety profile of dexlansoprazole MR, a proton pump inhibitor with a novel dual delayed release formulation: global clinical trial experience. Atkinson, SN; Dabholkar, AH; Metz, DC; Paris, MM; Peura, DA; Yu, P, 2009) | 2.13 |
| "Dexlansoprazole has a unique dual delayed-release formulation, which releases drug at 2 points in time; the first peak occurs 1-2 hours after administration and the second occurs within 4-5 hours after administration." | ( Dexlansoprazole in the treatment of esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Abel, C; Desilets, AR; Willett, K, 2010) | 2.52 |
| "Dexlansoprazole MR has a unique dual delayed-release delivery system that was designed to address unmet needs that may accompany the use of single-release proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), specifically, their short plasma half-life and requirement for meal-associated dosing." | ( Dexlansoprazole MR for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Behm, BW; Peura, DA, 2011) | 2.53 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Dexlansoprazole tended to increase 24-h and nocturnal mean gastric pH among H." | ( Nocturnal acid breakthrough and esophageal acidification during treatment with dexlansoprazole as compared to omeprazole in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Blaachandran, A; Ghoshal, UC; Misra, A; Rai, S, 2022) | 1.67 |
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Dexlansoprazole-treated patients (N = 104) reported a median 47.3% of days with neither daytime nor nighttime heartburn." | ( Dexlansoprazole for Heartburn Relief in Adolescents with Symptomatic, Nonerosive Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease. Gold, BD; Gremse, D; Hunt, B; Kierkuś, J; Perez, MC; Pilmer, B, 2017) | 2.62 |
Dexlansoprazole injection was safe and well tolerated for up to 5-day repeated intravenous administration dose of 30mg.
Dexlansoprazole MR, a proton pump inhibitor that uses Dual Delayed Release technology, produced a pharmacokinetic profile with a plasma concentration-time curve characterized by two distinct peaks. 50, 100, and 200 mg of tegoprazan presented a stronger acid-suppressive effect than 60 mg of dexlansuprazole.
The study found no effect of dexlansoprazole MR on the test substrate when administered with multiple once-daily doses.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Most proton pump inhibitors are extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes, as are many other drugs, giving rise to potential drug-drug interactions." | ( Drug interaction studies with dexlansoprazole modified release (TAK-390MR), a proton pump inhibitor with a dual delayed-release formulation: results of four randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-centre studies. Gunawardhana, L; Lee, RD; Mulford, D; Vakily, M; Wu, J, 2009) | 0.64 |
| "Mean C(max) and AUC values were generally similar for each test substrate when administered with multiple once-daily doses of dexlansoprazole MR or placebo." | ( Drug interaction studies with dexlansoprazole modified release (TAK-390MR), a proton pump inhibitor with a dual delayed-release formulation: results of four randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-centre studies. Gunawardhana, L; Lee, RD; Mulford, D; Vakily, M; Wu, J, 2009) | 0.85 |
The results indicate that [14C]dexlansoprazole was well absorbed and extensively metabolized by oxidation, reduction and conjugation to 13 identified metabolites. The 90% CIs for the bioavailability of these test substrates were within the bioequivalency range of 0.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| "Overall, the results indicate that [14C]dexlansoprazole was well absorbed and extensively metabolized by oxidation, reduction and conjugation to 13 identified metabolites." | ( Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of [14C]dexlansoprazole in healthy male subjects. Grabowski, B; Lee, RD, 2012) | 0.89 |
Dexlansoprazole MR dosed before 4 different meal times. Plasma concentration-time profile following administration of dexlansozole MR was characterized by two distinct peaks and a prolonged drug exposure.
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| sulfoxide | An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H). |
| benzimidazoles | An organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring. |
| [compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average | Min (ref.) | Avg (ref.) | Max (ref.) | Bioassay(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 133.0000 | 0.6315 | 4.4531 | 9.3000 | AID1473740 |
| Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 133.0000 | 0.2000 | 5.6774 | 10.0000 | AID1473741 |
| Bile salt export pump | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 133.0000 | 0.1100 | 7.1903 | 10.0000 | AID1473738 |
| WD repeat-containing protein 5 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 5.7000 | 0.2230 | 2.4562 | 5.9000 | AID1688549 |
| Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 5.7000 | 0.4500 | 2.3093 | 5.9000 | AID1688549 |
| NAD(+) hydrolase SARM1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 3.4000 | 3.2000 | 4.9000 | 8.7000 | AID1622860; AID1622861 |
| Cytosolic endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 25.0000 | 4.4700 | 4.4700 | 4.4700 | AID1453445 |
| Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 133.0000 | 2.4100 | 6.3433 | 10.0000 | AID1473739 |
| [prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | |||||||
| Assay ID | Title | Year | Journal | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AID1688549 | Inhibition of MLL1-WDR5 interaction in human MV4-11 cells assessed as reduction in MLL1 binding to WDR5 WIN site by 5-FAM probe based fluorescence polarization assay | 2020 | European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188 | Proton pump inhibitors selectively suppress MLL rearranged leukemia cells via disrupting MLL1-WDR5 protein-protein interaction. |
| AID1688525 | Antiproliferative activity against human K562 cells harboring MLL1 | 2020 | European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188 | Proton pump inhibitors selectively suppress MLL rearranged leukemia cells via disrupting MLL1-WDR5 protein-protein interaction. |
| AID1453445 | Inhibition of recombinant human C-MYC/DDK-tagged ENGase expressed in HEK293T cells using heat inactivated bovine ribonuclease B as substrate pretreated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition after 90 mins by SDS-PAGE analysis | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13 | Repurposing of Proton Pump Inhibitors as first identified small molecule inhibitors of endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) for the treatment of NGLY1 deficiency, a rare genetic disease. |
| AID1473741 | Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay | 2013 | Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1 | A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. |
| AID1688527 | Cytotoxicity against HUVEC cells | 2020 | European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188 | Proton pump inhibitors selectively suppress MLL rearranged leukemia cells via disrupting MLL1-WDR5 protein-protein interaction. |
| AID1473739 | Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay | 2013 | Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1 | A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. |
| AID1474167 | Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status | 2016 | Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4 | DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans. |
| AID1474166 | Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index | 2016 | Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4 | DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans. |
| AID1688526 | Cytotoxicity against human L02 cells | 2020 | European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188 | Proton pump inhibitors selectively suppress MLL rearranged leukemia cells via disrupting MLL1-WDR5 protein-protein interaction. |
| AID1473740 | Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay | 2013 | Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1 | A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. |
| AID1473738 | Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay | 2013 | Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1 | A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. |
| AID1688524 | Antiproliferative activity against human MOLM-13 cells harboring MLL1-AF9 | 2020 | European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188 | Proton pump inhibitors selectively suppress MLL rearranged leukemia cells via disrupting MLL1-WDR5 protein-protein interaction. |
| AID1688523 | Antiproliferative activity against human MV4-11 cells harboring MLL1-AF4 | 2020 | European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188 | Proton pump inhibitors selectively suppress MLL rearranged leukemia cells via disrupting MLL1-WDR5 protein-protein interaction. |
| [information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||||
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 24 (27.59) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 49 (56.32) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 14 (16.09) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (97.59) All Compounds (24.57) |
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 38 (43.18%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 17 (19.32%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 0 (0.00%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 1 (1.14%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 32 (36.36%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Phase I, Open-Label Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics and Relative Bioavailability of AZD4635 in Non-Smoking Healthy Male Subjects, With the Option to Assess Food Effect, pH Effect and Absolute Bioavailability [NCT03710434] | Phase 1 | 21 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-11-01 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of TAK-390MR (30 mg QD and 60 mg QD) Compared to Placebo in Maintenance of Healing in Subjects With Healed Erosive Esophagitis. [NCT00321737] | Phase 3 | 445 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Monocentric, Open-label, Efficacy and Safety Evaluation Study of the Triple Therapy of 500 mg Levofloxacin, 1000 mg Amoxicillin and 30 mg Lansoprazole on Helicobacter Pylori Eradication in 60 Patients Infected With H. Pylori [NCT01131026] | Phase 3 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2010-06-30 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of TAK-390MR (60 mg Once- Daily [QD] and 90 mg QD) and an Active Comparator, Lansoprazole (30 mg QD) on Healing of Erosive Esophagitis [NCT00251693] | Phase 3 | 2,038 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Dexlansoprazole to Treat Laryngopharyngeal Reflux and Lingual Tonsil Hypertrophy [NCT01328652] | Phase 4 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2011-06-30 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Prospective, Monocentric Study of Dexlansoprazole Absorption Preoperative and 6 and 12 Months After Proximal Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery and of the Incidence of Marginal Ulcers 6 and 12 Months After Surgery [NCT04423588] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-01-01 | Withdrawn(stopped due to No participants enrolled.) | ||
| A Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Investigate Dexlansoprazole for the Treatment of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux [NCT01317472] | 11 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-03-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Principal investigator left institution) | |||
| Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dexlansoprazole 60 mg Delayed Release Capsules and Esomeprazole 40 mg Delayed Release Capsules on Bone Homeostasis in Healthy Postmenopausal Female Subjects [NCT01216293] | Phase 1 | 247 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Oral Versus Intravenous Proton Pump Inhibitor Treatment in High-risk Bleeding Peptic Ulcers After Endoscopic Hemostasis: a Prospective Randomized Comparative Study [NCT01182597] | Phase 3 | 190 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2010-08-31 | Recruiting | ||
| Prevention of Recurrent Idiopathic Gastroduodenal Ulcer Bleeding: a Double-blind Randomized Trial [NCT01180179] | Phase 4 | 228 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-06-30 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Center, Single-Dose, Two-Period Two-Part Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects to Compare the Bioavailability of Dexlansoprazole From Dexlansoprazole Delayed-Release Capsules 30 mg and 60 mg Manufactured by Takeda G [NCT03131895] | Phase 1 | 116 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-04-25 | Completed | ||
| Effectiveness of Physiologic Testing in PPI Non-Responders [NCT03202537] | Early Phase 1 | 240 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-07-01 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Dexlansoprazole (60 mg QD) and an Active Comparator, Lansoprazole (30 mg QD) on Healing of Erosive Esophagitis, and Maintenance of Healing in Subjects With Healed Erosive Esophagitis With Dexlansopraz [NCT02873702] | Phase 3 | 37 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-12-21 | Terminated(stopped due to Compound is not expected to change the current treatment practice or fill significant clinical need for patients in China over currently available EE agents.) | ||
| Comparison of Pharmacokinetics of Dipyridamole Administered as Aggrenox® (Dipyridamole Extended Release Plus Aspirin) Capsule Versus Dipyridamole Immediate Release Plus Aspirin Following Alteration of Stomach pH by the Prior Administration of a Proton-pum [NCT02251184] | Phase 4 | 31 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2000-10-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral TAK-438 20mg Compared to Lansoprazole 30mg Once- or Twice-Daily in the Treatment of Endoscopically Confirmed Gastric Ulcer Subjects With or Without Helicoba [NCT03050307] | Phase 3 | 234 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-04-17 | Completed | ||
| An Open-label Therapeutic Efficacy Study of Tirosint (Levothyroxine Sodium) Capsules in Thyroidectomized Patients Taking Proton Pump Inhibitors [NCT03094416] | Phase 4 | 66 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-07-30 | Completed | ||
| An Open-label, Randomized, 4-treatment, 3-period, Crossover Interaction Study, Evaluating the Effect of Esomeprazole 40 mg, Omeprazole 80 mg or Lansoprazole 60 mg on the Pharmacodynamics and the Pharmacokinetics of Clopidogrel in Healthy Volunteers [NCT01147588] | Phase 1 | 149 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Double the Dose of Clopidogrel or Switch to Prasugrel to Antagonize Proton Pump Inhibitor Interaction. A Prospective, Mono-center, Placebo- and Active Treatment-controlled, Randomized, Cross Over Study. [NCT01175200] | 82 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-09-30 | Completed | |||
| Feasibility of Delivering Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery [NCT03859102] | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-12-17 | Recruiting | |||
| Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Therapy With Dexlansoprazole MR-Based Concomitant Quadruple Therapy- A Prospective Randomized Trial [NCT03829150] | 202 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-03-01 | Completed | |||
| A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Dexlansoprazole MR (60 mg QD and 90 mg QD) Compared to Placebo in Maintenance of Healing in Subjects With Healed Erosive Esophagitis [NCT00255164] | Phase 3 | 451 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Proof of Concept, Window Trial of the IMmunological Effects of AveLumab and Aspirin in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer [NCT03794596] | Phase 2 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-09-30 | Withdrawn(stopped due to IP breach) | ||
| A Phase 3 Randomized Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Open-Label Dual Therapy With Oral Vonoprazan 20 mg or Double-Blind Triple Therapy With Oral Vonoprazan 20 mg Compared to Double-Blind Triple Therapy With Oral Lansoprazole 30 mg [NCT04167670] | Phase 3 | 1,046 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-12-10 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Two Phase, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Vonoprazan 20 mg Compared to Lansoprazole 30 mg for Healing in Patients With Erosive Esophagitis and to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Vonoprazan [NCT04124926] | Phase 3 | 1,027 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-10-28 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-controlled, Multi-center, Therapeutic Exploratory Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of a Standard Triple Therapy With Tegoprazan (by Dose) in H. Pylori Positive Patients [NCT05933031] | Phase 2 | 381 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-02-27 | Recruiting | ||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Triple Therapy With Tegoprazan, Amoxicillin, and Clarithromycin in H. Pylori Positive Patients [NCT03498456] | Phase 3 | 284 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-06-28 | Completed | ||
| Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Rates of Concomitant Therapy and Tailored Therapy Based on 23S Ribosomal RNA Point Mutations Associated With Clarithromycin Resistance: A Multicenter Prospective Randomized Study [NCT03130452] | Phase 4 | 280 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-02-01 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel-Design, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Pharmacodynamics of Dexlansoprazole Delayed-Release Capsules in Infants Aged 1 to 11 Months With Acid-Related Diseases [NCT02442752] | Phase 1 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2025-06-15 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Withdrawn: Business decision (no enrollment)) | ||
| A Phase 1, Open-label, Randomized, Crossover Study to Assess the Drug-drug Interaction of Acid Reducing Agent(s) on the Pharmacokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of Lumicitabine (JNJ-64041575) in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT03468777] | Phase 1 | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-03-06 | Terminated(stopped due to The study has been terminated due to pending data analysis) | ||
| A Phase 3 Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Dexlansoprazole (30 mg QD) Compared to Placebo on Heartburn Relief in Subjects With Symptomatic Nonerosive Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) [NCT02873689] | Phase 3 | 217 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-12-27 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral TAK-438 20 mg Compared to Lansoprazole 30 mg Once- or Twice-Daily in the Treatment of Endoscopically Confirmed Duodenal Ulcer Subjects With or Without Helic [NCT03050359] | Phase 3 | 533 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-04-05 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Open Label, Parallel, Single and Multiple Doses Designed Clinical Study to Evaluate Comparative Pharmacokinetics (PK)-Pharmacodynamics (PD) After Oral Administration of Lansoprazole Capsules and Lansoprazole Enteric-coated Capsules in Health [NCT03488186] | Phase 1 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-07-19 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Open-label, Multiple Dose, Two-part Phase I Clinical Trial to Compare the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Safety/Tolerability of DWP14012 After Administrations of DWP14012 Alone and Combinations of DWP14012, Clarithromycin and Amoxici [NCT03487562] | Phase 1 | 48 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-04-08 | Completed | ||
| A Single Center, Open Label, Randomized, Single-dose, Two-period, Two-way Cross-over Study to Compare the Rate and Extent of Absorption of DelanzoᵀᴹDR 60mg (Dexlansoprazole) Capsule With Dexilant® 60mg (Dexlansoprazole) Capsule in Healthy Pakistani Subjec [NCT04877834] | Phase 1 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-09-18 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Center, Single-Dose, Two-Period, Two-Part Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects to Compare the Bioavailability of Dexlansoprazole From Dexlansoprazole Delayed-Release Capsules 30 mg and 60 mg Manufactured by Takeda [NCT03801148] | Phase 1 | 122 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-01-10 | Completed | ||
| Evaluating Treatment Response in Laryngo-Pharyngeal Reflux [NCT01328392] | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-05-31 | Withdrawn(stopped due to The sponsor did not fund the study.) | |||
| Comparative Open-label,Randomized, Fasting, Single Dose, Two-way Crossover Bioequivalence Study of Dexlansoprazole From Doxirazole 60 mg Capsules (Hikma Pharma,Egypt)and Dexilant 60 mg DR Capsules (Takeda Pharmaceuticals America Inc., USA) [NCT02529787] | Phase 1 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation of Methods for the Determination of Chromogranin A in Routine Blood Samples [NCT01216267] | 200 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-06-30 | Completed | |||
| Oral vs Intravenous Proton Pump Inhibitor（PPI） in Patients With Peptic Ulcer Bleeding After Successful Endoscopic Therapy- a Prospective Randomized Comparative Trial [NCT01123031] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-04-30 | Withdrawn(stopped due to The study was terminated and the PI has left the institution.) | ||
| Can Detection of Fragments of Cleaved E-cadherin in Tissue and/or Blood be of Value for Identifying and Monitoring Patients With PPI-responsive Heartburn? [NCT01149395] | Phase 1 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Intraluminal Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Infection [NCT03124420] | Phase 4 | 100 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-04-28 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1, Double-Blind, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Quadruple Therapy (Bismuth, Clarithromycin, and Amoxicillin) With TAK-438 Versus Quadruple Therapy With Lansoprazole [NCT02892409] | Phase 1 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-09-05 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel Design, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Dexlansoprazole Delayed Release Capsules in Pediatric Subjects Ages 1 to 11 Years Old With Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease [NCT01045096] | Phase 1 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Dexlansoprazole MR (60 mg Once-Daily (QD) and 90 mg QD) Compared to Placebo on Symptom Relief in Subjects With Symptomatic Non-Erosive Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) [NCT00251745] | Phase 3 | 908 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Comparative Study of Lansoprazole and Mosapride for Functional Dyspepsia: Focus on Difference Between Epigastric Pain Syndrome and Postprandial Distress Syndrome [NCT00663897] | Phase 4 | 329 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase III, Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Trial of Fourteen Day Treatment With Lansoprazole 15 mg or 30 mg Once a Day in Frequent Nighttime Heartburn [NCT00701259] | Phase 3 | 852 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Novel Therapy Combining Regenerative Stimuli Immunomodulation to Preserve Beta Cell Function in New Onset Type 1 Diabetes [NCT00837759] | Phase 2 | 7 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-02-28 | Terminated(stopped due to Changes to study personnel.) | ||
| A Phase 1 Clinical Trial to Evaluate Pharmacokinetics (PK), Pharmacodynamics (PD), and Safety in Healthy Chinese Adults After Multiple Intravenous Administration of Dexlansoprazole [NCT03120273] | Phase 1 | 70 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-05-05 | Recruiting | ||
| Helicobacter Eradication to Prevent Ulcer Bleeding in Aspirin Users: a Large Simple Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT01506986] | Phase 4 | 30,024 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Comparing the Efficacy and Impact on Gastrointestinal Microbiota of Reverse Hybrid Therapy and Concomitant Therapy in Helicobacter Pylori Eradication [NCT02646332] | 248 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-12-31 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Once-Daily Administration of TAK-438 20 mg Compared to Lansoprazole 30 mg in the Treatment of Subjects With Erosive Esophagitis [NCT02388724] | Phase 3 | 481 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-03-24 | Completed | ||
| Distribution of Helicobacter Pylori According to the Use of Proton Pump Inhibitor [NCT02449941] | 30 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2014-03-31 | Completed | |||
| A Phase I, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo- and Positive-controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of Multiple Oral Doses of H008 (Carenoprazan Hydrochloride Tablets) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT05050188] | Phase 1 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-06-24 | Completed | ||
| Prospective Study of the Effects of Helicobacter Pylori Eradication on Renal Functions and Proteinuria in Patients With Membranous Nephropathy [NCT00983034] | 70 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-03-31 | Completed | |||
| Role of Empiric Anti-reflux Therapy in Pediatric Otitis Media With Effusion - a Pilot Study [NCT01082029] | Phase 4 | 65 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Lansoprazole in Combination With Ecabet Sodium for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease [NCT01039558] | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2009-12-31 | Completed | |||
| Comparison of Voice Therapy and Antireflex Therapy in the Treatment of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux-related Hoarseness: A Prospective Randomized Control Trial [NCT02530879] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-05-31 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Inability to recruit patients) | ||
| Visiting Staff, Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [NCT03524833] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-05-07 | Completed | ||
| A Double Blind, Randomized, Active-controlled, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of CJ-12420 in Patients With Gastric Ulcer [NCT02761512] | Phase 3 | 306 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Therapy on the Healing of Iatrogenic Gastric Ulcer After Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of Gastric Neoplastic Lesions: a Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, and Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT00926809] | Phase 4 | 232 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-09-30 | Recruiting | ||
| The Effect of High Dose Citric on PPI (Proton Pump Inhibitors)Induced False Negative H. Pylori UBT Rates [NCT00825630] | Phase 4 | 123 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Comparing Dexlansoprazole With Double-dose Lansoprazole to Achieve Sustained Symptomatic Response in Overweight and Obesity Patients With Reflux Esophagitis in Los Angeles Grades A & B [NCT02759393] | Phase 4 | 200 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2015-10-31 | Enrolling by invitation | ||
| A Study to Examine The Potential Effect Of Lansoprazole On The Pharmacokinetics Of Bosutinib When Administered Concomitantly To Healthy Subjects [NCT00952913] | Phase 1 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-08-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Dexlansoprazole MR (60 mg QD and 90 mg QD) Compared to Placebo on Symptom Relief in Subjects With Symptomatic Non-Erosive Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) [NCT00251758] | Phase 3 | 908 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel Group, Placebo Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of TAK-390MR (30 mg QD) Compared to Placebo on Relief of Nocturnal Heartburn in Subjects With Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (G [NCT00627016] | Phase 3 | 305 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Study to Investigate the Preventive Effect of AG-1749 Against the Recurrence of Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers During Long-term Treatment With Nonsteroid Anti-inflammatory Drug [NCT00787254] | Phase 3 | 366 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-04-30 | Completed | ||
| A Comparison of High-dose Dual Therapy and Half-dose Clarithromycin-containing Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for H.P Eradication in Elderly Patients [NCT04101708] | Phase 4 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-09-20 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Parallel-Group Comparison of the Remission Rates of Once Daily Treatment With Esomeprazole 20mg and Lansoprazole 15mg for 6 Months in Patients Whose EE Has Been Healed. [NCT00644735] | Phase 4 | 750 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2002-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3b Multicenter, Single-Blind Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg in Maintaining Control of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms in Subjects on Prior Twice Daily Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy [NCT00847808] | Phase 3 | 178 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Phase IV Study of Comparison of the Efficacy for Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis Between the Patients Received Lansoprazole OD and Control Group Weaning From Mechanical Ventilator in Respiratory Care Center: a Randomized Control Trial [NCT00708149] | Phase 4 | 120 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Comparative Recurrence Rate Investigation of Esomeprazole Versus Lansoprazole in Triple-Combination Therapy to Eradicate Helicobacter Pylori Infection Among Pediatrics: Multicentre, Randomized, and Controlled Trials [NCT05861687] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 51 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-08-01 | Completed | ||
| A Proof of Concept Window Trial of the IMmunological Effects of AveLumab and Aspirin in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer [NCT04188119] | Phase 2 | 42 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-12-01 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Effect of Antireflux Therapy on the Expression of Genes Known to be Important in Inflammation, Metaplasia and Neoplasia in Patients With GERD [NCT00624546] | 24 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2009-01-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Expected recruitment numbers have not been achieved.) | |||
| A Phase III, Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Trial of 14 Day Treatment With Lansoprazole 15 mg Once a Day in Frequent Heartburn [NCT00390390] | Phase 3 | 576 participants | Interventional | 2006-06-30 | Completed | ||
| The Occurrence of Peptic Ulcer Disease and Its Complications in Ischemic Heart Patients Taking Aspirin and Clopidogrel With or Without Co-prescription of Proton Pump Inhibitor [NCT00854776] | 300 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2009-01-31 | Recruiting | |||
| Therapeutic Response to Lansoprazole Among Different Subgroups of Functional Dyspepsia: a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT01040455] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-12-31 | Terminated(stopped due to failure to recruit enough patients) | ||
| Effect of Rabeprazole and Lansoprazole on Reflux Esophagitis in Relation to CYP2C19 Genotype Status: A Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter Study [NCT01008696] | Phase 4 | 217 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Combination Therapy With Sitagliptin (DPP 4 Inhibitor) and Lansoprazole (PPI) Inhibitor) to Restore Pancreatic Beta Cell Function in Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes [NCT01155284] | Phase 2 | 70 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-08-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Assessment of Lansoprazole 30 mg Bid in the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Associated With Laryngitis [NCT00369265] | Phase 4 | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-08-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Pharmaceutical company purchased by another company and funding was terminated.) | ||
| A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel Group, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Dexlansoprazole Modified Release Capsules (30 mg and 60 mg) in Adolescents With Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease [NCT00847210] | Phase 1 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation and Treatment of Reflux Disease in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer Undergoing Radiation Therapy That Causes Significant Mucositis in the Reflux Field and Xerostomia [NCT00928161] | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-11-30 | Withdrawn | |||
| Vonoprazan Study In Patients With Erosive Esophagitis to Evaluate Long-term Safety: A Study to Evaluate the Safety of Long-term Administration of Vonoprazan in Maintenance Treatment in Patients With Erosive Esophagitis (EE) [NCT02679508] | Phase 4 | 208 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-03-20 | Completed | ||
| A Phase III Randomized Trial of Three Antibiotic Regimens to Eradicate Helicobacter Pylori [NCT01061437] | Phase 3 | 1,859 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Genotype-tailored Treatment of Symptomatic Acid-Reflux in Children With Uncontrolled Asthma [NCT03015610] | Phase 3 | 41 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-10-31 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Study to Investigate the Preventive Effect of AG-1749 Against the Recurrence of Gastric And Duodenal Ulcers During Long-Term Treatment With Low Dose Aspirin. [NCT00762359] | Phase 3 | 461 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-05-31 | Terminated(stopped due to AG-1749 superior to Gefarnate in ulcer prevention) | ||
| A Clinical Trial of Proton Pump Inhibitors to Treat Children With Chronic Otitis Media With Effusion [NCT00546117] | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-10-31 | Completed | |||
| A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of TAK-390MR (60 mg Once-daily [QD] and 90 mg QD) and an Active Comparator, Lansoprazole (30 mg QD) on Healing of Erosive Esophagitis [NCT00251719] | Phase 3 | 2,054 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Lansoprazole 30 mg QD and Naproxen 500 mg BID Versus Celecoxib 200 mg QD in Risk Reduction of Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory-Associated Ulcers in Osteoarthritis Subjects Taki [NCT00175032] | Phase 3 | 1,045 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Pharmacogenomics-Based Tailor-Made Strategy for Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori [NCT00149084] | Phase 3 | 296 participants | Interventional | 2003-04-30 | Recruiting | ||
| A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Dexlansoprazole MR (60 mg QD and 90 mg QD) Compared to Placebo in Maintenance of Healing in Subjects With Healed Erosive Esophagitis [NCT00255151] | Phase 3 | 451 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Open-Label Study to Assess the Long-Term Safety of Dexlansoprazole MR (60 mg QD and 90 mg QD) [NCT00255190] | Phase 3 | 591 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Dexlansoprazole MR (30 mg QD and 60 mg QD) Compared to Placebo on Symptom Relief in Subjects With Symptomatic Nonerosive Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) [NCT00321984] | Phase 3 | 947 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-06-30 | Completed | ||
| The Relationship Between Gastroesophageal Reflux and Pediatric Rhinitis: Significance of Pale/Blue Colored Turbinate. A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02278081] | Phase 4 | 98 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2015-01-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Lansoprazole in Preterm Infants With Gastroesophageal Reflux [NCT01946971] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-09-30 | Completed | ||
| "A Screen and Treat Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Trial in 14-18 Years Old Adolescents Residing in Three Regions of Chile: Effectiveness and Microbiological-host Implications" [NCT05926804] | 500 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-08-02 | Recruiting | |||
| Prospective Randomized Comparison of the Effect of Frequent Oral Dosing Versus Constant IV Infusion of Proton Pump Inhibitor on Intragastric pH in Patients With Bleeding Ulcers [NCT00573924] | 66 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-02-28 | Completed | |||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Double-simulation, Active Comparator-controlled, Parallel-group Phase II Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of X842 Capsules at Different Dosages in Patients With Reflux Esophagitis [NCT04531475] | Phase 2 | 90 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-01-22 | Recruiting | ||
| Comparison of the Efficacy of Clarithromycin-based Triple Therapy for 14 Days Versus Sequential Therapy for 10 Days in the First Line Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Infection- A Multicenter Randomized Comparative Trial [NCT01607918] | Phase 4 | 1,300 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-02-29 | Recruiting | ||
| A Phase 2, Double-Blind, 12-Week, Multicenter Study to Assess the Safety and Effectiveness of Daily Oral Administration of Dexlansoprazole Delayed-Release Capsules in Pediatric Subjects Aged 2 to 11 Years With Symptomatic Nonerosive Gastroesophageal Reflu [NCT02616302] | Phase 2 | 70 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-02-20 | Recruiting | ||
| Comparison of Dexlansoprazole-based Triple and Rabeprazole-based Triple Therapies for Helicobacter Pylori Infection [NCT02541786] | Phase 4 | 177 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Helicobacter Pylori Eradication With Berberine Hydrochloride, Lansoprazole, Amoxicillin and Bismuth Versus Clarithromycin Bismuth, Lansoprazole and Amoxicillin: A Randomized, Open-label, Non-inferiority, Phase Ⅳ Trial [NCT02633930] | Phase 4 | 566 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Fourteen-Day Vonoprazan-Based Dual Therapy With Amoxicillin as First-Line Helicobacter Pylori Treatment in Comparison With Extended Sequential Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Taiwan [NCT06156085] | Phase 4 | 318 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-11-14 | Recruiting | ||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Rebamipide as an Adjuvant Regimen to Heal erosIve Reflux Esophagitis (REPAIR) [NCT02755753] | Phase 4 | 143 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multi-centred, Phase IV, Post-Marketing, Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study Comparing Esomeprazole Magnesium 40mg Once Daily Versus Lansoprazole 30 mg Twice Daily in Symptom Control of Subjects With Persistent Gastrooesophageal Reflux Disease W [NCT00637845] | Phase 4 | 248 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-06-30 | Completed | ||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Double Dummy, Parallel-Group Efficacy Study Comparing 8 Weeks of Treatment With Esomeprazole Magnesium (40mg qd) to Lansoprazole (30mg qd) for the Healing of Erosive Esophagitis in Patients With Moderate or Severe [NCT00641602] | Phase 4 | 1,000 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2002-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Does Intensive Acid Suppression Reduce Esophageal Inflammation and Recurrent Barrett's Esophagus Following Ablation?: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01093755] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-03-31 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00625274] | Phase 4 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2004-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Response to Oral Lansoprazole of Inorganic Pyrophosphate Levels in Patients With Grönblad-Stranberg Disease (Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum) [NCT04660461] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-02-04 | Recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Open-Label, Comparative 3-Way Crossover Study of 24-Hour Intragastric pH Profile of Once Daily Oral Administration of Esomeprazole 40 mg, Lansoprazole 30 mg, and Pantoprazole 40 mg at Steady State in Hispanic Patients With Symptomatic GERD [NCT00410592] | Phase 4 | 90 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-10-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Ilaprazole (5 mg QD, 20 mg QD and 40 mg QD) and an Active Comparator, Lansoprazole (30 mg QD) on Healing of Erosive Esophagitis. [NCT00471094] | Phase 2 | 831 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy for Mild to Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT00211614] | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-07-31 | Withdrawn(stopped due to No enrollment.) | |||
| A Phase 1, Single- and Repeated-Dose, Randomized, Open-Label, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Safety of Lansoprazole in Infants With Clinically-Evident Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. [NCT00220818] | Phase 1 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-01-31 | Completed | ||
| [NCT01481844] | Phase 3 | 101 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Children With Chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [NCT00467571] | Phase 4 | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Tegoprazan 25 mg for the Prevention of Peptic Ulcer Disease in Patients on Continuous Long-term Treatment With NSAIDs [NCT04840550] | Phase 3 | 390 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-05-07 | Recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Open-label, 2x2 Crossover-design Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Characteristics After Oral Administration of AD-212-A or AD-2121 in Healthy Adult Volunteers [NCT06025773] | Phase 1 | 24 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-09-08 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| A Relative Bioavailability Replicate Sprinkle Study of Lansoprazole 30 mg Delayed-Release Capsules Under Fasting Conditions [NCT01046253] | Phase 1 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-01-31 | Completed | ||
| An Open-Label Trial of Dexlansoprazole 60mg for the Relief of Heartburn During the Fasting Month of Ramadan [NCT03079050] | Phase 4 | 33 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-02-27 | Completed | ||
| Open Label, Randomized, Two-treatment, Three-period, Three-sequence, Partial Replicate Oral Bioequivalence Study of Lansoprazole 30 mg DR Capsules of Dr.Reddy's Laboratories Limited, India Comparing With That of PREVACID® (Containing Lansoprazole) 30 mg D [NCT01270308] | Phase 1 | 48 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Predictors of PPI Response in Eosinophilic Esophagitis [NCT01479231] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-03-31 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Souces of funding have been terminated) | ||
| [NCT00299845] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | Withdrawn | |||
| A Phase 2, Double-Blind, 36-Week, Multicenter Study to Assess the Safety and Effectiveness of Daily Oral Administration of Dexlansoprazole Delayed-Release Capsules for Healing of Erosive Esophagitis (EE) and Maintenance of Healed EE in Pediatric Subjects [NCT02615184] | Phase 2 | 76 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-05-23 | Recruiting | ||
| An Open-Label, 2-Way Crossover Study of Steady-State Intragastric pH Control Comparing 2 Dosage Regimens of Esomeprazole and Lansoprazole in Barrett's Esophagus Patients [NCT00352261] | Phase 4 | 80 participants | Interventional | 2006-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Lansoprazole Disposition in Young Children With Cystic Fibrosis [NCT00458614] | Phase 1 | 18 participants | Interventional | 2006-06-30 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Proton Pump Inhibition on Palpitations With no Apparent Cause. A Double Blinded Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT03273634] | Phase 4 | 150 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-05-20 | Completed | ||
