Compounds > spironolactone
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spironolactone

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Description

Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5833
CHEMBL ID1393
CHEBI ID9241
SCHEMBL ID20939
MeSH IDM0020352

Synonyms (197)

Synonym
MLS001074672
smr000471892
BIDD:PXR0071
MLS002207058
AC-4214
MLS002153245
AB01275520-01
BRD-K90027355-001-03-4
spirotone
gtpl2875
BPBIO1_000194
spironolactone, 97.0-103.0%
cas-52-01-7
BSPBIO_000176
PRESTWICK2_000128
PRESTWICK3_000128
17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid, 17-hydroxy-7alpha-mercapto-3-oxo-, gamma-lactone, acetate
einecs 200-133-6
7-alpha-(acetylthio)-17-alpha-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid, gamma-lactone
3-(3-keto-7-alpha-acetylthio-17-beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-17-alpha-yl)propionic acid lactone
pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid, 7-(acetylthio)-17-hydroxy-3-oxo-, gamma-lactone, (7alpha,17alpha)-
spiro(17h-cyclopenta(a)phenauthrene-17,2'-(3'h)-furan)
3'-(3-oxo-7-alpha-acetylthio-17-beta-hydroxyandrost-4-en-17-beta-yl)propionic acid lactone
c24h32o4s
spironolattone [dcit]
17-alpha-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid, 17-hydroxy-7-alpha-mercapto-3-oxo-, gamma-lactone acetate
hsdb 3184
nsc 150399
spironolactonum [inn-latin]
espironolactona [inn-spanish]
veroshpiron
17-hydroxy-7alpha-mercapto-3-oxo-17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid, gamma-lactone acetate
brn 0057767
7-alpha-acetylthio-3-oxo-17-alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-beta-carbolactone
CHEBI:9241 ,
MLS001333253
espironolactona
7alpha-(acetylsulfanyl)-3-oxo-17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone
MLS001333254
spironolactonum
aldactide
sc-9420
AB00513806
52-01-7
spironolactone
C07310
aldactone
spiresis
pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid, .gamma.-lactone, (7.alpha.,17.alpha.)-
spiro[17h-cyclopenta[a]phenauthrene-17,2'-(3'h)-furan]
melarcon
nsc-150399
3-(3-keto-7.alpha.-acetylthio-17.beta.-hydroxy-4-androsten-17.alpha.-yl)propionic acid lactone
spiro-tablinen
acelat
verospiron
verospirone
spironolactone a
spirone
17.alpha.-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid, .gamma.-lactone acetate
7-.alpha.-(acetylthio)-17-.alpha.-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid, .gamma.-lactone
spirolactone
aldactone a
xenalon
spirolang
spiridon
uractone
urusonin
dira
nsc150399
alderon
euteberol
wln: l e5 b666 fx ov mutj a1 e1 ksv1 f-& ct5voxtj
17.alpha.-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid, .gamma.-lactone, acetate
spironocompren
sc 9420
spiroctan
spironolattone
DB00421
aldactone (tn)
D00443
spironolactone (jp17/usp/inn)
NCGC00164397-01
PRESTWICK0_000128
PRESTWICK1_000128
SPBIO_002115
NCGC00164397-02
aquareduct
sc9420
s-[(7r,8r,9s,10r,13s,14s,17r)-10,13-dimethyl-3,5'-dioxo-1,2,3,4',5',6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16-hexadecahydro-3'h-spiro[cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-17,2'-furan]-7-yl] ethanethioate
HMS2090N21
2'',15''-dimethyl-5,5''-dioxo-(9''r)-spiro[tetrahydrofuran-2,14''-tetracyclo[8.7.0.02,7.011,15]heptadec-6''-ene]-9-yl ethanethioate
2'',15''-dimethyl-5,5''-dioxospiro[tetrahydrofuran-2,14''-tetracyclo[8.7.0.02,7.011,15]heptadec-6''-ene]-9-yl ethanethioate
2'',15''-dimethyl-5,5''-dioxospiro[tetrahydrofuran-2,14''-tetracyclo[8.7.0.02,7.011,15]heptadec-6''-ene]-9-yl ethanethioate(spiranolactone)
bdbm50228080
spiranolactone
s-(2''r,7r,8r,9s,10r,13s,14s)-10,13-dimethyl-3,5''-dioxo-1,2,3,4'',5'',6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16-hexadecahydro-3''h-spiro[cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-17,2''-furan]-7-yl ethanethioate
CHEMBL1393 ,
spironolactone ceva
S0260
HMS1568I18
s-[(7r,8r,9s,10r,13s,14s,17r)-10,13-dimethyl-3,5'-dioxospiro[2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-decahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-17,2'-oxolane]-7-yl] ethanethioate
cpd000471892
NCGC00164397-03
HMS2095I18
HMS3259G11
diatense
aldopur
altex
spironolactone [usp:inn:ban:jan]
27o7w4t232 ,
spiro(17h-cyclopenta(a)phenanthrene-17,2'(5'h)-furan), pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid deriv.
4-18-00-01601 (beilstein handbook reference)
carospir
unii-27o7w4t232
berlactone
almatol
aldace
deverol
NCGC00255229-01
tox21_302154
dtxcid4014186
dtxsid6034186 ,
tox21_113047
MLS002548846
abbolactone
HMS2236E06
S4054
2OAX
AKOS015896401
spironolactone [vandf]
spironolactone [inci]
spironolactone [iarc]
spironolactone component of aldactazide
spironolactonum [who-ip latin]
spironolactone [who-ip]
spironolactone [usp monograph]
spironolactone component cardalis
aldactazide component spironolactone
spironolactone [mart.]
spironolactone [hsdb]
spironolactone [usp-rs]
spironolactone [orange book]
spironolactone [who-dd]
pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid, 7-(acetylthio)-17-hydroxy-3-oxo-,.gamma.-lactone, (7.alpha.,17.alpha.)-
spironolactone [ep monograph]
spironolactone [jan]
cardalis component spironolactone
spironolactone [ema epar veterinary]
spironolactone [inn]
spironolactone [mi]
CCG-220128
HY-B0561
LXMSZDCAJNLERA-ZHYRCANASA-N
NC00482
SCHEMBL20939
3VHU
KS-5234
NCGC00164397-05
Q-201737
(7?,17?)-7-(acetylthio)-17-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid ?-lactone
HB2799
(7alpha,17alpha)-7-(acetylthio)-17-hydroxy-3- oxopregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid gamma-lactone
AB01275520_02
mfcd00082250
(1's,2r,2'r,9'r,10'r,11's,15's)-9'-(acetylsulfanyl)-2',15'-dimethylspiro[oxolane-2,14'-tetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadecan]-6'-ene-5,5'-dione
sr-01000765419
SR-01000765419-2
SR-05000000452-2
sr-05000000452
spironolactone, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
spironolactone for system suitability, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
spironolactone, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
spironolactone 1.0 mg/ml in acetonitrile
HMS3712I18
s-((7r,8r,9s,10r,13s,14s,17r)-10,13-dimethyl-3,5'-dioxo-1,2,3,4',5',6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16-hexadecahydro-3'h-spiro[cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-17,2'-furan]-7-yl) ethanethioate
Q422188
Z1546616196
17-hydroxy-7-alpha-mercapto-3-oxo-17-alpha-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid-gamma-lactone-7-acetate
BRD-K90027355-001-19-0
AMY40521
C75438
BS166385
EN300-123035
(1r,3as,3br,4r,9ar,9bs,11as)-4-(acetylsulfanyl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-2,3,3a,3b,4,5,7,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydrospiro[cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-1,2'-oxolane]-5',7-dione
espironolactona (inn-spanish)
spironolactone (iarc)
spironolactone (usp-rs)
spironolactone (ep monograph)
7alpha-acetylsulfanyl-3-oxo-17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone
spironolactone (ema epar veterinary)
spironolactone (mart.)
spironolactone (usp monograph)
spiro(17h-cyclopenta(a)phenauthrene-17,2'-(3'h)-furan
c03da01
spironolactonum (inn-latin)
spironolactone (usp:inn:ban:jan)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Spironolactone (SP) is a potassium sparing diuretic with antiandrogenic properties. It is a competitive antagonist of aldosterone that is widely employed in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Spironolactone is a competitive antagonist of aldosterone that is widely employed in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure."( Spironolactone Attenuates Methylglyoxal-induced Cellular Dysfunction in MC3T3-E1 Osteoblastic Cells.
Chin, SO; Jung, WW; Park, SY; Suh, KS, 2021)		2.79
"Spironolactone (SP) is a potassium sparing diuretic with antiandrogenic properties. "( Spironolactone hyaluronic acid enriched cerosomes (HAECs) for topical management of hirsutism:
Albash, R; Darwish, KM; El-Dahmy, RM; Fahmy, AM; Hamed, MIA, 2021)		3.51
"Spironolactone is a drug, similar in structure to aldosterone and acts as an aldosterone receptor antagonist with an anti-androgenic effect. "( Spironolactone in dermatology.
Aguilar Medina, DA; Cazarín, J; Magaña, M, 2022)		3.61
"Spironolactone is a commonly used antiandrogen, especially in women who are not sexually active or have contraindications to hormonal contraceptives."( Long-Lasting Effects of Spironolactone after its Withdrawal in Patients with Hyperandrogenic Skin Disorders.
Andrisani, A; Armanini, D; Barbot, M; Beggiao, F; Belloni Fortina, A; Bordin, L; Ceccato, F; Donà, G; Keiko Vedolin, C; Orlando, G; Ragazzi, E; Sabbadin, C; Scaroni, C, 2023)		1.94
"Spironolactone is an effective and safe treatment for hyperandrogenic skin disorders, showing long-lasting effects even several months after its discontinuation."( Long-Lasting Effects of Spironolactone after its Withdrawal in Patients with Hyperandrogenic Skin Disorders.
Andrisani, A; Armanini, D; Barbot, M; Beggiao, F; Belloni Fortina, A; Bordin, L; Ceccato, F; Donà, G; Keiko Vedolin, C; Orlando, G; Ragazzi, E; Sabbadin, C; Scaroni, C, 2023)		2.66
"Spironolactone is a useful alternative to oral antibiotics for women with acne."( Effectiveness of spironolactone for women with acne vulgaris (SAFA) in England and Wales: pragmatic, multicentre, phase 3, double blind, randomised controlled trial.
Eminton, Z; Francis, N; Griffiths, G; Lawrence, M; Layton, AM; Little, P; Muller, I; Nuttall, J; Permyakova, N; Pyne, S; Renz, S; Ridd, MJ; Sach, TH; Santer, M; Soulsby, I; Stuart, B; Thomas, K; Thomas, KS, 2023)		1.97
"Spironolactone is an effective and safe treatment for RH in patients with baseline eGFR ≥30ml/min/1.73m"( Renal safety outcomes of spironolactone in patients with resistant hypertension.
Durán, X; Galceran, I; Oliveras, A; Outón, S; Pascual, J; Vázquez, S, )		1.16
"Spironolactone (SPL) is a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker that has been in wide clinical use for some decades."( Spironolactone reversed hepato-ovarian triglyceride accumulation caused by letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome: tissue uric acid-a familiar foe.
Adeyanju, OA; Agbana, RD; Falodun, TO; Michael, OS; Oyewole, AL; Soetan, OA, 2020)		2.72
"Spironolactone is a safe and effective treatment of acne for women."( Treatment of acne with spironolactone: a retrospective review of 395 adult patients at Mayo Clinic, 2007-2017.
Davis, MDP; McEvoy, MT; Newman, CC; Nowsheen, S; Roberts, EE; Sartori Valinotti, JC; Sciallis, GF; Torgerson, RR; Wetter, DA, 2020)		2.31
"Spironolactone is an economical potassium-sparing diuretic with an anti-androgenic effect and a good safety profile. "( Spironolactone in Dermatology: Uses in Acne, Hidradenitis Suppurativa, Female Pattern Baldness, and Hirsutism.
Morgado-Carrasco, D; Vargas-Mora, P, 2020)		3.44
"Spironolactone is a synthetic aldosterone receptor antagonist, with a role off-label in various dermatological conditions. "( Spironolactone in dermatology: uses in acne and beyond.
Al-Niaimi, F; Ali, FR; Searle, TN, 2020)		3.44
"Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist used for managing chronic heart failure (HF) with known antiandrogenic effects."( Impact of spironolactone exposure on prostate cancer incidence amongst men with heart failure: A Pharmacoepidemiological study.
Feldman, RD; Hiebert, BM; Janzen, BW; Kim, JO; Ong, AD; Sanjanwala, RM, 2021)		1.75
"Spironolactone acts as an androgen antagonist by competitively blocking androgen receptors."( A novel topical combination of minoxidil and spironolactone for androgenetic alopecia: Clinical, histopathological, and physicochemical study.
Abdel-Aziz, RTA; Abdel-Raouf, H; Ahmed, SS; Aly, UF; Medhat, W, 2021)		1.6
"Spironolactone (SPL) is a reversible mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and androgen receptor (AR) antagonist which attracts pharmacotherapeutic interest not only because of its beneficial effects in heart failure but also because of the pathogenetic roles of MR and AR activities in neuropsychiatric diseases. "( High-dose spironolactone lacks effectiveness in treatment of fibromyalgia (RCT).
Böhm, R; Cascorbi, I; Gleim, M; Gruenewald, M; Herdegen, T; Ohnesorge, H; Westermann, P, 2021)		2.47
"Spironolactone (Aldactone) is a potassium-sparing diuretic used to treat hypertension and heart failure and may also be used to treat edema resulting from kidney disease, low potassium levels, or excess aldosterone. "( Stability of Spironolactone Oral Suspension in PCCA Base, SuspendIt.
Bostanian, LA; Graves, R; Mandal, TK; Phan, KV; Pramar, YV, )		1.94
"Spironolactone is an effective antihypertensive drug, especially for patients with resistant hypertension, and is considered by the World Health Organization as an essential medication."( Pannexin 1 Channels as an Unexpected New Target of the Anti-Hypertensive Drug Spironolactone.
Barrett, E; Bayliss, DA; Butcher, JT; Chiu, YH; DeLalio, LJ; Desai, BN; Good, ME; Isakson, BE; Jaffe, IZ; Leitinger, N; Lohman, AW; Lorenz, UM; Medina, CB; Mendu, SK; Poon, IKH; Ravichandran, KS, 2018)		1.43
"Spironolactone (SPR) is a poorly water-soluble drug widely used for the treatment of various diseases. "( Solid-State Characterization of Spironolactone 1/3 Hydrate.
Benjamim de Araújo, M; Bonfilio, R; Doriguetto, AC; Lemos Barbosa, TW, 2019)		2.24
"Spironolactone is a pharmaceutical that in humans is used to treat conditions like hirsutism, various dermatologic afflictions, and female-pattern hair loss through antagonism of the androgen receptor. "( Cross-species sensitivity to a novel androgen receptor agonist of potential environmental concern, spironolactone.
Ankley, GT; Berninger, JP; Blanksma, CA; Cavallin, JE; Durhan, EJ; Flynn, KM; Hartig, PC; Jensen, KM; Johnson, RD; Kahl, MD; LaLone, CA; Makynen, EA; Norberg-King, TJ; Severson, MN; Stevens, KE; Villeneuve, DL; Woodard, JS, 2013)		2.05
"Spironolactone (SL) is a poorly water-soluble drug. "( Design of freeze-dried Soluplus/polyvinyl alcohol-based film for the oral delivery of an insoluble drug for the pediatric use.
Elkasabgy, N; Shamma, R, 2016)		1.88
"Spironolactone is a medicinally important molecule that is clinically used in the treatment and management of many diseases such as oedema and ascites in cirrhosis of the liver, malignant ascites, nephrotic syndrome, chronic lung disease, resistant hypertension, congestive heart failure, and primary hyperaldosteronism. "( Synthesis of two new hydroxylated derivatives of spironolactone by microbial transformation.
Mei, J; Wang, L; Wang, S; Zhan, J, 2014)		2.1
"Spironolactone (SL) is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of hypertension and various edematous conditions. "( Follicular delivery of spironolactone via nanostructured lipid carriers for management of alopecia.
Aburahma, MH; Shamma, RN, 2014)		2.16
"Spironolactone is an aldosterone receptor antagonist used to control fluid overload in cirrhotic patients although recent studies suggest that it also inhibits angiogenesis."( The Impact of Spironolactone on the Severity of Portal-Systemic Collaterals and Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Rats.
Chang, CC; Ho, HL; Hsin, IF; Hsu, SJ; Huang, HC; Huo, TI; Lee, FY; Lee, SD; Lin, HC; Wang, SS, 2015)		1.5
"Spironolactone is an antagonist of aldosterone that has shown benefits over IR injury in several tissues, but its effects in hepatic IR are unknown."( Spironolactone Effect in Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Wistar Rats.
Chavira, HZ; de la Garza, FJ; Espinosa, LE; Galván, GA; Garza, NE; González, LT; Lemarroy, CR; Pérez, JC; Pérez, PC; Quintana, MM; Ramírez, AC; Rodríguez, EP, 2016)		2.6
"Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic and is a competitive antagonist of aldosterone, which is widely used in the treatment of primary aldosteronism, essential hypertension, congestive cardiac failure, and various edematous states. "( Pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of spironolactone tablets in fasting and fed healthy Chinese male subjects.
Cai, HL; Deng, Y; Guo, ZH; Hou, ZY; Li, ZH; Wu, G; Yan, M; Zhang, BK, 2016)		2.13
"Spironolactone (SP) is an effective treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but it is often associated with menstrual abnormalities whose mechanism is still under investigation. "( Spironolactone and intermenstrual bleeding in polycystic ovary syndrome with normal BMI.
Ambrosini, G; Andrisani, A; Armanini, D; Bordin, L; Boscaro, M; Donà, G; Ragazzi, E; Sabbadin, C; Zermiani, M, 2016)		3.32
"Spironolactone, which is a potent mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, represents the first line medical treatment of primary aldosteronism (PA). "( SFE/SFHTA/AFCE consensus on primary aldosteronism, part 7: Medical treatment of primary aldosteronism.
Herpin, D; Lefebvre, H; Pechère-Bertschi, A, 2016)		1.88
"Spironolactone is a well-known multi-target drug and is specifically used for the treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure. "( Synthetic approaches towards the multi target drug spironolactone and its potent analogues/derivatives.
Channar, PA; El-Seedi, H; Faisal, M; Larik, FA; Mehfooz, H; Saeed, A; Shahzad, D, 2017)		2.15
"Spironolactone is a promising therapeutic option for alleviating remodeling after left ventricular restoration."( Spironolactone alleviates late cardiac remodeling after left ventricular restoration surgery.
Ikeda, T; Kanemitsu, H; Komeda, M; Marui, A; Nishina, T; Tsukashita, M; Wang, J; Yoshikawa, E, 2008)		2.51
"Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist that promotes natriuresis and may attenuate such hypernatraemia, but its effect in this setting has not been previously studied."( Pilot randomised double-blind controlled trial of high-dose spironolactone in critically ill patients receiving a frusemide infusion.
Apte, Y; Bellomo, R; Gillies, M; Goldsmith, D; McGain, F; Warrillow, S, 2008)		1.31
"Spironolactone is an antiandrogen and aldosterone antagonist used to treat hirsutism."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Brown, J; Farquhar, C; Jepson, RG; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2009)		2.52
"Spironolactone is thought to be an important addition to resistant hypertension (RH) treatment."( Aldosterone excess or escape: Treating resistant hypertension.
Adriana de Souza, L; Coca, A; Coelho, OR; Ferreira-Melo, S; Martins, LC; Moreno, H; Pimenta, E; Sierra, C; Ubaid-Girioli, S; Yugar-Toledo, JC, 2009)		1.07
"The spironolactone is a diuretic of potassium savings. "( [PSA and spironolactone].
Coulange, C; Delaporte, V; Deturmeny, J; Lechevallier, E; Maurin, C; Rybikowski, S, 2010)		1.34
"Spironolactone is a synthetic steroid structurally related to aldosterone."( Innovative use of spironolactone as an antiandrogen in the treatment of female pattern hair loss.
Rathnayake, D; Sinclair, R, 2010)		1.42
"Spironolactone is an effective form of treatment for ARDS at an early stage, as reflected by an increased blood O2 /FiO2 ratio, decreased BNP and NT-proBNP levels, and ALI score."( The efficacy of spironolactone in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome-induced rats.
Atalay, C; Aykan, S; Dogan, N; Gundogdu, C; Keles, MS, 2010)		2.15
"Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist, considered fourth line therapy for hypertension in patients already treated with multiple medications."( Spironolactone for hypertension.
Batterink, J; Fowkes, CT; Stabler, SN; Tejani, AM, 2010)		3.25
"Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic with anti-aldosterone effects that are beneficial in the management of hypertension. "( Spironolactone management of resistant hypertension.
Marrs, JC, 2010)		3.25
"Spironolactone is an appropriate antihypertensive medication to add to treatment of patients with resistant hypertension (≥3 antihypertensive medications at optimal doses) not at their blood pressure goal. "( Spironolactone management of resistant hypertension.
Marrs, JC, 2010)		3.25
"Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic marketed since the 1960s that is known to cause the same adverse effects as other diuretics as well as some effects of its own, such as hyperkalaemia, gynaecomastia and menstrual disturbances. "( Upper gastrointestinal bleeding and spironolactone.
, 2011)		2.09
"Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that also acts as an androgen receptor antagonist."( Improvement of cognitive impairment in female type 2 diabetes mellitus mice by spironolactone.
Horiuchi, M; Ito, M; Iwanami, J; Jing, F; Min, LJ; Mogi, M; Ohshima, K; Sakata, A; Tsukuda, K, 2012)		1.33
"Spironolactone is an antifibrotic medication commonly used in heart failure to reduce mortality."( Spironolactone and colitis: increased mortality in rodents and in humans.
Gillespie, BW; Govani, SM; Higgins, PD; Johnson, LA; Joyce, JC; Waljee, AK, 2012)		2.54
"Spironolactone is a drug derived from sterols that exhibits an incomplete oral absorption due to its low water solubility and slow dissolution rate. "( Functional assessment of four types of disintegrants and their effect on the spironolactone release properties.
Guisao, S; Rojas, J; Ruge, V, 2012)		2.05
"Like spironolactone, it is a compound that can be associated with the development of hyperkalemia."( Eplerenone: a new aldosterone receptor antagonist--are the FDAs restrictions appropriate?
Sica, DA, )		0.59
"Spironolactone is a common cause of hyperkalaemia when used in combination with either an ACE inhibitor or an AT2 antagonist. "( The safety of spironolactone treatment in patients with heart failure.
Anton, C; Cox, AR; Ferner, RE; Watson, RD, 2003)		2.12
"Spironolactone, however, is a nonselective antagonist of the aldosterone receptor, binding also to other steroid receptors and causing a significant percentage of patients to have sex hormone-related adverse effects such as gynecomastia."( Eplerenone: a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist for hypertension and heart failure.
Anderson, JR; Moore, TD; Nawarskas, JJ, )		0.85
"Spironolactone is an antiandrogen and aldosterone antagonist used to treat hirsutism."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2003)		2.48
"Spironolactone is a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist in clinical use. "( Determinants of spironolactone binding specificity in the mineralocorticoid receptor.
Dimopoulos, N; Fuller, PJ; Rogerson, FM; Smith, BJ; Yao, YZ, 2003)		2.11
"Spironolactone is a safe and effective medication for women with acne vulgaris. "( Effects and side-effects of spironolactone therapy in women with acne.
Gorgulu, A; Piskin, S; Yemisci, A, 2005)		2.07
"Spironolactone is an effective therapy for BAH and it is an adequate option for APA treatment when an adrenalectomy is not viable."( [Primary aldosteronism: analysis of a series of 54 patients].
Aliaga, L; Fernández-Torres, C; Jaén, F; Jiménez-Alonso, J; Mediavilla-García, JD; Sabio, JM, 2005)		1.05
"Spironolactone is a non-selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with moderate affinity for both progesterone and androgen receptors."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mineralocorticoid blocking agents and their effects on potassium homeostasis.
Sica, DA, 2005)		1.05
"Spironolactone is a steroidal diuretic showing incomplete oral behaviour because of its low solubility and slow dissolution rate. "( Preparation and characterization of spironolactone-loaded nanocapsules for paediatric use.
Charcosset, C; Fessi, H; Limayem Blouza, I; Sfar, S, 2006)		2.05
"Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist and potassium-sparing diuretic with a desirable safety profile."( Spironolactone might be a desirable immunologic and hormonal intervention in autism spectrum disorders.
Bradstreet, JJ; El-Dahr, JM; Granpeesheh, D; Rossignol, D; Smith, S, 2007)		2.5
"Spironolactone is a diuretic steroid which is capable of blocking the binding of aldosterone to its cytosol receptor at the distal convoluted tubule. "( [Direct action of mineralocorticoid antagonists on biosynthesis of aldosterone: comparative activities of several new compounds].
Capron, MH; Delarue, C; Leboulenger, F; Netchitailo, P; Perroteau, I; Vaudry, H, 1983)		1.71
"Spironolactone (SL) is a renal aldosterone antagonist that is used clinically in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. "( Identification of spironolactone metabolites in plasma and target organs of guinea pigs.
Coddington, AB; Colby, HD; Los, LE; Ramjit, HG, )		1.91
"Spironolactone (SL) is a mineralocorticoid antagonist used clinically to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure. "( Binding of spironolactone metabolites in vivo to renal mineralocorticoid receptors in guinea pigs.
Colby, HD; Los, LE, 1994)		2.12
"Spironolactone therapy is a well-known cause of hyperkalaemia, but in susceptible patient, it may also be associated with metabolic acidosis. "( Type IV renal tubular acidosis and spironolactone therapy in the elderly.
Colledge, NR; O'Connell, JE, 1993)		2.01
"Spironolactone appears to be an effective therapy for the negative mood changes and somatic symptoms in PMS."( Treatment of premenstrual syndrome by spironolactone: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Bäckström, T; Hammarbäck, S; Lindhe, BA; Wang, M, 1995)		2
"Spironolactone is an antiandrogen and aldosterone antagonist used to treat hirsutism."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2000)		2.47
"Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist which has been used as a mild potassium-sparing diuretic and in treatment of ascites in liver failure. "( Spironolactone in heart failure--a revived role for an old drug.
Bradley, C, 2000)		3.19
"Spironolactone is an antiandrogen and aldosterone antagonist used to treat hirsutism."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2001)		2.47
"Spironolactone is a safe, effective therapy for patients with refractory hypertension."( The role of spironolactone in the treatment of patients with refractory hypertension.
Carré, E; Lincoff, AM; Mertes, M; Ouzan, J; Pérault, C, 2002)		2.14
"Spironolactone functions as an agonist for aldosterone for the stimulation of urinary acidification."( Spironolactone. An aldosterone agonist in the stimulation of H+ secretion by turtle urinary bladder.
Mueller, A; Steinmetz, PR, 1978)		2.42
"Spironolactone (Aldactone) acts as an antiandrogen by blocking testosterone synthesis and competing with testosterone for the androgen receptor. "( Spironolactone stimulation of gonadotropin secretion in boys with delayed adolescence.
Friend, J; Kulin, HE; Loriaux, DL; Santen, RJ, 1976)		3.14
"Spironolactone is a diuretic, selective aldosterone, antagonist with its own antihypertensive action which prevents body loss of potassium. "( [Double-blind therapeutic trial of spironolactone in arterial hypertension].
Chávez-Domínguez, R; Sánchez-Torres, G; Serrano, P, )		1.85
"If spironolactone is proven to be an inhibitor of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) nephrotoxicity, it will become a valuable addition to the treatment of human neoplasia with this platinum compound."( Action of Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (NSC-119875) at ehe cellular level.
Drewinko, B; Gottlieb, JA, )		0.65
"Spironolactone is a useful alternative therapy for women with acne vulgaris."( Oral spironolactone: an effective treatment for acne vulgaris in women.
Carter, GD; Cream, JJ; Muhlemann, MF; Wise, P, 1986)		1.51
"Spironolactone is a steroid that has some feminizing actions but that lacks the phenolic A ring necessary for estrogens to cause cholestasis."( Role of liver plasma membrane fluidity in the pathogenesis of estrogen-induced cholestasis.
Gordon, ER; Smith, DJ, 1988)		1

Effects

Spironolactone has an anti androgenic effect, inhibiting the binding of androgens to their receptor. It has a lesser effect on lipids than do thiazides.

Spironolactone has been shown to reduce cardiovascular death in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD), but its risks and benefits in advanced CKD remain unsettled. SpironolActone (S) has been used successfully for the treatment of hirsutism.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Spironolactone has an anti androgenic effect, inhibiting the binding of androgens to their receptor. "( [Treatment of hirsutism with spironolactone and with spironolactone plus dexamethasone].
Aravena, L; Devoto, E; Ríos, R, 2000)		2.04
"Spironolactone has a lesser effect on lipids than do thiazides."( Effects of diuretic drugs on the lipid profile.
Ames, R, 1988)		1
"Spironolactone has been shown to improve outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (EF). "( Spironolactone use is associated with improved outcomes in heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction.
Enzan, N; Higo, T; Ide, T; Kaku, H; Matsushima, S; Tsuchihashi-Makaya, M; Tsutsui, H, 2020)		3.44
"Spironolactone has been demonstrated to reduce heart failure (HF) hospitalization in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction in the Americas region of the TOPCAT trial (Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist Trial). "( Mechanistic Effects of Spironolactone on Cardiovascular and Renal Biomarkers in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A TOPCAT Biorepository Study.
Anand, IS; Claggett, BL; de Denus, S; Desai, AS; Jarolim, P; Myhre, PL; O'Meara, E; Pfeffer, MA; Pitt, B; Rouleau, JL; Solomon, SD; Vaduganathan, M, 2020)		2.31
"Spironolactone (SP) has been widely used as a diuretic in clinical practice."( Spironolactone Ameliorates Senescence and Calcification by Modulating Autophagy in Rat Tendon-Derived Stem Cells via the NF-
Chen, M; He, Y; Lin, C; Ma, C; Ma, D; Moqbel, SAA; Wu, L; Xu, K; Zhou, X, 2021)		2.79
"Spironolactone has the best evidence as add-on pharmacologic therapy in patients with RH, but data are limited."( A Systematic Review of Add-on Pharmacologic Therapy in the Treatment of Resistant Hypertension.
Barry, AR; Tataru, AP, 2017)		1.9
"Spironolactone has been shown to reduce cardiovascular death in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD), but its risks and benefits in advanced CKD remain unsettled. "( Effect of spironolactone on the risks of mortality and hospitalization for heart failure in pre-dialysis advanced chronic kidney disease: A nationwide population-based study.
Chen, YH; Hsu, CC; Hung, SC; Kuo, KL; Liu, JS; Tarng, DC; Tseng, WC, 2017)		2.3
"Spironolactone (SPL) has been proven to improve cardiovascular outcomes in clinical trials and its protective effect on VC has been reported recently; however, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood and require further investigation."( Spironolactone dose‑dependently alleviates the calcification of aortic rings cultured in hyperphosphatemic medium with or without hyperglycemia by suppressing phenotypic transition of VSMCs through downregulation of Pit‑1.
Chen, W; Luo, D; Peng, D; Quan, Z; Wang, P, 2019)		2.68
"Spironolactone has no antinociceptive effects in thermal models of pain, but it enhances the antinociceptive effects of morphine mainly by increasing morphine central nervous system concentrations, probably by inhibiting P-gp."( The mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone enhances morphine antinociception.
Jokinen, V; Kalso, EA; Lilius, TO; Neuvonen, MS; Niemi, M; Rauhala, PV; Väänänen, AJ, 2014)		2.11
"Spironolactone has been reported to supress the transcription of proinflamatory cytokines that are considered to be of importance in immunoinflammatory diseases."( A study comparing the efficacy of antimicrobial agents versus enzyme (P-gp) inducers in the treatment of 2,4,6 trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats.
Celikel, C; Cetinel, S; Dulger, GA; Imeryuz, N; Kabasakal, L; Kan, B; Orun, O; Toklu, HZ; Yuksel, M, 2013)		1.11
"Spironolactone has been shown to be an effective treatment option for hormonally mediated acne but can cause hyperkalemia. "( Low Usefulness of Potassium Monitoring Among Healthy Young Women Taking Spironolactone for Acne.
Mostaghimi, A; Plovanich, M; Weng, QY, 2015)		2.09
"Spironolactone has endocrine effects that could influence cancer risks and historical reports suggest possible links with increased risk of certain types of cancer."( Spironolactone use and risk of incident cancers: a retrospective, matched cohort study.
MacDonald, TM; Mackenzie, IS; Morant, SV; Thompson, AM; Wei, L, 2017)		2.62
"Spironolactone has several nonspecific actions including inhibition of androgen receptor and steroid hormone biosynthesis."( Contrasting effects of eplerenone and spironolactone on adrenal cell steroidogenesis.
Pollock, DM; Rainey, WE; Sasano, H; Yamashita, T; Ye, P, 2009)		1.35
"Spironolactone has been shown to exert positive effects in human patients with heart failure; however, the mechanisms and effects in human atrial fibrosis and AF remain undetermined."( Extracellular matrix remodeling in atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and implications in atrial fibrillation.
Lyon, RC; Pellman, J; Sheikh, F, 2010)		1.08
"Spironolactone has been noted to attenuate cardiac fibrosis. "( Spironolactone attenuates experimental uremic cardiomyopathy by antagonizing marinobufagenin.
Bagrov, AY; Cooper, CJ; El-Okdi, N; Elkareh, J; Fedorova, OV; Gohara, S; Gupta, S; Haller, S; Malhotra, D; Periyasamy, SM; Shapiro, JI; Shidyak, A; Taleb, M; Tian, J; Xie, Z, 2009)		3.24
"Spironolactone has been used for 30 years as a potassium-sparing diuretic."( Innovative use of spironolactone as an antiandrogen in the treatment of female pattern hair loss.
Rathnayake, D; Sinclair, R, 2010)		1.42
"Spironolactone has long been the drug of choice while epleronone represents a newer more expensive alternative with fewer side effects."( [Preoperative and postoperative management of adrenal masses].
Corsello, SM; De Rosa, A; Gallo, F; Ianni, F; Locantore, P; Paragliola, RM; Pontecorvi, A; Ricciato, MP; Senes, P, )		0.85
"Spironolactone has shown improvement in 5 prospective studies and 1 retrospective study evaluating its blood pressuring-lowering abilities in patients with resistant hypertension."( Spironolactone management of resistant hypertension.
Marrs, JC, 2010)		2.52
"Spironolactone has been used as a potassium-sparing diuretic for more than 30 years. "( Use of spironolactone in dermatology.
Rathnayake, D; Sinclair, R, )		2.03
"Spironolactone has been used for over 20 years as an antiandrogen in the treatment of acne and hirsutism. "( Long-term safety of spironolactone in acne: results of an 8-year followup study.
Shaw, JC; White, LE, )		1.9
"Spironolactone has been used for nearly 2 decades for the treatment of hypertension, and more recently, has become a standard agent for the treatment of systolic heart failure."( Eplerenone: a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist for hypertension and heart failure.
Anderson, JR; Moore, TD; Nawarskas, JJ, )		0.85
"Spironolactone has undesirable side effects that have limited its clinical use; the most significant are impotence, gynecomastia, and hirsutism."( The resurrection of spironolactone on its golden anniversary.
Futterman, LG; Lemberg, L, 2004)		1.37
"Spironolactone has been demonstrated to display agonist activity only to the progesterone receptor (PR), and we additionally show that spironolactone and progesterone, but not eplerenone, inhibit mitochondrial cytochrome c release and cleavage of nuclear poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and increase cell viability."( Protective effect of spironolactone on endothelial cell apoptosis.
Milan, A; Mulatero, P; Veglio, F; Verhovez, A; Williams, TA, 2006)		1.37
"Spironolactone (SPIR) has been described to suppress accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. "( Spironolactone induces apoptosis in human mononuclear cells. Association between apoptosis and cytokine suppression.
Bendtzen, K; Mikkelsen, M; Nersting, J; Sønder, SU, 2006)		3.22
"Spironolactone has recently been shown to have suppressive effects on several immunoactive and proinflammatory cytokines. "( Effects of spironolactone on corneal allograft survival in the rat.
Gong, N; Mergler, S; Otasevic, L; Pleyer, U; Ritter, T, 2007)		2.17
"Spironolactone (SPIR) has been shown in numerous clinical studies to produce sexual disorders. "( Metabolism of spirolactones by the rat testis in vitro.
Erbler, HC; Weissenborn, U, 1983)		1.71
"Spironolactone has been reported to diminish the hypoprothrombinemic effect of oral anticoagulants in animals and digitoxin blood levels in man by induction of hepatic enzymes. "( Spironolactone and warfarin interaction.
O'Reilly, RA, 1980)		3.15
"Spironolactone, which has been shown to lower HVPG in patients with cirrhosis, produces a reduction in plasma volume that attenuates the increased cardiac output associated with cirrhosis and triggers vasoactive mechanisms that decrease splanchnic blood flow."( New approaches in the pharmacologic treatment of portal hypertension.
Bosch, J; Fernández, M; Feu, F; García-Pagán, JC; Luca, A; Pizcueta, P; Rodés, J, 1993)		1.01
"Spironolactone has long been a standard for the treatment of cirrhotic ascites because it directly antagonizes aldosterone."( Medical treatment of ascites in cirrhosis.
Gerbes, AL, 1993)		1.01
"If spironolactone has beneficial effects on HRV, this would contribute to favorable results."( Effects of spironolactone on heart rate variability and left ventricular systolic function in severe ischemic heart failure.
Korkmaz, ME; Müderrisoğlu, H; Ozin, B; Uluçam, M, 2000)		1.21
"Spironolactone has an anti androgenic effect, inhibiting the binding of androgens to their receptor. "( [Treatment of hirsutism with spironolactone and with spironolactone plus dexamethasone].
Aravena, L; Devoto, E; Ríos, R, 2000)		2.04
"Spironolactone has been shown to decrease mortality in such patients who are New York Heart Association class IV."( Spironolactone in left-sided heart failure: how does it fit in?
Luttermoser, G; Margo, KL; Shaughnessy, AF, 2001)		2.47
"Spironolactone has been found to increase life expectancy and to reduce hospitalisation frequency when added to the conventional therapeutic regimen of patients with advanced congestive heart failure and systolic dysfunction."( Diuretics in the treatment of patients who present congestive heart failure and hypertension.
Reyes, AJ, 2002)		1.04
"Spironolactone has progestational activity in the rabbit and rhesus monkey. "( Oral progestational activity of spironolactone.
Potts, GO; Schane, HP, 1978)		1.98
"Spironolactone has been shown to affect both gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis, to elevate plasma gonadotrophin levels in children, and to act as an antiandrogen at the target tissue level."( Spironolactone and endocrine dysfunction.
, 1976)		2.42
"Spironolactone, which has been shown to have antiandrogen action in mature male rats, was given to pregnant rats from day 14 of pregnancy until delivery in a dose equivalent to the 400-mg adult human regimen. "( Lack of effect of spironolactone on male genital development.
Reckler, JM; Regestein, Q; Rose, LI, 1975)		2.03
"Spironolactone also has been used as an antiandrogenic agent in managing hirsutism."( Spironolactone: a re-examination.
Gums, JG; Skluth, HA, 1990)		2.44
"Spironolactone has a lesser effect on lipids than do thiazides."( Effects of diuretic drugs on the lipid profile.
Ames, R, 1988)		1
"Spironolactone has beneficial effects on ovarian function and few side effects, so it may prove to be an effective anti-androgen, especially for hyperandrogenic anovulatory patients."( Spironolactone therapy for hyperandrogenic anovulatory women--clinical and endocrinological study.
Asai, M; Hanai, K; Ichikawa, Y; Kikkawa, H; Masahashi, T; Mizutani, S; Narita, O; Ohsawa, M; Tomoda, Y; Wu, MC, 1986)		2.44
"Spironolactone (S) has been used successfully for the treatment of hirsutism. "( The effects of two doses of spironolactone on serum androgens and anagen hair in hirsute women.
Brinton, D; Horton, R; Lobo, RA; Serafini, P; Shoupe, D, 1985)		2.01

Actions

Spironolactone is a common cause of hyperkalaemia when used in combination with either an ACE inhibitor or an AT2 antagonist. It can also be a cause of Hormonally Associated Vestibulodynia and Female Sexual Arousal Disorder.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Spironolactone did not increase the odds of weight loss but reduced the odds of weight gain."( Weight changes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: findings from TOPCAT.
Claggett, BL; Ferreira, JP; Pfeffer, M; Pitt, B; Rossignol, P; Solomon, SD; Zannad, F, 2022)		1.44
"Spironolactone May be a Cause of Hormonally Associated Vestibulodynia and Female Sexual Arousal Disorder."( Spironolactone May be a Cause of Hormonally Associated Vestibulodynia and Female Sexual Arousal Disorder.
Barela, K; Goldstein, AT; Govind, V; Mitchell, L, 2019)		2.68
"Spironolactone did not inhibit the formation of morphine-3-glucuronide."( The mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone enhances morphine antinociception.
Jokinen, V; Kalso, EA; Lilius, TO; Neuvonen, MS; Niemi, M; Rauhala, PV; Väänänen, AJ, 2014)		1.39
"Spironolactone can inhibit high glucose-induced renal tubular epithelial cells EMT, which may be an important mechanism for the inhibition of renal interstitial fibrosis."( [Effect of aldosterone and its antagonist spironolactone on epithelial-mesenchymal transition of normal rat kidney epithelial cells in high glucose].
Ao, X; Hong, X; Liu, K; Pouranan, V; Xiao, Z; Yuan, M; Zhou, Q, 2010)		1.35
"Spironolactone can inhibit the activation of L-Arg/iNOS/NO pathway."( [Effect of spironolactone on L-arginine/iNOS/NO pathway of aortic adventitia in spontaneously hypertensive rats].
Deng, CN; Shen, LH; Tang, CS, 2010)		1.47
"Spironolactone can enhance the analgesic effects of dexamethasone via complex mechanisms."( The respective and interaction effects of spinal GRs and MRs on radicular pain induced by chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion in the rat.
Gu, X; Liu, C; Ma, Q; Ma, Z; Peng, L; Song, L; Sun, X; Yang, D; Zheng, Y; Zhu, B, 2011)		1.09
"Spironolactone can inhibit hepatic sinusoid angiogenesis in rats with BDL-induced hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the expression of VEGF-A."( [Spironolactone inhibits hepatic sinusoid angiogenesis in rats with hepatic fibrosis].
Cai, S; Li, X; Li, Y; Ning, Z; Zhang, L; Zhang, W, 2012)		2.73
"Spironolactone is a common cause of hyperkalaemia when used in combination with either an ACE inhibitor or an AT2 antagonist. "( The safety of spironolactone treatment in patients with heart failure.
Anton, C; Cox, AR; Ferner, RE; Watson, RD, 2003)		2.12
"Spironolactone did not produce significant changes in ECF during either the high-Na or low-Na diets."( Effect of spironolactone on fluid volumes and adrenal steroids in primary aldosteronism.
Hirano, Y; Ichikawa, S; Kogure, M; Matsuo, H; Murata, K; Sakamaki, T; Tajima, Y; Yagi, S, 1984)		1.39
"As spironolactone can cause gastric irritation, the present findings support the recommendation that spironolactone always be prescribed for once-daily intake together with breakfast."( Influence of food intake on antihypertensive drugs: spironolactone.
Liedholm, H; Lindholm, L; Melander, A; Thulin, T; Wåhlin-Boll, E, 1983)		1.03
"Spironolactone did not produce any marked changes in electrolyte balance and hypotensive effect."( [Changes in the electrolyte balance and the transmural differential in the potentials of the blood vessel wall during the administration of spironolactone and its combination with euphylline].
Erikov, VM, )		1.05
"Spironolactone appears to increase digoxin levels measured by radioimmunoassay."( Spironolactone interference with digoxin radioimmunoassay in cirrhotic patients.
Bustrack, JA; Cote, JR; DiPiro, CR; DiPiro, JT, 1980)		2.43
"Spironolactone prevented the increase in body weight and the decrease in serum potassium but did not affect the increase in blood pressure produced by cortisol."( Dose-response relationships and mineralocorticoid activity in cortisol-induced hypertension in humans.
Kelly, JJ; Whitworth, JA; Williamson, PM, 1996)		1.02
"Spironolactone did not enhance water and electrolyte excretion."( Mineralocorticoid blockade reduces vascular injury in stroke-prone hypertensive rats.
Chander, PN; Khanna, K; Rocha, R; Stier, CT; Zuckerman, A, 1998)		1.02
"Spironolactone promotes magnesium and potassium retention, increases uptake of myocardial norepinephrine, attenuates formation of myocardial fibrosis, and decreases mortality associated with both progressive ventricular dysfunction and malignant ventricular arrhythmias."( Spironolactone in congestive heart failure.
Soberman, JE; Weber, KT, 2000)		2.47