| Safety and Efficacy of Lansoprazole in Patients With Reflux Disease. An Open, Single Arm, Long-term Study [NCT01135368] | Phase 4 | 506 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-06-30 | Completed | ||
| The Effects of Gastro-esophageal Acid Suppression on Post-tonsillectomy Pain [NCT00472186] | Phase 4 | 2 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-06-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Poor compliance with returning of logbooks by families. Two patients were enrolled. Only one returned the logbook and therefore not analyzed) | ||
| A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, 2-Period, Crossover Design Study to Assess the Effects of Multiple Oral Doses of Dexlansoprazole, Lansoprazole, Omeprazole or Esomeprazole on the Steady-State Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Clopidogrel in Healt [NCT00942175] | Phase 1 | 160 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Randomized Comparison of PPI Versus no PPI on Top of Standard Dose Clopidogrel Therapy in Patients Stratified Based on CYC2C19 Activity Via a Genetic Point of Care System. [NCT01512953] | Phase 4 | 522 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2011-01-31 | Recruiting | ||
| Comparison of the Efficacy of Levofloxacin-based Sequential Therapy and Triple Therapy as Second Line Therapy for Refractory Helicobacter Pylori Infection- A Multi-center Randomized Trial [NCT01537055] | Phase 4 | 600 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-02-29 | Recruiting | ||
| A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Protocol to Compare the Efficacy of Lansoprazole to Ranitidine in Healing Pre-Existing and/or Preventing the Development of Gastroduodenal Stress Ulceration and Postoperative Bleeding in Patients Undergoing Elective [NCT00220909] | Phase 4 | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment slow) | ||
| Phase 4 Study, Assessing the Efficacy of Lansoprazole and Domperidone Combination on Intragastric and Intraesophageal Acidity [NCT02958046] | Phase 4 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1, Single- and Repeated-Dose, Randomized, Open-Label, Multi-center Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Safety of Lansoprazole in Neonates With Clinically-Evident Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. [NCT00174928] | Phase 1 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 2, Open-Label Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Pharmacodynamics of Intravenous Lansoprazole to That of Oral Lansoprazole in Subjects With Erosive Esophagitis [NCT00175045] | Phase 2 | 68 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Phase III: The Study of Acid Reflux in Children With Asthma [NCT00442013] | Phase 4 | 306 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Double-blind, Randomized, Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Tegoprazan as Maintenance Therapy in Patients With Healed Erosive Esophagitis [NCT04022096] | Phase 3 | 351 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-06-18 | Completed | ||
| Fentanyl Administered Intraorally for Rapid Treatment of Orthopedic Pain in the ED [NCT00685295] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Use of Topical Budesonide in the Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis, a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT00638456] | Phase 2 | 32 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-02-29 | Completed | ||
| Cardiac Safety Evaluation of Lansoprazole/Domperidone 30/30 mg Sustained Release Capsule Formulation [NCT03355170] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-03-01 | Withdrawn(stopped due to The sponsor decided to continue with a different design and a different protocol.) | ||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Therapy ( Lansoprazole; Solutab) in the Management of Childhood Asthma [NCT00237068] | Phase 4 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-03-31 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Phase 1, Open-label, Partially Randomized, Parallel-group Study in Healthy Adult Subjects to Assess the Relative Bioavailability of Single-dose Simeprevir (SMV), Odalasvir (ODV), and AL-335 Administered as a Fixed-dose Combination (FDC) Compared With the [NCT03059303] | Phase 1 | 72 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-02-20 | Terminated(stopped due to Decision to discontinue development of investigational Hep C treatment regimen JNJ-4178: 3 direct acting antivirals - AL-335, ODV & SMV.) | ||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double Dummy, Multicenter, Parallel Group Comparison Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of a Triple Therapy With TAK-438, Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin by Comparison With a Triple Therapy With AG-1749 (Lansoprazole [NCT01505127] | Phase 3 | 650 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase Ⅲ Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ilaprazole (20mg QD) in Adult Patients With Erosive Esophagitis [NCT01509261] | Phase 3 | 292 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-07-31 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Dexilant Treatment on Esophageal Hypersensitivity in GERD Related Non Cardiac Chest Pain Patients [NCT01637571] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | Withdrawn(stopped due to Sponsor could not fund) | |||
| Levofloxacin-containing Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Treatment [NCT01667718] | Phase 4 | 161 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-05-31 | Completed | ||
| [NCT02490449] | 356 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2014-12-31 | Enrolling by invitation | |||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multinational, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy in Diminishing Insulin Requirements Utilizing Oral Cyclosporine With Oral Lansoprazole in Children and Adults With Existing Type 1 Diabetes Me [NCT01762657] | Phase 3 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-09-30 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Study stopped prior to Patient Enrollment) | ||
| A Pilot Study - Lansoprazole in Preterm Infants With Gastroesophageal Reflux [NCT01778101] | Phase 2 | 5 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-01-31 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Propolis and Nutritional Education in Patients With H. Pylori on Gastrointestinal Symptoms [NCT05259007] | Phase 4 | 96 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-02-22 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Effects of Lansoprazole on Sitagliptin Glucose-lowering Ability in Healthy Males [NCT01820104] | Phase 1 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-03-31 | Completed | ||
| The Effectiveness and Risks of Treating People With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With the Addition of Lansoprazole: a Randomised Placebo-controlled Multi-centre Clinical Trial [NCT04965298] | Phase 3 | 298 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-06-16 | Recruiting | ||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of TAK-438 (20 mg Once-Daily) Compared to AG-1749 (30mg Once-Daily) in Patients With Erosive Esophagitis [NCT01452698] | Phase 3 | 409 participants (Actual) | Interventional | Completed | |||
| A Phase 1 Double-blind, Dose-escalation, Placebo-controlled Tolerance Study in Healthy Chinese Adults After Single Intravenous Administration of Dexlansoprazole [NCT03011125] | Phase 1 | 28 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1, Open-Label, Randomized, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Vonoprazan (20 mg) and Lansoprazole (30 mg) in Healthy Subjects [NCT04729101] | Phase 1 | 44 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-01-28 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, AG-1749-controlled, Parallel-group, Comparison Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of TAK-438 (10 mg or 20 mg, Orally, Once Daily) for the Prevention of Recurrent Gastric or Duodenal Ulcers During Lo [NCT01452763] | Phase 3 | 621 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-10-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Multicenter, Single-blind, AG-1749-controlled, Parallel-group, Long-term Extension Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of TAK-438 (10 mg or 20 mg, Orally, Once Daily) for the Prevention of Recurrent Gastric or Duodenal Ulcers During Long- [NCT01456247] | Phase 3 | 439 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of TAK-438 (10 mg or 20 mg Once-Daily) Compared to AG-1749 (15 mg Once-Daily) in a 24-week Maintenance Treatment in Patients With Healed Erosive Esophagitis (EE). [NCT01459367] | Phase 3 | 607 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonist (H2RA) and Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) on the Positivity Rates and Clinical Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). [NCT04834752] | 400,000 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2021-05-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Active-controlled, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of DWP14012 in Prevention of NSAIDs Induced Peptic Ulcer [NCT04784910] | Phase 3 | 416 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-03-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Long-Term Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Lansoprazole in the Treatment of Zollinger-Ellison and Other Acid Hypersecretors [NCT00204373] | Phase 4 | 72 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Investigation of the Association Between Nasal Polyposis and Extraesophageal Reflux Disease [NCT00215787] | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Completed | |||
| The Possible Efficacy and Safety of Lansoprazole Co-administration With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Women With Breast Cancer [NCT04874935] | Phase 3 | 66 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-06-10 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Relative Bioavailability, Effect of Food, and Gastric pH Modification on the Pharmacokinetics of MLN1117 in Healthy Subjects [NCT02625259] | Phase 1 | 54 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-01-08 | Completed | ||
| A Relative Bioavailability Study of Lansoprazole 30 mg DR Capsules Under Fasting Conditions. [NCT01045967] | Phase 1 | 56 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Fexuprazan for the Prevention or Control of Gastritis Symptoms in Patients on Treatment With Systemic Steroids (FEAST) [NCT05946135] | Phase 4 | 70 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-07-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Impact of Treatment With Protonic Pump Inhibitors After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms: Pilot Study [NCT04400136] | Early Phase 1 | 45 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-07-01 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Once Daily Dose Dexlansoprazole Levofloxacin Based Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Eradication: A Randomized Controlled Study [NCT03087162] | Phase 4 | 180 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-01-01 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Dietary Control Alone Versus Dietary Control Plus Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors to Treat Pediatric Hoarseness [NCT00637416] | Phase 4 | 9 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-03-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Enrollment challenges) | ||
| A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, AG-1749-controlled, Parallel-group, Comparison Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of TAK-438 (10 mg or 20 mg, Orally, Once Daily) for the Prevention of Recurrent Gastric or Duodenal Ulcers During Lo [NCT01452750] | Phase 3 | 642 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-10-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Multicenter, Single-blind, AG-1749-controlled, Parallel-group, Long-term Extension Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of TAK-438 (10 mg or 20 mg, Orally, Once Daily) for the Prevention of Recurrent Gastric or Duodenal Ulcers During Long- [NCT01456260] | Phase 3 | 406 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-09-30 | Completed | ||
| A Pilot Study Comparing Clinical Efficacy of One-Week Dual Delayed-Release Dexlansoprazole 60 mg and Esomeprazole 40 mg for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Grade A and B [NCT03128736] | Phase 4 | 175 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-04-01 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Study Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Lansoprazole Microgranules Oral Suspension in Infants With Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux [NCT00324974] | Phase 3 | 162 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-06-30 | Completed | ||
| The Frequency of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Patients With Heartburn That is Refractory to Proton Pump Inhibitors [NCT01404832] | Phase 4 | 102 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-10-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Inadequate recruitment) | ||
| A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Active-controlled Phase 4 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Tegoprazan in Patients With Erosive Reflux Disease [NCT05267743] | Phase 4 | 218 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-02-16 | Completed | ||
| Takepron Intravenous 30 mg Specified Drug-use Survey [Hemostatic Effect/Rebleeding Rate] [NCT02151786] | 1,120 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2007-01-31 | Completed | |||
| Takepron Capsules 15/ Orally Dispersing (OD) Tablets 15 Special Drug Use Surveillance Long-term Use Survey on the Prevention of Recurrence of Gastric/Duodenal Ulcer in Patients Receiving Low-dose Aspirin [NCT02099682] | 3,366 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2010-08-31 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Parallel-group Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Once-Daily Administration of TAK-438 10 or 20 mg Compared to Lansoprazole 15 mg in the Maintenance Treatment of Subjects With Endoscopic Hea [NCT02388737] | Phase 3 | 703 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-04-01 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Single Center, Multiple-Dose, Two-Period, Crossover Study to Assess the Bioavailability, Safety, and Pharmacodynamics of Two 30 mg Dexlansoprazole Delayed-Release Orally Disintegrating Tablets Administered on the Tongue [NCT02064907] | Phase 1 | 52 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-02-28 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 2 Open-Label, Multicenter, 4-Week Study to Assess the Safety and Effectiveness of Daily Oral Administration of Dexlansoprazole Delayed-Release Capsules for Relief of Heartburn, in Adolescent Subjects Aged 12 to 17 Years With Symptomatic Non-Erosiv [NCT01642602] | Phase 2 | 104 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-07-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multi-center, Double-Blind, Randomized, Active-controlled, Parallel-group, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of DWP14012 as Maintenance Therapy in Patients With Healed Erosive Esophagitis [NCT04341428] | Phase 3 | 406 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-07-02 | Recruiting | ||
| A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Parallel Group, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of JP-1366 in Patients With Gastric Ulcer [NCT05448001] | Phase 3 | 328 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-08-15 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Active-controlled Phase III Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of LXI-15028 Compared to Lansoprazole in the Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer in Chinese Patients for up to 6 Weeks [NCT05010954] | Phase 3 | 400 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-10-18 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1, Single-Center, Open-Label, 2-Arm Parallel Group, Single-Dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Dexlansoprazole 30 mg and 60 mg Delayed-Release Capsules in Healthy Chinese Subjects [NCT03316976] | Phase 1 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-11-22 | Completed | ||
| Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of BID Lansoprazole in Isolated Chronic Post Nasal Drip [NCT00335283] | Phase 3 | 75 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-08-31 | Completed | ||
| The Evaluation of Effectiveness Between Empirical and Guided Therapy for Unexplained Non-Cardiac Chest Pain [NCT03319121] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 68 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Phase I Study to Investigate Pharmacodynamics of CJ-12420 Compared to Dexlansoprazole With Evening Dosing [NCT03043521] | Phase 1 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-05-13 | Completed | ||
| A Phase II Investigation of Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) in Combination With Radiation and an Immune Modulatory Cocktail in Patients With Cervical and Uterine Cancer (PRIMMO Trial) [NCT03192059] | Phase 2 | 43 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-07-01 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double Blind, Multicenter, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Febuxostat 40 mg XR, 80 mg XR, 40 mg IR and 80 mg IR in Subjects With Gout [NCT02139046] | Phase 3 | 1,790 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Multicentre, Prospective Study of First-line Antibiotic Therapy for Early-stage H. Pylori-Positive Gastric Pure (de Novo) Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma and Potential Predicting Factor for Treatment Outcome [NCT02388581] | Phase 2 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2014-12-31 | Recruiting | ||
| A Relative Bioavailability Replicated Crossover Study of Lansoprazole 30 mg Delayed-Release Capsules Under Non-Fasting Conditions. [NCT01046084] | Phase 1 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-08-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double Blind, Double-Dummy, Multicenter, Parallel Group Comparison Study to on Efficacy and Safety of Oral Once-Daily Administration of TAK-438 20 mg Comparing With AG-1749 in Patients With Duodenal Ulcer [NCT01452724] | Phase 3 | 372 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Do Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Increase Cardiovascular Risk? Effect of PPIs on Endothelial Function and ADMA. [NCT02022280] | Phase 1 | 21 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-03-31 | Completed | ||
| An Open-Label Sensory Evaluation of Dexlansoprazole Delayed-Release Orally Disintegrating Tablets in Healthy Subjects : TAK-390MR(OD)_107 [NCT02096458] | Phase 1 | 8 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-02-28 | Completed | ||
| The Efficacy and Safety of Proton Pump Inhibitor ( in Patients With Moderate Bleeding Risk and Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary: A Randomised, Open ,Compared With Control [NCT05820048] | Phase 4 | 300 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-05-01 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Elucidation of Acid-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation [NCT00361972] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 17 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-08-31 | Terminated(stopped due to limited recruitment) | ||
| A Phase II Trial of Broad Spectrum Antibiotic Therapy for Early Stage, Non-progressive Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Without Adverse Prognostic Factors [NCT01279252] | Phase 2 | 71 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2011-07-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase II, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Proof-of-Concept Trial to Assess Relief of Meal Induced Heartburn by a Combination of Lansoprazole 15 mg and Antacid Versus Lansoprazole 15 mg and Antacid (Calcium Carbonate and Magn [NCT01037452] | Phase 2 | 120 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 1, Open-label, Randomized, 2-Way Crossover Study to Assess the Effects of Acid-Reducing Agent(s) on the Pharmacokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of JNJ-64417184 in Healthy Adult Participants [NCT04453189] | Phase 1 | 14 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-07-20 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double Blind, Double-Dummy, Multicenter, Parallel Group Comparison Study to on Efficacy and Safety of Oral Once-Daily Administration of TAK-438 20 mg Comparing With AG-1749 in Patients With Gastric Ulcer. [NCT01452711] | Phase 3 | 482 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-11-30 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized Double-blind, Double Dummy, Active Comparator-controlled Dose-finding Study in Patients With Erosive Esophagitis Due to Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Los Angeles Grade C or D, and Patients With at Least Partial Symptom Response But [NCT05055128] | Phase 2 | 248 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-08-11 | Completed | ||
| Efficacy of Tegoprazan Based Bismuth Quadruple Therapy Compared With Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Randomized, Double-blind, Active-Controlled Study [NCT04674774] | 217 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-03-04 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| An Open-Label, 2-Period, Fixed Sequence Study to Evaluate the Effect of Lansoprazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Neratinib in Healthy Subjects [NCT02334501] | Phase 1 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Pharmacokinetic Study of Lansoprazole Capsules in Healthy Chinese Volunteer [NCT03488173] | Phase 1 | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-04-23 | Completed | ||
| Comparison of the Efficiency of Two Different PPI Formula in Treatment of Atypical GERD Patients, a Randomized Study [NCT03418337] | 120 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-08-01 | Recruiting | |||
| A Phase 2, Randomized, Double Blind, Multicenter, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Febuxostat 40 mg XR, 80 mg XR, 40 mg IR and 80 mg IR in Subjects With Gout and Moderate Renal Impairment [NCT02128490] | Phase 2 | 189 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Takepron Capsules 15/ Orally Dispersing（OD） Tablets 15 Special Drug Use Surveillance Long-term Use Survey on the Prevention of Recurrence of Gastric/Duodenal Ulcer in Patients Receiving Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs [NCT02099708] | 3,502 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2010-10-31 | Completed | |||
| "Takepron Specified Drug-use Survey Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease With Dyspepsia Symptoms" [NCT01990339] | 14,965 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2008-12-31 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 4 Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dexlansoprazole 60 mg QD and 60 mg BID on Recurrence of Intestinal Metaplasia in Subjects Who Have Achieved Complete Eradication of Barrett's Esophagus With Radiofrequency Ablation [NCT02162758] | Phase 2 | 6 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-07-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Business Decisions; No Safety Concerns) | ||
| A Phase 2 Multicenter, 36-Week Study to Assess the Safety and Effectiveness of Daily Oral Administration of Dexlansoprazole Delayed-Release Capsules for Healing of Erosive Esophagitis and Maintenance of Healed Erosive Esophagitis and Relief of Heartburn, [NCT01642615] | Phase 2 | 63 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-07-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 4, Open-Label Study in Patients From Asia With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Treated With Dexlansoprazole [NCT02351960] | Phase 4 | 296 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-03-19 | Completed | ||
| A Single Ascending Dose and Relative Bioavailability Study of LY2940680 in Healthy Subjects [NCT01681186] | Phase 1 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Lansoprazole Intravenous 30 mg Specified Drug-use Survey [Acute Stress Ulcer and Acute Gastric Mucosal Lesions] [NCT02170207] | 63 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2007-01-31 | Completed | |||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
number of participants with control of gastric acid production (NCT00204373)
Timeframe: up to 240 months from study enrollment
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Single Group | 72 |
The median survival from the time of diagnosis (NCT00204373)
Timeframe: survival or up to 240 months
| Intervention | years (Median) |
|---|---|
| Single Group | 6.6 |
Presence of Laryngopharyngeal reflux was measured by 24 hour pH impedance probe monitor per equipment manufacturer software. Two or more episodes in twenty four hours was considered positive, in accordance with published standards. (NCT00215787)
Timeframe: one year
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 15 |
Percentage of subjects with baseline EE grade C or D combined who have complete healing of erosive esophagitis as assessed by endoscopy for Change in LA Esophagitis Classification Grades C and D to healed. Healed is defined as anything that is less than the criterion for Grade A. If it doesn't meet the A criterion, it's counted as healed. (NCT00251693)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks
| Intervention | percentage of subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 79.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 74.1 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg QD | 65.0 |
Percentage of subjects with baseline EE grade C or D combined who have complete healing of EE as assessed by endoscopy for Change in LA Esophagitis Classification Grades C and D to healed. Healed is defined as anything that is less than the criterion for Grade A. If it doesn't meet the A criterion, it's counted as healed. (NCT00251693)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks
| Intervention | percentage of subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 88.9 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 83.8 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg QD | 74.5 |
Percentage of subjects with complete healing of EE as assessed by endoscopy was analyzed for change in LA Esophagitis Classification grades A, B, C, or D to healed. Healed is defined as anything that is less than the criterion for Grade A (greater than or equal to 1 mucosal break and less than 5 mm). If it doesn't meet the A criterion, it's counted as healed. (NCT00251693)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks
| Intervention | Percentage of subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 85.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 85.8 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg QD | 79.0 |
Percentage of subjects with complete healing of EE as assessed by endoscopy was analyzed for change in LA Esophagitis Classification grades A, B, C, or D to healed. Healed is defined as anything that is less than the criterion for Grade A. If it doesn't meet the A criterion, it's counted as healed. (NCT00251693)
Timeframe: 4 Weeks
| Intervention | Percentage of subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 66.2 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 68.8 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg QD | 64.8 |
Percentage of subjects with complete healing of EE as assessed by endoscopy was analyzed for change in LA Esophagitis Classification grades A, B, C, or D to healed. Healed is defined as anything that is less than the criterion for Grade A. If it doesn't meet the A criterion, it's counted as healed. (NCT00251693)
Timeframe: 4 Weeks
| Intervention | Percentage of subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 77.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 78.8 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg QD | 76.5 |
Percentage of subjects with complete healing of EE as assessed by endoscopy was analyzed for change in LA Esophagitis Classification grades A, B, C, or D to healed. Healed is defined as anything that is less than the criterion for Grade A. If it doesn't meet the A criterion, it's counted as healed. (NCT00251693)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | Percentage of subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 92.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 92.2 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg QD | 86.1 |
Percentage of subjects with complete healing of EE as assessed by endoscopy. Change in LA Esophagitis Classification grades A, B, C, D to healed was measured. Healed is defined as anything that is less than the criterion for Grade A. If it doesn't meet the A criterion, it's counted as healed. (NCT00251719)
Timeframe: 4 Weeks
| Intervention | percentage of subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 69.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 70.6 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg QD | 65.4 |
Percentage of subjects with baseline EE grade C or D combined who have complete healing of EE as assessed by endoscopy. Change in LA Esophagitis Classification grades C or D to healed was measured. Healed is defined as anything that is less than the criterion for Grade A. If it doesn't meet the A criterion, it's counted as healed. (NCT00251719)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks
| Intervention | percentage of subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 87.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 93.3 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg QD | 87.7 |
Percentage of subjects with baseline EE grade C or D combined who have complete healing of EE as assessed by endoscopy. Change in LA Classification grades C or D to healed was measured. Healed is defined as anything that is less than the criterion for Grade A. If it doesn't meet the A criterion, it's counted as healed. (NCT00251719)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | percentage of subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 77.8 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 86.3 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg QD | 78.9 |
Percentage of subjects with complete healing of EE as assessed by endoscopy. Change in LA Esophagitis Classification grades A, B, C, D to healed was measured. Healed is defined as anything that is less than the criterion for Grade A. If it doesn't meet the A criterion, it's counted as healed. (NCT00251719)
Timeframe: 4 Weeks
| Intervention | percentage of subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 80.1 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 80.4 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg QD | 77.0 |
Percentage of subjects with complete healing of EE as assessed by endoscopy. Change in LA Esophagitis Classification grades A, B, C, D to healed was measured. Healed is defined as anything that is less than the criterion for Grade A (greater than or equal to 1 mucosal break and less than 5 mm). If it doesn't meet the A criterion, it's counted as healed. (NCT00251719)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks
| Intervention | percentage of subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 86.9 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 89.4 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg QD | 84.6 |
Percentage of subjects with complete healing of EE as assessed by endoscopy. Change in LA Esophagitis Classification grades A, B, C, D to healed was measured. Healed is defined as anything that is less than the criterion for Grade A. If it doesn't meet the A criterion, it's counted as healed. (NCT00251719)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks
| Intervention | percentage of subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 93.1 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 94.9 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg QD | 91.5 |
The percentage was calculated as the nights that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which a nighttime result was marked. (NCT00251745)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 51.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 72.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 76.6 |
The percentage was calculated as the nights that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which a nighttime result was marked. (NCT00251745)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 49.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 62.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 64.4 |
The percentage was calculated as the days that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was marked. (NCT00251745)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 17.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 45.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 52.7 |
The percentage was calculated as the days that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was marked. (NCT00251745)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 24.9 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 44.8 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 49.1 |
The percentage was calculated as the days that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was marked. (NCT00251758)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 17.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 45.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 52.7 |
The percentage was calculated as the nights that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which a nighttime result was marked. (NCT00251758)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 49.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 62.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 64.4 |
The percentage was calculated as the days that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was marked. (NCT00251758)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 24.9 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 44.8 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 49.1 |
The percentage was calculated as the nights that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which a nighttime result was marked. (NCT00251758)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 51.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 72.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 76.6 |
The percentage was calculated as the nights that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which a nighttime result was marked. (NCT00255151)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 48.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 87.1 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 85.4 |
Percentage of subjects who maintained complete healing of erosive esophagitis as assessed by endoscopy. In the life table method, subjects without post-baseline endoscopy were included as censored; subjects who did not have a recurrence of EE and did not complete the study were also considered censored. (NCT00255151)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 25.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 86.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 82.1 |
Crude rates analyzed maintenance of healed EE from baseline of this study and considered prematurely discontinued subjects as relapsed. (NCT00255151)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 14.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 66.4 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 64.5 |
The percentage was calculated as the days that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was marked (NCT00255151)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 29.5 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 79.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 79.2 |
The percentage was calculated as the days that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was reported. (NCT00255151)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 19.2 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 95.8 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 94.4 |
The percentage was calculated as the nights that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which a nighttime result was marked. (NCT00255151)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 50.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 98.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 97.1 |
The percentage was calculated as the nights that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which a nighttime result was marked. (NCT00255164)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 50.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 98.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 97.1 |
The percentage was calculated as the nights that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which a nighttime result was marked. (NCT00255164)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 48.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 87.1 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 85.4 |
The percentage was calculated as the days that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was reported. (NCT00255164)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 19.2 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 95.8 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 94.4 |
The percentage was calculated as the days that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was marked (NCT00255164)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 29.5 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 79.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 79.2 |
Percentage of subjects who maintained complete healing of erosive esophagitis as assessed by endoscopy. In the life table method, subjects without post-baseline endoscopy were included as censored; subjects who did not have a recurrence of EE and did not complete the study were also considered censored. (NCT00255164)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 25.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 86.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 82.1 |
Crude rates analyzed maintenance of healed EE from baseline of this study and considered prematurely discontinued subjects as relapsed. (NCT00255164)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 14.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 66.4 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 64.5 |
Mean overall composite symptom-severity score changes were computed in response to 20 questions, each scored 0 (no symptoms) to 5 (most severe symptoms). Negative changes from baseline indicate improvement in symptoms (decrease in severity). (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -1.08 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -0.95 |
Mean overall composite QOL score changes were computed in response to 30 questions, each scored 0 (lowest QOL) to 5 (highest QOL). Positive changes from baseline indicate improved QOL. (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 0.56 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 0.61 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | g/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 0.67 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 0.56 |
Mean overall composite symptom-severity score changes were computed in response to 20 questions, each scored 0 (no symptoms) to 5 (most severe symptoms). Negative changes from baseline indicate improvement in symptoms (decrease in severity). (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 1
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -0.95 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -0.85 |
Mean overall composite Quality of Life (QOL) score changes were computed in response to 30 questions, each scored 0 (lowest QOL) to 5 (highest QOL). Positive changes from baseline indicate improved QOL. (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 1
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 0.54 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 0.54 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 0.09 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 0.06 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | g/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -0.29 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -0.05 |
Hematocrit measurement percent is the absolute difference in Hematocrit values, and not percentage difference. (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | percentage (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -1.98 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -0.93 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | mm Hg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 4.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 0.6 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -0.04 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -0.04 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -0.25 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -0.04 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 0.1 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 0.0 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | U/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 0.9 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 0.6 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | U/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 0.4 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -0.4 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | U/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 1.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 0.5 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | White Blood Cell count x10 to the 3/mcL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -0.20 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 0.04 |
Normal=normal tissue; Unknown Baseline = Baseline biopsy not available; Abnormal diagnoses include: Reactive Gastropathy, Chronic Gastritis, Intestinal Metaplasia, Reflective Observation Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma, Other Abnormal. (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 12 months)
| Intervention | subjects (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal Baseline to Normal Final Visit | Normal Baseline to Abnormal Final Visit | Abnormal Baseline to Normal Final Visit | Abnormal Baseline to Abnormal Final Visit | Unknown Baseline to Normal Final Visit | Unknown Baseline to Abnormal Final Visit | |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 55 | 8 | 17 | 21 | 2 | 0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 198 | 35 | 33 | 35 | 2 | 3 |
Normal=normal tissue; Unknown Baseline = Baseline biopsy not available; Abnormal diagnoses include: Reactive Gastropathy, Chronic Gastritis, Intestinal Metaplasia, Reflective Observation Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma, Other Abnormal. (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (up to 12 months)
| Intervention | subjects (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal Baseline to Normal Final Visit | Normal Baseline to Abnormal Final Visit | Abnormal Baseline to Normal Final Visit | Abnormal Baseline to Abnormal Final Visit | Unknown Baseline to Normal Final Visit | Unknown Baseline to Abnormal Final Visit | |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 39 | 11 | 21 | 29 | 1 | 1 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 114 | 61 | 47 | 60 | 11 | 4 |
Mean overall composite symptom-severity score changes were computed in response to 20 questions, each scored 0 (no symptoms) to 5 (most severe symptoms). Negative changes from baseline indicate improvement in symptoms (decrease in severity). (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -1.17 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -0.89 |
Mean overall composite QOL score changes were computed in response to 30 questions, each scored 0 (lowest QOL) to 5 (highest QOL). Positive changes from baseline indicate improved QOL. (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 0.64 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 0.60 |
Mean overall composite symptom-severity score changes were computed in response to 20 questions, each scored 0 (no symptoms) to 5 (most severe symptoms). Negative changes from baseline indicate improvement in symptoms (decrease in severity). (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -1.05 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -0.93 |
Mean overall composite QOL score changes were computed in response to 30 questions, each scored 0 (lowest QOL) to 5 (highest QOL). Positive changes from baseline indicate improved QOL. (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 0.58 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 0.56 |
Mean overall composite symptom-severity score changes were computed in response to 20 questions, each scored 0 (no symptoms) to 5 (most severe symptoms). Negative changes from baseline indicate improvement in symptoms (decrease in severity). (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -1.09 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -0.91 |
Mean overall composite QOL score changes were computed in response to 30 questions, each scored 0 (lowest QOL) to 5 (highest QOL). Positive changes from baseline indicate improved QOL. (NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 0.61 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 0.56 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -0.02 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -0.01 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | mm Hg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 3.8 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 1.9 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | pg/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 155.8 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | 115.4 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | Red Blood Cell count x10 to the 6/μL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -0.31 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -0.11 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | beats per minute (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 0.5 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -1.3 |
(NCT00255190)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | Platelet Count x10 to the 3/mcL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | -12.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 90 mg QD | -1.9 |
The percentage was calculated as the days that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was reported. (NCT00321737)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 28.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 96.1 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 90.9 |
The percentage was calculated as the nights that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which a nighttime result was marked. (NCT00321737)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 57.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 89.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 86.0 |
The percentage was calculated as the nights that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which a nighttime result was marked. (NCT00321737)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 71.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 98.9 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 96.2 |
Crude rates analyzed maintenance of healed EE from baseline of this study and considered prematurely discontinued subjects as relapsed. (NCT00321737)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 14.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 66.4 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 66.4 |
Percentage of subjects who maintained complete healing of erosive esophagitis as assessed by endoscopy. In the life table method, subjects without post-baseline endoscopy were included as censored; subjects who did not have a recurrence of EE and did not complete the study were also considered censored. (NCT00321737)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Subjects (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 27.2 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 74.9 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 82.5 |
The percentage was calculated as the days that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was marked. (NCT00321737)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 36.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 83.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 78.4 |
The percentage was calculated as the days that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was marked. (NCT00321984)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 18.5 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 54.9 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 50.0 |
The percentage was calculated as the nights that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which a nighttime result was marked. (NCT00321984)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 47.1 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 67.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 65.0 |
The percentage was calculated as the nights that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which a nighttime result was marked. (NCT00321984)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 51.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 80.8 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 76.9 |
The percentage was calculated as the days that were heartburn-free out of the total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was marked. (NCT00321984)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo QD | 25.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 50.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 49.1 |
SNOT-20 includes 20 questions combined into a total score ranging from 0 to 100 with higher numbers representing greater rhinosinusitis health burden and represents patient-reported symptom severity. (NCT00335283)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks and 16 weeks
| Intervention | Scores on a Scale (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 8 weeks | 16 weeks | |
| Lansoprazole | 36 | 25 | 20 |
| Placebo (Sugar Pill) | 35 | 32 | 27 |
RSOM-31 includes 31 questions combined into a total score ranging from 0 to 155 with higher scores representing greater disease burden. Values are based on patient report. (NCT00335283)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks
| Intervention | Scores on a Scale (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 8 weeks | 16 weeks | |
| Lansoprazole | 63 | 40 | 35 |
| Placebo (Sugar Pill) | 51 | 36 | 35 |
The patient-reported QOLRAD consists of 25 questions combined into a total score ranging from 25 to 175 with higher numbers representing better quality of life. (NCT00335283)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks and 16 weeks
| Intervention | Scores on a Scale (Median) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 8 weeks | 16 weeks | |
| Lansoprazole | 155 | 174 | 173 |
| Placebo (Sugar Pill) | 160 | 155 | 160 |
The primary outcome measure was postnasal drainage symptom response measured by using a visual analogue scale. At 8 and 16 weeks, a horizontal symptoms scale from 0% (no change) to 100% (symptoms completely resolved) was presented to participants to assess improvement in postnasal drainage symptoms. (NCT00335283)
Timeframe: 8 and 16 weeks
| Intervention | Scores on a Scale (Median) | |
|---|---|---|
| 8 week | 16 week | |
| Lansoprazole | 55 | 50 |
| Placebo (Sugar Pill) | 3.5 | 5 |
Change in mean lymphocyte count in bronchus intermedius biopsies between lansoprazole and placebo groups, measured in lymphocytes per square millimeter. Overall mean differences were compared (post-intervention mean lymphocyte count minus pre-intervention mean lymphocyte count) between the two intervention groups. (NCT00361972)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks
| Intervention | Lymphocytes per square millimeter (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | -57 |
| Placebo | -3 |
Change in TNF alpha cytokine expression from bronchoalveolar lavage aspirate samples between lansoprazole and placebo groups, measured in log picograms per milliliter (log (pg/mL)) units, pre- and post-intervention. (NCT00361972)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 weeks
| Intervention | log (pg/mL) (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 0.4 |
| Placebo | 2.0 |
Presence and degree of airway hyperresponsiveness; change from baseline to 24 weeks for airways reactivity assessed by methacholine post-diluent baseline (PC20) after medication holds (NCT00442013)
Timeframe: Measured at Weeks 0 and 24
| Intervention | mg/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole Group | 2.6 |
| Placebo Group | 2.5 |
"Episodes of poor asthma control are defined as any one of the following:~2 consecutive days with peak flow at less than 70% of baseline~prescription of oral corticosteroids for asthma~seeking urgent medical care for asthma symptoms~EPAC was measured by review of daily diaries that were maintained over the entire course of followup, i.e, 24 weeks" (NCT00442013)
Timeframe: Measured daily for 24 weeks by diary
| Intervention | number of episodes of poor asthma contrl (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole Group | 230 |
| Placebo Group | 184 |
ASUI is a utility score that ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating better asthma control; info obtained from questionnaire about asthma symptoms; number presents an average of the change from baseline to all follow-up points (NCT00442013)
Timeframe: Measured at Weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24
| Intervention | score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole Group | 0.86 |
| Placebo Group | 0.88 |
Scores range from 1 to 7 with higher values indicating better asthma-related quality of life; questionnaire measures functional impairments that are most troublesome to children as a result of their asthma; number presents an average of the change from baseline to all follow-up points (NCT00442013)
Timeframe: Measured at Weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24
| Intervention | score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole Group | 5.8 |
| Placebo Group | 6.0 |
Score ranges from 0 to 6, a lower score indicated better asthma control. Scores above 1.5 are indicative of poor asthma control; score obtained from questionnaire with 6 questions related to asthma control and FEV (amount of air expired in the first second during a forced expiratory maneuver); number presents an average of the change from baseline to all follow-up points (NCT00442013)
Timeframe: Measured at Weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 24
| Intervention | score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole Group | 1.1 |
| Placebo Group | 1.0 |
A measure of pulmonary function, specifically the amount of expired air in the first second during a forced expiratory maneuver while seated; test performed at least 4 hours after last dose of short-acting bronchodilator and at least 12 hours after long-acting bronchodilator; number presents an average of the change from baseline to all follow-up points (NCT00442013)
Timeframe: Measured at Weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24
| Intervention | Liters (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole Group | 2.2 |
| Placebo Group | 2.3 |
(NCT00546117)
Timeframe: 2 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Prevacid | 1 |
| Placebo | 3 |
"Tympanometry of both ears, coded by Jerger classification (Type A, normal; type B, flat; Type C; negative pressure).~This is a standard test of middle ear status as performed by audiologists. Please refer to the reference for more information: Kileny & Zwolan, Diagnostic Audiology, chapter 133, Cummings Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Elsevier/Saunders, 2015." (NCT00546117)
Timeframe: 2 months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole (Prevacid) | 0 |
| Placebo | 0 |
Questions regarding reflux symptoms, created and evaluated by Nelson et al, Prevalence of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux during childhood: a pediatric practice-based survey, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000;154;150-154. This study used the GER3-9P version for children aged 3-9 years. Results are reported as number reporting at least one specific symptom in the past week, maximum 7 symptoms. (NCT00546117)
Timeframe: 2 months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole (Prevacid) | 0 |
| Placebo | 0 |
Spectral gradient acoustic reflectometry is a noninvasive, non-audible acoustic wave used to help detect middle ear fluid. The manufacturer recommends interpretation of the angle result as: <49°, high risk of middle ear effusion (level 5); 49-59°, moderate-high risk (level 4); 60-69°, moderate risk (level 3); 70-95°, low-moderate risk (level 2) and >95°, low risk (level 1). (NCT00546117)
Timeframe: 2 months
| Intervention | level of risk (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole (Prevacid) | 2.5 |
| Placebo | 3.5 |
(NCT00546117)
Timeframe: 2 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Prevacid | 1 |
| Placebo | 0 |
Percentage calculated by the number of heartburn-free nights out of the total number of nights during the treatment period with a diary entry indicating presence or absence of nighttime heartburn in subjects who had ≥1 diary entry indicating presence or absence of nighttime heartburn, as indicated by the subject's daily diary. Subjects indicate the presence (Yes/No) of nocturnal heartburn symptoms in a Daily Electronic Diary. Nights missing diary results were excluded from the numerator and denominator. (NCT00627016)
Timeframe: 4 Weeks
| Intervention | Percentage of nights (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 35.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg QD | 73.1 |
Relief of GERD-associated sleep disturbance was defined as 6 of 7 nights with no GERD associated sleep disturbances; lack of relief of GERD-associated sleep disturbance was defined as 2 or more out of 7 nights with GERD-associated sleep disturbance. Subjects indicate the presence (Yes/No) of GERD associated sleep disturbance in a Daily Electronic Diary. The percentage was calculated as the number of subjects with relief of GERD-associated sleep disturbance divided by the number of subjects whose relief status could be determined. (NCT00627016)
Timeframe: Last 7 days of treatment
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 47.9 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg QD | 69.7 |
Relief of nighttime heartburn was defined as 6 of 7 nights with no heartburn and at most 1 night with mild heartburn; lack of relief of nighttime heartburn was defined as 2 or more out of 7 nights with heartburn, or 1 night with at least moderate heartburn. Subjects indicate the presence and severity (mild, moderate, severe, or very severe) of nocturnal heartburn in a Daily Electronic Diary. The percentage was calculated as the number of subjects with relief of nighttime heartburn divided by the number of subjects whose relief status could be determined. (NCT00627016)
Timeframe: Last 7 days of treatment
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 19.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg QD | 47.5 |
"Total score was based on the following symptoms:~Heartburn/regurgitation Abdominal pain Nausea/vomiting Anorexia/early satiety Dysphagia Symptom induced nocturnal wakening Gastrointestinal bleeding~Each symptom could score 0-2 for a maximum score for 14 points. The lower the score the milder the symptoms and the higher the score the more severe symptoms." (NCT00638456)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 Months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 3 months | |
| Oral Viscous Budesonide Plus Prevacid | 3.5 | 1.2 |
| Placebo Plus Prevacid | 2.7 | 1.8 |
"Endoscopy scoring tool took into account the following categories:~Mucosal pallor/reduced vasculature Linear furrows/mucosal thickening White plaques Concentric rings/stricture Friability/tissue-paper mucosa Histology scoring tools Epithelial histology score Peak eosinophil count~Each category could score 0-3 for a total maximum score of 15. The higher the score the worse the disease." (NCT00638456)
Timeframe: Baseline and 3 Months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 3 months | |
| Oral Viscous Budesonide Plus Prevacid | 4.6 | 1.5 |
| Placebo Plus Prevacid | 7.8 | 5.4 |
Repeat endoscopy was undertaken using the Olympus P160 endoscope (by RD) at 3 months of treatment. (NCT00638456)
Timeframe: 3 Months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Oral Viscous Budesonide Plus Prevacid | 13 |
| Placebo Plus Prevacid | 0 |
Number of subjects who reached pain reduction. A subject was deemed to have reached pain reduction if there was a two-point drop in pain scale (0-10). (NCT00685295)
Timeframe: 60 minutes
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1 / Fentora | 30 |
| Arm 2 / Percocet/Prevacid | 24 |
Subjects were monitored for any signs of untoward opioid side effects. (NCT00685295)
Timeframe: 120 minutes
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1 / Fentora | 0 |
| Arm 2 / Percocet/Prevacid | 1 |
Time it took for subjects to achieve a pain score reduction of 2 units (on a 0 to 10 scale) (NCT00685295)
Timeframe: 60 minutes
| Intervention | minutes (Median) |
|---|---|
| Arm 1 / Fentora | 10 |
| Arm 2 / Percocet/Prevacid | 35 |
Feeling of enlarged abdomen is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.020 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.005 |
Feeling of enlarged abdomen is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.019 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.015 |
Feeling of enlarged abdomen is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.027 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.023 |
Feeling of heartburn is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.163 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.036 |
Feeling of heartburn is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | NA |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | NA |
Feeling of heartburn is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.064 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.005 |
Feeling of heartburn is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.089 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.038 |
Feeling of heartburn is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.063 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
Feeling of nausea is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.082 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
Feeling of nausea is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | NA |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | NA |
Feeling of nausea is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.025 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.020 |
Feeling of nausea is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.051 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.008 |
Feeling of nausea is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.072 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.012 |
Severity of hematemesis and melena (blood stool, black stool, tarry stool) is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.020 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
Severity of hematemesis and melena (blood stool, black stool, tarry stool) is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | NA |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | NA |
Severity of hematemesis and melena (blood stool, black stool, tarry stool) is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.010 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.020 |
Severity of hematemesis and melena (blood stool, black stool, tarry stool) is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.006 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
Severity of hematemesis and melena (blood stool, black stool, tarry stool) is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.009 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.012 |
Hunger and nighttime pain is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.000 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.071 |
Hunger and nighttime pain is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.333 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -1.000 |
Hunger and nighttime pain is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.005 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.026 |
Hunger and nighttime pain is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.038 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.008 |
Hunger and nighttime pain is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.027 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.023 |
Severity of anorexia is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.019 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
Postprandial pain is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.020 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.071 |
Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) are adverse events with an onset that occurs after receiving study drug. A TEAE may also be a concurrent medical condition diagnosed prior to the date of first dose of study drug that increases in severity after the start of dosing. Please see Other Adverse Events table below for TEAE listings. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: 18 Months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse event | Adverse event (Frequency ≥5%) | Adverse event related to the study drug | Serious adverse event | Serious adverse event related to the study drug | |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 168 | 68 | 25 | 26 | 1 |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 166 | 82 | 26 | 27 | 0 |
The number of participants that developed gastric ulcer and/or duodenal ulcer at month 18 or final visit. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating 3 mm or greater. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: 18 Months
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 6 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 53 |
Number of participants with gastric or duodenal ulcer or gastric or duodenal hemorrhagic lesion (upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage) from baseline through month 18 or final visit. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating 3 mm or greater. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: 18 Months
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 7 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 56 |
Postprandial pain is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.027 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.023 |
Postprandial pain is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.025 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.030 |
Postprandial pain is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.005 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.015 |
Postprandial pain is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.333 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -1.000 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the duodenum, graded on a 4 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion and hemorrhage are localized in one area of the duodenum and < 1 lesion; 2= 2 to 5 lesions ; 3= > 6 lesions). Erosions are defined as mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of duodenal mucosal injury. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.254 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.136 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the duodenum, graded on a 4 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion and hemorrhage are localized in one area of the duodenum and < 1 lesion; 2= 2 to 5 lesions ; 3= > 6 lesions). Erosions are defined as mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of duodenal mucosal injury. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.132 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.228 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the duodenum, graded on a 4 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion and hemorrhage are localized in one area of the duodenum and < 1 lesion; 2= 2 to 5 lesions ; 3= > 6 lesions). Erosions are defined as mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of duodenal mucosal injury. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.165 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.149 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the duodenum, graded on a 4 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion and hemorrhage are localized in one area of the duodenum and < 1 lesion; 2= 2 to 5 lesions ; 3= > 6 lesions). Erosions are defined as mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of duodenal mucosal injury. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.092 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.216 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the stomach, graded on a 5 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach and <1 lesion; 2= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach with 2-5 lesions; 3= erosion/hemorrhage in two areas in the stomach/one area involves >6 lesions; 4= erosion/hemorrhage appear in three or more areas in the stomach). Erosions are mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastric mucosal injury. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.224 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.205 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the stomach, graded on a 5 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach and <1 lesion; 2= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach with 2-5 lesions; 3= erosion/hemorrhage in two areas in the stomach/one area involves >6 lesions; 4= erosion/hemorrhage appear in three or more areas in the stomach). Erosions are mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastric mucosal injury. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.150 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.460 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the stomach, graded on a 5 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach and <1 lesion; 2= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach with 2-5 lesions; 3= erosion/hemorrhage in two areas in the stomach/one area involves >6 lesions; 4= erosion/hemorrhage appear in three or more areas in the stomach). Erosions are mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastric mucosal injury. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.153 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.530 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the stomach, graded on a 5 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach and <1 lesion; 2= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach with 2-5 lesions; 3= erosion/hemorrhage in two areas in the stomach/one area involves >6 lesions; 4= erosion/hemorrhage appear in three or more areas in the stomach). Erosions are mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastric mucosal injury. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.149 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.419 |
Severity of anorexia is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.000 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.036 |
Severity of anorexia is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.333 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | NA |
Severity of anorexia is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.005 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.010 |
Severity of anorexia is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 9.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.018 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
Feeling of enlarged abdomen is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.020 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.036 |
Feeling of enlarged abdomen is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00762359)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | NA |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | NA |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of an enlarged abdomen at month 24, and number of participants that develop the feeling of an enlarged abdomen at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | NA |
The number of participants that develop hunger and nighttime pain at month 18, and number of participants that develop hunger and nighttime pain at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.000 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
The number of participants that develop hunger and nighttime pain at month 12, and number of participants that develop hunger and nighttime pain at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.029 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.061 |
The number of participants that experience hematemesis and melena (blood stool, black stool, tarry stool) at month 6, and number of participants that experience hematemesis and melena at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.000 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.012 |
The number of participants that experience hematemesis and melena (blood stool, black stool, tarry stool) at month 3, and number of participants that experience hematemesis and melena at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.006 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.007 |
The number of participants that experience hematemesis and melena (blood stool, black stool, tarry stool) at month 24, and number of participants that experience hematemesis and melena at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | NA |
The number of participants that experience hematemesis and melena (blood stool, black stool, tarry stool) at month 18, and number of participants that experience hematemesis and melena at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.000 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of nausea at month 12, and number of participants that develop the feeling of nausea at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.043 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.041 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of nausea at month 6, and number of participants that develop the feeling of nausea at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.009 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.012 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of nausea at month 3, and number of participants that develop the feeling of nausea at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.006 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.007 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of nausea at month 24, and number of participants that develop the feeling of nausea at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | NA |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of an enlarged abdomen at month 12, and number of participants that develop the feeling of an enlarged abdomen at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.057 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.204 |
The number of participants that experience hematemesis and melena (blood stool, black stool, tarry stool) at month 12, and number of participants that experience hematemesis and melena at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.043 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of nausea at month 18, and number of participants that develop the feeling of nausea at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.000 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.091 |
The number of participants that develop hunger and nighttime pain at month 6, and number of participants that develop hunger and nighttime pain at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.009 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.036 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of heartburn at month 6, and number of participants that develop the feeling of heartburn at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.027 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.095 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of heartburn at month 3, and number of participants that develop the feeling of heartburn at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.057 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.058 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of heartburn at month 24, and number of participants that develop the feeling of heartburn at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -1.000 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of heartburn at month 18, and number of participants that develop the feeling of heartburn at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.056 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.091 |
The number of participants that develop postprandial pain at month 12, and number of participants that develop postprandial pain at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.014 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.020 |
The number of participants that develop postprandial pain at month 18, and number of participants that develop postprandial pain at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.000 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
The number of participants that develop postprandial pain at month 24, and number of participants that develop postprandial pain at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | NA |
The number of participants that develop postprandial pain at month 3, and number of participants that develop postprandial pain at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.006 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.014 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of heartburn at month 12, and number of participants that develop the feeling of heartburn at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.114 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.102 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of an enlarged abdomen at month 6, and number of participants that develop the feeling of an enlarged abdomen at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.000 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.048 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of an enlarged abdomen at month 18, and number of participants that develop the feeling of an enlarged abdomen at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.056 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
The number of participants that develop anorexia at month 6, and number of participants that develop anorexia at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.036 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.024 |
The number of participants that develop postprandial pain at month 6, and number of participants that develop postprandial pain at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.027 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
Number of participants with gastric or duodenal ulcer or gastric or duodenal hemorrhagic lesion (upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage) from baseline through month 24 or final visit. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating 3 mm or greater. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: On occurrence (up to month 24).
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 15 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 52 |
The number of participants that developed gastric ulcer and/or duodenal ulcer at month 24 or final visit. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating 3 mm or greater. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: 24 Months
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 15 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 46 |
Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) are adverse events with an onset that occurs after receiving study drug. A TEAE may also be a concurrent medical condition diagnosed prior to the date of first dose of study drug that increases in severity after the start of dosing. Please see Other Adverse Events table below for TEAE listings. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Per Incidence (up to 24 months).
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse Event | Adverse event (Frequency ≥5%) | Adverse event related to the study drug | Serious adverse event | Serious adverse event related to the study drug | |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 125 | 64 | 28 | 17 | 1 |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 154 | 83 | 28 | 29 | 2 |
The number of participants that develop anorexia at month 18, and number of participants that develop anorexia at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.056 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.000 |
The number of participants that develop anorexia at month 3, and number of participants that develop anorexia at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.006 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.022 |
The number of participants that develop the feeling of an enlarged abdomen at month 3, and number of participants that develop the feeling of an enlarged abdomen at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.025 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.014 |
The number of participants that develop anorexia at month 24, and number of participants that develop anorexia at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | NA |
The number of participants that develop anorexia at month 12, and number of participants that develop anorexia at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | 0.014 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.020 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the stomach, graded on a 5 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach and <1 lesion; 2= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach with 2-5 lesions; 3= erosion/hemorrhage in two areas in the stomach/one area involves >6 lesions; 4= erosion/hemorrhage appear in three or more areas in the stomach). Erosions are mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastric mucosal injury. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.319 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.188 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the stomach, graded on a 5 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach and <1 lesion; 2= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach with 2-5 lesions; 3= erosion/hemorrhage in two areas in the stomach/one area involves >6 lesions; 4= erosion/hemorrhage appear in three or more areas in the stomach). Erosions are mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastric mucosal injury. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.114 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.429 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the stomach, graded on a 5 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach and <1 lesion; 2= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach with 2-5 lesions; 3= erosion/hemorrhage in two areas in the stomach/one area involves >6 lesions; 4= erosion/hemorrhage appear in three or more areas in the stomach). Erosions are mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastric mucosal injury. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.800 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | NA |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the stomach, graded on a 5 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach and <1 lesion; 2= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach with 2-5 lesions; 3= erosion/hemorrhage in two areas in the stomach/one area involves >6 lesions; 4= erosion/hemorrhage appear in three or more areas in the stomach). Erosions are mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastric mucosal injury. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.162 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.278 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the stomach, graded on a 5 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach and <1 lesion; 2= erosion/hemorrhage in one area of the stomach with 2-5 lesions; 3= erosion/hemorrhage in two areas in the stomach/one area involves >6 lesions; 4= erosion/hemorrhage appear in three or more areas in the stomach). Erosions are mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastric mucosal injury. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.231 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.048 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the duodenum, graded on a 4 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion and hemorrhage are localized in one area of the duodenum and < 1 lesion; 2= 2 to 5 lesions ; 3= > 6 lesions). Erosions are defined as mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of duodenal mucosal injury. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.095 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.047 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the duodenum, graded on a 4 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion and hemorrhage are localized in one area of the duodenum and < 1 lesion; 2= 2 to 5 lesions ; 3= > 6 lesions). Erosions are defined as mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of duodenal mucosal injury. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.102 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.142 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the duodenum, graded on a 4 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion and hemorrhage are localized in one area of the duodenum and < 1 lesion; 2= 2 to 5 lesions ; 3= > 6 lesions). Erosions are defined as mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of duodenal mucosal injury. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.200 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | NA |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the duodenum, graded on a 4 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion and hemorrhage are localized in one area of the duodenum and < 1 lesion; 2= 2 to 5 lesions ; 3= > 6 lesions). Erosions are defined as mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of duodenal mucosal injury. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 18.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.297 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | -0.056 |
The Lanza score (partially revised) attributes the severity of induced erosive mucosal injury in the duodenum, graded on a 4 point scale (0=normal; 1= erosion and hemorrhage are localized in one area of the duodenum and < 1 lesion; 2= 2 to 5 lesions ; 3= > 6 lesions). Erosions are defined as mucosal defect < 3 mm. Ulcers are defined as mucosal defect with white coating ≥ 3 mm. Higher scores indicate greater severity of duodenal mucosal injury. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.177 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.048 |
The number of participants that develop hunger and nighttime pain at month 24, and number of participants that develop hunger and nighttime pain at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 24.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | NA |
The number of participants that develop hunger and nighttime pain at month 3, and number of participants that develop hunger and nighttime pain at baseline. It is graded on a 4 point scale (0=none; 1=mild; 2=moderate; 3=severe). Higher scores indicate greater severity of gastrointestinal symptom. (NCT00787254)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 3.