Treatment

Spironolactone treatment significantly reduced urinary albumin excretion and ameliorated glomerulosclerosis. The drug remains the treatment of choice for patients with heart failure and incapacitating dyspnea despite ACE inhibitor and diuretic therapy.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Spironolactone treatment was maintained as it was considered beneficial due to the cardiac condition. "( Potential negative pharmacodynamic interaction of spironolactone and abiraterone in two prostate cancer patients.
Collado-Borrell, R; Escudero-Vilaplana, V; Herranz, A; López-López, C; Revuelta-Herrero, JL; Ruiz-Briones, P; Sanjurjo, M; Somoza-Fernández, B; Vicente-Valor, J; Villanueva-Bueno, C, 2022)		2.42
"Spironolactone treatment was associated with a reduced risk of the primary outcome only in phenotype 1 (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.40-0.98; P = 0.042)."( Phenotypes of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and effect of spironolactone treatment.
Choy, M; Dong, Y; Fu, M; He, J; He, X; Liang, W; Liu, C, 2022)		1.67
"Spironolactone treatment could improve clinical outcome in a phenotype of relatively young patients with low burden of co-morbidities."( Phenotypes of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and effect of spironolactone treatment.
Choy, M; Dong, Y; Fu, M; He, J; He, X; Liang, W; Liu, C, 2022)		1.67
"Spironolactone treatment demonstrated significant attenuation of cardiac fibrosis and apoptosis in left ventricular tissue compared to furosemide."( Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Mitigate Mitral Regurgitation-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction.
Chang, WT; Chen, CY; Chen, ZC; Lin, YW; Liu, PY; Luo, CY; Shih, JY; Wu, CC, 2022)		1.44
"Spironolactone treatment resulted in significantly reduced loss of mass during the first week, however, over the following weeks, no differences in mass loss were observed in the groups implanted with blockers, while cortisol-treated fish showed the highest decrease in body mass over time."( Combined antagonist treatment of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor does not affect weight loss of fasting rainbow trout but inhibits a fasting-induced elevation of cortisol secretion.
Pfalzgraff, T; Skov, PV, 2022)		1.44
"Spironolactone use as a treatment for hirsutism and other dermatological conditions among polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and idiopathic hirsutism shows varied results."( Do Pleiotropic Effects of Spironolactone in Women with PCOS Make it More than an Anti-androgen? Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Asrar, MM; Bashir, R; Ganie, MA; Shah, IA; Wani, IA, 2023)		2.65
"spironolactone. Treatment was more frequently withdrawn, and daily drug dosage was lower among patients treated with spironolactone."( Initiation of eplerenone or spironolactone, treatment adherence, and associated outcomes in patients with new-onset heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a nationwide cohort study.
Denholt, CS; Fosbøl, E; Gustafsson, F; Kristensen, SL; Køber, L; Larsson, JE; Nielsen, OW; Raja, AA; Schou, M; Thune, JJ, 2023)		1.93
"Spironolactone treatment might increase insulin resistance in patients with PA. "( Changes in Glucose Metabolism after Adrenalectomy or Treatment with a Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist for Primary Aldosteronism.
Chang, CH; Chung, SD; Hu, YH; Lin, YF; Peng, KY; Wu, VC, 2020)		2
"Spironolactone treatment reduces mortality in haemodialysis (HD) patients. "( Effects of spironolactone on extrasystoles and heart rate variability in haemodialysis patients: a randomised crossover trial.
Cao, Y; Eklund, M; Furuland, H; Hellberg, O; Nilsson, E, 2021)		2.45
"Spironolactone treatment increases PVCs in HD, indicating a possible proarrhythmic effect. "( Effects of spironolactone on extrasystoles and heart rate variability in haemodialysis patients: a randomised crossover trial.
Cao, Y; Eklund, M; Furuland, H; Hellberg, O; Nilsson, E, 2021)		2.45
"Spironolactone treatment reverted hyperphosphorylation of activated Erbb4 in these mice."( Spironolactone is an antagonist of NRG1-ERBB4 signaling and schizophrenia-relevant endophenotypes in mice.
Brzózka, MM; Falkai, P; Herholt, A; Hinrichs, W; Kravchenko, M; Nave, KA; Papiol, S; Rossner, MJ; Schwab, MH; Soto-Bernardini, MC; Unterbarnscheidt, T; Wehr, MC; Wichert, SP; Wintgens, JP; Zhang, M; Zhang, W, 2017)		2.62
"Spironolactone treatment significantly decreased coronary TRPC expression and dysfunctions in MetS pigs."( Long-term spironolactone treatment reduces coronary TRPC expression, vasoconstriction, and atherosclerosis in metabolic syndrome pigs.
Alloosh, M; Beli, E; Chakraborty, S; Chen, X; Grant, MB; Hiett, SC; Li, W; Long, X; Obukhov, AG; Riley, AM; Sturek, M; Temm, CJ; White, FA, 2017)		1.58
"Spironolactone treatment (7 days) was started following 3-day habituation to intragastric vehicle administration."( Marinobufagenin in Urine: A Potential Marker of Predisposition to Ethanol and a Target for Spironolactone.
Bagrov, AY; Egorov, AY; Kashkin, VA; Shekunova, EV, 2018)		1.42
"Spironolactone treatment might benefit long-term cardiovascular outcome of such patients."( Spironolactone improves endothelial and cardiac autonomic function in non heart failure hemodialysis patients.
Drakou, A; Flevari, P; Kalogeropoulou, S; Kremastinos, D; Leftheriotis, D; Lekakis, J; Panou, F; Vlahakos, DV, 2013)		2.55
"The spironolactone treatment group demonstrated significant increases in heart rate and cardiac output and a decrease in cardiac index compared to SHR controls."( Echocardiographic effects of eplerenone and aldosterone in hypertensive rats.
Dostal, DE; Jewell, C; Song, J; Watson, LE, 2013)		0.87
"Spironolactone treatment (25mg/day) was added and was well tolerated, with no change in renal function and kaliemia within normal (4.1mmol/l) following the treatment."( Resistant hypertension.
Armario, P; de la Sierra, A; Oliveras, A, 2013)		1.11
"Spironolactone treatment in humans is associated with an increased risk of hyperkalemia and renal dysfunction."( Safety of spironolactone in dogs with chronic heart failure because of degenerative valvular disease: a population-based, longitudinal study.
Atkins, CE; Baduel, L; Combes, B; Concordet, D; Kaltsatos, V; Lefebvre, HP; Ollivier, E, )		1.98
"Spironolactone treatment alone significantly increased KLOTHO and CYP27B1 transcript levels in HEK293 cells (24 hours) and mice (8 hours or 5 days)."( 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-α-hydroxylase-dependent stimulation of renal klotho expression by spironolactone.
Ahmed, MS; Alesutan, I; Feger, M; Lang, F; Mia, S; Pakladok, T; Voelkl, J, 2013)		1.33
"Spironolactone treatment prevented Th17 cell activation and increased numbers of forkhead box P3-positive cells relative to DOCA-salt rats."( Spironolactone decreases DOCA-salt-induced organ damage by blocking the activation of T helper 17 and the downregulation of regulatory T lymphocytes.
Alzamora, R; Amador, CA; Barrientos, V; Carrasco, L; Figueroa, F; González, M; Herrada, AA; Kalergis, AM; Michea, L; Peña, J; Valdés, S, 2014)		2.57
"Spironolactone treatment caused a very small reduction in the damage caused by permanent focal cerebral ischemia."( Temporary mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism during the development of hypertension improves cerebral artery dilation.
Dorrance, AM; McClain, JL, 2014)		1.12
"Spironolactone (20mg/kg/day)-treated experimental left varicocele group."( Angiogenesis inhibition impairs testicular morphology in experimental left varicocele rat model.
Çaylak, B; Erdem, ŞR; Gökhan-Köse, M; Peşkircioğlu, ÇL, 2014)		1.12
"Spironolactone treatment, probably by inhibiting angiogenesis, impairs testicular morphology."( Angiogenesis inhibition impairs testicular morphology in experimental left varicocele rat model.
Çaylak, B; Erdem, ŞR; Gökhan-Köse, M; Peşkircioğlu, ÇL, 2014)		1.12
"Spironolactone treatment and K-RAS suppression both led to a reduction in cell number in vitro."( Evidence for aldosterone-dependent growth of renal cell carcinoma.
Bray, S; Christie, L; Fleming, S; Galbraith, S; King, S, 2014)		1.12
"Spironolactone treatment resolved the CSC."( Central serous chorioretinopathy treatment with spironolactone: a challenge-rechallenge case.
Pulido, CM; Ryan, EH, 2015)		1.39
"Spironolactone treatment blocked the fibrogenic response of HIOs to TGFβ."( Intestinal organoids: a model of intestinal fibrosis for evaluating anti-fibrotic drugs.
Higgins, PD; Huang, S; Johnson, LA; Rodansky, ES; Spence, JR, 2015)		1.14
"Spironolactone treatment did not affect blood pressure, fasting glucose levels or weight gain, but increased serum potassium and total cholesterol in both, diabetic and control mice."( Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade prevents vascular remodelling in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Bruder-Nascimento, T; Cau, SB; Lopes, RA; Manzato, CP; Mestriner, FL; Montezano, AC; Neves, KB; Nguyen Dinh Cat, A; Silva, MA; Tostes, RC; Touyz, RM, 2015)		1.14
"Spironolactone treatment in hemodialysis patients was secure and effective in regression of left ventricular hypertrophy, a major risk factor for cardiovascular events in these patients. "( Spironolactone is secure and reduces left ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients.
Barretti, P; Caramori, JC; Castro, AD; De Stefano, LM; Feniman-De-Stefano, GM; Franco, RJ; Martin, LC; Xavier, PS; Zanati-Basan, SG, 2015)		3.3
"Spironolactone treatment immediately or 1.5-h after the ischemic insult prevented the onset of these disorders."( Mild ischemic injury leads to long-term alterations in the kidney: amelioration by spironolactone administration.
Barrera-Chimal, J; Bobadilla, NA; Durand, M; Jaisser, F; Ortega, JA; Pérez-Villalva, R; Rodríguez-Romo, R; Sánchez, A, 2015)		1.36
"Spironolactone pretreatment markedly reduced intestinal I/R-induced lung injury as indicated by histology and MDA and MPO levels. "( Reduction of Acute Lung Injury by Administration of Spironolactone After Intestinal Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats.
Aktunc, E; Barut, F; Ozacmak, VH; Sayan-Ozacmak, H; Turan, I, 2016)		2.13
"Spironolactone treatment resulted in decreased blood pressure and rise in serum potassium levels."( Apparent mineralocorticoid excess and the long term treatment of genetic hypertension.
Khattab, A; New, MI; Razzaghy-Azar, M; Yau, M, 2017)		1.18
"Spironolactone treatment was associated with the improvement of chronic CSC."( The relation of the serum aldosterone level and central serous chorioretinopathy - a pilot study.
Gong, Q; Liu, QH; Sun, XH; Yuan, ST, 2017)		1.18
"Spironolactone treatment markedly suppressed osteopontin expression."( Spironolactone suppresses inflammation and prevents L-NAME-induced renal injury in rats.
Hayashida, H; Hirakata, H; Iida, M; Ikeda, H; Masutani, K; Toyonaga, J; Tsuruya, K, 2009)		2.52
"Spironolactone treatment prevents renal damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), suggesting that renoprotection conferred by spironolactone is mediated by mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockade. "( Adrenalectomy prevents renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Bobadilla, NA; Cruz, C; Gamba, G; Ramírez, V; Trujillo, J; Uribe, N; Valdes, R, 2009)		1.8
"Spironolactone treatment decreased collagen content in the media of thoracic aortas from prehypertensive SHR, whereas losartan decreased collagen content in the media of aortas from hypertensive SHR."( Changes in the composition of the thoracic aortic wall in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with losartan or spironolactone.
Che, ZQ; Gao, PJ; Han, WQ; Liu, JJ; Wu, LY; Wu, YJ; Zhang, J; Zhou, HY; Zhu, DL, 2009)		1.28
"Spironolactone treatment reversed the increased expression of caspase-3, bax, calpain I and MMP-9 and the decreased level of Bcl-2, calpastatin and TIMP-1, induced by chronic atrial pacing."( Effects of spironolactone on atrial structural remodelling in a canine model of atrial fibrillation produced by prolonged atrial pacing.
Gong, Y; Li, J; Li, W; Li, Y; Shan, H; Yang, B; Zhao, J, 2010)		1.47
"Spironolactone treatment (19 patients in the high aldosterone group and 15 patients from the normal aldosterone group participated in the follow-up) resulted in a significant decrease in clinic systolic blood pressure, right and left ventricular end diastolic volumes, left atrial volume, left ventricular mass, and brain natriuretic peptide at 3 and 6 months of follow-up in patients with high aldosterone, whereas in those with normal aldosterone status, spironolactone decreased blood pressure and left ventricular mass without changes in ventricular or atrial volumes or plasma brain natriuretic peptide."( Rapid reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy and intracardiac volume overload in patients with resistant hypertension and hyperaldosteronism: a prospective clinical study.
Aban, I; Ahmed, M; Calhoun, DA; Corros, C; Dell'Italia, LJ; Denney, T; Gaddam, K; Gupta, H; Husain, A; Inusah, S; Lloyd, SG; Oparil, S; Pimenta, E, 2010)		1.08
"The spironolactone treatment group had significantly reduced IL-6 and TNF-alpha expression compared with the high glucose group."( [Effect of spironolactone on the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 in renal tubular epithelia cells exposed to high glucose].
Ao, X; Bao, RL; Hong, XM; Liu, KH; Tang, TF; Zhou, QL, 2010)		1.23
"Spironolactone treatment did not alter SBP."( The glucocorticoid receptor is required for experimental adrenocorticotrophic hormone-induced hypertension in mice.
Cole, TJ; McKenzie, KU; Schyvens, CG; Vickers, JJ; Whitworth, JA; Zhang, Y, 2010)		1.08
"Spironolactone treatment was associated with higher androstenedione concentrations measured by the CAC assay that reverted to normal on treatment withdrawal. "( Spironolactone interference in the immunoassay of androstenedione.
Conway, GS; Dawnay, A; Honour, JW; Tsilchorozidou, T, 2010)		3.25
"Spironolactone treatment also improved cognitive function in ovariectomized-KKAy mice, but failed to improve it in those with administration of estradiol (200 µg/kg per day)."( Improvement of cognitive impairment in female type 2 diabetes mellitus mice by spironolactone.
Horiuchi, M; Ito, M; Iwanami, J; Jing, F; Min, LJ; Mogi, M; Ohshima, K; Sakata, A; Tsukuda, K, 2012)		1.33
"Spironolactone treatment reversed all the above effects."( A role for cardiotrophin-1 in myocardial remodeling induced by aldosterone.
Cachofeiro, V; Díez, J; Fortuno, MA; Lahera, V; López-Andrés, N; Martin-Fernandez, B; Rossignol, P; Zannad, F, 2011)		1.09
"Spironolactone treatment improves CSNA and prevents LV remodeling in patients with CHF. "( Effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure.
Ichikawa, S; Kasama, S; Kumakura, H; Kurabayashi, M; Matsumoto, N; Minami, K; Sato, Y; Sumino, H; Takayama, Y; Toyama, T, 2013)		2.09
"Spironolactone treatment significantly increased aldosterone levels in males and females independent of the sodium content of the diet."( Sex-specific effects of spironolactone on blood pressure in gonadectomized male and female Wistar rats.
Bartel, C; Götz, F; Hofmann, PJ; Kienitz, T; Michaelis, M; Quinkler, M, 2012)		1.41
"Spironolactone treatment in addition to standard renoprotective treatment lowers urinary albumin excretion in microalbuminuric patients with Type 1 diabetes, and thus may offer additional renoprotection independent of blood pressure."( Spironolactone diminishes urinary albumin excretion in patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study.
Frandsen, E; Hess, G; Nielsen, SE; Parving, HH; Persson, F; Rossing, P; Shjoedt, KJ; Sugaya, T; Zdunek, D, 2012)		3.26
"Spironolactone treatment decreased the total heart weight. "( Effects of spironolactone treatment on an experimental model of chronic aortic valve regurgitation.
Arsenault, M; Couet, J; Lachance, D; Roussel, E; Zendaoui, A, 2012)		2.21
"Spironolactone treatment is effective to a similar extent both in patients with and without a secondary cause of hypertension and regardless of the baseline value of systolic BP. "( The effect of spironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension in relation to baseline blood pressure and secondary causes of hypertension.
Jarkovsky, J; Kocianova, E; Sedlak, R; Taborsky, M; Vaclavik, J, 2013)		2.19
"Spironolactone treatment resulted in a significant increase in cortisol secretion levels in both groups. "( Mineralocorticoid receptor function in major depression.
Akil, H; Lopez, JF; Murphy-Weinberg, V; Watson, SJ; Young, EA, 2003)		1.76
"The spironolactone treatment either attenuated or prevented the tendency for increased blood pressure."( The effects of spironolactone monotherapy on blood pressure and myocardial remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a stereological study.
Mandarim-de-Lacerda, CA; Pereira, LM, )		0.97
"In spironolactone treated chambers, the numbers of peripheral and central vessels were significantly reduced compared to control (p < 0.001)."( [Anti-angiogenic effects of aldosterone antagonists in the fibrin chamber in rats].
Guggino, S; Imbs, JL; Mechine Neuville, A; Stephan, D; Weltin, D, )		0.65
"Spironolactone treatment decreased PAI-1 immunoreactivity and reduced in a dose-dependent fashion cardiac and renal damage."( Aldosterone and not plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a critical mediator of early angiotensin II/NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-induced myocardial injury.
Adler, GK; Jonasson, L; Martinez-Vasquez, D; Mukasa, K; Oestreicher, EM; Roubsanthisuk, W; Stone, JR, 2003)		1.04
"Spironolactone-treated plants were also nearly restored to the wild-type phenotype by treatment with additional BRs."( A mammalian steroid action inhibitor spironolactone retards plant growth by inhibition of brassinosteroid action and induces light-induced gene expression in the dark.
Asami, T; Fujioka, S; Jikumaru, Y; Kaneko, I; Nakano, T; Oh, K; Shimada, Y; Takatsuto, S; Yoshida, S, 2004)		1.32
"Spironolactone treatment induced an insignificant reversible reduction in GFR of 3 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (-0.3 to 6) (P = 0.08)."( Beneficial effects of adding spironolactone to recommended antihypertensive treatment in diabetic nephropathy: a randomized, double-masked, cross-over study.
Boomsma, F; Parving, HH; Rossing, K; Schjoedt, KJ; Smidt, UM, 2005)		1.34
"Spironolactone treatment did not induce any significant change in blood glucose levels and blood pressure."( Role of aldosterone in diabetic nephropathy.
Cha, DR; Han, JY; Han, KH; Han, SY; Jee, YH; Kang, YS; Kim, HK; Kim, YS, 2005)		1.05
"The spironolactone treatment did not block normal glucocorticoid receptor-mediated immune-suppression functions because mice receiving prednisolone, either with or without spironolactone, maintained normal body weights, hematocrits, and serum immune complexes."( Mineralocorticoid receptor mediates glucocorticoid treatment effects in the autoimmune mouse ear.
Gross, ND; Kempton, JB; Trune, DR, 2006)		0.81
"On spironolactone treatment, one patient was excluded due to hyperkalemia (plasma potassium 5.7 mmol/L) and one due to orthostatic dizziness."( Beneficial impact of spironolactone in diabetic nephropathy.
Boomsma, F; Juhl, TR; Parving, HH; Rossing, K; Rossing, P; Schjoedt, KJ; Tarnow, L, 2005)		1.16
"Spironolactone treatment, however, significantly prevented the development of histopathologic and functional changes (BUN 31.2 +/- 2.5 mg/dL; p <0.001 vs."( Mitigation of radiation nephropathy after internal alpha-particle irradiation of kidneys.
Hyjek, E; Jaggi, JS; McDevitt, MR; Scheinberg, DA; Seshan, SV; Sgouros, G, 2006)		1.06
"Spironolactone treatment significantly reduced urinary albumin excretion and ameliorated glomerulosclerosis."( Spironolactone prevents diabetic nephropathy through an anti-inflammatory mechanism in type 2 diabetic rats.
Cha, DR; Han, JY; Han, KH; Han, SY; Jee, YH; Kang, YS; Kim, CH; Kim, HK; Kim, HS; Kim, YS; Lee, MH; Song, HK, 2006)		2.5
"(8) Spironolactone remains the treatment of choice for patients with heart failure and incapacitating dyspnea despite ACE inhibitor and diuretic therapy."( Eplerenone: new drug. Recent myocardial infarction with heart failure: a spironolactone me too.
, 2006)		1.05
"Spironolactone treatment did not induce any significant differences in body weight, kidney/body weight ratio, serum creatinine concentration, blood glucose levels, or systolic blood pressure."( Spironolactone ameliorates renal injury and connective tissue growth factor expression in type II diabetic rats.
Cha, DR; Han, JY; Han, KH; Han, SY; Jee, YH; Kang, YS; Kim, HK; Kim, YS; Lee, MH, 2006)		2.5
"Spironolactone-treated mice exhibited decreased histopathologic evidence of inflammation and tissue damage, as compared with control mice."( The role of aldosterone blockade in murine lupus nephritis.
Anderson, MR; Bradke, A; Kaplan, MJ; Killen, PD; Monrad, SU, 2008)		1.07
"Spironolactone treatment did not alter AERP duration, but this medicine dramatically decreased AERPd (P < 0.05), shortened intra- and inter-atrium conduction time (P < 0.05), and increased atrium CV."( Effects of spironolactone on electrical and structural remodeling of atrium in congestive heart failure dogs.
Cao, Y; Dong, G; Han, W; Huo, H; Li, WM; Wang, BC; Wei, N; Xiu, CH; Yang, SS; Zhou, G; Zhou, HY, 2008)		1.46
"Spironolactone treatment normalized the arterial pressure in patients with primary aldosteronism at all Na intakes."( Effect of spironolactone on fluid volumes and adrenal steroids in primary aldosteronism.
Hirano, Y; Ichikawa, S; Kogure, M; Matsuo, H; Murata, K; Sakamaki, T; Tajima, Y; Yagi, S, 1984)		1.39
"Spironolactone pretreatment (10mg/100g, twice daily for 4 days, orally) caused a significant decrease in cytochrome P-450 levels in the liver microsomes in female rats but male rats were unaffected. "( Effect of spironolactone on hepatic microsomal monooxygenase and azoreductase activities.
Fujita, S; Kitani, K; Ohta, M; Uesugi, T, 1982)		2.11
"The spironolactone-treated group had a significantly higher excretion of aldosterone, whilst the excretion of other adrenocorticoid metabolites did not differ."( Long term spironolactone and the adrenal cortex in essential hypertension.
Gorchein, A; Horth, CE; James, VH; Lewis, PS; May, CN, 1980)		1.14
"In spironolactone-treated patients, a 40% increase in elimination rate constant of antipyrine (P less than 0.01) was due both to a decrease in apparent volume of distribution by 11% (P less than 0.01) and to a 20% rise in metabolic clearance rate (P less than 0.01)."( Spironolactone and enzyme induction in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.
Dhumeaux, D; Joanne, C; Miguet, JP; Thebault-Lucas, A; Vuitton, D, 1980)		2.22
"Spironolactone-treated and non-treated subjects experienced similar increases in total serum protein content sufficient to increase the plasma volume by approximately 290 ml."( Spironolactone administration and training-induced hypervolemia.
Flowers, KM; Lamb, DR; Luetkemeier, MJ, 1994)		2.45
"Spironolactone treatment (50 mg/kg per day) for 7 days in deficient rats restored blood pressure and heart rate to normal levels and significantly reduced sodium levels in erythrocytes and cerebrospinal fluid."( Hypertension induced by a nonpressor dose of angiotensin II in kininogen-deficient rats.
Katori, M; Kuribayashi, Y; Majima, M; Mizogami, S; Oh-ishi, S, 1994)		1.01
"Spironolactone treatment (100 mg/daily) completely reversed the syndrome of mineralocorticoid excess."( Unilateral adrenal hypersecretion of both aldosterone and cortisol in two first cousins with a syndrome of mineralocorticoid excess but without signs of hypercortisolism.
Balsano, F; Bonavita, MS; Carlomagno, A; Coassin, S; De Siati, L; Falaschi, P; Ferri, C; Gualdi, G, 1994)		1.01
"Spironolactone treatment didn't duplicate the effects of captopril."( Effect of poststroke captopril treatment on mortality associated with hemorrhagic stroke in stroke-prone rats.
King, SR; Smeda, J; Vasdev, S, 1999)		1.02
"Spironolactone treatment for one week also resulted in a significant reduction in mean systolic blood pressure during the development of diabetic hypertension."( Effects of spironolactone on systolic blood pressure in experimental diabetic rats.
Liu, YJ; Nakagawa, Y; Nakanishi, T; Ohzeki, T; Saegusa, H; Toya, K; Wang, Y, 2000)		1.42
"Spironolactone-treated rats were not different from untreated rats except with regard to function beyond the superficial late distal tubule, where U rats reabsorbed over 50% of the delivered sodium."( Natriuresis after adrenal enucleation: effect of spironolactone and dexamethasone.
Alexander, EA; Bengele, HH; McNamara, ER, 1977)		1.23
"In spironolactone-treated rats blood pressure and total aortic renin concentrations were comparable with those in the control rats."( Effects of aldosterone and spironolactone on arterial renin in rats.
Rosenthal, J, 1976)		1.07
"Spironolactone treatment caused a decrease in sigma radioligand binding in membranes prepared from liver and brain but not in adrenals or testes."( Spironolactone causes a rapid down regulation of sigma recognition sites in guinea pig brain and liver.
Knight, AR; Middlemiss, DN; Wyatt, C, 1991)		2.45
"Spironolactone treatment caused large changes in the excretion of acidic and sulfate derivatives of aldosterone, as well as discrete alterations in the HPLC patterns of the polar NMA (particularly those metabolites in regions A and B)."( Effects of adrenalectomy and spironolactone on urinary metabolites of aldosterone in rats.
Gorsline, J; Morris, DJ, )		1.14
"Spironolactone treatment resulted in the improvement or disappearance of acne in 4 of 5 patients who suffered from this ailment."( Spironolactone therapy for hyperandrogenic anovulatory women--clinical and endocrinological study.
Asai, M; Hanai, K; Ichikawa, Y; Kikkawa, H; Masahashi, T; Mizutani, S; Narita, O; Ohsawa, M; Tomoda, Y; Wu, MC, 1986)		2.44
"Pretreatment with spironolactone also increased the level of reduced GSH and the activity of glyoxalase I."( Spironolactone Attenuates Methylglyoxal-induced Cellular Dysfunction in MC3T3-E1 Osteoblastic Cells.
Chin, SO; Jung, WW; Park, SY; Suh, KS, 2021)		2.39
"Treatment with spironolactone had only minor effects on this proteomic profile."( The Effect of Spironolactone in Patients With Obesity at Risk for Heart Failure: Proteomic Insights from the HOMAGE Trial.
Brunner La Rocca, HP; Clark, AL; Cleland, JGF; Cosmi, F; Cuthbert, J; Ferreira, JP; Girerd, N; Hazebroek, MR; Henkens, MHTM; Heymans, SRB; Mariottoni, B; Pellicori, P; Petutschnigg, J; Pizard, A; Rossignol, P; Verdonschot, JAJ; Waring, OJ; Zannad, F, 2022)		1.42
"Treatment with spironolactone resulted in significant reduction in EH in the second cochlear turn 7 days postimplantation. "( Spironolactone Ameliorates Cochlear Implant Induced Endolymphatic Hydrops.
Bester, CW; Chambers, SA; Creber, NJ; Eastwood, HT; Hampson, AJ; Lo, J; O'Leary, SJ; Thorne, PR; Zhang, D, 2022)		2.52
"Treatment with spironolactone did not affect the association significantly."( Time-averaged cumulative blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: analysis from the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist trial.
Huang, R; Liao, X; Lin, Y; Wu, R; Ye, X; Zhong, X; Zhuang, X, 2022)		1.06
"Treatment with spironolactone aims to attenuate androgen-mediated conditions including acne, hidradenitis suppurativa, female pattern hair loss and hirsutism."( Spironolactone in dermatology: uses in acne and beyond.
Al-Niaimi, F; Ali, FR; Searle, TN, 2020)		2.34
"Treatment with spironolactone was the only risk factor associated with PAC >30 ng/dL (odds ratio, 5.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7 to 10; P<0.001) and conferred a 2.48-fold risk of insulin resistance after 1 year compared with surgery (95% CI, 1.3 to 4.8; P=0.007)."( Changes in Glucose Metabolism after Adrenalectomy or Treatment with a Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist for Primary Aldosteronism.
Chang, CH; Chung, SD; Hu, YH; Lin, YF; Peng, KY; Wu, VC, 2020)		0.9
"Treatment with spironolactone and ACEI/ARB combination therapy compared to ACEI/ARB therapy alone increased the mean serum potassium concentration by 0.19 mEq/L (95% CI, 0.12-0.26 mEq/L), with intermediate heterogeneity across studies (Q statistic = 46.5, P = 0.004; I2 = 59)."( Serum potassium changes due to concomitant ACEI/ARB and spironolactone therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Carhart, BS; Gephart, S; Hansten, PD; Horn, JR; Malone, DC; Romero, A; Subbian, V; Tan, M; Villa-Zapata, L, 2021)		1.21
"Treatment with spironolactone in combination with ACEI/ARB therapy increases the mean serum potassium concentration by less than 0.20 mEq/L compared to ACEI/ARB therapy alone. "( Serum potassium changes due to concomitant ACEI/ARB and spironolactone therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Carhart, BS; Gephart, S; Hansten, PD; Horn, JR; Malone, DC; Romero, A; Subbian, V; Tan, M; Villa-Zapata, L, 2021)		1.22
"Treatment with spironolactone did not affect the biomarker of fibrosis Gal-3 in AF patients."( Galectin-3 in patients with atrial fibrillation and restored sinus rhythm.
Angelov, A; Bocheva, Y; Chervenkov, T; Kisheva, A; Yotov, Y, 2021)		0.96
"Treatment with spironolactone in diabetic patients did not lead to large changes in biomarkers."( Proteomic mechanistic profile of patients with diabetes at risk of developing heart failure: insights from the HOMAGE trial.
Brunner-La Rocca, HP; Clark, AL; Cleland, JGF; Cosmi, F; Cuthbert, J; Ferreira, JP; Girerd, N; Heymans, SRB; Mariottoni, B; Pellicori, P; Petutschnigg, J; Rossignol, P; Verdonschot, JAJ; Zannad, F, 2021)		0.96
"Treatment with spironolactone was associated with a reduction in serum biomarkers of collagen synthesis independently of blood pressure in patients with hypertension, suggesting that spironolactone might exert favourable effects on myocardial collagen synthesis and fibrosis. "( Potential spironolactone effects on collagen metabolism biomarkers in patients with uncontrolled blood pressure.
Cleland, JG; Collier, T; Diez, J; Ferreira, JP; Girerd, N; Gonzalez, A; Huby, AC; López, B; Machu, JL; Pizard, A; Rossignol, P; Sattar, N; Sever, PS; Zannad, F, 2019)		1.27
"Treatment with spironolactone led to increases in serum aldosterone (7.6 ± 6.6 vs."( Effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist on insulin resistance and endothelial function in obese subjects.
Adler, GK; Garg, R; Kneen, L; Williams, GH, 2014)		0.74
"Treatment with spironolactone was associated with increased serum creatinine levels and a doubling of the rate of hyperkalemia (18.7%, vs."( Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Anand, IS; Assmann, SF; Boineau, R; Claggett, B; Clausell, N; Desai, AS; Diaz, R; Fleg, JL; Gordeev, I; Harty, B; Heitner, JF; Kenwood, CT; Lewis, EF; McKinlay, SM; O'Meara, E; Pfeffer, MA; Pitt, B; Probstfield, JL; Shaburishvili, T; Shah, SJ; Solomon, SD; Sweitzer, NK; Yang, S, 2014)		2.18
"Treatment with spironolactone improved coronary microvascular function, raising the possibility that MR blockade could have beneficial effects in preventing cardiovascular disease in patients with T2DM."( Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade improves coronary microvascular function in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Adler, GK; Baimas-George, M; Di Carli, MF; Foster, C; Garg, R; Hurwitz, S; Jerosch-Herold, M; Kwong, RY; Rao, AD; Shah, RV, 2015)		0.76
"Treatment with spironolactone reversed the effect of hyperoxaluria."( Involvement of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in calcium oxalate crystal induced activation of NADPH oxidase and renal cell injury.
Khan, SR; Peck, AB; Shimizu, N; Sunil, J; Tsuji, H; Uemura, H; Wang, W; Yoshimura, K, 2016)		0.77
"Treatment with spironolactone inhibited Akt/AS160 phosphorylation, reduced Rab-dependent Kv1.5 recycling, normalized AERP and atrial Kv currents to the wild-type level, and reduced arrhythmia induction in Kcne3(-/-) mice."( Increased aldosterone-dependent Kv1.5 recycling predisposes to pacing-induced atrial fibrillation in Kcne3-/- mice.
Buschmeyer, B; Koehncke, C; Lisewski, U; Pieske, B; Roepke, TK; Wilck, N, 2016)		0.77
"Treatment with spironolactone or potassium supplements alone significantly increased serum potassium concentration by 0.36 ± 0.37 and 0.45 ± 0.35 mmol/l, respectively (both P < 0.05), and combined therapy with spironolactone and potassium increased serum potassium concentration by 0.69 ± 0.64 mmol/l (P < 0.05)."( Mutation profile and treatment of Gitelman syndrome in Chinese patients.
Cui, Y; Li, C; Shi, C; Tong, A; Wang, F, 2017)		0.79
"Treatment with spironolactone significantly prevented these renal changes, whereas treatment with hydralazine had no effect."( Spironolactone suppresses inflammation and prevents L-NAME-induced renal injury in rats.
Hayashida, H; Hirakata, H; Iida, M; Ikeda, H; Masutani, K; Toyonaga, J; Tsuruya, K, 2009)		2.14
"Treatment with spironolactone elicited a minor ( approximately 1.5-fold) reduction in pulse size, as did aldosterone treatment, suggesting that the anti-mineralocorticoid spironolactone has an agonistic effect in a piscine system."( The regulatory role of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in pulsatile urea excretion of the gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta.
Gilmour, KM; McDonald, MD; Rodela, TM; Walsh, PJ, 2009)		0.69
"Treatment with spironolactone prevented myocardial apoptosis, myolysis, atrial fibrosis and dilatation, suggesting a possible beneficial effect of aldosterone antagonism on atrial structural remodelling in AF."( Effects of spironolactone on atrial structural remodelling in a canine model of atrial fibrillation produced by prolonged atrial pacing.
Gong, Y; Li, J; Li, W; Li, Y; Shan, H; Yang, B; Zhao, J, 2010)		1.1
"The treatment with spironolactone generated the significant decrease of the septal myocardial hypertrophy and of the tricuspidien insufficiency, with the normalization of the LV diastolic function."( [Aspects of practical diagnosis in perinatal post-hypoxic cardiomiopathy].
Dimitriu, AG; Mitrea, G; Stamatin, M, )		0.45
"Pretreatment with spironolactone, 10 .M, blocked the effects of testosterone, decreased cell viability (P< .01) and increased caspase activation (P< .01)."( Differential actions of eplerenone and spironolactone on the protective effect of testosterone against cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro.
Lax, A; Pascual-Figal, DA; Ruipérez, JA; Sánchez-Más, J; Turpín, MC; Valdés Chávarri, M, 2010)		0.95
"The treatment with spironolactone decreased proliferating myocytes by 32% (P<0.05), and reduced myocytes apoptosis by 29% (P<0.05)."( Aldosterone modulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in the neonatal rat heart.
Bae, IS; Choi, BM; Jang, GY; Lee, JH; Lee, JW; Sohn, HJ; Son, CS; Yim, HE; Yoo, KH, 2010)		0.68
"Treatment with spironolactone was evaluated to prove mineralocorticoid mediation."( Structural, functional, and molecular alterations produced by aldosterone plus salt in rat heart: association with enhanced serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 expression.
Ballesteros, S; Cachofeiro, V; de las Heras, N; Delgado, C; Hintze, T; Lahera, V; Martín-Fernández, B; Miana, M; Song, S, 2011)		0.71
"Treatment with spironolactone normalized endothelial function and improved cholesterol levels in non-obese PCOS patients."( Influence of spironolactone treatment on endothelial function in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Pfeifer, M; Prezelj, J; Sebestjen, M; Studen, KB, 2011)		1.09
"Treatment with spironolactone prevented the MI-induced increase of HCN4 protein levels (1.47 ± 0.16 vs."( Spironolactone diminishes spontaneous ventricular premature beats by reducing HCN4 protein expression in rats with myocardial infarction.
Chen, Y; Huang, C; Li, H; Song, T; Yang, J; Yao, Y; Zhang, J, )		1.91
"Treatment with spironolactone normalized the increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure observed in isoproterenol-treated rats."( Spironolactone prevents alterations associated with cardiac hypertrophy produced by isoproterenol in rats: involvement of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase type 1.
Ballesteros, S; Cachofeiro, V; Davel, AP; de las Heras, N; Lahera, V; Martín-Fernández, B; Miana, M; Rossoni, LV; Valero-Muñoz, M; Vassallo, D, 2012)		2.16
"Treatment with spironolactone significantly lowered portal pressure. "( Spironolactone lowers portal hypertension by inhibiting liver fibrosis, ROCK-2 activity and activating NO/PKG pathway in the bile-duct-ligated rat.
Cui, K; Huang, S; Ji, HL; Li, X; Luo, W; Meng, Y; Ni, SY; Pan, CQ; Xiao, LM; Yu, CH; Zhang, ZS, 2012)		2.17
"Treatment with spironolactone either before or after ischemia prevented subsequent CKD by avoiding the activation of fibrotic and inflammatory pathways."( Spironolactone prevents chronic kidney disease caused by ischemic acute kidney injury.
Barrera-Chimal, J; Bobadilla, NA; Gamba, G; Pérez-Villalva, R; Reyna, J; Rodríguez-Romo, R; Uribe, N, 2013)		2.17
"Treatment with spironolactone (SPL) is beneficial in patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF). "( How prevalent is hyperkalemia and renal dysfunction during treatment with spironolactone in patients with congestive heart failure?
Atar, D; Galatius, S; Gustafsson, F; Hildebrandt, PR; Svensson, M, 2004)		0.91
"Treatment with spironolactone in HD patients reduced alpha subunit mRNA expression to values similar to those of normal subjects."( Effect of spironolactone on K(+) homeostasis and ENaC expression in lymphocytes from chronic hemodialysis patients.
González, M; Marusic, ET; Michea, L; Vukusich, A; Zehnder, C, 2004)		1.07
"Cotreatment with spironolactone completely blocked the aldosterone-induced decrease in plasma K(+)."( Maintained ENaC trafficking in aldosterone-infused rats during mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor blockade.
Frøkiaer, J; Knepper, MA; Kwon, TH; Nielsen, J; Nielsen, S, 2007)		0.67
"Pretreatment with spironolactone led to higher baseline cortisol levels compared to placebo whereas no differences in stimulated cortisol, baseline ACTH, and stimulated ACTH emerged."( Blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor in healthy men: effects on experimentally induced panic symptoms, stress hormones, and cognition.
Kellner, M; Koop, M; Madrischewski, AM; Moritz, S; Otte, C; Wiedemann, K; Yassouridis, A, 2007)		0.66
"Treatment with spironolactone was well tolerated by the mice throughout the course of their disease progression, with no significant differences in azotemia or serum potassium levels between vehicle-treated and spironolactone-treated animals. "( The role of aldosterone blockade in murine lupus nephritis.
Anderson, MR; Bradke, A; Kaplan, MJ; Killen, PD; Monrad, SU, 2008)		0.7
"Treatment with spironolactone has been given before the removal of some of the adenomas studied in vitro, and it can blunt increases in plasma aldosterone concentrations that occur in response to increases in renin activity."( In vitro responses of aldosterone-producing adenomas to angiotensin II and ACTH after treatment with spironolactone before adrenalectomy.
Wisgerhof, M, 1984)		0.82
"Treatment with spironolactone, mitotane, or aminoglutethimide had transient clinical effects."( Aldosterone-producing adrenocortical carcinoma. Preoperative recognition and course in three cases.
Arteaga, E; Biglieri, EG; Kater, CE; Lopez, JM; Schambelan, M, 1984)		0.61
"Treatment with spironolactone (200 mg daily for one week in 9 subjects) did not change the steroid binding capacity of human serum."( [Binding capacity of sex hormone binding globulin and corticosteroid binding globulin in serum of male patients with liver cirrhosis (author's transl)].
Breuer, H; Kaulhausen, H; Lafosse, M; Rohner, HG; Siedek, M, 1980)		0.6
"Treatment with spironolactone at a dose of 200 mg/day resulted in a clear beneficial effect on the quantity and quality of facial hair growth in 19 of 20 patients with moderate to severe hirsutism."( Treatment of hirsutism with spironolactone.
Cumming, DC; Rebar, RW; Yang, JC; Yen, SS, 1982)		0.9
"Treatment with spironolactone alone prolonged the mean digitoxin t 1/2 to 192.2 hr."( Cholestyramine and spironolactone and their combination in digitoxin elimination.
Carruthers, SG; Dujovne, CA, 1980)		0.93
"The treatment with spironolactone was associated with an improvement in PMS symptoms compared to placebo as judged by significant decrease in negative mood symptom scores (p < 0.001) and somatic symptom scores (p < 0.001). "( Treatment of premenstrual syndrome by spironolactone: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Bäckström, T; Hammarbäck, S; Lindhe, BA; Wang, M, 1995)		0.89
"Treatment with spironolactone decreased NHE in PA patients but did not change the mean NHE in essential hypertensives."( Spironolactone prevents Na+/H+ exchange enhancement in primary aldosteronism.
Koldanov, R; Koren, W; Postnov, IY; Postnov, YV, 1997)		2.08
"1. Treatment with spironolactone is reported to be useful when combined with loop diuretics and an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor in severe congestive heart failure (CHF). "( Effects of spironolactone on exercise capacity and neurohormonal factors in patients with heart failure treated with loop diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.
Endo, A; Furuse, Y; Hisatome, I; Kato, M; Kato, T; Kinugawa, T; Miyakoda, H; Mori, M; Ogino, K; Omodani, H; Osaki, S; Shigemasa, C; Shimoyama, M, 1998)		1.02
"Treatment with spironolactone caused a significant increase in post-dexamethasone cortisol concentrations (75.1+/-56.7 vs."( Increased activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system after treatment with the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone.
Deuschle, M; Heuser, I; Holsboer, F; Stalla, GK; Weber, B, 2000)		0.85
"The treatment with spironolactone in combination with enalapril or verapamil prevented these alterations."( Myocardial changes after spironolactone in spontaneous hypertensive rats. A laser scanning confocal microscopy study.
Mandarim-de-Lacerda, CA; Pereira, LM, )		0.75
"Treatment with spironolactone for one month was followed by a normalization of both serum and muscle electrolytes."( Effects on muscle electrolytes of potassium and magnesium infusions, spironolactone medication and operation in a case of primary aldosteronism.
Dyckner, T; Wester, PO, 1979)		0.83
"Treatment with spironolactone did not significantly alter the natriuretic response of the spontaneously hypertensive rats (43 +/- 8 mueq/h) to another salt load, but increased the natriuretic response of the normotensive rats (55 +/- 7 mueq/h) to that of the hypertensive rats."( Aldosterone in the exaggerated natriuresis of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Bauer, JH; Willis, LR, 1978)		0.6
"Treatment with spironolactone resulted in more marked hyperreninism (47.0 +/- 14.3 ng-ml-1-3 hours-1) and hyperaldosteronism (61.9 +/-11.8 ng-100 ml-1)."( Intrapatient comparison of treatment with chlorthalidone, spironolactone and propranolol in normoreninemic essential hypertension.
Benraad, TJ; Drayer, JI; Festen, J; Kloppenborg, PW; van't Laar, A, 1975)		0.84
"Treatment with spironolactone alone, or in combination with either intravenous dopamine or ibopamine orally, amiloride, enalapril, hydralazine or clonidine corrected serum potassium values but failed to normalize blood pressure and to correct plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone."( A neonate with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism.
Derkx, FH; Donckerwolcke, RA; Griffiven, AW; Schalekamp, MA; Vande Walle, JG; Veenhoven, RH; Wit, JM, 1991)		0.62
"Treatment with spironolactone, pregnenolone-16_-carbonitrile or triamcinolone reduced only slightly SGPT and triglycerides, but restored the reduced resistance to drugs, and the impairment of the liver drug metabolism in vitro."( Effect of adaptive steroids on the impairment of hepatic drug metabolic activity caused by hepatotoxic agents.
Kourounakis, PN; Rekka, E, 1991)		0.62
"Treatment with spironolactone (100 mg twice daily for 4 weeks) produced significant decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure without significantly affecting heart rate."( Peripheral action of spironolactone: plethysmographic studies.
Clement, DL, 1990)		0.94
"Treatment with spironolactone alone for 2 months corrected hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis, and all laboratory and radiologic evidence of rickets and hyperparathyroidism, resulting in acceleration of growth rate."( Spironolactone-reversible rickets associated with 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency syndrome.
Arnhold, IJ; Batista, MC; Bloise, W; Kater, CE; Mendonça, BB; Nicolau, W; Rocha, A, 1986)		2.05
"Treatment with spironolactone together with potassium led to impressive catch-up growth."( Growth from birth to adulthood in a patient with the neonatal form of Bartter syndrome.
Massa, G; Proesmans, W; Vanderschueren-Lodeweyckx, M, 1988)		0.61
"Treatment with spironolactone alone was inferior to our previous experience with the cyproterone acetate--estrogen combination."( Spironolactone in the treatment of hirsutism.
Chapman, MG; Dewhurst, CJ; Dowsett, M; Hague, W; Jeffcoate, SL; Katz, M, 1986)		2.05

Toxicity

Spironolactone can be a safe alternative to control post-transplant proteinuria, especially in patients with mild to moderate allograft dysfunction with proteinuria ≥1 g/day. It is safe to initiate in hospitalized patients with HF and CKD.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" To develop an effective but safe regimen for treatment of cirrhotic ascites, a two-part crossover study was done."( An optimal diuretic regimen for cirrhotic ascites. A controlled trial evaluating safety and efficacy of spironolactone and furosemide.
Fuller, RK; Gobezie, GC; Khambatta, PB, 1977)		0.47
"Comparative experiments were performed on female rats given pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), spironolactone, triamcinolone, estradiol or diethylstilbestrol to study correlations between the toxic effect of cocaine, its blood clearance and its urinary excretion."( Effect of steroids and diethylstilbestrol on cocaine toxicity, plasma concentrations and urinary excretion.
Kourounakis, P; Rapp, U; Selye, H, 1979)		0.48
"6%), and a low rate of adverse effects."( Aldactazine/captopril combination, safe and effective in mild to moderate systemic hypertension: report on a multicenter study of 967 patients.
Capron, MH; Pelletier, B; Schohn, DC; Spiesser, R; Wehrlen, M, 1990)		0.28
" There were no untoward adverse reactions with torasemide, and no significant changes in serum electrolytes, liver, renal, or haematological variables."( Liver cirrhosis with ascites: pathogenesis of resistance to diuretics and long-term efficacy and safety of torasemide.
Knauf, H; Mutschler, E, 1994)		0.29
"Effects of water-soluble beta-cyclodextrins (beta CDs) on intestinal epithelial integrity were investigated, to establish the safe use of these beta CDs as solubilizers of spironolactone in paediatric enteral solutions."( Intestinal safety of water-soluble beta-cyclodextrins in paediatric oral solutions of spironolactone: effects on human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells.
Mannermaa, JP; Schipper, NG; Thompson, DO; Tötterman, AM, 1997)		0.71
" Diuretic effect and menstrual irregularities were the most common adverse effects."( Long-term safety of spironolactone in acne: results of an 8-year followup study.
Shaw, JC; White, LE, )		0.45
"In the treatment of moderate ascites, spironolactone alone seems to be as safe and effective as spironolactone associated with furosemide."( Spironolactone alone or in combination with furosemide in the treatment of moderate ascites in nonazotemic cirrhosis. A randomized comparative study of efficacy and safety.
Cabré, E; Durández, R; Gassull, MA; Granada, ML; Jiménez, JA; Morillas, RM; Pardo, A; Planas, R; Quintero, E; Santos, J, 2003)		2.03
"We found that a higher proportion of patients in our cohort stopped taking spironolactone compared with the Randomised Aldactone Evaluation Study and a higher proportion developed hyperkalaemia, a predicted adverse effect of spironolactone combination with an ACE inhibitor or an AT2 antagonist."( The safety of spironolactone treatment in patients with heart failure.
Anton, C; Cox, AR; Ferner, RE; Watson, RD, 2003)		0.91
" However, since haemodialysis patients are prone to hyperkalaemia, a known side effect of spironolactone, this treatment is not used in this population."( Safety of low-dose spironolactone administration in chronic haemodialysis patients.
Fumeaux, Z; Mach, F; Martin, PY; Perneger, T; Rossier, M; Saudan, P; Schnetzler, B; Stoermann, C, 2003)		0.87
" More studies are required, however, before concluding that spironolactone administration is safe in the chronic haemodialysis population."( Safety of low-dose spironolactone administration in chronic haemodialysis patients.
Fumeaux, Z; Mach, F; Martin, PY; Perneger, T; Rossier, M; Saudan, P; Schnetzler, B; Stoermann, C, 2003)		0.89
"8%) were withdrawn due to treatment-emergent adverse events."( Long-term safety and efficacy of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone in patients with essential hypertension.
Burgess, ED; Kleiman, JH; Krause, S; Lacourcière, Y; Maurath, C; Oparil, S; Roniker, B; Ruilope-Urioste, LM, 2003)		0.32
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32
" Up to date, many articles evaluating beneficial and adverse effects of CsA have been published."( [Novel action of aldosterone in CsA nephrotoxicity].
Bobadilla, NA; Pérez-Rojas, JM, )		0.13
" Eleven patients discontinued the treatment because of adverse events other than hyperkalemia or for other reasons."( Long-term low-dose spironolactone therapy is safe in oligoanuric hemodialysis patients.
Arihara, K; Kageyama, S; Matsumoto, Y; Mori, Y; Ohmura, H; Shio, N; Sugiyama, H; Sugiyama, T; Yakushigawa, T, 2009)		0.68
" Eplerenone was well tolerated, with a rate of adverse events comparable to that of placebo."( The efficacy and safety of the novel aldosterone antagonist eplerenone in children with hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, dose-response study.
Davis, I; Flynn, JT; Li, JS; Ogawa, M; Portman, R; Pressler, ML; Shi, H, 2010)		0.36
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)		0.36
"Six prospective trials demonstrated that spironolactone use was safe in ESRD patients on hemodialysis."( Spironolactone use in heart failure patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis: is it safe?
Chua, D; Lo, A; Lo, C, 2010)		2.07
"Spironolactone is effective at treating difficult to control hypertension in the general population, and it is unknown if it is safe or effective for those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and difficult-to-control hypertension."( Spironolactone for difficult to control hypertension in chronic kidney disease: an analysis of safety and efficacy.
Heshka, J; Hiremath, S; McCormick, BB; Ruzicka, M, )		3.02
" Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs) and clinical laboratory tests."( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of RLY5016, a polymeric potassium binder, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic heart failure (the PEARL-HF) trial.
Anker, SD; Bushinsky, DA; Huang, IZ; Kitzman, DW; Pitt, B; Zannad, F, 2011)		0.37
" The incidence of hyperkalaemia, significant renal dysfunction (reduction eGFR ≥25%) and adverse effects was assessed."( The safety and tolerability of spironolactone in patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease.
Chue, CD; Edwards, NC; Ferro, CJ; Steeds, RP; Stewart, PM; Townend, JN, 2012)		0.66
"To evaluate the literature supporting the safe use of mineralocorticoid antagonists (MRAs) in patients with end-stage renal disease who are receiving hemodialysis."( Safety of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients receiving hemodialysis.
Baker, WL; White, WB, 2012)		0.38
" However, it is feared that an intensified, NT-proBNP-guided therapy carries a risk of adverse effects."( Safety and tolerability of intensified, N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide-guided compared with standard medical therapy in elderly patients with congestive heart failure: results from TIME-CHF.
Brunner-La Rocca, HP; Erne, P; Estlinbaum, W; Kiencke, S; Maeder, M; Mayer, K; Muzzarelli, S; Neuhaus, M; Pfisterer, ME; Sanders-van Wijk, S; Tobler, D, 2013)		0.39
" All adverse events (AEs) were recorded during the 18-month trial period."( Safety and tolerability of intensified, N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide-guided compared with standard medical therapy in elderly patients with congestive heart failure: results from TIME-CHF.
Brunner-La Rocca, HP; Erne, P; Estlinbaum, W; Kiencke, S; Maeder, M; Mayer, K; Muzzarelli, S; Neuhaus, M; Pfisterer, ME; Sanders-van Wijk, S; Tobler, D, 2013)		0.39
"NT-proBNP-guided therapy is safe in elderly and highly co-morbid HF patients."( Safety and tolerability of intensified, N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide-guided compared with standard medical therapy in elderly patients with congestive heart failure: results from TIME-CHF.
Brunner-La Rocca, HP; Erne, P; Estlinbaum, W; Kiencke, S; Maeder, M; Mayer, K; Muzzarelli, S; Neuhaus, M; Pfisterer, ME; Sanders-van Wijk, S; Tobler, D, 2013)		0.39
"0 mmol/l, and of hospitalization for hyperkalemia or discontinuation of study medication due to adverse events."( Safety and efficacy of eplerenone in patients at high risk for hyperkalemia and/or worsening renal function: analyses of the EMPHASIS-HF study subgroups (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And SurvIval Study in Heart Failure).
Eschalier, R; Krum, H; McMurray, JJ; Pitt, B; Pocock, SJ; Rossignol, P; Shi, H; Swedberg, K; van Veldhuisen, DJ; Vincent, J; Zannad, F, 2013)		0.39
"0 mmol/l, eplerenone was both efficacious and safe when carefully monitored, even in subgroups at high risk of developing hyperkalemia or WRF."( Safety and efficacy of eplerenone in patients at high risk for hyperkalemia and/or worsening renal function: analyses of the EMPHASIS-HF study subgroups (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And SurvIval Study in Heart Failure).
Eschalier, R; Krum, H; McMurray, JJ; Pitt, B; Pocock, SJ; Rossignol, P; Shi, H; Swedberg, K; van Veldhuisen, DJ; Vincent, J; Zannad, F, 2013)		0.39
"Dogs with cardiac disease treated with spironolactone, in addition to conventional therapy, are not at higher risk for adverse events (AEs) than those receiving solely conventional therapy."( Safety of spironolactone in dogs with chronic heart failure because of degenerative valvular disease: a population-based, longitudinal study.
Atkins, CE; Baduel, L; Combes, B; Concordet, D; Kaltsatos, V; Lefebvre, HP; Ollivier, E, )		0.8
" Clinical experience with Spironolactone is well established, as is its adverse effects profile."( Converging indications of aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone and eplerenone): a narrative review of safety profiles.
Danjuma, MI; Makaronidis, J; Mukherjee, I; Osula, S, 2014)		0.95
" The range of adverse effects experienced with spironolactone has led to its modification and the consequent synthesis of eplerenone."( Efficacy and safety of mineralocorticoid receptors in mild to moderate arterial hypertension.
Gaudio, C; Greco, C; Patti, G; Pelliccia, F; Rosano, G; Volterrani, M, 2015)		0.67
" Randomized studies comparing eplerenone with placebo or other antihypertensive drugs for net reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP; DBP) from baseline and for incidence of adverse events were considered."( Efficacy and safety of eplerenone in the management of mild to moderate arterial hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Gaudio, C; Greco, C; Patti, G; Pelliccia, F; Rosano, G, 2014)		0.4
" Also, spironolactone is safe and protective in arterial hypertension, particularly in patients with so-called resistant hypertension."( Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: Spironolactone and eplerenone.
Gaudio, C; Greco, C; Lainscak, M; Pelliccia, F; Rosano, G; Schiariti, M; Speziale, G; Vitale, C, 2015)		1.12
" The secondary outcome measures include acne scores, prevalence of dysglycaemia, BMI, lipid profile, total testosterone level, and adverse events."( The effectiveness and safety of treatments used for polycystic ovarian syndrome management in adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol.
Al Khalifah, RA; Bassilious, E; Dennis, B; Flórez, ID; Neupane, B; Thabane, L, 2015)		0.42
" Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists could improve kidney survival but are not commonly used during renal impairment and in association with several immunosuppressive drugs due to a supposed higher risk of adverse events."( Safety of Eplerenone for Kidney-Transplant Recipients with Impaired Renal Function and Receiving Cyclosporine A.
Barbe, C; Bertocchio, JP; Jaisser, F; Lavaud, S; Nazeyrollas, P; Rieu, P; Toupance, O, 2016)		0.43
" Serum potassium, renal function and expected adverse events were closely monitored."( Safety of Eplerenone for Kidney-Transplant Recipients with Impaired Renal Function and Receiving Cyclosporine A.
Barbe, C; Bertocchio, JP; Jaisser, F; Lavaud, S; Nazeyrollas, P; Rieu, P; Toupance, O, 2016)		0.43
" Randomised controlled trials investigating the effect of additional spironolactone on office blood pressure (BP), ambulatory BP or adverse events in RH patients were included for analysis."( Efficacy and Safety of Spironolactone in Patients with Resistant Hypertension: A Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.
Huang, J; Wang, C; Xiong, B, 2016)		0.98
"Spironolactone combined with triple-drug therapy may be an effective and relatively safe strategy for the management of RH patients."( Efficacy and Safety of Spironolactone in Patients with Resistant Hypertension: A Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials.
Huang, J; Wang, C; Xiong, B, 2016)		2.19
" We describe how the TOPCAT DSMB detected, investigated, and adjudicated an unexpectedly large renal adverse event signal midway through the trial, and offer general guidelines for dealing with similar unanticipated occurrences in future trials."( Data and Safety Monitoring Board evaluation and management of a renal adverse event signal in TOPCAT.
Assmann, SF; Boineau, R; Bristow, MR; Gersh, BJ; Grady, C; Greenberg, BH; Linas, S; McKinlay, SM; Rice, MM; Sharma, K; Singh, S, 2017)		0.46
" Adverse events were not severe to withdrawal therapy."( Spironolactone in Post-Transplant Proteinuria: A Safe Alternative Therapy.
Camargo, LF; de Sousa, MV; do Valle, CF; Guida, JP; Mazzali, M; Rivelli, GG, 2017)		1.9
"Spironolactone can be a safe alternative to control post-transplant proteinuria, especially in patients with mild to moderate allograft dysfunction with proteinuria ≥1 g/day."( Spironolactone in Post-Transplant Proteinuria: A Safe Alternative Therapy.
Camargo, LF; de Sousa, MV; do Valle, CF; Guida, JP; Mazzali, M; Rivelli, GG, 2017)		3.34
" Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists administered at high doses may relieve congestion, overcome diuretic resistance, and mitigate the effects of adverse neurohormonal activation in AHF."( Efficacy and Safety of Spironolactone in Acute Heart Failure: The ATHENA-HF Randomized Clinical Trial.
Anstrom, KJ; Braunwald, E; Butler, J; Desvigne-Nickens, P; Felker, GM; Givertz, MM; Hernandez, AF; Kalogeropoulos, AP; Konstam, MA; Mann, DL; Margulies, KB; McNulty, SE; Mentz, RJ; Redfield, MM; Shah, M; Tang, WHW; Whellan, DJ, 2017)		0.77
"018), the discontinuation rates due to adverse events were similar in the two groups (p = 0."( Comparison of effects of aldosterone receptor antagonists spironolactone and eplerenone on cardiovascular outcomes and safety in patients with acute decompensated heart failure.
Aonuma, K; Baba, M; Hamada-Harimura, Y; Higuchi, H; Ishizu, T; Machino-Ohtsuka, T; Nakatsukasa, T; Nishi, I; Obara, K; Sai, S; Seo, Y; Sugano, A; Yamamoto, M, 2019)		0.76
"The concomitant use of TLV and conventional diuretics is safe and effective for fluid management after TAR using cardiopulmonary bypass, selective cerebral perfusion, and hypothermic circulatory arrest."( Safety and Effectiveness of Tolvaptan Administration after Total Arch Replacement.
Iida, Y; Shimizu, H; Yoshitake, A, 2019)		0.51
" Spironolactone appears safe in carefully monitored maintenance hemodialysis patients, but did not affect cardiovascular parameters in this small study."( Safety and cardiovascular efficacy of spironolactone in dialysis-dependent ESRD (SPin-D): a randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple dosage trial.
Anderson, AH; Charytan, DM; Dember, LM; DiCarli, M; Himmelfarb, J; Hsu, JY; Hung, AM; Ikizler, TA; Kimmel, PL; Kliger, AS; Landis, JR; Mehrotra, R; Raj, DS; Sharma, S; Skali, H; Weiner, DE; Williams, M, 2019)		1.7
"This investigation analyzed data from patients enrolled in the TOPCAT (Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist Trial) Americas study (N = 1,767) to examine the association between the baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death, HF hospitalization, or aborted cardiac arrest, as well as safety outcomes, including hyperkalemia, worsening renal function, and permanent drug discontinuation for adverse events (AEs)."( Efficacy and Safety of Spironolactone in Patients With HFpEF and Chronic Kidney Disease.
Beldhuis, IE; Claggett, B; Damman, K; Desai, AS; Fang, JC; Lewis, EF; Myhre, PL; O'Meara, E; Pfeffer, MA; Pitt, B; Shah, SJ; Solomon, SD; Voors, AA, 2019)		0.82
"Tolvaptan exerts, a strong diuretic effect compared with conventional diuretics (furosemide and spironolactone) during the postoperative period after an operation using cardiopulmonary bypass without adverse effects on electrolyte balance and renal function."( Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Tolvaptan on Management of Fluid Balance after Cardiovascular Surgery Using Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
Hirai, H; Hosono, M; Kaku, D; Kubota, Y; Nakahira, A; Sasaki, Y; Shibata, T; Suehiro, S; Suehiro, Y, 2016)		0.65
" Compared with spironolactone and eplerenone, finerenone 10 mg was associated with low risk in the occurrence of cardiovascular mortality, hospitalization, and adverse events (P < 0."( Comparative efficacy and safety of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chen, X; Shen, W; Wu, Q; Wu, T; Xu, G; Xu, X; Yang, P; Zhu, D, 2019)		0.87
" The final result is a ready-to-use compounding vehicle, containing minimal excipients, safe for children's use and stable for 6 months."( Development of a safe and versatile suspension vehicle for pediatric use: Formulation development.
Alarie, H; Leclair, G; Roullin, VG, 2019)		0.51
"In this post hoc, exploratory analysis of the TOPCAT trial data from the Americas region, although there was no effect of age on efficacy, there were considerable effects of age on increased rates of adverse safety outcomes."( Influence of Age on Efficacy and Safety of Spironolactone in Heart Failure.
Anand, IS; Beldhuis, I; Claggett, B; Desai, AS; Fang, JC; Lewis, EF; O'Meara, E; Pfeffer, MA; Pitt, B; Rouleau, J; Shah, SJ; Solomon, SD; Sweitzer, NK; Vaduganathan, M; Vardeny, O, 2019)		0.78
" Spironolactone is an effective and safe treatment for RH in patients with baseline eGFR ≥30ml/min/1."( Renal safety outcomes of spironolactone in patients with resistant hypertension.
Durán, X; Galceran, I; Oliveras, A; Outón, S; Pascual, J; Vázquez, S, )		1.34
" Randomized controlled trials randomized controlled trials meeting inclusion criteria were included to assess the effect of the addition of spironolactone on office blood pressure (BP), 24-hour ambulatory BP or adverse events in RH patients."( Clinical efficacy and safety of spironolactone in patients with resistant hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, C; Li, D; Lin, Q; Zhou, K; Zhu, XY, 2020)		1.04
"Spironolactone may be safe to initiate in hospitalized patients with HF and CKD; however, appropriateness of therapy must be assessed upon admission to the hospital."( Evaluation of the safety and tolerability of spironolactone in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease.
Armbruster, AL; Buckallew, AR; Mbachu, G; Miller, W; Seltzer, JR; Tellor, KB; Watson, R; Whitlock, C, 2021)		2.32
" A combination of short-term low-dose SPL and ARB is safe for patients with stage 1-3a CKD, but blood potassium must be regularly monitored."( Efficacy and safety of a low-sodium diet and spironolactone in patients with stage 1-3a chronic kidney disease: a pilot study.
Chang, L; Chen, H; He, L; Tian, R; Wang, Y; Ye, X; Yu, D; Zhang, H; Zhu, B, 2022)		0.98