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole 15 mg QD | -0.044 |
| Gefarnate 50 mg BID | 0.014 |
Negative value is defined as delta over baseline (DOB) less than 5. The subjects who were positive (DOB>=5) for H.Pylori and after PPI for 10 days repeated a breath with a negative (DOB<5) were considered false negatives. The breath test has been cleared by the FDA in a 510(k) and has > 96% accuracy. (NCT00825630)
Timeframe: 17 days
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| False negatives (DOB<5) after 3 days of no PPI | False negatives (DOB<5) after 1 day of no PPI | |
| Esomeprazole (Nexium) | 0 | 1 |
| Lansoprazole (Lanton) | 1 | 2 |
| Omeprazole( Losec) | 3 | 4 |
| Pantoprazole (Controloc) | 1 | 2 |
(NCT00837759)
Timeframe: 6 months following the protocol subject's randomization/treatment initiation
| Intervention | Percentage (Mean) |
|---|---|
| T1D Group | -1.17 |
(NCT00837759)
Timeframe: 6 months following the protocol subject's randomization/treatment initiation
| Intervention | Titers (Mean) |
|---|---|
| T1D Group | 119278 |
(NCT00837759)
Timeframe: 6 months following the protocol subject's randomization/treatment initiation
| Intervention | Titers (Mean) |
|---|---|
| T1D Group | -29212 |
(NCT00837759)
Timeframe: 6 months following the protocol subject's randomization/treatment initiation
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| T1D Group | 0.51 |
(NCT00837759)
Timeframe: 6 months following the protocol subject's randomization/treatment initiation
| Intervention | U/kg/day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| T1D Group | 0.02 |
(NCT00837759)
Timeframe: 6 months following the protocol subject's randomization/treatment initiation
| Intervention | Titers (Mean) |
|---|---|
| T1D Group | -0.11 |
Vz/F is the distribution of a drug between plasma and the rest of the body following oral administration, calculated as CL/F divided by λz. (NCT00847210)
Timeframe: After 7 days of dosing.
| Intervention | L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 28.90 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 58.50 |
AUC(0-24) is measure of Area Under the Curve over the dosing interval (tau) (AUC(0-tau]), where tau is the length of the dosing interval - 24 hours in this study). (NCT00847210)
Timeframe: After 7 days of dosing.
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL/mg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 2886.26 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 5119.81 |
Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve (AUC(0-tlqc)) is a measure of total plasma exposure to the drug from Time 0 to Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC[0-tlqc]). (NCT00847210)
Timeframe: After 7 days of dosing.
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL/mg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 2842.32 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 5113.72 |
Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) is the peak plasma concentration of a drug after administration, obtained directly from the plasma concentration-time curve. (NCT00847210)
Timeframe: After 7 days of dosing.
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 691 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 1136 |
Terminal elimination rate constant (λz) is the rate at which drugs are eliminated from the body. (NCT00847210)
Timeframe: After 7 days of dosing.
| Intervention | 1/hr (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 0.5264 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 0.3404 |
Terminal Phase Elimination Half-life (T1/2) is the time required for half of the drug to be eliminated from the plasma. (NCT00847210)
Timeframe: After 7 days of dosing.
| Intervention | hours (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 1.66 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 2.59 |
Tmax: Time to reach the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax), equal to time (hours) to Cmax, as observed on Day 7. (NCT00847210)
Timeframe: After 7 days of dosing.
| Intervention | hours (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 4.65 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 3.31 |
CL/F is apparent clearance of the drug from the plasma, calculated as the drug dose divided AUC(0-24), expressed in L/hr. (NCT00847210)
Timeframe: After 7 days of dosing.
| Intervention | liter/hr (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR 30 mg QD | 12.81 |
| Dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg QD | 15.29 |
PAGI-SYM is a 20-item self-reported questionnaire that measures symptom severity of upper gastrointestinal disorders across six subscales (nausea/vomiting, fullness/early satiety, bloating, upper abdominal pain, lower abdominal pain, heartburn/regurgitation) which are summarized by individual subscale scores and a total score. The items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (very severe). Higher scores indicate higher symptom severity and thus negative changes from baseline indicate decrease in symptom severity. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | -0.20 |
PAGI-SYM is a 20-item self-reported questionnaire that measures symptom severity of upper gastrointestinal disorders across six subscales (nausea/vomiting, fullness/early satiety, bloating, upper abdominal pain, lower abdominal pain, heartburn/regurgitation) which are summarized by individual subscale scores and a total score. The items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (very severe). Higher scores indicate higher symptom severity and thus negative changes from baseline indicate decrease in symptom severity. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | -0.10 |
PAGI-SYM is a 20-item self-reported questionnaire that measures symptom severity of upper gastrointestinal disorders across six subscales (nausea/vomiting, fullness/early satiety, bloating, upper abdominal pain, lower abdominal pain, heartburn/regurgitation) which are summarized by individual subscale scores and a total score. The items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (very severe). Higher scores indicate higher symptom severity and thus negative changes from baseline indicate decrease in symptom severity. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | -0.14 |
PAGI-SYM is a 20-item self-reported questionnaire that measures symptom severity of upper gastrointestinal disorders across six subscales (nausea/vomiting, fullness/early satiety, bloating, upper abdominal pain, lower abdominal pain, heartburn/regurgitation) which are summarized by individual subscale scores and a total score. The items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (very severe). Higher scores indicate higher symptom severity and thus negative changes from baseline indicate decrease in symptom severity. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | -0.03 |
PAGI-SYM is a 20-item self-reported questionnaire that measures symptom severity of upper gastrointestinal disorders across six subscales (nausea/vomiting, fullness/early satiety, bloating, upper abdominal pain, lower abdominal pain, heartburn/regurgitation) which are summarized by individual subscale scores and a total score. The items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (very severe). Higher scores indicate higher symptom severity and thus negative changes from baseline indicate decrease in symptom severity. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | 0.00 |
PAGI-SYM is a 20-item self-reported questionnaire that measures symptom severity of upper gastrointestinal disorders across six subscales (nausea/vomiting, fullness/early satiety, bloating, upper abdominal pain, lower abdominal pain, heartburn/regurgitation) which are summarized by individual subscale scores and a total score. The items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (very severe). Higher scores indicate higher symptom severity and thus negative changes from baseline indicate decrease in symptom severity. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | -0.09 |
PAGI-SYM is a 20-item self-reported questionnaire that measures symptom severity of upper gastrointestinal disorders across six subscales (nausea/vomiting, fullness/early satiety, bloating, upper abdominal pain, lower abdominal pain, heartburn/regurgitation) which are summarized by individual subscale scores and a total score. The items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (very severe). Higher scores indicate higher symptom severity and thus negative changes from baseline indicate decrease in symptom severity. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | -0.08 |
PAGI-QOL is a 30-item self-reported instrument assessing health-related quality of life impact of upper gastrointestinal disorders. It includes 30 items across five subscales (daily activities, clothing, diet/food habits, relationship, psychological well-being and distress), scored on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (all the time). For reporting purposes, the scores are reversed and higher scores reflect improved quality of life and positive changes from baseline indicate improved quality of life. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | 0.05 |
PAGI-QOL is a 30-item self-reported instrument assessing health-related quality of life impact of upper gastrointestinal disorders. It includes 30 items across five subscales (daily activities, clothing, diet/food habits, relationship, psychological well-being and distress), scored on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (all the time). For reporting purposes, the scores are reversed and higher scores reflect improved quality of life and positive changes from baseline indicate improved quality of life. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | 0.27 |
PAGI-QOL is a 30-item self-reported instrument assessing health-related quality of life impact of upper gastrointestinal disorders. It includes 30 items across five subscales (daily activities, clothing, diet/food habits, relationship, psychological well-being and distress), scored on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (all the time). For reporting purposes, the scores are reversed and higher scores reflect improved quality of life and positive changes from baseline indicate improved quality of life. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | 0.03 |
PAGI-QOL is a 30-item self-reported instrument assessing health-related quality of life impact of upper gastrointestinal disorders. It includes 30 items across five subscales (daily activities, clothing, diet/food habits, relationship, psychological well-being and distress), scored on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (all the time). For reporting purposes, the scores are reversed and higher scores reflect improved quality of life and positive changes from baseline indicate improved quality of life. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | 0.10 |
PAGI-QOL is a 30-item self-reported instrument assessing health-related quality of life impact of upper gastrointestinal disorders. It includes 30 items across five subscales (daily activities, clothing, diet/food habits, relationship, psychological well-being and distress), scored on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (all the time). For reporting purposes, the scores are reversed and higher scores reflect improved quality of life and positive changes from baseline indicate improved quality of life. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | 0.09 |
Well-controlled participants were defined to be participants who completed the study having at least 23 days of evaluable diary entries between Days 15 and 42, inclusive, and had ≤4 occurrences of heartburn during this period. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Week 3 through Week 6
| Intervention | percent of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | 88 |
PAGI-QOL is a 30-item self-reported instrument assessing health-related quality of life impact of upper gastrointestinal disorders. It includes 30 items across five subscales (daily activities, clothing, diet/food habits, relationship, psychological well-being and distress), scored on a 6-point Likert scale with subscale and total score ranging from 0 (none) to 5 (all the time). For reporting purposes, the scores are reversed and higher scores reflect improved quality of life and positive changes from baseline indicate improved quality of life. (NCT00847808)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole MR QD | 0.02 |
Maximum platelet aggregation (MPA) from aggregometry (turbidimetric) with 5 µM adenosine diphosphate. (NCT00942175)
Timeframe: 24-hour post Day 9 dose in each period.
| Intervention | percentage of MPA (Mean) |
|---|---|
| PPI Group 1: Regimen A | 28.1 |
| PPI Group 1: Regimen B | 30.8 |
| PPI Group 2: Regimen A | 34.6 |
| PPI Group 2: Regimen C | 36.2 |
| PPI Group 3: Regimen A | 34.2 |
| PPI Group 3: Regimen D | 42.5 |
| PPI Group 4: Regimen A | 29.3 |
| PPI Group 4: Regimen E | 38.2 |
MPA from aggregometry (turbidimetric) with 20 µM adenosine diphosphate. (NCT00942175)
Timeframe: 24-hour post Day 9 dose in each period.
| Intervention | percentage of MPA (Mean) |
|---|---|
| PPI Group 1: Regimen A | 36.7 |
| PPI Group 1: Regimen B | 41.6 |
| PPI Group 2: Regimen A | 43.1 |
| PPI Group 2: Regimen C | 46.3 |
| PPI Group 3: Regimen A | 43.5 |
| PPI Group 3: Regimen D | 53.5 |
| PPI Group 4: Regimen A | 39.3 |
| PPI Group 4: Regimen E | 47.9 |
PRI is the platelet reactivity index from VASP phosphorylation state (flow cytometry). (NCT00942175)
Timeframe: 24-hour post Day 9 dose in each period.
| Intervention | percent inhibition (Mean) |
|---|---|
| PPI Group 1: Regimen A | 42.3 |
| PPI Group 1: Regimen B | 46.4 |
| PPI Group 2: Regimen A | 41.3 |
| PPI Group 2: Regimen C | 43.0 |
| PPI Group 3: Regimen A | 47.9 |
| PPI Group 3: Regimen D | 59.1 |
| PPI Group 4: Regimen A | 46.5 |
| PPI Group 4: Regimen E | 58.0 |
Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC(0-tlqc)) is a measure of total plasma exposure to the drug from Time 0 to Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC[0-tlqc]). (NCT00942175)
Timeframe: Day 9 of each period
| Intervention | ng*hr/ML (Mean) |
|---|---|
| PPI Group 1: Regimen A | 41.69 |
| PPI Group 1: Regimen B | 36.42 |
| PPI Group 2: Regimen A | 41.25 |
| PPI Group 2: Regimen C | 37.75 |
| PPI Group 3: Regimen A | 37.78 |
| PPI Group 3: Regimen D | 26.28 |
| PPI Group 4: Regimen A | 42.35 |
| PPI Group 4: Regimen E | 31.23 |
Maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) is the peak plasma concentration of a drug after administration, obtained directly from the plasma concentration-time curve. (NCT00942175)
Timeframe: Day 9 of each period
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| PPI Group 1: Regimen A | 39.14 |
| PPI Group 1: Regimen B | 30.01 |
| PPI Group 2: Regimen A | 38.85 |
| PPI Group 2: Regimen C | 29.33 |
| PPI Group 3: Regimen A | 38.25 |
| PPI Group 3: Regimen D | 22.55 |
| PPI Group 4: Regimen A | 40.98 |
| PPI Group 4: Regimen E | 24.69 |
Reflux esophagitis evaluated by endoscopy as per LA Classification graded as: A=1 or more mucosal breaks no longer than 5 millimeter (mm) that did not extend between tops of 2 mucosal folds, B=1 or more mucosal breaks more than 5 mm long that did not extend between tops of 2 mucosal folds, C=1 or more mucosal break continuous between the tops of 2 or more mucosal folds but involves less than 75 percent of circumference, D=1 or more mucosal break involving at least 75 percent of circumference. Participants that were not categorized in any of the above mentioned grades (A to D) were considered as cured of reflux esophagitis. Participants were classified as CYP2C19 homozygous extensive, heterozygous extensive and poor metabolizers. (NCT01008696)
Timeframe: Day 57
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Homozygous Extensive Metabolizer (n=42, 35) | Heterozygous Extensive Metabolizer (n=30, 38) | Poor Metabolizer (n=15, 18) | |
| Lansoprazole | 93.94 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| Rabeprazole | 97.37 | 100.00 | 93.33 |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease and abdominal GI-related symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation, globus sensation, chronic cough, epigastric pain, non cardiac chest pain, hoarseness, dysphagia, abdominal distension, bloating, post-prandial discomfort, early satiety, nausea, vomiting, belching) experienced by participants were assessed and graded into 4 categories: 0 (Nothing)=No symptom, 1 (Mild)=A little but not uncomfortable, 2 (Moderate)=Present but interfering daily life activities a little, 3 (Severe)=Very uncomfortable, interfering daily life activities or sleeping. (NCT01008696)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 57
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline: Heartburn (n=87, 91) | Baseline:Regurgitation (n=87, 91) | Baseline: Globus sensation (n=87, 91) | Baseline: Chronic cough (n=87, 91) | Baseline: Epigastric pain (n=87, 90) | Baseline: Non cardiac chest pain (n=85, 90) | Baseline: Hoarseness (n=87, 90) | Baseline: Dysphagia (n=87, 91) | Baseline: Abdominal distension (n=87, 91) | Baseline: Bloating (n=87, 90) | Baseline: Post-prandial discomfort (n=87, 91) | Baseline: Early satiety (n=86, 91) | Baseline: Nausea (n=87, 91) | Baseline: Vomiting (n=87, 91) | Baseline: Belching (n=87, 91) | Change at Day 57: Heartburn (n=87, 91) | Change at Day 57: Regurgitation (n=87, 91) | Change at Day 57: Globus sensation (n=87, 91) | Change at Day 57: Chronic cough (n=87, 91) | Change at Day 57: Epigastric pain (n=87, 90) | Change at Day 57:Non cardiac chest pain (n=85, 90) | Change at Day 57: Hoarseness (n=87, 90) | Change at Day 57: Dysphagia (n=87, 91) | Change at Day 57: Abdominal distension (n=87, 91) | Change at Day 57: Bloating (n=87, 90) | Change at Day57:Post-prandial discomfort (n=87,91) | Change at Day 57: Early satiety (n=86, 91) | Change at Day 57: Nausea (n=87, 91) | Change at Day 57: Vomiting (n=87, 91) | Change at Day 57: Belching (n=87, 91) | |
| Lansoprazole | 0.59 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.30 | 0.94 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.59 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.36 | -0.54 | -0.84 | -0.32 | -0.21 | -0.77 | -0.20 | -0.17 | -0.14 | -0.40 | -0.37 | -0.35 | -0.16 | -0.11 | -0.02 | -0.29 |
| Rabeprazole | 0.61 | 0.98 | 0.55 | 0.34 | 0.91 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.38 | -0.55 | -0.89 | -0.31 | -0.22 | -0.77 | -0.28 | -0.14 | -0.11 | -0.38 | -0.41 | -0.45 | -0.21 | -0.16 | -0.08 | -0.25 |
Investigator's overall assessment of study medication based on the global symptom assessment was measured. The assessment was categorized as: 2=very good, 1=good, 0=as usual, -1=bad and -2=very bad. (NCT01008696)
Timeframe: Day 57
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Rabeprazole | 1.37 |
| Lansoprazole | 1.43 |
"Heartburn severity was measured using a Visual Analog Scale, which was 100 milliimeters long.~0 millimeters: None (no heartburn) 100 millimeters: Most severe" (NCT01037452)
Timeframe: 1 day
| Intervention | millimeters (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combination Product | 69.3 |
| PPI Alone | 61.2 |
| Antacid Alone | 59.1 |
| Placebo | 56.9 |
"Heartburn severity was measured using a Visual Analog Scale, which was 100 milliimeters long.~0 millimeters: None (no heartburn) 100 millimeters: Most severe" (NCT01037452)
Timeframe: 1 day
| Intervention | millimeters (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Combination Product | 8.2 |
| PPI Alone | 7.0 |
| Antacid Alone | 4.7 |
| Placebo | 4.0 |
(NCT01037452)
Timeframe: 1 day
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Combination Product | 0 |
| PPI Alone | 1 |
| Antacid Alone | 0 |
| Placebo | 0 |
Participant reported severity of heartburn using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS)directly on CRF every 15 minutes until no heartburn reported or up to 5 hours after 1st heartburn-inducing meal, whichever occurred first. At this point in time, a diary was provided to participants to record any changes in severity of heartburn for 28 hours post treatment. (NCT01037452)
Timeframe: 1 day
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Combination Product | 0 |
| PPI Alone | 2 |
| Antacid Alone | 1 |
| Placebo | 0 |
AUC(0-24) is measure of area under the curve over the dosing interval (tau), where tau is the length of the dosing interval (24 hours), calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule and normalized by dose. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental methods from the plasma concentrations of dexlansoprazole. (NCT01045096)
Timeframe: Day 7 after 7 days of dosing with dexlansoprazole delayed release capsules.
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL/mg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 15 mg QD | 143.2 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg QD | 87.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg QD | 55.5 |
AUC(0-tlqc) is a measure of total plasma exposure to the drug from Time 0 to Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration (tlqc), calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental methods from the plasma concentrations of dexlansoprazole. (NCT01045096)
Timeframe: Day 7 after 7 days of dosing with dexlansoprazole delayed release capsules.
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 15 mg QD | 1914 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg QD | 2892 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg QD | 3747 |
AUC(0-24) is measure of area under the curve over the dosing interval (tau), where tau is the length of the dosing interval (24 hours), calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental methods from the plasma concentrations of dexlansoprazole. (NCT01045096)
Timeframe: Day 7 after 7 days of dosing with dexlansoprazole delayed release capsules.
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 15 mg QD | 2149 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg QD | 2628 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg QD | 3330 |
Time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of Dexlansoprazole, equal to time (hours) to Cmax, as observed on Day 7. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental methods from the plasma concentrations of dexlansoprazole. (NCT01045096)
Timeframe: Day 7 after 7 days of dosing with dexlansoprazole delayed release capsules.
| Intervention | hours (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 15 mg QD | 4.4 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg QD | 4.1 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg QD | 4.1 |
Maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) is the peak plasma concentration of a drug after administration, obtained directly from the plasma concentration-time curve. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental methods from the plasma concentrations of dexlansoprazole. (NCT01045096)
Timeframe: Day 7 after 7 days of dosing with dexlansoprazole delayed release capsules.
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 15 mg QD | 559 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg QD | 1005 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg QD | 964 |
Maximum observed plasma concentration (the peak plasma concentration of a drug after administration), normalized by dose. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental methods from the plasma concentrations of dexlansoprazole. (NCT01045096)
Timeframe: Day 7 after 7 days of dosing with dexlansoprazole delayed release capsules.
| Intervention | ng/mL/mg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 15 mg QD | 37.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg QD | 33.5 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg QD | 16.1 |
AUC(0-tlqc) is a measure of total plasma exposure to the drug from Time 0 to Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration (tlqc), calculated using the linear trapezoidal rule, and normalized by dose. Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived using noncompartmental methods from the plasma concentrations of dexlansoprazole. (NCT01045096)
Timeframe: Day 7 after 7 days of dosing with dexlansoprazole delayed release capsules.
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL/mg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 15 mg QD | 128 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg QD | 96 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg QD | 62 |
Bioequivalence based on AUC0-inf. (NCT01045967)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 12 hour period.
| Intervention | ng*h/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test (Lansoprazole) | 2253.776 |
| Reference (Prevacid®) | 2195.918 |
Bioequivalence based on AUC0-t. (NCT01045967)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 12 hour period.
| Intervention | ng*h/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test (Lansoprazole) | 2156.104 |
| Reference (Prevacid®) | 2130.082 |
Bioequivalence based on Cmax. (NCT01045967)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 12 hour period.
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test (Lansoprazole) | 939.025 |
| Reference (Prevacid®) | 865.678 |
Bioequivalence based on AUC0-inf. (NCT01046084)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 14 hour period.
| Intervention | ng*h/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test (Lansoprazole) | 1060.923 |
| Reference (Prevacid®) | 938.857 |
Bioequivalence based on AUC0-t. (NCT01046084)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 14 hour period.
| Intervention | ng*h/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test (Lansoprazole) | 979.389 |
| Reference (Prevacid®) | 890.06 |
Bioequivalence based on Cmax. (NCT01046084)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 14 hour period.
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test (Lansoprazole) | 272.038 |
| Reference (Prevacid®) | 238.043 |
Bioequivalence based on Cmax. (NCT01046253)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 12 hour period.
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test (Lansoprazole) | 782.438 |
| Reference (Prevacid®) | 738.531 |
Bioequivalence based on AUC0-inf. (NCT01046253)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 12 hour period.
| Intervention | ng*h/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test (Lansoprazole) | 1998.063 |
| Reference (Prevacid®) | 2052.519 |
Bioequivalence based on AUC0-t. (NCT01046253)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over a 12 hour period.
| Intervention | ng*h/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Test (Lansoprazole) | 1938.669 |
| Reference (Prevacid®) | 1982.598 |
Change from baseline in esophageal tissue biopsy prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level, as determined by enzyme immunoassay (NCT01093755)
Timeframe: 3 months, 6 months
| Intervention | nanograms/gram of tissue (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline at 3 months | Change from baseline at 6 months | |
| Dexlansoprazole | 1.35 | 1.19 |
| Omeprazole | -0.02 | -0.06 |
Change from baseline in esophageal issue biopsy cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression, as determined by Western blot. (NCT01093755)
Timeframe: 3 months, 6 months
| Intervention | % of tubulin (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline at 3 months | Change from baseline at 6 months | |
| Dexlansoprazole | 36.81 | 56.54 |
| Omeprazole | 27.17 | 25.49 |
Chronic inflammation of the antrum was assessed by histopathology and graded according to the Sydney classification: 0 = None; 1 = mild; 2 = moderate; 3 = Severe (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=473) | Change from Baseline (n=353) | |
| Lansoprazole | 0.8 | -0.2 |
The macula lutea of the right eye was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5. Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as maculopathy, retinal pigmentation, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal hemorrhage or aneurysm. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in macula lutea classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 49 | 10 | 1 |
| Normal | 75 | 317 | 20 |
| Pathological | 4 | 3 | 27 |
The macula lutea of the left eye was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5. Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as maculopathy, retinal pigmentation, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal hemorrhage or aneurysm. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in macula lutea classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 46 | 10 | 1 |
| Normal | 77 | 323 | 18 |
| Pathological | 4 | 5 | 22 |
"Adaptation is the ability of the eye to adjust to various levels of darkness and light. Normal and pathological status of adaptation without glare was defined as follows:~Normal status: Contrast between 1:0.05 and 1:23.5.~Pathological status: Contrast = 0 or contrast > 1:23.5.~The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in the classification of adaptation without glare between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows)." (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: Missing data | Year 5: Decreased due to age | Year 5: Pathological | Year 5: Normal | |
| Decreased Due to Age | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
| Missing Data | 62 | 0 | 1 | 30 |
| Normal | 73 | 1 | 14 | 288 |
| Pathological | 4 | 0 | 10 | 16 |
Chronic inflammation of the corpus was assessed by histopathology and graded according to the Sydney classification: 0 = None; 1 = mild; 2 = moderate; 3 = Severe. (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=476) | Change from Baseline (n=363) | |
| Lansoprazole | 0.4 | -0.0 |
"Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells were evaluated and classified by histopathological examinations as Normal, Simple (diffuse) hyperplasia, or Linear, chain producing hyperplasia.~The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in ECL-cell classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows) for all patients." (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Simple hyperplasia | Year 5: Linear hyperplasia | Year 5: No data | |
| Linear | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| No Data | 26 | 4 | 2 | 14 |
| Normal | 315 | 10 | 13 | 108 |
| Simple | 8 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
"Adaptation is the ability of the eye to adjust to various levels of darkness and light. Normal and pathological status of adaptation with glare was defined as follows:~Normal status: Contrast between 1:0.05 and 1:23.5.~Pathological status: Contrast = 0 or contrast > 1:23.5.~The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in the classification of adaptation with glare between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows)." (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: Missing data | Year 5: Decreased due to age | Year 5: Pathological | Year 5: Normal | |
| Decreased Due to Age | 2 | 4 | 0 | 2 |
| Missing Data | 75 | 2 | 8 | 33 |
| Normal | 58 | 1 | 18 | 251 |
| Pathological | 12 | 0 | 16 | 24 |
Accommodation is the adjustment of the focal length of the eye lens to keep an object in focus on the retina as its distance from the eye varies, and is measured in diopters: Diopters = 1/(focal length). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | diopters (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Right Eye: Baseline (n=424) | Right Eye: Change from Baseline (n=348) | Left Eye: Baseline (n=426) | Left Eye: Change from Baseline (n=349) | |
| Lansoprazole | 2.877 | -0.090 | 2.835 | -0.073 |
The retinal blood vessels of the right eye were assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5. Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as retinal vascular disorder, retinopathy, and retinal hemorrhage. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in retinal blood vessel classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 48 | 7 | 4 |
| Normal | 68 | 279 | 22 |
| Pathological | 12 | 6 | 60 |
Los Angeles Classification is used to grade the extension of changes in the oesophagus induced by reflux disease (Grade 0: normal aspect of mucosa; Grade A: ≥1 mucosal breaks no longer than 5 mm; Grade B: ≥1 mucosal breaks >5 mm long; Grade C: mucosal breaks extending between tops of two or more mucosal folds but are <75% of the circumference; Grade D: mucosal breaks ≥75% of the circumference). Healed defined as anything less than Grade A criteria. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in Los Angeles classification between Baseline (table columns) and Week 8 (table rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 8: Grade 0 | Week 8: Grade A | Week 8: Grade B | Week 8: Grade C | Week 8: No data | |
| Grade 0 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 130 |
| Grade A | 97 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 35 |
| Grade B | 79 | 19 | 3 | 0 | 17 |
| Grade C | 17 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 14 |
| Grade D | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Atrophy was assessed by histopathological examination of cells biopsied from the antrum and classified according to the Sydney classification as mild, moderate, severe or none. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in atrophy classification (mild, moderate, severe or none) between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No atrophy | Year 5: Mild atrophy | Year 5: Moderate atrophy | Year 5: Severe atrophy | Year 5: No data | |
| Mild | 23 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 28 |
| Moderate | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| No Atrophy | 306 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 91 |
| No Data | 23 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 7 |
| Severe | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Intestinal metaplasia was assessed by biopsy and histopathological examination of the antrum and classified according to the Sydney classification as mild, moderate, severe or none. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in intestinal metaplasia classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: None | Year 5: Mild | Year 5: Moderate | Year 5: Severe | Year 5: No data | |
| Mild | 13 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 12 |
| Moderate | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| No Data | 23 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| None | 319 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 108 |
The retinal blood vessels of the left eye were assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5. Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as retinal vascular disorder, retinopathy, and retinal hemorrhage. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in retinal blood vessel classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 46 | 7 | 4 |
| Normal | 68 | 278 | 23 |
| Pathological | 13 | 7 | 60 |
Color vision was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and classified as normal or pathological. Pathological findings include abnormal color vision tests, color blindness and anomalous quotient. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in color vision classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 46 | 12 | 0 |
| Normal | 76 | 320 | 10 |
| Pathological | 5 | 10 | 27 |
The retinal aspect of the right eye (such as color anomalies) was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5. Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as deep red ocular fundus, fundus myopicus, retinal disorders, exudates or pigmentation. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in retinal aspect classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 48 | 11 | 0 |
| Normal | 80 | 356 | 2 |
| Pathological | 0 | 1 | 8 |
Visual Acuity was measured using the Snellen eye chart at a distance of 6 meters. Acuity is expressed as a ratio of the test distance (6 M) / the distance the average eye can see the letters on a certain line of the eye chart. Visual acuity of 1 is normal; an individual with acuity of 0.5 could only recognize an object at half the distance compared to an individual with normal acuity. (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | ratio (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Right Eye: Acuity at Baseline (n=443) | Right Eye: Acuity at Year 5 (n=376) | Left Eye: Acuity at Baseline (n=447) | Left Eye: Acuity at Year 5 (n=379) | |
| Lansoprazole | 0.927 | 0.904 | 0.919 | 0.894 |
Intestinal metaplasia was assessed by biopsy and histopathological examination of the corpus and classified according to the Sydney classification as mild, moderate, severe or none. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in intestinal metaplasia classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: None | Year 5: Mild | Year 5: Moderate | Year 5: Severe | Year 5: No data | |
| Mild | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| No Data | 18 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 |
| None | 359 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 112 |
The retinal aspect of the left eye (such as color anomalies) was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5. Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as deep red ocular fundus, fundus myopicus, retinal disorders, exudates or pigmentation. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in retinal aspect classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 46 | 11 | 0 |
| Normal | 80 | 361 | 1 |
| Pathological | 1 | 1 | 5 |
The optic nerve and papilla of the right eye was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5. Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as optic nerve cupping, optic nerve cup/disc ratio, or glaucomatous optic disc atrophy. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in optic nerve/papilla classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 48 | 11 | 0 |
| Normal | 76 | 337 | 9 |
| Pathological | 4 | 4 | 17 |
The optic nerve and papilla of the left eye was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5. Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as optic nerve cupping, optic nerve cup/disc ratio, or glaucomatous optic disc atrophy. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in optic nerve/papilla classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 46 | 11 | 0 |
| Normal | 75 | 339 | 8 |
| Pathological | 6 | 4 | 17 |
Difficulty swallowing symptoms were assessed by the Investigator at Baseline and the Week 8 visit. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in symptom intensity (mild, moderate, severe or none) between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Week 8 (depicted in the rows) for all patients. (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 8 Symptoms: None | Week 8 Symptoms: Mild | Week 8 Symptoms: Moderate | Week 8 Symptoms: Severe | Week 8 Missing data | |
| Mild | 89 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Moderate | 33 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| None | 293 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 13 |
| Severe | 13 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Acid regurgitation symptoms were assessed by the Investigator at Baseline and the Week 8 visit. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in symptom intensity (mild, moderate, severe or none) between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Week 8 (depicted in the rows) for all patients. (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 8 Symptoms: None | Week 8 Symptoms: Mild | Week 8 Symptoms: Moderate | Week 8 Symptoms: Severe | Week 8 Missing data | |
| Mild | 113 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Moderate | 125 | 28 | 2 | 1 | 10 |
| None | 58 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Severe | 81 | 22 | 3 | 0 | 8 |
Pain in the upper abdomen symptoms were assessed by the Investigator at Baseline and the Week 8 visit. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in symptom intensity (mild, moderate, severe or none) between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Week 8 (depicted in the rows) for all patients. (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 8 Symptoms: None | Week 8 Symptoms: Mild | Week 8 Symptoms: Moderate | Week 8 Symptoms: Severe | Week 8 Missing data | |
| Mild | 125 | 19 | 4 | 0 | 7 |
| Moderate | 86 | 21 | 2 | 1 | 10 |
| None | 124 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Severe | 44 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 3 |
Nausea and vomiting symptoms were assessed by the Investigator at Baseline and the Week 8 visit. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in symptom intensity (mild, moderate, severe or none) between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Week 8 (depicted in the rows) for all patients. (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 8 Symptoms: None | Week 8 Symptoms: Mild | Week 8 Symptoms: Moderate | Week 8 Symptoms: Severe | Week 8 Missing data | |
| Mild | 78 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 10 |
| Moderate | 25 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| None | 303 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 15 |
| Severe | 13 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Heartburn symptoms were assessed by the Investigator at Baseline and the Week 8 visit. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in symptom intensity (mild, moderate, severe or none) between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Week 8 (depicted in the rows) for all patients. (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 8 Symptoms: None | Week 8 Symptoms: Mild | Week 8 Symptoms: Moderate | Week 8 Symptoms: Severe | Week 8 Missing data | |
| Mild | 59 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Moderate | 117 | 27 | 4 | 0 | 8 |
| Severe | 186 | 43 | 12 | 2 | 14 |
The change between follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) measured at year 5 in males including final visit and follicle stimulating hormone measured at baseline. (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5.
| Intervention | IU/L (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=286) | Change from Baseline (n=214) | |
| Lansoprazole | 7.62 | 0.39 |
Cough and sore throat symptoms were assessed by the Investigator at Baseline and the Week 8 visit. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in symptom intensity (mild, moderate, severe or none) between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Week 8 (depicted in the rows) for all patients. (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 8 Symptoms: None | Week 8 Symptoms: Mild | Week 8 Symptoms: Moderate | Week 8 Symptoms: Severe | Week 8 Missing data | |
| Mild | 71 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Moderate | 24 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| None | 305 | 16 | 3 | 0 | 19 |
| Severe | 14 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
The change between luteinizing hormone measured at year 5 in males including final visit and luteinizing hormone measured at baseline. (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | IU/L (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=286) | Change from Baseline (n=214) | |
| Lansoprazole | 4.73 | 0.71 |
The change between testosterone measured at year 5 in males including final visit and Testosterone measured at baseline. (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | µg/L (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=285) | Change from Baseline (n=214) | |
| Lansoprazole | 4.57 | 0.16 |
Atrophy was assessed by histopathological examination of cells biopsied from the corpus and classified according to the Sydney classification as mild, moderate, severe or none. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in atrophy classification (mild, moderate, severe or none) between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No atrophy | Year 5: Mild atrophy | Year 5: Moderate atrophy | Year 5: Severe atrophy | Year 5: No data | |
| Mild | 12 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 8 |
| Moderate | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| No Atrophy | 330 | 9 | 7 | 0 | 105 |
| No Data | 17 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11 |
"The vitreous body of the right eye was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5.~Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as myodesopsia, vitreous opacities, degeneration, detachment or prolapse. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in vitreous body classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows)." (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 46 | 11 | 0 |
| Normal | 73 | 338 | 11 |
| Pathological | 8 | 2 | 17 |
"The vitreous body of the left eye was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5.~Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as myodesopsia, vitreous opacities, degeneration, detachment or prolapse. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in vitreous body classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows)." (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 47 | 12 | 0 |
| Normal | 73 | 341 | 7 |
| Pathological | 7 | 3 | 16 |
"The lens of the right eye was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5.~Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as cataracts, lenticular opacities, vacuoles or pseudophakia. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in lens classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows)." (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 46 | 8 | 3 |
| Normal | 56 | 193 | 44 |
| Pathological | 25 | 7 | 124 |
"The lens of the left eye was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5.~Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as cataracts, lenticular opacities, vacuoles or pseudophakia. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in lens classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows)." (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 46 | 6 | 5 |
| Normal | 56 | 193 | 43 |
| Pathological | 25 | 8 | 124 |
The cornea of the right eye was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5. Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as cataracts, corneal degeneration, opacity, scars or deposits. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in corneal classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 46 | 11 | 0 |
| Normal | 78 | 343 | 4 |
| Pathological | 3 | 5 | 16 |
The cornea of the left eye was assessed by an Ophthalmologist and judged to be normal or pathological at Baseline and at Year 5. Pathological classification includes abnormal findings such as cataracts, corneal degeneration, opacity, scars or deposits. Normal indicates no pathological findings were observed. The shift table below summarizes the individual transitions in corneal classification between Baseline (depicted in the columns) and Year 5 (depicted in the rows). (NCT01135368)
Timeframe: Baseline and Year 5
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 5: No data | Year 5: Normal | Year 5: Pathological | |
| No Data | 46 | 11 | 0 |
| Normal | 77 | 348 | 4 |
| Pathological | 4 | 5 | 11 |
Blood samples for C-peptide were collected at baseline (pre-meal) and 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-meal. (NCT01155284)
Timeframe: Month 6
| Intervention | pmol/L (Median) |
|---|---|
| Sitagliptin and Lansoprazole | 485 |
| Placebo | 675 |
Blood samples for C-peptide were collected at baseline (pre-meal) and 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes post-meal. (NCT01155284)
Timeframe: Month 12
| Intervention | pmol/L (Median) |
|---|---|
| Sitagliptin and Lansoprazole | 358 |
| Placebo | 495 |
The Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) is a 9-item measure with each symptom rated from 0 (no problem) to 5 (severe problem), for a total possible range of 0 (no problem) to 45 (severe problem). An RSI of >13 is considered to be abnormal. (NCT01317472)
Timeframe: Baseline to 2 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole | 18 |
| Sugar Pill | 13 |
(NCT01404832)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Patients Whose PPI Was Changed to Lansoprazole | 0 |
Resolution of heartburn defined as >50% improvement in symptoms (NCT01404832)
Timeframe: After 8 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Patients Whose PPI Was Changed to Lansoprazole | 9 |
Participants documented the presence or absence and the degree to which daytime and nighttime heartburn symptoms hurt daily in an electronic daily diary. (NCT01642602)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | Percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 47.3 |
A Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE) is defined as an Adverse Event (AE) that started or worsened on or after Study Day 1 (defined as first dose day), and no more than 30 days after the last dose of study drug. (NCT01642602)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Diarrhoea | Headache | |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 6.7 | 6.7 |
An Adverse Event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (eg, a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a drug, whether or not it is considered related to the drug. A Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE) is defined as an Adverse Event (AE) that starts or worsens on or after Study Day 1, and no more than 30 days after the last dose. (NCT01642615)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diarrhoea | Nasopharyngitis | Headache | Oropharyngeal pain | |
| Healing Phase: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 6.5 | 6.5 | 12.9 | 8.1 |
An Adverse Event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (eg, a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a drug, whether or not it is considered related to the drug. A Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAE) is defined as an Adverse Event (AE) that starts or worsens on or after Study Day 1, and no more than 30 days after the last dose. (NCT01642615)
Timeframe: From Week 8 to Week 24
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal pain | Abdominal pain upper | Erosive oesophagitis | Diarrhoea | Pyrexia | Nasopharyngitis | Pharyngitis | Sinusitis | Upper respiratory tract infection | Bronchitis | Headache | Insomnia | |
| Maintenance Phase: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 12.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 24.0 | 8.0 |
| Maintenance Phase: Placebo | 11.5 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 15.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.8 | 15.4 | 0.0 |
Healing of EE was assessed by endoscopy. (NCT01642615)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Healing Phase: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 87.9 |
Percentage of participants who maintain healing of EE from Week 8 to Week 24 among the patients who were healed at Week 8 as assessed by endoscopy. (NCT01642615)
Timeframe: From Week 8 to Week 24
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Maintenance Phase: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 81.8 |
| Maintenance Phase: Placebo | 58.3 |
The percent of days with neither daytime nor nighttime heartburn over Weeks 8 to 24 as assessed by electronic daily diary among the participants who were healed at Week 8. The percent of days with neither daytime or nighttime heartburn = (total number of days that are heartburn free)/(total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result is marked) x 100%. (NCT01642615)
Timeframe: Weeks 8 to 24
| Intervention | percent of days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Maintenance Phase: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 76.7 |
| Maintenance Phase: Placebo | 68.9 |
Percent of days with neither daytime nor nighttime heartburn over the first 8 weeks of treatment as assessed by electronic daily diary. The percent of days with neither daytime or nighttime heartburn = (total number of days that are heartburn free)/(total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result is marked) x 100%. (NCT01642615)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | percent of days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Healing Phase: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 59.6 |
Part B: Pharmacokinetics: Area Under the Curve From Time Zero to Infinity [AUC(0-∞)] (NCT01681186)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours after administration of study drug
| Intervention | nanograms*hours per milliliter (ng*h/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| 100-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 9460 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fasted) | 10300 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fed) | 11300 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fasted) PPI | 10000 |
Part A: Pharmacokinetics: Time to Maximum Observed Drug Concentration (tmax) (NCT01681186)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after administration of study drug
| Intervention | hours (h) (Median) |
|---|---|
| 50-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 1.5 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 2 |
| 200-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 2 |
| 400-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 2 |
The Cmax of LY2940680 during Part A of the study was reported. (NCT01681186)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after administration of study drug
| Intervention | nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| 50-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 622 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 661 |
| 200-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 1740 |
| 400-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 3360 |
Part A: Pharmacokinetics: Area Under the Curve from Time Zero to Time T, where T is the Last Time Point with a Measurable Concentration [AUC(0-tlast)] (NCT01681186)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after administration of study drug
| Intervention | nanograms*hours per milliliter (ng*h/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| 50-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 5300 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 9440 |
| 200-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 22800 |
| 400-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 49300 |
Part A: Pharmacokinetics: Area Under the Curve From Time Zero to Infinity [AUC(0-∞)] (NCT01681186)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after administration of study drug
| Intervention | nanograms*hours per milliliter (ng*h/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| 50-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 5340 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 9530 |
| 200-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 23000 |
| 400-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 49800 |
Data presented are the number of participants with AEs or any serious AEs (SAEs) regardless of causality. A summary of non-serious AEs is located in the Reported Adverse Events section. (NCT01681186)
Timeframe: Baseline through study completion (up to 4 weeks in Part A and 8 weeks in Part B)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| Adverse Events (AEs) | Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) | |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) Part A | 4 | 0 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) Part B | 6 | 0 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fasted) | 5 | 0 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fed) | 5 | 0 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet Plus 30-mg Lansoprazole (Fasted) | 3 | 0 |
| 200-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 3 | 0 |
| 400-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 3 | 0 |
| 50-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 3 | 0 |
| Placebo Capsule (Fasted) | 2 | 0 |
Part B: Pharmacokinetics: Time to Maximum Observed Drug Concentration (tmax) (NCT01681186)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours after administration of study drug
| Intervention | hours (h) (Median) |
|---|---|
| 100-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 1 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fasted) | 1.5 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fed) | 3 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fasted) PPI | 1 |
The Cmax of 100-milligram (mg) LY2940680 capsule (reference formulation) and 100-mg LY2940680 tablet (test formulation) in fasted and fed state, and with lansoprazole during Part B of the study. (NCT01681186)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after administration of study drug
| Intervention | nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| 100-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 879 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fasted) | 1170 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fed) | 776 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet Plus 30-mg Lansoprazole (Fasted) | 1290 |
Part B: Pharmacokinetics: Area Under the Curve from Time Zero to Time T, where T is the Last Time Point with a Measurable Concentration [AUC(0-tlast)] (NCT01681186)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours after administration of study drug
| Intervention | nanograms*hours per milliliter (ng*h/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| 100-mg LY2940680 Capsule (Fasted) | 9390 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fasted) | 10300 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fed) | 11200 |
| 100-mg LY2940680 Tablet (Fasted) PPI | 9980 |
"Subjective symptoms were evaluated as Disappeared, Improved, No change, Worsened, or Unclear. These categories were based on investigator's definitions. At Week 4, the rate of improvement (i.e. the frequency of an evaluation of Disappeared + Improved) was calculated for each symptom. The percentage of participants with Improvement by symptom was reported." (NCT01990339)
Timeframe: Start of treatment and Week 4
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heartburn | Acid regurgitation | Postorandial fullness | Early satiety | Epigastric pain | Epigastric burning | Upper abdominal bloating | Nausea/vomiting | Belching | |
| Lansoprazole | 75.7 | 73.5 | 68.6 | 65.3 | 69.1 | 73.0 | 64.8 | 66.4 | 61.6 |
Adverse events observed during the observation period were collected by symptom. For adverse drug reactions, frequencies were tabulated by type and seriousness. Adverse events were defined as any unfavorable and unintended signs, symptoms or diseases temporally associated with administration of lansoprazole whether or not it was considered related to treatment. Among these, events that were considered as having a causal relationship with lansoprazole were defined as adverse drug reactions. The rate of participants with adverse events (adverse drug reactions) was reported. (NCT01990339)
Timeframe: 4 Weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adverse drug reaction(s) | Diarrhoea | Urticaria | Rash | Constipation | Nausea | Abdominal distension | Stomatitis | Dizziness | Dysgeusia | Headache | Drug eruption | Feeling abnormal | Hypoaesthesia | Somnolence | Dyspnoea | Oropharyngeal discomfort | Pruritus | Pruritus generalised | Palpitations | Abdominal pain | Abdominal pain lower | Change of bowel habit | Meteorism | Gastrooesophageal reflux disease | Oral discomfort | Oral mucosal eruption | Abdominal discomfort | Chest pain | Face oedema | Oedema | Thirst | Decreased appetite | Back pain | Sleep disorder | Cough | Acne | Eczema | Erythema multiforme | Toxic skin eruption | Hot flush | |
| Lansoprazole | 0.69 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
AUC(0-tlqc) is a measure of total plasma exposure to a drug from time 0 to time of the last quantifiable concentration. (NCT02064907)
Timeframe: Day 5 predose and up to 24 hours post-dose
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole OD Tablets | 5818.8236 |
| Dexlansoprazole Capsules | 7184.1729 |
AUC(0-tau) is a measure of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to time tau over a dosing interval, where tau is the length of the dosing interval (24 hours). (NCT02064907)
Timeframe: Day 5 predose and up to 24 hours post-dose
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole OD Tablets | 5824.7108 |
| Dexlansoprazole Capsules | 7196.1922 |
Maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) is the peak plasma concentration of a drug after administration, obtained directly from the plasma concentration-time curve. (NCT02064907)
Timeframe: Day 1 predose and up to 24 hours post-dose
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole OD Tablets | 1046.8846 |
| Dexlansoprazole Capsules | 1164.3654 |
Maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) is the peak plasma concentration of a drug after administration, obtained directly from the plasma concentration-time curve. (NCT02064907)
Timeframe: Day 5 predose and up to 24 hours post-dose
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole OD Tablets | 1150.8462 |
| Dexlansoprazole Capsules | 1178.1346 |
AUC(0-tlqc) is a measure of total plasma exposure to a drug from time 0 to time of the last quantifiable concentration. (NCT02064907)
Timeframe: Day 1 predose and up to 24 hours post-dose
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole OD Tablets | 5059.5689 |
| Dexlansoprazole Capsules | 6746.6075 |
AUC(0-inf) is a measure of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 extrapolated to infinity. (NCT02064907)
Timeframe: Day 1 predose and up to 24 hours post-dose
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole OD Tablets | 5364.0217 |
| Dexlansoprazole Capsules | 7155.4994 |
The disintegration time is the total time from when the participant places the tablet on their tongue until the time at which the participant would normally swallow the remaining materials from the disintegrated tablet. The average disintegration time will be calculated for each participant based on 3 separate tests. (NCT02096458)
Timeframe: Day 1
| Intervention | Seconds (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole | 36.0 |
Summary of data on the details of treatment for gastric or duodenal ulcers or hemorrhagic lesions. (NCT02099682)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Takepron Capsule or OD Tablet 15 mg | Takepron Capsule or OD Tablet 30 mg | Rabeprazole tablet 10 mg | H2 receptor antagonist (oral) | Omeprazole (injection) | H2 receptor antagonist (injection) | Other peptic ulcer drugs | Endoscopic hemostasis | Other | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 15 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
Frequency, severity, and time to onset of adverse drug reactions tabulated by each symptom. Adverse events are defined as any unfavorable and unintended signs, symptoms or diseases temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product reported from the first dose of study drug to the last dose of study drug. Among these, events which are considered possibly associated with a medicinal product are defined as adverse drug reactions. (NCT02099682)
Timeframe: 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enteritis infectious | Lymphoma | Diabetes mellitus | Anxiety | Dizziness | Dysgeusia | Headache | Loss of consciousness | Sudden hearing loss | Abdominal discomfort | Abdominal distension | Abdominal pain | Colitis | Constipation | Diarrhoea | Enterocolitis | Gastrooesophageal reflux disease | Haematochezia | Nausea | Colitis microscopic | Hypoaesthesia oral | Faeces soft | Drug eruption | Eczema | Hypersensitivity vasculitis | Pruritus | Rash generalised | Back pain | Osteoporosis | Renal failure chronic | Sudden death | Thirst | Hepatic enzyme increased | Glycosylated haemoglobin increased | Weight decreased | Fall | Spinal fracture | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 23 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Summary of data on the presence or absence of gastric/duodenal ulcer gastric/duodenal hemorrhagic lesion. (NCT02099682)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Present | Absent | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 3186 | 24 |
Summary of data on the presence or absence of gastric or duodenal hemorrhagic lesions. (NCT02099682)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Present | Absent | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 3201 | 9 |
Summary of data on the presence or absence of treatment for duodenal ulcers or hemorrhagic lesions. (NCT02099682)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Present | Absent | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 0 | 24 |
Summary of data on the presence or absence of endoscopic examinations. (NCT02099682)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| With endoscopy | Without endoscopy | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 2773 | 437 |
Summary of data on the presence or absence of gastric or duodenal ulcers. (NCT02099682)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Present | Absent | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 3190 | 20 |
Summary of data on the outcome of treatment for gastric or duodenal ulcers or hemorrhagic lesions. (NCT02099682)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Takepron 15 mg: Recovery | Takepron 15 mg: Relief | Takepron 30 mg: Recovery | Takepron 30 mg: Relief | Rabeprazole 10 mg: Recovery | Rabeprazole 10 mg: Relief | H2 receptor antagonist (orally): Recovery | H2 receptor antagonist (orally): Relief | Omeprazole (injection): Recovery | Omeprazole (injection): Relief | H2 receptor antagonist (injection): Recovery | H2 receptor antagonist (injection): Relief | Other peptic ulcer drugs: Recovery | Other peptic ulcer drugs: Relief | Endoscopic hemostasis: Recovery | Endoscopic hemostasis: Relief | Other: Recovery | Other: Relief | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
Summary of data on the outcome of treatment for gastric or duodenal ulcers or hemorrhagic lesions. (NCT02099708)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Takepron 15 mg - Resolving | Takepron 15 mg - Unknown | Takepron 30 mg - Resolved | Rabeprazole 10 mg _Resolved | Rabeprazole 20 mg - Resolved | H2 receptor antagonist - Resolved | Other peptic ulcer medication - Resolved | Other peptic ulcer medication - Resolving | Endoscopic hemostasis - Resolving | Other - Resolved | Other - Resolving | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Summary of data on the presence or absence of gastric/duodenal ulcer gastric/duodenal hemorrhagic lesion. (NCT02099708)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 3237 | 11 |
Summary of data on the presence or absence of gastric or duodenal ulcer. (NCT02099708)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 3239 | 9 |
Summary of data on the presence or absence of gastric or duodenal hemorrhagic lesion. (NCT02099708)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 3244 | 4 |
Summary of data on the presence or absence of gastric or duodenal ulcers by using endoscopic examinations. (NCT02099708)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 3098 | 150 |
Summary of data on the presence or absence of treatment for duodenal ulcers or hemorrhagic lesions. (NCT02099708)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 0 | 11 |
"Summary of data on the details of treatment for gastric or duodenal ulcers or hemorrhagic lesions.~Participants could be counted in more than 1 treatment category." (NCT02099708)
Timeframe: From baseline to 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Takepron Capsule or OD Tablets 15 mg | Takepron Capsule or OD Tablet 30 mg | Rabeprazole tablet 10 mg | Rabeprazole tablet 20 mg | H2 receptor antagonist (oral) | Other peptic ulcer medication | Endoscopic hemostasis | Other | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 4 |
Frequency was defined as the number of participants for each adverse event Frequency, severity, and time to onset of adverse drug reactions tabulated by each symptom. Adverse events are defined as any unfavorable and unintended signs, symptoms or diseases temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product reported from the first dose of study drug to the last dose of study drug. Among these, events which are considered possibly associated with a medicinal product are defined as adverse drug reactions. (NCT02099708)
Timeframe: 12 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronchitis | Colon cancer | Depression | Cervical radiculopathy | Atrial fibrillation | Cardiac failure | Myocardial ischaemia | Abdominal discomfort | Abdominal pain upper | Colitis | Constipation | Diarrhoea | Enterocolitis | Nausea | Oral mucosal blistering | Stomatitis | Colitis microscopic | Faeces soft | Eczema | Hyperhidrosis | Rash | Generalised erythema | Osteoporosis | Feeling abnormal | Thirst | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
(NCT02128490)
Timeframe: Month 3
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 0 |
| Febuxostat IR 40 mg | 13.5 |
| Febuxostat XR 40 mg | 35.9 |
| Febuxostat IR 80 mg | 40.5 |
| Febuxostat XR 80 mg | 44.7 |
(NCT02128490)
Timeframe: Month 3
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 0 |
| Febuxostat IR 40 mg | 32.4 |
| Febuxostat XR 40 mg | 53.8 |
| Febuxostat IR 80 mg | 59.5 |
| Febuxostat XR 80 mg | 55.3 |
"A participant was considered to have a gout flare if the following criteria were met:~Participant-reported acute particular pain typical of a gout attack that was deemed by participant and/or investigator to require treatment and was treated with colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or steroids, Participant experienced at least 3 or more of: 1) Joint swelling, 2) Redness, 3) Tenderness, 4) Pain, Participant experienced at least one or more of: 1) Rapid onset of pain, 2) Decreased range of motion, 3) Joint warmth, 4) Other symptoms similar to a prior gout flare." (NCT02128490)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 3
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 10.5 |
| Febuxostat IR 40 mg | 40.5 |
| Febuxostat XR 40 mg | 23.1 |
| Febuxostat IR 80 mg | 37.8 |
| Febuxostat XR 80 mg | 42.1 |
(NCT02139046)
Timeframe: Month 3
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 0.3 |
| Febuxostat IR 40 mg | 15.7 |
| Febuxostat XR 40 mg | 25.9 |
| Febuxostat IR 80 mg | 42.6 |
| Febuxostat XR 80 mg | 50.1 |
"A participant was considered to have a gout flare if the following criteria were met:~Participant-reported acute particular pain typical of a gout attack that was deemed by participant and/or investigator to require treatment and was treated with colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or steroids, Participant experienced at least 3 or more of: 1) Joint swelling, 2) Redness, 3) Tenderness, 4) Pain, Participant experienced at least one or more of: 1) Rapid onset of pain, 2) Decreased range of motion, 3) Joint warmth, 4) Other symptoms similar to a prior gout flare." (NCT02139046)
Timeframe: Baseline to Month 3
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 20.7 |
| Febuxostat IR 40 mg | 21.0 |
| Febuxostat XR 40 mg | 22.8 |
| Febuxostat IR 80 mg | 27.2 |
| Febuxostat XR 80 mg | 26.6 |
(NCT02139046)
Timeframe: Month 3
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 0.6 |
| Febuxostat IR 40 mg | 40.3 |
| Febuxostat XR 40 mg | 48.2 |
| Febuxostat IR 80 mg | 57.7 |
| Febuxostat XR 80 mg | 61.1 |
Adverse drug reactions are defined as adverse events (AEs) which are in the investigator's opinion of causal relationship to the study treatment. AEs are defined as any unfavorable and unintended signs, symptoms or diseases temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product reported from the first dose of study drug to the last dose of study drug. (NCT02151786)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 9
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 35 |
Serious adverse drug reactions are defined as serious adverse events (SAEs) which are in the investigator's opinion of causal relationship to the study treatment. SAE was an AE resulting in any of the following outcomes or deemed significant for any other reason: death; initial or prolonged inpatient hospitalization; life-threatening experience (immediate risk of dying); persistent or significant disability/incapacity; congenital anomaly. (NCT02151786)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 9
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 9 |
Rebleeding rate was reported as percentage of participants who experienced rebleeding after confirmed hemostasis by endoscopy and was calculated during the period starting from baseline until the completion of treatment with lansoprazole. It was calculated by dividing the percentage of the number of participants who experienced rebleeding after hemostasis divided by the total number of participants with confirmed hemostasis. (NCT02151786)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 9
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 1.2 |
Rebleeding rate was reported as percentage of participants who experienced rebleeding after observed hemostasis and was calculated during the period starting from baseline until the completion of treatment with lansoprazole. It was calculated by dividing the percentage of the number of participants who experienced rebleeding after hemostasis divided by the total number of participants with observed hemostasis. (NCT02151786)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 9
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 1.1 |
Hemostatic effect was categorized on the basis of degree of improvement as: markedly improved, moderately improved, slightly improved and poor in the participants with confirmed hemostatic effect by endoscopy. Efficacy rate was reported as percentage of participants showing efficacy and was calculated as the sum of percentage of number of participants reporting markedly improved + moderately improved + slightly improved divided by the percentage of total number of participants with confirmed hemostatic effect. (NCT02151786)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 9
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 91.6 |
Rebleeding rate was reported as percentage of participants who experienced rebleeding after confirmed hemostasis by endoscopy and was calculated at 8 weeks after the completion of treatment with lansoprazole. It was calculated by dividing the percentage of the number of participants who experienced rebleeding after hemostasis divided by the total number of participants with confirmed hemostasis. (NCT02151786)
Timeframe: Week 8 after the last dose of study drug (Week 17)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 7.1 |
Hemostatic effect was categorized on the basis of degree of improvement as: markedly improved, moderately improved, slightly improved and poor in the participants with observed hemostatic effect. Efficacy rate was reported as percentage of participants showing efficacy and was calculated as the sum of percentage of number of participants reporting markedly improved + moderately improved + slightly improved divided by the percentage of total number of participants with observed hemostatic effect. (NCT02151786)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 9
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 90.3 |
Rebleeding rate was reported as percentage of participants who experienced rebleeding after observed hemostasis and was calculated at 8 weeks after the completion of treatment with lansoprazole. It was calculated by dividing the percentage of the number of participants who experienced rebleeding after hemostasis divided by the total number of participants with observed hemostasis. (NCT02151786)
Timeframe: Week 8 after the last dose of study drug (Week 17)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 5.8 |
The GERD-HRQL score consisted of 10 questions, where participants were required to answer each question on a scale of 0 to 5 (0: no symptoms; 1: symptoms noticeable but not bothersome; 2: symptoms noticeable and bothersome but not every day; 3: symptoms bothersome every day; 4: symptoms affect daily activity; 5: symptoms are incapacitating to do daily activities). The total score was derived by simply adding the individual score of each question. The total score ranged from 0 to 50 where a higher score indicated more severe disease. The best possible total GERD-HRQL score was 0 (asymptomatic in all questions) and the worst possible score is 50 (incapacitated in all questions). (NCT02162758)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12
| Intervention | units on scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Month 12 | |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg BID | 12.0 | -11.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg QD | 7.3 | -3.0 |
Recurrence of IM was defined as an esophageal biopsy result indicating BE with or without dysplasia. (NCT02162758)
Timeframe: Month 12
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg QD | 0 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg BID | 50 |
Recurrence of IM with dysplasia was defined as an esophageal biopsy result indicating BE with dysplasia. (NCT02162758)
Timeframe: Month 12
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg QD | 0 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg BID | 0 |
The severity of EE was classified into following grades: Grade A: one or more mucosal breaks no longer than 5 millimeter (mm), none of which extends between the tops of the mucosal folds; Grade B: one or more mucosal breaks more than 5 mm long, none of which extends between the tops of two mucosal folds; Grade C: mucosal breaks that extend between the tops of two or more mucosal folds, but which involve less than 75 percent (%) of the esophageal circumference; Grade D: mucosal breaks which involve at least 75% of the esophageal circumference. (NCT02162758)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Month 12
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg QD | 0 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg BID | 0 |
Hemostatic effect was categorized on the basis of degree of improvement as: markedly improved, moderately improved, slightly improved and poor in the participants with observed hemostatic effect. Efficacy rate was reported as percentage of participants showing efficacy and was calculated as the sum of percentage of number of participants reporting markedly improved + moderately improved + slightly improved divided by the percentage of total number of participants with observed hemostatic effect. (NCT02170207)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 9
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 96.6 |
Rebleeding rate was reported as percentage of participants who experienced rebleeding after confirmed hemostasis by endoscopy during treatment with lansoprazole. It was calculated by dividing the percentage of the number of participants who experienced rebleeding after hemostasis divided by the total number of participants with confirmed hemostasis. (NCT02170207)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 9
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 0 |
Adverse drug reactions are defined as adverse events (AEs) which are in the investigator's opinion of causal relationship to the study treatment. AEs are defined as any unfavorable and unintended signs, symptoms or diseases temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product reported from the first dose of study drug to the last dose of study drug. (NCT02170207)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 9
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 0 |
Hemostatic effect was categorized on the basis of degree of improvement as: markedly improved, moderately improved, slightly improved and poor in the participants with confirmed hemostatic effect by endoscopy. Efficacy rate was reported as percentage of participants showing efficacy and was calculated as the sum of percentage of number of participants reporting markedly improved + moderately improved + slightly improved divided by the percentage of total number of participants with confirmed hemostatic effect. (NCT02170207)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Week 9
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 95.6 |
Rebleeding rate was reported as percentage of participants who experienced rebleeding after confirmed hemostasis by endoscopy and was calculated at 8 weeks after the completion of treatment with lansoprazole. It was calculated by dividing the percentage of the number of participants who experienced rebleeding after hemostasis divided by the total number of participants with confirmed hemostasis. (NCT02170207)
Timeframe: Week 17 (8 weeks after the last dose of study drug)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Lansoprazole | 0 |
The severity of participants' GERD symptoms based on the investigator's assessment among all participants was evaluated at Week 4 or Week 8. GERD symptoms were assessed on a 5-point scale, wherein 1=no symptom, 2=mild, 3=moderate, 4=severe and 5=very severe. GERD symptoms include heartburn (HB), acid regurgitation (AR), dysphagia (dysp), belching (bch) and epigastric pain (EP). (NCT02351960)
Timeframe: Up to 4 weeks for NERD participants and up to 8 weeks for EE participants
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heartburn, None | Heartburn, Mild | Heartburn, Moderate | Heartburn, Severe | Heartburn, Very Severe | Acid Regurgitation, None | Acid Regurgitation, Mild | Acid Regurgitation, Moderate | Acid Regurgitation, Severe | Acid Regurgitation, Very Severe | Dysphagia, None | Dysphagia, Mild | Dysphagia, Moderate | Dysphagia, Severe | Dysphagi, Very Severe | Belching, None | Belching, Mild | Belching, Moderate | Belching, Severe | Belching, Very Severe | Epigastric Pain, None | Epigastric Pain, Mild | Epigastric Pain, Moderate | Epigastric Pain, Severe | Epigastric Pain, Very Severe | |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 77 | 92 | 20 | 6 | 3 | 97 | 76 | 17 | 7 | 1 | 169 | 22 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 138 | 46 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 144 | 42 | 9 | 3 | 0 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 51 | 21 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 52 | 21 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 71 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 57 | 17 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 58 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Participants were asked to keep a daily paper diary. The percentage of 24-hour acid regurgitation-free days following study drug treatments was assessed by participant's diary entries. (NCT02351960)
Timeframe: Up to 4 weeks for NERD participants and up to 8 weeks for EE participants
| Intervention | percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 75.00 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 88.46 |
Participants were asked to keep a daily paper diary. The percentage of 24-hour heartburn free days following study drug treatments was assessed by the participant diary entries. (NCT02351960)
Timeframe: Up to 4 weeks for NERD participants and up to 8 weeks for EE participants
| Intervention | percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 53.85 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 81.97 |
Participants were asked to keep a daily paper diary. The percentage of nights without nighttime heartburn in both the group was assessed by participant diary entries. (NCT02351960)
Timeframe: Up to 4 weeks for NERD participants and up to 8 weeks for EE participants
| Intervention | percentage of nights (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 73.08 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 92.73 |
Participants were asked to keep a daily paper diary. The percentage of nights without nighttime heartburn and acid regurgitation in both the group was assessed by participant dairy entries. (NCT02351960)
Timeframe: Up to 4 weeks for NERD participants and up to 8 weeks for EE participants
| Intervention | percentage of nights (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 59.26 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 83.33 |
Participants underwent endoscopy to determine the percentage of participants with macroscopic healing of their esophagus showing at least 1 Los Angeles (LA) grade classification grade improvement at week 8. Endoscopic findings classified according to the Los Angeles classification: Grade Normal - endoscopy reveals no mucosal break Grade A- one or more mucosal breaks <5 mm in maximal length Grade B - one or more mucosal breaks >5 mm, but without continuity across mucosal folds Grade C - Mucosal breaks continuous between >2 mucosal folds, but involving less than 75% of the esophageal circumference Grade D - Mucosal breaks involving more than 75% of the esophageal circumference. (NCT02351960)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 77.3 |
Participants were asked to keep a daily paper diary. The percentage of nights without nighttime acid regurgitation in both the group was assessed by participant diary entries. (NCT02351960)
Timeframe: Up to 4 weeks for NERD participants and up to 8 weeks for EE participants
| Intervention | percentage of nights (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 88.00 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 92.59 |
EE participants were asked to keep a paper diary of daily heartburn and acid regurgitation-free days and the percentage of heartburn and acid regurgitation-free days was calculated. (NCT02351960)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8
| Intervention | percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 65.45 |
NERD participants were asked to keep a paper diary of daily heartburn and acid regurgitation-free days and the percentage of heartburn and acid regurgitation-free days was recorded. (NCT02351960)
Timeframe: Up to Week 4
| Intervention | percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 26.92 |
An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product; it does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (eg, a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a drug whether or not it is considered related to the drug. (NCT02388724)
Timeframe: On or after the start of study drug (Day 1) to 14 days after the last dose of study medication (up to 10 weeks)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 93 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 86 |
Endoscopic healing is defined as participants endoscopically diagnosed as Los Angeles classification grade O during the treatment phase. Grade O indicates there are no mucosal breaks in the mucosa. (NCT02388724)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 92.4 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 91.3 |
Number of participants with any markedly abnormal vital signs measurements is reported. Vital signs included body temperature (oral, tympanic, or infra-axillary measurement), sitting blood pressure (5 minutes), and pulse. °C = degrees Celsius, mmHg = millimeters of mercury, bpm = beats per minute. (NCT02388724)
Timeframe: From Day 1 to 14 days after the last dose of study medication (up to 10 weeks)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Temperature (<35.6 °C) | Body Temperature (>37.7 °C) | Systolic Blood Pressure (<85 mmHg) | Diastolic Blood Pressure (>110 mmHg) | Pulse (<50 bpm) | |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 10 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Number of participants with any markedly abnormal 12-lead ECG findings is reported. bpm = beats per minute, msec = milliseconds, CHG= change from baseline. (NCT02388724)
Timeframe: From Day 1 to 14 days after the last dose of study medication (up to 10 weeks)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Heart Rate (<50 bpm) | QT Interval (≥460 msec) | QTcF Interval (≥500, or ≥450 with CHG ≥30 msec) | |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 7 | 10 | 5 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 6 | 7 | 3 |
Clinical Laboratory Safety tests included Chemistry, Hematology and Urinalysis. Number of participants with any markedly abnormal values in laboratory tests collected throughout study is reported. ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, GGT = gamma-glutamyl transferase, CPK = creatine phosphokinase, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, LLN = lower limit of normal or lower reference limit, ULN = upper limit of normal or upper reference limit, g/L = grams per liter, U/L = units per liter, mmol/L = millimoles per liter, pmol/L = picomoles per liter. (NCT02388724)
Timeframe: From Day 1 to 14 days after the last dose of study medication (up to 10 weeks)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin (<0.8 x LLN g/L) | Neutrophils (<0.5 x LLN %) | Eosinophils (>2 x ULN %) | Lymphocytes (>1.5 x ULN %) | ALT (>3 x ULN U/L) | AST (>3 x ULN U/L) | GGT (>3 x ULN U/L) | CPK (>5 x ULN U/L) | Total Protein (>1.2 x ULN g/L) | BUN (>10.7 mmol/L) | Total Cholesterol (>7.72 mmol/L) | Triglycerides (>2.5 x ULN mmol/L) | Vitamin B12 (<92 pmol/L) | |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 0 |
The change between the serum pepsinogen II values collected at Weeks 2, 4, and 8 relative to baseline. (NCT02388724)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 2, 4, and 8
| Intervention | ug/L (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 2 | Change at Week 4 | Change at Week 8 | |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 7.8 | 8.8 | 7.2 | 8.0 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 7.5 | 44.9 | 40.7 | 31.0 |
The change between the serum pepsinogen I values collected at Weeks 2, 4, and 8 relative to baseline. (NCT02388724)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 2, 4, and 8
| Intervention | micrograms per liter (ug/L) (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 2 | Change at Week 4 | Change at Week 8 | |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 99.8 | 129.3 | 118.3 | 117.8 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 97.6 | 456.5 | 421.8 | 326.8 |
The change between the serum gastrin values collected at Weeks 2, 4, and 8 relative to baseline. (NCT02388724)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 2, 4, and 8
| Intervention | pmol/L (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 2 | Change at Week 4 | Change at Week 8 | |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 3.65 | 8.33 | 6.81 | 4.71 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 2.77 | 31.45 | 29.68 | 36.53 |
Endoscopic healing is defined as participants endoscopically diagnosed as Los Angeles classification grade O during the treatment phase. Grade O indicates there are no mucosal breaks in the mucosa. (NCT02388724)
Timeframe: Week 2 and Week 4
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| 2 Weeks | 4 Weeks | |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 67.8 | 83.5 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 75.0 | 85.3 |
The percentage of participants with any markedly abnormal vital sign measurements including (body temperature, blood pressure and pulse), mmHg = millimeters of mercury. (NCT02388737)