Pharmacokinetics

Herbal-drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between YCHT and spironolactone were observed. Based on Chinese Food and Drug Administration's guidance and regulatory criteria for bioequivalence, the test and reference formulations of spironlacton were bioequivalent under both fasting and fed condition.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"1 The pharmacodynamic profile of single oral doses of prorenoate potassium (40 mg) and spironolactone (100 mg), as judged by reversal of the effects of fludrocostisone on the urinary electrolyte composition, was compared to that of placebo in a double-blind crossover study in six healthy subjects."( The pharmacodynamics of single doses of prorenoate potasssium and spironolactone in fludrocortisone treated normal subjects.
Ramsay, LE; Shelton, JR; Tidd, MJ, 1976)		0.72
" The biological half-life of labeled material in plasma was longer than that of fluorigenic compounds."( Pharmacokinetics of spironolactone in man.
Abshagen, U; Luszpinski, G; Rennekamp, H, 1976)		0.58
") caused elevation of plasma digoxin levels primarily because the alpha half-life was prolonged (t1/2 alpha)."( Changes in the plasma levels and basic pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin used in combination with gentamicin, amiodarone and spironolactone.
Krusteva, E, 1992)		0.49
"The intent of this study was to identify pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics for spironolactone (SP) and its metabolites (canrenone, 6 beta-hydroxy-7 alpha-thiomethylspirolactone, 7 alpha-thiomethylspirolactone) in cirrhotics under steady state conditions."( Spironolactone pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with cirrhotic ascites.
Bartle, WR; DeAngelis, C; Pappas, C; Sungaila, I; Uetrecht, J; Vidins, E; Walker, SE, 1992)		1.94
" A significant difference in the tmax values indicates sustained release of furosemide from one of the formulations."( Bioequivalence between two furosemide-spironolactone formulations: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approach.
Blöchl-Daum, B; Eichler, HG; Freissmuth, M; Loew, D; Schütz, W; Tuisl, E, 1991)		0.55
" Main pharmacokinetic parameters have been calculated using a biexponential (ALT and SPI) or a triexponential model (7TM and CAN)."( [Pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects of althiazide and spironolactone in a fixed combination for 2 doses].
Caplain, M; Capron, MH; Doignon, JL; Grognet, JM; Istin, M; Pelletier, B; Thébault, JJ; Wehrlen, M, )		0.38
" administration, mespirenone exhibited a short half-life and a high plasma clearance; after oral administration the unchanged compound was not detectable."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of mespirenone, a new aldosterone antagonist, in rat and cynomolgus monkey.
Hildebrand, M; Hoyer, GA; Krause, W; Kühne, G, 1987)		0.27
" A 2-compartment model was taken as the basis for the calculation of the steady-state plasma concentration curves and the pharmacokinetic parameters of Bft, canrenone and the sum of the fluorogenic spironolactone metabolites."( [Pharmacokinetic studies and bioavailability of bendroflumethiazide in combination with spironolactone].
Nuss, U; Strobel, K; Vergin, H, 1986)		0.68
" Plasma concentrations of III were significantly higher after administration of II than I, Cmax and AUC from II being 3--5 times larger than those from I by means of HPLC assay, while the fluorometrically determined values for III in plasma after administration of I and II did not differ as much from each other."( Pharmacokinetics of spironolactone and potassium canrenoate in humans.
Fujioka, H; Kaneko, H; Kojima, K; Yamamoto, K, 1985)		0.59
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from the serum concentration-time course of each compound."( New insights into the pharmacokinetics of spironolactone.
Hermens, WA; Merkus, FW; Overdiek, HW, 1985)		0.53
" On comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters with the respective values of a control group of younger healthy female subjects, the serum concentrations in the elderly patients were found to be twice as high."( The influence of age and multimorbidity on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of spironolactone.
Abshagen, U; Horn, HJ; Mühlberg, W; Platt, D; Schmitt-Rüth, R; Vollmar, J, 1984)		0.49
" Analysis of the pharmacokinetics of digoxin was accomplished using a simple steady-state pharmacokinetic model."( Population-based investigation of relative clearance of digoxin in Japanese neonates and infants by multiple-trough screen analysis.
Goto, Y; Higuchi, S; Minemoto, M; Ohdo, S; Suematsu, F; Yukawa, E; Yukawa, M, 2001)		0.31
" formulations were tested in an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats with the aim of characterizing the bioavailability of spironolactone on the basis of its metabolites canrenone and 7-alpha-thiomethylspirolactone."( Nanosuspension formulations for low-soluble drugs: pharmacokinetic evaluation using spironolactone as model compound.
Frenzel, D; Grenier, P; Hanafy, A; Langguth, P; Nhamias, A; Ohlig, T; Spahn-Langguth, H; Vergnault, G, 2005)		0.76
" These results indicated that not only plasma but also blood and serum samples in rat pharmacokinetic studies should be cooled to 0 degrees C, the temperature maintained, and treated as soon as possible."( Stability of spironolactone in rat plasma: strict temperature control of blood and plasma samples is required in rat pharmacokinetic studies.
Machida, Y; Masutomi, T; Muraoka, A; Tokumura, T, 2005)		0.7
" The method has been successfully applied in the pharmacokinetic study of the EP tablets."( Establishment of HPLC-ESI-MS method for the determination of eplerenone in human plasma and its pharmacokinetics.
Ding, L; Gong, B; Leng, Y; Qian, WJ; Wen, AD; Yang, L; Yun, CH, 2009)		0.35
" A maximal possible effect (E(max)) model was employed to determine the basic pharmacodynamic parameters of spironolactone, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, in antagonizing the renal effects of aldosterone."( A preclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approach to determine a dose of spironolactone for treatment of congestive heart failure in dog.
Elliott, J; Guyonnet, J; Kaltsatos, V, 2010)		0.8
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using previously developed barrier-limited and space-distributed models."( Liver fibrosis impairs hepatic pharmacokinetics of liver transplant drugs in the rat model.
Asadian, P; Crawford, DH; Fletcher, LM; Khlentzos, AM; Li, P; Liu, X; Roberts, MS; Robertson, TA; Thorling, CA; Zou, YH, 2010)		0.36
" A population pharmacokinetic model incorporating protein binding and the reversible relationship between eplerenone and SC-70303 was developed."( A population approach to eplerenone pharmacokinetics and saturable protein binding.
Chiba, K; Mori, Y; Ogata, H; Takahashi, H, 2010)		0.36
" The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study after an intravenous administration of isoforskolin in beagle dogs."( A sensitive and specific HPLC-MS/MS analysis and preliminary pharmacokinetic characterization of isoforskolin in beagle dogs.
Chen, J; Huang, J; Ling, Y; Tian, L; Wang, Y; Yin, J, 2011)		0.37
" Spironolactone was only detected in a few plasma samples; hence, metabolite levels were employed for the pharmacokinetic analysis."( Fate of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) following the oral route: design, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution.
Beloqui, A; Delgado, A; Evora, C; Isla, A; Rodríguez-Gascón, A; Solinís, MÁ, 2014)		1.31
" The present study was to investigate the effects of giving N-acetylcysteine (NAC) alone and in combination with either glycyrrhizin (GL), silibinin (SIB) or spironolactone (SL) on the plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles, hepatic exposure, biliary excretion and urinary excretion of acetaminophen (APAP) and its major metabolite, acetaminophen glucuronide (AG)."( Changes in pharmacokinetic profiles of acetaminophen and its glucuronide after pretreatment with combinations of N-acetylcysteine and either glycyrrhizin, silibinin or spironolactone in rat.
Liu, X; Wang, Q; Xu, R; Yang, J; Zang, M; Zhang, J, 2014)		0.79
" The pharmacokinetic study of multiple-dose of eplerenone was also conducted."( Dose Proportionality and Pharmacokinetics of Eplerenone in Healthy Chinese Subjects.
Chen, J; Jiang, B; Lou, H; Ruan, Z; Shao, R; Xu, Y, 2016)		0.43
" The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of the two formulations of spironolactone tablets in healthy Chinese male subjects under fasting and fed condition."( Pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of spironolactone tablets in fasting and fed healthy Chinese male subjects.
Cai, HL; Deng, Y; Guo, ZH; Hou, ZY; Li, ZH; Wu, G; Yan, M; Zhang, BK, 2016)		0.9
" The pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0-tlast, AUC0-∞, tmax, and Cmax were employed to test bioequivalence."( Pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of spironolactone tablets in fasting and fed healthy Chinese male subjects.
Cai, HL; Deng, Y; Guo, ZH; Hou, ZY; Li, ZH; Wu, G; Yan, M; Zhang, BK, 2016)		0.69
"Based on pharmacokinetic parameters and the Chinese Food and Drug Administration's guidance and regulatory criteria for bioequivalence, the test and reference formulations of spironolactone were bioequivalent under both fasting and fed condition."( Pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of spironolactone tablets in fasting and fed healthy Chinese male subjects.
Cai, HL; Deng, Y; Guo, ZH; Hou, ZY; Li, ZH; Wu, G; Yan, M; Zhang, BK, 2016)		0.88
" A validated high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method was established to determine the eplerenone in plasma, and the portal vein absorption model was applied to conduct the pharmacokinetic study."( Pharmacokinetic study of eplerenone in rats after long-term coadministration with buckwheat tea.
Chen, HJ; Jia, K; Li, R; Lin, JZ; Peng, LX; Wang, P; Zhao, G; Zou, L, 2016)		0.43
" These results demonstrated that stabilizers in NCs played an important role for the in vivo pharmacokinetic behaviors."( Spironolactone nanocrystals for oral administration: Different pharmacokinetic performances induced by stabilizers.
Fu, Q; Guo, M; He, Z; Li, J; Li, M; Mu, S; Wang, Y; Yang, W, 2016)		1.88
"To characterize eplerenone pharmacokinetics (PK) in Japanese chronic heart failure (CHF) patients and to estimate the impact of factors that may affect eplerenone PK, population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analysis was conducted."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Eplerenone in Japanese Patients With Chronic Heart Failure.
Oishi, M; Sweeney, K; Tomono, Y; Zhao, Q, 2017)		0.46
" All paediatric population pharmacokinetic studies of digoxin that utilized the nonlinear mixed-effect modelling approach were incorporated in this review, and data were synthesized descriptively."( A systematic review of population pharmacokinetic analyses of digoxin in the paediatric population.
Abdel Jalil, MH; Abdullah, N; Abu-Hammour, K; Alsous, MM; Saleh, M, 2020)		0.56
"This study aimed to utilize a population pharmacokinetic method to obtain information about the influence of covariates on the in vivo behavior of digoxin in patients with cardiac insufficiency."( Impact of SLCO4C1 Genotypes, Creatinine, and Spironolactone on Digoxin Population Pharmacokinetic Variables in Patients With Cardiac Insufficiency.
Du, P; Jia, A; Li, X; Li, Y; Ma, Y; Wang, A, 2020)		0.82
" The first-order absorption one-compartment model was used to develop a population pharmacokinetic model from a nonlinear mixed effects modeling approach."( Impact of SLCO4C1 Genotypes, Creatinine, and Spironolactone on Digoxin Population Pharmacokinetic Variables in Patients With Cardiac Insufficiency.
Du, P; Jia, A; Li, X; Li, Y; Ma, Y; Wang, A, 2020)		0.82
" This study investigated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interactions between the herbal formula Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang (YCHT) and spironolactone."( Preclinical study of simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interactions between Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang and spironolactone.
Hsueh, TP; Tsai, TH, 2020)		0.97
" Urine pharmacokinetic parameters and urinary sodium, potassium, volume, and weight were analyzed."( Preclinical study of simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interactions between Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang and spironolactone.
Hsueh, TP; Tsai, TH, 2020)		0.77
"Herb-drug pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between YCHT and spironolactone were observed in the study."( Preclinical study of simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interactions between Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang and spironolactone.
Hsueh, TP; Tsai, TH, 2020)		0.99

Compound-Compound Interactions

Spironolactone alone or in combination with cilazapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, ameliorates proteinuria and renal lesions in an immune-initiated progressive nephritis model.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Subsequently, 10 patients received 20 mg enalapril per day and 10 patients 15 mg altizide combined with 25 mg spironolactone in the same tablet."( [Efficacy and tolerability of enalapril compared to altizide combined with spironolactone in patients with moderate arterial hypertension].
Baudouy, M; Camous, JP; Durand, P; Gibelin, P; Morand, P, 1986)		0.71
" It is concluded that in a clinical daily practice of a hypertension clinic low doses of spironolactone or of thiazides combined with potassium-sparing agents reduced BP without alteration in lipid or carbohydrate metabolism on long-term follow-up."( Long-term metabolic effects of spironolactone and thiazides combined with potassium-sparing agents for treatment of essential hypertension.
Charru, A; Chatellier, G; Corvol, P; Degoulet, P; Jeunemaitre, X; Julien, J; Ménard, J; Plouin, PF, 1988)		0.78
"It has been demonstrated in experiments on normotensive cats that during chronic administration of spironolactone alone or combined with euphylline there occur inconclusive variations in the transmural potential difference and electrolyte balance in the vascular wall."( [Changes in the electrolyte balance and the transmural differential in the potentials of the blood vessel wall during the administration of spironolactone and its combination with euphylline].
Erikov, VM, )		0.55
"The objective of this review was to investigate the effectiveness of spironolactone and/or in combination with steroids (oral contraceptive pill included) in reducing excess hair growth and/or acne in women."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2000)		1.98
"All publications of randomised controlled trials of spironolactone versus placebo and/or in combination with steroids (oral contraceptive pill included) were identified."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2000)		2
" One trial investigated spironolactone versus placebo; one trial was a dosage studies of spironolactone; one trial compared spironolactone with spironolactone in combination with dexamethasone; the remaining trial used topical spironolactone for the treatment of acne."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2000)		2.06
"The objective of this review was to investigate the effectiveness of spironolactone and/or in combination with steroids (oral contraceptive pill included) in reducing excess hair growth and/or acne in women."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2001)		1.99
"All publications of randomised controlled trials of spironolactone versus placebo and/or in combination with steroids (oral contraceptive pill included) were identified."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2001)		2
" Two trials investigated spironolactone versus placebo; one trial was a dosage studies of spironolactone; one trial compared spironolactone with spironolactone in combination with dexamethasone; the remaining trial used topical spironolactone for the treatment of acne."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2001)		2.06
"The most rational treatment of moderate ascites is spironolactone alone or in combination with furosemide."( Spironolactone alone or in combination with furosemide in the treatment of moderate ascites in nonazotemic cirrhosis. A randomized comparative study of efficacy and safety.
Cabré, E; Durández, R; Gassull, MA; Granada, ML; Jiménez, JA; Morillas, RM; Pardo, A; Planas, R; Quintero, E; Santos, J, 2003)		2.01
"The objective of this review was to investigate the effectiveness of spironolactone and/or in combination with steroids (oral contraceptive pill included) in reducing excess hair growth and/or acne in women."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2003)		2
" Two trials investigated spironolactone versus placebo; one trial was a dosage studies of spironolactone; one trial compared spironolactone with spironolactone in combination with dexamethasone; one trial used topical spironolactone for the treatment of acne, one trial compared three treatments; spironolactone, finasteride, cyproterone acetate."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2003)		2.07
" The present study was conducted to examine whether spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, alone or in combination with cilazapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, ameliorates proteinuria and renal lesions in an immune-initiated progressive nephritis model."( Spironolactone in combination with cilazapril ameliorates proteinuria and renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with anti-Thy-1 irreversible nephritis.
Asai, M; Fukuda, S; Hayashi, M; Kawachi, H; Marumo, T; Monkawa, T; Saruta, T; Shimizu, F; Tsuji, M; Yoshino, J, 2004)		2.02
"To observe the clinical efficacy of Chibixiao Recipe (CBX) in combination with minocycline and spironolactone in treating rosacea in females."( Effect of treatment of rosacea in females by Chibixiao Recipe in combination with minocycline and spironolactone.
Guo, W; Yu, TG; Zheng, YZ; Zhu, JT, 2006)		0.77
"CBX in combination with Western medicine has effect in treating rosacea superior to that of Western medicine alone, and could effectively reduce recurrent rate and the serum level of testosterone."( Effect of treatment of rosacea in females by Chibixiao Recipe in combination with minocycline and spironolactone.
Guo, W; Yu, TG; Zheng, YZ; Zhu, JT, 2006)		0.55
" This increase was most likely caused by an increase in use of spironolactone combined with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors."( Increasing exposure to drug-drug interactions between 1992 and 2005 in people aged > or = 55 years.
Becker, ML; Hofman, A; Stricker, BH; van Gelder, T; Visser, LE, 2008)		0.59
" In addition, the Y5 antagonist combined with either food restriction or sibutramine tended to produce greater body weight loss, as compared with single treatment."( Effects of a novel Y5 antagonist in obese mice: combination with food restriction or sibutramine.
Fukami, T; Gomori, A; Ishihara, A; Ito, J; Iwaasa, H; Kanatani, A; Kitazawa, H; MacNeil, DJ; Mashiko, S; Matsushita, H; Mitobe, Y; Moriya, R; Takahashi, T; Van der Ploeg, LH, 2008)		0.35
"NSAID are frequently prescribed in elderly patients treated with ACEI or ARB in combination with diuretics."( Exposure of the elderly to potential nephrotoxic drug combinations in Belgium.
De Haes, JF; De Swaef, A; Jorens, PG; Smets, HL; Verpooten, GA, 2008)		0.35
"The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of spironolactone and/or in combination with steroids (oral contraceptive pill included) in reducing excess hair growth and/or acne in women."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Brown, J; Farquhar, C; Jepson, RG; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2009)		2.04
" Thus, the primary objective of this study was to assess the effects on arterial function and structure of an OC containing chlormadinone acetate (2 mg) and ethinylestradiol (30 mcg), alone or combined with spironolactone (OC+SPL), in patients with PCOS."( The effects of 2 mg chlormadinone acetate/30 mcg ethinylestradiol, alone or combined with spironolactone, on cardiovascular risk markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
de Sá, MF; dos Reis, RM; Fernandes, JB; Ferriani, RA; Martins, WP; Soares, GM; Vieira, CS, 2012)		0.79
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)		0.38
"We evaluated the effects of RU28318 (RU), a selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist, Captopril (Capt), an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, and Losartan (Los), an angiotensin receptor blocker, alone or in combination with ischemia/reperfusion- (I/R-) induced cardiac dysfunction in hearts obtained from normal and diabetic rats."( RU28318, an aldosterone antagonist, in combination with an ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker attenuates cardiac dysfunction in diabetes.
Akhtar, S; Al-Rashdan, I; Babiker, F; Benter, IF; Yousif, M, 2013)		0.39
" The ATHENA-HF (Aldosterone Targeted Neurohormonal Combined with Natriuresis Therapy in Heart Failure) trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of 100 mg/day spironolactone versus placebo (or continued low-dose spironolactone use in participants who are already receiving spironolactone at baseline) in 360 patients hospitalized for AHF."( Rationale and Design of the ATHENA-HF Trial: Aldosterone Targeted Neurohormonal Combined With Natriuresis Therapy in Heart Failure.
Anstrom, KJ; Braunwald, E; Butler, J; Felker, GM; Hernandez, AF; Kalogeropoulos, A; Konstam, MA; Redfield, MM; Shah, MR; Tang, WH, 2016)		0.62
"There is a lack of research on the effect of low dose of angiotensin receptor blockers combined with spironolactone, and the effect of high dose of angiotensin receptor blockers alone on the urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) in elderly patients with early type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN)."( Effects of Different Doses of Irbesartan Combined With Spironolactone on Urinary Albumin Excretion Rate in Elderly Patients With Early Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy.
Chen, X; Chen, Y; Li, Y; Liu, P; Wang, Y; Zhang, F, 2018)		0.94
" Patients were randomly divided into 4 groups: low-dose irbesartan (group A), high-dose irbesartan (group B), low-dose irbesartan combined with spironolactone (group C) and high-dose irbesartan combined with spironolactone (group D)."( Effects of Different Doses of Irbesartan Combined With Spironolactone on Urinary Albumin Excretion Rate in Elderly Patients With Early Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy.
Chen, X; Chen, Y; Li, Y; Liu, P; Wang, Y; Zhang, F, 2018)		0.93
"Our results indicate high-dose irbesartan combined with spironolactone may be more efficient in reducing UAER in elderly patients with early DN, but this treatment could cause hyperkalemia."( Effects of Different Doses of Irbesartan Combined With Spironolactone on Urinary Albumin Excretion Rate in Elderly Patients With Early Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy.
Chen, X; Chen, Y; Li, Y; Liu, P; Wang, Y; Zhang, F, 2018)		0.97
" We determined the effects of SR alone or in combination with the antioxidant α-glycosyl isoquercitrin (AGIQ) on hyperlipidemia- and steatosis-related precancerous lesions in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats subjected to a two-stage hepatocarcinogenesis model."( Spironolactone in Combination with α-glycosyl Isoquercitrin Prevents Steatosis-related Early Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats through the Observed NADPH Oxidase Modulation.
Eguchi, A; Hayashi, SM; Kawashima, M; Kimura, M; Koyanagi, M; Makino, E; Maronpot, RR; Mizukami, S; Murayama, H; Nagahara, R; Nakamura, M; Ohtsuka, R; Shibutani, M; Takahashi, N; Yoshida, T, 2018)		1.92
" There are only a few reports on GS combined with growth hormone deficiency (GHD)."( Gitelman syndrome combined with growth hormone deficiency: Three cases report.
Dai, YL; Dong, GP; Fei, Y; Fu, JF; Huang, K; Ullah, R; Wu, W; Zhang, JW; Zhang, L, 2019)		0.51
" The interaction study was conducted by collecting urine samples after oral administration of spironolactone alone or in combination with YCHT for 5 days."( Preclinical study of simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interactions between Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang and spironolactone.
Hsueh, TP; Tsai, TH, 2020)		0.98
"In comparison with reference methods, the attained results demonstrated that SBME combined with HPLC-DAD was proved to be simple, inexpensive, and promising analytical technology for the simultaneous determination of furosemide and spironolactone in urine and plasma samples."( Solvent Bar Microextraction Combined with HPLC-DAD for Simultaneous Determination of Diuretics in Human Urine and Plasma Samples.
Al-Hashimi, NN; Alruwad, MI; El-Sheikh, AH; Odeh, MM, 2022)		0.9
"At present, the question of whether radiofrequency ablation (RFA) combined with spironolactone can reduce the levels of plasma angiotensin II (AngII) and aldosterone (ALD) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and reduce the recurrence of AF has not been reported."( Radiofrequency catheter ablation combined with spironolactone in the treatment of atrial fibrillation: A single-center randomized controlled study.
Chen, J; Chen, L; Chen, Q; Chen, X; Li, J; Sun, X; Wang, W; Xu, Z; Zhang, F, 2021)		1.11
"Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) when combined with either angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may provide additional benefits of cardiovascular and kidney disease risk reduction in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and hypertension."( Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes of spironolactone or eplerenone in combination with ACEI/ARBs in patients with diabetic kidney disease.
An, J; Niu, F; Sim, JJ, 2021)		0.89
"Among patients with DKD and hypertension, the short-term use of MRAs, either spironolactone or eplerenone, in combination with ACEI/ARBs, was not associated with lower risk of cardiovascular or kidney outcomes compared with ACEI/ARB monotherapy."( Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes of spironolactone or eplerenone in combination with ACEI/ARBs in patients with diabetic kidney disease.
An, J; Niu, F; Sim, JJ, 2021)		1.12
" Metformin, as an insulin sensitizer, combined with spironolactone, an antiandrogen medication, may exert complementary effects on PCOS."( Metformin combined with spironolactone vs. metformin alone in polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis.
Huang, L; Huang, S; Ren, W; Wu, J; Ye, Y; Zeng, H; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, 2023)		1.47
"We retrieved the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, CNKI, CBM, Wangfang, and VIP databases for literatures published from their inception to December 16, 2022 on the effects of metformin combined with spironolactone in the treatment of PCOS."( Metformin combined with spironolactone vs. metformin alone in polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis.
Huang, L; Huang, S; Ren, W; Wu, J; Ye, Y; Zeng, H; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, 2023)		1.4
"Our results revealed that metformin combined with spironolactone significantly reduced BMI and TT, but that it exerted no significant effects on hirsutism score, or on FSH or LH concentrations."( Metformin combined with spironolactone vs. metformin alone in polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis.
Huang, L; Huang, S; Ren, W; Wu, J; Ye, Y; Zeng, H; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, 2023)		1.47
"Compared with metformin alone, metformin combined with spironolactone therapy may be more effective in reducing BMI and serum androgen levels, but the combination showed no significant effect on the hirsutism score or gonadotropin hormone levels, and was not associated with an elevation in side-effects."( Metformin combined with spironolactone vs. metformin alone in polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis.
Huang, L; Huang, S; Ren, W; Wu, J; Ye, Y; Zeng, H; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, 2023)		1.46

Bioavailability

Tablet formulations of spironolactone with hydrochlorothiazide were studied in vitro and in vivo. The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of canrenone was explored in 8 healthy male volunteers. SpironolActone restored NO bioavailability in association with lower endothelial nitric oxide synthase-derived superoxide production.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The absolute bioavailability of a pharmacologically active metabolite, canrenone, was 57% in the dog and 48% in the monkey."( Species differences in the metabolism and disposition of spironolactone.
Campion, J; Doherty, M; Karim, A; Kook, C; Zagarella, J; Zitzewitz, DJ, )		0.38
"The effect of oral neomycin sulfate on the bioavailability of oral spironolactone in humans was studied."( Effect of neomycin on the bioavailability of spironolactone: a single-dose study.
Bartle, WR; Coates, PE; Fisher, MM; Louman, FJ, 1979)		0.76
"The bioavailability of spironolactone from 10 tablet formulations, selected to provide a wide range of specifications and in vitro dissolution rates, was assessed from the plasma and urinary levels of its major unconjugated metabolite, canrenone, in a study of balanced incomplete block design using 11 healthy subjects."( Factors influencing comparative bioavailability of spironolactone tablets.
Clarke, JM; Murray, S; Palmer, RF; Ramsay, LE; Shelton, JR; Tidd, MJ, 1977)		0.82
"The investigations have been performed to determine the relative bioavailability of canrenon from Acelat 100 capsules in comparison with canrenon from a spironolactone standard preparation available on the German market."( [Relative bioavailability of a new spironolactone preparation (author's transl)].
Erking, W; Lücker, PW; Stöcker, KP; Wetzelsberger, K, 1979)		0.73
"The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of canrenone, the major and active metabolite of spironolactone, was explored in 8 healthy male volunteers."( Enhancement by food of canrenone bioavailability from spironolactone.
Danielson, K; Melander, A; Scherstén, B; Thulin, T; Wåhlin, E, 1977)		0.72
"Data showing a linear relationship between spironolactone dose and the levels of canrenone in plasma and urine are presented to support the use of canrenone levels as a measure of the bioavailability of spironolactone."( Validation of plasma and urinary canrenone for determination of bioavailability of spironolactone--comparison of tablets with solution/suspension.
Palmer, RF; Ramsay, LE; Shelton, JR; Tidd, MJ, 1977)		0.74
"Tablet formulations of spironolactone with hydrochlorothiazide were studied in vitro and in vivo to evaluate the effect of formulation parameters on the bioavailability of spironolactone."( In vitro and in vivo availability of spironolactone from oral dosage forms.
Chao, AY; Karim, A; Mattes, K; Nicholova, B; Sanvordeker, DR; Zagarella, J, 1976)		0.84
"The bioavailability of commercial 25-mg spironolactone tablets and a new tablet preparation containing 100 mg of the drug has been determined in 12 healthy male subjects."( Spironolactone. II. Bioavailability.
Baltes, BJ; Chao, A; Hutsell, TC; Karim, A; Zagarella, J, 1976)		1.97
" Relative bioavailability was assessed by the measurement of serum canrenone concentrations."( Improved bioavailability from a spironolactone beta-cyclodextrin complex.
Bramley, PN; Chrystyn, H; Losowsky, MS; Swallow, RD; Tuladhar, BR; York, P; Yusuff, NT, 1991)		0.56
" Such effects depend not only on increased androgen production by the ovary or adrenal gland but also on the bioavailability of androgen to peripheral tissues."( Anti-androgens in gynaecological practice.
Franks, S; Reed, MJ, 1988)		0.27
"Investigations have been performed to determine the relative bioavailability of canrenone from an improved spironolactone preparation, Deverol drgs."( [Studies of biological availability. A critical assessment based on a study of spironolactone preparations].
Bacher, S; Rameis, H, 1988)		0.72
"An intraindividual comparative multiple-dose study (6 days) was carried out under controlled conditions on 10 healthy volunteers in order to establish the bioavailability of bendroflumethiazide (Bft; 3-benzyl-6-trifluoromethyl-7-sulfamyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzoth iad iazine-1, 1-oxide), the sum of the fluorogenic metabolites of spironolactone (3-[3-oxo-7-alpha-acetylthio-17 beta-hydroxy-4-androstene-17-alpha-yl]-propionic acid-gamma-lactone) and canrenone, the main spironolactone metabolite from a fixed combination of Bft with spironolactone vs."( [Pharmacokinetic studies and bioavailability of bendroflumethiazide in combination with spironolactone].
Nuss, U; Strobel, K; Vergin, H, 1986)		0.67
"The capacity of the statistical moments for detecting bioavailability changes in bioequivalence studies of drugs with high disposition mean residence time (MRT) is analysed."( Limitations of the MANOVA of statistical moments in bioequivalence trials of drugs with slow elimination rate: a study with spironolactone.
Concheiro, A; Llabres, M; Martinez, R; Vila, JL, )		0.34
"The unbound fraction of plasma testosterone (T) can freely enter tissues, whereas the bioavailability of the albumin-bound T is controversial."( Bioavailability of albumin-bound testosterone.
Bardin, CW; Cefalu, W; Manni, A; Nisula, BC; Pardridge, WM; Santen, RJ; Santner, SJ, 1985)		0.27
" Also it appears that individual differences in CPA bioavailability do not satisfactorily explain the lack of therapeutic response in about 30% of the cases."( Antiandrogens in the treatment of acne and hirsutism.
Hammerstein, J; Moltz, L; Schwartz, U, 1983)		0.27
"Two new preparations of spironolactone tablets containing 25 and 100 mg of spironolactone have been characterized by their disintegration time, tablet spironolactone content, dissolution profile and bioavailability in comparison with two known spironolactone preparations as reference material."( The bioavailability of two new preparations of spironolactone tablets.
De Vos, D; Imanse, M; Nijkerk, AJ; Vermeer, JM, 1983)		0.83
" The absolute bioavailability of canrenone was 25 +/- 9%."( Pharmacokinetics of canrenone after oral administration of spironolactone and intravenous injection of canrenoate-K in healthy man.
Karras, J; Krause, W; Seifert, W, 1983)		0.51
"In a single-blind, randomized cross-over study the bioavailability of Spironothiazid (50 mg spironolactone, 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide) was investigated in six healthy male volunteers by comparing the same dose of the well-established drugs Aldactone dragees, 50 mg, and Esidrex tablets, 25 mg."( The bioavailability of spironolactone hydrochlorothiazide combination preparation.
Hitzenberger, G; Horwatitsch, H; Rameis, H, 1982)		0.8
"The mean (95% confidence limits) relative bioavailability for SP-COMP (compared with ALD) from steady state serum concentrations of canrenone, 6beta-hydroxyl 7alpha-thiomethyl spironolactone and 7alpha-thiomethyl spironolactone was 310."( Improved bioavailability and clinical response in patients with chronic liver disease following the administration of a spironolactone: beta-cyclodextrin complex.
Abosehmah-Albidy, AZ; Chrystyn, H; Losowsky, MS; Wong, V; York, P, 1997)		0.7
" For each drug, micronization improved their digestive absorption, and consequently their bioavailability and clinical efficacy."( Micronization: a method of improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
Chaumeil, JC, 1998)		0.3
" Both cyclodextrin formulations enhanced spironolactone bioavailability to a similar extent despite some deacetylation of spironolactone in the presence of SBE7."( Water-soluble beta-cyclodextrins in paediatric oral solutions of spironolactone: preclinical evaluation of spironolactone bioavailability from solutions of beta-cyclodextrin derivatives in rats.
Kaukonen, AM; Lennernäs, H; Mannermaa, JP, 1998)		0.8
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)		0.31
" This difference was not pronounced in the relative bioavailability of spironolactone administered in two different particle sizes."( Direct estimation of the in vivo dissolution of spironolactone, in two particle size ranges, using the single-pass perfusion technique (Loc-I-Gut) in humans.
Bønløkke, L; Hovgaard, L; Knutson, L; Kristensen, HG; Lennernäs, H, 2001)		0.8
" Pharmacokinetic studies reveal that eplerenone has good bioavailability with low protein binding, good plasma exposure, and is highly metabolized to inactive metabolites and excreted principally in the bile."( Eplerenone: a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist (SARA).
Cook, CS; Delyani, JA; Levin, S; Rocha, R; Roniker, B; Sing, YL; Tobert, DS; Whelihan, B; Workman, DL, 2001)		0.31
" Increased nitric oxide bioavailability can only partially explain the reduced platelet activation by eplerenone and ACE inhibition."( Inhibition of platelet activation in congestive heart failure by aldosterone receptor antagonism and ACE inhibition.
Bauersachs, J; Christ, M; Eigenthaler, M; Fraccarollo, D; Hildemann, S; Kobsar, A; Schäfer, A; Walter, U, 2003)		0.32
" formulations were tested in an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats with the aim of characterizing the bioavailability of spironolactone on the basis of its metabolites canrenone and 7-alpha-thiomethylspirolactone."( Nanosuspension formulations for low-soluble drugs: pharmacokinetic evaluation using spironolactone as model compound.
Frenzel, D; Grenier, P; Hanafy, A; Langguth, P; Nhamias, A; Ohlig, T; Spahn-Langguth, H; Vergnault, G, 2005)		0.76
" The release of spironolactone from nanocapsules was rapid and complete in a simulated gastric fluid, therefore recourse to spironolactone nanoencapsulation should enhance its oral bioavailability and probably its efficiency."( Preparation and characterization of spironolactone-loaded nanocapsules for paediatric use.
Charcosset, C; Fessi, H; Limayem Blouza, I; Sfar, S, 2006)		0.95
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)		0.34
" We investigated the effect of a combination of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone antagonist, and enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, on NO bioavailability and spontaneous atherosclerotic changes."( Addition of eplerenone to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor effectively improves nitric oxide bioavailability.
Akasaka, T; Goto, M; Ikejima, H; Imanishi, T; Kobayashi, K; Kuroi, A; Mochizuki, S; Muragaki, Y; Tsujioka, H; Yoshida, K, 2008)		0.35
"The bioavailability of a new spironolactone ((7alpha,17alpha)-7-(acetylthio)-17-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid gamma-lactone, CAS 52-01-7) formulation (test) was compared with a commercially available original formulation (reference) of the drug in 20 Chinese healthy male volunteers, aged between 21 and 27."( Bioequivalence assessment of two formulations of spironolactone in Chinese healthy male volunteers.
Chen, Y; Dong, HJ; Liu, Y; Tian, Y; Xu, FG; Zhang, ZJ, 2008)		0.89
" Our results suggest that reduced nitric oxide bioavailability caused renal inflammation and fibrosis through an aldosterone receptor-dependent mechanism associated with osteopontin expression independent of its systemic hemodynamic effects."( Spironolactone suppresses inflammation and prevents L-NAME-induced renal injury in rats.
Hayashida, H; Hirakata, H; Iida, M; Ikeda, H; Masutani, K; Toyonaga, J; Tsuruya, K, 2009)		1.8
" Eplerenone also increases nitric oxide bioavailability and improves impaired endothelial function by decreasing oxidative stress."( Effects of eplerenone, a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, on clinical and experimental salt-sensitive hypertension.
Takeda, Y, 2009)		0.35
"Melatonin was shown to reduce blood pressure, oxidative load and to increase nitric oxide bioavailability predisposing melatonin to have antiremodelling potential."( Effect of melatonin, captopril, spironolactone and simvastatin on blood pressure and left ventricular remodelling in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Adamcova, M; Bednarova, K; Krajcirovicova, K; Mullerova, M; Paulis, L; Pechanova, O; Pelouch, V; Simko, F, 2009)		0.64
"The transformation of the stable crystalline form can enhance the bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs."( [Solubility enhancement with extrusion technology].
Antal, I; Bódis, A; Marosi, G; Patyi, G, 2009)		0.35
" Eplerenone improves endothelial function by reducing superoxide formation and increasing NO bioavailability in diabetic rats."( Eplerenone improves vascular function and reduces platelet activation in diabetic rats.
Bauersachs, J; Ertl, G; Flierl, U; Fraccarollo, D; Hildemann, SK; Schafer, A; Vogt, C; Widder, J, 2010)		0.36
" Therefore, the mechanism of aldosterone prothrombotic action is multiple and involves primary haemostasis activation, procoagulative and antifibrinolytic action, NO bioavailability impairment and oxidative stress augmentation."( [Prothrombotic aldosterone action--a new side of the hormone].
Chabielska, E; Gromotowicz, A; Mantur, M; Osmólska, U; Szemraj, J; Szoka, P; Zakrzeska, A, 2010)		0.36
" However, so far no small molecule inhibitors of CatA with oral bioavailability have been described to allow further pharmacological profiling."( Novel β-amino acid derivatives as inhibitors of cathepsin A.
Buning, C; Hiss, K; Horstick, G; Hübschle, T; Kannt, A; Kohlmann, M; Kroll, K; Linz, D; Linz, W; Olpp, T; Pernerstorfer, J; Ruf, S; Rütten, H; Sadowski, T; Schmidt, T; Schreuder, H; Wirth, K, 2012)		0.38
" The absolute bioavailability of 7α-TMS was significantly higher with the syrup than those obtained with the SPN-NLCs (0."( Fate of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) following the oral route: design, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution.
Beloqui, A; Delgado, A; Evora, C; Isla, A; Rodríguez-Gascón, A; Solinís, MÁ, 2014)		0.4
"The aim of this study was to improve the oral bioavailability of spironolactone (SP)."( In-vitro and in-vivo study of amorphous spironolactone prepared by adsorption method using supercritical CO2.
Fu, Q; Geng, Y; Jiang, Q; Li, Y; Ma, P; Zhang, T; Zhao, J, 2015)		0.92
"It is a promising method in improving dissolution and bioavailability by adsorbing SP, a poorly soluble drug, on the fumed silica using rapid expansion of supercritical solutions."( In-vitro and in-vivo study of amorphous spironolactone prepared by adsorption method using supercritical CO2.
Fu, Q; Geng, Y; Jiang, Q; Li, Y; Ma, P; Zhang, T; Zhao, J, 2015)		0.68
" Our results showed a marked increase in aortic malondialdehyde (MDA) level and upregulation of the catalytic NADPH oxidase subunit, NOX2 gene expression alongside reducing catalase enzyme capacity, and the serum nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in diabetic rats."( Spironolactone improves endothelial dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Adel, H; Khalifa, MM; Taye, A, 2014)		1.85
" There was a marked decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and antioxidant enzyme capacity."( Combination therapy with spironolactone and candesartan protects against streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats.
El-Moselhy, MA; Hofni, A; Khalifa, MM; Taye, A, 2014)		0.71
"The relative bioavailability was 99."( Pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of spironolactone tablets in fasting and fed healthy Chinese male subjects.
Cai, HL; Deng, Y; Guo, ZH; Hou, ZY; Li, ZH; Wu, G; Yan, M; Zhang, BK, 2016)		0.69
"Lipo-SP enhanced bioavailability of SP with significant amelioration in lung pathology."( Inflammatory monocyte/macrophage modulation by liposome-entrapped spironolactone ameliorates acute lung injury in mice.
Ji, WJ; Li, YM; Lin, ZC; Ma, YQ; Su, CC; Wang, PP; Wei, LQ; Xiang, GA; Zhang, L; Zhang, MP; Zhang, X; Zhang, YD; Zhang, Z; Zhou, X, 2016)		0.67
" Spironolactone, but not losartan, restored NO bioavailability in association with lower endothelial nitric oxide synthase-derived superoxide production, increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase dimerization, and aortic HSP90 upregulation."( Spironolactone Prevents Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Uncoupling and Vascular Dysfunction Induced by β-Adrenergic Overstimulation: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue.
Alonso, MJ; Clerici, SP; Davel, AP; Jaffe, IZ; Palacios, R; Rossoni, LV; Vassallo, DV; Victorio, JA, 2016)		2.79
"Nanocrystal (NC) technology is an effective strategy to enhance the oral bioavailability for poorly water-soluble drugs."( Spironolactone nanocrystals for oral administration: Different pharmacokinetic performances induced by stabilizers.
Fu, Q; Guo, M; He, Z; Li, J; Li, M; Mu, S; Wang, Y; Yang, W, 2016)		1.88
" Furthermore, the in vivo pharmacokinetic results suggested that these cubosomes led to a considerable increase in the systemic oral bioavailability of the drugs compared with pure dispersions of the same materials."( Enhancing the Solubility and Oral Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs Using Monoolein Cubosomes.
Ali, MA; Itai, S; Iwao, Y; Kataoka, N; Noguchi, S; Oka, T; Ranneh, AH, 2017)		0.46
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" This present work reports application of DNA microarrays as a high throughput screening tool identifying markers for prediction of bioavailability and formulation driven physiological responses."( Profiling gene expression dynamics underpinning conventional testing approaches to better inform pre-clinical evaluation of an age appropriate spironolactone formulation.
Huen, D; Hussain, M; Mohammed, AR; Rahman, AS; Russell, C, 2021)		0.82

Dosage Studied

Both spironolactone and minoxidil as a 5% topical solution might be used safely in a twice-daily dosage to treat AGA in both genders. The long-term cumulative survival rates in patients with cirrhosis and ascites were significantly higher than those receiving a mean dosage of more than 25 mg per day.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" It produced glandular development in the endometrium of the estrogen-primed immature female rabbit over the dosage range of 50 to 200 mg/kg and, at 400 mg/monkey, it delayed estrogen-withdrawal bleeding in ovariectomized monkeys and it inhibited menstruation in regularly cycling monkeys."( Oral progestational activity of spironolactone.
Potts, GO; Schane, HP, 1978)		0.54
" The data shows that this dosage of spironolactone gave minor adjustments of the systemic and renal circulation in spite of the consistent changes in BW, PV, PRA and PA."( Haemodynamic effects of treatment and withdrawal of spironolactone in essential hypertension.
Falch, DK; Johansson, R; Norman, N; Odegaard, AE, 1979)		0.79
"The stability of liquid dosage forms of ethacrynic acid (1 mg/ml), indomethacin (2 mg/ml), methyldopate hydrochloride (25 mg/ml), prednisone (0."( Stability of pediatric liquid dosage forms of ethacrynic acid, indomethacin, methyldopate hydrochloride, prednisone and spironolactone.
Das Gupta, V; Ghanekar, AG; Gibbs, CW, 1978)		0.47
" Applying a fluorimetric method to both canrenone and canrenoate--the major biologically active metabolites of spironolactone--the two brands were compared in 11 volunteers for the 50 mg, and in 10 volunteers for the 100 mg dosage form."( [Comparative study of relative biovailability of several spironolactone formulations in a steady-state test (author's transl)].
Jaeger, H; Rosenthal, J; Specker, M, 1979)		0.72
" Spirolactone (SC-26304), a potent anti-mineralocorticoid, abolished the effect of aldosterone on amino acid incorporation into medullary proteins when administered at a 100-fold higher dosage [i."( Effect of aldosterone on incorporation of amino acids into renal medullary proteins.
Edelman, IS; Law, PY, 1978)		0.26
" Near maximal capacity for the tubular secretion of digoxin was found when normal digoxin dosage was used."( Spironolactone-induced changes in digoxin kinetics.
Andersen, JD; Heebøll-Nielsen, N; Moltke, E; Nielsen, OG; Steiness, E; Sørensen, U; Waldorff, S, 1978)		1.7
" In the latter group the daily dosage reported by the patients failed to correlate with the plasma-digoxin concentration by radioimmunoassay."( [Plasma-digoxin concentration in patients at time of hospital admission (author's transl)].
Lichey, J; Rietbrock, N; Schröder, R, 1977)		0.26
"Administration spironolactone at a dosage of 400 mg/day to healthy male volunteers for 5 days resulted in a significant rise in plasma progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone which persisted throughout the study."( Effect of spironolactone on sex hormones in man.
Bartter, FC; Easley, R; Gillette, JR; Loriaux, DL; Menard, RH; Stripp, B; Taylor, AA, 1975)		1.01
"A clear, stable, oral liquid dosage form of spironolactone has been developed."( Development of a stable oral liquid dosage form of spironolactone.
Bethea, C; Das Gupta, V; Pramar, Y, 1992)		0.8
"The effect of dosing guinea pigs with spironolactone (100 mg/kg twice daily for 3 days) upon the sigma recognition site labelled with [3H]-DTG was investigated."( Spironolactone causes a rapid down regulation of sigma recognition sites in guinea pig brain and liver.
Knight, AR; Middlemiss, DN; Wyatt, C, 1991)		2
" The authors' results showed that CAK may act as a topical antiandrogen on the hamster flank organ when applied in concentrations four times greater than the minimal active dosage of SP."( Topical canrenoic acid. Quantification of the antiandrogenic activity in the hamster flank organ.
Aricó, M; Bongiorno, MR; Bosco, M; Noto, G; Pravatá, G, 1991)		0.28
" This data will be used to develop a stable oral liquid dosage form of the drug."( Preformulation studies of spironolactone: effect of pH, two buffer species, ionic strength, and temperature on stability.
Gupta, VD; Pramar, Y, 1991)		0.58
" However, variability of plasma potassium within the dose interval was not increased markedly, and 12 hourly dosing is probably satisfactory for both potassium chloride and spironolactone at the doses studied."( Adequacy of twice daily dosing with potassium chloride and spironolactone in thiazide treated hypertensive patients.
Brawn, LA; Ramsay, LE; Toner, JM; Yeo, WW, 1991)		0.72
" We investigated the dose-response relationship for suppression of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) with the use of dexamethasone."( Treatment of androgenic disorders with dexamethasone: dose-response relationship for suppression of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.
Bedocs, NM; Bergfeld, W; Gidwani, GP; Gupta, MK; Parker, R; Redmond, GP; Skibinski, C, 1990)		0.28
" This system is applied to the analysis of dosage forms containing spironolactone in both single-component formulation and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide."( HPLC-photolysis-electrochemical detection in pharmaceutical analysis: application to the determination of spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets.
Bachman, WJ; Stewart, JT, 1990)		0.73
" There was a marked dose-response relation between NE and AII administration and mean (NE) or diastolic (AII) blood pressure (BP)."( Effects of a potassium-sparing/thiazide diuretic combination on cardiovascular reactivity to vasopressor agents.
Jahn, HA; Schohn, DC, 1990)		0.28
" In elderly patients reduction or correction of the dosage seems to be necessary for all three diuretics investigated in our studies."( Pharmacokinetics of diuretics in geriatric patients.
Mühlberg, W, )		0.13
"A 19 yr-old female patient with the diagnosis of late onset adrenal hyperplasia was treated since age 15 with different glucocorticoid preparations and dosage schedules plus spironolactone."( [Adrenal hyperplasia of late onset: optimization of therapy by measuring the circadian variation of serum 17-OH-progesterone].
Contreras, P; Rojas, A; Vega, I, 1989)		0.47
" These cases demonstrate that ACE inhibitors should not be instituted during extracellular volume depletion and their initial dosage should be low."( [Severe complications during enalapril therapy for heart insufficiency].
Stäubli, M; Wieland, T, 1988)		0.27
" Cyproterone acetate allows differentiated treatment according to the various grades of hirsutism by modification of dosage and application."( [The concept of the causal therapy of hirsutism].
Schmidt, JB, 1986)		0.27
" The drug was administered twice daily from the 4th to the 22nd day of six cycles (total dosage was 200 mg per day)."( Spironolactone in the treatment of hirsutism.
Akyürek, C; Köksal, A; Pabuçcu, R, 1987)		1.72
"The quantities and temporal sequences of appearance of aldosterone metabolites in the urine of adrenalectomized rats, and adrenalectomized rats treated with spironolactone, were compared following subcutaneous administration of a physiological dosage (0."( Effects of adrenalectomy and spironolactone on urinary metabolites of aldosterone in rats.
Gorsline, J; Morris, DJ, )		0.62
" In 11 women (68%), the dosage had to be decreased or the medication discontinued due to side-effects."( Side-effects of spironolactone therapy in the hirsute woman.
Helfer, EL; Miller, JL; Rose, LI, 1988)		0.62
" The antiglucocorticoid RU 38486 administered subcutaneously (1 and 10 mg/kg) inhibited the dexamethasone effect and caused a parallel shift in the dose-response curve of dexamethasone."( Antiglucocorticoid RU 38486 attenuates retention of a behaviour and disinhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis at different brain sites.
De Kloet, ER; De Kock, S; Schild, V; Veldhuis, HD, 1988)		0.27
" One should, however, be aware that Diane contains only 2 mg cyproterone acetate (CPA) and a better effect would most probably have been obtained using a higher dosage of CPA."( A comparative study of Aldactone and Diane in the treatment of hirsutism.
Djøseland, O; Lunde, O, 1987)		0.27
" On dose-response studies RU 28362 proved to be as active as dexamethasone, cortisol was active at intermediate concentrations and aldosterone was the least active."( Binding and action of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in rabbit mammary gland. Exclusive participation of glucocorticoid type II receptors for stimulation of casein synthesis.
Djiane, J; Houdebine, LM; Jahn, GA; Moguilewsky, M, 1987)		0.27
" Dose-related increases in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were observed in treated animals of both sexes during the dosing period and the changes were statistically significant and correlated with an increased thyroid weight in females at 13 weeks."( The pathologic response of the liver and thyroid of the rat to potassium prorenoate (SC-23992).
Lumb, GD; Rust, JH, 1985)		0.27
" Initial dosage of two tablets could be reduced to one tablet daily following normalization (less than 90 mm Hg) of diastolic blood pressure in one third of patients."( [Treatment of medium-severe essential hypertension with beta-Aldopur under practice conditions].
Guberner, G; Hitzenberger, G; Nitsch-Fitz, R; Rheindorf, H; Tutsch, G; Ziegler, KT, 1985)		0.27
" Suitable techniques for the investigation of secondary aldosteronism of unknown cause and for primary and secondary hypoaldosteronism are described, as well as the adjustment of dosage for replacement therapy where mineralocorticoid secretion is deficient."( Disorders of mineralocorticoid activity.
Drury, PL, 1985)		0.27
" Our findings are contrary to the widely accepted belief that spironolactone is metabolized too rapidly to be detected in serum after oral dosing and that canrenone is the principal metabolite of spironolactone."( New insights into the pharmacokinetics of spironolactone.
Hermens, WA; Merkus, FW; Overdiek, HW, 1985)		0.77
" Triamterene seemed ineffective in the dosage used (50 mg twice daily)."( Potassium-sparing agents during diuretic therapy in hypertension.
Brien, TG; Canning, BS; Donohoe, JF; Healy, JJ; McKenna, TJ; Muldowney, FP, 1971)		0.25
" A simple clinical method using the urinary Na/K ratio as a guide to spironolactone dosage is outlined."( Spironolactone diuresis in patients with cirrhosis and ascites.
Eggert, RC, 1970)		1.93
" The following experiments were performed: I) A relationship was observed between the amount of insulin dosage and the levels of serum potassium, blood sugar, and plasma cyclic AMP or plasma cyclic GMP in normal controls and rats."( [The mechanism of the decrease in serum potassium during insulin-induced hypoglycemia (author's transl)].
Aikawa, T, 1982)		0.26
" In the cortex, they were found only in glomerulosa cells, and their presence appeared unrelated to dosage or duration of treatment."( Factors affecting the frequency of occurrence of spironolactone bodies in aldosteronomas and non-tumorous cortex.
Cohn, D; Gordon, RD; Jackson, RV, 1983)		0.52
" Dexamethasone and aldosterone had identical dose-response curves, maximal and half-maximal activity being evident at concentrations of approximately 100 nM and 10 nM respectively."( Steroid-induced protein synthesis in giant-toad (Bufo marinus) urinary bladders. Correlation with natriferic activity.
Alvis, R; Cox, M; Geheb, M; Hercker, E; Owen, A, 1984)		0.27
" However, these differences between the two age groups diminished after multiple dosing on Day 8, and the steady state pre-dose plasma levels of canrenone and 'total metabolites' were significantly higher in the elderly subjects."( Comparison of plasma levels of canrenone and metabolites after base hydrolysis in young and elderly subjects following single and multiple doses of spironolactone.
Bourne, DW; Ho, PC; Smithurst, BA; Triggs, EJ, 1984)		0.47
" They had simultaneously started therapy with, or increased the dosage of, chlorthalidone or hydrochlorothiazide for the treatment of hypertension."( Serum cholesterol during treatment of hypertension with diuretic drugs.
Ames, RP; Peacock, PB, 1984)		0.27
"Thirteen anovulatory oligomenorrheic, hyperandrogenic, and normoprolactinemic women were treated with spironolactone (aldactone) throughout six consecutive menstrual cycles in a dosage of 100 to 150 mg/day."( Induction of ovulation with spironolactone (Aldactone) in anovulatory oligomenorrheic and hyperandrogenic women.
Diamant, YZ; Evron, S; Shapiro, G, 1981)		0.77
" Corticosterone and progesterone significantly inhibited the renal synthesis of the polar metabolites of aldosterone, but the inhibition was not significant at this dosage of spironolactone."( The metabolism of aldosterone in kidney.
Latif, S; McDermott, M; Morris, DJ, 1983)		0.46
" Twice-a-day therapy provided slightly better blood pressure control than the once-a-day dosing schedule."( Comparison of a single-dose and twice-a-day spironolactone therapy in mild hypertension.
Dynon, M; Louis, WJ; Ludbrook, A; Mendelsohn, FA, 1980)		0.52
"Spironolactone alone in full dosage failed to correct hypertension in a patient with Conn's syndrome and renal impairment, although the previously increased total exchangeable sodium fell to normal and the previously suppressed plasma angiotensin II did not rise above the normal range."( Combined captopril and spironolactone treatment in Conn's syndrome with renal impairment and refractory hypertension.
Atkinson, AB; Brown, JJ; Davies, DL; Lever, AF; Robertson, JI, 1981)		2.02
" For up to 20 hr amiloride induced linear log dose-urinary electrolyte response relationships but spironolactone dose-response trends were demonstrated only in the period from 10 to 20 hr after treatment."( Relative potency of amiloride and spironolactone in healthy man.
McInnes, GT, 1982)		0.76
" However, azosemide appeared to be more effective than furosemide in those patients in whom a dose-response curve was established."( Comparison of azosemide and furosemide in ascitic patients without and during administration of spironolactone.
Gercsák, G; Hartai, A; Molnár, Z; Radó, JP, 1982)		0.48
" multiple dosing of 100 mg spironolactone with tau = 12 h, Study II) can lead to slightly increased t 1/2 values for both canrenone (18."( [Bioavailability studies of two spironolactone-preparations (author's transl)].
Hitzenberger, G; Nuss, U; Schwarzländer, F; Strobel, K; Vergin, H; Weigand, W, 1981)		0.84
" Log fludrocortisone dose-response relationships in the presence or absence of antagonists did not differ from linearity and parallelism, supporting the theoretical basis of the method."( Steady-state relative potency of aldosterone antagonists: spironolactone and prorenoate.
Harrison, IR; McInnes, GT; Shelton, JR, 1981)		0.51
" We conclude that aldosterone antagonists in the dosage used had no effect on the course of postoperative hyperaldosteronism."( Hyperaldosteronism after heart surgery in children. Part I: Treatment with aldosterone antagonists.
Haschke, F; Parth, K; Wimmer, M, 1981)		0.26
"1 years) female persons after multiple oral dosing of 100 mg Spironolactone during steady-state."( [On the pharmacokinetics of spironolactone in the elderly].
Abshagen, U; Horn, HJ; Platt, D, 1981)		0.8
" In a smaller study potassium chloride induced a significant log dose-response on plasma potassium, but the effect was small in absolute terms."( Amiloride, spironolactone, and potassium chloride in thiazide-treated hypertensive patients.
Fraser, R; Hettiarachchi, J; Morton, JJ; Ramsay, LE, 1980)		0.65
" This therapeutic association is very logical, effective and allows reduction in the dosage of the diuretic."( [Classic treatment of chronic heart insufficiency. What if new?].
Agnola, D; Aumont, MC; Juliard, JM; Karrillon, G, 1995)		0.29
" On long term evaluation in an open design (Phase II), wherein Phase I participants continued Terminalia Arjuna in fixed dosage (500 mg 8-hourly) in addition to flexible diuretic, vasodilator and digitalis dosage for 20-28 months (mean 24 months) on outpatient basis, patients showed continued improvement in symptoms, signs, effort tolerance and NYHA Class, with improvement in quality of life."( Salutary effect of Terminalia Arjuna in patients with severe refractory heart failure.
Bharani, A; Bhargava, KD; Ganguly, A, 1995)		0.29
" We guess that SP can be used in well regulated dosed with least side effects to arrest preterm labor on human being in the future."( The effect of spironolactone on the rat uterus.
Coksevim, B; Tayyar, M, 1994)		0.65
" The dosage of both drugs was individually adjusted in time according to the results of serum potassium and renal function."( Combined therapy of captopril and spironolactone for refractory congestive heart failure.
Han, YL; Hu, XL; Jing, QM; Liu, JQ; Tong, M, 1994)		0.57
"This study evaluated the dose-response relationship of torsemide, the first pyridine-sulphonylurea loop diuretic, in patients with ascites due to cirrhosis."( A dose-response study of orally administered torsemide in patients with ascites due to cirrhosis.
Applefeld, JJ; Dukes, GE; Hak, LJ; Kasmer, RJ; McClain, CJ; Wermeling, DP, 1994)		0.29
" Spironolactone was administered during a 6-week period at a dosage of 100 mg/d."( The effect of long-term treatment with spironolactone on variceal pressure in patients with portal hypertension without ascites.
Fevery, J; Lijnen, P; Nevens, F; VanBilloen, H, 1996)		1.47
"The stability of drugs commonly prescribed for use in oral liquid dosage forms but not commercially available as such was studied."( Stability of ketoconazole, metolazone, metronidazole, procainamide hydrochloride, and spironolactone in extemporaneously compounded oral liquids.
Allen, LV; Erickson, MA, 1996)		0.52
"The stability of drugs commonly prescribed for use in oral liquid dosage forms but not commercially available as such was studied."( Stability of labetalol hydrochloride, metoprolol tartrate, verapamil hydrochloride, and spironolactone with hydrochlorothiazide in extemporaneously compounded oral liquids.
Allen, LV; Erickson, MA, 1996)		0.52
"This study was designed to define the dose-response relationships for cortisol-induced hypertension in humans and to test the hypothesis that cortisol-induced hypertension is a consequence of classical mineralocorticoid actions using the mineralocorticoid antagonist spironolactone."( Dose-response relationships and mineralocorticoid activity in cortisol-induced hypertension in humans.
Kelly, JJ; Whitworth, JA; Williamson, PM, 1996)		0.47
" Competition studies performed with 1 x 10(-7)-1 x 10(-5) M spironolactone, a competitive mineralocorticoid antagonist, showed a dose-response reduction of [3H]aldosterone binding, implying that in the olfactory mucosa this compound behaves as an aldosterone antagonist."( Mineralocorticoid (type I) receptors in the olfactory mucosa of the mammal: studies with [3H]aldosterone and the anti-mineralocorticoid spironolactone.
Foster, JD; Kern, RC; Pitovski, DZ, 1997)		0.74
" Several factors have been identified that may increase a patient's risk for developing agranulocytosis, including increased age, hepatic or renal impairment, drug dosage and duration, and concurrent medications."( Spironolactone-induced agranulocytosis.
Pérgola, PE; Sang, JL; Talbert, RL; Whitling, AM, 1997)		1.74
"Better absorption of spironolactone from the spironolactone: beta-cyclodextrin complex formulation should lead to a reduction in dosage and perhaps a more consistent effect in patients with chronic liver disease."( Improved bioavailability and clinical response in patients with chronic liver disease following the administration of a spironolactone: beta-cyclodextrin complex.
Abosehmah-Albidy, AZ; Chrystyn, H; Losowsky, MS; Wong, V; York, P, 1997)		0.82
" For investigation of bioequivalence of 2 oral spironolactone formulations, Spironolacton 50 Heumann and Aldactone 50, the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of the parent drug and 2 predominant active metabolites, canrenone and 7 alpha-thiomethylspirolactone, were determined in a 2-way crossover study in 24 young healthy male volunteers after multiple oral dosing of 100 mg once daily."( Analysis of metabolites--a new approach to bioequivalence studies of spironolactone formulations.
Eichinger, A; Mahr, G; Martens, H; Metz, R; Nitsche, V; Vergin, H, 1997)		0.79
" The oral absorption of spironolactone was studied in rats to evaluate the need to adjust spironolactone dosage in prospective clinical studies."( Water-soluble beta-cyclodextrins in paediatric oral solutions of spironolactone: preclinical evaluation of spironolactone bioavailability from solutions of beta-cyclodextrin derivatives in rats.
Kaukonen, AM; Lennernäs, H; Mannermaa, JP, 1998)		0.84
" Spironolactone affected digoxin clearance and needs to be considered when dosing paediatric subjects."( Population analysis for the optimization of digoxin treatment in Japanese paediatric patients.
Higuchi, S; Minemoto, M; Suematsu, F; Yukawa, E, 1999)		1.21
" Misleading subtarget concentrations were repeatedly reported, and falsely guided drug dosing resulted in a case of digoxin intoxication."( Intoxication due to negative canrenone interference in digoxin drug monitoring.
Eber, B; Emmanuilidis, K; Müller, C; Steimer, W, 1999)		0.3
" One trial investigated spironolactone versus placebo; one trial was a dosage studies of spironolactone; one trial compared spironolactone with spironolactone in combination with dexamethasone; the remaining trial used topical spironolactone for the treatment of acne."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2000)		2.06
" New interest in therapy with aldosterone antagonists was stimulated by results of a 2-year study of 1663 patients with heart failure that showed a 30% relative risk reduction of death among patients given a subhemodynamic dosage of spironolactone, a nonselective aldosterone antagonist, compared with placebo, in addition to standard therapy of diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and digitalis."( Aldosterone, a new appreciation of its role in heart failure.
Cha, AJ; Judge, KW; Malecha, SE, 2000)		0.49
" These cases illustrate that spironolactone dosage must be kept low in the setting of chronic congestive heart failure treatment, as well as the need for close monitoring of frail elderly patients who are given this combination."( Elderly heart failure patients with drug-induced serious hyperkalemia.
Swine, CH; Vanpee, D, 2000)		0.6
", oral, and rectal dosing (15 mg/kg) and following intragastric, intraduodenal, intrajejunal, and intracolonic dosing (7."( Absorption and disposition of a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist, eplerenone, in the dog.
Cook, CS; Fischer, JS; Zhang, L, 2000)		0.31
" The average starting dosage of spironolactone was 55 mg."( Long-term therapy with spironolactone.
Bouvy, ML; Heerdink, ER; Herings, RM, 2001)		0.9
" Two trials investigated spironolactone versus placebo; one trial was a dosage studies of spironolactone; one trial compared spironolactone with spironolactone in combination with dexamethasone; the remaining trial used topical spironolactone for the treatment of acne."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2001)		2.06
" Not only may toxic concentrations remain unidentified, but intoxication could occur should dosage be increased because of falsely low results."( Digoxin assays: frequent, substantial, and potentially dangerous interference by spironolactone, canrenone, and other steroids.
Eber, B; Müller, C; Steimer, W, 2002)		0.54
" Optimal dosing will become increasingly difficult to judge."( BNP in hormone-guided treatment of heart failure.
Lainchbury, JG; Nicholls, MG; Richards, AM; Troughton, RW; Yandle, TG, )		0.13
" Spironolactone was added to the previous regimen at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/day while any angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor was suppressed."( The role of spironolactone in the treatment of patients with refractory hypertension.
Carré, E; Lincoff, AM; Mertes, M; Ouzan, J; Pérault, C, 2002)		1.6
" For all measurements, the antihypertensive effect of eplerenone increased in a dose-response fashion."( Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in mild-to-moderate hypertension.
Krause, SL; Roniker, B; Weinberger, MH; Weiss, RJ, 2002)		0.31
" Daily dosage of ACE inhibitors and particularly of beta-blockers was on average below the recommended target dose."( The EuroHeart Failure Survey programme--a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 2: treatment.
Aguilar, JC; Cleland, J; Cohen-Solal, A; Dietz, R; Eastaugh, J; Follath, F; Freemantle, N; Gavazzi, A; Hobbs, R; Komajda, M; Korewicki, J; Madeira, HC; Mason, J; Moiseyev, VS; Preda, I; Swedberg, K; Van Gilst, WH; Widimsky, J, 2003)		0.32
"Our results suggest that the prescription of recommended medications including ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers remains limited and that the daily dosage remains low, particularly for beta-blockers."( The EuroHeart Failure Survey programme--a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 2: treatment.
Aguilar, JC; Cleland, J; Cohen-Solal, A; Dietz, R; Eastaugh, J; Follath, F; Freemantle, N; Gavazzi, A; Hobbs, R; Komajda, M; Korewicki, J; Madeira, HC; Mason, J; Moiseyev, VS; Preda, I; Swedberg, K; Van Gilst, WH; Widimsky, J, 2003)		0.32
" The pharmacokinetics of eplerenone (EP) were examined in rats following single or repeated dosing with (14)C-labelled or unlabelled EP to characterize absorption, metabolism and excretion."( Single- and repeated-dose pharmacokinetics of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone receptor blocker, in rats.
Ames, GB; Cook, CS; Fischer, J; Levin, S; Zhang, J; Zhang, L, 2003)		0.32
" In cases with an excessive response, the dosage of diuretics was reduced."( Spironolactone alone or in combination with furosemide in the treatment of moderate ascites in nonazotemic cirrhosis. A randomized comparative study of efficacy and safety.
Cabré, E; Durández, R; Gassull, MA; Granada, ML; Jiménez, JA; Morillas, RM; Pardo, A; Planas, R; Quintero, E; Santos, J, 2003)		1.76
" The need to reduce the diuretic dosage was significantly higher in Group 1 than Group 2 (68% vs."( Spironolactone alone or in combination with furosemide in the treatment of moderate ascites in nonazotemic cirrhosis. A randomized comparative study of efficacy and safety.
Cabré, E; Durández, R; Gassull, MA; Granada, ML; Jiménez, JA; Morillas, RM; Pardo, A; Planas, R; Quintero, E; Santos, J, 2003)		1.76
" The variable dosage requirement of spironolactone in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is discussed in relation to these observations."( A comparison of the use of Aldactone and Aldactone A in the treatment of hepatic ascites.
GARSENSTEIN, M; RYDER, JA; SHALDON, S, 1963)		0.52
" Two trials investigated spironolactone versus placebo; one trial was a dosage studies of spironolactone; one trial compared spironolactone with spironolactone in combination with dexamethasone; one trial used topical spironolactone for the treatment of acne, one trial compared three treatments; spironolactone, finasteride, cyproterone acetate."( Spironolactone versus placebo or in combination with steroids for hirsutism and/or acne.
Farquhar, C; Jepson, R; Lee, O; Toomath, R, 2003)		2.07
"Fifty African-American and 67 Caucasian patients with heart failure who were receiving a stable dosage of spironolactone in addition to standard heart failure therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker."( Racial differences in patients' potassium concentrations during spironolactone therapy for heart failure.
Beitelshees, AL; Cavallari, LH; Dunlap, SH; Fashingbauer, LA; Groo, VL; Southworth, MR; Viana, MA; Williams, RE, 2004)		0.78
"This study prepared an extemporaneously formulated liquid suspension dosage form (5 mg/ml) from commercially available 25 mg tablets."( An improved high-performance liquid chromatography assay for spironolactone analysis.
Alexander, KS; Dollimore, D; Vangala, SS, 1998)		0.54
" Patient demographic information was collected, as well as dosing regimens, use of other medications, and potassium concentrations."( Clinical experience with spironolactone in pediatrics.
Buck, ML, 2005)		0.63
" Additional research is needed to define the pharmacokinetics and optimal dosing interval of spironolactone, as well as determine its long-term effects on potassium."( Clinical experience with spironolactone in pediatrics.
Buck, ML, 2005)		0.85
"The influence of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of eplerenone following single and multiple dosing was evaluated."( Pharmacokinetics of eplerenone after single and multiple dosing in subjects with and without renal impairment.
Ravis, WR; Reid, S; Sica, DA; Tolbert, DS, 2005)		0.33
" Blockade of MR with spironolactone increases baseline cortisol secretion and impairs cognitive function but has no effect on experimentally induced panic symptoms in humans, for the study design and dosage of spironolactone used."( Blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor in healthy men: effects on experimentally induced panic symptoms, stress hormones, and cognition.
Kellner, M; Koop, M; Madrischewski, AM; Moritz, S; Otte, C; Wiedemann, K; Yassouridis, A, 2007)		0.66
"5 mg/day, with the dosage titrated to 25 mg/day if tolerated."( Association of beta-blocker dose with serum procollagen concentrations and cardiac response to spironolactone in patients with heart failure.
Camp, JR; Cavallari, LH; Groo, VL; Momary, KM; Stamos, TD; Viana, MA, 2007)		0.56
" Group 1 (G1) received vehicle only (V); G2, CsA (15 mg/kg/d; CsA) by intraperitoneal (IP) injection; and G3, a similar CsA dosage + spironolactone (20 mg/kg/d; CsA + Ald."( Effects of spironolactone in an experimental model of chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity.
Akoglu, E; Arikan, H; Atakan, A; Cakalagaoglu, F; Macunluoglu, B; Ozener, C; Tuglular, S; Ulfer, G, )		0.73
" However, the dose-response curve of noradrenaline was shifted to the left when the strip preparation was treated with aldosterone (1 x 10(-5)M) for 20 min before administering noradrenaline."( Effect of aldosterone on isolated human penile corpus cavernosum tissue.
Anzai, H; Kagawa, J; Kanayama, HO; Kawanishi, Y; Kishimoto, T; Kojima, K; Muguruma, H; Numata, A; Sugiyama, H; Tanimoto, S; Yamanaka, M, 2008)		0.35
" In all patients, diuretics were administered according to a standardized dosing algorithm."( The effects of nesiritide on renal function and diuretic responsiveness in acutely decompensated heart failure patients with renal dysfunction.
Burnett, JC; Chen, HH; Frantz, RP; Hodge, DO; Karon, BL; Miller, WL; Owan, TE; Redfield, MM; Rodeheffer, RJ, 2008)		0.35
"Male Wistar rats fed with an unrestricted sodium diet received CsA 15 mg/kg/day or CsA at the same dosage plus 20 mg/kg/day of spironolactone."( The effect of aldosterone antagonist in experimental nephropathy induced by cyclosporine A.
Miorin, LA; Sens, YA; Silva, FM, 2008)		0.55
" Minimum effective dosage is recommented to reduce side-effects."( [Ascites].
Maier, KP, 2008)		0.35
"The Impact-Reco programme found an improvement in prescription rates and in the dosage of neurohumoral antagonists in French outpatients with stable CHF."( Improvement in the management of chronic heart failure since the publication of the updated guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology. The Impact-Reco Programme.
Assyag, P; Clerson, P; de Groote, P; Demil, N; Ducardonnet, A; Galinier, M; Isnard, R; Jondeau, G; Komajda, M; Thebaut, JF, 2009)		0.35
"5 mEq/l on appropriately dosed diuretics."( Predictors of hyperkalemia risk following hypertension control with aldosterone blockade.
Bakris, GL; Kalaitzidis, R; Khosla, N, 2009)		0.35
"Aldosterone antagonism is effective and safe for achieving a BP goal among people with diabetic nephropathy when added to a triple antihypertensive regimen that includes a blocker of the renin-angiotensin system and an appropriately selected and dosed diuretic."( Predictors of hyperkalemia risk following hypertension control with aldosterone blockade.
Bakris, GL; Kalaitzidis, R; Khosla, N, 2009)		0.35
"8 mm Hg; no dose-response relationship was demonstrated."( The efficacy and safety of the novel aldosterone antagonist eplerenone in children with hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, dose-response study.
Davis, I; Flynn, JT; Li, JS; Ogawa, M; Portman, R; Pressler, ML; Shi, H, 2010)		0.36
" Oral dosing of 3S,3aR-27d (PF-3882845) in the Dahl salt sensitive preclinical model of salt-induced hypertension and nephropathy showed blood pressure attenuation significantly greater than that with eplerenone, reduction in urinary albumin, and renal protection."( Discovery of (3S,3aR)-2-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-3-cyclopentyl-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[g]indazole-7-carboxylic acid (PF-3882845), an orally efficacious mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist for hypertension and nephropathy.
Arhancet, GB; Blinn, JR; Chen, X; Collins, JT; Dietz, JD; Garland, DJ; Heron, MI; Hockerman, SL; Homer, BL; Hu, X; Huang, HC; Long, SA; Mahoney, MW; McGee, KF; Meyers, MJ; Payne, MA; Reitz, DB; Rico, JR; Wendling, JM; Yang, S, 2010)		0.36
" Despite the universal inclusion of asparaginase in such treatment protocols, debate on the optimal formulation and dosage of these agents continues."( L-asparaginase treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a focus on Erwinia asparaginase.
Baruchel, A; Boos, J; Goekbuget, N; Hunger, SP; Pieters, R; Pui, CH; Rizzari, C; Schrappe, M; Silverman, L, 2011)		0.37
" A dose-response study measured the effects of SPL on anal fin ray elongation, an androgen-dependent secondary sex trait, and expression of the vitellogenin gene, an estrogen-dependent trait, in female western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis."( Endocrine-disrupting effects of spironolactone in female western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis.
Angus, RA; Howell, WM; Raut, SA, 2011)		0.65
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)		0.37
" The effect of MR antagonism on urinary Na+/K+ was not sustained chronically; thus we studied the effect of the compounds on plasma aldosterone following chronic dosing in SHR."( The use of plasma aldosterone and urinary sodium to potassium ratio as translatable quantitative biomarkers of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism.
Banker, ME; Boustany-Kari, CM; Eudy, RJ; King-Ahmad, A; Loria, P; Near, K; Piotrowski, DW; Sahasrabudhe, V; Sweeney, K; Tugnait, M, 2011)		0.37
" At equal dosage by weight potassium canrenoate yielded peak levels and areas under the curve for canrenone in plasma which were significantly lower than those for spironolactone, and the peak level of canrenone was reached significantly later."( Canrenone--the principal active metabolite of spironolactone?
Ramsay, LE; Shelton, JR; Tidd, MJ; Wilkinson, D, 1976)		0.71
"Patients are diagnosed as having resistant hypertension when they have blood pressure readings that remain above goal despite the concomitant use of 3 optimally dosed antihypertensive agents from different classes, with 1 of the agents being a diuretic."( Evaluation and pharmacologic approach to patients with resistant hypertension.
Adams, M; Bellone, JM; Rutecki, GW; Wright, BM, 2012)		0.38
"The objective of the current study was to develop and validate a simple, precise and accurate isocratic stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) assay method for the determination of spironolactone and furosemide in solid pharmaceutical dosage forms."( Development and validation of a stability-indicating HPLC assay method for simultaneous determination of spironolactone and furosemide in tablet formulation.
Dave, PN; Joshi, HS; Ram, VR, 2012)		0.78
" This work aimed to prepare freeze-dried SL-Soluplus/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) oral thin film in an attempt to enhance the drug solubility on one hand and at the same time prepare a solid dosage form convenient for the pediatric use."( Design of freeze-dried Soluplus/polyvinyl alcohol-based film for the oral delivery of an insoluble drug for the pediatric use.
Elkasabgy, N; Shamma, R, 2016)		0.43
" The dose-response relationship for natriuresis with spironolactone has not been explored completely as to its combination therapy responses."( Aldosterone and volume management in hypertensive heart disease.
Sica, DA, 2014)		0.65
"In a dosage of 50 mg bid, eplerenone does not augment extracellular adenosine formation in healthy human subjects."( The effect of eplerenone on adenosine formation in humans in vivo: a double-blinded randomised controlled study.
Bilos, A; Deinum, J; Donders, AR; Riksen, NP; Rongen, GA; van den Berg, TN, 2014)		0.4
" Studies investigating the optimal spironolactone dosage in such a setting recommend starting with a low dose and careful uptitration."( Heart failure and chronic kidney disease: should we use spironolactone?
Agrawal, N; Agrawal, S; Garg, J; Gupta, T; Mohandas, R; Segal, M, 2015)		0.94
"026) while the dose-response relationship became borderline significant."( Spironolactone is associated with reduced risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients receiving renal replacement therapy.
Chen, PC; Chiang, FT; Chung, YW; Hwang, JJ; Juang, JM; Lai, LP; Lin, JL; Lin, LY; Tsai, CT; Wang, YC; Wu, CK; Yang, YH; Yu, CC, 2016)		1.88
" Spironolactone dissolved in ddH2O was administered via gavage at a dosage of 20 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)."( Inhibitory effects of spironolactone on myocardial fibrosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Ge, QF; Gu, DW; Li, GP; Li, HT; Zhao, H, 2015)		1.64
" The main difficulty in choosing the proper therapeutic regimen consists in the lack of suitable dosing guidelines with adapted therapeutic targets for the older multimorbid population, usually not represented in the large controlled trials forming the basis of general recommendations."( [Cardiovascular drugs in aged and multimorbid patients].
Follath, F, 2015)		0.42
" Treatment with eplerenone should be initiated at a dosage of 25mg once daily and titrated to a target dosage of 50mg once daily preferably within 4 weeks."( Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: Spironolactone and eplerenone.
Gaudio, C; Greco, C; Lainscak, M; Pelliccia, F; Rosano, G; Schiariti, M; Speziale, G; Vitale, C, 2015)		0.66
" The aim of this study was to assess whether appropriate dosage adjustments were made in hospitalized patients with renal impairment."( Drug dosage adjustment in hospitalized patients with renal impairment at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Getachew, H; Shibeshi, W; Tadesse, Y, 2015)		0.42
" Data regarding serum creatinine level, age, sex and prescribed drugs and their dosage was collected from the patients' medical records."( Drug dosage adjustment in hospitalized patients with renal impairment at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Getachew, H; Shibeshi, W; Tadesse, Y, 2015)		0.42
"The findings indicate that dosing errors were common among hospitalized patients with renal impairment."( Drug dosage adjustment in hospitalized patients with renal impairment at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Getachew, H; Shibeshi, W; Tadesse, Y, 2015)		0.42
" According to the results, the dosage of eplerenone should be adjusted in hypertension treatment trials when administered with Tartary buckwheat or Tartary buckwheat-containing dietary supplements to avoid potential drug interactions."( Pharmacokinetic study of eplerenone in rats after long-term coadministration with buckwheat tea.
Chen, HJ; Jia, K; Li, R; Lin, JZ; Peng, LX; Wang, P; Zhao, G; Zou, L, 2016)		0.43
"03), although there was no obvious dose-response relationship."( The effect of medications which cause inflammation of the gastro-oesophageal tract on cancer risk: a nested case-control study of routine Scottish data.
Busby, J; Cardwell, CR; Iversen, L; Lee, AJ; Murchie, P; Murray, L; Spence, A; Watson, MC, 2017)		0.46
" Longer duration or higher dosage of spironolactone seems to be more effective in improving cardiovascular system status in PD patients."( Aldosterone antagonist therapy and its relationship with inflammation, fibrosis, thrombosis, mineral-bone disorder and cardiovascular complications in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.
Donderski, R; Grajewska, M; Manitius, J; Miśkowiec, I; Odrowąż-Sypniewska, G; Siódmiak, J; Stefańska, A; Stróżecki, P; Sulikowska, B, 2017)		0.73
" No commercial liquid dosage form of spironolactone exists."( Stability of Spironolactone Oral Suspension in PCCA Base, SuspendIt.
Bostanian, LA; Graves, R; Mandal, TK; Phan, KV; Pramar, YV, )		0.77
" Stratification of patients by age or spironolactone dosage revealed no significant difference in testosterone levels achieved."( TESTOSTERONE LEVELS ACHIEVED BY MEDICALLY TREATED TRANSGENDER WOMEN IN A UNITED STATES ENDOCRINOLOGY CLINIC COHORT.
Chan, KJ; Jolly, D; Liang, JJ; Safer, JD, 2018)		0.75
"Estradiol levels, testosterone levels, prolactin levels, body mass index (BMI), and prescribed spironolactone dosage were extracted from the electronic medical records of 98 de-identified transgender women treated with estrogen therapy at the Endocrinology Clinic at Boston Medical Center (BMC)."( PROLACTIN LEVELS DO NOT RISE AMONG TRANSGENDER WOMEN TREATED WITH ESTRADIOL AND SPIRONOLACTONE.
Bisson, JR; Chan, KJ; Safer, JD, 2018)		0.93
" The patients were dosed with eplerenone according to the scheme: first 25 mg/day for a week, then 50 mg/day for 3 months."( The use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.
Filemonowicz-Skoczek, A; Karska-Basta, I; Kubicka-Trzaska, A; Ozog-Baran, J; Pociej-Marciak, W; Romanowska-Dixon, B, 2016)		0.43
"This study compared a high dosage of spironolactone (50 mg daily), a low dosage of spironolactone (25 mg daily), and an untreated group for the prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in 279 patients admitted to hospital diagnosed with HFmrEF."( Outcomes of spironolactone treatment in patients in Northeast China suffering from heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction.
Chen, X; Hu, J; Hu, WY; Sun, Y; Xin, YG; Zhao, YN, 2019)		1.17
"In patients with HFmrEF, treatment with spironolactone significantly reduced the incidence of the primary composite outcomes of all-cause death, and rehospitalization for the management of heart failure compared with placebo, and a high dosage of spironolactone did not show trends of reduction in MACE."( Outcomes of spironolactone treatment in patients in Northeast China suffering from heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction.
Chen, X; Hu, J; Hu, WY; Sun, Y; Xin, YG; Zhao, YN, 2019)		1.16
"5 mg (n=27), 25 mg (n=26), or 50 mg (n=25) daily for 36 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple dosage trial to assess safety, tolerability and feasibility and to explore cardiovascular efficacy."( Safety and cardiovascular efficacy of spironolactone in dialysis-dependent ESRD (SPin-D): a randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple dosage trial.
Anderson, AH; Charytan, DM; Dember, LM; DiCarli, M; Himmelfarb, J; Hsu, JY; Hung, AM; Ikizler, TA; Kimmel, PL; Kliger, AS; Landis, JR; Mehrotra, R; Raj, DS; Sharma, S; Skali, H; Weiner, DE; Williams, M, 2019)		0.78
" Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor dosage and RAAS inhibition were greater in stage D, compared to stage C dogs."( Role of electrolyte concentrations and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activation in the staging of canine heart disease.
Adin, D; Atkins, C; Kurtz, K; Papich, MG; Vaden, S, 2020)		0.56
" Poor furosemide dosage correlation to serum concentration may indicate variable and poor absorption, especially at higher dosages, advanced disease, or both."( Role of electrolyte concentrations and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activation in the staging of canine heart disease.
Adin, D; Atkins, C; Kurtz, K; Papich, MG; Vaden, S, 2020)		0.56
" The long-term cumulative survival rates in patients who received a mean dosage of spironolactone < 23 mg/day during tolvaptan treatment were significantly higher than those receiving a mean dosage of ≥ 23 mg/day (P = 0."( Analysis of factors associated with the prognosis of cirrhotic patients who were treated with tolvaptan for hepatic edema.
Abe, H; Arai, T; Atsukawa, M; Chuma, M; Fukunishi, S; Hattori, N; Hiraoka, A; Iio, E; Ikegami, T; Itokawa, N; Iwakiri, K; Iwasa, M; Kato, K; Kondo, C; Kumada, T; Michitaka, K; Nakagawa-Iwashita, A; Nozaki, A; Okubo, H; Okubo, T; Senoh, T; Tada, T; Takaguchi, K; Takei, Y; Tanaka, Y; Tani, J; Toyoda, H; Tsubota, A; Tsutsui, A; Uojima, H; Watanabe, T; Yokohama, K; Yoshida, Y, 2020)		0.78
" Co-supplementation of high dosage VD with spironolactone or pioglitazone are more effective in reducing plasma leptin levels than metformin, and thus might prove to be better therapeutic strategies for women with PCOS."( Differential Impact of Insulin Sensitizers vs. Anti-Androgen on Serum Leptin Levels in Vitamin D Replete PCOS Women: A Six Month Open Labeled Randomized Study.
Bhat, GA; Ganie, MA; Rashid, A; Shah, ZA; Shaheen, F; Shrivastava, M; Wani, IA, 2020)		0.82
" We discuss the indications for spironolactone, dosing in dermatology, precautions to consider, and adverse effects."( Spironolactone in Dermatology: Uses in Acne, Hidradenitis Suppurativa, Female Pattern Baldness, and Hirsutism.
Morgado-Carrasco, D; Vargas-Mora, P, 2020)		2.28
" The final population model may be useful for the individualized dosing of digoxin for patients with cardiac insufficiency."( Impact of SLCO4C1 Genotypes, Creatinine, and Spironolactone on Digoxin Population Pharmacokinetic Variables in Patients With Cardiac Insufficiency.
Du, P; Jia, A; Li, X; Li, Y; Ma, Y; Wang, A, 2020)		0.82
" Rates of objective, as assessed by Comprehensive Acne Severity Scale scores, and subjective acne clearance were evaluated, as well as rates of treatment discontinuation, dosage changes, and drug survival."( Long-term use of spironolactone for acne in women: A case series of 403 patients.
Barbieri, JS; Choi, JK; Garg, V; James, WD, 2021)		0.96
" Cardiac endpoint was defined as cardiac death or euthanasia, recurrence of pulmonary edema, necessity for nonauthorized cardiac drug(s) or a furosemide dosage >8 mg/kg/d."( Clinical efficacy of a benazepril and spironolactone combination in dogs with congestive heart failure due to myxomatous mitral valve disease: The BEnazepril Spironolactone STudy (BESST).
Atkins, CE; Blondel, T; Coffman, M; Feng, S; Garelli-Paar, C; Guillot, E; Heartsill, S, 2021)		0.89
" There was a significant dose-response relationship between spironolactone dosage and change in drinks/week."( Effectiveness of spironolactone dispensation in reducing weekly alcohol use: a retrospective high-dimensional propensity score-matched cohort study.
Chi, FW; Elson, J; Farokhnia, M; Kline-Simon, AH; Leggio, L; Palzes, VA; Sterling, S; Weisner, C, 2021)		1.2
" In this review, we discuss the use of spironolactone in different skin diseases that are common in our environment, dosage according to different studies, treatment recommendations and adverse effects; all of the above mentioned in order to use this drug in a daily clinical practice."( Spironolactone in dermatology.
Aguilar Medina, DA; Cazarín, J; Magaña, M, 2022)		2.43
"Both spironolactone as a 5% topical solution and minoxidil as a 5% topical solution might be used safely in a twice-daily dosage to treat AGA in both genders."( Dermoscopic evaluation of the efficacy of combination of topical spironolactone 5% and minoxidil 5% solutions in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: A cross sectional-comparative study.
Abdel-Dayem, HA; Ammar, AM; Elsaie, ML; Elshahid, AR; Mohamed, AA, 2022)		1.47
" Treatment was more frequently withdrawn, and daily drug dosage was lower among patients treated with spironolactone."( Initiation of eplerenone or spironolactone, treatment adherence, and associated outcomes in patients with new-onset heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a nationwide cohort study.
Denholt, CS; Fosbøl, E; Gustafsson, F; Kristensen, SL; Køber, L; Larsson, JE; Nielsen, OW; Raja, AA; Schou, M; Thune, JJ, 2023)		1.42
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (5)

RoleDescription
diureticAn agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function.
aldosterone antagonistnull
antihypertensive agentAny drug used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism.
environmental contaminantAny minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
xenobioticA xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (4)

ClassDescription
steroid lactone
oxaspiro compoundA spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is an oxygen heterocyle.
thioesterA compound of general formula RC(=O)SR'. Compare with thionoester, RC(=S)OR'.
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroidA 3-oxo steroid conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Spironolactone Action Pathway319

Protein Targets (57)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
glp-1 receptor, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency10.00000.01846.806014.1254AID624417
pregnane X receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency12.58930.025127.9203501.1870AID651751
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency22.66790.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521; AID1159523
SMAD family member 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency19.49620.173734.304761.8120AID1346859
SMAD family member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency19.49620.173734.304761.8120AID1346859
TDP1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.48540.000811.382244.6684AID686978; AID686979
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency10.76980.000714.592883.7951AID1259369; AID1259392
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.02000.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259243; AID1259247; AID1259381; AID588515; AID588516; AID743035; AID743036; AID743040; AID743042; AID743053; AID743054; AID743063
Smad3Homo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.00527.809829.0929AID588855
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)Homo sapiens (human)Potency30.63790.000657.913322,387.1992AID1259378
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency48.26600.001022.650876.6163AID1224838; AID1224893
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.12310.000417.946075.1148AID1346784; AID1346795
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency13.70510.000214.376460.0339AID588533; AID720692
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency42.78300.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552; AID1159553; AID1159555
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency10.47650.000817.505159.3239AID1159527; AID1159531; AID588544; AID588546
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency19.23670.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841; AID1224842; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency10.97810.375827.485161.6524AID588526; AID588527; AID743217; AID743220
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency54.20010.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982; AID720659
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency30.98470.000229.305416,493.5996AID1259244; AID743069; AID743075; AID743078; AID743080; AID743091
67.9K proteinVaccinia virusPotency28.18380.00018.4406100.0000AID720579
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency28.84340.001024.504861.6448AID588534; AID588535; AID743212; AID743215
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency25.50180.001019.414170.9645AID588536; AID588537; AID743094; AID743140; AID743191
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.34980.023723.228263.5986AID588541; AID588543; AID743222; AID743223; AID743241
IDH1Homo sapiens (human)Potency18.35640.005210.865235.4813AID686970
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency26.95460.001723.839378.1014AID743083
activating transcription factor 6Homo sapiens (human)Potency48.96620.143427.612159.8106AID1159516
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency30.899419.739145.978464.9432AID1159509
Histone H2A.xCricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency126.79300.039147.5451146.8240AID1224845
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform aHomo sapiens (human)Potency28.18380.010039.53711,122.0200AID588547
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency8.91253.548119.542744.6684AID743266
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency28.77200.000323.4451159.6830AID743065; AID743067
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency31.78220.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741; AID743202
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.51190.004611.374133.4983AID624297
VprHuman immunodeficiency virus 1Potency3.16231.584919.626463.0957AID651644
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunitMus musculus (house mouse)Potency30.63790.001557.789015,848.9004AID1259244
Cellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)Potency20.34220.002319.595674.0614AID651631; AID720552
Glutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency30.63790.001551.739315,848.9004AID1259244
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency39.81070.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)Potency27.81240.011917.942071.5630AID651632; AID720516
Ataxin-2Homo sapiens (human)Potency9.78950.011912.222168.7989AID651632
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Mineralocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.04900.04900.04900.0490AID977608
Chain A, Mineralocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.04900.04900.04900.0490AID977608
Estrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)12.85100.00000.723732.7000AID499928; AID761378
Estrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki1.10000.00000.42297.9070AID304370
Glucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)4.07450.00000.495310.0000AID1880431; AID499933; AID625263; AID635463; AID761383
Glucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.44870.00010.38637.0010AID304367; AID625263
Progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)3.34000.00000.580710.0000AID1162566; AID1162567; AID499927; AID635465; AID761374
Progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.39970.00030.03160.3997AID304369
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)1.90250.00150.76005.0740AID625263
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.86480.00070.76537.0010AID625263
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)23.60000.00022.318510.0000AID681153
Mineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.03150.00030.748410.0000AID1130076; AID1162564; AID1162568; AID1623470; AID1711869; AID1852231; AID1880426; AID1880440; AID469719; AID499924; AID635462; AID635470; AID761384
Mineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.00370.00030.17380.8510AID1623467; AID304366
Androgen receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.35850.00000.875310.0000AID1162565; AID1226688; AID1880429; AID499926; AID635464; AID761381
Androgen receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.03940.00020.42407.2000AID304368
Androgen receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.40600.00101.979414.1600AID255211; AID625228
Androgen receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.09060.00031.21858.9270AID625228
Glycine receptor subunit betaRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)1.90250.00150.76005.0740AID625263
Glycine receptor subunit betaRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.86480.00070.78467.0010AID625263
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)1.90250.00150.80445.0740AID625263
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.86480.00070.78467.0010AID625263
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)1.90250.00150.76005.0740AID625263
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.86480.00070.78467.0010AID625263
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)6.92000.00030.81978.4900AID499933
Cytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)3.00000.00002.398310.0000AID625247
Estrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)46.66670.00010.529432.7000AID1226683; AID1880423; AID761375
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)18.60000.01002.765610.0000AID721754
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Estrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)20.00000.00000.53054.4000AID761379
Glucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)20.00000.00040.05401.0000AID761382
Progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)20.00000.00010.40478.2000AID761376
Androgen receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)20.00000.00000.20794.3000AID761380
Estrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)3.30000.00000.47954.8900AID761377
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Mineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)Kb0.01770.01770.01770.0177AID304363
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (281)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
antral ovarian follicle growthEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell developmentEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromatin remodelingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductionEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
androgen metabolic processEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
male gonad developmentEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phospholipase C activityEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathwayEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathwayEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathwayEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic processEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activityEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fibroblast proliferationEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
stem cell differentiationEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of inflammatory responseEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activityEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assemblyEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
uterus developmentEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vagina developmentEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prostate epithelial cord elongationEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prostate epithelial cord arborization involved in prostate glandular acinus morphogenesisEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesisEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mammary gland branching involved in pregnancyEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mammary gland alveolus developmentEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell proliferation involved in mammary gland duct elongationEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein localization to chromatinEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to estradiol stimulusEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA transcriptionEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic processEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to estrogen stimulusEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of gluconeogenesisGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromatin organizationGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
apoptotic processGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromosome segregationGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductionGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glucocorticoid metabolic processGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
gene expressionGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
microglia differentiationGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenal gland developmentGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic processGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergicGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
maternal behaviorGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathwayGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathwayGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
astrocyte differentiationGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell divisionGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mammary gland duct morphogenesisGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
motor behaviorGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to steroid hormone stimulusGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulusGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to dexamethasone stimulusGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulusGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuroinflammatory responseGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathwayGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
autophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage responseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrestCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein localizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replicationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substanceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-rayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
viral processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signalingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomeraseCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UVCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeabilityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiodCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repairCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodelingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IICellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibioticCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behaviorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ developmentCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organizationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell deathCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assemblyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stressCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-CCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin DCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondriaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosisCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediatorCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transitionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvateCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shuntCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxiaCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferationCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescenceCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ovulation from ovarian follicleProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glandular epithelial cell maturationProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductionProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
paracrine signalingProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphorylationProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lung alveolus developmentProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of epithelial cell proliferationProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
progesterone receptor signaling pathwayProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
maintenance of protein location in nucleusProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
tertiary branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesisProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathwayProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycleATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid translocationATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
terpenoid transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of response to osmotic stressATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ceramide translocationATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of anion channel activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
carboxylic acid transmembrane transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathwayMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascadeAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic developmentAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell morphogenesisAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription by RNA polymerase IIAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductionAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
spermatogenesisAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
single fertilizationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
male somatic sex determinationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
androgen receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Leydig cell differentiationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growthAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphorylationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell differentiationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic processAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic processAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIIAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of developmental growthAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
animal organ formationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
male genitalia morphogenesisAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell proliferationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferationAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activityAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of prostate induction by androgen receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelial foldAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesisAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prostate gland growthAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prostate gland epithelium morphogenesisAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate gland developmentAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
tertiary branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesisAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mammary gland alveolus developmentAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland developmentAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to steroid hormone stimulusAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to estrogen stimulusAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to testosterone stimulusAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
seminiferous tubule developmentAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
non-membrane-bounded organelle assemblyAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein localization to plasma membraneAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
male gonad developmentAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathwayAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
monoterpenoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic catabolic processCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductionEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growthEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathwayEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activityEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to estradiol stimulusEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to estrogen stimulusEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine import across plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell population proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction in response to DNA damageATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
isotype switchingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA replicationATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypesATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloadingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transitionATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor internalizationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA metabolic processAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
P-body assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
stress granule assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA transportAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (99)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
TFIIB-class transcription factor bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription coregulator bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription corepressor bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription coactivator bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
calmodulin bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta-catenin bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
TBP-class protein bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase regulator activityEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear estrogen receptor activityEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear estrogen receptor bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
estrogen response element bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ATPase bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA bindingEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear glucocorticoid receptor activityGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
TBP-class protein bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Hsp90 protein bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
steroid hormone bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
estrogen response element bindingGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
p53 bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activityCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin bindingCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription coactivator bindingProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear steroid receptor activityProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ATPase bindingProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
estrogen response element bindingProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylcholine floppase activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylethanolamine flippase activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ceramide floppase activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
floppase activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear steroid receptor activityMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
TBP-class protein bindingMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA bindingMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen response element bindingMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription coactivator bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activityAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
androgen bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta-catenin bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ATPase bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
molecular adaptor activityAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
POU domain bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
molecular condensate scaffold activityAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
estrogen response element bindingAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid omega-1 hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid epoxygenase activityCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear steroid receptor activityEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activityEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear estrogen receptor activityEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
estrogen response element bindingEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
receptor antagonist activityEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
antiporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
polyspecific organic cation:proton antiporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA clamp unloader activityATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (41)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
nucleusEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
membraneEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
euchromatinEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusEstrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
centrosomeGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
spindleGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
membraneGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear speckGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexGlucocorticoid receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
replication forkCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
centrosomeCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrixCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
PML bodyCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand breakCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleusCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexCellular tumor antigen p53Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membraneProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusProgesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complexMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusMineralocorticoid receptor Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear speckAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusAndrogen receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlycine receptor subunit betaRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCytochrome P450 2C19Homo sapiens (human)
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
nucleusEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
chromatinEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusEstrogen receptor betaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
Elg1 RFC-like complexATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complexAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (261)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1162567Displacement of [3H]-Dexamethasone from glucocorticoid receptor (unknown origin) expressed in 293 cells after 16 hrs by scintillation counting2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Discovery of 6-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl]-benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID499930Selectivity ratio of IC50 estrogen receptor IC50 for mineralocorticoid receptor2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16
Discovery of (3S,3aR)-2-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-3-cyclopentyl-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[g]indazole-7-carboxylic acid (PF-3882845), an orally efficacious mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist for hypertension and nephropathy.
AID702476Cardioprotective activity against angiotensin 2-induced cardiac hypertrophy in B6.129P2-ApoE/J mouse assessed as left ventricular end diastolic pressure at 100 mg/kg/day, po administered BID after 4 weeks (Rvb = 15.49 1.95 mmHg)2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Novel β-amino acid derivatives as inhibitors of cathepsin A.
AID191664Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of prostate after oral administration at 1 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID191655Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of prostate after subcutaneous administration at 4 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID702486Ratio of left ventricular wet weight to body weight in B6.129P2-ApoE/J mouse at 100 mg/kg/day, po administered BID after 4 weeks (Rvb = 5.99 0.28 mg/g)2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Novel β-amino acid derivatives as inhibitors of cathepsin A.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID191657Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of seminal vesicle after subcutaneous administration at 16 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID168386Aldosterone (5 ug/kg) antagonist activity for urinary Na/k at 25000 ug/kg1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and biological activities of 11 beta,18-epoxypregnane derivatives.
AID191662Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of prostate after oral administration at 100 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID39313Relative binding affinity against androgen receptor of rat prostate at 15 degree Centigrade1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and biological activities of 11 beta,18-epoxypregnane derivatives.
AID1880424Displacement of [3H]-progesteron from human recombinant progesterone receptor incubated overnight by liquid scintillation counting analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 65, Issue:12
Discovery of Apararenone (MT-3995) as a Highly Selective, Potent, and Novel Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist.
AID702490Toxicity in B6.129P2-ApoE/J mouse assessed as body weight at 100 mg/kg/day, po administered BID after 4 weeks (Rvb = 30.48 0.52 g)2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Novel β-amino acid derivatives as inhibitors of cathepsin A.
AID191669Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of seminal vesicle after oral administration at 1 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID191652Antiandrogenic activity as weight of prostate after subcutaneous administration at 16 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID197278Relative anti-androgenic activity as suppressive effect on weight increase of seminal vesicle in castrated immature rats given testosterone propionate1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID126421Relative binding affinity to the rat mineralocorticoid receptor determined in rat renal cytosol using [3]Ald as ligand1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID126424Relative binding affinity against mineralocorticoid receptor of rat kidney at 0 degree centigrade; value ranges from 2.3-8%1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and biological activities of 11 beta,18-epoxypregnane derivatives.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1880422Displacement of [3H]-estradiol from recombinant full-length human estrogen alpha receptor expressed in insect cells incubated overnight by liquid scintillation counting analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 65, Issue:12
Discovery of Apararenone (MT-3995) as a Highly Selective, Potent, and Novel Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist.
AID761381Antagonist activity at androgen receptor (unknown origin) by NH Pro assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Discovery of novel oxazolidinedione derivatives as potent and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID635463Displacement of [3H]dexomethasone from GR2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Identification of benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel, potent, and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID469719Antagonist activity at mineralocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-LBD by luciferase reporter gene assay2009Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11
The lecanindoles, nonsteroidal progestins from the terrestrial fungus Verticillium lecanii 6144.
AID524791Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 7G8 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID29360Ionization constant (pKa)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1864496Inhibition of OCT1 (unknown origin) overexpressed in HEK293 cells assessed as intracellular accumulation of ASP+ measured at 20 uM for 5 mins by Analyst AD plate reader method relative to control2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID524794Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum GB4 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID167326Progestational activity on oral administration (30 mg) in rabbit1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha-(alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID761382Agonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor (unknown origin) by NH Pro assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Discovery of novel oxazolidinedione derivatives as potent and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1880438Antagonist activity at human wild-type mineralocorticoid receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells assessed as inhibition of aldosterone-induced transcriptional activity incubated for 24 hrs in presence of 1 nM aldosterone by Steady-Glo reagent based reporter ge2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 65, Issue:12
Discovery of Apararenone (MT-3995) as a Highly Selective, Potent, and Novel Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist.
AID126429Relative binding affinity against mineralocorticoid receptor of rat kidney at 25 degree centigrade; value ranges from 11-24%1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and biological activities of 11 beta,18-epoxypregnane derivatives.
AID721753Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells at 20 uM after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID468984Inhibition of human 17beta-HSD7 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of reduction of [14C]estrone into [14C]estradiol at 0.3 uM after 7 hrs2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 52, Issue:23
Potent and selective steroidal inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7, an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of the key hormones estrone and dihydrotestosterone.
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID635479Antihypertensive activity in DOCA-salt hypertensive Wistar rat assessed as reduction in systolic blood pressure at 100 mg/kg, po QD for 13 days measured 24 hrs post last dose by tail-cuff method2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Identification of benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel, potent, and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID721754Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID499929Selectivity ratio of IC50 progesteron receptor IC50 for mineralocorticoid receptor2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16
Discovery of (3S,3aR)-2-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-3-cyclopentyl-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[g]indazole-7-carboxylic acid (PF-3882845), an orally efficacious mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist for hypertension and nephropathy.
AID346025Binding affinity to beta cyclodextrin2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 17, Issue:2
Convenient QSAR model for predicting the complexation of structurally diverse compounds with beta-cyclodextrins.
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1880444Antagonist activity at human mineralocorticoid receptor S810L mutant expressed in CHO-K1 cells assessed as inhibition of aldosterone-induced transcriptional activity at 300 nM incubated for 24 hrs in presence of aldosterone at 0.5 nM by reporter gene assa2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 65, Issue:12
Discovery of Apararenone (MT-3995) as a Highly Selective, Potent, and Novel Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID680641TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of BSP uptake (BSP: 1 uM, Spironolactone: 100 uM) in Oatp1-expressing HeLa cells1996The American journal of physiology, Feb, Volume: 270, Issue:2 Pt 2
Transient expression of oatp organic anion transporter in mammalian cells: identification of candidate substrates.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID404304Effect on human MRP2-mediated estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide transport in Sf9 cells inverted membrane vesicles relative to control2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Prediction and identification of drug interactions with the human ATP-binding cassette transporter multidrug-resistance associated protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2).
AID191653Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of prostate after subcutaneous administration at 1 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID476929Human intestinal absorption in po dosed human2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3
Neural computational prediction of oral drug absorption based on CODES 2D descriptors.
AID702484Cardioprotective activity against angiotensin 2-induced cardiac hypertrophy in B6.129P2-ApoE/J mouse assessed as mean arterial pressure at 100 mg/kg/day, po administered BID after 4 weeks (Rvb = 99.03 6.82 mmHg)2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Novel β-amino acid derivatives as inhibitors of cathepsin A.
AID468985Inhibition of human 17beta-HSD7 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of reduction of [14C]estrone into [14C]estradiol at 3 uM after 7 hrs2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 52, Issue:23
Potent and selective steroidal inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7, an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of the key hormones estrone and dihydrotestosterone.
AID191665Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of prostate after oral administration at 30 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID167322Progestational activity in rabbit at 300 mg/kg oral dose1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and activities of 6 beta,7 beta:15 beta,16 beta-dimethylene steroidal spirolactones.
AID1226696Agonist activity at human androgen receptor by cell-based assay2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 6, Issue:4
Discovery of benzimidazole oxazolidinediones as novel and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID705904Protein binding in plasma2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-27, Volume: 55, Issue:18
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for the treatment of hypertension and diabetic nephropathy.
AID188320Weight of prostate as anti-androgenic activity in rat after oral dose of 24+0.1 mg/day with testosterone propionate(0.1 mg/day)1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha-(alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID191801Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of seminal vesicle after oral administration at 3 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID1162568Antagonist activity at human mineralocorticoid receptor expressed in COS1 cells after 1 day by luciferase reporter gene assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Discovery of 6-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl]-benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID499927Antagonist activity at progesterone receptor2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16
Discovery of (3S,3aR)-2-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-3-cyclopentyl-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[g]indazole-7-carboxylic acid (PF-3882845), an orally efficacious mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist for hypertension and nephropathy.
AID191670Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of seminal vesicle after oral administration at 30 mg/day1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID162450Relative binding to progesterone receptor compared to progesterone1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID977602Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID681153TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Daunorubicin efflux in NIH-3T3-G185 cells2001Chemical research in toxicology, Dec, Volume: 14, Issue:12
Quantitative distinctions of active site molecular recognition by P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4.
AID761377Agonist activity at estrogen receptor beta (unknown origin) by NH Pro assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Discovery of novel oxazolidinedione derivatives as potent and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID635477Natriuretic activity in Wistar rat assessed as increase in urinary Na+/K+ ratio at 30 mg/kg, po administered 30 mins before aldosterone challenge measured after 5 hrs by electrolyte analyzer2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Identification of benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel, potent, and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID1864495Inhibition of OCT3 (unknown origin) overexpressed in HEK293 cells assessed as intracellular accumulation of ASP+ incubated for 2 mins by Analyst AD plate reader method relative to control2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID188321Weight of prostate as anti-androgenic activity in rat after oral dose of 48+0.1 mg/day with testosterone propionate(0.1 mg/day)1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha-(alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID188445Weight of seminal vesicle as anti-androgenic activity in rat after oral dose of 48+0.1 mg/day with testosterone propionate(0.1 mg/day)1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha-(alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID417688Inhibition of human 17beta-HSD5 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as enzyme-mediated transformation of [14C]-4-androstene-3,17-dione in to [14C]-testosterone at 0.3 uM after 18 hrs2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Steroidal lactones as inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5: chemical synthesis, enzyme inhibitory activity, and assessment of estrogenic and androgenic activities.
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID39310Relative binding affinity against androgen receptor of rat prostate at 0 degree Centigrade1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and biological activities of 11 beta,18-epoxypregnane derivatives.
AID499926Antagonist activity at androgen receptor2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16
Discovery of (3S,3aR)-2-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-3-cyclopentyl-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[g]indazole-7-carboxylic acid (PF-3882845), an orally efficacious mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist for hypertension and nephropathy.
AID702478Cardioprotective activity against angiotensin 2-induced cardiac hypertrophy in B6.129P2-ApoE/J mouse assessed as left ventricular end systolic pressure at 100 mg/kg/day, po administered BID after 4 weeks (Rvb = 139.36 9.79 mmHg)2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Novel β-amino acid derivatives as inhibitors of cathepsin A.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID191658Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of seminal vesicle after subcutaneous administration at 1 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID1623471Antagonist activity at human gal4-fused mineralocorticoid receptor LBD expressed in UAS-MR-bla HEK293 by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1162577Toxicity in DOCA-salt hypertensive Wistar rat model assessed as change in heart rate at 100 mg/kg, po qd for 18 days measured 24 hrs post 7th and 14th last dose by tail-cuff method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Discovery of 6-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl]-benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID1852231Antagonist activity at mineralocorticoid receptor (unknown origin) transfected in PC-3 cells assessed as inhibition of aldosterone-stimulated transcriptional activity after 3 days by dual luciferase reporter assay2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-13, Volume: 65, Issue:19
Discovery of 2-(1-(3-Chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-1
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1440421In vivo antagonist activity at MR in rat assessed as inhibition aldosterone-induced decrease in urinary sodium/potassium ratio at 30 mg/kg, po after 20 hrs2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
Modulating Mineralocorticoid Receptor with Non-steroidal Antagonists. New Opportunities for the Development of Potent and Selective Ligands without Off-Target Side Effects.
AID1162564Displacement of [3H]aldosterone from human mineralocorticoid receptor expressed in 293 cells after 16 hrs by scintillation counting2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Discovery of 6-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl]-benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID1711870In vivo antagonist activity at MCR in Wistar kyoto rat assessed as induction of natriuresis by measuring electrolyte output in urine at 10 to 100 mg/kg, po measured for 6 hrs2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 26, Issue:12
Discovery of novel non-steroidal reverse indole mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID29811Oral bioavailability in human2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1162565Displacement of [3H]testosterone from androgen receptor (unknown origin) expressed in 293 cells after 16 hrs by scintillation counting2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Discovery of 6-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl]-benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID499928Antagonist activity at estrogen receptor2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16
Discovery of (3S,3aR)-2-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-3-cyclopentyl-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[g]indazole-7-carboxylic acid (PF-3882845), an orally efficacious mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist for hypertension and nephropathy.
AID499933Antagonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16
Discovery of (3S,3aR)-2-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-3-cyclopentyl-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[g]indazole-7-carboxylic acid (PF-3882845), an orally efficacious mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist for hypertension and nephropathy.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID166629Ovulation inhibitory activity in rabbits after 100 mg peroral dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID682136TP_TRANSPORTER: Western in vivo SD rat, liver2002The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Jan, Volume: 300, Issue:1
Induction profile of rat organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (oatp2) by prototypical drug-metabolizing enzyme inducers that activate gene expression through ligand-activated transcription factor pathways.
AID521220Inhibition of neurosphere proliferation of mouse neural precursor cells by MTT assay2007Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 3, Issue:5
Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells.
AID188326Weight of seminal vesicle as anti-androgenic activity in rat after oral dose of 24+0.1 mg/day with testosterone propionate(0.1 mg/day)1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha-(alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID499924Antagonist activity at Gal4-tagged mineralocorticoid receptor expressed in human Huh7 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16
Discovery of (3S,3aR)-2-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-3-cyclopentyl-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[g]indazole-7-carboxylic acid (PF-3882845), an orally efficacious mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist for hypertension and nephropathy.
AID1226697Agonist activity at human estrogen receptor alpha by cell-based assay2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 6, Issue:4
Discovery of benzimidazole oxazolidinediones as novel and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID191667Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of seminal vesicle after oral administration at 100 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID184374Ovulation inhibitory activity in rats after 100 mg oral dose1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha-(alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID761375Antagonist activity at estrogen receptor beta (unknown origin) by NH Pro assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Discovery of novel oxazolidinedione derivatives as potent and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID761379Agonist activity at estrogen receptor alpha (unknown origin) by NH Pro assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Discovery of novel oxazolidinedione derivatives as potent and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID1880423Displacement of [3H]-estradiol from recombinant full-length human estrogen beta receptor expressed in baculovirus infected insect cells incubated overnight by liquid scintillation counting analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 65, Issue:12
Discovery of Apararenone (MT-3995) as a Highly Selective, Potent, and Novel Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist.
AID702474Cardioprotective activity against angiotensin 2-induced cardiac hypertrophy in B6.129P2-ApoE/J mouse assessed as left ventricular relaxation time at 100 mg/kg/day, po administered BID after 4 weeks (Rvb = 8.73 0.41 ms)2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Novel β-amino acid derivatives as inhibitors of cathepsin A.
AID168388Aldosterone (5 ug/kg) antagonist activity for urinary Na/k at 2500 ug/kg1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and biological activities of 11 beta,18-epoxypregnane derivatives.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID74244Displacement of [3H]dexamethasone from Glucocorticoid receptor of rabbit kidney1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-06, Volume: 36, Issue:16
Synthesis of new 11 beta-substituted spirolactone derivatives. Relationship with affinity for mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors.
AID167325Progestational activity on oral administration (300 mg) in rabbit1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha-(alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID172791Anogenital distance in Fetal Feminization test in rats after 50 mg/animal oral dose1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha-(alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID22293Delta logD (logD6.5 - logD7.4)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1162578Toxicity in DOCA-salt hypertensive Wistar rat model assessed as change in seminal vesicle weight at 100 mg/kg, po qd for 18 days measured 24 hrs post 7th and 14th last dose by tail-cuff method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Discovery of 6-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl]-benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID189720Antialdosterone activity in rats administered intravenously compared to Spironolactone(100)1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID162437Binding affinity for rat progesterone receptor compared to progesterone1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and activities of 6 beta,7 beta:15 beta,16 beta-dimethylene steroidal spirolactones.
AID126299Relative binding affinity against mineralocorticoid receptor determined in rat renal cytosol using [3]Ald as ligand1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID588210Human drug-induced liver injury (DILI) modelling dataset from Ekins et al2010Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 38, Issue:12
A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury.
AID304369Binding affinity to human progesterone receptor2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
(S)-N-{3-[1-cyclopropyl-1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-7-yl}-methanesulfonamide: a potent, nonsteroidal, functional antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor.
AID167311Progestational activity by Clauberg test in rabbits as McPhail index after 300 mg peroral dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID126294Antagonist activity against Mineralocorticoid receptor was determined after subcutaneous administration in Male Sprague Dawley rats1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID386623Inhibition of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium uptake at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells at 100 uM by confocal microscopy2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AID26304Partition coefficient (logD6.5)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID191666Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of prostate after oral administration at 3 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID761384Antagonist activity at human mineralocorticoid receptor assessed as inhibition of binding to coactivator peptide by NH Pro assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Discovery of novel oxazolidinedione derivatives as potent and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID197654Relative anti-mineralocorticoid potency compared to Spironolactone after oral administration1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1880426Displacement of [3H]-aldosterone from recombinant human mineralocorticoid receptor expressed in baculovirus infected insect cells incubated overnight by liquid scintillation counting analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 65, Issue:12
Discovery of Apararenone (MT-3995) as a Highly Selective, Potent, and Novel Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID524795Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum HB3 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1162576Antihypertensive effect in DOCA-salt hypertensive Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in systolic blood pressure at 100 mg/kg, po qd for 18 days measured 24 hrs post 7th and 14th last dose by tail-cuff method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Discovery of 6-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl]-benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID635467Selectivity ratio of IC50 for AR to IC50 for human MR2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Identification of benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel, potent, and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID167310Progestational activity by Clauberg test in rabbits as McPhail index after 100 mg peroral dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID168384Aldosterone (5 ug/kg) antagonist activity for urinary Na/k at 250 ug/kg1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and biological activities of 11 beta,18-epoxypregnane derivatives.
AID1623470Antagonist activity at gal4-fused human mineralocorticoid receptor LBD expressed in UAS-MR-bla HEK293 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay
AID702488Cardioprotective activity against angiotensin 2-induced cardiac hypertrophy in B6.129P2-ApoE/J mouse assessed as left ventricular wet weight at 100 mg/kg/day, po administered BID after 4 weeks (Rvb = 182.03 8.45 g)2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Novel β-amino acid derivatives as inhibitors of cathepsin A.
AID126293Antagonist activity against Mineralocorticoid receptor after subcutaneous administration in Male Sprague Dawley rats; (+) =positive1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID1226683Antagonist activity at human estrogen receptor beta assessed as inhibition of agonist-induced protein interaction with steroid receptor co-activator peptide by cell-based reporter gene assay2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 6, Issue:4
Discovery of benzimidazole oxazolidinediones as novel and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID699539Inhibition of human liver OATP1B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID166631Ovulation inhibitory activity in rabbits after 40 mg peroral dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID185360Relative potency as antialdosterone activity compared to spironolactone 1 hr after oral administration1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and activities of 6 beta,7 beta:15 beta,16 beta-dimethylene steroidal spirolactones.
AID191660Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of seminal vesicle after subcutaneous administration at 4 mg/day1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID304363Antagonist activity at human mineralocorticoid receptor expressed in COS7 cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
(S)-N-{3-[1-cyclopropyl-1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-7-yl}-methanesulfonamide: a potent, nonsteroidal, functional antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1140662Ratio of drug level from kidney to heart in rat2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-22, Volume: 57, Issue:10
Identification of (R)-6-(1-(4-cyano-3-methylphenyl)-5-cyclopentyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2-methoxynicotinic acid, a highly potent and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.
AID304368Binding affinity to human androgen receptor2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
(S)-N-{3-[1-cyclopropyl-1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-7-yl}-methanesulfonamide: a potent, nonsteroidal, functional antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor.
AID1226711Natriuretic activity in WKY rat at 30 to 100 mg/kg, po measured over 6 hrs2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 6, Issue:4
Discovery of benzimidazole oxazolidinediones as novel and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID126285Displacement of [3H]aldosterone from mineralocorticoid receptor of rabbit kidney1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-06, Volume: 36, Issue:16
Synthesis of new 11 beta-substituted spirolactone derivatives. Relationship with affinity for mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors.
AID39315Relative binding affinity against the androgen receptor in rat renal cytosol using [3H]DHT as ligand1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID126437Ratio of [3H]aldosterone binding with 8*10e-8 M aldosterone to [3H]aldosterone binding with 8*10e-8 M competitor at Mineralocorticoid receptor1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 24, Issue:9
A structure-activity relationship study of spirolactones. Contribution of the cyclopropane ring to antimineralocorticoid activity.
AID197652Relative anti-mineralocorticoid potency compared to Spironolactone after oral administration1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID699541Inhibition of human liver OATP2B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E3S uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID188324Weight of seminal vesicle as anti-androgenic activity in rat after oral dose of 12+0.1 mg/day with testosterone propionate(0.1 mg/day)1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha-(alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID255211Inhibitory concentration against recombinant rat androgen receptor expressed in Escherichia coli using [3H]methyltrienolone (R 1881)2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18
Impact of induced fit on ligand binding to the androgen receptor: a multidimensional QSAR study to predict endocrine-disrupting effects of environmental chemicals.
AID702482Cardioprotective activity against angiotensin 2-induced cardiac hypertrophy in B6.129P2-ApoE/J mouse assessed as heart rate at 100 mg/kg/day, po administered BID after 4 weeks (Rvb = 403.23 7.98 bpm)2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Novel β-amino acid derivatives as inhibitors of cathepsin A.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID524796Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum W2 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID167313Progestational activity by Clauberg test in rabbits as McPhail index after 100 mg subcutaneous dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID167314Progestational activity by Clauberg test in rabbits as McPhail index after 10 mg subcutaneous dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID761383Antagonist activity at glucocorticoid receptor (unknown origin) by NH Pro assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Discovery of novel oxazolidinedione derivatives as potent and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID162615Displacement of [3H]promegestone from progestin receptor of rat uterine cytosol at 0 degree Centigrade1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID1880440Antagonist activity at human wild-type mineralocorticoid receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells assessed as inhibition of aldosterone-induced transcriptional activity incubated for 24 hrs in presence of 1 nM aldosterone by Steady-Glo reagent based reporter ge2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 65, Issue:12
Discovery of Apararenone (MT-3995) as a Highly Selective, Potent, and Novel Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist.
AID1880431Displacement of [3H]-dexamethasone from recombinant full length human glucocorticoid receptor expressed in baculovirus infected insect cells incubated overnight by liquid scintillation counting analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 65, Issue:12
Discovery of Apararenone (MT-3995) as a Highly Selective, Potent, and Novel Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist.
AID126289Antagonist activity against Mineralocorticoid receptor after oral administration in Male Sprague Dawley rats; (+) =positive1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID1226698Agonist activity at human estrogen receptor beta by cell-based assay2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 6, Issue:4
Discovery of benzimidazole oxazolidinediones as novel and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID188446Weight of seminal vesicle as anti-androgenic activity in rat after oral dose of 96+0.1 mg/day with testosterone propionate(0.1 mg/day)1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha-(alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID625277FDA Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base Benchmark Dataset (LTKB-BD) drugs of less concern for DILI2011Drug discovery today, Aug, Volume: 16, Issue:15-16
FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID167312Progestational activity by Clauberg test in rabbits as McPhail index after 30 mg peroral dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID761380Agonist activity at androgen receptor (unknown origin) by NH Pro assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Discovery of novel oxazolidinedione derivatives as potent and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1226695Agonist activity at human glucocorticoid receptor by cell-based assay2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 6, Issue:4
Discovery of benzimidazole oxazolidinediones as novel and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID588209Literature-mined public compounds from Greene et al multi-species hepatotoxicity modelling dataset2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jul-19, Volume: 23, Issue:7
Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
AID977599Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM2013Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6
Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID191654Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of prostate after subcutaneous administration at 2 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID635468Selectivity ratio of IC50 for PR to IC50 for human MR2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Identification of benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel, potent, and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID1864497Inhibition of OCT2 mediated (unknown origin) assessed as intracellular accumulation of ASP+ relative to control2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID681136TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Taurocholate uptake in OAT-K2-expressing MDCK cells1999Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 55, Issue:4
Cloning and functional characterization of a new multispecific organic anion transporter, OAT-K2, in rat kidney.
AID126297Displacement of [3H]aldosterone from mineralocorticoid receptor1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 24, Issue:9
A structure-activity relationship study of spirolactones. Contribution of the cyclopropane ring to antimineralocorticoid activity.
AID1880429Displacement of [3H]-methyltrienolene from human androgen receptor incubated overnight by liquid scintillation counting analysis2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-23, Volume: 65, Issue:12
Discovery of Apararenone (MT-3995) as a Highly Selective, Potent, and Novel Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist.
AID1711869Antagonist activity at human full-length MCR assessed as inhibition of receptor binding to co-activator peptide by PathHunter assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 26, Issue:12
Discovery of novel non-steroidal reverse indole mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID191668Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of seminal vesicle after oral administration at 10 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID191656Antiandrogenic activity in rats as organ weight of prostate after subcutaneous administration at 8 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID1162569Agonist activity at human mineralocorticoid receptor expressed in COS1 cells at 10 uM after 1 day by luciferase reporter gene assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Discovery of 6-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl]-benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID761376Agonist activity at progesterone receptor beta (unknown origin) by NH Pro assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Discovery of novel oxazolidinedione derivatives as potent and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID234877Antiandrogenic activity after peroral administration as relative potency compared to Spironolactone1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID167315Progestational activity by Clauberg test in rabbits as McPhail index after 30 mg subcutaneous dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID524790Antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 after 72 hrs by SYBR green assay2009Nature chemical biology, Oct, Volume: 5, Issue:10
Genetic mapping of targets mediating differential chemical phenotypes in Plasmodium falciparum.
AID761378Antagonist activity at estrogen receptor alpha (unknown origin) by NH Pro assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Discovery of novel oxazolidinedione derivatives as potent and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID189724Antiandrogenic activity after subcutaneous administration as relative potency compared to Spironolactone1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID304366Binding affinity to human mineralocorticoid receptor2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
(S)-N-{3-[1-cyclopropyl-1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-7-yl}-methanesulfonamide: a potent, nonsteroidal, functional antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID635465Displacement of [3H]progesterone from PR2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Identification of benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel, potent, and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1864494Inhibition of human OCT3 overexpressed in HEK293 cells assessed as intracellularly accumulation of ASP+ at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by HPLC-MS/MS analysis relative to control2022Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 65, Issue:18
Substrates and Inhibitors of the Organic Cation Transporter 3 and Comparison with OCT1 and OCT2.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID635464Displacement of [3H]testosterone from AR2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Identification of benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel, potent, and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID682072TP_TRANSPORTER: Western in vivo, liver of SD rat2002Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Jun, Volume: 67, Issue:2
Regulation of rat multidrug resistance protein 2 by classes of prototypical microsomal enzyme inducers that activate distinct transcription pathways.
AID702480Cardioprotective activity against angiotensin 2-induced cardiac hypertrophy in B6.129P2-ApoE/J mouse assessed as ejection fraction at 100 mg/kg/day, po administered BID after 4 weeks (Rvb = 51.14 2.49 %)2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-13, Volume: 55, Issue:17
Novel β-amino acid derivatives as inhibitors of cathepsin A.
AID1226688Antagonist activity at human androgen receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as inhibition of D(-)-norgestrel-induced protein interaction with steroid receptor co-activator peptide after 24 hrs by beta-galactosidase reporter gene assay2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 6, Issue:4
Discovery of benzimidazole oxazolidinediones as novel and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID191661Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of seminal vesicle after subcutaneous administration at 8 mg/day1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID1226690Selectivity ratio of IC50 for human androgen receptor to IC50 for human mineralocorticoid receptor2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 6, Issue:4
Discovery of benzimidazole oxazolidinediones as novel and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID417689Inhibition of human 17beta-HSD5 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as enzyme-mediated transformation of [14C]-4-androstene-3,17-dione in to [14C]-testosterone at 3 uM after 18 hrs2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Steroidal lactones as inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5: chemical synthesis, enzyme inhibitory activity, and assessment of estrogenic and androgenic activities.
AID304370Binding affinity to human estrogen receptor2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
(S)-N-{3-[1-cyclopropyl-1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-7-yl}-methanesulfonamide: a potent, nonsteroidal, functional antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor.
AID191659Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of seminal vesicle after subcutaneous administration at 2 mg/day1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1149780Inhibition of deoxycorticosterone acetate-induced urinary electrolyte effects in sc dosed adrenalectomized rat assessed as increase in Na:K ratio1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 20, Issue:10
Synthesis and antimineralocorticoid activities of some 6-substituted 7 alpha-carboalkoxy steroidal spirolactones.
AID1149781Inhibition of deoxycorticosterone acetate-induced urinary electrolyte effects in intragastrically dosed adrenalectomized rat assessed as increase in Na:K ratio1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 20, Issue:10
Synthesis and antimineralocorticoid activities of some 6-substituted 7 alpha-carboalkoxy steroidal spirolactones.
AID699540Inhibition of human liver OATP1B3 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10
Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID635470Antagonist activity at human MR transfected in human COS1 cells after 1 day by luciferase reporter gene assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Identification of benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel, potent, and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID311524Oral bioavailability in human2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
AID1226699Agonist activity at human progesterone receptor beta by cell-based assay2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 6, Issue:4
Discovery of benzimidazole oxazolidinediones as novel and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID197277Relative anti-androgenic activity as suppressive effect on weight increase of seminal vesicle in castrated immature rats given testosterone propionate1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1226700Agonist activity at human mineralocorticoid receptor by cell-based assay2015ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-09, Volume: 6, Issue:4
Discovery of benzimidazole oxazolidinediones as novel and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID167324Progestational activity on oral administration (100 mg) in rabbit1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha-(alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID304367Binding affinity to human glucocorticoid receptor2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
(S)-N-{3-[1-cyclopropyl-1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-7-yl}-methanesulfonamide: a potent, nonsteroidal, functional antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor.
AID39170Binding affinity for rat androgen receptor of rat compared to dihydrotestosterone1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and activities of 6 beta,7 beta:15 beta,16 beta-dimethylene steroidal spirolactones.
AID39312Relative binding affinity against androgen receptor of rat prostate at 0 degree centigrade; value ranges from 2.7-7.9%1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and biological activities of 11 beta,18-epoxypregnane derivatives.
AID188322Weight of prostate as anti-androgenic activity in rat after oral dose of 96+0.1 mg/day with testosterone propionate(0.1 mg/day)1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Aldosterone antagonists. 3. Synthesis and activities of steroidal 7 alpha-(alkoxycarbonyl)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID1623467Displacement of [3H]-aldosterone to human mineralocorticoid receptor LBD by radiometric binding assay
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1130076Antagonist activity at mineralocorticoid receptor (unknown origin) by PathHunter assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 24, Issue:7
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: identification of heterocyclic amide replacements in the oxazolidinedione series.
AID1162566Displacement of [[3H]-Progesterone from progesterone receptor (unknown origin) expressed in 293 cells after 16 hrs by scintillation counting2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Discovery of 6-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-pyrazol-4-yl]-benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID167319Progestational activity in rabbit at 100 mg/kg oral dose1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 28, Issue:5
Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and activities of 6 beta,7 beta:15 beta,16 beta-dimethylene steroidal spirolactones.
AID761374Antagonist activity at progesterone receptor beta (unknown origin) by NH Pro assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 23, Issue:15
Discovery of novel oxazolidinedione derivatives as potent and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID635462Displacement of [3H]aldosterone from cytosolic human MR expressed in HEK293 cells after 16 hrs by scintillation counting2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Identification of benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel, potent, and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID499932Selectivity ratio of IC50 glucocorticoid receptor IC50 for mineralocorticoid receptor2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16
Discovery of (3S,3aR)-2-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-3-cyclopentyl-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[g]indazole-7-carboxylic acid (PF-3882845), an orally efficacious mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist for hypertension and nephropathy.
AID39450Relative binding to androgen receptor compared to dihydrotesterone1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID191663Antiandrogenic activity in rats as weight of prostate after oral administration at 10 mg/day dose1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 30, Issue:8
Aldosterone antagonists. 2. New 7 alpha-(acetylthio)-15,16-methylene spirolactones.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID977610Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Ki) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
(S)-N-{3-[1-cyclopropyl-1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-7-yl}-methanesulfonamide: a potent, nonsteroidal, functional antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor.
AID1346902Human Mineralocorticoid receptor (3C. 3-Ketosteroid receptors)2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-27, Volume: 50, Issue:26
(S)-N-{3-[1-cyclopropyl-1-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-1H-indol-7-yl}-methanesulfonamide: a potent, nonsteroidal, functional antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor.
AID977608Experimentally measured binding affinity data (IC50) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-22, Volume: 54, Issue:24
Identification of benzoxazin-3-one derivatives as novel, potent, and selective nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (6,845)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19902718 (39.71)18.7374
1990's558 (8.15)18.2507
2000's1457 (21.29)29.6817
2010's1668 (24.37)24.3611
2020's444 (6.49)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 120.70

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index120.70 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.01 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.67 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index249.39 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.17 (0.95)

This Compound (120.70)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials960 (13.29%)5.53%
Reviews746 (10.33%)6.00%
Case Studies547 (7.57%)4.05%
Observational23 (0.32%)0.25%
Other4,946 (68.49%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (222)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Phase IV Study for Effect of Intensive Blood-Pressure Control Using Anti-hypertensive Agents in Essential Hypertension With History of Stroke [NCT01198496]Phase 45,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-10-31Recruiting
A Comparison of the Effects of Selective and Non Selective Mineralocorticoid Antagonism on Glucose Homeostasis and Lipid Profile of Heart Failure Patients With Glucose Intolerance or Type 2 Diabetes. [NCT01586442]Phase 362 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
Evaluation of spironolactoNe Versus Indapamide on Target Organ Damage in Patients With Obesity and hYpertension(ENVOY) [NCT03626506]400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-02-13Recruiting
A Phase I/II Study of Venetoclax and Lintuzumab-Ac225 in Patients With Refractory or Relapsed AML [NCT03867682]Phase 1/Phase 238 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-15Recruiting
Blockade of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System in Patients With ARVD: a Double-blind Multicentre Prospective Randomized Study. [NCT03593317]Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-30Not yet recruiting
South Danish Hypertension and Diabetes Study [NCT01062763]Phase 3119 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
The Effect in Renal Function on Patients With Type 1 Cardiorenal Syndrome Treated With Two Strategies of Furosemide. A Randomized Controled Trial [NCT04393493]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-01Completed
Adjuvant Anti-Mineralocorticoid-Receptor Treatment in Anti-VEGF Refractory Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration [NCT03744767]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-19Completed
Pilot Non Randomised Controlled Trial of Short Term Spironolactone Use for Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery [NCT02417896]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-04-30Recruiting
Metabolic and Neuro-Endocrine Effect of Treating PCOS in Adolescents [NCT03981861]Phase 2/Phase 312 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-07-02Completed
Spironolactone and Perioperative Atrial Fibrillation Occurrence in Cardiac Surgery Patients: a Multicenter Randomized, Double-blind Study. The ALDOCURE Trial [NCT03551548]Phase 31,500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-02-26Recruiting
[NCT02047422]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to One of the diuretic which is planned to be used in the study is no longer available.)
Safety and Efficacy of Maximally Tolerated RAAS Blockade and Spironolactone Therapy on Urinary Proteinuria and Progression of Type II Diabetic Nephropathy in African Americans and Other Patient Cohorts. [NCT03502031]Phase 472 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-10-01Recruiting
A Phase I, Open Label, Randomized, Parallel Group, Multicentre Study to Compare the Effect of AZD9977 and Spironolactone on Serum Potassium [sK+] During 28 Days in Patients With HFmrEF or HFpEF and eGFR in the Range of ≥40 and ≤70 mL/Min/1.73m2. [NCT03682497]Phase 168 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-01Terminated(stopped due to Attendance at study sites carries risk of COVID-19 infection. Non-attendance at planned study site visits has unacceptable study related patient safety risk.)
Protective Effects of Spironolactone Against Anthracycline Induced Cardiomyopathy [NCT02053974]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Spironolactone Administration to Prevent Ischemic Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Cancer Patients [NCT02531412]Phase 2/Phase 324 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-10-31Recruiting
A Phase 1, Double-Blind (Sponsor-Open), Placebo- And Active-Controlled, Single Dose, Crossover Study To Assess Antimineralocorticoid Activity Of Oral Pf-03882845 In Healthy Subjects. [NCT01314898]Phase 112 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Pharmacokinetic Study of Spironolactone 25 mg, 50 mg and 100 mg Tablets in Healthy Subjects Under Fasting Conditions. [NCT01083290]Phase 114 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) [NCT00094302]Phase 33,445 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Effect of Aldosterone Blockade on Metabolic Parameters and Arterial Compliance [NCT01089309]Phase 451 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-05-31Completed
The Effect of Selective Adrenal Artery Embolization and Spironolactone on Ventricular Remodeling in Nondominant Lateral Secretory Primary Aldosteronism： A Randomized Controlled Clinical Study [NCT05501080]112 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-01Recruiting
Use of Determination of Drug Levels to Optimize Pharmacotherapy of Heart Failure [NCT06035978]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-30Not yet recruiting
Cluster and Registry Trials Of the Working Group of Heart Failure in Denmark: Are SPironolactone and Eplerenone Comparable Treatments? [NCT03984591]Phase 47,200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-11-01Enrolling by invitation
Open Label Randomized Clinical Trial BromhexIne And Spironolactone For CoronаVirUs Infection Requiring HospiTalization [NCT04424134]Phase 380 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-05-16Recruiting
Effect of Dapagliflozin on Secondary Mitral Regurgitation in Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction [NCT05849766]Phase 3150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-27Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group Study of Patiromer for the Enablement of Spironolactone Use for Blood Pressure Control in Patients With Resistant Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT03071263]Phase 2295 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-23Completed
A Randomised Trial Examining Therapy to Maintain Remission in Dilated Cardiomyopathy [NCT06091475]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-20Not yet recruiting
Sodium-glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor, Aldosterone Antagonist, or Both for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: a Two-centre Randomised Three-treatment Three-period Crossover Trial [NCT05676684]Phase 2/Phase 3108 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-15Recruiting
EARLY Risk Stratification in CardioMYOpathies With Unknown Etiology for Heart Failure [NCT02941315]Phase 1150 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-01Completed
Hemodynamic Effects of Spironolactone in Patients With Heart Failure [NCT00860340]18 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-02-28Completed
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Hemodialysis Patients [NCT00548912]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to study ended)
The Effects of Losartan and Spironolactone on Residual Renal Function Preservation in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients [NCT02190318]96 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-11-30Recruiting
The Role of Spironolactone in Prevention of Calcineurin Inhibitor Toxicity in Kidney Transplant Recipients [NCT01021943]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-11-30Suspended
A Phase IV, Two-part, Open-label Study Assessing the Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Pharmacodynamics of Single and Multiple Doses of Spironolactone Oral Suspension in Pediatric Patients With Edema Due to Heart Failure or Cirrhosis [NCT06021860]Phase 496 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-06-30Not yet recruiting
SCREEN-HFI (SCReening Evaluation of the Evolution of New Heart Failure Intervention Study) [NCT00604006]Phase 320 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Role of Midodrine and Tolvaptan in Patients With Cirrhosis With Refractory or Recurrent Ascites [NCT02173288]Phase 2/Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
A Pilot Study of the Effect of Spironolactone Therapy on Exercise Capacity and Endothelial Dysfunction in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [NCT01712620]Phase 270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-01-10Recruiting
Early Aldosterone Blockade in Acute Heart Failure: An Exploratory Safety Study [NCT02299726]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Study was not funded)
The Comparison Between Spironolactone and Indapamide Monotherapy or in Combination With Amlodipine to Reduce the Risk of Heart Failure [NCT04455178]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-23Recruiting
Assessment of the Effects of the Combination of Spironolactone to Conventional Pharmacotherapy in Dialysis Patients [NCT01128101]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-03-31Recruiting
The Effect of Spironolactone and Vitamin E Versus Vitamin E on Serum Adipocytokines Levels in Patients With Biopsy-proven Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-A Phase II Study [NCT01147523]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
The Effect of Amiloride and Spironolactone on Renovascular and Cardiovascular Variables in Patients With Essential Hypertension in a Doubleblinded, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study. [NCT01195805]25 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Effects of Spironolactone on Circulating MMPs in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure [NCT00663195]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Effect of Spironolactone Treatment on Heart- and Skeletal Muscle in Chronic Alcoholics [NCT00226109]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2004-04-30Suspended(stopped due to Problems recruting patients)
Spironolactone to Improve Apnea and Cardiovascular Markers in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients With Cardiovascular Disease Who Are Non-Adherent With Positive Airway Pressure: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial [NCT04205136]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Was on hold due to Covid then we were not able to initiate the funding again after such a long hold and loss of team members.)
Importance of Aldosterone in the Pathogenesis of Hypertensive Heart Disease [NCT00865501]Phase 350 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
A Randomised Open Label, Blinded End Point Trial to Compare the Effects of Spironolactone With Chlortalidone on LV Mass in Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease (SPIRO-CKD) [NCT02502981]Phase 4154 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Active, not recruiting
Effect of Spironolactone on the Progression of Coronary Calcification in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients [NCT03314493]Phase 333 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-07Completed
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Spironolactone in Young Women With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) [NCT03576755]Phase 1/Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-09Completed
Spironolactone and Dexamethasone in Patients Hospitalized With Moderate-to-severe COVID-19 (SPIDEX-II): a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04826822]Phase 3440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-24Recruiting
Prospective Study of Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL)as a Biomarker of Mineralocorticoid Receiver Activity in Human: Proof of Concept. [NCT02129621]42 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Real Life Experience in the Management of HCV Related Decompensated Cirrhosis With Direct Antiviral Agents [NCT03547895]80 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-01Completed
Exercise Intolerance in Elderly Diastolic Heart Failure [NCT00123955]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Effect of Antifibrotic Therapy on Regression of Myocardial Fibrosis After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) in Aortic Stenosis Patients With High Fibrotic Burden [NCT05230901]Phase 3300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-23Recruiting
A Randomised, Single Blind, Multicentre, 9-month, Phase IV Study, Comparing Treatment Guided by Clinical Symptoms and Signs and NT-proBNP vs Treatment Guided by Clinical Symptoms and Signs Alone, in Patients With Heart Failure (HF) and Left Ventricular Sy [NCT00391846]Phase 4252 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
Spironolactone for the Treatment of Melasma: a Prospective, Open-label Proof-of-concept and Dose-ranging Study [NCT03953209]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-05Withdrawn(stopped due to Conflict with funding)
A 2x2 Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial of Colchicine and Spironolactone in Patients With Myocardial Infarction / SYNERGY Stent Registry - Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes 9 [NCT03048825]Phase 37,063 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-01Active, not recruiting
Effect of Add-on Spironolactone to Losartan Versus Losartan Alone on Peritoneal Membrane Among Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: An Open-Label Randomized-Controlled Trial [NCT03953950]Phase 484 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-10-31Not yet recruiting
Association Between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use and COVID-19 Severity and Mortality Among US Veterans [NCT04467931]22,213 participants (Actual)Observational2020-01-19Completed
High-dose Aldosterone Antagonist for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure [NCT02823626]48 participants (Actual)Observational2016-09-30Completed
Regulating Blood Pressure During Recovery From Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Ischemic Stroke [NCT04760717]Phase 2200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-19Recruiting
Effect of Spironolactone in the Prevention of Anthracycline-induced Cardiotoxicity: a Randomized Clinical Trial (SPIROTOX Trial) [NCT06005259]Phase 4264 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-01Not yet recruiting
A Randomized Open Label Trial of Spironolactone Versus Prednisolone in Corticosteroid-naïve Boys With DMD [NCT03777319]Phase 12 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-05Terminated(stopped due to Inability to recruit participants.)
Phase 3, Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate Efficacy of add-on Therapy With Spironolactone to Reduce Diffuse Myocardial Fibrosis Thus Preventing Recurrent Episodes of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Paroxysm [NCT02764619]Phase 3125 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Active, not recruiting
The Effect of Amiloride and Spironolactone Measured on Cardiovascular and Kidney Related Variables in Healthy Subjects in a Double-blinded, Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Cross-over Study [NCT00857909]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs [NCT04278404]5,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2020-03-05Recruiting
Aldosterone Lethal Effects Blocked in AMI Treated With or Without Reperfusion to Improve Outcome and Survival at Six Months Follow-up: THE ALBATROSS TRIAL [NCT01059136]Phase 31,603 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
Randomized Trial of Spironolactone Versus Amiloride as an Add on Agent in Resistant Hypertension [NCT00709137]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Withdrawn(stopped due to lack of enrollment)
Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease [NCT00865124]69 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
Quadruple Immunotherapy for Paediatric Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma [NCT05754684]Phase 229 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-01Recruiting
Body Volume Regulation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension With Right Ventricular Failure [NCT00811486]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Only 1 patient recruited, and he withdrew)
Phase 4 Study on the Comparison Between Combined Versus Sequential Diuretic Treatment of Moderate Ascites in Nonazotemic Patients With Cirrhosis [NCT00741663]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Spironolactone Initiation Registry Randomized Interventional Trial in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction, SPIRRIT-HFPEF [NCT02901184]Phase 32,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-11-23Recruiting
Metabolic Effects of Multiple Therapies in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Women [NCT00842140]75 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
Determining the Effect of Spironolactone on Electrolyte Supplementation in Preterm Infants With Chronic Lung Disease [NCT01721655]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-10-31Recruiting
Postoperative Cardiovascular Index Change of Primary Aldosteronism [NCT00746070]300 participants (Actual)Observational2007-01-31Enrolling by invitation
A Multicenter, Open-Label, Single-Arm Study to Evaluate a Titration Regimen for Patiromer in Heart Failure Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT01130597]Phase 263 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Effect of Aldosterone on Energy Starvation in Heart Failure [NCT00574119]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Vascular Effects of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism in Kidney Disease [NCT02497300]Phase 221 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-31Completed
Role of Renin Angiotensin Blockade in Peritoneal Fibrosis in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients [NCT00865449]Phase 320 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Benefit of Treatment With Losartan and Spironolactone on the Regulation of the Renin-angiotensin System in the Prognosis of Patients Infected With COVID-19 and Suffering From Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [NCT04643691]Phase 290 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-11Recruiting
Does Spironolactone Normalize Sleep-wake Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Pulse Frequency in Pubertal Girls With Hyperandrogenism? (CBS010) [NCT04723862]Early Phase 132 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-12Recruiting
Does Treatment of Androgen Excess Using Spironolactone Improve Ovulatory Rates in Girls With Androgen Excess? [NCT04075149]Early Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-12-18Recruiting
Effect of Spironolactone on Adrenal or Ovarian Androgen Production in Overweight Pubertal Girls With Androgen Excess (CBS006) [NCT01422759]20 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-12-09Recruiting
A Phase I/II Study of Lintuzumab-Ac225 in Older Patients With Untreated Acute Myeloid Leukemia [NCT02575963]Phase 1/Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Interest of Topical Spironolactone's Administration to Prevent Corticoid-induced Epidermal Atrophy [NCT01407471]Phase 226 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Impact of a Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist on Chronic Histological Changes in Renal Allograft [NCT01510795]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-01-31Enrolling by invitation
Spironolactone in the Treatment of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Prospective, Open-Label Proof-of-Concept and Dose-Ranging Study [NCT04100083]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-21Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funding)
Aliskiren and Renin Inhibition in Diastolic Heart Failure in Mexican Americans [NCT00773084]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Difficulty in recruiting patients and then the PI left the institution)
Proteomic Prediction and Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Inhibition Prevention Of Early Diabetic nephRopathy In TYpe 2 Diabetic Patients With Normoalbuminuria [NCT02040441]Phase 2/Phase 31,777 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
A Randomised Placebo Controlled Trial. The Effect of Spironolactone on Pain in Older People With Osteoarthritis [NCT02046668]Phase 486 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Effect of Aldosterone Antagonism in the Reduction of Albuminuria and Diastolic Disfunction of Patients With Diabetic Nephropathy. [NCT00870402]Phase 4160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-03-31Recruiting
Renal Effects of Levosimendan in Patients Admitted With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure [NCT00527059]Phase 421 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-10-31Not yet recruiting
Influence of Adding Aldosterone Receptor Blocker to Dual Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockade on Proteinuria [NCT00528385]0 participants Interventional2005-03-31Completed
Efficacy of Therapy With the Anti-androgen Spironolactone Compared to Topical Minoxidil in Female Pattern Hair Loss [NCT00175617]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-09-30Completed
Impact of Spironolactone on Endothelial Function in Patients With Single Ventricle Heart [NCT00211081]12 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-11-30Completed
Hypoglycemia and Autonomic Nervous System Function [NCT03429946]Phase 428 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-17Active, not recruiting
RAAS, Inflammation, and Post-operative AF [NCT00141778]Phase 2/Phase 3455 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Novel Treatment for Diastolic Heart Failure in Women [NCT00206232]Phase 448 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Completed
Impacts of Aldosterone Blockade on Myocardial Remodeling in Hypertensive Patients With Diastolic Failing Heart [NCT01944384]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
The Effect of Sodium-Restricted Diet and Diuretic in the Severe Sleep Apnea: a Randomized Controlled Trial - DESALT Study [NCT01945801]Phase 454 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism Clinical Evaluation in Atherosclerosis Trial [NCT02169089]Phase 479 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
Sympathetic Renal Denervation Versus Increment of Pharmacological Treatment in Resistant Arterial Hypertension [NCT02039492]38 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-Center Comparative Effectiveness Study of Spironolactone Versus Doxycycline Hyclate for the Treatment of Acne in Women [NCT04582383]Phase 4400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-03-30Recruiting
Spironolactone in Alcohol Use Disorder (SAUD): A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Ascending Dose, Phase 1b Study [NCT05807139]Phase 120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-03Recruiting
Diuretic and Natriuretic Effect of High-dose Spironolactone in Patients With Acute Heart Failure [NCT04618601]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-10-20Active, not recruiting
Evaluation of Spironolactone Efficacy in Patient With Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) [NCT05092984]Phase 3154 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-06-22Recruiting
The Effects of Spironolactone on Calcineurin Inhibitor Induced Nephrotoxicity [NCT01602861]Phase 4188 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-02-28Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label, Dose Ranging Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Patiromer in the Treatment of Hyperkalemia in Patients With Hypertension and Diabetic Nephropathy Receiving Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI) and [NCT01371747]Phase 2324 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
Aldosterone and the Metabolic Syndrome: Renin Inhibition Versus Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) Antagonism [NCT01103245]Phase 169 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
Mineralocorticoid Antagonism to Stop Progression of Atrial Fibrillation (MONITOR-AF) Study [NCT04327232]Phase 2184 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-05-23Recruiting
Use of Spironolactone to Treat Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation- A Multi-Center, Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double Blind Study [NCT00689598]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-03-31Recruiting
Improved Exercise Tolerance in Participants With PReserved Ejection Fraction by Spironolactone on Myocardial Fibrosis in Atrial Fibrillation [NCT02673463]Phase 4250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-01-31Active, not recruiting
Spironolactone to Prevent or Delay Calcineurin Inhibitor (CNI) Toxicity in Liver Transplant Recipients [NCT02883400]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-31Completed
Evaluation of a Primary Treatment Algorithm Using Combination Therapy for the Management of Patients With Hypertension and Hypercholesterolemia [NCT00637078]Phase 41,000 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Effects of Spironolactone on Insulin Resistance in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure [NCT00664222]Phase 416 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
Resistant Hypertension On Treatment - Sequential Nephron Blockade Compared to Dual Blockade of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Plus Bisoprolol in the Treatment of Resistant Arterial Hypertension: A Randomized Trial (ResHypOT) [NCT02832973]Phase 472 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Effects of Treatment With Cyproterone Compound-spironolactone, Metformin and Pioglitazone on Serum Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [NCT02689843]Early Phase 190 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-01Completed
Effect of Amiloride and Spironolactone on Renophysiological and Cardiovascular Variables in Patients With Essential Hypertension in a Doublle-blinded Randomised Placebo-controlled, Cross-over Study. [NCT01388088]Phase 423 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-09-30Completed
Double Blind Crossover Comparison od Diuretics in Young Patients With Low Renin Hypertension [NCT00429897]30 participants Interventional2006-08-31Recruiting
A Randomised, Placebo Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of the Addition of Spironolactone to Modern Antihypertensive Treatment Regimens in Patients With Resistant Hypertension [NCT00430794]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Difficulties with recruitment.)
Spironolactone to Decrease Potassium Wasting in Hypercalciuric Patients Treated With Thiazide Diuretics [NCT00276289]10 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-01-31Completed
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of L-arginine and Spironolactone in Dialysis-dependant End Stage Renal Disease [NCT01855334]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to change of funding leading to major redesign)
The Association Between Exposure to Spironolactone or Amiloride and Fracture Risk Among Subjects Treated With Thiazolidinediones [NCT01055223]98,483 participants (Actual)Observational2009-05-31Completed
Spironolactone for Reducing Proteinuria in Diabetic Nephropathy [NCT00498537]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-01-31Completed
Addition of Spironolactone in Patients With Resistant Arterial Hypertension [NCT00524615]Phase 4160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-09-30Recruiting
Pharmacokinetics of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care [NCT01431326]3,520 participants (Actual)Observational2011-11-30Completed
Effects of Spironolactone on Fibrosis Progression and Portal Pressure in Patients With Advanced Chronic Liver Disease [NCT02907749]Phase 496 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-01Completed
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism Clinical Evaluation in Atherosclerosis Add-On [NCT03597035]Phase 48 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-17Terminated(stopped due to The study could not enroll patients owing to the inclusion exclusion criteria)
Subjects With Severe Heart Failure and End-Stage Renal Disease on Hemodialysis: A Pilot Study to Assess Safety and Tolerability of Spironolactone [NCT00328809]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to personnel shortage)
ALdosterone Antagonist Chronic HEModialysis Interventional Survival Trial (ALCHEMIST), Phase III b [NCT01848639]Phase 3823 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
Protective Mechanisms of Aldosterone Antagonists and Their Effects on Cardiovascular Damage in Chronic Renal Failure: Clinical and Experimental Studies [NCT00277693]Phase 40 participants InterventionalRecruiting
A Single-Center, Prospective Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel- Group Pilot Study of the Effects and Safety of Topical Spironolactone Ophthalmic Solution, 0.005 mg/cc in Subjects With Dry Eye [NCT05995392]Early Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-31Not yet recruiting
A Comprehensive Research of Pediatric Heart Failure--A Prospective Cohort Study of Drug Therapy for Pediatric Heart Failure [NCT06039540]200 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2022-01-01Recruiting
Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes During Spironolactone Therapy [NCT00335413]Phase 417 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-06-30Completed
Spironolactone In The Treatment of Heart Failure- A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Interventional Phase III Study to Determine Efficacy and Safety of Spironolactone on the Composite Endpoint of Recurrent Heart Failure Hospita [NCT04727073]Phase 31,300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-11-01Recruiting
Clinical and Therapeutic Implications of Fibrosis in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [NCT00879060]Phase 453 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
Study to Evaluate if Androgen-receptor Blockade (Spironolactone) Improves Progesterone-suppression of Wake Luteinizing Hormone Pulse Frequency in Pubertal Girls With Hyperandrogenism [NCT03068910]Early Phase 132 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-07-21Recruiting
Evaluating the Effect of Spironolactone on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy-- a Multicenter Randomized Control Trial [NCT02948998]Phase 4260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-05-14Not yet recruiting
Hemodynamic Effects of Chronic Administration of Spironolactone, Propranolol and Their Association in Alcoholic Cirrhotic Patients [NCT00188045]Phase 454 participants Interventional1995-04-30Terminated
A Prospective, Randomized, Three-period Crossover, Interaction Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Doravirine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Co-administered With Cross-sex Hormonal Therapy in Adult HIV-negative Transgender Women [NCT04283656]Phase 17 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-02-14Completed
Aldosterone-blockade Randomized Controlled Trial In CHF - Diastolic [NCT00523757]Phase 38 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
Spironolactone Safety in African Americans With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early Alzheimer's Disease [NCT04522739]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-06Recruiting
Metformin Versus Metfotmin Plus Low-dose Spironolactone in the Treatment of Overweight/Obese Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Randomized Study [NCT01526616]56 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Completed
Evaluation de la Spironolactone Dans le Traitement Des choriorétinites séreuses Centrales Non résolutives à Trois Mois [NCT01552044]Phase 1/Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study on the Effect of Spironolactone, in Patients With Persistent Proteinuria on Long-Term Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Therapy, With or With Out an Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker [NCT00106561]Phase 2/Phase 360 participants Interventional2002-01-31Completed
Spironolactone and Testolactone Treatment of Boys With Familial Isosexual Precocious Puberty [NCT00001202]Phase 280 participants Interventional1985-01-31Completed
Effectiveness and Safety of Different Estradiol Replacement Therapies in Transgender Female [NCT05010707]Phase 2100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-02Recruiting
Safety and Efficacy of Larger Dose of Spironolactone for the Treatment of Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy [NCT00125437]200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Poor compliance with the therapy and lot of patients were lost to follow up.)
Functional Mitral Regurgitation in STICH [NCT00224809]250 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2002-09-30Completed
Withdrawal of Spironolactone Treatment for Heart Failure With Improved Left Ventricular Ejection Fractraction: an Open-label Randomized Controlled Pilot Study (With-HF Trial) [NCT04367051]62 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-08-13Completed
A Phase II, Randomised, Multi-centric, Multi-national Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of a Fixed Dose Combination of Spironolactone, Pioglitazone & Metformin (SPIOMET) for Adolescent Girls and Young Adult Women (AYAs) Wit [NCT05394142]Phase 2364 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-05-24Recruiting
Therapeutic Potential for Aldosterone Inhibition in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy [NCT02354352]Phase 352 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-20Completed
Official Title: Spironolactone Combined With Captopril and Carvedilol for the Treatment of Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated With Congenital Heart Disease-Focus on Pulmonary Artery Remodeling [NCT00240656]Phase 10 participants Interventional2005-10-31Completed
[NCT01687699]Phase 4157 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Is Spironolactone Safe and Effective in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in Mild Chronic Renal Failure? [NCT00291720]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-04-30Completed
Mineralocorticoid Receptor in the Treatment of Severe Depression: A Randomized, Double Blind, and Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT00295347]65 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-12-31Completed
A Randomised Study Examining the Effect of Different Diuretics on Fluid Balance in Diabetics Treated With Avandia [NCT00306696]Phase 4388 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-10-31Completed
A Randomized Prospective Pilot Study to Evaluate Efficacy of Aldosterone Antagonist Therapy for Prevention of New Atrial Fibrillation (AF) in Patients With Atrial Flutter (AFL), But no Previously Detected AF, Undergoing caVOtricuspID Isthmus Ablation [NCT03929718]Early Phase 150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-04-24Active, not recruiting
Effect of Betablocker or Aldosterone Antagonist Therapy on Oxygenation, Peripheral and Cardiac Hemodynamics and Humoral Systems [NCT00332904]Phase 422 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Active, not recruiting
A Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Study of Finerenone vs. Spironolactone in Hypertensive Patients With Primary Aldosteronism [NCT06164379]Phase 4150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-16Not yet recruiting
Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy of Off-Label Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder Among Patients With HIV: An Open-Label Pilot Study [NCT06004830]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-06Recruiting
Multicenter Study of Patients With Hypertension Resistant to Patient Identification and Standardization of Therapeutic [NCT01643434]Phase 42,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-08-31Recruiting
Two Way Crossover Oral Drug-drug Interaction Study of Spironolactone (Perpetrator) and Digoxin (Substrate Drug) in Healthy Adult Human Subjects Under Fasting Condition [NCT03909529]Phase 128 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-10Completed
Phase II Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Spironolactone in Hemodialysis Patients [NCT01691053]Phase 2118 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Changes in Central Aortic Pressure, Endothelial Function and Biomarkers in African Americans With Cardiometabolic Syndrome: Comparison of Amlodipine/Olmesartan Versus Hydrochlorothiazide/Losartan [NCT01271374]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-04-30Active, not recruiting
[NCT01817803]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Withdrawn
A Study of the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of LY3045697 After Multiple Oral Dosing in Healthy Subjects [NCT01821703]Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Use of Spironolactone for the Prevention of Electrolyte Abnormalities in Patients Treated With Amphotericin B [NCT01843309]Phase 436 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Not possible to complete the sample within the estimated time by the use of new antifungals)
Acute Imposition of Fontan Physiology in The Single Ventricle Patient: Effects on Fibrosis, Function and Drug Intervention [NCT04901975]Phase 1/Phase 2120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-11Recruiting
A Prospective Controlled Study for the Treatment Effect of Different Intervention Strategies for Pediatric Mitral Regurgitation--A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Innovative Drug Therapy in Improving Left Ventricular Function After Mitral Repair [NCT06039592]164 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2022-04-01Recruiting
A Prospective Controlled Study for the Treatment Effect of Different Intervention Strategies for Pediatric Mitral Regurgitation--A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study of Innovative Drug Therapy for Pediatric Mitral Regurgitation [NCT06037434]122 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2022-04-01Recruiting
Effects of Spironolactone on Collagen Metabolism in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [NCT01468571]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-07-31Recruiting
Safety and Cardiovascular Efficacy of Spironolactone in Dialysis-Dependent End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) (SPin-D) Trial [NCT02285920]Phase 2129 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
The Combination Ambrisentan Plus Spironolactone in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Study (The CAPS-PAH Study) [NCT02253394]Phase 42 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Terminated(stopped due to Low enrollment)
AuTophagy Activation for Cardiomyopathy Due to Anthracycline tReatment (ATACAR) Trial [NCT04190433]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Administratively closed due to low/no accrual)
High-Dose Aldactone for Treatment of Diuretic Resistant Heart Failure [NCT02429388]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Principal Investigator left institution prior to subjects being enrolled)
Mineralocorticoid Antagonism and Endothelial Dysfunction in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney [NCT01853553]Phase 361 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-07-31Completed
Randomized Double-blind Study on the Benefit of Spironolactone for Treating Acne of Adult Woman. [NCT03334682]Phase 3158 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-31Completed
Aldosterone bloCkade for Health Improvement EValuation in End-stage Renal Disease [NCT03020303]Phase 32,750 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-07-07Recruiting
Spironolactone Therapy in Chronic Stable Right HF Trial [NCT03344159]Phase 415 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-01Completed
Neural Mechanisms of Thiazide-induced Insulin Resistance [NCT00353652]Phase 4166 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
Spironolactone in Diabetic Nephropathy [NCT00317954]Phase 448 participants Interventional2003-09-30Completed
The Impact of Fitness and Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade on Vascular Dysfunction in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT03174288]32 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-08-31Completed
Improving Outcomes in Diabetic Nephropathy [NCT00381134]Phase 292 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2003-07-31Completed
A Two-Part, Phase II Randomized Trial to Explore Topical Spironolactone to Prevent/Attenuate Rash From Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors (Panitumumab and Cetuximab) in Advanced Cancer Patients [NCT01867294]Phase 219 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
Pilot Study of Natriuretic Versus Standard Doses of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Heart Failure and Loop Diuretic Resistance in Outpatients [NCT02585843]Phase 2/Phase 320 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
Diamox/Aldactone to Increase the URinary Excretion of Sodium: an Investigational Study in Congestive Heart Failure [NCT01973335]Phase 434 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
[NCT00004311]Phase 20 participants Interventional1989-07-31Completed
Antiarrhythmic Effects of Spironolactone in Patients With ICDs [NCT04495712]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-28Completed
Glucose Metabolism in Subjects With Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas [NCT02362308]10 participants (Actual)Observational2015-01-31Completed
The Use of 5mg Finasteride Versus 200mg Spironolactone and Topical 5% Minoxidil in Treating Postmenopausal Female Androgenetic Alopecia [NCT02483195]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to PI indicating she was withdrawing her study submission due to lack of funding as of 6/20/2016)
SPironolactone Versus Amiloride for Treatment of REsistant Hypertension (SPARE Trial): A Comparison of Home Blood Pressure [NCT04331691]Phase 4118 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-11-16Recruiting
Effects and Safety of Sacubitril/Valsartan Versus Valsartan on Refractory Hypertension: The EOSORH Trial [NCT05545059]Phase 3138 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-09-24Recruiting
Prevalence and Treatment of Resistant Hypertension in Diabetic Patients in Yaounde [NCT02426099]Phase 417 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Optimum Treatment for Drug-Resistant Hypertension [NCT02369081]Phase 4348 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Active, not recruiting
Phase IV, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized-Withdrawal Trial Evaluating Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate (SZC) for the Management of Hyperkalaemia in Patients With Symptomatic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction and Receiving Spironolact [NCT04676646]Phase 4400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-08Recruiting
Spironolactone in Chronic Kidney Disease Enabled by Chlorthalidone: A Pilot Randomized Control Trial [NCT05222191]Phase 224 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-01Recruiting
Non-Responsive Diabetic Macular Edema in Patients With Pachychoroid and Choroidal Hyperpermeability. [NCT04853355]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-07-31Withdrawn(stopped due to lack of funding)
Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone, a New Type of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist, and Spironolactone in the Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism: a Single-Center, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study [NCT05814770]Phase 496 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-31Not yet recruiting
Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure [NCT00292162]41 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Spironolactone Versus Standard of Care Blood Pressure Treatment on the Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients With Resistant Hypertension [NCT01897727]41 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Heart Failure in Congenital Heart Disease: the Role of Myocardial Fibrosis. Treatment Sub-Study: Spironolactone vs. Placebo [NCT01069510]Phase 240 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Multi-center Study to Assess Safety and Tolerability of Different Oral Doses of BAY94-8862 in Subjects With Stable Chronic Heart Failure With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction and Mild (Part A) or Moderate (Part B) Chronic [NCT01345656]Phase 2457 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-09Completed
Effects of Adding Hypertonic Saline Solutions and/or Etilefrine to Standard Diuretics Therapy in Egyptian Cirrhotic Patients With Ascites [NCT04785755]Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-30Completed
A 2-week, Phase 1b, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- Controlled, Multi-Dose, Dose-Escalating Study With PF-03882845 And One Dose Of Spironolactone To Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics In Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes M [NCT01488877]Phase 16 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Terminated(stopped due to See termination reason in detailed description.)
Evaluation of Cortisol Resistance in Young Sedentary and Endurance-trained Men and Elderly Sedentary Men [NCT01294319]Phase 251 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-24Completed
A Phase 1, Open-label, Randomized, Crossover Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of CLP With and Without Spironolactone in Adults With Heart Failure [NCT01598740]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
European Alport Therapy Registry - European Initiative Towards Delaying Renal Failure in Alport Syndrome: Current and Novel Therapies [NCT02378805]500 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]1995-07-31Recruiting
Furosemide With Early Sequential Nephron Blockade Versus Furosemide Alone in Acute Heart Failure Patients With Furosemide-guided Diuretic Resistance: A Double-blinded, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study [NCT04465123]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-13Recruiting
The Effect of Spironolactone on Oxygenation in Covid-19 ARDS Patients [NCT04345887]60 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2020-05-05Completed
Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Obesity Induced Cardiovascular Complications [NCT01406015]38 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
Aldosterone Targeted Neurohormonal Combined With Natriuresis Therapy - HF (ATHENA-HF) [NCT02235077]Phase 2360 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-12-30Completed
Prospective Study Assessing Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular, Endothelial and Other Outcomes poSt-surgical and Medical Treatment in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism [NCT03174847]57 participants (Actual)Observational2017-02-20Completed
The Effect of Spironolactone on Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography [NCT03329443]Phase 2490 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-09-01Completed
Exploring Mechanisms and Morphology of QT Interval Prolongation - An Inheritable as Well as an Inducible Phenomenon [NCT03291145]28 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-27Completed
A Randomized Cross-over Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Diuretics for Symptomatic Malignant Ascites Episodes in Advanced Palliative Stage of Cancer [NCT02501213]Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-30Terminated(stopped due to Lack of enrollment)
Usefulness of Spironolactone for the Prevention of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients With Invasive Mechanical Ventilation [NCT03206658]Phase 390 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-08-01Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Selective Adrenal Artery Embolism on Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism Based on Brachial Artery Flow-mediated Relaxation [NCT05561361]200 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-10-01Recruiting
Biomarker Guided Therapies in Stage A/B Heart Failure [NCT02230891]Phase 258 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-01Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded, Parallel, Phase 2a Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of LY2623091 in Patients With Primary Hypertension [NCT02194465]Phase 2304 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-31Completed
Tissue Sodium in Pre-hypertensive Patients [NCT02236520]Phase 271 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Aborted Cardiac Arrest
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]All-cause Mortality
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Cardiovascular Mortality
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Cardiovascular-related Hospitalization
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Chloride
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]New Onset Diabetes Mellitus, Among Subjects Without a History of Diabetes Mellitus at Baseline.
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Composite Outcome of Cardiovascular Mortality or Cardiovascular-related Hospitalization (i.e., Hospitalization for Myocardial Infarction(MI), Stroke, or the Management of Heart Failure), Whichever Occurred First
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Composite Outcome of Cardiovascular Mortality, Aborted Cardiac Arrest, or Hospitalization for the Management of Heart Failure, Whichever Occurred First
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Composite Outcome of Sudden Death or Aborted Cardiac Arrest, Whichever Occurred First
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Depression Symptoms, as Measured by Patient Health Questionnaire.
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Deterioration of Renal Function
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Hospitalization for the Management of Heart Failure
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Development of Atrial Fibrillation, Among Subjects Without a History of Atrial Fibrillation at Baseline.
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Hospitalization for Any Reason
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Total Hospitalizations (Including Repeat Hospitalizations) for the Management of Heart Failure
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Stroke
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Sodium
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Serum Creatinine
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Quality of Life, as Measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire.
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Quality of Life, as Measured by the EuroQOL Visual Analog Scale.
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Quality of Life, as Measured by McMaster Overall Treatment Evaluation Questionnaire.
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Potassium
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Composite Outcome of Sudden Death, Aborted Cardiac Arrest, or Hospitalization for the Management of Ventricular Tachycardia, Whichever Occurred First
NCT00094302 (25) [back to overview]Myocardial Infarction
NCT00123955 (4) [back to overview]Quality of Life Measured by the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire-total Score
NCT00123955 (4) [back to overview]Left Ventricular Diastolic Stiffness
NCT00123955 (4) [back to overview]Exercise Intolerance
NCT00123955 (4) [back to overview]Concentric Left Ventricular Remodeling
NCT00141778 (11) [back to overview]Length of Hospital Stay (Days)
NCT00141778 (11) [back to overview]Hypotension
NCT00141778 (11) [back to overview]Stroke
NCT00141778 (11) [back to overview]Hypokalemia
NCT00141778 (11) [back to overview]Death
NCT00141778 (11) [back to overview]Acute Renal Failure
NCT00141778 (11) [back to overview]Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation
NCT00141778 (11) [back to overview]Perioperative Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Concentrations
NCT00141778 (11) [back to overview]Perioperative Interleukin(IL)-6 Concentrations
NCT00141778 (11) [back to overview]Perioperative C-reactive Protein (CRP) Concentrations
NCT00141778 (11) [back to overview]Time to Tracheal Extubation
NCT00211081 (6) [back to overview]Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-a) Level
NCT00211081 (6) [back to overview]Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Level
NCT00211081 (6) [back to overview]C-Reactive Protein Level
NCT00211081 (6) [back to overview]Interleukin 1 Beta (IL1b) Level
NCT00211081 (6) [back to overview]Interleukin-10 (IL10) Level
NCT00211081 (6) [back to overview]Change in Flow Mediated Dilation
NCT00292162 (6) [back to overview]Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)at 6 Months
NCT00292162 (6) [back to overview]Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) at Baseline
NCT00292162 (6) [back to overview]Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) at 6 Months
NCT00292162 (6) [back to overview]Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
NCT00292162 (6) [back to overview]Change in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)%
NCT00292162 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
NCT00353652 (5) [back to overview]24-hour Ambulatory Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00353652 (5) [back to overview]Sympathetic Baroreflex Sensitivity
NCT00353652 (5) [back to overview]Sympathetic Nerve Activity
NCT00353652 (5) [back to overview]HOMA-IR
NCT00353652 (5) [back to overview]Insulin
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Changes in NT-proBNP Values Over Time in All Patients
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Composite Value of 3 Variables After 9 Months: Cardiovascular Death (Days Alive), Cardiovascular Hospitalization (Days Out of Hospital), Heart Failure Symptoms (Symptom Score Subset of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire - Questions 3,5,7,9)
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Discontinuations
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Number of CV Deaths
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Number of Days in Hospital for CV Reason
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Total Number of Titration Steps in Prescribed Heart Failure Treatment
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Changes in Health-related Quality of Life
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Changes in Heart Failure Symptoms
NCT00574119 (9) [back to overview]Left Ventricular Work-metabolic Index (WMI) at Baseline
NCT00574119 (9) [back to overview]Left Ventricular Work-metabolic Index (WMI) at 6 Months
NCT00574119 (9) [back to overview]Change in Myocardial Fibrosis (T1 Time) by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
NCT00574119 (9) [back to overview]6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at Baseline
NCT00574119 (9) [back to overview]6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at 6 Months
NCT00574119 (9) [back to overview]Myocardial Perfusion Reserve Index (MPRI) by Magnetic Resonance Imaging at Baseline
NCT00574119 (9) [back to overview]Myocardial Perfusion Index Reserve (MPRI) by Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 6 Months
NCT00574119 (9) [back to overview]Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire.at 6 Months
NCT00574119 (9) [back to overview]Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire,at Baseline
NCT00865124 (4) [back to overview]Change in Coronary Flow Reserve From Baseline to 6 Months
NCT00865124 (4) [back to overview]Change in Mitral Annulus Velocities on Tissue Doppler (Delta E/e' Ratio), a Measure of Diastolic Function
NCT00865124 (4) [back to overview]Change in Renal Plasma Flow
NCT00865124 (4) [back to overview]Mitral Annulus Velocities on Tissue Doppler (Delta E/e' Ratio), a Measure of Diastolic Function (With Angiotensin II)
NCT00879060 (8) [back to overview]Absolute Change in Serum Markers of Collagen Turnover (Micrograms/L) Over a One-year Follow-up Period in the Spironolactone Group Compared to Placebo.
NCT00879060 (8) [back to overview]Assessment of Cardiac Mass and Fibrosis by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) - Left Atrial Dimension (in mm)
NCT00879060 (8) [back to overview]Assessment of Cardiac Mass and Fibrosis by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) - Left Ventricular End-Diastolic (LVED) Cavity Size (in mm/m^2)
NCT00879060 (8) [back to overview]Assessment of Cardiac Mass and Fibrosis by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) - Maximum Left Ventricular Wall Thickness (in mm)
NCT00879060 (8) [back to overview]Measure of Indices of Diastolic Function by Tissue Doppler Echocardiography (Septal E/e')
NCT00879060 (8) [back to overview]Measure of Heart Failure Symptoms According to the New York Heart Association Functional Class
NCT00879060 (8) [back to overview]Measure of Functional Capacity: Peak Oxygen Consumption With Exercise
NCT00879060 (8) [back to overview]Assessment of Cardiac Mass and Fibrosis by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) - Percentage of Left Ventricular Mass (%LV)
NCT01055223 (6) [back to overview]Number of Fractures of the Hand, Foot, Upper Arm, and Wrist in Males and Females After 6 Months of Exposure to TZD
NCT01055223 (6) [back to overview]Number of Hip Fractures Combined in Males and Females After 12 Months of Exposure to TZD
NCT01055223 (6) [back to overview]Number of Low Impact Fractures in Males and Females After 12 Months of Exposure to TZD
NCT01055223 (6) [back to overview]Number of Low Impact Fractures in Males and Females After 6 Months of Exposure to TZD
NCT01055223 (6) [back to overview]Number of Fractures of the Hand, Foot, Upper Arm, and Wrist in Males and Females After 12 Months of Exposure to TZD
NCT01055223 (6) [back to overview]Number of Hip Fractures Combined in Males and Females After 6 Months of Exposure to TZD
NCT01062763 (3) [back to overview]Change of Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT01062763 (3) [back to overview]Change of of Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT01062763 (3) [back to overview]Adverse Effects
NCT01069510 (3) [back to overview]Procollagen 3 NT Peptide
NCT01069510 (3) [back to overview]Extracellular Volume Fraction
NCT01069510 (3) [back to overview]6-minute Walk Distance
NCT01103245 (8) [back to overview]Plasma Glucose
NCT01103245 (8) [back to overview]Plasma Insulin
NCT01103245 (8) [back to overview]Plasma Insulin
NCT01103245 (8) [back to overview]Plasma Insulin
NCT01103245 (8) [back to overview]Plasma Insulin
NCT01103245 (8) [back to overview]Plasma Glucose
NCT01103245 (8) [back to overview]Plasma Glucose
NCT01103245 (8) [back to overview]Plasma Glucose
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Potassium in the Range of 4.0 - 5.1 mEq/L at the End of Treatment
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Potassium in the Range of 4.0 - 5.1 mEq/L at Week 4
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Potassium in the Range of 4.0 - 5.1 mEq/L at Week 8
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients Whose Spironolactone Dose Was Increased Up to 50 mg/Day
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Change in Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (ACR) From Baseline to Week 4 Among Participants With ACR ≥ 30 mg/g at Baseline
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Mean Dose of Patiromer at End of Treatment
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Mean Patiromer Dose at Week 1
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Mean Number of Patiromer Titrations
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Serum Potassium to End of Treatment
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Mean Patiromer Dose at Week 4
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Mean Patiromer Dose at Week 8
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Median Time to First Patiromer Dose Titration
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Discontinuing Due to Hyperkalemia (Serum Potassium > 5.5 mEq/L)
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Requiring Patiromer Downtitration
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Requiring Patiromer Uptitration
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Potassium in the Range of 3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L at the End of Treatment
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Potassium in the Range of 3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L at Week 8
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Change in ACR From Baseline to Week 8 Among Participants With Urine ACR ≥ 30 mg/g at Baseline
NCT01130597 (19) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Serum Potassium in the Range of 3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L at Week 4
NCT01294319 (2) [back to overview]Proportion of Suppressors After Dexamethasone
NCT01294319 (2) [back to overview]Post-dexamethasone Cortisol Level
NCT01371747 (9) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants Achieving Serum Potassium Levels Within 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L at Week 8 for Each Individual Starting Dose Group
NCT01371747 (9) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants Achieving Serum Potassium Levels Within 4.0 to 5.0 mEq/L at Week 8 for Each Individual Starting Dose Group
NCT01371747 (9) [back to overview]Proportions of Participants Achieving Serum Potassium Levels Within 3.8 to 5.0 mEq/L at Week 52 for Each Individual Starting Dose Group
NCT01371747 (9) [back to overview]Time to First Serum Potassium Measurement of 4.0 - 5.0 mEq/L During Treatment Initiation Period for Each Individual Starting Dose Group
NCT01371747 (9) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Change in Serum Potassium From Baseline to Day 3 During the Treatment Initiation Period for Each Individual Starting Dose Group
NCT01371747 (9) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Change in Serum Potassium From Baseline to Week 4 or Time of First Titration for Each Individual Starting Dose Group
NCT01371747 (9) [back to overview]Least Squares Mean Change in Serum Potassium From Baseline to Week 8 or Time of First Titration for Each Individual Starting Dose Group
NCT01371747 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Serum Potassium From Baseline to Week 52 During the Long-term Maintenance Period for Each Individual Starting Dose Group
NCT01371747 (9) [back to overview]Mean Change in Serum Potassium From Week 52 or Last Patiromer Dose (if Occurred Before Week 52) to Follow-up Visits Plus 7 Days
NCT01406015 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Insulin Sensitivity Index (ISI)
NCT01406015 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)
NCT01406015 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Post-ischemic Dilatation
NCT01406015 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Para-aminohippurate (PAH) Clearance
NCT01488877 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Confirmed and Severe Hyperkalemia
NCT01488877 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Sitting Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure at Day 15
NCT01488877 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Sitting Pulse Rate at Day 15
NCT01488877 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Potassium at Day 15
NCT01488877 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Potassium at Day 8
NCT01598740 (2) [back to overview]Change in Fecal Weight
NCT01598740 (2) [back to overview]Change in Fecal Sodium Content
NCT01853553 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Flow Mediated Dilation at 6 Months.
NCT01853553 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Vascular Stiffness at 6 Months.
NCT01867294 (4) [back to overview]Number of Patients Reporting a Grade 2+ Adverse Event Attributed to Spironolactone (Study I)
NCT01867294 (4) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients in the Spironolactone Arm Who Complete the 4-week Study Intervention (Study I)
NCT01867294 (4) [back to overview]Incidence of Truncal/Extremity Rash of Any Grade in Patients in the Spironolactone Arm (Study I)
NCT01867294 (4) [back to overview]Efficacy of Spironolactone and Placebo Measured by the Use of the Brief Pictorial Rash Incidence Questionnaire (Study I)
NCT01897727 (1) [back to overview]Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
NCT01973335 (7) [back to overview]Peak Plasma Renin Activity After 72 h
NCT01973335 (7) [back to overview]Persistent Renal Impairment
NCT01973335 (7) [back to overview]Spironolactone Arm: Incidence of Hypo- (Serum Potassium <3.5 mmol/L) or Hyperkalemia (Serum Potassium >5.0 mmol/L)
NCT01973335 (7) [back to overview]NT-proBNP Change After 72 h
NCT01973335 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Worsening Renal Function
NCT01973335 (7) [back to overview]Acetazolamide Arm: Natriuresis 24 h
NCT01973335 (7) [back to overview]Peak Plasma Aldosterone Concentration After 72 h
NCT02169089 (4) [back to overview]Change in 24-hour Ambulatory Systolic Blood Pressure of Spironolactone vs. Placebo
NCT02169089 (4) [back to overview]Left Ventricular Mass Index of Spironolactone vs. Placebo.
NCT02169089 (4) [back to overview]Myocardial Fibrosis (Change in Native T1) Spironolactone vs. Placebo
NCT02169089 (4) [back to overview]Percent Change in Atheroma Volume (PAV) in the Thoracic Aorta of Spironolactone vs. Placebo
NCT02194465 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 4 Weeks in 24 Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM)
NCT02194465 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 4 Weeks in Seated Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
NCT02194465 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 4 Weeks in Seated Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
NCT02194465 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to 4 Weeks in Serum Potassium
NCT02194465 (5) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetics (PK): Maximum Concentration (Cmax) of LY2623091
NCT02230891 (4) [back to overview]Change in Cardiac Global Longitudinal Strain
NCT02230891 (4) [back to overview]Change in NTproBNP (Biomarker)
NCT02230891 (4) [back to overview]Change in Troponin T Measured Using a High Sensitivity Assay
NCT02230891 (4) [back to overview]Change in Pulse Wave Velocity
NCT02235077 (10) [back to overview]Presence of Outpatient Worsening Heart Failure Symptoms Through Day 30
NCT02235077 (10) [back to overview]Day 60 Mortality
NCT02235077 (10) [back to overview]Change in Loop Diuretics Requirements From Baseline to 30 Days
NCT02235077 (10) [back to overview]96 Hour Net Fluid Output
NCT02235077 (10) [back to overview]96 Hour Change in Serum Creatinine
NCT02235077 (10) [back to overview]96 Hour Change in NT-proBNP
NCT02235077 (10) [back to overview]96 Hour Change in Dyspnea Visual Analog Scale
NCT02235077 (10) [back to overview]96 Hour Change in Body Weight
NCT02235077 (10) [back to overview]96 Hour Change in Serum Potassium Levels
NCT02235077 (10) [back to overview]96 Hour Change in Clinical Congestion Score
NCT02236520 (1) [back to overview]Change in Tissue Sodium Concentration Measured Using Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NaMRI)
NCT02285920 (12) [back to overview]Efficacy - Change in Mitral Annular E' Velocity
NCT02285920 (12) [back to overview]Efficacy - Secondary Cardiac Outcome Measure - Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)
NCT02285920 (12) [back to overview]Efficacy - Secondary Cardiac Outcome Measures - Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain (LVGLS)
NCT02285920 (12) [back to overview]Efficacy - Secondary Cardiac Outcome Measures - Ratio of Mitral Peak Velocity to Diastolic Mitral Annular Velocity (E/E')
NCT02285920 (12) [back to overview]Efficacy - Secondary Cardiac Outcome Measures Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMI)
NCT02285920 (12) [back to overview]Safety - Cardiovascular Death
NCT02285920 (12) [back to overview]Safety - Combined Incidence of Potassium >6.5 mEq/L or Serious Hyperkalemia
NCT02285920 (12) [back to overview]Safety - Hyperkalemia Requiring Adjustment in Treatment
NCT02285920 (12) [back to overview]Safety - Number of Participants With Serious Hyperkalemia
NCT02285920 (12) [back to overview]Safety - Number of Participants With Serum Potassium >6.5 mEq/L
NCT02285920 (12) [back to overview]Safety - Participants With Serious Hypotension
NCT02285920 (12) [back to overview]Study Drug Tolerability
NCT02354352 (1) [back to overview]Left Ventricular Strain
NCT02497300 (5) [back to overview]Change in Albuminuria
NCT02497300 (5) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine (Baseline - Post-medication)
NCT02497300 (5) [back to overview]Change in Serum Potassium
NCT02497300 (5) [back to overview]Difference in 24 Hour Ambulatory Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02497300 (5) [back to overview]Change in Oxidative Stress as Measured by Urine Levels of F2-isoprostanes
NCT02585843 (5) [back to overview]Change in Score on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
NCT02585843 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Day 7 on the Seven-Level Likert Scale
NCT02585843 (5) [back to overview]Change in 6-minute Walk Test Distance (6MWT)
NCT02585843 (5) [back to overview]Change in Body Weight
NCT02585843 (5) [back to overview]Change in Estimated Jugular Venous Pressure (cmH2O)
NCT02883400 (1) [back to overview]Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
NCT03071263 (10) [back to overview]Participants With Central Serum Potassium <5.5 mEq/L Over Time
NCT03071263 (10) [back to overview]Participants Having Spironolactone Titrations Over Time
NCT03071263 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Additional New Antihypertensive Medications or Increases to Baseline Antihypertensive Medications
NCT03071263 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants by Spironolactone Dose Prescribed at Each Visit
NCT03071263 (10) [back to overview]Central Serum Potassium Change From Baseline to Week 12 by Baseline Serum Potassium Category
NCT03071263 (10) [back to overview]Number of Participants Remaining on Spironolactone at Week 12
NCT03071263 (10) [back to overview]Change in AOBP SBP From Baseline to Week 12 Regardless of Increase in Antihypertensives
NCT03071263 (10) [back to overview]Change in AOBP SBP From Baseline to Week 12 or Last Available AOBP SBP Prior to Addition of Any New BP Medications or Increase From Any Baseline BP Medications
NCT03071263 (10) [back to overview]Spironolactone Dose Level at End of 12 Weeks of Study Treatment
NCT03071263 (10) [back to overview]Shifts in Selected Laboratory Tests From Baseline to End of Treatment
NCT03777319 (3) [back to overview]Efficacy: Dynamometry Score
NCT03777319 (3) [back to overview]Safety Will be Monitored Through Regular Review of Electrolytes.
NCT03777319 (3) [back to overview]Efficacy: Change in Time to Complete a 100 Meter Timed Test.
NCT03909529 (5) [back to overview]Digoxin Plasma Data for AUC0-96
NCT03909529 (5) [back to overview]Digoxin Plasma Data for Tmax
NCT03909529 (5) [back to overview]Dogoxin Plasma Data for Cmax
NCT03909529 (5) [back to overview]Renal Clearance (CLR)/Percent Recovered
NCT03909529 (5) [back to overview]Unchanged Drug Excreted in Urine (fe)/ Amount Recovered
NCT03981861 (5) [back to overview]Free Testosterone
NCT03981861 (5) [back to overview]Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS)
NCT03981861 (5) [back to overview]Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT03981861 (5) [back to overview]Total Testosterone
NCT03981861 (5) [back to overview]Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Patients Whose Interventions Were Stopped Because Clinical Improvement Was Achieved Before 96 Hours as Assessed by de Clinical Judgement of the Medical Team in Charge.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Patients That Achieved >30% Reduction in Brain Natriuretic Compared With Baseline Levels
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Renal Function Recovery Defined as a Return to Individual Baseline Serum Creatinine Values
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Days From the Beginning of the Intervention Until Patients Referred Dyspnea Improvement or a Reduction in Supplementary Oxygen Requirements Was Made.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Mortality During Follow up Defined as Number of Dead Patients After Discharge
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]In Hospital Mortality Defined as Number of Dead Patients From Day One of Intervention and Before Discharge
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Urea Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Urea Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Sodium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Sodium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Potassium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Potassium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]An Elevation of at Least 0.3 mg/dl of Serum Creatinine From Day One of Intervention Compared With Serum Creatinine at 96hrs After Intervention Started
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum pH Value Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum pH Value Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Magnesium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Magnesium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Creatinine at Day One of Intervention From Serum Creatinine at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Copeptin Levels at Day One of Intervention From Serum Copeptin Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Chloride Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Chloride Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Calcium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Calcium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels at Baseline From Serum Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels at 96 Hours After Intervention Started
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Bicarbonate Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Bicarbonate Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in 24 Hour Urine Output at 96 Hours After Intervention Started From 24 Hour Urine Output One Day Before Intervention Initiation)
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Patients That Required Renal Replacement Therapy of Any Type During Intervention (4 Days).
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Dyspnea Improvement as Referred by the Patient or Reduction in Supplementary Oxygen Requirements Before Day 3 of Intervention
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Dyspnea Improvement as Referred by the Patient or Reduction in Supplementary Oxygen Requirements at 96 Hours After Intervention Started
NCT04393493 (24) [back to overview]Change in Serum Lactate Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Lactate Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.
NCT04495712 (6) [back to overview]Ventricular Refractoriness
NCT04495712 (6) [back to overview]Time to First Appropriate Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Therapy
NCT04495712 (6) [back to overview]Short Form Health Survey Adapted for Veterans (SF36V)
NCT04495712 (6) [back to overview]Patient Concerns Assessment (PCA)
NCT04495712 (6) [back to overview]Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ)
NCT04495712 (6) [back to overview]All Cause Hospitalization

Aborted Cardiac Arrest

First incidence of aborted cardiac arrest (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo0.09
Spironolactone0.05

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All-cause Mortality

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo4.6
Spironolactone4.2

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Cardiovascular Mortality

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo3.1
Spironolactone2.8

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Chloride

Average post-baseline Chloride, taking into consideration baseline Chloride, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionmEq/L (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo102.33
Spironolactone102.26

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New Onset Diabetes Mellitus, Among Subjects Without a History of Diabetes Mellitus at Baseline.

First incidence of new onset diabetes mellitus among subjects without a history of diabetes mellitus at baseline. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo0.7
Spironolactone0.7

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Composite Outcome of Cardiovascular Mortality, Aborted Cardiac Arrest, or Hospitalization for the Management of Heart Failure, Whichever Occurred First

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo6.6
Spironolactone5.9

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Composite Outcome of Sudden Death or Aborted Cardiac Arrest, Whichever Occurred First

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo1.1
Spironolactone1.0

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Depression Symptoms, as Measured by Patient Health Questionnaire.

"Average post-baseline depression, taking into consideration baseline depression, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual.~The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a 10-item, self-administered instrument for screening, diagnosing, monitoring and measuring the severity of depression. Scores can range from 0-27, in which lower scores reflect better mental health status. The PH-Q was administered at the following study visits: baseline, month 12 and annually thereafter. Valid translations of this questionnaire were only available for subjects enrolled in the United States and Canada." (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo5.6
Spironolactone5.1

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Deterioration of Renal Function

First incidence of a deterioration of renal function. The TOPCAT protocol defines deterioration of renal function as occurring if a subject has a serum creatinine value which is at least double the baseline value for that subject, and is also above the upper limit of normal (assumed to be 1.0 mg/dL for females and 1.2 mg/dL for males.) (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo2.2
Spironolactone3.2

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Hospitalization for the Management of Heart Failure

First incidence of a hospitalization for the management of heart failure (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo4.6
Spironolactone3.8

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Development of Atrial Fibrillation, Among Subjects Without a History of Atrial Fibrillation at Baseline.

First incidence of atrial fibrillation among subjects without a history of atrial fibrillation at baseline (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo1.4
Spironolactone1.4

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Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Average post-baseline GFR, taking into consideration baseline GFR, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionmL/min/1.73m2 (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo67.50
Spironolactone65.20

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Hospitalization for Any Reason

First incidence of a hospitalization for any reason (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo20.0
Spironolactone18.8

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Total Hospitalizations (Including Repeat Hospitalizations) for the Management of Heart Failure

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo8.3
Spironolactone6.8

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Stroke

First incidence of stroke (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo1.1
Spironolactone1.0

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Sodium

Average post-baseline Sodium, taking into consideration baseline Sodium, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionmEq/L (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo140.95
Spironolactone140.33

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Serum Creatinine

Average post-baseline serum creatinine, taking into consideration baseline serum creatinine, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Interventionmg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo1.11
Spironolactone1.17

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Quality of Life, as Measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire.

"Average post-baseline quality of life, taking into consideration baseline quality of life, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual.~The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) is a 23-item, self-administered instrument that quantifies physical function, symptoms (frequency, severity and recent change), social function, self-efficacy and knowledge, and quality of life. Scores are transformed to a range of 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. The KCCQ was administered at the following study visits: baseline, month 4, month 12 and annually thereafter." (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo63.1
Spironolactone64.4

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Quality of Life, as Measured by the EuroQOL Visual Analog Scale.

"Average post-baseline quality of life, taking into consideration baseline quality of life, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual.~The EuroQOL visual analog scale (EQ5D) is a single-item, self-administered instrument that quantifies current health status. Scores can range from 0-100, in which higher scores reflect better health status. The EQ5D was administered at the following study visits: baseline, month 4, month 12 and annually thereafter." (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo65.9
Spironolactone66.4

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Quality of Life, as Measured by McMaster Overall Treatment Evaluation Questionnaire.

"Average post-baseline quality of life, taking into consideration baseline quality of life and treatment group.~The McMaster Overall Treatment Evaluation questionnaire is a self-administered 3-item instrument that measures a patient's perception of change in their health-related quality of life since the start of therapy. The questionnaire consists of a single question - Since treatment started, has there been any change in your activity limitation, symptoms and/or feelings related to your heart condition? Scores can range from -7 to +7, and higher scores reflect better health status. The questionnaire was administered at the following study visits: month 4 and month 12. Valid translations of this questionnaire were only available for subjects enrolled in the United States, Canada and Argentina." (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo1.2
Spironolactone1.2

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Potassium

Average post-baseline Potassium, taking into consideration baseline Potassium, treatment group, the time between the post-baseline measures, and the correlation between repeated measures within an individual. (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionmEq/L (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo4.32
Spironolactone4.49

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Composite Outcome of Sudden Death, Aborted Cardiac Arrest, or Hospitalization for the Management of Ventricular Tachycardia, Whichever Occurred First

(NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo1.1
Spironolactone1.0

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Myocardial Infarction

First incidence of myocardial infarction (NCT00094302)
Timeframe: Randomization through each subject's last semi-annual visit, up to a maximum of 6 years per subject.

InterventionEvents per 100 person-years (Number)
Placebo1.1
Spironolactone1.2

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Quality of Life Measured by the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire-total Score

"The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHF) is a self-administered disease-specific questionnaire for patients with Heart Failure, comprising 21 items rated on six-point Likert scales, representing different degrees of impact of HF on HRQoL, from 0 (none) to 5 (very much). It provides a total score (range 0-105, from best to worst HRQoL), as well as scores for two dimensions, physical (8 items, range 0-40) and emotional (5 items, range 0-25). The other eight items (of the total of 21) are only considered for the calculation of the total score.~Scale of 0-105:The higher the score the worse the heart failure related Quality of Life." (NCT00123955)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 and 9 months

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline4 monthsFinal- 9 months
Placebo282925
Spironolactone322929

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Left Ventricular Diastolic Stiffness

"Echocardiography Doppler measurement of left ventricular diastolic function:~Early mitral annulus velocity (lateral) (Ea; cm/s)" (NCT00123955)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 month and 9 month

,
Interventioncm/s (Mean)
baseline4 month9 month
Placebo6.86.86.6
Spironolactone7.07.07.4

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Exercise Intolerance

Peak exercise VO2 (NCT00123955)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 and 9 months

,
Interventionml/kg/min (Mean)
Baseline4 months9 months
Placebo13.313.513.9
Spironolactone13.513.613.8

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Concentric Left Ventricular Remodeling

"Left ventricle measurements by MRI:~Mass/end diastolic volume ratio: g/ml" (NCT00123955)
Timeframe: Baseline, 9 month

,
Interventiong/ml (Mean)
baseline9 month
Placebo1.71.6
Spironolactone1.81.7

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Length of Hospital Stay (Days)

(NCT00141778)
Timeframe: Measured from the day of surgery until the time of hospital discharge

Interventiondays (Mean)
Placebo6.8
Ramipril5.7
Spironolactone5.8

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Hypotension

Percentage of patients with hypotension defined as a systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg and/or prolonged requirement for vasopressor use. (NCT00141778)
Timeframe: Measured during and after surgery, until discharge, from 5.7 to 6.8 days on average.

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo5.4
Ramipril10.6
Spironolactone10.2

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Stroke

Percentage of patients in each study group who experience a cerebrovascular event, confirmed by CT. (NCT00141778)
Timeframe: Measured until the time of hospital discharge, from 5.7 to 6.8 days on average depending on the study arm.

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo2.7
Ramipril1.3
Spironolactone2.0

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Hypokalemia

Percentage of patients who had a serum potassium concentrations <3.5 milliequivalents (mEq)/L (NCT00141778)
Timeframe: Measured until the time of hospital discharge, which was an average of 5.7 to 6.8 days depending on the treatment arm.

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo11.6
Ramipril13.8
Spironolactone6.8

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Death

The percentage of patients in each study arm who died. (NCT00141778)
Timeframe: Measured until the time of hospital discharge

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo1.4
Ramipril2.0
Spironolactone0

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Acute Renal Failure

Percentage of patients with a creatinine concentrations >2.5mg/dl (NCT00141778)
Timeframe: Measured until the time of hospital discharge, from 5.7 to 6.8 days on average, depending on the study group.

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo5.4
Ramipril0.7
Spironolactone0.7

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Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation

The primary endpoint of the study was the percentage of patients with electrocardiographically confirmed AF of at least 10 secs duration at any time following the end of surgery until hospital discharge, an average from 5.7 days in the ramipril group to 6.8 days in the placebo group. Patients were monitored continuously on telemetry throughout the postoperative period until discharge. Electrocardiograms were obtained for any rhythm changes detected on telemetry monitoring, and in addition, electrocardiograms were performed preoperatively, at admission to the intensive care unit, and daily starting on postoperative day 1. All electrocardiograms and rhythm strips were reviewed in a blinded fashion by a single cardiac electrophysiologist. (NCT00141778)
Timeframe: Measured from admission to the ICU until discharge from hospital

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Placebo27.2
Ramipril27.8
Spironolactone25.9

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Perioperative Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Concentrations

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was measured at several time points (see table) over the course of the study. (NCT00141778)
Timeframe: Perioperative period

,,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Initiation of surgery30min intraop60min intraopPostopPostoperative day 1Postoperative day 2
Placebo19.619.221.036.455.228.1
Ramipril16.219.722.038.947.925.7
Spironolactone17.317.320.134.048.931.0

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Perioperative Interleukin(IL)-6 Concentrations

Interleukin-6 was measured at several time points (see time points in table) over the course of the study (NCT00141778)
Timeframe: Perioperative period

,,
Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Initiation of surgery30min intraop60min intraopPostopPostoperative day 1Postoperative day 2
Placebo4.712.015.6130.0119.0100.3
Ramipril4.620.528.8202.1171.095.5
Spironolactone6.611.317.4145.7164.9109.6

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Perioperative C-reactive Protein (CRP) Concentrations

C-reactive protein was measured at several time points (see table) over the course of the study. (NCT00141778)
Timeframe: Perioperative period

,,
Interventionug/mL (Mean)
Initiation of surgeryPostoperative day 1Postoperative day 2Postoperative day 3Postoperative day 4
Placebo4.151.4134.8128.394.1
Ramipril4.349.9131.0164.8105.2
Spironolactone3.964.3127.8189.4126.5

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Time to Tracheal Extubation

It is the time in minutes that it took to extubate the patient after surgery. (NCT00141778)
Timeframe: It is the time (in minutes) from admission to the ICU until tracheal extubation

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Placebo1091.3
Ramipril970.1
Spironolactone576.4

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Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-a) Level

The normal result for TNF-a is <5.6 pg/mL. (NCT00211081)
Timeframe: Baseline, Post-Intervention (4 Weeks)

Interventionpg/mL (Median)
Baseline4 Week Follow Up
Spironolactone2.202.42

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Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Level

The normal result for IL-6 for Interleukin 6 is < 5pg/ml. (NCT00211081)
Timeframe: Baseline, Post-Intervention (4 Weeks)

Interventionpg/ml (Median)
Baseline4 Week Follow Up
Spironolactone1.961.54

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C-Reactive Protein Level

The normal reference range for C-reactive protein is as follows: CRP: 0-10mg/L (NCT00211081)
Timeframe: Baseline, Post-Intervention (4 Weeks)

Interventionmg/L (Median)
Baseline4 Week Follow Up
Spironolactone1.101.10

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Interleukin 1 Beta (IL1b) Level

The normal result for IL1b is <3.9 pg/mL. (NCT00211081)
Timeframe: Baseline, Post-Intervention (4 Weeks)

Interventionpg/mL (Median)
Baseline4 Week Follow Up
Spironolactone.38.23

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Interleukin-10 (IL10) Level

The normal result for IL-10 for Interleukin 10 is < 18pg/ml. (NCT00211081)
Timeframe: Baseline, Post-Intervention (4 Weeks)

Intervention18pg/ml (Median)
Baseline4 Week Follow Up
Spironolactone.26.13

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Change in Flow Mediated Dilation

Flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery will be measured using high-resolution ultrasound. Arterial diameter will be measured above the small cavity in the elbow joint from ultrasound images at rest in response to an increase in blood flow to the area. (NCT00211081)
Timeframe: Baseline, Post-Intervention (4 Weeks)

InterventionPercentage of brachial artery diameter (Mean)
Spironolactone5.5

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Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)at 6 Months

Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction as measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)at 6 months (NCT00292162)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of blood ejected in one beat (Mean)
Medical Therapy46
Radiofrequency Ablation41

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Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) at Baseline

Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) measured at basline (NCT00292162)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionpicograms per millilitre (Mean)
Medical Therapy1846
Radiofrequency Ablation2550

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Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) at 6 Months

Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) (NCT00292162)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpicograms per millilitre (Mean)
Medical Therapy1931
Radiofrequency Ablation2354

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Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

venous blood taken to assess levels of the above peptide. High evels of the peptide are associated with adverse prognosis. Blood levels are taken at baseline and 6 months. The change over 6 months is assessed, thereore it is possible to have a negative number if the level falls. (NCT00292162)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventionpicograms per millilitre (Mean)
Medical Therapy85
Radiofrequency Ablation-196

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Change in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)%

left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a measure of the % of blood ejected from the ventricle in one heart beat. It is a measure of cardiac function. We measured LVEF at baseline and at 6 months, to assess whether there had been a change in the patients cardiac function over time. (NCT00292162)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventionpercentage of blood ejected in one beat (Mean)
Medical Therapy2.8
Radiofrequency Ablation4.5

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Baseline Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Baseline Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)in % (NCT00292162)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionpercentage of blood ejected in one beat (Mean)
Medical Therapy43
Radiofrequency Ablation36

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24-hour Ambulatory Systolic Blood Pressure

(NCT00353652)
Timeframe: Measured at 3 months

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Study#1: Chlorthalidone (CTD), Titrated Dose127.4
Study #1: Spironolactone (SP), Titrated Dose128.6
Study# 2 Chlorthalidone (CTD), Fixed Dose123.5
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus SP Fixed Dose121.6
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus IR Fixed Dose119.8

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Sympathetic Baroreflex Sensitivity

slope relating percent change in SNA (% change in total activity from baseline) to diastolic BP. (NCT00353652)
Timeframe: 3 months

Intervention% change from baseline per mmHg (Mean)
Study#1: Chlorthalidone (CTD), Titrated Dose-9.1
Drug: Study #1: Spironolactone (SP), Titrated Dose-15.2
Study# 2 Chlorthalidone (CTD), Fixed Dose-12.9
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus SP Fixed Dose-11.3
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus IR Fixed Dose-12.0

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Sympathetic Nerve Activity

(NCT00353652)
Timeframe: Measured at 3 months

Interventionbursts/min (Mean)
Study#1: Chlorthalidone (CTD), Titrated Dose46
Study #1: Spironolactone (SP), Titrated Dose40
Study# 2 Chlorthalidone (CTD), Fixed Dose49
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus SP Fixed Dose42
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus IR Fixed Dose52

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HOMA-IR

assessment of insulin resistance calculated by multiplying fasting plasma insulin (mU/l) with fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) divided by 22.5. (NCT00353652)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionmU/l*mmol/l (Median)
Study#1: Chlorthalidone (CTD), Titrated Dose1.91
Study #1: Spironolactone (SP), Titrated Dose1.33
Study# 2 Chlorthalidone (CTD), Fixed Dose1.87
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus SP Fixed Dose0.85
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus IR Fixed Dose1.42

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Insulin

fasting plasma insulin (NCT00353652)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionmU/liter (Median)
Study#1: Chlorthalidone (CTD), Titrated Dose8.24
Study #1: Spironolactone (SP), Titrated Dose7.6
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d7.6
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus SP Fixed Dose4.87
Study# 2 CTD Fixed Dose 25 mg/d Plus IR Fixed Dose6.8

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Changes in NT-proBNP Values Over Time in All Patients

The 95% confidential interval (CI) is given as measure of dispersion (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months and baseline

Interventionng/L (Geometric Mean)
Guided by NT-proBNP2332.1
Not Guided by NT-proBNP2063

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Composite Value of 3 Variables After 9 Months: Cardiovascular Death (Days Alive), Cardiovascular Hospitalization (Days Out of Hospital), Heart Failure Symptoms (Symptom Score Subset of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire - Questions 3,5,7,9)

The non-parametric scale is constructed from 3 variables, modified after Cleland. Each patient receives a rank score from 1 to 246 (246-number of patients in the study). The lowest score receive patients who die (due to CV event), next patients still alive at end-of-study with the worst composite score, the best alive patients with 0 days in hospital and the largest improvement in the KCCQ (self-administered by patient symptom score, where the higher score reflect better health status). Scores will be summarized using non-parametric calculations. The mean of non-parametric scores is presented (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Guided by NT-proBNP118.6
Not Guided by NT-proBNP128.4

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Discontinuations

Number of patients discontinued due to adverse events' (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Guided by NT-proBNP8
Not Guided by NT-proBNP6

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Number of CV Deaths

Number of deaths (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Guided by NT-proBNP4
Not Guided by NT-proBNP5

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Number of Days in Hospital for CV Reason

Each overnight stay is counted as one day. The lower the better (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months

InterventionDays in hospital (Mean)
Guided by NT-proBNP5.79
Not Guided by NT-proBNP5.94

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Total Number of Titration Steps in Prescribed Heart Failure Treatment

Each titration step in prescribed medication is counted as one step, either up or down. One step up indicates an increase of dose in prescribed medication and one step down indicates a decrease of dose in prescribed medication. The sum of steps is given as a score. Score is given for each arm as a total number of titration steps for all patients in arm. (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months

InterventionTitration steps (Number)
Guided by NT-proBNP517
Not Guided by NT-proBNP485

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Changes in Heart Failure Symptoms

Changes from baseline in the symptom score subset (question 3, 5, 7 and 9) of KCCQ (swelling, fatigue, shortness of breath, shortness of breath night time). KCCQ is a self-administered by patient symptom score, where higher score reflect better health status. Scale scores are transformed to a 0 to 100 range by subtracting the lowest possible scale score, dividing by the range of the scale and multiplying by 100. This mean that the KCCQ scale is from 0 to 100 with the higher value showing a better health status. (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months and baseline

InterventionCategorial scale (Mean)
Guided by NT-proBNP3.67
Not Guided by NT-proBNP6.11

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Left Ventricular Work-metabolic Index (WMI) at Baseline

WMI=[left ventricular stroke work/decay rate of 11C-acetate] (NCT00574119)
Timeframe: baseline

Intervention(x10^6), mL x mm Hg/m^2 (Median)
Results With Spironolactone7.4

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Left Ventricular Work-metabolic Index (WMI) at 6 Months

WMI=[left ventricular stroke work/decay rate of 11C-acetate] (NCT00574119)
Timeframe: 6 months

Intervention(x10^6), mL x mm Hg/m^2 (Median)
Results With Spironolactone5.4

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Change in Myocardial Fibrosis (T1 Time) by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

T1=left ventricular relaxation rate on magnetic resonance imaging, which is correlated with interstitial fibrosis. (NCT00574119)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventionmsec (Mean)
Results With Spironolactone6

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6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at Baseline

6MWT assesses distance walked over 6 minutes (NCT00574119)
Timeframe: baseline

Interventionmeters (Median)
Results With Spironolactone521

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6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at 6 Months

6MWT assesses distance walked over 6 minutes (NCT00574119)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionmeters (Median)
Results With Spironolactone542

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Myocardial Perfusion Reserve Index (MPRI) by Magnetic Resonance Imaging at Baseline

MPRI =calculated myocardial perfusion reserve index based on Gadolinium accretion into myocardium. MPRI was calculated as the ratio of stress/rest relative perfusion upslope, corrected for LV cavity upslope. (NCT00574119)
Timeframe: baseline

InterventionMPRI (Mean)
Results With Spironolactone1.72

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Myocardial Perfusion Index Reserve (MPRI) by Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 6 Months

MPRI =calculated myocardial perfusion reserve index based on Gadolinium accretion into myocardium. MPRI was calculated as the ratio of stress/rest relative perfusion upslope, corrected for LV cavity upslope. (NCT00574119)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionMPRI (Mean)
Results With Spironolactone1.80

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Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire.at 6 Months

The questionnaire is comprised of 21 important physical, emotional and socioeconomic ways heart failure can adversely affect a patient's life. Each question is scored from 0 (none or not applicable) to 5 (very much). Total scores range from 0-105. Low scores indicate less adverse impact, while higher scores reflect more adverse impact of heart failure. (NCT00574119)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Results With Spironolactone22

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Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire,at Baseline

The questionnaire is comprised of 21 important physical, emotional and socioeconomic ways heart failure can adversely affect a patient's life. Each question is scored from 0 (none or not applicable) to 5 (very much). Total scores range from 0-105. Low scores indicate less adverse impact, while higher scores reflect more adverse impact of heart failure. (NCT00574119)
Timeframe: baseline

Interventionscore on a scale (Median)
Results With Spironolactone54

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Change in Coronary Flow Reserve From Baseline to 6 Months

Coronary flow reserve (CFR), or myocardial perfusion reserve, was assessed via cardiac positron emission tomography (PET). CFR is the ratio of adenosine-stimulated blood flow through myocardium to resting blood flow through myocardium. An improvement in coronary flow reserve is beneficial. (NCT00865124)
Timeframe: Baseline and six months

Interventionratio (Mean)
Spironolactone (MR Blockade)0.33
Hydrochlorothiazide + Potassium-0.10
Placebo0.02

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Change in Mitral Annulus Velocities on Tissue Doppler (Delta E/e' Ratio), a Measure of Diastolic Function

Diastolic function was assessed via tissue doppler imaging (TDI) by echocardiography to determine left ventricular diastolic function before and after 6 months of treatment. (NCT00865124)
Timeframe: Baseline and six months

Interventionratio (Mean)
Spironolactone (MR Blockade)0.02
Hydrochlorothiazide + Potassium0.06
Placebo0.64

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Change in Renal Plasma Flow

Renal vasculature was assessed by examining renal plasma flow, or para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance, basally and in response to acute administration (3 nanograms/kg/min for 60 min) of the vasoactive agent, Angiotensin II. (NCT00865124)
Timeframe: Baseline and six months

,,
InterventionmL/min/1.73m^2 (Mean)
Pre-treatment, PAH clearance, baselinePre-treatment, PAH clearance, Post-ANGII6 months post-treatment, PAH clearance, baseline6 months post-treatment, PAH clearance, Post-ANGII
Hydrochlorothiazide + Potassium508417500415
Placebo518436491427
Spironolactone (MR Blockade)527442518423

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Mitral Annulus Velocities on Tissue Doppler (Delta E/e' Ratio), a Measure of Diastolic Function (With Angiotensin II)

Diastolic function was assessed via tissue doppler imaging (TDI) by echocardiography to determine left ventricular diastolic function before and after 6 months of treatment; and in response to acute administration (3 nanograms/kg/min for 60 min) of the vasoactive agent, Angiotensin II. (NCT00865124)
Timeframe: Baseline and six months

,,
Interventionratio (Mean)
Pre-treatment, E/e', baselinePre-treatment, E/e', Post-ANGII6 months post-treatment, E/e', baseline6 months post-treatment, E/e', Post-ANGII
Hydrochlorothiazide + Potassium6.727.067.035.83
Placebo6.556.707.357.48
Spironolactone (MR Blockade)6.677.096.766.28

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Absolute Change in Serum Markers of Collagen Turnover (Micrograms/L) Over a One-year Follow-up Period in the Spironolactone Group Compared to Placebo.

Specific variables of collagen turnover markers that will be evaluated include markers of collagen synthesis (PINP, PIIINP), and marker of collagen degradation (ICTP). A two-sample t-test was used to compare the differences between these collagen turnover markers at baseline and the absolute differences in change from baseline to 12 months of follow-up. (NCT00879060)
Timeframe: The time points measured were at Baseline and at 12 Months (Follow-Up).

,
Interventionmicrograms/L (Mean)
Baseline (PINP)12 Months (PINP)Baseline (PIIINP)12 Months (PIIINP)Baseline (ICTP)12 Months (ICTP)
Placebo Control2.10.64.51.62.5-2.3
Spironolactone2.10.74.72.02.22.7

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Assessment of Cardiac Mass and Fibrosis by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) - Left Atrial Dimension (in mm)

CMR will be utilized as it has superior reproducibility (as compared to 2-D echocardiography). Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) Assessment of myocardial fibrosis by CMR will be expressed as a percentage of left ventricular mass (%LV), maximum left ventricular wall thickness (in mm), left ventricular end-diastolic cavity size (in mm/m^2), and left atrial dimension (in mm). (NCT00879060)
Timeframe: The time points measured were at Baseline and at 12 Months (Follow-Up)

,
Interventionmillimeters (Mean)
Left Atrial Dimension (Baseline)Left Atrial Dimension (12-Month Follow-Up)
Placebo Control4140
Spironolactone4040

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Assessment of Cardiac Mass and Fibrosis by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) - Left Ventricular End-Diastolic (LVED) Cavity Size (in mm/m^2)

CMR will be utilized as it has superior reproducibility (as compared to 2-D echocardiography). Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) Assessment of myocardial fibrosis by CMR will be expressed as a percentage of left ventricular mass (%LV), maximum left ventricular wall thickness (in mm), left ventricular end-diastolic (LVED) cavity size (in mm/m^2), and left atrial dimension (in mm). (NCT00879060)
Timeframe: The time points measured were at Baseline and at 12 Months (Follow-Up)

,
Interventionmm/m^2 (Mean)
LVED Cavity Size (Baseline)LVED Cavity Size (12-Month Follow-Up)
Placebo Control145146
Spironolactone133129

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Assessment of Cardiac Mass and Fibrosis by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) - Maximum Left Ventricular Wall Thickness (in mm)

CMR will be utilized as it has superior reproducibility (as compared to 2-D echocardiography). Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) Assessment of myocardial fibrosis by CMR will be expressed as a percentage of left ventricular mass (%LV), maximum left ventricular wall thickness (in mm), left ventricular end-diastolic cavity size (in mm/m^2), and left atrial dimension (in mm). (NCT00879060)
Timeframe: The time points measured were at Baseline and at 12 Months (Follow-Up).

,
Interventionmillimeters (Mean)
Maximum Left Ventricular Wall Thickness (Baseline)Maximum Left Ventricular Wall Thickness (12-Month Follow-Up)
Placebo Control2119
Spironolactone2222

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Measure of Indices of Diastolic Function by Tissue Doppler Echocardiography (Septal E/e')

This data was collected at baseline, prior to drug administration, and again at 12-months of follow-up to measure indices of diastolic function by Tissue Doppler Echocardiography using the Septal E/e' ratio. (NCT00879060)
Timeframe: The time points measured were at Baseline and at 12 Months (Follow-Up).

,
InterventionRatio (Mean)
Diastolic Function (Baseline)Diastolic Function (12-month Follow-Up)
Placebo Control1513
Spironolactone1413

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Measure of Heart Failure Symptoms According to the New York Heart Association Functional Class

This data was collected at baseline, prior to drug administration, and again at 12-months of follow-up to assess heart failure symptoms according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, which is an estimate of a patients functional ability. The NYHA functional classes include: Class I (no limitation of physical activity), Class II (slight limitation of physical activity), Class III (marked limitation of physical activity), and Class IV (unable to carry out any physical acitivity without discomfort). (NCT00879060)
Timeframe: Time points were measured at Baseline and again at 12 months (follow-up)

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
NYHA Class (Baseline)NYHA Class (12-Month Follow Up)
Placebo Control1.51.6
Spironolactone1.61.7

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Measure of Functional Capacity: Peak Oxygen Consumption With Exercise

This data was collected at baseline, prior to drug administration, and again at 12-months of follow-up to determine if spironolactone improves a subject's functional capacity during exercise (peak oxygen consumption levels/peak VO2). Peak VO2 levels were measured in ml/kg/min. (NCT00879060)
Timeframe: The time points measured were at Baseline and at 12 Months (Follow-Up).

,
Interventionml/kg/min (Mean)
Peak VO2 (Baseline)Peak VO2 (12-Month Follow-Up)
Placebo Control2829
Spironolactone3029

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Assessment of Cardiac Mass and Fibrosis by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) - Percentage of Left Ventricular Mass (%LV)

CMR will be utilized as it has superior reproducibility (as compared to 2-D echocardiography). Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) Assessment of myocardial fibrosis by CMR will be expressed as a percentage of left ventricular mass (%LV), maximum left ventricular wall thickness (in mm), left ventricular end-diastolic cavity size (in mm/m^2), and left atrial dimension (in mm). (NCT00879060)
Timeframe: The time points measured were at Baseline and at 12 Months (Follow-Up).

,
InterventionPercentage of Total LV Mass (Mean)
LGE Assessment of Myocardial Fibrosis (Baseline)LGE Assessment of Myocardial Fibrosis (12-Month Follow-Up)
Placebo Control2.52.8
Spironolactone1.11.8

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Number of Fractures of the Hand, Foot, Upper Arm, and Wrist in Males and Females After 6 Months of Exposure to TZD

ICD-9 codes (815.0x, 816.0x, 817.0x, 825.0x, 825.2x, 826.0x, 812.0x, 812.2x, 812.4x, 814.0x) were captured from UB-92 records and HCFA 1500 records. Case is defined as incident cases of fracture with an ICD-9 diagnostic code for hand, foot, upper arm, and wrist fracture after the study period begin date (earliest date of the first TZD prescription). For each case, up to four controls were randomly selected from patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to TZD without a fracture diagnosis during follow-up and matched on age (+ 5 yrs), gender, and year of fracture diagnosis. (NCT01055223)
Timeframe: From the earliest date of first TZD prescription to the fracture diagnosis date (Cases) or the end of follow-up in the database (Controls) between January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008

,,,
Interventionfractures (Number)
CaseControl
Other12
TZD Alone21638615
TZD+Amiloride218
TZD+Spironolactone48148

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Number of Hip Fractures Combined in Males and Females After 12 Months of Exposure to TZD

ICD-9 codes (820.0x, 820.2x, 820.8x) were captured from UB-92 records and HCFA 1500 records. Case is defined as incident cases of fracture with an ICD-9 diagnostic code for hip fracture after the study period begin date (earliest date of the first TZD prescription). For each case, up to four controls were randomly selected from patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to TZD without a fracture diagnosis during follow-up and matched on age (+ 5 yrs), gender, and year of fracture diagnosis. (NCT01055223)
Timeframe: From the earliest date of first TZD prescription to the fracture diagnosis date (Cases) or the end of follow-up in the database (Controls) between January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008

,
Interventionfractures (Number)
CaseControl
TZD Alone44182
TZD+Spironolactone21

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Number of Low Impact Fractures in Males and Females After 12 Months of Exposure to TZD

ICD-9 codes (805-807.4x, 808-810.xx, 812-829.xx) were captured from Uniform Billing-92 records and Health Care Finance Administration records. Case is defined as incident cases of fracture with an ICD-9 diagnostic code for any low impact fracture occurring after the study period begin date (earliest date of the first TZD prescription). For each subject defined as case, up to four controls were randomly selected from patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to TZD without a fracture diagnosis during follow-up and matched to cases on age (+ 5 years), gender, and year of fracture diagnosis. (NCT01055223)
Timeframe: From the earliest date of first TZD prescription to the fracture diagnosis date (Cases) or the end of follow-up in the database (Controls) between January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008

,,,
Interventionfractures (Number)
CaseControl
Other02
TZD Alone261910496
TZD+Amiloride820
TZD+Spironolactone64181

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Number of Low Impact Fractures in Males and Females After 6 Months of Exposure to TZD

ICD-9 codes (805-807.4x, 808-810.xx, 812-829.xx) were captured from Uniform Billing-92 records and Health Care Finance Administration records. Case is defined as incident cases of fracture with an ICD-9 diagnostic code for any low impact fracture occurring after the study period begin date (earliest date of the first TZD prescription). For each subject defined as case, up to four controls were randomly selected from patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to TZD without a fracture diagnosis during follow-up and matched to cases on age (+ 5 years), gender, and year of fracture diagnosis. (NCT01055223)
Timeframe: From the earliest date of first TZD prescription to the fracture diagnosis date (Cases) or the end of follow-up in the database (Controls) between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2008

,,,
Interventionfractures (Number)
CaseControl
Other12
TZD Alone432517296
TZD+Amiloride1231
TZD+Spironolactone105292

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Number of Fractures of the Hand, Foot, Upper Arm, and Wrist in Males and Females After 12 Months of Exposure to TZD

ICD-9 codes (815.0x, 816.0x, 817.0x, 825.0x, 825.2x, 826.0x, 812.0x, 812.2x, 812.4x, 814.0x) were captured from UB-92 records and HCFA 1500 records. Case is defined as incident cases of fracture with an ICD-9 diagnostic code for hand, foot, upper arm, and wrist fracture after the study period begin date (earliest date of the first TZD prescription). For each case, up to four controls were randomly selected from patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to TZD without a fracture diagnosis during follow-up and matched on age (+ 5 yrs), gender, and year of fracture diagnosis. (NCT01055223)
Timeframe: From the earliest date of first TZD prescription to the fracture diagnosis date (Cases) or the end of follow-up in the database (Controls) between January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008

,,,
Interventionfractures (Number)
CaseControl
Other02
TZD Alone12855115
TZD+Amiloride012
TZD+Spironolactone2994

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Number of Hip Fractures Combined in Males and Females After 6 Months of Exposure to TZD

ICD-9 codes (820.0x, 820.2x, 820.8x) were captured from UB-92 records and HCFA 1500 records. Case is defined as incident cases of fracture with an ICD-9 diagnostic code for hip fracture after the study period begin date (earliest date of the first TZD prescription). For each case, up to four controls were randomly selected from patients with type 2 diabetes exposed to TZD without a fracture diagnosis during follow-up and matched on age (+ 5 yrs), gender, and year of fracture diagnosis. (NCT01055223)
Timeframe: From the earliest date of first TZD prescription to the fracture diagnosis date (Cases) or the end of follow-up in the database (Controls) between January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2008

,
Interventionfractures (Number)
CaseControl
TZD Alone92387
TZD+Spironolactone64

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Change of Diastolic Blood Pressure

Change of diastolic blood pressure from baseline to study end at four months. (NCT01062763)
Timeframe: 4 months

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Addition of Spironolactone-3.9
Placebo-0.3

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Change of of Systolic Blood Pressure

Change of systolic blood pressure from baseline to study end at four months. (NCT01062763)
Timeframe: 4 months

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Addition of Spironolactone-9.6
Placebo-0.7

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Adverse Effects

(NCT01062763)
Timeframe: 4 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Addition of Spironolactone4
Placebo0

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Procollagen 3 NT Peptide

(NCT01069510)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionmcg/l (Mean)
Placebo3
Spironolactone4.8

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Extracellular Volume Fraction

extracellular volume fraction measured by T1 mapping with MRI (NCT01069510)
Timeframe: 12 month

Interventionpercentage of myocardium (Mean)
Placebo30.1
Spironolactone25.3

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6-minute Walk Distance

distance walked recorded in meters after 6 minutes on flat ground (NCT01069510)
Timeframe: 12 month

Interventionmeters (Mean)
Placebo516
Spironolactone492

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Plasma Glucose

Fasting plasma glucose, measured during hyperglycemic clamp (NCT01103245)
Timeframe: at the end of each 1 month study period ( 3 times in total)

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Baseline, HCTZ OnlyHCTZ + ALI 150HCTZ + ALI 300
HCTZ Plus ALI 150 Then ALI 300108.6119.7111.4

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Plasma Insulin

A Hyperglycemic clamp was performed once during each study period to assess glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Glucose is infused intravenously to maintain blood glucose near 200 mg/dL to stimulate insulin secretion. During this time plasma insulin levels were measured and the insulin response is reported as the incremental increase over the first 10 minutes of glucose administration. (NCT01103245)
Timeframe: at the end of each 1 month study period ( 3 times in total)

InterventionuU/ml (Mean)
Baseline, HCTZ OnlyHCTZ + SPL 25HCTZ + SPL 50
HCTZ Plus SPL 25 Then SPL 5043.553.444.3

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Plasma Insulin

A Hyperglycemic clamp was performed once during each study period to assess glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Glucose is infused intravenously to maintain blood glucose near 200 mg/dL to stimulate insulin secretion. During this time plasma insulin levels were measured and the insulin response is reported as the incremental increase over the first 10 minutes of glucose administration. (NCT01103245)
Timeframe: at the end of each 1 month study period ( 3 times in total)

InterventionuU/ml (Mean)
Baseline, HCTZ OnlyHCTZ + ALI 150HCTZ + ALI 300
HCTZ Plus ALI 150 Then ALI 30075.454.875.7

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Plasma Insulin

A Hyperglycemic clamp was performed once during each study period to assess glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Glucose is infused intravenously to maintain blood glucose near 200 mg/dL to stimulate insulin secretion. During this time plasma insulin levels were measured and the insulin response is reported as the incremental increase over the first 10 minutes of glucose administration. (NCT01103245)
Timeframe: at the end of each 1 month study period ( 3 times in total)

InterventionuU/ml (Mean)
Baseline, HCTZ OnlyHCTZ + ALI 150HCTZ + ALI 150 and SPL 25
HCTZ Plus ALI 150 Then ALI 150 and SPL 2550.143.369.1

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Plasma Insulin

A Hyperglycemic clamp was performed once during each study period to assess glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Glucose is infused intravenously to maintain blood glucose near 200 mg/dL to stimulate insulin secretion. During this time plasma insulin levels were measured and the insulin response is reported as the incremental increase over the first 10 minutes of glucose administration. (NCT01103245)
Timeframe: at the end of each 1 month study period ( 3 times in total)

InterventionuU/ml (Mean)
Baseline, HCTZ OnlyHCTZ + ALI 150 and SPL 25HCTZ + SPL 25
HCTZ Plus SPL 25 Then ALI 150 and SPL 25114.099.9113.2

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Plasma Glucose

Fasting plasma glucose, measured during hyperglycemic clamp (NCT01103245)
Timeframe: at the end of each 1 month study period ( 3 times in total)

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Baseline, HCTZ OnlyHCTZ + SPL 25HCTZ + SPL 50
HCTZ Plus SPL 25 Then SPL 5096.4104.8105.9

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Plasma Glucose

Fasting plasma glucose, measured during hyperglycemic clamp (NCT01103245)
Timeframe: at the end of each 1 month study period ( 3 times in total)

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Baseline, HCTZ OnlyHCTZ + ALI 150HCTZ + ALI 150 and SPL 25
HCTZ Plus ALI 150 Then ALI 150 and SPL 25106.1105.7102.1

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Plasma Glucose

Fasting plasma glucose, measured during hyperglycemic clamp (NCT01103245)
Timeframe: at the end of each 1 month study period ( 3 times in total)

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Baseline, HCTZ OnlyHCTZ + ALI 150 and SPL 25HCTZ + SPL 25
HCTZ Plus SPL 25 Then ALI 150 and SPL 25102.2107.2101.7

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Potassium in the Range of 4.0 - 5.1 mEq/L at the End of Treatment

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 56 Days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Patiromer84.1

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Potassium in the Range of 4.0 - 5.1 mEq/L at Week 4

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 28 Days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Patiromer78.7

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Potassium in the Range of 4.0 - 5.1 mEq/L at Week 8

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 56 Days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Patiromer86.0

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Percentage of Patients Whose Spironolactone Dose Was Increased Up to 50 mg/Day

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 56 Days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Patiromer100

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Change in Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (ACR) From Baseline to Week 4 Among Participants With ACR ≥ 30 mg/g at Baseline

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 28

Interventionmg/g (Mean)
Patiromer-291.01

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Mean Dose of Patiromer at End of Treatment

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 56 Days

Interventiongrams (Mean)
Patiromer22.5

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Mean Patiromer Dose at Week 1

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: Up to Week 1

Interventiongrams (Mean)
Patiromer20.0

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Mean Number of Patiromer Titrations

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 56 Days

Interventionpatiromer titrations (Mean)
Patiromer1.3

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Mean Change From Baseline in Serum Potassium to End of Treatment

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 56 Days

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Patiromer-0.13

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Mean Patiromer Dose at Week 4

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: Up to Week 4

Interventiongrams (Mean)
Patiromer21.9

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Mean Patiromer Dose at Week 8

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8

Interventiongrams (Mean)
Patiromer23.0

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Median Time to First Patiromer Dose Titration

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 56 Days

Interventiondays (Median)
Patiromer21

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Percentage of Participants Discontinuing Due to Hyperkalemia (Serum Potassium > 5.5 mEq/L)

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 56 Days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Patiromer1.6

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Percentage of Participants Requiring Patiromer Downtitration

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 56 Days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Patiromer12.7

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Percentage of Participants Requiring Patiromer Uptitration

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 56 Days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Patiromer33.3

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Potassium in the Range of 3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L at the End of Treatment

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 56 days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Patiromer90.5

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Potassium in the Range of 3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L at Week 8

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 56 Days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Patiromer93.0

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Change in ACR From Baseline to Week 8 Among Participants With Urine ACR ≥ 30 mg/g at Baseline

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 56

Interventionmg/g (Mean)
Patiromer-291.06

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Percentage of Participants With Serum Potassium in the Range of 3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L at Week 4

(NCT01130597)
Timeframe: 28 Days

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Patiromer96.7

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Proportion of Suppressors After Dexamethasone

"All subjects will take 0.25mg dexamethasone as an outpatient between 2300 and 2400h and will then report to the clinic by 0800h next day for the final visit.~At the final visit, cortisol response to dexamethasone suppression was assessed. The cortisol response was dichotomized (suppression vs. non-suppression, using 1.8 ug/dL as the cutoff point) and compared between the two groups,Sedentary Young Adults and Endurance-trained Young Athletes." (NCT01294319)
Timeframe: cortisol measured between 8 and 9 after dexamethasone was taken between 11 PM and midnight

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Endurance-trained Young Athletes0
Sedentary Young Adults1

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Post-dexamethasone Cortisol Level

(NCT01294319)
Timeframe: Cortisol obtained at 8-9 AM after dexamethasone taken between 11 pm and midnight

Interventionmcg/dL (Mean)
Endurance-trained Young Athletes11.98
Sedentary Young Adults9.98

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Proportion of Participants Achieving Serum Potassium Levels Within 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L at Week 8 for Each Individual Starting Dose Group

(NCT01371747)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Stratum 1: 8.4 g/d Patiromer100
Stratum 1: 16.8 g/d Patiromer100
Stratum 1: 25.2 g/d Patiromer98.4
Stratum 2: 16.8 g/d Patiromer91.7
Stratum 2: 25.2 g/d Patiromer95.8
Stratum 2: 33.6 g/d Patiromer95.5

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Proportion of Participants Achieving Serum Potassium Levels Within 4.0 to 5.0 mEq/L at Week 8 for Each Individual Starting Dose Group

(NCT01371747)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Stratum 1: 8.4 g/d Patiromer95.2
Stratum 1: 16.8 g/d Patiromer90.8
Stratum 1: 25.2 g/d Patiromer81.3
Stratum 2: 16.8 g/d Patiromer79.2
Stratum 2: 25.2 g/d Patiromer91.7
Stratum 2: 33.6 g/d Patiromer77.3

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Proportions of Participants Achieving Serum Potassium Levels Within 3.8 to 5.0 mEq/L at Week 52 for Each Individual Starting Dose Group

(NCT01371747)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Stratum 1: 8.4 g/d Patiromer86.3
Stratum 1: 16.8 g/d Patiromer81.6
Stratum 1: 25.2 g/d Patiromer88.9
Stratum 2: 16.8 g/d Patiromer86.7
Stratum 2: 25.2 g/d Patiromer89.5
Stratum 2: 33.6 g/d Patiromer93.3

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Time to First Serum Potassium Measurement of 4.0 - 5.0 mEq/L During Treatment Initiation Period for Each Individual Starting Dose Group

(NCT01371747)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8

InterventionDays (Median)
Stratum 1: 8.4 g/d Patiromer4
Stratum 1: 16.8 g/d Patiromer4
Stratum 1: 25.2 g/d Patiromer4
Stratum 2: 16.8 g/d Patiromer8
Stratum 2: 25.2 g/d Patiromer7.5
Stratum 2: 33.6 g/d Patiromer8

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Least Squares Mean Change in Serum Potassium From Baseline to Day 3 During the Treatment Initiation Period for Each Individual Starting Dose Group

Least squares mean changes from Baseline to Day 3 were derived from parallel lines ANCOVA model with randomized starting dose and baseline serum potassium value as covariates. (NCT01371747)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 3

InterventionmEq/L (Least Squares Mean)
Stratum 1: 8.4 g/d Patiromer-0.26
Stratum 1: 16.8 g/d Patiromer-0.28
Stratum 1: 25.2 g/d Patiromer-0.31
Stratum 2: 16.8 g/d Patiromer-0.65
Stratum 2: 25.2 g/d Patiromer-0.59
Stratum 2: 33.6 g/d Patiromer-0.53

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Least Squares Mean Change in Serum Potassium From Baseline to Week 4 or Time of First Titration for Each Individual Starting Dose Group

Least square mean changes from Baseline to Week 4/first titration were derived from parallel lines ANCOVA model with randomized starting dose and baseline serum potassium value as covariates. (NCT01371747)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 4 or First Titration which could occur at any scheduled study visit after patiromer initiation.

InterventionmEq/L (Least Squares Mean)
Stratum 1: 8.4 g/d Patiromer-0.35
Stratum 1: 16.8 g/d Patiromer-0.51
Stratum 1: 25.2 g/d Patiromer-0.55
Stratum 2: 16.8 g/d Patiromer-0.87
Stratum 2: 25.2 g/d Patiromer-0.97
Stratum 2: 33.6 g/d Patiromer-0.92

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Least Squares Mean Change in Serum Potassium From Baseline to Week 8 or Time of First Titration for Each Individual Starting Dose Group

Least squares mean changes from Baseline to Week 8/first titration were derived from parallel lines ANCOVA model with randomized starting dose and baseline serum potassium value as covariates. (NCT01371747)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8 or First Titration which could occur at any scheduled study visit after patiromer initiation.

InterventionmEq/L (Least Squares Mean)
Stratum 1: 8.4 g/d Patiromer-0.35
Stratum 1: 16.8 g/d Patiromer-0.47
Stratum 1: 25.2 g/d Patiromer-0.54
Stratum 2: 16.8 g/d Patiromer-0.88
Stratum 2: 25.2 g/d Patiromer-0.95
Stratum 2: 33.6 g/d Patiromer-0.91

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Mean Change in Serum Potassium From Baseline to Week 52 During the Long-term Maintenance Period for Each Individual Starting Dose Group

(NCT01371747)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 52

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Stratum 1: 8.4 g/d Patiromer-0.54
Stratum 1: 16.8 g/d Patiromer-0.44
Stratum 1: 25.2 g/d Patiromer-0.50
Stratum 2: 16.8 g/d Patiromer-1.00
Stratum 2: 25.2 g/d Patiromer-0.96
Stratum 2: 33.6 g/d Patiromer-1.17

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Mean Change in Serum Potassium From Week 52 or Last Patiromer Dose (if Occurred Before Week 52) to Follow-up Visits Plus 7 Days

(NCT01371747)
Timeframe: Week 52 or Last Patiromer Dose (if Occurred before Week 52) to Following up Visit Plus 7 Days

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Stratum 1: 8.4 g/d Patiromer0.36
Stratum 1: 16.8 g/d Patiromer0.22
Stratum 1: 25.2 g/d Patiromer0.30
Stratum 2: 16.8 g/d Patiromer0.41
Stratum 2: 25.2 g/d Patiromer0.39
Stratum 2: 33.6 g/d Patiromer0.58

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Change From Baseline in Insulin Sensitivity Index (ISI)

Insulin sensitivity was measured using the 75 gram (G) glucose tolerance test. Participants ingested 75 grams of glucose in 300-400 milliliters (mL) of water over 5 minutes. Blood samples were taken before ingesting glucose and then every 30 minutes for 120 minutes. Insulin sensitivity index was calculated by Matsuda and Defronzo's formula using the values obtained. A positive change from Baseline (increase in insulin sensitivity) indicates improvement. (NCT01406015)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6 (Prior to ingesting glucose and every 30 minutes for 120 minutes)

,
InterventionIS index (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Week 6
Placebo4.6-1.1
Spironolactone3.7-0.1

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Change From Baseline in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)

Insulin resistance was measured using the 75 G glucose tolerance test. Participants ingested 75 grams of glucose in 300-400 mL of water over 5 minutes. Blood samples were taken before ingesting glucose and then every 30 minutes for 120 minutes. HOMA-IR was calculated using the Insulin and glucose levels obtained. A negative change (decrease in insulin resistance) indicates improvement. (NCT01406015)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6 (Prior to ingesting glucose and every 30 minutes for 120 minutes)

,
InterventionIR index (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Week 6
Placebo3.40.1
Spironolactone2.70.1

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Change From Baseline in Post-ischemic Dilatation

Ultrasonography of the brachial artery was performed to evaluate endothelial function by flow mediated dilatation (FMD) studies. A blood pressure cuff was placed on the participant's upper arm and was compressed for 5 minutes. After release of compression, brachial artery diameter and blood flow velocity were measured. FMD was expressed as the percentage change in brachial artery diameter. A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01406015)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

,
Interventionpercent dilalation (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Week 6
Placebo10.2-2.0
Spironolactone9.6-1.2

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Change From Baseline in Para-aminohippurate (PAH) Clearance

Renal plasma blood flow was determined by clearance of para-aminohippurate (PAH). A loading dose of PAH (8 mg/kg) was given intravenously followed by a 1 hour constant infusion of PAH at a rate of 12 mg/minute (min). Plasma samples were obtained at Baseline and at 50 and 60 minutes. PAH clearance was calculated from the plasma levels and infusion rates and reported in millimeters (mL)/minute (min). A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01406015)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6 (Prior to PAH infusion and at 50 and 60 minutes post PAH infusion)

,
InterventionmL/min (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at Week 6
Placebo521-5.2
Spironolactone488-2.3

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Number of Participants With Confirmed and Severe Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia refers to the condition in which the concentration of the electrolyte potassium in the blood is elevated. Confirmed hyperkalemia is defined as serum potassium level greater than (>) upper limit of normal (ULN) of 5.4 mEq/L. Severe hyperkalemia is defined as serum potassium level >= 6.0 mEq/L. Number of participants with at least 1 confirmed or severe hyperkalemia is reported. (NCT01488877)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 15

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Confirmed HyperkalemiaSevere Hyperkalemia
PF-03882845 3 mg51
Placebo20

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Change From Baseline in Sitting Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure at Day 15

Systolic blood pressure (BP): BP when heart is contracting; maximum arterial pressure during contraction of left ventricle of heart. Diastolic blood pressure: BP when heart is relaxing; minimum arterial pressure during relaxation and dilation of ventricles of heart. A total of 3 measurements were performed; average of triplicate BP values collected pre-dose on Day 1 served as baseline. The same arm and same sized cuff (properly sized and calibrated) was used throughout the study, after participant sat for 5 minutes for the first measurement and 2 minutes for second and third measurements. (NCT01488877)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), 15

,
Interventionmillimeter of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
Baseline: Systolic BPBaseline: Diastolic BPChange at Day 15: Systolic BPChange at Day 15: Diastolic BP
PF-03882845 3 mg125.5374.13-3.201.00
Placebo127.8374.92-4.83-1.08

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Change From Baseline in Sitting Pulse Rate at Day 15

Sitting pulse rate was measured in the brachial/radial artery for at least 30 seconds. A total of 3 measurements were performed; average of triplicate pulse rate values collected pre-dose on Day 1 served as baseline. (NCT01488877)
Timeframe: Day 1 (Baseline), 15

,
Interventionbeats per minute (bpm) (Mean)
BaselineChange at Day 15
PF-03882845 3 mg74.47-0.33
Placebo65.256.17

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Change From Baseline in Serum Potassium at Day 15

Baseline value calculated as the average of -24 hours (pre-dose) measurement on Day -1 and 0 hours (immediately pre-dose) measurement on Day 1. Day 15 value calculated was average of 0 hours (immediately pre-dose) measurement on Day 14 and measurement obtained prior to discharge on Day 15. Change from baseline values were presented under time point of Day 15. (NCT01488877)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 14, 15

InterventionmEq/L (Median)
Placebo0.40
PF-03882845 3 mg0.25

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Change From Baseline in Serum Potassium at Day 8

Baseline value calculated as the average of -24 hours (pre-dose) measurement on Day -1 and 0 hours (immediately pre-dose) measurement on Day 1. Day 8 value calculated was average of 0 hours (immediately pre-dose) measurements on Day 7 and 8. Change from baseline values were presented under time point of Day 8. (NCT01488877)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 7, 8

,
Interventionmilliequivalent/liter (mEq/L) (Median)
BaselineChange at Day 8
PF-03882845 3 mg4.900.25
Placebo4.780.20

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Change in Fecal Weight

Change = (Days 10-13/29-32 Daily Average) - (Days 3-6/22-25 Daily Average) (NCT01598740)
Timeframe: baseline average (days 3-6 or 22-25) and treatment average (days 10-13 or 29-32)

Interventiongrams (Mean)
Treatment Group: CLP Alone144.7
Treatment Group: CLP + Spironolactone119.0

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Change in Fecal Sodium Content

Change =(Days 10-13/29-32 Daily Average)-(Days 3-6/22-25 Daily Average) (NCT01598740)
Timeframe: baseline average (days 3-6 or days 22-25) and treatment average (days 10-13 or 29-32)

Interventionmg (Mean)
Treatment Group: CLP Alone635.10
Treatment Group: CLP + Spironolactone501.95

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Change From Baseline in Flow Mediated Dilation at 6 Months.

FMD will be determined using high-resolution ultrasonography (NCT01853553)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months.

InterventionPercent change. (Mean)
Spironolactone-0.2
Sugar Pill-0.4

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Change From Baseline in Vascular Stiffness at 6 Months.

Aortic pulse wave velocity, a measure of large elastic arterial stiffness, and carotid compliance, a measure of large artery distensibility, will be determined. A transcutaneous custom tonometers (Noninvasive Hemodynamics Workstation, Cardiovascular Engineering Inc., Norwood, MA) will be positioned at the aorta and femoral artery to measure pulse wave velocity, and carotid artery compliance (and the β-stiffness index, a more blood pressure independent measure of local arterial stiffness) will be measured non-invasively using simultaneous high-resolution ultrasonography and applanation tonometry). Higher values correspond to greater stiffness. (NCT01853553)
Timeframe: Baseline and 6 months

Interventionm/s (Median)
Spironolactone-37
Sugar Pill-1

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Number of Patients Reporting a Grade 2+ Adverse Event Attributed to Spironolactone (Study I)

Adverse events were collected at the end of one 4-week cycle and one 4-week observation period according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) CTEP Version 4.0. The number of patients reporting a grade 2+ adverse event attributed to spironolactone is reported here. (NCT01867294)
Timeframe: At 8 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Study I: Spironolactone0
Study I: Placebo0

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Percentage of Patients in the Spironolactone Arm Who Complete the 4-week Study Intervention (Study I)

The number of patients able to complete the 4-week study intervention and the 4-week observation period are reported. (NCT01867294)
Timeframe: At 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Study I: Spironolactone4
Study I: Placebo0

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Incidence of Truncal/Extremity Rash of Any Grade in Patients in the Spironolactone Arm (Study I)

Adverse events were collected at the end of each 4-week cycle according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) CTEP Version 4.0. The number of patients reporting a truncal/extremity adverse event is reported here. The treatment will be considered feasible if at least 50% of patients in the spironolactone arm develop a truncal/extremity rash of any grade at the end of 4 weeks. (NCT01867294)
Timeframe: At 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Study I: Spironolactone6
Study I: Placebo6

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Efficacy of Spironolactone and Placebo Measured by the Use of the Brief Pictorial Rash Incidence Questionnaire (Study I)

Patients will be dichotomously categorized as a success if no rash is reported and a failure if rash exists at the end of 4 weeks. The number of patients that successfully completed 4 weeks of treatment and reported no rash on the Brief Pictorial Rash Incidence Questionnaire are reported. (NCT01867294)
Timeframe: At 4 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Study I: Spironolactone1
Study I: Placebo2

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Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

3 month change in apnea-hypopnea index assessed by diagnostic, full-night polysomnography. AHI values are typically categorized as 5-15/hr = mild; 15-30/hr = moderate; and > 30/h = severe. (NCT01897727)
Timeframe: baseline and 3 months

Interventionevents/hour (Mean)
Spironolactone-18.3
Standard of Care BP Treatment7.0

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Peak Plasma Renin Activity After 72 h

At three consecutive mornings after study inclusion, blood samples will be taken to assess plasma renin activity. The highest value will constitute the peak plasma renin activity (ng/mL/h). (NCT01973335)
Timeframe: 72h

Interventionµg/L/h (Median)
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone3.8
High-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone5.0
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone12.0
High-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone2.5

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Persistent Renal Impairment

Persistent renal impairment is defined as a persistently elevated serum creatine >0.3mg/dL or >20% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula, above the baseline value of the patient and will be assessed on a scheduled follow-up appointment 4 weeks after hospital discharge. (NCT01973335)
Timeframe: 4 weeks after hospital discharge

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone3
High-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone1
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone0
High-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone1

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Spironolactone Arm: Incidence of Hypo- (Serum Potassium <3.5 mmol/L) or Hyperkalemia (Serum Potassium >5.0 mmol/L)

For the spironolactone arm of the study, the primary end-point is the incidence of either hypo- (serum potassium <3.5 mmol/L) or hyperkalemia (serum potassium >5.0 mmol/L) at any of 3 morning blood samples at consecutive days after randomization. Patients receiving upfront spironolactone (both the group receiving acetazolamide+low dose loop diuretics and the group receiving high-dose loop diuretic therapy) are compared with them receiving no spironolactone (both the group receiving acetazolamide+low dose loop diuretics and the group receiving high-dose loop diuretic therapy). (NCT01973335)
Timeframe: 72h

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone1
High-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone2
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone5
High-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone2

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NT-proBNP Change After 72 h

Relative NT-proBNP change (%) after 72 h compared to baseline. (NCT01973335)
Timeframe: 72h

Interventionpercentage change from baseline (Mean)
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone-20
High-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone-11
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone-3
High-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone-6

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Number of Participants With Worsening Renal Function

Worsening renal function is defined as a rise in serum creatine >0.3 mg/dL or a >20% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula compared to baseline at any time point before 72 h. Serum creatinine values are assessed at three consecutive mornings after study inclusion. (NCT01973335)
Timeframe: 72h

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone2
High-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone0
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone3
High-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone0

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Acetazolamide Arm: Natriuresis 24 h

For the acetazolamide arm of the study, the primary end-point is total natriuresis after 24 h (mmol). To assess this, urine is collected for 24 h after the first administration of diuretics according to the study protocol and natriuresis is calculated as the total amount of diuresis (L) multiplied by the urinary sodium concentration (mmol/L). Subsequently, patients receiving acetazolamide and low-dose loop diuretics (both the groups with and without upfront spironolactone together) are compared to patients not receiving acetazolamide but high-dose loop diuretics instead (both the groups with or without upfront spironolactone together) (NCT01973335)
Timeframe: 24h

Interventionmmol (Mean)
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone324
High-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone300
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone211
High-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone190

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Peak Plasma Aldosterone Concentration After 72 h

At three consecutive mornings after study inclusion, blood samples will be taken to assess plasma aldosterone levels. The highest value will constitute the peak plasma aldosterone concentration (ng/L). (NCT01973335)
Timeframe: 72h

Interventionng/L (Median)
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone196
High-dose Loop Diuretics, Upfront Spironolactone234
Acetazolamide/Low-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone302
High-dose Loop Diuretics, no Spironolactone204

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Change in 24-hour Ambulatory Systolic Blood Pressure of Spironolactone vs. Placebo

(NCT02169089)
Timeframe: 11 weeks

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Spironolactone-5.95
Placebo2

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Left Ventricular Mass Index of Spironolactone vs. Placebo.

(NCT02169089)
Timeframe: 56 weeks

Interventiong/m^2 (Mean)
Spironolactone-3.5
Placebo2.1

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Myocardial Fibrosis (Change in Native T1) Spironolactone vs. Placebo

(NCT02169089)
Timeframe: 56 weeks

Interventionms (Mean)
Spironolactone-10.3
Placebo17.1

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Percent Change in Atheroma Volume (PAV) in the Thoracic Aorta of Spironolactone vs. Placebo

(NCT02169089)
Timeframe: 56 weeks

Interventionpercentage change (Mean)
Spironolactone0.5
Placebo7.3

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Change From Baseline to 4 Weeks in 24 Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM)

The LS mean change in blood pressure is calculated after adjusting for baseline, treatment and race using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). (NCT02194465)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 Weeks

,,,,,,
InterventionmmHg (Least Squares Mean)
SBPDBP
13 mg LY2623091-11.1-4.7
13 mg LY2623091 + 20 mg Tadalafil-10.4-6.2
20 mg Tadalafil-6.3-5.6
24.5 mg LY2623091-10.4-3.4
6 mg LY2623091-4.9-1.7
Placebo0.31.0
Spironolactone-6.4-2.0

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Change From Baseline to 4 Weeks in Seated Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

Change from baseline in DBP as measured by a cuff. LS mean change from baseline was calculated using a MMRM with treatment, country, visit, and treatment-by-visit interaction as fixed effects and baseline as a covariate. (NCT02194465)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 Weeks

InterventionmmHg (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo0.5
6 mg LY2623091-5.6
13 mg LY2623091-4.8
24.5 mg LY2623091-7.1
13 mg LY2623091 + 20 mg Tadalafil-6.8
20 mg Tadalafil-6.6
Spironolactone-1.2

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Change From Baseline to 4 Weeks in Seated Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

Change from baseline in SBP as measured by a cuff. Least squares (LS) mean change from baseline was calculated using a mixed model repeating measures (MMRM) with treatment, country, visit, and treatment-by-visit interaction as fixed effects and baseline as a covariate. (NCT02194465)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 Weeks

Interventionmillimeter of mercury (mmHg) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.5
6 mg LY2623091-13.1
13 mg LY2623091-14.6
24.5 mg LY2623091-14.3
13 mg LY2623091 + 20 mg Tadalafil-11.8
20 mg Tadalafil-7.1
Spironolactone-15.4

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Change From Baseline to 4 Weeks in Serum Potassium

Potassium measurement as measured by standard laboratory tests. The LS mean change in potassium is calculated using MMRM with adjustment for baseline, treatment, visit, treatment*visit and race. (NCT02194465)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 Weeks

Interventionmillimoles/L (mmol/L) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.04
6 mg LY26230910.10
13 mg LY26230910.11
24.5 mg LY26230910.25
13 mg LY2623091 + 20 mg Tadalafil0.10
20 mg Tadalafil-0.06
Spironolactone0.30

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Pharmacokinetics (PK): Maximum Concentration (Cmax) of LY2623091

(NCT02194465)
Timeframe: 2 hours post-dose at 4 Weeks

Interventionnanogram/milliliter (ng/ml) (Geometric Mean)
6 mg LY2623091122
13 mg LY2623091228
24.5 mg LY2623091379
13 mg LY2623091 + 20 mg Tadalafil206

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Change in Cardiac Global Longitudinal Strain

Change in myocardial speckle tracked strain (global longitudinal strain) after 18 months (baseline vs. 18 months) of therapy with carvedilol or spironolactone or usual care. The myocardial global longitudinal strain was measured using echocardiography (NCT02230891)
Timeframe: 18 months

Intervention% systolic deformation (Mean)
Carvedilol-1.4
Spironolactone-1.74
Usual Care-1.14

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Change in NTproBNP (Biomarker)

Change in levels of NT-proBNP (measured in blood samples) between baseline and 18 months after therapy with carvedilol or spironolactone or usual care (NCT02230891)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Carvedilol87.9
Spironolactone-16.5
Usual Care3.65

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Change in Troponin T Measured Using a High Sensitivity Assay

Change in levels of troponin T (measured with a high sensitivity assay in blood samples) between baseline and 18 months after therapy with carvedilol or spironolactone or usual care (NCT02230891)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionng/L (Mean)
Carvedilol-0.2
Spironolactone1.4
Usual Care0.35

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Change in Pulse Wave Velocity

Changes in arterial stiffness between baseline and 18 months after therapy with carvedilol, spironolactone or usual care. Arterial stiffness was measured by pulse wave velocity (Sphygmocor device) (NCT02230891)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionm/sec (Mean)
Carvedilol-0.71
Spironolactone-0.77
Usual Care-0.59

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Presence of Outpatient Worsening Heart Failure Symptoms Through Day 30

Outpatient worsening heart failure symptoms will be assessed from discharge through Day 30 (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Hospital discharge through Day 30

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Spironolactone19
Placebo17

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Day 60 Mortality

All participants will be contacted by telephone at 60 days, +/- 3 days post randomization to assess vital status (death). (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: 60 days post randomization

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Spironolactone8
Placebo10

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Change in Loop Diuretics Requirements From Baseline to 30 Days

Medications will be reviewed to assess loop diuretic dose requirements through Day 30 following randomization (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through Day 30

Interventionmg (Mean)
Spironolactone19.66
Placebo30.70

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96 Hour Net Fluid Output

Fluid intake and urine output will be assessed daily while in hospital through 96 hours. Net fluid output (output minus input) through 96 hours is reported. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through 96 hours

Interventionml (Mean)
Spironolactone5824
Placebo5507

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96 Hour Change in Serum Creatinine

Renal function via serum creatinine, will be assessed at randomization and daily through 96 hours (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through 96 hours

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Spironolactone0.15
Placebo0.16

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96 Hour Change in NT-proBNP

The Core Laboratory at Vermont will determine NT-proBNP levels for calculation of the endpoint from samples obtained at randomization and 96 hours respectively. NT-proBNP was converted to log scale. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization to 96 hours

Interventionlog pg/ml (Mean)
Spironolactone-0.58
Placebo-0.61

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96 Hour Change in Dyspnea Visual Analog Scale

Dyspnea visual analog scale change from randomization to 96 hours. Scale range 0-100 with 100 being the best possible score. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization to 96 hours

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Spironolactone17.2
Placebo17.9

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96 Hour Change in Body Weight

Baseline body weight assessment will be completed, and changes in weight documented daily through 96 hours or earlier discharge (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through 96 hours or earlier discharge

Interventionpounds (Mean)
Spironolactone-8.1
Placebo-7.5

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96 Hour Change in Serum Potassium Levels

Change in serum potassium levels at 96 hours as compared to baseline. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Baseline, 96 hours

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Spironolactone0.31
Placebo0.15

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96 Hour Change in Clinical Congestion Score

Clinical congestion score will be assessed at randomization, 96 hours, and at discharge. Scale consisted of sum of six signs and symptoms of congestion, each scored 0-3. Zero indicates no sign/symptom and 3 indicates worst case of sign/symptom. Score range 0-18 with 18 being worst score. (NCT02235077)
Timeframe: Randomization through 96 hours

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Spironolactone-5.59
Placebo-5.82

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Change in Tissue Sodium Concentration Measured Using Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NaMRI)

NaMRI is a sensitive laboratory assessment of the concentration of sodium in tissue (NCT02236520)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks

Interventionmmol/L (Median)
Spironolactone-0.202
Chlorthalidone0.430
Diet-1.745
Placebo-0.407

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Efficacy - Change in Mitral Annular E' Velocity

Change in mitral annular E' velocity measured using Tissue Doppler Index (TDI) echocardiography. Efficacy outcomes were considered exploratory with a goal of detecting signals rather than clearly demonstrating efficacy. (NCT02285920)
Timeframe: Baseline to 36 weeks

,,,
Interventioncm/second (Mean)
Baseline MA E'36 Week MA E'Change between baseline - 36 weeks
Placebo7.47.50.1
Spironolactone 12.5 mg7.67.4-0.2
Spironolactone 25 mg7.87.7-0.1
Spironolactone 50 mg7.07.30.3

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Efficacy - Secondary Cardiac Outcome Measure - Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)

"Secondary outcome measures include other echocardiographic markers of systolic and diastolic function~• Change in left ventricular ejection fraction between Baseline and 36 weeks" (NCT02285920)
Timeframe: Baseline - 36 weeks

,,,
Interventionpercent ejection fraction (Mean)
LVEF BaselineLVEF 36-WeekLVEF Change
Placebo68.970.71.8
Spironolactone 12.5 mg65.966.91.0
Spironolactone 25 mg66.065.3-0.7
Spironolactone 50 mg68.269.51.3

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Efficacy - Secondary Cardiac Outcome Measures - Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain (LVGLS)

"Secondary outcome measures include other echocardiographic markers of systolic and diastolic function,~• Change in myocardial strain and strain rate between baseline and 36 weeks" (NCT02285920)
Timeframe: Baseline - 36 weeks

,,,
Intervention% of myocardial shortening (Mean)
LVGLS BaselineLVGLS 36-weekLVGLS Change
Placebo-17.2-18.1-0.8
Spironolactone 12.5 mg-16.7-17.0-0.3
Spironolactone 25 mg-17.2-17.00.2
Spironolactone 50 mg-17.4-18.2-0.7

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Efficacy - Secondary Cardiac Outcome Measures - Ratio of Mitral Peak Velocity to Diastolic Mitral Annular Velocity (E/E')

"Secondary outcome measures include other echocardiographic markers of systolic and diastolic function,~• E/E' is the ratio of mitral peak velocity of early filling (E) to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E')" (NCT02285920)
Timeframe: Baseline - 36 weeks

,,,
Interventionratio (Mean)
E/E' BaselineE/E' 36-WeekE/E' Change
Placebo10.711.50.9
Spironolactone 12.5 mg11.812.20.4
Spironolactone 25 mg9.210.61.4
Spironolactone 50 mg12.511.9-0.6

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Efficacy - Secondary Cardiac Outcome Measures Left Ventricular Mass Index (LVMI)

"Secondary outcome measures include other echocardiographic markers of systolic and diastolic function,~• Change in left ventricular mass index (LVMI) between baseline and 36 weeks" (NCT02285920)
Timeframe: Baseline - 36 weeks

,,,
Interventiong/m^2 (Mean)
LVMI BaselineLVMI 36-WeekLVMI Change
Placebo105.294.8-10.4
Spironolactone 12.5 mg115.5104.6-10.9
Spironolactone 25 mg116.4109.1-7.3
Spironolactone 50 mg106.396.5-9.8

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Safety - Cardiovascular Death

Number of Cardiovascular deaths defined as death due to myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cardiac valvular disease, arrhythmia, sudden death, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease (NCT02285920)
Timeframe: 0 - 40 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo1
Spironolactone 12.5 mg0
Spironolactone 25 mg2
Spironolactone 50 mg1

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Safety - Combined Incidence of Potassium >6.5 mEq/L or Serious Hyperkalemia

The number of participants who had serum potassium >6.5 mEq/L or serious hyperkalemia was assessed by treatment arm. (NCT02285920)
Timeframe: 0 - 40 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo13
Spironolactone 12.5 mg5
Spironolactone 25 mg5
Spironolactone 50 mg10

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Safety - Hyperkalemia Requiring Adjustment in Treatment

Hyperkalemia requiring adjustment in dialysate potassium concentration, or discontinuation of study medication (NCT02285920)
Timeframe: 0 - 40 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo13
Spironolactone 12.5 mg2
Spironolactone 25 mg5
Spironolactone 50 mg7

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Safety - Number of Participants With Serious Hyperkalemia

Number of patients with serious hyperkalemia requiring hospitalization, emergency/unscheduled dialysis or resin therapy (NCT02285920)
Timeframe: 0 - 40 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo6
Spironolactone 12.5 mg2
Spironolactone 25 mg0
Spironolactone 50 mg7

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Safety - Number of Participants With Serum Potassium >6.5 mEq/L

The number of participants who had serum potassium >6.5 mEq/L was assessed by treatment arm. (NCT02285920)
Timeframe: 0 - 40 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo9
Spironolactone 12.5 mg4
Spironolactone 25 mg4
Spironolactone 50 mg8

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Safety - Participants With Serious Hypotension

The number of participants experiencing serious hypotension, defined as hypotension requiring hospitalization or ED visit and not attributable to overt sepsis, acute myocardial infarction, or other cardiovascular event (e.g. aortic dissection). (NCT02285920)
Timeframe: 0 - 40 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo0
Spironolactone 12.5 mg2
Spironolactone 25 mg0
Spironolactone 50 mg3

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Study Drug Tolerability

Tolerability is defined as number of participants who experienced permanent study drug discontinuation or dose reduction. (NCT02285920)
Timeframe: 0 - 36 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo16
Spironolactone 12.5 mg5
Spironolactone 25 mg6
Spironolactone 50 mg8

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Left Ventricular Strain

a sensitive measure of heart muscle function (NCT02354352)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionPercent change in circumference (Median)
Eplerenone0.2
Spironolactone0.4

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Change in Albuminuria

Change of the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (baseline - post-study med) after 6 weeks of spironolactone vs. 6 weeks of amiloride. (NCT02497300)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionmg albumin/g creatinine (Mean)
Spironolactone129
Amiloride285

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Change in Serum Creatinine (Baseline - Post-medication)

Difference in serum creatinine (baseline - post-medication) after 6 weeks of spironolactone vs. 6 weeks of amiloride. (NCT02497300)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Spironolactone0.2
Amiloride-0.1

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Change in Serum Potassium

Difference in serum potassium levels (baseline - post-medication) after 6 weeks of spironolactone vs. 6 weeks of amiloride. (NCT02497300)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Spironolactone0.4
Amiloride-0.5

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Difference in 24 Hour Ambulatory Systolic Blood Pressure

"The study was not able to meet its recruitment goal, and participant numbers were too low to test the intended primary outcome of Difference in percent change of ultrasound-guided flow-mediated dilation between 6 weeks of spironolactone vs. 6 weeks of amiloride. The change in 24hr ABPM systolic BP (Baseline - 6 week) is reported here." (NCT02497300)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Spironolactone Exposure7.7
Amiloride Exposure12.5

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Change in Oxidative Stress as Measured by Urine Levels of F2-isoprostanes

Difference in level of urine 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2-alpha per mg of creatinine levels between 6 weeks of spironolactone vs. 6 weeks of amiloride. (NCT02497300)
Timeframe: 6 weeks

Interventionng F2 isoprostane/mg creatinine (Mean)
Spironolactone-2.77
Amiloride-0.17

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Change in Score on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)

Dyspnea will be assessed at baseline and at 7 days with the score on the visual analogue scale (VAS). The scores range from 0 (minimum) to 100 (maximum) with higher numbers representing improvements in dyspnea (i.e. better) and lower numbers representing worsening of dyspnea (i.e. worse). (NCT02585843)
Timeframe: 7 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
High-dose26
Standard of Care25

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Change From Baseline to Day 7 on the Seven-Level Likert Scale

Dyspnea will be assessed using a Seven-Level Likert Scale at baseline and the day 7 visit. The outcome measure will be reported as a difference between these two assessments (value at 7 days minus the value at baseline). The values on this scale range from 1 to 7 with higher numbers indicating overall better subjective assessment related to the symptom of dyspnea. Therefore, positive numbers represent an overall improvement in dyspnea during the study intervention and the higher (more positive) this difference is, the better the subject's relief of dyspnea at the conclusion of the study intervention. (NCT02585843)
Timeframe: 7 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
High-dose2.1
Standard of Care2.6

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Change in 6-minute Walk Test Distance (6MWT)

At baseline and final visit. The 6MWT will be conducted per American Thoracic Society guidelines. (NCT02585843)
Timeframe: 7 days

Interventionmeters (Mean)
High-dose36
Standard of Care36

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Change in Body Weight

change in body weight measured in kilograms between weight at baseline and weight at 7 days (NCT02585843)
Timeframe: 7 days

Interventionkilogram (Mean)
High-dose-1.9
Standard of Care-1.9

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Change in Estimated Jugular Venous Pressure (cmH2O)

Change in estimated jugular venous pressure by physical exam in cmH2O between baseline and 7 days (NCT02585843)
Timeframe: 7 days

InterventioncmH2O (Mean)
High-dose-3.2
Standard of Care-3.9

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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

The primary analyses were based on the difference between each estimated GFR measure and iothalamate scan. (NCT02883400)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionml/min/1.73m^2 (Mean)
SOC-Standard of Care69
Spironolactone64

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Participants With Central Serum Potassium <5.5 mEq/L Over Time

"Baseline Central Serum Potassium: BCSP.~The symbols > and ≤ included in the row titles are used to indicate the time interval [>Week1 and ≤Week2 meaning from day 8 until day 14 (included)].~If a participant's serum potassium result at baseline was not in one of the two subgroups reported below, the participant's potassium stratum at randomization was used. Therefore, participants with BCSP <4.3 mEq/L or >5.1 mEq/L at baseline (Day 0) have been classified according to their serum potassium values at the Screening period." (NCT03071263)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 12

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
BCSP 4.3-<4.7mEq/L: ≤Week1BCSP 4.3-<4.7mEq/L: >Week1 and ≤Week2BCSP 4.3-<4.7mEq/L: >Week 2 and ≤Week 3BCSP 4.3-<4.7mEq/L: >Week 3 and ≤Week 4BCSP 4.3-<4.7mEq/L: >Week 4 and ≤Week 6BCSP 4.3-<4.7mEq/L: >Week 6 and ≤Week 8BCSP 4.3-<4.7mEq/L: >Week 8 and ≤Week 10BCSP 4.3-<4.7mEq/L: > Week 10 and ≤ Week 12BCSP 4.7-<5.1 mEq/L: ≤Week 1BCSP 4.7-<5.1mEq/L: >Week 1 and ≤Week 2BCSP 4.7-<5.1mEq/L: >Week 2 and ≤Week 3BCSP 4.7-<5.1mEq/L: >Week 3 and ≤Week 4BCSP 4.7-<5.1 mEq/L: >Week 4 and ≤Week 6BCSP 4.7-<5.1mEq/L: >Week 6 and ≤Week 8BCSP 4.7-<5.1mEq/L: >Week 8 and ≤Week 10BCSP 4.7-<5.1mEq/L: >Week 10 and ≤Week 12Overall : ≤Week 1Overall : > Week 1 and ≤Week 2Overall : >Week 2 and ≤Week 3Overall : >Week 3 and ≤Week 4Overall : >Week 4 and ≤Week 6Overall : >Week 6 and ≤Week 8Overall : >Week 8 and ≤Week 10Overall : >Week 10 and ≤Week 12
Group 1 - Patiromer60575961616158617574747479747280135131133135140135130141
Group 2 - Placebo62576360615858616665656164666665128122128121125124124126

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Participants Having Spironolactone Titrations Over Time

"The titration was performed according to the following criteria: Spironolactone was increased in cases of hypertension, decreased or stopped in cases of hypotension and maintained if the blood pressure results were adequate~The symbols > and ≤ included in the row titles are used to indicate the time interval [>Week1 and ≤Week2 meaning from day 8 until day 14 (included)]." (NCT03071263)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 12

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Up : ≤Week 1Up : >Week 1 and ≤Week 2Up : >Week 2 and ≤Week 3Up : >Week 3 and ≤Week 4Up : >Week 4 and ≤Week 6Up : >Week 6 and ≤Week 8Up : >Week 8 and ≤Week 10Up : >Week 10 and ≤Week 12Down : ≤Week 1Down : >Week 1 and ≤Week 2Down : >Week 2 and ≤Week 3Down : >Week 3 and ≤Week 4Down : >Week 4 and ≤Week 6Down : >Week 6 and ≤Week 8Down : >Week 8 and ≤Week 10Down : >Week 10 and ≤Week 12
Group 1 - Patiromer0088271066112268543
Group 2 - Placebo0077211167020257871

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Number of Participants Requiring Additional New Antihypertensive Medications or Increases to Baseline Antihypertensive Medications

"Row Titles:~AM: Antihypertensive Medication(s)~New AM: Participants who required additional new antihypertensive medication(s)~Increases to baseline AM: Participants who required increases to baseline antihypertensive medication(s)~Addition new (or increase) AM: Participants who required addition of new antihypertensive medication(s) and/or increases to baseline antihypertensive medications~At any time during the study: During study~While on study medication: On medication" (NCT03071263)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 12/Early Termination visit

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
New AM : At any time during the studyNew AM : On medicationIncreases to baseline AM: During studyIncreases to baseline AM: On medicationAddition new (or increases) AM: During studyAddition new (or increases) AM : On medication
Group 1 - Patiromer000000
Group 2 - Placebo312142

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Number of Participants by Spironolactone Dose Prescribed at Each Visit

"QD: Once daily~QOD: Once every other day" (NCT03071263)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 10

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
50 mg QD : Baseline50 mg QD : Week 150 mg QD : Week 250 mg QD : Week 350 mg QD : Week 450 mg QD : Week 650 mg QD : Week 850 mg QD : Week 1025 mg QD : Baseline25 mg QD : Week 125 mg QD : Week 225 mg QD : Week 325 mg QD : Week 425 mg QD : Week 625 mg QD : Week 825 mg QD : Week 1025 mg QOD : Baseline25 mg QOD : Week 125 mg QOD : Week 225 mg QOD : Week 325 mg QOD : Week 425 mg QOD : Week 625 mg QOD : Week 825 mg QOD : Week 10
Group 1 - Patiromer00086105106106106147145140492725261901333212
Group 2 - Placebo0007694968580148144142573428242002123244

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Central Serum Potassium Change From Baseline to Week 12 by Baseline Serum Potassium Category

"The two baseline potassium subgroups, 4.3-<4.7 mEq/L versus 4.7-5.1 mEq/L, are based on central laboratory data.~If a participant's serum potassium result at baseline was not in one of the two subgroups reported below, the participant's potassium stratum at randomization was used. Therefore, participants with BCSP <4.3 mEq/L or >5.1 mEq/L at baseline (Day 0) have been classified according to their serum potassium values at the Screening period." (NCT03071263)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 12

,
InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Baseline Central Serum Potassium 4.3-<4.7 mEq/LBaseline Central Serum Potassium 4.7-<5.1 mEq/LOverall
Group 1 - Patiromer0.16-0.090.02
Group 2 - Placebo0.400.030.20

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Number of Participants Remaining on Spironolactone at Week 12

The proportion of subjects remaining on spironolactone at Week 12 will be compared between treatment groups (spironolactone/patiromer versus spironolactone/placebo). Subjects who discontinued from the study early or discontinued study spironolactone prior to Week 12, for any reason, were considered as not having remained on spironolactone until Week 12. (NCT03071263)
Timeframe: At week 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Group 1 - Patiromer126
Group 2 - Placebo98

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Change in AOBP SBP From Baseline to Week 12 Regardless of Increase in Antihypertensives

AOBP SBP: Automated Office Systolic Blood Pressure (NCT03071263)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 12

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Group 1 - Patiromer-11.3
Group 2 - Placebo-11.2

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Change in AOBP SBP From Baseline to Week 12 or Last Available AOBP SBP Prior to Addition of Any New BP Medications or Increase From Any Baseline BP Medications

AOBP: Automated Office Blood Pressure SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure BP: Blood Pressure (NCT03071263)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 12

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Group 1 - Patiromer-11.3
Group 2 - Placebo-11.0

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Spironolactone Dose Level at End of 12 Weeks of Study Treatment

"Row title:~Participants not completing 12W of study treatment: Participants who had not completed 12 weeks of study treatment." (NCT03071263)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks of Study Treatment

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
50 mg QD25 mg QD25 mg QODParticipants not completing 12W of study treatment
Group 1 - Patiromer10222221
Group 2 - Placebo7619350

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Shifts in Selected Laboratory Tests From Baseline to End of Treatment

"The end of treatment value is defined as the last non-missing value on or prior to the last spironolactone dose date (from End of Treatment - Case report form) + 3 days~LLN=Lower limit of the normal range. ULN=Upper limit of the normal range. EoT=End of Treatment" (NCT03071263)
Timeframe: From Baseline to End of Treatment, up to 12 weeks.

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Magnesium - Baseline Value Magnesium - Baseline Value Magnesium - Baseline Value ULNMagnesium - Baseline Value Normal : EoT Value Magnesium- Baseline Value Normal: EoT Value NormalMagnesium - Baseline Value Normal : EoT Value >ULNMagnesium - Baseline Value >ULN : EoT Value Magnesium - Baseline Value >ULN : EoT Value NormalMagnesium - Baseline Value >ULN : EoT Value >ULNPhosphate - Baseline Value Phosphate - Baseline Value Phosphate - Baseline Value ULNPhosphate - Baseline Value Normal : EoT Value Phosphate- Baseline Value Normal: EoT Value NormalPhosphate - Baseline Value Normal : EoT Value >ULNPhosphate - Baseline Value >ULN : EoT Value Phosphate - Baseline Value >ULN : EoT Value NormalPhosphate - Baseline Value >ULN : EoT Value >ULNCalcium - Baseline Value Calcium - Baseline Value Calcium - Baseline Value ULNCalcium - Baseline Value Normal : EoT Value Calcium - Baseline Value Normal : EoT Value NormalCalcium - Baseline Value Normal : EoT Value >ULNCalcium - Baseline Value >ULN : EoT Value Calcium - Baseline Value >ULN : EoT Value NormalCalcium - Baseline Value >ULN : EoT Value >ULN
Group 1 - Patiromer93012103601030100136205225041330020
Group 2 - Placebo4807109100631301125804541061330012

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Efficacy: Dynamometry Score

Secondary outcome measures will be Dynamometry score, which is a summation of maximum voluntary isometric contraction test values for knee flexion, knee extension, elbow flexion, and elbow extension (NCT03777319)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionkg (Number)
Elbow Flexion (Right)-BaselineElbow Flexion (Left)-BaselineElbow Extension (Right)-BaselineElbow Extension (Left)-BaselineKnee Flexion (Right)-BaselineKnee Flexion (Left)-BaselineKnee Extension (Right)-BaselineKnee Extension (Left)-BaselineElbow Flexion (Right)-Month 6Elbow Flexion (Left)-Month 6Elbow Extension (Right)-Month 6Elbow Extension (Left)-Month 6Knee Flexion (Right)-Month 6Knee Flexion (Left)-Month 6Knee Extension (Right)-Month 6Knee Extension (Left)-Month 6
Prednisolone3.64.15.34.13.33.44.85.22.93.44.33.84.13.965.1
Spironolactone00004.12.83.85.93.13.52.42.54.34.17.28.3

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Safety Will be Monitored Through Regular Review of Electrolytes.

Electrolytes (Sodium, Potassium, Cloride and Carbon dioxide, mmol/L) will be measured on a monthly basis following initiation of either spironolactone or prednisolone. (NCT03777319)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionmmol/L (Number)
Sodium-BaselineSodium-Month 1Sodium-Month 2Sodium-Month 3Sodium-Month 4Sodium-Month 5Sodium-Month 6Potassium-BaselinePotassium-Month 1Potassium-Month 2Potassium-Month 3Potassium-Month 4Potassium-Month 5Potassium-Month 6Chloride-BaselineChloride-Month 1Chloride-Month 2Chloride-Month 3Chloride-Month 4Chloride-Month 5Chloride-Month 6CO2-BaselineCO2-Month 1CO2-Month 2CO2-Month 3CO2-Month 4CO2-Month 5CO2-Month 6
Prednisolone1401401391411391391433.844.53.94.64.23.910510510410510510610522242424252626
Spironolactone1421421411421391391404.54.74.24.14.54.54.310310910710310310310129222527282826

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Efficacy: Change in Time to Complete a 100 Meter Timed Test.

The determination of whether spironolactone has similar efficacy to glucocorticoids in improving muscle strength in steroid naïve DMD patients. This will be determined by measuring the time to complete a 100 meter timed test (100M). (NCT03777319)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionsec (Number)
Spironolactone-0.6
Prednisolone-5.3

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Digoxin Plasma Data for AUC0-96

Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time 0 to the 96 hour time point concentration. (NCT03909529)
Timeframe: 4 days

Interventionpg.hr/mL (Mean)
Treatment ATreatment B
Drug-Drug Interaction Study13715.97416551.500

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Digoxin Plasma Data for Tmax

If the maximum value occurs at more than one time point, Tmax is defined as the first time point with this value. (NCT03909529)
Timeframe: 4 days

Interventionhr (Mean)
Treatment ATreatment B
Drug-Drug Interaction Study0.7440.901

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Dogoxin Plasma Data for Cmax

Primary Pharmacokinetic parameter The following pharmacokinetic parameters for Digoxin were obtained using non-compartmental method Cmax, AUC0-96, and tmax using plasma data, Renal clearance (CLR) /Percent Recovered, Unchanged drug excreted in urine (fe)/Amount Recovered using urine data. (NCT03909529)
Timeframe: 4 days

Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Treatment ATreatment B
Drug-Drug Interaction Study1530.1882432.908

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Renal Clearance (CLR)/Percent Recovered

Summary Statistics for Untransformed Urine PK Parameters of digoxin Per Treatment-Renal clearance (CLR)/Percent Recovered (NCT03909529)
Timeframe: 04 Days

Intervention% recovered (Mean)
Treatment ATreatment B
Drug-Drug Interaction Study54.68753.378

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Unchanged Drug Excreted in Urine (fe)/ Amount Recovered

Summary of Urine Pharmacokinetic parameters for digoxin -unchanged drug excreted in urine (fe)/ Amount Recovered (NCT03909529)
Timeframe: 04 Days

Interventionnanograms (Mean)
Treatment ATreatment B
Drug-Drug Interaction Study136717.72133446.07

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Free Testosterone

Free Testosterone measured in ng/dL (NCT03981861)
Timeframe: Change Measures: Baseline & 6 Months

Interventionng/dL (Mean)
Overall Study-0.15

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Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS)

DHEAS measured in mcg/dL (NCT03981861)
Timeframe: Change Measures: Baseline & 6 Months

Interventionmcg/dL (Mean)
Overall Study-25.89

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body Mass Index measured in kg/m2 (NCT03981861)
Timeframe: Change Measures: Baseline & 6 Months

Interventionkg/m2 (Mean)
Overall Study-1.3

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Total Testosterone

Total Testosterone measured in ng/dL (NCT03981861)
Timeframe: Change Measures: Baseline & 6 Months

Interventionng/dL (Mean)
Overall Study-12.57

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Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Measurement of glucose and insulin at baseline and 2 hours after 75g of glucola. (NCT03981861)
Timeframe: Change Measures: Baseline & 6 Months

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Overall Study0.9

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Number of Patients Whose Interventions Were Stopped Because Clinical Improvement Was Achieved Before 96 Hours as Assessed by de Clinical Judgement of the Medical Team in Charge.

Clinical improvement was referred as remission of symptoms with achievement of 24 hour urine output equal or greater than 3000 milliliters (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: From the beginning of intervention and before 96 hours after that

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide5
Diuretics Combined7

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Number of Patients That Achieved >30% Reduction in Brain Natriuretic Compared With Baseline Levels

Baseline levels were defined as the measurement at hospital admission (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: Up to 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide5
Diuretics Combined7

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Number of Participants With Renal Function Recovery Defined as a Return to Individual Baseline Serum Creatinine Values

Comparing patient's baseline serum creatinine (previous serum creatinine of 3 months ago and up to a year ago) with creatinine measurements every 24 hours during intervention (4 days) (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: Up to 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide8
Diuretics Combined5

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Number of Days From the Beginning of the Intervention Until Patients Referred Dyspnea Improvement or a Reduction in Supplementary Oxygen Requirements Was Made.

"Dyspnea improvement was referred by the patient as the clinician asked them do you feel more or less difficult to breathe? or if the liters per minute or the fraction of inspired supplementary oxygen necessary maintain an oxygen saturation >90% were diminished" (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: Up to 4 days after intervention started

Interventiondays (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide4
Diuretics Combined4

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Mortality During Follow up Defined as Number of Dead Patients After Discharge

(NCT04393493)
Timeframe: From day one after discharge up to an average of 161 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide9
Diuretics Combined12

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In Hospital Mortality Defined as Number of Dead Patients From Day One of Intervention and Before Discharge

(NCT04393493)
Timeframe: From day one of intervention up to discharge, an average of 1 week

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide4
Diuretics Combined4

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Change in Serum Urea Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Urea Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum urea levels at day one of intervention minus serum urea levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide13
Diuretics Combined18

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Change in Serum Sodium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Sodium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum sodium levels at day one of intervention minus serum sodium levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide-1.2
Diuretics Combined0.2

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Change in Serum Potassium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Potassium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum potassium levels at day one of intervention minus serum potassium levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide-0.2
Diuretics Combined-0.4

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An Elevation of at Least 0.3 mg/dl of Serum Creatinine From Day One of Intervention Compared With Serum Creatinine at 96hrs After Intervention Started

(NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide20
Diuretics Combined24

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Change in Serum pH Value Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum pH Value Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum pH value at day one of intervention minus serum pH value at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionunits (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide0.03
Diuretics Combined0.02

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Change in Serum Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum partial pressure of carbon dioxide at day one of intervention minus serum partial pressure of carbon dioxide at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide1
Diuretics Combined3

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Change in Serum Magnesium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Magnesium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum magnesium levels at day one of intervention minus serum magnesium levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide0.07
Diuretics Combined-0.04

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Change in Serum Creatinine at Day One of Intervention From Serum Creatinine at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started

Calculated as serum creatinine at day one minus serum creatinine at 96 hrs after intervention started (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide0.02
Diuretics Combined0.2

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Change in Serum Copeptin Levels at Day One of Intervention From Serum Copeptin Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum copeptin levels at day one minus serum copeptin levels measured at 96 hrs after intervention started (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionng/dl (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide1.1
Diuretics Combined-16

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Change in Serum Chloride Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Chloride Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum chloride levels at day one of intervention minus serum chloride levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide-0.6
Diuretics Combined-0.4

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Change in Serum Calcium Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Calcium Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum calcium levels at day one of intervention minus serum calcium levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide0.15
Diuretics Combined-0.05

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Change in Serum Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels at Baseline From Serum Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels at 96 Hours After Intervention Started

Baseline levels were defined as the measurement at hospital admission. Calculated as serum brain natriuretic peptide levels at baseline minus serum brain natriuretic peptide levels at 96 hours after intervention started (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionng/dl (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide-1344
Diuretics Combined-1378

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Change in Serum Bicarbonate Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Bicarbonate Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum bicarbonate levels at day one of intervention minus bicarbonate levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionmEq/L (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide2.9
Diuretics Combined3

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Change in 24 Hour Urine Output at 96 Hours After Intervention Started From 24 Hour Urine Output One Day Before Intervention Initiation)

Urine output was collected through an urinary catheter and measured and registered by a nurse. The sum of these registrations from 7 am from one day to 7 am of the next day was considered the 24 hour urinary output (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionml (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide125
Diuretics Combined200

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Number of Patients That Required Renal Replacement Therapy of Any Type During Intervention (4 Days).

The requirement of renal replacement therapy was assessed by the nephrology team in charge (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: Up to 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide7
Diuretics Combined6

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Number of Patients With Dyspnea Improvement as Referred by the Patient or Reduction in Supplementary Oxygen Requirements Before Day 3 of Intervention

"Dyspnea improvement was referred by the patient as the clinician asked them do you feel more or less difficult to breathe? or if the liters per minute or the fraction of inspired supplementary oxygen necessary maintain an oxygen saturation >90% were diminished" (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: Up to 3 days after intervention started

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide2
Diuretics Combined7

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Number of Patients With Dyspnea Improvement as Referred by the Patient or Reduction in Supplementary Oxygen Requirements at 96 Hours After Intervention Started

"Dyspnea improvement was referred by the patient as the clinician asked them do you feel more or less difficult to breathe? or if the liters per minute or the fraction of inspired supplementary oxygen necessary to maintain an oxygen saturation >90% were diminished" (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: Up to 96 hours after intervention started

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stepped Furosemide27
Diuretics Combined27

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Change in Serum Lactate Levels Measured at Day One of Intervention From Serum Lactate Levels Measured at 96 Hrs After Intervention Started.

Calculated as serum lactate levels at day one of intervention minus serum lactate levels at 96 hrs after intervention started. (NCT04393493)
Timeframe: 96 hours after intervention started

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Stepped Furosemide0
Diuretics Combined0.1

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Ventricular Refractoriness

The right ventricular effective refractory period (ERP) will be measured at 3 month in patients enrolled at the Portland VA Medical Center by single extra stimuli via their implanted defibrillator. The ERP is defined as the shortest paced beat coupling interval that fails to produce ventricular capture after a baseline stable pacing train. (NCT04495712)
Timeframe: measured 3 months after randomization

Interventionmilliseconds (Mean)
Spironolactone294.2
Placebo278.3

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Time to First Appropriate Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Therapy

Time to first documented ICD therapy for ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation after randomization (NCT04495712)
Timeframe: through study completion, an average of 35 months

Interventionmonths (Median)
Spironolactone8.8
Placebo12.3

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Short Form Health Survey Adapted for Veterans (SF36V)

Short Form Health Survey adapted for veterans (SF36V) is a 36 item questionnaire that measures general physical and mental health [17]. The SF36V is a reliable and valid questionnaire, containing eight constructs of health status: physical functioning (PF), role limitations due to physical problems (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health perceptions (GH), energy/vitality (VT), social functioning (SF), role limitations due to emotional problems (RE), and mental health (MH). These eight dimensions can be summarized numerically into two scores, the physical component summary (PCS) and the mental component summary (MCS). Range 0-100 higher score is better Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL). We are reporting the Mental Component Summary score at 12 months here. (NCT04495712)
Timeframe: 12 months after enrollment

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Spironolactone54.87
Placebo63.31

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Patient Concerns Assessment (PCA)

Patient Concerns Assessment (PCA) is a symptom checklist that measures physical symptoms and fears that are common after ICD implantation. The PCA is a disease-specific instrument for ICD QOL, symptoms, and distress, with a reliability of ( = 0.88). Range 0-44, a higher score reflects more concerns and fears. (NCT04495712)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Spironolactone22.15
Placebo18.42

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Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ)

Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) is a 23-item reliable and valid questionnaire, which evaluates HRQOL in heart failure. It quantifies, in a disease-specific fashion, physical limitations, symptoms, quality of life, social interference and self-efficacy. KCCQ provides the calculation of 2 main scores, the overall score and the clinical summary score, which includes functional status, social limitation and quality of life domains scores. Range 0-100, higher scores represent higher HRQOL. (NCT04495712)
Timeframe: through study completion, an average of 35 months

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Spironolactone57.35
Placebo68.67

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All Cause Hospitalization

Number of patients hospitalized for any reason during study follow-up. (NCT04495712)
Timeframe: through study completion, an average of 35 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Spironolactone28
Placebo24

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.4620chloroethaneshepatotoxic agent;
mutagen;
non-polar solvent
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.1510non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol: the aglycone of gastrodin. p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from Arcangelisia gusanlung.		2.0510benzyl alcohols;
phenols		plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxybenzaldehydeEC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.0510monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		1.97104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.9840ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.0510monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		2.6630aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.4520acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.6930ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		8.91406-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		2.0410guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		6.0591azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.4520acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.0510benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0510benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0510benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.8730amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		3.7330halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		2.0510alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		2.3820amino-acid anion
carnitine
[no description available]		2.7530amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		2.4420catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.7130alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chlordecone
[no description available]		2.0210cyclic ketone;
organochlorine compound		insecticide;
persistent organic pollutant
choline
[no description available]		3.9840cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		4.8230tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		9.61885halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.6730coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		7.7261monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
3-cresol
3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. m-cresol : A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.		2.0510cresolhuman xenobiotic metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.2110gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol
4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.		2.0510aminophenolallergen;
metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		5.1580aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
taxifolin
[no description available]		2.44203'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroflavonols;
pentahydroxyflavanone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.4420catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		4.460amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.0510dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine
[no description available]		7.99203glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.71302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		2.0310alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.6930sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0610ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.3820aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.		2.7330chlorocyclohexane
glycine
[no description available]		3.2660alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		4.2641alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		7.99392carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0610
histamine
[no description available]		2.3920aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		5.2241elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.9640benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		5.34141diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		1.9410hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
lipoamide
Lipozyme: lipase from Rhizomucor miehei immobilized on anion exchange resin		1.9610dithiolanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		3.4620dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.31102-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		4.6261alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.7530cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		7.9640acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
n-acetylserotonin
N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.		2.0310acetamides;
N-acylserotonin;
phenols		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0510acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.0510pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		4.5570pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		7.12103monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.9340monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
n,n-dimethylaniline
N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.0510dimethylaniline;
tertiary amine
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0510octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		2.0510pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.0510aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.69304-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.6620long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		7.3520C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.4620phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.4620benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		2.1510phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0510propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.6330saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pteridines
[no description available]		2.8640azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		4.570monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.0510methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		5.3470hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		1.96102-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.0310pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		3.7521divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		1.9610divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
taurine
[no description available]		2.4420amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		10.8261primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		2.0510methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		3.7530pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		10.093612uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		13.96455isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uroporphyrinogen iii
Uroporphyrinogens: Porphyrinogens which are intermediates in heme biosynthesis. They have four acetic acid and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Uroporphyrinogen I and III are formed from polypyrryl methane in the presence of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase and uroporphyrin I synthetase, respectively. They can yield uroporphyrins by autooxidation or coproporphyrinogens by decarboxylation.		2.0310uroporphyrinogenEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.0210benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
isocitric acid
isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.		1.9710secondary alcohol;
tricarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		2.4120non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
[no description available]		2.0310
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.		1.9810amphetamines;
dimethoxybenzene;
organoiodine compound
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source		2.0310
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		2.4320benzenes;
organic amino compound
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		2.0410catecholamine
n(8)-bromoacetyl-n(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane
N(8)-bromoacetyl-N(1)-3'-(4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-1,8-diamino-4-menthane: structure given in first source		2.0310
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		2.4420benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		4.26412-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.0510p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
[no description available]		2.4110piperazines
1,10-diaminodecane
[no description available]		2.4420
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.7430oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.0310
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.		2.0310isoquinolinolEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		2.4420aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse		2.0310imidazoles
1-aminobenzotriazole
[no description available]		2.4420
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		1.9510aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methylimidazole
1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.		2.0310imidazoles
edelfosine
edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.		2.0310glycerophosphocholine
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.4420oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
hoe 33342
BXI-72: structure in first source		2.4620bibenzimidazole;
N-methylpiperazine		fluorochrome
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.4420bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.		2.0210chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
trichlorobenzene		defoliant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		2.4620dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-hydroxysaclofen
2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source		2.0310organochlorine compound
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.		2.0810organoboron compound;
primary amino compound		calcium channel blocker;
IP3 receptor antagonist;
potassium channel opener
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.		2.4420isocoumarins;
organochlorine compound		geroprotector;
serine protease inhibitor
phaclofen
phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0310organophosphate oxoanion;
zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		2.0310benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3-bromo-7-nitroindazole
[no description available]		2.0310
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		5130ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.0310oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.0310C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
cgp 52411
4,5-dianilinophthalimide: structure given in first source. 4,5-dianilinophthalimide : Phthalimide substituted at the 4- and 5-positions by anilino groups.		2.0510phthalimidesgeroprotector;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;		2.4420benzoisoquinoline;
dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.4420aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.4420guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide. 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.		2.0310carbohydrazide;
phenols
4-nonylphenol
4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.		2.0210phenolsenvironmental contaminant
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source. 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation.		2.44201,2,5-oxadiazole;
benzenes;
N-oxide;
nitrile		geroprotector;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.03101-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		6.6280imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site		2.0310quinolines
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride
5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.		2.730aromatic amine;
azepanes;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
odorant receptor antagonist;
sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		3.4170aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist		2.4420indolyl carboxylic acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		2.7530indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine
5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.		2.4110aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
tryptamines		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
serotonergic agonist
phenanthridone
phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.		2.4420lactam;
phenanthridines		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mutagen
6-chloromelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
6-hydroxymelatonin
6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.		2.0310acetamides;
tryptamines		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline
6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310
6-nitroso-1,2-benzopyrone
[no description available]		2.4420
7-chlorokynurenic acid
7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.		2.0310organochlorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.0310
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist		2.4420
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		2.0310oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline
8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist		2.0310
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.1350acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
acetylenic compound;
primary alcohol		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		6.6592aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		10.14140acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		12.19815monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		3.1550acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.8530acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
ag 127
tyrphostin AG 126: inhibits development of postoperative ileus induced by surgical manipulation of murine colon		2.4420nitrophenol
rtki cpd
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
geroprotector
tyrphostin a23
tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source		2.4420catechols
tyrphostin 25
[no description available]		2.4420benzenetriol
tyrphostin a1
[no description available]		2.0310methoxybenzenesgeroprotector
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source		2.0310
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.5920alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		4.0840aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		5.971phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.85301,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alexidine
alexidine: until June 1975 was mistakenly treated as synonym for chlorhexidine; RN given refers to parent cpd. alexidine : An amphipathic bisbiguanide with a structure consisting of two (2-ethylhexyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.4110biguanidesantibacterial agent
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		3.5720imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		4.7450organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.6830secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
althiazide
[no description available]		6.1375benzothiadiazine
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		4.0640triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		4.6580adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.0510aromatic amine
amfonelic acid
amfonelic acid: CNS-stimulant		2.0310
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.2310acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		4.0640diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		8.08241dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		3.5820guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		4.3460N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		12.19162dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		11.171701-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		4.7490carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		10.93266dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		2.7230barbiturates
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		4.460dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.4520acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		5.861nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.0310N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
9-anthroic acid
9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.		2.3820anthroic acid
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		3.5220anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		5.99152pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version		2.0310
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		3.1550acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
arcaine
arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.		2.0410guanidines
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		10.4332benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		3.360benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		9.17203ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist		2.0310alpha-amino acid
aurintricarboxylic acid
Aurintricarboxylic Acid: A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.. aurintricarboxylic acid : A member of the class of quinomethanes that is 3-methylidene-6-oxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1-carboxylic acid in which the methylidene hydrogens are replaced by 4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl groups. The trisodium salt is the biological stain 'chrome violet CG' while the triammonium salt is 'aluminon'.		2.4420monohydroxybenzoic acid;
quinomethanes;
tricarboxylic acid		fluorochrome;
histological dye;
insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		10.04130aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.4320alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
azosemide
azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.		7.3920monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide;
tetrazoles;
thiophenes		loop diuretic
baclofen
[no description available]		4.2450amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.4620barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.8730indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		10.814010benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0310benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		4.55701-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.4220ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.0510benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		1.9410benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.7130pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		2.0710alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone
beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.		2.0110extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
betahistine
Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.		2.610aminoalkylpyridine;
secondary amino compound		H1-receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
bethanidine
Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.		2.3620guanidinesadrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		4.0540propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.5920carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		210propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		5.1580(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0510biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.520diarylmethane
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		2.7330
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		12328secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bithionol
Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.		2.7630aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol		antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
bml 190
indomethacin morpholinylamide: an inverse agonist of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor		2.4420N-acylindole
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.7230imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0510organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		4.9621organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.4320organic molecular entity
bu 224
BU 224: a selective imidazoline 2-receptor blocker		2.0510quinolines
bumetanide
[no description available]		8.29212amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		2.7530aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
bupranolol
Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.		1.9610aromatic ether
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		4.85100azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		4.6380methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.0510barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
butamben
butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.		2.0510amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		local anaesthetic
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		7.53151purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		7.89231aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		2.0810benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		8.2760biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		12.524510benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		10.72150dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310benzenes
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.5920monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		4.0740carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		9.4951N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0510carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.4120quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		9.88304carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		4.4160organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		4.4160ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cgs 12066
4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline : A pyrroloquinoxaline that is pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline bearing additional 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 4 and 7 respectively. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0310N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
pyrroloquinoxaline		serotonergic agonist
cgs 15943
9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.		2.4420aromatic amine;
biaryl;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines;
triazoloquinazoline		adenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
antineoplastic agent;
central nervous system stimulant
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.4620benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.3820aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		4.570aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.2310diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		3.8430benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		4.25501,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.6580aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		13.21066benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		3.8430monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		5.68150organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		4.8100monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		14.518814isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		4.76901,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		210diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.9640cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.4620aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostamide
cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure		2.4420quinolines
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.8530lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		8.83301aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.9540cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.9640cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		4.7790aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		3.2960benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		6.95812-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.0510monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.43201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		9.82100aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid
Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.		6.9610aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		4.0740tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		4.5370dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		4.72501,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		13.73536clonidine;
imidazoline
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.56201,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		10.02120conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-cresol
4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.		2.0510cresolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.4620chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
cx546
1-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: structure in first source		2.0310
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.5620carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.8830organic molecular entity
cyclopenthiazide
Cyclopenthiazide: Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.8640benzothiadiazine
cyclothiazide
cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.		2.420benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		4.5640piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dapsone
[no description available]		4.2650substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		3.0410carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
decamethonium
decamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. decamethonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is a depolarising muscle relaxant whose structure comprises a decane-1,10-diamine core in which each amino group carries three methyl substituents.		1.9410quaternary ammonium ionmuscle relaxant;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.8730acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
dephostatin
dephostatin: from Streptomyces sp. MJ742-NF5; structure given in first source		2.0310
dequalinium
Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.		2.4110quinolinium ionantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		4.93110dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.43201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
nonivamide
nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.		2.0310capsaicinoid;
phenols		lachrymator
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		4.8460primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		6.6980alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
r 59022
R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist		2.0310diarylmethane
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		5.791701,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		13.35221benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene
dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		2.0510dibenzothiophenes;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		keratolytic drug
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		5.23150amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.		2.4220chlorophenylethylene;
monochlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.8940benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.9920dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.4620N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.5720pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		9.6280monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		9.6890dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		4.460ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.4720organic cation
benzophenone
benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		2.0210benzophenonesphotosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		7.0791piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.5270monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		4.9110organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		5.59130branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
2,3-dimethoxynaphthalene-1,4-dione : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.		2.44201,4-naphthoquinones
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		3.1350benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		3.8630aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.520morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		11.68267aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		4.0540dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		4.2450aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.2310oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.4420benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.4420dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.4820phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ellipticine
ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.		2.4420indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polycyclic heteroarene		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.4420trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		2.0210cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.44201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
epinastine
epinastine: RN given refers parent cpd. epinastine : A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.		2.0810benzazepine;
guanidines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
ophthalmology drug
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.8940
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.8530triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		12.231094aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethenzamide
ethenzamide: structure		2.0110organic molecular entity
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		4.2450dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethoxyquin
Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.. ethoxyquin : A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.		2.0110aromatic ether;
quinolines		antifungal agrochemical;
food antioxidant;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
herbicide;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activator
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.85301,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		210phenols
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		4.3960monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.25502-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		2.4620aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		4.6580carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.94110dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbufen
fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.05104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
biphenyls		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fendiline
Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.		2.4620diarylmethane
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		3.7830(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.94110aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.5920monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.4320resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.1450anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		4.4160piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		4.0840benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.5920carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		4.2450aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		4.93110conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		4.5270aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
fludiazepam
fludiazepam: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anxiolytic drug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.9740aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		4.0640N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		4.5270ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.43201,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.5820benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		12.97142nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		5.45110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.0210decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		4.7590fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		2.9640diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		15.296412(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.5920pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
formoterol fumarate
N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide : A phenylethanoloamine having 4-hydroxy and 3-formamido substituents on the phenyl ring and an N-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl substituent.		2.4420formamides;
phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		4.2550carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
fpl 64176
FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.		2.4420carboxylic ester;
pyrroles		calcium channel agonist
furafylline
[no description available]		2.4620oxopurine
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		20.5243481chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
fusaric acid
Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		4.6580gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		2.0810benzoate ester
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure		2.0310
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		4.6580aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.8840
gentian violet
crystal violet cation : An iminium ion that is malachite green cation in which the hydrogen at the para- psition of the monosubstituted phenyl group is replaced by a dimethylamino group.		2.4110iminium ionantibacterial agent;
antifungal agent
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		4.2650aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		3.1550N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.5370sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.7390aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.7530piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		5.01120monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.0510
granisetron
[no description available]		4.2550aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.2310methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		8.41500azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		3.5620acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.0510isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.0310isoquinolines
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.4620isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		4.91110aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.4420haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hemicholinium 3
[no description available]		2.0310morpholines
heptachlor
Heptachlor: A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989). heptachlor : A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.		2.0210cyclodiene organochlorine insecticideagrochemical;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.7530bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.0510phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexafluorenium
hexafluorenium: curarimimetic agent for use with succinylcholine; muscle relaxant; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.0610quaternary ammonium salt
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol
[no description available]		2.0310
hexestrol
[no description available]		3.4820stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		9.09160barbiturates
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.1110phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.4620thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		9.97641azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		18.5226561benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		8.21143benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.8530aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.5470one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		4.0740hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.0310pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		10.42190monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
ic 261
[no description available]		2.4420indoles
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		4.2550primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		4.82100benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
mephentermine
Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.		1.9410amphetamines
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
idebenone
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310piperidines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.4160ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		5.33100dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.5370bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		12.35112indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indirubin-3'-monoxime
indirubin-3'-monoxime: has antiangiogenic activity. indirubin-3'-monoxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.4420
indole-3-carbinol
indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.		2.0110indolyl alcoholantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		11.36664aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0210organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.4420benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.0510benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
ioversol
[no description available]		3.5620amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		4.2650carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		10.42185azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.42203-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		4.0840benzenes
isoetharine
Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.		2.4110catecholamine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.99120carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.4420
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		2.9540secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		6.94220catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.8230alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		9.5170benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.2550piperazines
4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline
WHI P131: a quinazoline derivative, inhibitor of glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration		2.0310
jl 18
JL 18: a pyridobenzodiazepine derivative bioisoster of clozapine		2.4420
nsc 664704
kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).		2.4420indolobenzazepine;
lactam;
organobromine compound		cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		4.2550cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		2.4720aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		14.39283dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		10.14140benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		4.2450amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.4620cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.4620furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kojic acid
[no description available]		2104-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		2.4620monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.		2.0310alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phosphonic acids		human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		10.76100benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		4.53701,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.84100benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.7430benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		4.4160(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		5.12110nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
qx-314
QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion		2.4110monocarboxylic acid amidelocal anaesthetic
linopirdine
linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug		2.4420indoles
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.4320aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		3.5620fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		5.1831N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		4.4260monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		5.1780benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		3.5420benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		13.816712biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.5620dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		2.0310cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		3.1550chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
mabuterol
mabuterol: structure given in first source		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		4.5370anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.0510organic molecular entity
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.5370aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		5.5451primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.9940nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		4.0840diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.8430aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.7430organic sodium salt
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
medazepam
Medazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used in the treatment of anxiety. It has sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. One of its metabolites is DIAZEPAM and one of its excretion products is OXAZEPAM.		2.0510organic molecular entity
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.5270aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.0210organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
mefruside
Mefruside: A benzene-sulfonamide-furan. It is used as a diuretic that affects the concentrating ability of the KIDNEY, increases SODIUM CHLORIDE excretion, but may not spare POTASSIUM. It inhibits CARBONIC ANHYDRASES and may increase the blood URIC ACID level.		8.3411organic molecular entity
memantine
[no description available]		4.7650adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.97401,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.8430ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		1.9410aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.8730imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		3.5920piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		4.2150organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		4.0640amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		3.2310phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		4.3660aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		14.585615guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		4.0640benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methantheline
Methantheline: A quaternary ammonium compound that acts as an antimuscarinic agent. It has been used in the treatment of PEPTIC ULCER, in gastrointestinal disorders associated with smooth muscle spasm, and in the management of urinary incontinence, and may also be used for the treatment of HYPERHIDROSIS.		1.9410xanthenes
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.4620ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methiothepin
Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).		2.0310aryl sulfide;
dibenzothiepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.2310aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoctramine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether;
tetramine		muscarinic antagonist
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.8730aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxychlor
Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.		2.0210organochlorine insecticide
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		5.1431benzothiadiazine
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.9640aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.0310benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		1.9910methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		4.2150beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.0510organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		4.6180benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		8.39233organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		10323aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		9.7490C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		9.62621aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		4.2450aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		3.1450dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.9440dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		4.3960imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.5620amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		4.3960bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		11.74421dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		4.0540benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		6.07120diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		4.6680dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
ml 7
ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).		2.4420N-sulfonyldiazepane;
organoiodine compound		EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
ml 9
[no description available]		2.0510naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.4320benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.8730monoterpenoid
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.		1.9810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		environmental contaminant;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.0310naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.0410acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
n-bromoacetamide
[no description available]		2.0310
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		2.0310maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		2.4420beta-carbolines
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		3.0610aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine
Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.		3.3511catecholamine
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.4420aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
n 0840
N(6)-cyclopentyl-9-methyladenine: selective, orally active A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist		2.4420
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		4.0540methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.2310tetralins
nafoxidine
Nafoxidine: An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.		2.0210benzenes;
naphthalenes;
ring assembly
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		4.08401,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		1.9510naphthalenes
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		3.5720heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		4.6680aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		3.1960quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.5270cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		4.2650organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		4.3760benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		2.4420benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		13.1283C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nifekalant
[no description available]		2.0810amine
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.4520aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		4.7350(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		210dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		4.4160aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam
nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		5.011202-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.0310beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.5370C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.95401,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		5.9493C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		12.6102nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		4.64801,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		4.0840isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.9540catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		4.4160fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		5.0270organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		2.4420nitrobenzoic acid
ns 2028
NS 2028: structure in first source		2.0310
ns 1619
NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzimidazoles;
phenols		potassium channel opener
o(6)-benzylguanine
O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity		2.0310
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		4.65803-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine
olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.		2.44202,6-diaminopurines;
ethanolamines		EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.7690aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		4.6580carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.8630ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.0510aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.64801,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.7430benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		4.36601,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.4620benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.0310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.0310aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		1.9410N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		5.4382aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		4.640acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0510phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		4.2650aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		2.45201,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		2.4520phenylalanine derivative
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.4420endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		4.0740phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		4.2750aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		4.3130benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol
4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.		2.0510monochlorophenol
4-dichlorobenzene
dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.4620dichlorobenzeneinsecticide
1,7-dimethylxanthine
1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.		2.0310dimethylxanthinecentral nervous system stimulant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		4.3160aromatic amine
pd 169316
2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor		2.0510imidazoles
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		3.360aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		4.41601,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.0740aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		10.19160barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		9.570oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		4.0840piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		4.3960N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		3.3160acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazine
[no description available]		2.0510azaarene;
heteranthrene;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
phenazines;
polycyclic heteroarene
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.3520aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		7.96730barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		4.0931phenols
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		5.290aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.5920primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.4420guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		5.31100pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phloretin
[no description available]		2.4420dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.4620organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
picotamide
picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure		2.4420benzamides
pilsicainide
pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.		2.0710organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		3.3350benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		3.1550pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		6.84112indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		15.57237aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist		2.0310
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.4220organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.7730pyridines
pirenperone
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic ketone
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		210pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		3.7521aromatic ether
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		11.51847inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.0510acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
pramoxine
pramoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pramocaine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 3-(4-butoxyphenoxy)propyl group.		2.0410aromatic ether;
morpholines		local anaesthetic
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		4.7690isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		8.02221aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		4.0640aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		4.7590pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		8.4580diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		11.02150benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.9540dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		9.7290benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.8530benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		4.250N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		4.0640pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.0310benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.0410phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		4.0640phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		4.2350aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.4820xanthenes
propentofylline
[no description available]		2.4420oxopurine
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.0210phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propiverine
propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome		2.0510diarylmethane
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		4.6580phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		12.788515naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.8330carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.2310pyridinium ion
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		4.850aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5620benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.2310dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		4.24501-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		3.6590aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0510secondary carboxamide
pf 5901
alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist		2.4420quinolines
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		4.6480benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.8530alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		4.931101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.7330organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.930tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		2.4520methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.4520butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.0310pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.5720indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.45201,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.0510phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.4320ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sanguinarine
benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.		2.0710alkaloid antibiotic;
benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.2310benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 202190
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase		2.7330imidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
phenols;
pyridines		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		3.360ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		3.8630organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.3660pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sobuzoxane
sobuzoxane: used in treatment of leukemia L1210		2.0310organic molecular entity
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		1.9610fluoride saltmutagen
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		3.2310pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		4.7490ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
spiroxatrine
spiroxatrine: structure		2.4420imidazolidines
sq 22536
9-(tetrahydrofuryl)adenine : A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.		2.0310nucleoside analogue;
oxolanes		EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.5320long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
imatinib
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		3.5920dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.5920quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfabenzamide
sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.		2.4620benzenes;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial drug
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.0810N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.4620aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.4620pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		4.0840sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.9840isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfamonomethoxine
Sulfamonomethoxine: Long acting sulfonamide antibacterial agent.		2.0510benzenes;
sulfonamide
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		3.3670substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0410sulfonamide
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.9740primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.4620pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		5.54120
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		3.1450pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisomidine
Sulfisomidine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfisomidine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.4220isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		3.06502-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.8730alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.9540benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sultopride
[no description available]		2.0510salicylamides
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		6.290sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.4420aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.4720naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
t0156
[no description available]		2.4420naphthyridine derivative
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.7530N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0210acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source		2.0310
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.4520benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		4.0540benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.8630imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		4.3960furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		10.9171phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		4.84100diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.0510benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.7130quaternary ammonium ion
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.		2.4420phosphoramide
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		4.0740phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		2.0310dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.87301,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		4.5270phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		3.8530aziridines
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		5.46110monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		3.8530imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		4.0340N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.0540benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.2650N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		4.91110N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		4.0640aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0510monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.0510aromatic ketone
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
ici 136,753
[no description available]		2.4420pyrazolopyridine
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		4.6480aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		4.0840amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.0510triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		4.2450monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		15.4721218pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		4.2450triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		11.6292benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.0210polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		4.2550N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.5820amine
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		4.2550oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		5.1130aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		3.5620
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		3.8430dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		4.4160chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		2.0310acetamides
tyramine
[no description available]		3.4820monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
tyrphostin a9
[no description available]		2.4420alkylbenzenegeroprotector
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.5720aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil
[no description available]		2.4320piperazines
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		4.3960cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		4.0840gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.0510aromatic ether
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.0510aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine
8-(4-((2-aminoethyl)aminocarbonylmethyloxy)phenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist		2.4420
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.		2.4420aromatic primary alcohol;
furans;
indazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.5470carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.5720nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zardaverine
zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.		2.0310organofluorine compound;
pyridazinone		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
peripheral nervous system drug
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		4.460imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7330aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4620cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		4.0740corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.8730mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium
Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.		2.4620acylcholine
corticosterone
[no description available]		12.04183111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		10.6675211beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		3.367016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		15.36502alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.7530beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		5.5390imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		4.4770glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		2.4220pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		3.150nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxolespesticide synergist
procaine hydrochloride
Gerovital H3: Contains mainly procaine & small amounts of benzoic acid, potassium metabisulfite & disodium phosphate		2.0310organic molecular entity
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
isoproterenol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640catechols
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		4.8714-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.4520
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		8.152612-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine
Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.		1.9910
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		4.771001-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.9140ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.05103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.4620barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		24.851,57510911beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.4620barbiturates
pentolinium tartrate
Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.		2.3520tartrate saltantihypertensive agent
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		4.4770non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
lynestrenol
Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		1.9810steroid
norethandrolone
Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.		1.9410corticosteroid hormone
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
tetrahydrocortisol
[no description available]		4.722111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		9.8365111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
tetrahydrocortisone
[no description available]		2.372021-hydroxy steroid
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		9.8811017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
paramethasone
Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)		2.3720fluorinated steroid
fluprednisolone
Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.		2.3620fluorinated steroid
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		11.1225017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
androsterone
[no description available]		4.646117-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
etiocholanolone
Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.		3.341117-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		11.735717-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochloride
17-desoxyestradiol
estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol : A 3-hydroxy steroid resulting from deoxygenation at position 17 of estradiol or estrone.		2.44203-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		estrogen
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		2.05102-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		4.6180penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		2.4620organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine hydrochloride
pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.		2.0310hydrochloride
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		4.570pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		2.4420N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		3.0850organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		4.72902-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.4110nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
isonicotinic acid
isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.		2.0510pyridinemonocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite
racepinephrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		2.4420
hexamethonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
cystamine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		4.5980chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
cantharidin
Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.		2.4420cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
monoterpenoid		EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
herbicide
tetraethylammonium chloride
tetraethylammonium chloride : A quarternary ammonium chloride salt in which the cation has four ethyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.4420organic chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		potassium channel blocker
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		210alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.2110L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.6930corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		4.78100C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		3.5320aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		4.5340amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.4720aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		1.9510pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine
[no description available]		4.460acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		5.46120carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		3.0750glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		18.55611817-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
chlordan
Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0210cyclodiene organochlorine insecticideGABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.7230steroid ester
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.0810bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		1.9510ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		4.0740aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		3.0650pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		9.457017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
promethazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.5920benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		1.9510adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.0510azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		2.6530uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		4.0340kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.7230pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		3.79110phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		3.71100amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		5.85190ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.0510benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		5.48151amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.5820amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.8630quaternary ammonium salt
phlorhizin
[no description available]		2.0110aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.5920phenothiazines
methoxamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640dimethoxybenzene
papaverine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		1.9410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.5720penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		4.8521organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.9540organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.8740benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.730amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrobenzoic acid
4-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzoic acid : A nitrobenzoic acid having the nitro group at the 4-position.		2.0510nitrobenzoic acid
berlition
berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.		2.0310dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
lipoic acid;
thia fatty acid		cofactor;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.0310quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		2.0510anilines;
primary arylamine
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		2.4620nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		9.8224517-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		210pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.9740lactose
primaquine phosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		4.4570aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		11.26165120-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		5.26160alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
yohimbine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.7430
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.5920benzenes
uracil mustard
Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.		2.4620aminouracil;
nitrogen mustard
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		3.7830penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		9.81330antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		2.9910psoralensplant metabolite
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.4720diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		3.2560chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		2.0510formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		5.2412117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.6830oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.85304-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		3.8730aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		8.5113417alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
quinacrine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
chlorpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.8860beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		6.99330mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
cytarabine
[no description available]		4.0740beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		1.9710nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.0210nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-hydroxypropiophenone
[no description available]		2.0510acetophenones
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		2.0510pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		5.2316020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium
bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.		2.7230organic sodium saltdye
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		9.4222L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.2110amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		3.125017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.3820quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)		2.3720chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		xenobiotic metabolite
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
methandrostenolone
Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)		2.3520organic molecular entity
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
etozolin
etozolin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		4.3760erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone
quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.		1.9410quinazolinesantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
lidocaine hydrochloride
lidocaine hydrochloride : The anhydrous form of the hydrochloride salt of lidocaine.		2.4420hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		7.2171arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vinyl chloride
Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms.. chloroethene : A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.		1.9510chloroethenes;
gas molecular entity;
monohaloethene		carcinogenic agent
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.4620aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		2.0410gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.0510tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
tert-amyl alcohol
2-methylbutan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is propan-1-ol in which both of the hydrogens at position 1 have been replaced by methyl groups.		2.0510aliphatic alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		protic solvent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		2.0310fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		3.226011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.753011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.0310benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		4.0440primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
3-mercaptopropionic acid
3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.		1.9610mercaptopropanoic acidalgal metabolite
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		3.7330stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
isobutyl alcohol
isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-butanol
2-butanol: RN given is for parent cpd without isomeric designation. butan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.0510secondary alcohol
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.7530chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		2.0210bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
p-tert-amylphenol
p-tert-amylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4420alkylbenzene
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.462012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		3.2460amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		2.5220organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.4620N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		13.442536-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		3.3970organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		2.0510organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
carbazole
carbazole: structure in first source		2.0510carbazole
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.7930penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		6.29150glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure		2.0510organochlorine compound
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		3.0950pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-sec-butylphenol
2-sec-butylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-sec-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol carrying a butan-2-yl group at position 2.		2.0210phenols
xanthone
xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.		2.0110xanthonesinsecticide
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		3.2310phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.4920aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.1110mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline
[no description available]		2.0510azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
isatin
tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;		2.5420indoledioneEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.1710aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
4-phenylphenol
4-phenylphenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. biphenyl-4-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.		2.0210hydroxybiphenyls
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		4.2150xanthene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		2.9940phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
thianthrene
thianthrene: in its electron deficient state, effects formation of high-energy phosphate bonds in process of oxidative phosphorylation; structure. thianthrene : The organosulfur heterocyclic compound that is the parent compound of the thianthrenes, a tricyclic structure comprising two benzene rings fused to the b and e sides of 1,4-dithin.		2.0510mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
thianthrenes
benzidine
benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		2.0510biphenyls;
substituted aniline		carcinogenic agent
methyl benzoate
methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester		insect attractant;
metabolite
ethyl benzoate
ethyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and ethanol. It is a volatile oil component found in ripe kiwifruit, cranberry juice, and palm kernel oil.		2.0510benzoate ester;
ethyl ester		flavouring agent;
fragrance;
volatile oil component
synephrine
[no description available]		2.4520ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.0210benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
butylparaben
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		13.9291carbonyl compound
benzothiophene
[no description available]		2.05101-benzothiophenes;
benzothiophene
benzothiazole
benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.		2.4720benzothiazolesenvironmental contaminant;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
2-bromophenol
bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.		2.4620bromophenolmarine metabolite
cyclopentanol
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentanols
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0410butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
1,3-ditolylguanidine
1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain		1.9710toluenes
butylphen
butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.		2.4420phenolsallergen
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.0510acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		2.0510nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
3-dinitrobenzene
dinitrobenzene : Any member of the class of nitrobenzenes that consists of a benzene ring substituted by two nitro groups. A closed class.. 1,3-dinitrobenzene : A dinitrobenzene that is benzene disubstituted at positions 1 and 3 with nitro groups.		2.0510dinitrobenzeneneurotoxin
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.0210parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
4-isopropylphenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenolsflavouring agent
4-hydroxyacetophenone
4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.		2.0510monohydroxyacetophenonefungal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-chloronitrobenzene
[no description available]		2.0510C-nitro compound
4-nitroaniline
[no description available]		2.0510nitroanilinebacterial xenobiotic metabolite
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		2.0510alkylbenzene
benzyl chloride
benzyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. chlorophenylmethane : A chlorohydrocarbon that is phenylmethane substituted by a chloro group at unspecified position.. benzyl chloride : A member of the class of benzyl chlorides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with chlorine.		2.0510benzyl chlorides
benzonitrile
benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.0510benzenes;
nitrile
methylaniline
methylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylaniline : A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.		2.0510methylaniline;
phenylalkylamine;
secondary amine
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		2.0510monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		3.2260pyridinium salt
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.		2.4620aromatic amineallergen;
carcinogenic agent
monobenzone
monobenzone: structure. monobenzone : The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.		2.0210benzyl etherallergen;
dermatologic drug;
melanin synthesis inhibitor
phenylisothiocyanate
phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.		2.4620isothiocyanateallergen;
reagent
phenetole
phenetole : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen is bonded to an ethyl and a phenyl group.		2.0510aromatic ether
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.5920benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0710caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
1,4-dibromobenzene
[no description available]		2.0510dibromobenzene
4-bromophenol
4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.		2.7430bromophenolhuman urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
marine metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant;
rat metabolite
4-xylene
p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510xylene
1,2-epoxybutane
1,2-epoxybutane: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0410epoxide
1,3-butadiene
buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.		210butadienecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
2-bromoethylamine
[no description available]		2.4620
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.4620primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
ethylmercuric chloride
Ethylmercuric Chloride: A highly toxic compound used as a fungicide for treating seeds.. ethylmercuric chloride : A highly toxic organomercury compound which is used as a fungicide for treating seeds.		1.9510chlorine molecular entity;
organomercury compound		fungicide
isobutylmethylcarbinol
isobutylmethylcarbinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510
3-chlorophenol
3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.		2.4420monochlorophenol
bromobenzene
[no description available]		2.7430bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		2.0510cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
cyclohexanone
[no description available]		2.1510cyclohexanoneshuman xenobiotic metabolite
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		2.0510short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
methyl cellosolve
methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510glycol etherprotic solvent;
solvent
diethylamine
[no description available]		2.0510secondary aliphatic amine
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		6.13120pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		2.0510cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.4720furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		6.0851mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
1,4-butanediol
butane-1,4-diol : A butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16degreeC) with a high boiling point (230degreeC), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).		2.0510butanediol;
glycol		neurotoxin;
prodrug;
protic solvent
hexylamine
hexylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-hexanamine : A 6-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.0810primary aliphatic aminemetabolite
1-hexanol
1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0510hexanol;
primary alcohol		alarm pheromone;
antibacterial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
1,5-pentanediol
[no description available]		2.0510primary alcohol
heptanol
Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.		2.0510heptanol;
primary alcohol		flavouring agent;
fragrance;
gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
plant metabolite
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.6830peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.0210steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.6120ergoline alkaloid
imipramine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochlorideantidepressant
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.7330bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		340biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.9740barbituratesanticonvulsant
ambenonium chloride
Ambenonium Chloride: A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112). ambenonium chloride : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium salt having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		2.6330organic chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neurotransmitter agent
edrophonium chloride
edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.7430chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.3820aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
chloranil
Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.		3.25101,4-benzoquinones;
organochlorine compound		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		5.06101aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure		2.0510ethyl ester;
paraben		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
suramin sodium
suramin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the hexasodium salt of suramin. It is an FDA approved drug for African sleeping sickness and river blindness.		2.4420organic sodium saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.7430anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
di-n-pentyl phthalate
dipentyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the dipentyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.4620diester;
phthalate ester		plasticiser
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.4220hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone
2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone: structure in first source		2.0210benzophenones
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		4.2650quinolines
methapyrilene hydrochloride
methapyrilene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene.		2.4420hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
oxythiamine
Oxythiamine: Thiamine antagonist, antimetabolite.. oxythiamine(1+) : A 1,3-thiazolium cation that is 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole alkylated at the N3 position by a (2-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.		2.36201,3-thiazolium cationantimetabolite;
vitamin B1 antagonist
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.4620hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
tetrracaine hydrochloride
leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride		2.7430benzoate ester
2-methylbutanol
2-methylbutanol: fragrance; structure in first source. 2-methylbutan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is isopentane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0510alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chelidamic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
p-cresyl acetate
[no description available]		2.0510benzoate ester;
phenols
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		1.9710cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone
[no description available]		5.7629020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.0510methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.4420purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		3.1350hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		4.0140penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0210organic molecular entity
3-hydroxyanisole
3-hydroxyanisole: structure in first source. 3-methoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol having a methoxy-substituent at the 3-position.		2.0510monomethoxybenzene;
phenols
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.5620acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
fluocortolone
Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.		2.031021-hydroxy steroid
tripelennamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		3.4520organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
cysteamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
homoarginine
L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.		2.4110homoarginine;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthridine
phenanthridine : An azaarene that is the 9-aza derivative of phenanthrene. The parent of the class of phenanthridines.		2.0510azaarene;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
phenanthridines;
polycyclic heteroarene
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.8740azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.0510acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
benzofuran
benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.		2.03101-benzofurans;
benzofuran
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.93401,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.46201,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		7.84327diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate
Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.9240steroid ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
estrogen receptor modulator;
synthetic oral contraceptive
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.4420xanthenes
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		2.7130calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		4.3160phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
allylisopropylacetamide
Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.		1.9510
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.8940azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		10.9781corticosteroid hormone
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0610
hydralazine hydrochloride
hydralazine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of hydralazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0310hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
ethamivan
ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.		2.0310methoxybenzenes;
phenols
pargyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
paraoxon
[no description available]		7.3620aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.4420organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.9640pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.4420heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		5.69110mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		4.5570N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.4620benzenes;
sulfonamide
orphenadrine hydrochloride
orphenadrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of ophenadrine and hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of pseudoephedrine.		2.4620hydrochlorideplant metabolite
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		3.2310benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		6.5551steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		1.9410ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.4620hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
4-fluorophenol
4-fluorophenol: structure given in first source. 4-fluorophenol : A fluorophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogen para- to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a fluorine.		2.0510fluorophenol;
monofluorobenzenes
3-fluorophenol
3-fluorophenol: structure in first source		2.0510
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		3.8512011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.		2.4420
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		15.47901920-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.4620bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		7.110117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.9640monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol
[no description available]		2.0510
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		4.02401-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		2.0410calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.5470bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.4320bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		7.1510
phthalimidine
phthalimidine: structure given in first source. isoindolin-1-one : A member of the class of isoindoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole in which the hydrogens at positon 1 are replaced by an oxo group.		1.9310gamma-lactam;
isoindoles
epitestosterone
Epitestosterone: The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.. epitestosterone : An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.		2.021017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen antagonist;
human metabolite
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		10.7161phthalazines
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		2.0310benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
flavanone
flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.		2.0210flavanones
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		3.1150dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.0510amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
indoline
indoline: structure given in first source		1.9310indoles
indophenol
Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.		1.9410quinone iminedye
phloroglucinol dimethyl ether
phloroglucinol dimethyl ether: structure		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
1,3-propanediol
propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.		2.0510propane-1,3-diolsmetabolite;
protic solvent
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		1.9610thiazolidine
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.3920hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		4.0940ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
abietic acid
abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.		2.110abietane diterpenoid;
monocarboxylic acid		plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.9540furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.05103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		12.1812117alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol
Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.		2.442017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		7.2241017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of tetryzoline. It is used as a nasal decongestant.		2.4420hydrochloridenasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dequalinium chloride
dequalinium chloride : An organic chloride salt that is the dichloride salt of dequalinium.		2.4420organic chloride saltantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiseptic drug;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.2310diarylmethane
flavone
flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.		2.0210flavonesmetabolite;
nematicide
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.3110gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		2.6930organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		2.0310C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.		1.9810
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.4320thiazoles
phenylacetylene
phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS		2.0510benzenes
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		3.5920amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
4-iodophenol
[no description available]		2.0510iodophenol
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.8530carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.4420
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		3.5680dialdehydebiomarker
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		2.0410carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.5920benzenes;
sulfonamide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.7830arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.0510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
amitriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640organic tricyclic compound
naphazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.4620isothiocyanateinsecticide
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.3920carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
18-hydroxycorticosterone
[no description available]		5.529011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
doxylamine succinate
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
carbamylhydrazine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310organic molecular entity
formestane
[no description available]		2.733017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enol;
hydroxy steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lactulose
[no description available]		4.0840glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
isoxsuprine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620alkylbenzene
debrisoquin sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310organic sulfate salt
betaine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430
bethanechol chloride
bethanechol chloride : The chloride salt of bethanechol. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		2.0310carbamate ester;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscarinic agonist
3-bromophenol
[no description available]		2.0510
3,5-dichlorophenol
3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.		2.0510dichlorophenol
iodobenzene
iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.0510
allyl sulfide
allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1		2.0110organic sulfide
dimethyl mercury
[no description available]		6.9810methylmercury compound
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		5.394120-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
4-cumylphenol
[no description available]		2.0210diarylmethane
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		10120acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
3-isopropylphenol
3-isopropylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
3-ethylphenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenols
3-hydroxyacetanilide
metacetamol : A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug.		2.4620acetamides;
phenols		non-narcotic analgesic
4-Ethoxyphenol
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
phenols
methoxyacetic acid
methoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.		2.4620ether;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mutagen
2-hexanol
hexan-2-ol : A hexanol in which the hydroxy group is at position 2.		2.0510hexanol;
secondary alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
semiochemical
hexamethylene glycol
hexane-1,6-diol : A diol that is hexane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 6.		2.0510diol;
primary alcohol
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine
Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.		1.9910dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester		hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		1.9710
clopamide
Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		6.3371sulfonamide
glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.		2.4320bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		5.13140cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
4-propylphenol
4-propylphenol: structure given in first source		2.0510alkylbenzene
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		9.7118617-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		3.5720organic molecular entity
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		1.9510delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
su 10603
SU 10603: 17-OH-steroid hydroxylase antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6630
o,p'-ddt
o,p'-DDT: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation.		2.0210diarylmethane
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		6.638217beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
Mecamylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420monoterpenoid
4-nitrophenyl acetate
[no description available]		2.0510C-nitro compound;
phenyl acetates
norgestrienone
Norgestrienone: A synthetic steroid with progestational and contraceptive activities.		1.9510steroidestrogen
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		3.1450
n-methylpyrrolidone
1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one: structure in first source. N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one : A member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510lactam;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		polar aprotic solvent
1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione
1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione: structure. androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione : A steroid that consists of androstane having double bonds at positions 1 and 4 and two keto groups at positions 3 and 17.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1) steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
1-methylpyridinium
1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710methylpyridines
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.0210pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.		6.0439017beta-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent
testolactone
Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.		8.841533-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
seco-androstane
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous)
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.		2.9640hydrochloride
canrenone
Canrenone: A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.		18.0916319steroid lactone
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.7330steroid ester
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.5470ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-hydroxybenzophenone
4-hydroxybenzophenone: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210benzophenones
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		7.4110zinc molecular entity
4-chloro-2-cresol
4-chloro-2-cresol: metabolite of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid & other phenoxyacetic acid herbicides; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chloro-2-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is o-cresol in which the hydrogen para to the hydroxy group is replaced by a chlorine.		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
phenols
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		2.3110
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		9.6780glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		5.42110enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		9.1883alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		5.91340aliphatic nitrile
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		4.0840monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
4-n-Butylphenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenols
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
digoxigenin
Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.		3.753012beta-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol		hapten;
plant metabolite
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin: A mixture of isomers.		2.4320polychlorinated dibenzodioxine
4-octylphenol
4-octylphenol: xenoestrogen. 4-octylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by an octyl group.		2.0210phenolsmetabolite;
surfactant;
xenoestrogen
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol
5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.		2.4420androstane-3alpha,17beta-diolDaphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.730organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.1450tertiary amine
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		4.2350benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		16.6916724aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
buthiazide
buthiazide: 3-isobutyl analog of hydrochlorothiazide; structure		5.5163benzothiadiazine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		4.85100benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.		2.0310azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
guanoxan
guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage		2.0510benzodioxine
phenethyl isothiocyanate
phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.		2.4620isothiocyanateantineoplastic agent;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
metabolite
muscarine
[no description available]		2.0310
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.0210corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
2,4,2',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
2,4,2',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: structure. 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by chlorines.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
tetrachlorobiphenyl
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
benzyltriethylammonium
benzyltriethylammonium: a surface-active agent		2.4110
antazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid
Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.		1.9710UDP-D-glucuronic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
methyl methanethiosulfonate
S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.		1.9910sulfonic acid derivative;
thiosulfonate ester		metabolite
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		4.6580dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.4520organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		3.5420dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.0210penicillinantibacterial drug
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		6.415117alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
meclofenoxate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.02102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
nafenopin
Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.		6.9510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid
sulfamethomidine
sulfamethomidine: structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.2650antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		2.6330carbon oxoanion
n-methylacetamide-oxotremorine m
N-methylacetamide-oxotremorine M: RN given refers to iodide; structure given in first source		1.9410
l 451167
L 451167: structure given in first source		1.9710
2-octanol
2-octanol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. octan-2-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 2.		2.0510octanol;
secondary alcohol		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
clonidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430dichlorobenzene
cyanoketone
Cyanoketone: 2 alpha-Cyano-17 beta-hydroxy-4,4',17 alpha-trimethylandrost-5-ene-3-one. An androstenolone-nitrile compound with steroidogenesis-blocking activity.		3.0850
cladribine
[no description available]		4.2550organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.723011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
ethylene dimethanesulfonate
ethylene dimethanesulfonate: antispermatogenic agent; structure		2.4620
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.2310penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.0510carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0510aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.4420diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.7330penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.5920acridines
mexiletine hydrochloride
mexiletine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride composed of equimolar amounts of mexiletine and hydrogen chloride.		2.9640hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.		1.9510
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.7530beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		7.92212dioxolane
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
levomethadone
levomethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneantitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		3.8530azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
cyclophosphamide
cyclophosphamide hydrate : The monohydrate of cyclophosphamide.		2.0310hydratealkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
suxamethonium chloride
succinylcholine chloride (anhydrous) : A chloride salt in which the negative charge of the chloride ions is balanced by succinylcholine dications.		2.0310chloride saltmuscle relaxant
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride
cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclobenzaprine. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
muscle relaxant
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.0310amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine
3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.4420
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
trimethaphan
Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.		2.3620sulfonium compoundanaesthesia adjuvant;
antihypertensive agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
phenylethylmalonamide
Phenylethylmalonamide: A metabolite of primidone.		2.0310amine
metoclopramide hydrochloride
metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.		2.9640
isoetharine mesylate
[no description available]		2.4420
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		4.31200elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		1.9710chromium group element atommicronutrient
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.1710metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		2.4110elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.0510manganese group element atom
actinium
Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.		2.3720actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
scandium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		8.7530cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		3.0550f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		1.9410chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.4270pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		1.9410magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		1.9610mercury coordination entitysensitiser
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		7.3720D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
propionylpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.7430delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		2.6330diatomic bromine
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		2.3720inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		3.5110calcium phosphate
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		4.9121inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		1.9510dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.3520diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		5.3541diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		1.9710divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination
Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.		3.821
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		2.3620
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		2.420
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.0310elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
nsc-145,668
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochlorideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
colterol
colterol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. colterol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is catechol in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.4110catechols;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
triol		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		4.3160
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.96401,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.4620benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		10.35141ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
ac 45594
[no description available]		2.0210aromatic ether
reproterol
reproterol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0510oxopurine
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		2.4620S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
hydrocortisone-17-butyrate
cortisol 17-butyrate : Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.		2.0510butyrate ester;
cortisol ester;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		dermatologic drug;
drug allergen
metopimazine
metopimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310phenothiazines
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.7530
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		4.6332benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		4.0540selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.44206-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
benserazide hydrochloride
benserazide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of benserazide. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide hydrochloride has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.4420hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
4-n-Pentylphenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenols
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		4.0640monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.4420bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.2450beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.6930organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		4.7350glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		3.150acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0310C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		11.4214017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
stilbene oxide
stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610epoxide
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.7330carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		4.3130
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		2.0310monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.5920
mercaptomerin
mercaptomerin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5700		7.3420
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		4.5340aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.2310nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
disopyramide phosphate
[no description available]		2.9640organoammonium phosphate
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.5920aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.05101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
2-bromoergocryptine mesylate
[no description available]		2.0510methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		6.2140indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
ergocristine
ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.		2.4420ergot alkaloid
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.6330benzenes;
phenyl acetates
4-ethylphenol
4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.		2.0510phenolsfungal xenobiotic metabolite
isopentyl alcohol
isopentyl alcohol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isoamylol : An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		antifungal agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		6.0238011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.8730indoles
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		13.19621111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		4.7690bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.4620phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		2.1310ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.0210acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0210organic molecular entity
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		4.1521
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.9240benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		1.98103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0510
androstane-3,17-diol
Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.		6.446317-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		2.1310organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.7530glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.2310chlorphenamine
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.5920N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.0640beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		9.7690penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		6.0181timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		210tryptamines
carfecillin
Carfecillin: The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.		2.0510penicillin
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
emepronium
Emepronium: A muscarinic antagonist used mainly in the treatment of urinary syndromes. It is incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier.		3.0510diarylmethane
gallium citrate
[no description available]		2.0210
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.5920cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.2310catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
moricizine hydrochloride
moricizine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained from equimola amounts of moricizine and hydrogen chloride.		2.4620hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.8230carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.8730amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		5.09130azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		4.2650pyrroline
medifoxamine
medifoxamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		210aromatic ether
serentil
mesoridazine besylate : The benzenesulfonate salt of mesoridazine prepared using equimolar amounts of mesoridazine and benzenesulfonic acid.		2.4620organosulfonate saltdopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.9640amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.94110taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
buspirone hydrochloride
buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
etoposide
[no description available]		5.02120beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
propafenone hydrochloride
propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.9640hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
promegestone
Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.		3.095020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		antineoplastic agent;
progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		4.2450catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl
2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl : A dichlorobiphenyl that is chlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobiphenyl;
monochlorobenzenes
etazolate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
butaclamol
[no description available]		2.0310amino alcohol;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		4.0540ethanolamines
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		4.851001-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		3.5920alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
carbidopa
[no description available]		3.1550catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		4.0840beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		5.1180aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		11.69775L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.4120monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.7530aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		6.6491
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		4.851005-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.4620pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
nonachlazine
Nonachlazine: Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent.		2.0510
lonidamine
lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.		2.0310dichlorobenzene;
indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
antispermatogenic agent;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
vinclozolin
vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.		210dicarboximide;
dichlorobenzene;
olefinic compound;
oxazolidinone
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.7230organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		6.86240alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		2.4420ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		4.26501,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.9640cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
exifone
[no description available]		3.5920benzophenones
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		2.0310non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		7.7230pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		12.455317beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
flecainide acetate
flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.9640acetate saltanti-arrhythmia drug
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		210azepanes
nicardipine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640dihydropyridinegeroprotector
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.		3.1410epoxideintercalator
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.3920dichlorobenzene
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.2310benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.5620anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.2310tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		8.2183aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		8.2172aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
indacrinone
indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		4.5240
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		210aromatic ether
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		1.9810
lorcainide
[no description available]		210acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.2450anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
dihydroalprenolol
Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.		1.9710
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		4.7590aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		13.927510alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		2.0510diarylmethane
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		3.8530cephalosporinantibacterial drug
terazosin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4420
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
mezlocillin
Kassinin: Dodecapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system of the amphibian Kassina senegalensis. It is similar in structure and action to other tachykinins, but is especially effective in contracting smooth muscle tissue and stimulating the micturition reflex.		1.9810
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.8530diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole nitrate
butoconazole nitrate : An organic nitrate salt obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of butaconazole and nitric acid. An antifungal agent, it is used in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.4620aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
organic nitrate salt
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.0510cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.0510nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310benzamides
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.5620diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.4420methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
ranitidine hydrochloride
label : A role played by a part of a molecular entity distinguishable by the observer but not by the system and used to identify a tracer.		2.0310
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		3.150acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.6680cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.7130benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
buserelin
Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.		3.3120oligopeptide
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		4.0840
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.2450cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
bucindolol
bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative		2.4220
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
mitoxantrone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
pirazolac
[no description available]		2.0310
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		3.5620monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		3.411aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		3.1210aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
alo 2145
apraclonidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of apraclonidine.		2.0310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		4.2550
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		2.0510
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		4.7490delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.8730naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.9440aromatic ketone
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		5.8160delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		5.941203-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.8330N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.4620carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0510hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		4.6680aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		9.86100dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		4.0840imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.7330hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
eproxindine
eproxindine: structure given in first source		2.0310
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		16.5917373-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone
piroximone: structure in first source		2.0510
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV		2.0510
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		2.110aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
quinpirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
imazodan
imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;		2.0310
(S)-nomifensine
(S)-nomifensine : The S enantiomer of nomifensine.		2.0310nomifensine
cilazapril, anhydrous
Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		5.8564dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
pyridazinodiazepine		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.5620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.0510naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.620aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		1.9710
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		14.065163-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
fadrozole
Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.		3.5880imidazopyridine
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		4.0740aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
temafloxacin
temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.4620amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound
(2S)-2-[[oxo-(4-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl)methyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid
[no description available]		2.0310phenylalanine derivative
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		2.4620quinolines
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		3.8830adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		3.86306-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
aromasil
[no description available]		3.62017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.7330fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		4.41601-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		4.9260methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		3.8530phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8530beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		3.1450tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		4.2550pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
eliprodil
1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanol : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl group at position 1 and by a 4-fluorobenzyl group at position 4.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		2.0510
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		4.460aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		3.8330organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		3.5620benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.6120aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		3.8430alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		6.05110aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.6580monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		3.1210duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.5920duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.4160carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
aptiganel hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		11.1392biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.2310
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		3.85301,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.0410guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		3.930oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
3-iodobenzylguanidine
3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.		4.3722organoiodine compound
simendan
Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.		3.1210
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.05106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		4.1140monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mifobate
mifobate: has antiatherosclerotic properties		2.0510trialkyl phosphate
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		4.0840biphenyls
saquinavir monomethanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.4620organic molecular entity
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.2310L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.5920carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		8.16113adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
phenelzine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
allyl formate
[no description available]		2.4620
1-n-butylimidazole
[no description available]		2.0510
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		210trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil
Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing		2.0510
caloreen
caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.		1.9610
fluoxetine hydrochloride
fluoxetine hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.4420hydrochloride;
N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
pipothiazine
pipothiazine: was heading 1975-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PIPOTHIAZINE 1975-94; a member of the family of phenothiazine tranquilizers		2.0310
desferrioxamine b mesylate
desferrioxamine B mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of desferrioxamine B with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. It is an iron-chelating medicine used to remove excess iron from the body. It binds to iron in the blood, which is then passed out in the urine.		2.4620methanesulfonate saltantidote;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator
propranolol hydrochloride
Inderex: combination of above cpds; used in treatment of hypertension		2.4420hydrochloride
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640aromatic ketone
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
diltiazem hydrochloride
Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.4520hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.9640hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene
hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene: Russian drug; saluretic containing above 2 cpds; do not confuse with Triampur synonym for triamterene; Dyazide & Maxzide have different proportions		3.0610
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		4.2650
verapamil hydrochloride
verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.		2.9640
cefprozil
[no description available]		3.8530cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.4420methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
ciprofloxacin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4620hydrochlorideantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
terfenadine
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
sertraline hydrochloride
sertraline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of sertraline and hydrogen chloride. A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		2.0510hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.7330stilbenoid
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl
3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.		2.0110pentachlorobiphenyl;
trichlorobenzene
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.0840acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		3.8730aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
amantadine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
dopamine agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		3.0130D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.03102-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
cilazaprilat
cilazaprilat: InChIKey: UVAUYSRYXACKSC-ULQDDVLXSA-N		3.4311non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.4420
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
n-methylnicotinamide
N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		2.7430pyridinecarboxamidemetabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone
18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone: structure given in first source		2.362018-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
baicalin
[no description available]		2.4620dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.2310azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.8730carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.8630acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
thomsen-friedenreich antigen
Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen: do not confuse with T antigens, which are viral		2.1710
testosterone undecanoate
[no description available]		3.1310steroid ester
dobutamine hydrochloride
dobutamine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dobutamine. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.9640hydrochloridebeta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		2.4420hydrochloridedrug allergen
dopamine hydrochloride
P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498		2.4420catecholamine
proadifen hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.		2.0310dithiocarbamic acids;
pyrrolidines		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
radical scavenger
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.7530glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1		2.4420purine nucleoside
taleranol
taleranol: a metabolite of ZEARALENONE which is a non-steroidal estrogenic lactone used as an anabolic compound in animal feed; a stereoisomer of ZERANOL (alpha-zearalanol)		2.0210macrolide
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.7330benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
sulconazole, mononitrate, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4620conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		1.9910cephalosporinfungal metabolite
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.5920organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.5920benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
mespirenone
mespirenone: structure given in first source		3.84120
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.5920organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
metrifudil
[no description available]		2.0310
rutecarpine
rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules		2.4420beta-carbolines
lercanidipine
[no description available]		2.0310diarylmethane
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.5920sulfonamide
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0510pyridoindole
repaglinide
[no description available]		4.2650piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		9.25215benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420aralkylamine
thioridazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloridefirst generation antipsychotic;
geroprotector
procainamide hydrochloride
procainamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride which has procainamide as the amino component.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
siquil
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent
bisphenol b
[no description available]		2.0210bisphenol
sotalol hydrochloride
sotalol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is the monohydrochloride of sotalol. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
oxymetazoline hydrochloride
oxymetazoline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar quantities of oxymetazoline and hydrogen chloride. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used to relieve nasal congestion.		2.4420hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.7330fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
alprenolol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		3.145017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sc-11800 ee
SC-11800 EE: contains ethynodiol diacetate & ethinyl estradiol		2.3820
phenoxazine
phenoxazine: RN given refers to 10H-phenoxazine. 10H-phenoxazine : A member of the class of phenoxazines that is morpholine which is ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 2-3 and 5-6.		2.0510phenoxazineferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
fluphenazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420phenothiazinesanticoronaviral agent
cresatin
[no description available]		2.0510benzoate ester;
phenols
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		3.87211,2,3-triazole
tryptamine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
delphinidin
Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.		1.9910anthocyanidin chloride
trimethobenzamide monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
clomipramine hydrochloride
clomipramine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clomipramine and hydrogen chloride. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.4420hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug
amiloride hydrochloride
amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate : A hydrate that is the dihydrate of amiloride hydrochloride.		2.9640hydratediuretic;
sodium channel blocker
prazosin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects.		2.4420hydrochloridegeroprotector
ibopamine
ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source		3.3511benzoate ester;
phenols
alfatradiol
alfatradiol: used for treating androgenetic alopecia. 17alpha-estradiol : An estradiol that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17 (the 17alpha stereoisomer).		2.442017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
estradiol		estrogen;
geroprotector
econazole nitrate
econazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole nitrate. Used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.		2.4620
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.0510imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.02102-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		4.4160dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
lomefloxacin hydrochloride
lomefloxacin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of lomefloxacin. It is administered by mouth to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used topically as eye drops for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, and as ear drops for the treatment of otitis externa and otitis media.		2.9640hydrochlorideantimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
fenspiride hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
nilverm
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
sanguinarine chloride
[no description available]		2.7330
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
rilmenidine
Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.		210isourea
ropinirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420indoles
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		3.71201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
plasmenylserine
plasmenylserine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. O-phospho-L-serine : The L-enantiomer of O-phosphoserine.. O-phosphoserine : A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.		2.0310O-phosphoserineEC 1.4.7.1 [glutamate synthase (ferredoxin)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.49 (O-acetylhomoserine aminocarboxypropyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dienogest
[no description available]		3.532017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
flunoxaprofen
flunoxaprofen: structure given in first source. flunoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group (the S-enantiomer). Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, the clinical use of flunoxaprofen was discontinued due to possible hepatotoxic side-effects.		2.46201,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		antirheumatic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.4620dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		7.641413-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
fenflumizole
fenflumizole: structure in first source		2.0310
spirorenone
spirorenone: structure given in first source		3.9940
4,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone
[no description available]		2.0210benzophenones
3-propylphenol
3-propylphenol: insect bait; RN from File CHEMID		2.0510
5-aminovaleric acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
benzocyclobutene
benzocyclobutene : A carbobicyclic compound that is benzene fused to a cyclobutane ring.		2.4520carbobicyclic compoundmetabolite
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
n-acetyltryptamine
N-acetyltryptamine: antagonizes the melatonin-induced inhibition of dopamine release from retina; RN given refers to parent cpd. N-acetyltryptamine : A tryptamine compound having an acetyl substituent attached to the side-chain amino function.		2.0310acetamides;
indoles
3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine
3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine: causes NADPH-& time-dependent in vitro loss of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450; do not confuse with etoprine, also called DDEP		1.9910
D