Timeframe: From Day 1 to 14 days after the last dose of study medication (up to 26 weeks)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Temperature (<35.6 °Celsius) | Body Temperature (>37.7 °Celsius) | Systolic Blood Pressure (<85 mmHg) | Diastolic Blood Pressure (<50 mmHg) | Diastolic Blood Pressure (>110 mmHg) | Pulse (<50 bpm) | Pulse (>120 bpm) | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Vonoprazan 10 mg | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 |
An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product; it does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (eg, a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a drug whether or not it is considered related to the drug. (NCT02388737)
Timeframe: From Day 1 to 14 days after the last dose of study medication (up to 26 weeks)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan 10 mg | 157 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 156 |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 158 |
Erosive esophagitis recurrence is defined as endoscopically confirmed to have erosive esophagitis (LA classification grades A to D) during the Maintenance Phase (12 weeks). Grade A: >/=1 mucosal breaks /=1 mucosal breaks >5 mm, none of which extends between the tops of two mucosal folds; Grade C: mucosal breaks that extend between the tops of two or more mucosal folds, but which involve <75% of esophageal circumference; Grade D: mucosal breaks which involve >/=75% of esophageal circumference. (NCT02388737)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan 10 mg | 27.8 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 10.0 |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 35.0 |
Erosive esophagitis recurrence is defined as participants endoscopically confirmed to have erosive esophagitis (Los Angeles [LA] classification grades A to D) during the Maintenance Phase (24 weeks). Grade A: >/=1 mucosal breaks /=1 mucosal breaks >5 mm, none of which extends between the tops of two mucosal folds; Grade C: mucosal breaks that extend between the tops of two or more mucosal folds, but which involve <75% of esophageal circumference; Grade D: mucosal breaks which involve >/=75% of esophageal circumference. (NCT02388737)
Timeframe: 24 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan 10 mg | 13.3 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 12.3 |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 25.5 |
(NCT02388737)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 4, 12 and 24
| Intervention | pmol/L (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 4 | Change at Week 12 | Change at Week 24 | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 21.94 | -11.21 | -8.76 | -7.41 |
| Vonoprazan 10 mg | 20.42 | 10.09 | 14.45 | 17.47 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 17.97 | 22.76 | 31.92 | 37.60 |
(NCT02388737)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 4, 12 and 24
| Intervention | ug/L (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 4 | Change at Week 12 | Change at Week 24 | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 303.3 | -112.3 | -123.5 | -103.9 |
| Vonoprazan 10 mg | 287.1 | 40.5 | -3.1 | 5.9 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 276.3 | 139.8 | 89.9 | 55.4 |
(NCT02388737)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 4, 12 and 24
| Intervention | ug/L (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Week 4 | Change at Week 12 | Change at Week 24 | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 24.6 | -10.9 | -10.9 | -8.7 |
| Vonoprazan 10 mg | 22.9 | 3.8 | -1.6 | -0.6 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 22.1 | 16.5 | 9.0 | 5.8 |
Clinical laboratory safety tests included chemistry, hematology and urinalysis. Number of participants with any markedly abnormal values in laboratory tests collected throughout study is reported. ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, GGT = gamma-glutamyl transferase, CPK = creatine phosphokinase, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, LLN = lower limit of normal or lower reference limit, ULN = upper limit of normal or upper reference limit, g/L = grams per liter, U/L = units per liter, mmol/L = millimoles per liter, pmol/L = picomoles per liter. (NCT02388737)
Timeframe: From Day 1 to 14 days after the last dose of study medication (up to 26 weeks)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hematology: Red Blood Cells (>1.2xULN) | Hematology: White Blood Cells (>1.5xULN) | Hematology: Hemoglobin (<0.8xLLN) | Hematology: Hematocrit (<0.8xLLN) | Hematology: Platelets (<75x10^9/L) | Hematology: Neutrophils (<0.5xLLN) | Hematology: Eosinophils (>2xULN) | Hematology: Lymphocytes (>1.5xULN) | Serum Chemistry: ALT (>3xULN) | Serum Chemistry: AST (>3xULN) | Serum Chemistry: GGT (>3xULN) | Serum Chemistry: CK (CPK) (>5xULN) | Serum Chemistry: Albumin (<25 g/L) | Serum Chemistry: Creatinine (>177 umol/L) | Serum Chemistry: BUN (>10.7 mmol/L) | Serum Chemistry: Uric Acid (>0.773 mmol/L) | Serum Chemistry: Total Cholesterol (>7.72 mmol/L) | Serum Chemistry: Triglycerides (>2.5xULN) | Serum Chemistry: Glucose (<2.8 mmol/L) | Serum Chemistry: Glucose (>19.4 mmol/L) | Serum Chemistry: Potassium (<3.0 mmol/L) | Serum Chemistry: Sodium (>150 mmol/L) | Serum Chemistry: Vitamin B12 (<92 pmol/L) | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Vonoprazan 10 mg | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Number of participants with any markedly abnormal 12-lead ECG findings is reported. bpm = beats per minute, msec = milliseconds, CHG= change from baseline. (NCT02388737)
Timeframe: From Day 1 to 14 days after the last dose of study medication (up to 26 weeks)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart Rate (<50 bpm) | Heart Rate (>120 bpm) | QT Interval (>=460 msec) | QTcF Interval (>= 500, or >= 450 with CHG >= 30) | |
| Lansoprazole 15 mg | 4 | 0 | 8 | 6 |
| Vonoprazan 10 mg | 8 | 0 | 9 | 8 |
| Vonoprazan 20 mg | 7 | 1 | 5 | 3 |
(NCT02625259)
Timeframe: Part 1 and 2: Day 1 or 15 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 72 hours) post-dose; Part 3: Day 1 (TAK-117) and Day 15 (TAK-117 + Lansoprazole) pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 72 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | nanogram*hour per milliliter (ng*hr/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part-1: TAK-117 900 mg Capsules (9*100 mg Capsules) | 45727.280 |
| Part-1: TAK-117 900 mg Tablets (3*300 mg Tablets) | 66015.952 |
| Part-2: TAK-117 600 mg Fasted (2*300 mg Tablets) | 71442.968 |
| Part-2: TAK-117 600 mg Fed (2*300 mg Tablets) | 127143.511 |
| Part-3: TAK-117 900 mg (3*300 mg Tablets) | 63165.064 |
| Part-3: TAK-117 900 mg (3*300 mg Tablets) + Lansoprazole 30 mg | 1018.650 |
(NCT02625259)
Timeframe: Part 1 and 2: Day 1 or 15 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 72 hours) post-dose; Part 3: Day 1 (TAK-117) and Day 15 (TAK-117 + Lansoprazole) pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 72 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part-1: TAK-117 900 mg Capsules (9*100 mg Capsules) | 64165.340 |
| Part-1: TAK-117 900 mg Tablets (3*300 mg Tablets) | 96293.083 |
| Part-2: TAK-117 600 mg Fasted (2*300 mg Tablets) | 81595.634 |
| Part-2: TAK-117 600 mg Fed (2*300 mg Tablets) | 128336.896 |
| Part-3: TAK-117 900 mg (3*300 mg Tablets) | 85782.122 |
| Part-3: TAK-117 900 mg (3*300 mg Tablets) + Lansoprazole 30 mg | 6547.254 |
(NCT02625259)
Timeframe: Part 1 and 2: Day 1 or 15 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 72 hours) post-dose; Part 3: Day 1 (TAK-117) and Day 15 (TAK-117 + Lansoprazole) pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 72 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | hours (Median) |
|---|---|
| Part-1: TAK-117 900 mg Capsules (9*100 mg Capsules) | 2.067 |
| Part-1: TAK-117 900 mg Tablets (3*300 mg Tablets) | 3.000 |
| Part-2: TAK-117 600 mg Fasted (2*300 mg Tablets) | 3.000 |
| Part-2: TAK-117 600 mg Fed (2*300 mg Tablets) | 6.033 |
| Part-3: TAK-117 900 mg (3*300 mg Tablets) | 3.000 |
| Part-3: TAK-117 900 mg (3*300 mg Tablets) + Lansoprazole 30 mg | 3.517 |
(NCT02625259)
Timeframe: Part 1 and 2: Day 1 or 15 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 72 hours) post-dose; Part 3: Day 1 (TAK-117) and Day 15 (TAK-117 + Lansoprazole) pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 72 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part-1: TAK-117 900 mg Capsules (9*100 mg Capsules) | 4632.992 |
| Part-1: TAK-117 900 mg Tablets (3*300 mg Tablets) | 6225.347 |
| Part-2: TAK-117 600 mg Fasted (2*300 mg Tablets) | 6455.111 |
| Part-2: TAK-117 600 mg Fed (2*300 mg Tablets) | 7847.591 |
| Part-3: TAK-117 900 mg (3*300 mg Tablets) | 5859.156 |
| Part-3: TAK-117 900 mg (3*300 mg Tablets) + Lansoprazole 30 mg | 190.172 |
(NCT02625259)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 24 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | liter per hour (L/hr) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part-1: TAK-117 900 mg Capsules (9*100 mg Capsules) | 0.314 |
| Part-1: TAK-117 900 mg Tablets (3*300 mg Tablets) | 0.311 |
To assess eradication efficacy,repeated endoscopy with rapid urease test, histological examination and culture or Urea breath test. (NCT02646332)
Timeframe: sixth week after the end of anti- H. pylori therapy
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| (Dexlan+Amox+Clar+Metr)+(Dexlan+Amox) | 124 |
| Dexlan+Clarith+Amox+Metro | 121 |
Numbers of participants with fundic gland polyp for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as the endpoint for endoscopic findings. The number analyzed is the number of participants with data available for analysis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 75 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 45 |
Numbers of participants with G-cell hyperplasia for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as the endpoint for gastric mucosa histopathology. The number analyzed is the number of participants with data available for analysis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 87 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 40 |
Numbers of participants with atrophy in greater curvature of the middle gastric body for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as histological assessment of gastritis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 0 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 0 |
Number of participants reporting one or more TEAEs in Maintenance Phase was reported. An Adverse Event (AE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign (eg, a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a drug, whether or not it is considered related to the drug. A TEAE is defined as an adverse event with an onset that occurs after receiving study drug. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: 260 weeks (Baseline, up to the end of Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 126 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 64 |
Numbers of participants with inflammation (mononuclear infiltration) in greater curvature of the middle gastric body for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as histological assessment of gastritis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 15 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 9 |
Numbers of participants with hyperplastic polyp for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as the endpoint for endoscopic findings. The number analyzed is the number of participants with data available for analysis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 24 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 6 |
Numbers of participants with gastric polyp for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported. The number analyzed is the number of participants with data available for analysis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 82 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 46 |
Numbers of participants with intestinal metaplasia in greater curvature of the antrum for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as histological assessment of gastritis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 6 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 6 |
Numbers of participants with neutrophilic infiltration in greater curvature of the antrum for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as histological assessment of gastritis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 0 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 0 |
Numbers of participants with neutrophilic infiltration in greater curvature of the middle gastric body for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as histological assessment of gastritis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 1 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 0 |
Numbers of participants with intestinal metaplasia in greater curvature of the middle gastric body for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as histological assessment of gastritis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 0 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 0 |
Numbers of participants with parietal cell protrusion/hyperplasia for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as the endpoint for gastric mucosa histopathology. The number analyzed is the number of participants with data available for analysis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 99 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 45 |
Numbers of participants with presence of H.pylori in greater curvature of the antrum for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as histological assessment of gastritis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 0 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 0 |
Numbers of participants with presence of H.pylori in greater curvature of the middle gastric body for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as histological assessment of gastritis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 0 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 0 |
Numbers of participants with malignant alteration of epithelial cells for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as the endpoint for gastric mucosa histopathology. The number analyzed is the number of participants with data available for analysis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Time Frame: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 0 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 0 |
Numbers of participants with atrophy in greater curvature of the antrum for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as histological assessment of gastritis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 7 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 7 |
Numbers of participants with multiple white and flat elevated lesions for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as the endpoint for endoscopic findings. The number analyzed is the number of participants with data available for analysis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 8 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 9 |
Numbers of participants with inflammation (mononuclear infiltration) in greater curvature of the antrum for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as histological assessment of gastritis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 11 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 9 |
Erosive esophagitis recurrence is defined as endoscopically confirmed to have erosive esophagitis (LA classification grades O and A to D) during the Maintenance Phase. The LA classification graded as follows- Grade O: normal mucosa; Grade A: nonconfluent mucosal breaks <5 mm in length; Grade B: nonconfluent mucosal breaks ≥ 5mm in length; Grade C: confluent mucosal breaks <75% circumferential; Grade D: confluent mucosal breaks >75% circumferential. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 3.8 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 11.3 |
Percentage of participants who healed EE at the end of healing phase was reported. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 1.4 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 0.0 |
Numbers of participants with black spots for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as the endpoint for endoscopic findings. The number analyzed is the number of participants with data available for analysis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 8 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 7 |
Numbers of participants with cobblestone mucosa for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as the endpoint for endoscopic findings. The number analyzed is the number of participants with data available for analysis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 23 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 8 |
Numbers of participants with enterochromaffin-like-cell hyperplasia for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as the endpoint for gastric mucosa histopathology. The number analyzed is the number of participants with data available for analysis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 5 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 4 |
Numbers of participants with foveolar hyperplasia for Vonoprazan group and Lansoprazole group at Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase) were reported as the endpoint for gastric mucosa histopathology. The number analyzed is the number of participants with data available for analysis. (NCT02679508)
Timeframe: Up to Week 268 (Week 260 in Maintenance Phase)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Group | 15 |
| Lansoprazole Group | 1 |
The percentage of days with neither daytime nor nighttime heartburn was equal to (=) (the days that were heartburn-free during the treatment period) / (total number of days for which either a daytime or nighttime result was marked during treatment period)*100 percent (%). (NCT02873689)
Timeframe: Up to Week 4
| Intervention | percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 32.67 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 51.72 |
The percentage of days without nighttime heartburn was = (the days that were heartburn-free during the treatment period) / (total number of days for which nighttime result was marked during treatment period)*100%. (NCT02873689)
Timeframe: Up to Week 4
| Intervention | percentage of days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 54.67 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 67.86 |
Percentage of participants with complete healing of EE was assessed by endoscopy. EE was graded according to the LA classification of esophagitis grading system, based on the extent of visible mucosal breaks seen in the esophagus according to the following: Grade O (no mucosal breaks); Grade A (>=1 mucosal break no longer than 5 mm that does not extend between the tops of 2 mucosal folds); Grade B (>=1 mucosal break >5 mm that does not extend between the tops of 2 mucosal folds); Grade C (>=1 mucosal break that is continuous between the tops of 2 or more mucosal folds, but involves <75% of the circumference); Grade D (>=1 mucosal break which involves >=75% of the circumference). Healing is defined as LA Grade O. (NCT02873702)
Timeframe: Month 6
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Maintenance Period: Placebo | 0 |
| Maintenance Period: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 25 |
Percentage of participants with complete healing of EE was assessed by endoscopy. EE was graded according to the Los Angeles (LA) classification of esophagitis grading system, based on the extent of visible mucosal breaks seen in the esophagus according to the following: Grade O (no mucosal breaks); Grade A (>=1 mucosal break no longer than 5 millimeter [mm] that does not extend between the tops of 2 mucosal folds); Grade B (>=1 mucosal break greater than [>] 5 mm that does not extend between the tops of 2 mucosal folds); Grade C (>=1 mucosal break that is continuous between the tops of 2 or more mucosal folds, but involves <75 percent (%) of the circumference); Grade D (>=1 mucosal break which involves >=75% of the circumference). Healing is defined as LA Grade O. (NCT02873702)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Healing Period: Lansoprazole 30 mg | 85.0 |
| Healing Period: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 82.4 |
(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 15
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-438 | 0.0 |
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole | 6.7 |
(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 17
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-438 | 53.3 |
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole | 66.7 |
(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Baseline up Day 15
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Amylase (greater than [>] 2*upper limit of normal) | Potassium (>6.0 millimole per liter [mmol/L]) | |
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole | 6.7 | 6.7 |
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-438 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Day 14 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 12 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-438 | 28.08 |
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole | 30.14 |
(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Day 14 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 12 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | hours nanogram per milliliter (h*ng/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-438 | 103.0 |
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole | 111.1 |
(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 15
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body temperature (less than [<] 35.6 celsius [C]) | Body temperature (>37.7 C) | Systolic blood pressure(<85 millimeter of mercury) | Diastolic blood pressure(<50millimeter of mercury) | |
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 |
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-438 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 |
(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Day 14 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 12 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | nanogram (ng) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-438 | 497300 |
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole | 537600 |
(NCT02892409)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 17
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + TAK-438 | 6.7 |
| Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + Bismuth + Lansoprazole | 0.0 |
The gastrointestinal symptoms included epigastric pain [postprandial, fasting, nocturnal], abdominal bloating, nausea/vomiting, heartburn, lack of appetite. The severity of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with GU were recorded as: none = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2 or severe = 3. The data is reported in categories for percentage of participants with resolution of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with GU. (NCT03050307)
Timeframe: Week 2 up to Week 8
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epigastric Pain (Postprandial) | Epigastric Pain (Fasting/Nocturnal) | Abdominal Bloating | Nausea/Vomiting | Heartburn | Lack of Appetite | |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 80.0 | 80.5 | 65.2 | 100.0 | 85.7 | 90.0 |
| TAK-438 20 mg | 78.9 | 85.0 | 81.3 | 100.0 | 95.8 | 77.8 |
HP infection status was determined by 13C-UBT. The urea breath test is used to detect infection with HP, a bacteria associated with stomach ulcers, by testing individual breath samples in a central laboratory. The data is provided only for HP+ participants. The participant could take 4 or 8 weeks of treatment for GU healing, then additional 4 weeks later, to have the urea breath test (UBT) test to detect HP. (NCT03050307)
Timeframe: 4 weeks post treatment (up to approximately 12 weeks)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TAK-438 20 mg | 88.0 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 80.8 |
Endoscopic healing was defined as the disappearance of all white coats associated with GUs confirmed endoscopically. (NCT03050307)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TAK-438 20 mg | 76.1 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 82.1 |
Endoscopic healing was defined as the disappearance of all white coats associated with GUs confirmed endoscopically. (NCT03050307)
Timeframe: Week 4 or 8
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TAK-438 20 mg | 91.1 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 94.7 |
Endoscopic healing is defined as the disappearance of all white coats associated with duodenal ulcers as confirmed endoscopically. (NCT03050359)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TAK-438 20 mg | 89.2 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 88.4 |
The percentage of participants with resolution of various gastrointestinal symptoms are reported as categories. Gastrointestinal symptoms included epigastric pain (postprandial, fasting, nocturnal), abdominal bloating, nausea/vomiting, heartburn and lack of appetite. The severity of subjective symptoms of erosive esophagitis were recorded as: none = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2 or severe = 3. (NCT03050359)
Timeframe: Week 2 up to Week 6
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epigastric Pain (Postprandial) | Epigastric Pain (Fasting/Nocturnal) | Abdominal Bloating | Nausea/Vomiting | Heartburn | Lack of Appetite | |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 91.8 | 90.1 | 87.3 | 94.4 | 95.5 | 100.0 |
| TAK-438 20 mg | 87.7 | 91.7 | 83.3 | 85.2 | 100.0 | 90.9 |
HP infection status was determined by ^13C Urea Breath Test (^13C-UBT). The urea breath test is used to detect infection with HP, a bacteria associated with stomach ulcers, by testing individual breath samples in a central laboratory. (NCT03050359)
Timeframe: 4 weeks post treatment (Up to 10 weeks)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TAK-438 20 mg | 91.5 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 86.8 |
Endoscopic healing was defined as the disappearance of all white coats associated with duodenal ulcers as confirmed endoscopically. (NCT03050359)
Timeframe: Week 4 or Week 6
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| TAK-438 20 mg | 96.9 |
| Lansoprazole 30 mg | 96.5 |
Change in Serum Levels of SHBG (sex hormone binding globuline) from Baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | nmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | 0.884 |
Change in low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels from baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | mmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | -0.210 |
Change in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels from baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | mmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | -0.029 |
Change in Serum Levels of FT3 (free triiodothyronine) from Baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | pmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | 0.263 |
Change in Serum Levels of FT4 (free thyroxine) from Baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | pmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | 0.593 |
Change in Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol levels from baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | mmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | 0.049 |
Change in Serum Levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) from Baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | U/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | -35.073 |
Change in Serum Levels of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) from Baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | mIU/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | -0.676 |
Change in Serum Levels of ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) from Baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | U/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | -0.395 |
Change in total cholesterol levels from Baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | mmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | -0.198 |
Change in triglycerides levels from Baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | mmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | 0.075 |
Change in Serum Levels of TT3 (total triiodothyronine) from Baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | nmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | 0.098 |
Change in Serum Levels of TT4 (total thyroxine) from Baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | nmol/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | 2.558 |
Change in Serum Levels of ferritin from Baseline (NCT03094416)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | mcg/L (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Tirosint Capsules | -6.442 |
(NCT03131895)
Timeframe: Day 1: pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 24 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | nanogram*hour per milliliter(ng*hour/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TOB | 2416.3 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TPC | 2327.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TOB | 5715.5 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TPC | 5684.7 |
(NCT03131895)
Timeframe: Day 1: pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 24 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | ng*hour/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TOB | 2579.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TPC | 2420.6 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TOB | 5746.2 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TPC | 5630.4 |
(NCT03131895)
Timeframe: Day 1: pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 24 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | nanogram/milliliter (ng/mL) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TOB | 515.7 |
| Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TPC | 519.5 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TOB | 1027.0 |
| Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TPC | 978.6 |
(NCT03316976)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 24 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | hour*nanogram per milliliter (h*ng/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Group 1: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 3660 |
| Group 2: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 10198 |
(NCT03316976)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 24 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | h*ng/mL (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Group 1: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 3701 |
| Group 2: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 10340 |
(NCT03316976)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple timepoints (up to 24 hours) post-dose
| Intervention | nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Group 1: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg | 732 |
| Group 2: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg | 1756 |
(NCT03801148)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 24 hours) post dose
| Intervention | ng*hour/mL (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TOB | 2926 |
| Part 1: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TPC | 2884 |
| Part 2: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TOB | 6733 |
| Part 2: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TPC | 6217 |
(NCT03801148)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 24 hours) post dose
| Intervention | ng*hour/mL (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TOB | 2927 |
| Part 1: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TPC | 2885 |
| Part 2: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TOB | 6734 |
| Part 2: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TPC | 6220 |
(NCT03801148)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 24 hours) post dose
| Intervention | nanogram*hour per milliliter(ng*hour/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TOB | 2881 |
| Part 1: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TPC | 2756 |
| Part 2: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TOB | 6608 |
| Part 2: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TPC | 6278 |
(NCT03801148)
Timeframe: Day 1 pre-dose and at multiple time points (up to 24 hours) post dose
| Intervention | nanogram/milliliter (ng/mL) (Geometric Mean) |
|---|---|
| Part 1: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TOB | 610.1 |
| Part 1: Dexlansoprazole 30 mg TPC | 622.5 |
| Part 2: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TOB | 1381 |
| Part 2: Dexlansoprazole 60 mg TPC | 1302 |
A 24-hour heartburn-free day was defined as a day having no heartburn among all diary entries for that day. The percentage of 24-hour heartburn-free days was calculated using all days with at least 1 evening or morning diary entry during the treatment period of this phase. (NCT04124926)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 24
| Intervention | percentage of days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Maintenance Phase: Vonoprazan 10 mg | 80.9 |
| Maintenance Phase: Vonoprazan 20 mg | 80.6 |
| Maintenance Phase: Lansoprazole 15 mg | 78.6 |
A participant was considered to have complete healing of EE if healing was demonstrated during endoscopy. (NCT04124926)
Timeframe: Week 24
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Maintenance Phase: Vonoprazan 10 mg | 79.2 |
| Maintenance Phase: Vonoprazan 20 mg | 80.7 |
| Maintenance Phase: Lansoprazole 15 mg | 72.0 |
"A participant was considered to have complete healing of EE if healing was demonstrated during endoscopy.~LA Classification of Esophagitis Grading Scale:~Grade C: One or more mucosal breaks that are continuous between the tops of 2 or more mucosal folds, which involves less than 75% of the circumference.~Grade D: One or more mucosal breaks, which involves at least 75% of the circumference." (NCT04124926)
Timeframe: Week 24
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Maintenance Phase: Vonoprazan 10 mg | 74.7 |
| Maintenance Phase: Vonoprazan 20 mg | 77.2 |
| Maintenance Phase: Lansoprazole 15 mg | 61.5 |
Sustained resolution was defined as at least 7 consecutive days with no daytime or night time heartburn as assessed by the daily diary. A participant was considered to have sustained resolution of heartburn by Day 3 if the first day of the 7 consecutive days without symptoms was on Days 1, 2, or 3. (NCT04124926)
Timeframe: Day 1 to maximum of Day 10 (inclusive of 7 day heartburn assessment)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Healing Phase: Vonoprazan 20 mg | 34.4 |
| Healing Phase: Lansoprazole 30 mg | 32.2 |
"A participant was considered to have complete healing of EE if healing was demonstrated during endoscopy.~LA Classification of Esophagitis Grading Scale:~Grade C: One or more mucosal breaks that are continuous between the tops of 2 or more mucosal folds, which involves less than 75% of the circumference.~Grade D: One or more mucosal breaks, which involves at least 75% of the circumference." (NCT04124926)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Healing Phase: Vonoprazan 20 mg | 91.7 |
| Healing Phase: Lansoprazole 30 mg | 72.0 |
"A participant was considered to have complete healing of EE if healing was demonstrated during endoscopy.~LA Classification of Esophagitis Grading Scale:~Grade C: One or more mucosal breaks that are continuous between the tops of 2 or more mucosal folds, which involves less than 75% of the circumference.~Grade D: One or more mucosal breaks, which involves at least 75% of the circumference." (NCT04124926)
Timeframe: Week 2
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Healing Phase: Vonoprazan 20 mg | 70.2 |
| Healing Phase: Lansoprazole 30 mg | 52.6 |
A participant was considered to have complete healing of EE if healing was demonstrated during endoscopy. (NCT04124926)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Healing Phase: Vonoprazan 20 mg | 92.9 |
| Healing Phase: Lansoprazole 30 mg | 84.6 |
A participant was considered to have complete healing of EE if healing was demonstrated during endoscopy. (NCT04124926)
Timeframe: Week 2
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Healing Phase: Vonoprazan 20 mg | 74.3 |
| Healing Phase: Lansoprazole 30 mg | 68.2 |
A 24-hour heartburn-free day was defined as a day having no heartburn among all diary entries for that day. The percentage of 24-hour heartburn-free days was calculated using all days with at least 1 evening or morning diary entry during the treatment period of this phase. (NCT04124926)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Week 8
| Intervention | percentage of days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Healing Phase: Vonoprazan 20 mg | 66.8 |
| Healing Phase: Lansoprazole 30 mg | 64.1 |
H pylori eradication was determined by the ^13C-UBT test. (NCT04167670)
Timeframe: Baseline to 4 weeks after the last dose of study drugs (maximum duration of treatment was 2 weeks)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Dual Therapy | 78.5 |
| Vonoprazan Triple Therapy | 84.7 |
| Lansoprazole Triple Therapy | 78.8 |
H pylori eradication was determined by the ^13C-UBT test. (NCT04167670)
Timeframe: Baseline to 4 weeks after the last dose of study drugs (maximum duration of treatment was 2 weeks)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Dual Therapy | 69.6 |
| Vonoprazan Triple Therapy | 65.8 |
| Lansoprazole Triple Therapy | 31.9 |
H pylori eradication was determined by the ^13C-UBT test. (NCT04167670)
Timeframe: Baseline to 4 weeks after the last dose of study drugs (maximum duration of treatment was 2 weeks)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan Dual Therapy | 77.2 |
| Vonoprazan Triple Therapy | 80.8 |
| Lansoprazole Triple Therapy | 68.5 |
Calculated using the Linear Trapezoidal with Linear Interpolation Method. The analyses of vonoprazan and lansoprazole in plasma samples was performed using validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry methods. (NCT04729101)
Timeframe: Day 1: predose and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, and 24 hours postdose
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan | 200.6 |
| Lansoprazole | 2677 |
Calculated using the Linear Trapezoidal with Linear Interpolation Method. The analyses of vonoprazan and lansoprazole in plasma samples was performed using validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry methods. (NCT04729101)
Timeframe: Day 7: predose and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, and 24 hours postdose
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan | 261.4 |
| Lansoprazole | 3246 |
The average gastric pH was a measure of the immediate effect on gastric pH and the duration of effect on gastric pH. Gastric pH was measured continuously over a 24-hour period on Days 1 and 7 of Periods 1 and 2, using a pH and pressure sensitive probe and ambulatory pH recording system. A pH recording was taken every second. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 with values below 7 being more acidic and values above 7 being more basic. Normal gastric pH is between 1.5 and 3.5. (NCT04729101)
Timeframe: Day 1 and Day 7 of each treatment period
| Intervention | pH (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 7 | |
| Lansoprazole | 2.848 | 3.783 |
| Vonoprazan | 4.606 | 5.903 |
Calculated as: Time pH >4*100/total actual monitoring period time. Gastric pH was measured continuously over a 24-hour period on Days 1 and 7 of Periods 1 and 2, using a pH and pressure sensitive probe and ambulatory pH recording system. A pH recording was taken every second. (NCT04729101)
Timeframe: Day 1 and Day 7 of each treatment period
| Intervention | percentage of time (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 7 | |
| Lansoprazole | 22.61 | 42.32 |
| Vonoprazan | 62.40 | 87.81 |
Taken from the clinical database as the difference in the time of administration and the time of the blood draw which was associated with the Cmax,ss. The analyses of vonoprazan and lansoprazole in plasma samples was performed using validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry methods. (NCT04729101)
Timeframe: Day 7: predose and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, and 24 hours postdose
| Intervention | hr (Median) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan | 2.005 |
| Lansoprazole | 1.510 |
Taken from the clinical database as the difference in the time of administration and the time of the blood draw which was associated with the Cmax. If the maximum value occurred at more than one time point, Tmax was defined as the first time point with this value. The analyses of vonoprazan and lansoprazole in plasma samples was performed using validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry methods. (NCT04729101)
Timeframe: Day 1: predose and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, and 24 hours postdose
| Intervention | hr (Median) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan | 2.005 |
| Lansoprazole | 1.499 |
Calculated as the area under the concentration-time curve, from time 0 to the last observed non-zero concentration (AUC0-t) + (Clast/Kel) where Clast is the last observed/measured concentration and Kel is the apparent first-order terminal elimination rate constant. The analyses of vonoprazan and lansoprazole in plasma samples was performed using validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry methods. (NCT04729101)
Timeframe: Day 1: predose and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, and 24 hours postdose
| Intervention | ng*hr/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan | 229.5 |
| Lansoprazole | 2679 |
Cmax,ss was taken directly from bioanalytical data. The analyses of vonoprazan and lansoprazole in plasma samples was performed using validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry methods. (NCT04729101)
Timeframe: Day 7: predose and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, and 24 hours postdose
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan | 27.39 |
| Lansoprazole | 1164 |
Cmax was taken directly from bioanalytical data. The analyses of vonoprazan and lansoprazole in plasma samples was performed using validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry methods. (NCT04729101)
Timeframe: Day 1: predose and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, and 24 hours postdose
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Vonoprazan | 21.79 |
| Lansoprazole | 1110 |
Heartburn-free in a 24-hour day was a day where patient reported having no burning feeling or pain behind breast or in center of upper stomach for both morning and evening. Percentage of heartburn-free 24-hour days based on eDiary(Reflux Symptom Questionnaire electronic Diary: RESQ-eDiary) was evaluated. Reflux-related symptom pattern was evaluated during initial 4 weeks of treatment with four dose levels of X842 and with Lansoprazole, and symptom pattern during subsequent additional 4 weeks Lansoprazole treatment in open-label. Modified RESQ-eDiary was validated self-reported questionnaire electronic symptom diary. mRESQ-eD has 3 domains [i.e. Heartburn (min-max: 0-10), Other GERD signs/symptoms (min-max:0-15) and Regurgitations/Reflux (min-max: 0-8)]. Endoscopy followed by lansoprazole administration and symptom evaluation using PRO QOLRAD (Heartburn version) and patient diaries assessed acid control achieved with X842 at 4 weeks. (NCT05055128)
Timeframe: Weeks 1 and 8
| Intervention | Percentage of days (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 1 | Week 8 | |
| Lansoprazole | 19.1 | 59.2 |
| X842 100 mg BID | 26.1 | 72.2 |
| X842 25 mg BID | 27.0 | 82.4 |
| X842 50 mg BID | 25.1 | 73.8 |
| X842 75 mg BID | 29.2 | 78.6 |
The healing of erosive esophagitis due to gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) was assessed. It supported the dose selection X842,through the assessment of healing of erosive esophagitis due to GERD based on endoscopic assessment after 4 weeks of treatment. The dose that would lead to having 85% of the patients have esophageal mucosa healing after 4 weeks of treatment. Following the endoscopic evaluation, all patients received subsequent 4 weeks of open-label treatment with lansoprazole. Repeated symptom evaluation was assessed during this period to detect the symptom pattern. Endoscopy evaluation at 4 weeks was based on the level and duration of acid control achieved with X842. Symptom evaluation was assessed using the validated patient-reported outcome (PRO) QOLRAD (Heartburn version) and patient diaries (RESQ-eDiary). (NCT05055128)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| X842 25 mg BID | 28 |
| X842 50 mg BID | 28 |
| X842 75 mg BID | 32 |
| X842 100 mg BID | 18 |
| Lansoprazole | 20 |
Reflux-related symptom pattern was evaluated during initial 4 weeks of treatment with 4 dose levels of X842 and with Lansoprazole, and symptom pattern during subsequent additional 4 weeks of open-label treatment with Lansoprazole. Heartburn version of QOLRAD is a disease-specific instrument containing 25 questions addressing concerns associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Questions were rated on a seven-grade (1-7) Likert scale, where a score of 1 represented low quality of life, and as score increased, the patient's condition was considered better. Questions were categorized into 5 domains: emotional distress, sleep disturbance, vitality, food/drink problems, and physical/social functioning. The score in each domain was calculated as the mean of all items in that domain. The score ranges from 1 to 175, higher scores mean a better outcome. After endoscopic evaluation, patients received lansoprazole and underwent symptom evaluation using validated PRO QOLRAD and patient diaries. (NCT05055128)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 1, and 8
| Intervention | Scores on scale (Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1: Emotional Distress Score | Week 8: Emotional Distress Score | Week 1: Food/Drink Problems Score | Week 8: Food/Drink Problems Score | Week 1: Physical/Social Functioning Score | Week 8: Physical/Social Functioning Score | Week 1: Sleep Disturbance Score | Week 8: Sleep Disturbance Score | Week 1:Vitality Score | Week 8: Vitality Score | |
| Lansoprazole | 1.34 | 2.19 | 1.40 | 2.56 | 0.97 | 1.71 | 1.54 | 2.37 | 1.21 | 2.19 |
| X842 100 mg BID | 1.54 | 2.00 | 1.65 | 2.28 | 1.19 | 1.60 | 1.49 | 1.91 | 1.50 | 2.21 |
| X842 25 mg BID | 1.69 | 2.76 | 1.84 | 3.08 | 1.26 | 2.06 | 1.60 | 2.78 | 1.55 | 2.84 |
| X842 50 mg BID | 1.55 | 2.51 | 1.62 | 2.97 | 1.32 | 2.26 | 1.45 | 2.48 | 1.51 | 2.79 |
| X842 75 mg BID | 1.14 | 1.84 | 1.32 | 2.34 | 1.02 | 1.57 | 1.08 | 1.89 | 1.42 | 2.25 |
Investigator assessed severity and frequency of patients' heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia in 7 days. Assessment included both severity grade (for severity, items were coded: none, mild, moderate, severe where none represented no complaints, severe represented incapacitating symptoms) and frequency (for frequency, a 7-graded Likert scale was used, ranging from none to all of time) of symptoms. Symptoms were scored as follows: none (no complaints), mild (aware of symptom, but easily tolerated), moderate (discomforting symptom, sufficient to cause interference with normal daily activities and/or sleep), severe (incapacitating symptom, with inability to perform normal daily activities and/or sleep). Following endoscopic evaluation, patients received lansoprazole and underwent symptom evaluation using validated PRO QOLRAD (Heartburn version) and patient diaries.Here, for frequency- All of the time and None of the time, and for symptoms- none and severe data has been presented. (NCT05055128)
Timeframe: Weeks 1 and 8
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1 (Dysphagia): Frequency- All of the time | Week 1 (Dysphagia): Frequency- None of the time | Week 8 (Dysphagia): Frequency- All of the time | Week 8 (Dysphagia): Frequency- None of the time | Week 1 (Heartburn): Frequency- All of the time | Week 1 (Heartburn): Frequency- None of the time | Week 8 (Heartburn): Frequency- All of the time | Week 8 (Heartburn): Frequency- None of the time | Week 1 (Regurgitation/Reflux): Frequency- All of the time | Week 1 (Regurgitation/Reflux): Frequency- None of the time | Week 8 (Regurgitation/Reflux): Frequency- All of the time | Week 8 (Regurgitation/Reflux): Frequency- None of the time | Week 1 (Dysphagia): Symptom- None | Week 1 (Dysphagia): Symptom- Severe | Week 8 (Dysphagia): Symptom- None | Week 8 (Dysphagia): Symptom- Severe | Week 1 (Heartburn): Symptom- None | Week 1 (Heartburn): Symptom- Severe | Week 8 (Heartburn): Symptom- None | Week 8 (Heartburn): Symptom- Severe | Week 1 (Regurgitation/Reflux): Symptom- None | Week 1 (Regurgitation/Reflux): Symptom- Severe | Week 8 (Regurgitation/Reflux): Symptom- None | Week 8 (Regurgitation/Reflux): Symptom- Severe | |
| Lansoprazole | 0 | 11 | 0 | 40 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 39 | 12 | 1 | 41 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 38 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 41 | 1 |
| X842 100 mg BID | 1 | 13 | 1 | 34 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 33 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 32 | 15 | 2 | 35 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 33 | 0 | 5 | 4 | 33 | 0 |
| X842 25 mg BID | 0 | 14 | 0 | 42 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 38 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 41 | 14 | 1 | 42 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 38 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 41 | 0 |
| X842 50 mg BID | 2 | 10 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 36 | 12 | 2 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 37 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 36 | 0 |
| X842 75 mg BID | 0 | 13 | 0 | 43 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 43 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 41 | 13 | 2 | 43 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 44 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 41 | 0 |
The safety and tolerability of the four dose levels of X842 and Lansoprazole were evaluated, where Lansoprazole served as the active comparator. Here TEAE- Treatment-emergent adverse event, ADR- Adverse drug reaction, SAE- Serious adverse event, and AESI- Adverse events of special interest. (NCT05055128)
Timeframe: From Screening (Day -7 to Day 0) until Week 8
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any AE | Any TEAE | Any severe TEAE | Any treatment related TEAE (ADR) | Any TEAE leading to study discontinuation | Any SAE | Any Serious TEAE | Any treatment emergent AESI | |
| Lansoprazole | 10 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| X842 100 mg BID | 11 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| X842 25 mg BID | 15 | 14 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| X842 50 mg BID | 10 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| X842 75 mg BID | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Heartburn with at most mild symptoms in a 24-hour day was defined as a day where the patient reported having either no symptoms, very mild symptoms, or mild burning feeling or pain behind the breast or in the center of the upper stomach (score between 0-2) for both morning and evening. Heartburn assessed the severity as per the following scores (0=Did not have, 1=Very mild, 2=Mild, 3=Moderate, 4=Moderately severe, 5=Severe). Here higher scores represent the worst outcome, whereas lower scores represent the better outcome. After endoscopic evaluation, patients received lansoprazole, and symptom evaluation was conducted to detect patterns. Endoscopy evaluation at 4 weeks was based on the level and duration of acid control achieved with X842. Symptom evaluation involved the use of validated PRO QOLRAD (Heartburn version) and patient diaries. (NCT05055128)
Timeframe: Weeks 1 and 8
| Intervention | Percentage of days (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 1 | Week 8 | |
| Lansoprazole | 63.1 | 92.2 |
| X842 100 mg BID | 69.7 | 97.1 |
| X842 25 mg BID | 75.3 | 98.5 |
| X842 50 mg BID | 67.9 | 96.5 |
| X842 75 mg BID | 79.4 | 95.8 |
| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative | fundamental metabolite |
| bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid | antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite |
| melatonin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; tryptamines | anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger |
| nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | metal allergen; nickel group element atom | epitope; micronutrient |
| niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor |
| niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3 | antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines | antitubercular agent; prodrug |
| pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | primary alcohol; vitamin B1 | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. | 3.48 | 1 | 1 | isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine | drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic |
| phenytoin [no description available] | 4.97 | 2 | 1 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
| tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acridines; aromatic amine | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
| acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent |
| acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | acetamides; phenols | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | 3.91 | 3 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor |
| alaproclate alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester | |
| albendazole [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester | anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
| albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound | bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor |
| alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent |
| alosetron alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles; pyridoindole | antiemetic; gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic |
| alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | triamino-1,3,5-triazine | |
| amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine | analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic |
| ambenonium ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor |
| diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diamine; organic thiophosphate | antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent |
| aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline | adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acylglycine | Daphnia magna metabolite |
| theophylline [no description available] | 5.26 | 3 | 1 | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
| amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound | cardiovascular drug |
| dan 2163 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone | environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic |
| amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
| amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene | anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dibenzooxazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| anastrozole [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | nitrile; triazoles | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | anthracenes | antipsoriatic |
| antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyrazolone | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. | 4.42 | 3 | 0 | benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates | anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent |
| astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; piperidines | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic |
| azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| baclofen [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound | central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant |
| bendazac bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indazoles; monocarboxylic acid | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger |
| bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone | uricosuric drug |
| benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester; substituted aniline | allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic |
| betaxolol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | propanolamine | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion | muscarinic agonist |
| bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol | |
| bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | biphenyls; imidazoles | |
| biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic |
| bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871) | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| bromopride bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | |
| bronopol [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | nitro compound | |
| bumetanide [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide | diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor |
| buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines | anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist |
| busulfan [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | methanesulfonate ester | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent |
| secbutabarbital secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | |
| caffeine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine | adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
| verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound | |
| candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; ureas | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic |
| carbinoxamine carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist |
| carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester | muscle relaxant |
| carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | carbazoles; organochlorine compound | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent |
| carvedilol [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| celecoxib [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines | anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
| chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone | antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant |
| chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug |
| chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide | |
| chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound | muscle relaxant; sedative |
| cifenline [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| ciclopirox [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone | antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic |
| ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; thiazolidinone | antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug |
| cilostazol [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | lactam; tetrazoles | anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile | adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
| ciprofibrate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound | antilipemic drug |
| ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound | |
| clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound | antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator |
| clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator |
| clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; phenazines | dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist |
| clomiphene [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | tertiary amine | estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator |
| clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | clonidine; imidazoline | |
| 4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
| chlorazepate clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug |
| clotrimazole [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes | antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbotricyclic compound | antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug |
| cyclofenil Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| dapsone [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | substituted aniline; sulfone | anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug |
| deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acyclic desferrioxamine | bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore |
| desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | primary amine | |
| diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5. | 5.48 | 4 | 1 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic |
| diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent |
| diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide | antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug |
| dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic ester; tertiary amine | antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic |
| pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pentacarboxylic acid | copper chelator |
| diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dithiol; primary alcohol | chelator |
| diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ether; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative |
| dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol | adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| disulfiram [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor |
| valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid | anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent |
| domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist |
| donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent |
| doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones | central nervous system stimulant |
| doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent |
| doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant |
| doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyridines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative |
| droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound | anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic |
| dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols | bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
| ebastine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenols; quaternary ammonium ion | antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor |
| enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| estazolam Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | triazoles; triazolobenzodiazepine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator |
| ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid | EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic |
| ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone | anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker |
| ethotoin ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant |
| etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator |
| etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| brl 42810 [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; acetate ester | antiviral drug; prodrug |
| felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester | anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent |
| 4-biphenylylacetic acid biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| fipexide fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzodioxoles | |
| flavoxate Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic ester; flavones; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic |
| flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines | antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug | environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone | prodrug |
| fluphenazine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound | antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist |
| fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye | fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium |
| fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound | |
| flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative |
| flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide | androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
| fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyrazoles | antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent |
| foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor |
| furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide | environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic |
| gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| gemfibrozil [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether | antilipemic drug |
| glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound | inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger |
| glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
| glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent |
| 2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes | |
| granisetron [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; indazoles | |
| guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | methoxybenzenes | |
| guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | azocanes; guanidines | adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent |
| guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | acetamides | |
| guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound | |
| haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines | antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent |
| hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; thiazide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug |
| hydroxyurea [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | one-carbon compound; ureas | antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent |
| hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine | anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist |
| ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic |
| phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | primary amine | |
| lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic |
| ifosfamide [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ifosfamides | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | bipyridines | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
| indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole | analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic |
| iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| ioversol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amidobenzoic acid | |
| iproniazid [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | carbohydrazide; pyridines | |
| avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes | |
| isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC). | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antitubercular agent; drug allergen |
| isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
| isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
| isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester | |
| itraconazole [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | piperazines | |
| ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound | analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist |
| ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | |
| ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| lamotrigine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine | anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic |
| lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers. | 17.66 | 74 | 36 | benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor |
| leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide | antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| letrozole [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | nitrile; triazoles | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| lofepramine Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; dibenzoazepine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant |
| lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent |
| lomustine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist |
| loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide | anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist |
| lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles | angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
| loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dibenzooxazepine | antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist |
| maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | anthracenes | |
| mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester | antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
| mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | primary aliphatic amine | |
| mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent |
| meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound | analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| memantine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine | antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist |
| mepenzolate mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound | antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant |
| mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidinecarboxamide | drug allergen; local anaesthetic |
| meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| merbromin Merbromin: A once-popular mercury containing topical antiseptic.. merbromin : An organic sodium salt that is 2,7-dibromo-4-hydroxymercurifluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound | dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic |
| metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | guanidines | environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic |
| methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound | |
| methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | |
| methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol | |
| methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; psoralens | antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite |
| methyclothiazide Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine | |
| methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines | |
| metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic |
| metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor |
| metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. | 5.31 | 3 | 1 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor |
| mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; primary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative |
| midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol | alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| milrinone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone | cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound | |
| mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist |
| mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxyanthraquinone | analgesic; antineoplastic agent |
| moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide | |
| moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monoterpenoid | |
| acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; benzamides | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
| nadolol [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | tetralins | |
| nalidixic acid [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines | serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| nefopam Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzoxazocine; tertiary amino compound | |
| neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
| nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
| nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound | |
| nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent |
| nilutamide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone | androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
| nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | |
| nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome). | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound | anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative |
| nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent |
| nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | nitroglycerol | explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| nizatidine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; carboxamidine; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound | anti-ulcer drug; cholinergic drug; H2-receptor antagonist |
| nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | dopamine uptake inhibitor |
| norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite |
| ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline | |
| omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5. | 11.04 | 21 | 7 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | |
| ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | carbazoles | |
| orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ether; tertiary amino compound | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic |
| oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid | analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic |
| aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; phenols | antitubercular agent |
| pamidronate [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phosphonoacetic acid | |
| pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2. | 6.06 | 8 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines | antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent |
| pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles | central nervous system stimulant |
| pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether | anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic |
| pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | GABAA receptor agonist |
| pentoxifylline [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | oxopurine | |
| perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | cardiovascular drug |
| perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; aromatic ether | cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug |
| phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative |
| phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine | |
| phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | primary amine | adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent |
| 4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug |
| pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | indoles; secondary amine | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones | antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic |
| piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
| piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-arylpiperazine | |
| polythiazide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine | |
| duodote duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyridinium ion | antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator |
| ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | chromones | |
| pyranoprofen pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyridochromene | |
| praziquantel azinox: Russian drug | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine | antimalarial |
| primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidone | anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzoic acids; sulfonamide | uricosuric drug |
| procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzamides | anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker |
| procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; hydrazines | antineoplastic agent |
| prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic |
| procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist |
| promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative |
| propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | xanthenes | |
| propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenols | anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative |
| propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbotricyclic compound | antidepressant |
| pyridostigmine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyridinium ion | |
| pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes | antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor |
| sch 16134 quazepam: structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| quetiapine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dibenzothiazepine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. | 8.8 | 14 | 2 | benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor |
| raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols | bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| ranitidine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aralkylamine | |
| riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzothiazoles | |
| rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkylamine | |
| risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | tryptamines | anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| rofecoxib [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | butenolide; sulfone | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| ropinirole [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indolones; tertiary amine | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist |
| salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates | antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
| secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative |
| sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyridines | |
| sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide | anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| imatinib [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
| succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester | drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent |
| sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor |
| sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| sulfanitran [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
| sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ||
| sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| 2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
| sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | sulfonamide; tryptamines | serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane | keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent |
| temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| temozolomide [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
| terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent |
| terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | phenylethanolamines; resorcinols | anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent |
| terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phthalimides; piperidones | |
| thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles | antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug |
| thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines; piperidines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed). | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aziridines | |
| tiapride [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | |
| ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group. | 11.96 | 4 | 1 | monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine | anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist |
| tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | imidazoles | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug |
| tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazole; imidazoles | alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant |
| nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229) | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyridinecarboxamide | |
| tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker |
| tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker |
| tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| tolnaftate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monothiocarbamic ester | antifungal drug |
| ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | |
| tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid | |
| trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | pteridines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | triazolobenzodiazepine | sedative |
| trifluoperazine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amine | |
| trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | oxazolidinone | anticonvulsant; geroprotector |
| trimethobenzamide trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; tertiary amino compound | antiemetic |
| trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes | antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | chromanes; thiazolidinone | anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tyramine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines | EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| undecylenic acid undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | undecenoic acid | antifungal drug; plant metabolite |
| urapidil [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | piperazines | |
| venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| vigabatrin [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor |
| pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines | |
| ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist |
| zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative |
| zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazopyridine | central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative |
| zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide | anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker |
| zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine | central nervous system depressant; sedative |
| cortisone acetate Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | mitomycin | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic |
| phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | glucitol | cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine | antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-phenylpropan-2-amine | adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent |
| spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester | aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine | antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen |
| cysteine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cysteine zwitterion; cysteine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite |
| prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid | anabolic agent; androgen |
| penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope |
| pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pilocarpine | antiglaucoma drug |
| triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | chlorocarbon; chloromethanes | hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant |
| chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| vincristine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator |
| physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; indole alkaloid | antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic |
| ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | xenoestrogen |
| tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid | drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
| apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aporphine alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug |
| methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone | anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent |
| tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound | |
| kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | kanamycins | bacterial metabolite |
| levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug |
| edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid | anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector |
| cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amine; thiol | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent |
| acetylcholine chloride acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium salt | |
| mepazine mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines | |
| cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug |
| calcium acetate calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | calcium salt | chelator |
| methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | alkaloid; colchicine | anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen |
| mebanazine mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes | |
| oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug |
| triamcinolone diacetate triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion | antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist |
| benziodarone benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| mannitol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | mannitol | allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent |
| cytarabine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent |
| medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester | adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon | |
| triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
| fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid | anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent |
| methsuximide methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | primary amino compound; triol | buffer |
| methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic |
| rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones | antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin |
| brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organobromine compound; pyridines | anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | |
| isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | glucitol derivative; nitrate ester | nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
| pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
| diethylpropion Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; tertiary amine | appetite depressant |
| benzonatate benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline | anaesthetic; antitussive |
| thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound | non-polar solvent |
| methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ergoline alkaloid | |
| phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | biguanides | antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent |
| cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94 | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | quinolines | |
| ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound | EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; barbiturates | drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic |
| ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines | bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
| aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | mixture | bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug |
| azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent |
| galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester | |
| procarbazine hydrochloride procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | antineoplastic agent |
| betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724) | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent |
| dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate | mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline | antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| 4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid | general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative |
| dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative | dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| medroxyprogesterone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines; secondary amine | central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic |
| levocarnitine (R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carnitine | antilipemic drug; nootropic agent; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; water-soluble vitamin (role) |
| sulfanilylurea sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; sulfonamide | |
| 1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isothiocyanate | insecticide |
| lactulose [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | glycosylfructose | gastrointestinal drug; laxative |
| megestrol acetate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester | antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| pamabrom [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary |
| erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ketone; erythromycin | |
| hydroxychloroquine sulfate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine | antidiarrhoeal drug |
| ethambutol hydrochloride ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | antitubercular agent |
| ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative | antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| antimycin a [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; formamides; macrodiolide; phenols | antifungal agent; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; piscicide |
| vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | glycopeptide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alpha-tocopherol | algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite |
| pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aliphatic nitrile | |
| isonicotinamide isonicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is the monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of isonicotinic acid. | 7.13 | 1 | 0 | pyridinecarboxamide | |
| ibufenac ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| metylperon metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| metaxalone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic |
| amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound | antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| dexbrompheniramine dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | brompheniramine | anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity | antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| streptomycin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins | antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| clonidine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene | |
| cladribine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent |
| carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| metocurine metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| clomacran clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acridines | |
| methenamine hippurate methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acylglycine | |
| olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
| etidronate disodium etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator |
| zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite |
| sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt | antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent |
| mafenide acetate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid | |
| diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase; | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | anthraquinone | |
| selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound | geroprotector |
| selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound | antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor |
| clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine | anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist |
| thiamphenicol [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone | antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent |
| pancuronium bromide pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | bromide salt | cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
| cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope |
| danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector |
| fenclozic acid fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones | antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite |
| fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| alclofenac alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes | drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indole alkaloid | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist |
| phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; phenyl acetates | |
| oxyphenisatin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indoles | |
| fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
| ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide | antiprotozoal drug |
| dexchlorpheniramine dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | chlorphenamine | |
| clometacin clometacin: structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acylindole | |
| cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles | antibacterial drug |
| amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group. | 6.27 | 5 | 2 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | timolol | anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | tryptamines | |
| oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine | anticonvulsant; drug allergen |
| carbidopa carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | catechols; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid | antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor |
| moricizine Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; morpholines; phenothiazines | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| amineptin amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; carbocyclic fatty acid; carbotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound | antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor |
| zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| feprazone Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15) | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| pirprofen pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyrroline | |
| tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol glycoside | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin |
| paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL). | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent |
| buspirone hydrochloride buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist |
| etoposide [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | catecholamine; secondary amine | beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
| penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines | |
| ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin |
| cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes | antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic |
| methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent |
| diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt | muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist |
| vecuronium vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; androstane; quaternary ammonium ion | drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist |
| benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes | antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist |
| exifone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzophenones | |
| mefloquine (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol | antimalarial |
| nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzamides; carboxylic ester | |
| sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes | anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| acarbose [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | tetrasaccharide derivative | EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent |
| torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic |
| epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| lorcainide [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | |
| idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative | |
| piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| staurosporine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound | apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector |
| foscarnet sodium trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt | antiviral drug |
| atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diester; quaternary ammonium ion | muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
| atracurium besylate atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt | muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
| nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide | potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent |
| pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist |
| pergolide mesylate pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | methanesulfonate salt | antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; geroprotector |
| cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| talniflumate talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzofurans | |
| fenoldopam mesylate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine | |
| fialuridine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines | central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug |
| miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amino compound | anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| haloperidol decanoate [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ||
| lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring) | anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug |
| flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine | |
| tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | naphthalenes | EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor |
| enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| stepronin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic) | EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug |
| idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzodioxine; imidazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist |
| remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | dimethoxybenzene | |
| balsalazide balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic) | anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic |
| cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | N-acylurea | antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist |
| atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine. | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | hydrochloride | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant |
| atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| alpidem [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles | |
| mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound | abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| fosphenytoin fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | |
| salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | naphthoic acid | |
| ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol | |
| finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam | androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor |
| imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | imidazoquinoline | antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer |
| esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid | dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent |
| aromasil [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| sparfloxacin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | |
| zileuton [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzothiophenes; ureas | anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks. | 11.72 | 3 | 1 | methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine | anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | phosphonic acids; pyrimidone | anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent |
| tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes | anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor |
| topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyranoindolizinoquinoline | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor |
| bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| gemcitabine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride; organofluorine compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent |
| gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; organic amino compound | |
| aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone | drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist |
| remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester | intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative |
| atorvastatin calcium anhydrous [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic calcium salt | |
| atorvastatin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic) | environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| lamivudine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol | allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug |
| duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | duloxetine hydrochloride | antidepressant |
| duloxetine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | duloxetine | |
| irinotecan [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug |
| valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines | antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | oxazolidinone; tryptamines | anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate | antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug |
| emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| tasosartan tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | biphenyls | |
| tiludronic acid tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound | |
| tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide | anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist |
| capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
| adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| paroxetine hydrochloride paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| bupropion hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cefprozil [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| doxazosin mesylate Cardura: Trade name in United States. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | methanesulfonate salt | geroprotector |
| efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor |
| mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring) | antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite |
| bupivacaine hydrochloride bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride; racemate | adrenergic antagonist; amphiphile; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; local anaesthetic |
| fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid | drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite |
| plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant |
| amprenavir [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound | antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic |
| ticlopidine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | |
| epirubicin hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| histamine phosphate histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phosphate salt | histamine agonist |
| tilbroquinol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organohalogen compound; quinolines | |
| bendamustine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles | |
| droxicam droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic heterotricyclic compound; pyridines | cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prodrug |
| sertaconazole sertaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sertaconazole. A broad spectrum antifungal with added antipruritic and anti-inflammatory activity used (as its nitrate salt) for treatment of various skin infections.. 1-{2-[(7-chloro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that carries a 2-[(7-chloro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 1. | 7.25 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzothiophenes; dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles | |
| ebrotidine ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
| pazufloxacin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | quinolines | |
| repaglinide [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | piperidines | |
| telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| miconazole nitrate miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins | antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles | bone density conservation agent |
| artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone | antimalarial; plant metabolite |
| brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide; thienothiazine | antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| drospirenone drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; steroid lactone | aldosterone antagonist; contraceptive drug; progestin |
| artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid | antimalarial |
| acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; organosulfonic acid | environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic |
| isaxonine isaxonine: promotes nerve growth | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine | |
| nebivolol 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | chromanes; diol; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| uk 68798 [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker |
| hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | razoxane | antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent |
| loxapine succinate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | succinate salt | geroprotector |
| guanfacine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | geroprotector |
| fenoxypropazine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug | P450 inhibitor |
| betamipron [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
| uroxatral [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | |
| aceclofenac [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| nitrefazole [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles | |
| thiocolchicoside [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | glycoside | |
| doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | carbapenems | |
| atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone | |
| rivastigmine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound | cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent |
| frovatriptan [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbazoles | |
| eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| rosiglitazone [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones | EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug |
| tamiflu [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | phosphate salt | |
| bexarotene [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid | antineoplastic agent |
| s20098 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | |
| flunisolide flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent |
| ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organoammonium salt | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor |
| clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. | 7.34 | 7 | 5 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine | anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic |
| moexipril [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | peptide | |
| gliquidone gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| mci 9038 [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | peptide | |
| lopinavir [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide | anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| moxifloxacin hydrochloride moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | antibacterial drug |
| fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide | antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist |
| mizoribine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles | anticoronaviral agent |
| sr141716 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles | anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist |
| bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
| racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| tadalafil [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| paliperidone 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine; secondary alcohol | |
| nitisinone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; cyclohexanones; mesotrione | EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor |
| plavix [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | azaheterocycle sulfate salt; organoammonium sulfate salt | anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| clofarabine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | adenosines; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzothiazoles; diamine | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger |
| valdecoxib [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | isoxazoles; sulfonamide | antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| mk 0663 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| gefitinib [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist |
| desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzocycloheptapyridine | anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist |
| desvenlafaxine O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cyclohexanols; phenols; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite |
| methotrexate [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent |
| tamsulosin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
| rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; heteroarene | |
| sulbactam [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | penicillanic acids | |
| olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | biphenyls | |
| dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide | cholinergic drug; provitamin |
| fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | prodrug |
| abiraterone [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor |
| febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile | EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor |
| escitalopram Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile | antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| lexapro Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor |
| docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
| atazanavir atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase. | 10.28 | 3 | 1 | 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer). | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite |
| ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide | antibacterial drug |
| cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| conivaptan conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine | aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist |
| moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antibacterial drug |
| pralnacasan pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| clevidipine clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dihydropyridine | |
| solifenacin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride: A methylphenidate derivative, DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dexmethylphenidate dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate | adrenergic agent |
| xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | morpholines | |
| naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound | calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor |
| lubiprostone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| telbivudine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic | anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug |
| anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative | |
| 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fiduxosin fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ||
| erlotinib [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; terminal acetylenic compound | antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; protein kinase inhibitor |
| etravirine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound | antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| dronedarone Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | indanes | |
| lapatinib [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines | antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles | iron chelator |
| bms204352 BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ilaprazole ilaprazole: structure in first source | 3.19 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; sulfoxide | |
| tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzodioxoles | |
| tolvaptan [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide | aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist |
| sorafenib [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide | angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| lenalidomide [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator |
| regadenoson [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | purine nucleoside | |
| lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| vincaleukoblastine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | acetate ester; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite |
| vincristine sulfate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sulfate salt | antineoplastic agent; geroprotector |
| benzarone benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans | |
| estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent |
| wortmannin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent |
| bortezomib [no description available] | 3.91 | 3 | 0 | amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines | antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor |
| ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas | antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone | oxytocic; vasodilator agent |
| pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | coformycins | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor |
| quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker |
| meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound | antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite |
| cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside | EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor |
| saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | L-asparagine derivative; quinolines | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; steroid ester | cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
| abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2,6-diaminopurines | antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| perindopril erbumine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | addition compound | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| miglitol [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | piperidines | |
| metyrosine alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | antihypertensive agent; EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor |
| rocuronium bromide rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt | muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent |
| linezolid [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone | antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| clindamycin phosphate [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pemirolast potassium salt [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester | aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent |
| tolterodine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | tertiary amine | antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant |
| ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| loteprednol etabonate Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; etabonate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid acid ester; steroid ester | anti-inflammatory drug |
| darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines | antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist |
| fluticasone propionate fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; propanoate ester; steroid ester; thioester | adrenergic agent; anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; dermatologic drug |
| betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | cyclodextrin | |
| tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | retinoic acid; vitamin A | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule |
| retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | retinol; vitamin A | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. | 6.01 | 4 | 2 | macrolide lactam | bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent |
| rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide | anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols | anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic |
| mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol | antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | epoxide; phosphonic acids | antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor |
| zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| octreotide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| eptifibatide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide | anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| decitabine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | |
| teniposide [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| valrubicin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | anthracycline; trifluoroacetamide | |
| dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | actinomycin | mutagen |
| melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
| benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide | proteasome inhibitor |
| tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| posaconazole [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles | trypanocidal drug |
| rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug |
| micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin | antiinfective agent |
| riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | flavin; vitamin B2 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite |
| sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt | antacid; food anticaking agent |
| arsenic trioxide Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | arsenic oxide | antineoplastic agent; insecticide |
| sr 90107 fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| meglumine iodipamide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organoammonium salt | radioopaque medium |
| tenatoprazole Tenatoprazole: structure in first source | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | imidazopyridine | |
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | peptide hormone; tripeptide | human metabolite |
| arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | vasopressin | cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen |
| s 1033 [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| trilostane trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; epoxy steroid; nitrile | abortifacient; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor |
| leuprolide acetate leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetate salt | antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist |
| propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidinethione | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist |
| etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazoles | intravenous anaesthetic; sedative |
| mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| levosulpiride (S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively). | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | sulpiride | antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist |
| pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes | antinematodal drug |
| thiothixene [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-methylpiperazine | anticoronaviral agent |
| eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use. | 3.89 | 3 | 0 | zopiclone | central nervous system depressant; sedative |
| benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones | antithyroid drug |
| cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound | anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist |
| sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide | analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent |
| levocetirizine [no description available] | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| terbinafine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine | EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor |
| epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines | EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor |
| drotaverin drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid | chelator |
| digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope |
| streptozocin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tamoxifen [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| nadp [no description available] | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyridines; thiocarboxamide | antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug |
| cancidas [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound | antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle | antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore |
| ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound | anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| aplaviroc aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| hmr 3647 [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ||
| latoconazole latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug | |
| maraviroc [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | tropane alkaloid | |
| toremifene citrate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | stilbenoid | anticoronaviral agent |
| toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G). | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug |
| dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate | |
| dolasetron [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indolyl carboxylic acid | |
| gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | steroid | estrogen |
| orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative | anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor |
| quinine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic |
| fospropofol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
| azilect [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| rasagiline [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound | EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent |
| dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN). | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols | antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor |
| quercetin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger |
| calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol | antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| alprostadil [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | prostaglandins E | anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D | bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide |
| amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic | antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite |
| pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen |
| oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ||
| eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines | anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist |
| mivacurium Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| brompheniramine maleate brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | maleate salt | anti-allergic agent |
| dexchlorpheniramine maleate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| hemabate carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor |
| paricalcitol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane | antiparathyroid drug |
| l 660,711 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | quinolines | |
| travoprost Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; prostaglandin receptor agonist |
| tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide | anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent |
| 7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid | antibacterial drug |
| imipenem [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | carbapenems | |
| etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid | keratolytic drug |
| isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | retinoic acid | antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent |
| ketotifen fumarate ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organoammonium salt | anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist |
| epoprostenol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | prostaglandins I | mouse metabolite |
| indocyanine green [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye | |
| dinoprost tromethamine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines | H1-receptor antagonist |
| pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic) | antioxidant |
| rosuvastatin calcium S 4522: structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine; organic calcium salt | anti-inflammatory agent; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor |
| terbinafine hydrochloride terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | allylamine antifungal drug; hydrochloride | EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor |
| ethamolin monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | long-chain fatty acid | |
| alatrofloxacin mesylate [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| codeine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic |
| cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide | anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
| natamycin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; dicarboxylic acid monoester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyene antibiotic | antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; ophthalmology drug |
| acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid | keratolytic drug |
| estropipate estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperazinium salt; steroid sulfate | |
| hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound | mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | pyrrolidin-2-ones | anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| ly 163892 loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbacephem; zwitterion | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent |
| nabilone nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist |
| oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative | antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phylloquinones; vitamin K | cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol | antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor |
| topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester | anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker |
| trospium chloride trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| demycarosylturimycin h [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| acipimox acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyrazinecarboxylic acid | |
| atosiban [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
| benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines; tertiary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent |
| bimatoprost Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent |
| deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide | diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist |
| dexmedetomidine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | medetomidine | alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative |
| fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis. | 3.51 | 1 | 1 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester | anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug |
| goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug |
| nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound | mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic |
| nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | phenylalanine derivative | |
| vinorelbine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
| silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indolecarboxamide | |
| fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. | 5.79 | 3 | 2 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| su 11248 [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist |
| (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound | |
| molsidomine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion | antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
| levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209. | 3.5 | 1 | 1 | metal atom; pnictogen | |
| naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene | antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic |
| butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| cefixime [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dipeptide | EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam | EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester | bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug |
| verteporfin (2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide | HIV protease inhibitor |
| zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | styrenes | |
| enalapril maleate enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | maleate salt | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug |
| trientine hydrochloride [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| n-methylscopolamine bromide scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bleomycin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | bleomycin | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor |
| cefuroxime [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether | drug allergen |
| ceftriaxone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor |
| cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug |
| pafuramidine pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ceftazidime [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker |
| alvimopan anhydrous alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | peptide | |
| aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene | antihypertensive agent |
| famotidine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide | anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
| cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| aztreonam [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| cci 15641 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | |
| cefpodoxime [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| palonosetron Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | azabicycloalkane; delta-lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound | antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist |
| tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | fumarate salt | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug |
| dexbrompheniramine maleate dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | brompheniramine maleate | anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| rifaximin [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterohexacyclic compound; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative | antimicrobial agent; gastrointestinal drug; orphan drug |
| everolimus [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor |
| ixabepilone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle | antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent |
| cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; prodrug |
| ceftizoxime [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| 1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide | serotonergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| fluphenazine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent |
| dantrolene [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| roxithromycin (E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | roxithromycin | environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| cefdinir [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cephalosporin; ketoxime | antibacterial drug |
| etonogestrel [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin |
| bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid | antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer |
| etoposide phosphate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | furonaphthodioxole | |
| ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| temsirolimus [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | macrolide lactam | |
| dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam | antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor |
| tekturna [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | fumarate salt | antihypertensive agent |
| lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| bibx 1382bs BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001 | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | substituted aniline | |
| vildagliptin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide | |
| fesoterodine fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| sgd 301-76 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; organic nitrate salt | antiinfective agent |
| fluvoxamine maleate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes | |
| thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. | 10.88 | 18 | 4 | magnesium salt | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor |
| gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| gemifloxacin mesylate gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | methanesulfonate salt | antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| fosinopril [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| armodafinil armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide | central nervous system stimulant; eugeroic |
| 5-hydroxylansoprazole 5-hydroxylansoprazole: structure in first source | 3.4 | 1 | 1 | ||
| sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
| tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
| pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| cefditoren cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor |
| hki 272 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | nitrile; quinolines | antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound | antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor |
| pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide | angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist |
| prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| lansoprazole sulfone [no description available] | 5.02 | 3 | 3 | ||
| amg 009 AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cefotaxime sodium [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| baci-im [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide; zwitterion | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent |
| bms 477118 [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | adamantanes; azabicycloalkane; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; tertiary alcohol | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent |
| nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | nystatins | |
| milnacipran [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | |
| losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | ||
| scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor |
| rabeprazole sodium [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | polypeptide | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor |
| somatostatin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone | |
| enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ganirelix [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | polypeptide | |
| gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters. | 3.85 | 2 | 1 | ||
| teriparatide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | polypeptide | |
| salmon calcitonin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone; polypeptide | bone density conservation agent; metabolite |
| ly-146032 [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; lipopeptide antibiotic; lipopeptide; macrocycle; macrolide | antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; calcium-dependent antibiotics |
| acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | polypeptide | |
| exenatide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| warfarin sodium warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bismuth subsalicylate bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid. | 3.5 | 1 | 1 | ||
| pravastatin sodium pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt; statin (semi-synthetic) | anticholesteremic drug |
| alendronate sodium [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sl 80.0750 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | organosulfonic acid | |
| clavulanate potassium potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | potassium salt | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor |
| sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | lactate salt; organic sodium salt | food acidity regulator; food preservative |
| piperacillin sodium [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| sodium iothalamate [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| oxacillin sodium [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| cefazolin sodium cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| azlocillin sodium [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
| cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist |
| ixazomib ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; boronic acids; dichlorobenzene; glycine derivative | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; orphan drug; proteasome inhibitor |
| ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| raltegravir [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,2,4-oxadiazole; dicarboxylic acid amide; hydroxypyrimidine; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidone; secondary carboxamide | antiviral drug; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor |
| tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ||
| oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid. | 3.5 | 1 | 1 | monohydroxybenzoate | plant metabolite |
| piroxicam [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| roquinimex roquinimex: structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide | |
| mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide | antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group. | 4.97 | 2 | 1 | benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone | |
| demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| minocycline hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tigecycline [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ||
| lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine | antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| fertinex [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol | antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antimetabolite; antiviral drug |
| levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient |
| rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160) | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound | adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic |
| dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | dacarbazine | |
| didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| ganciclovir [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antiinfective agent; antiviral drug |
| valtrex [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | L-valyl ester | antiviral drug |
| sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| raltitrexed [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| vardenafil vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazotriazine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-sulfonylpiperazine | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound | antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger |
| citrovorum factor [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | tetrahydrofolic acid | |
| leucovorin 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | formyltetrahydrofolic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins | antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug |
| bl 4162a anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazoquinazoline | anticoagulant; antifibrinolytic drug; cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles | gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist |
| pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor |
| sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | citrate salt | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | L-valyl ester; purines | antiviral drug; prodrug |
| aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors. | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles | antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist |
| fosaprepitant fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; phosphoramide; triazoles | antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; prodrug |
| tegaserod maleate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | maleate salt | serotonergic agonist |
| rifabutin [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | ||
| levomefolate calcium levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic calcium salt | antidepressant |
| Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 3.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Adverse Drug Event [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment. | 0 | 3.42 | 2 | 0 |
| Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
| Genetic Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
| Leucocythaemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006) | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Esophageal Reflux [description not available] | 0 | 18.36 | 114 | 33 |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER. | 1 | 20.36 | 114 | 33 |
| Infections, Helicobacter [description not available] | 0 | 5.97 | 6 | 4 |
| Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. | 0 | 5.97 | 6 | 4 |
| Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS. | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Stomach [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Pyrosis [description not available] | 0 | 15.88 | 52 | 31 |
| Heartburn Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. | 1 | 17.88 | 52 | 31 |
| Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Ototoxicity Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders. | 0 | 3.64 | 1 | 1 |
| Globus Hystericus [description not available] | 0 | 3.64 | 1 | 1 |
| Dyslipidemia [description not available] | 0 | 3.64 | 1 | 1 |
| Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. | 0 | 3.64 | 1 | 1 |
| Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs. | 0 | 3.64 | 1 | 1 |
| Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA. | 1 | 18.04 | 50 | 27 |
| Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL. | 0 | 3.64 | 1 | 1 |
| Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available] | 0 | 14.59 | 31 | 27 |
| Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM. | 1 | 16.59 | 31 | 27 |
| Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight. | 0 | 3.97 | 2 | 1 |
| Bilateral Headache [description not available] | 0 | 3.59 | 1 | 1 |
| Chronic Insomnia [description not available] | 0 | 3.59 | 1 | 1 |
| Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands. | 0 | 3.59 | 1 | 1 |
| Ache [description not available] | 0 | 3.59 | 1 | 1 |
| Sore Throat [description not available] | 0 | 3.59 | 1 | 1 |
| Colicky Pain [description not available] | 0 | 3.59 | 1 | 1 |
| Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS. | 0 | 3.59 | 1 | 1 |
| Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition. | 0 | 3.59 | 1 | 1 |
| Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS. | 0 | 3.59 | 1 | 1 |
| Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX). | 0 | 3.59 | 1 | 1 |
| Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. | 0 | 3.59 | 1 | 1 |
| Dysphagia [description not available] | 0 | 3.51 | 1 | 1 |
| Esophageal Stricture [description not available] | 0 | 3.51 | 1 | 1 |
| Chronic Esophagitis, Eosinophilic [description not available] | 0 | 3.51 | 1 | 1 |
| Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS. | 0 | 3.51 | 1 | 1 |
| Esophageal Stenosis A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital. | 0 | 3.51 | 1 | 1 |
| Eosinophilic Esophagitis Chronic ESOPHAGITIS characterized by esophageal mucosal EOSINOPHILIA. It is diagnosed when an increase in EOSINOPHILS are present over the entire esophagus. The reflux symptoms fail to respond to PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS treatment, unlike in GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. The symptoms are associated with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to food or inhalant allergens. | 0 | 3.51 | 1 | 1 |
| Gastric Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.51 | 1 | 1 |
| Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea. | 0 | 3.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. | 0 | 3.06 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course. | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
| Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 7.49 | 4 | 4 |
| Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle. | 0 | 7.49 | 4 | 4 |
| Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed) | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |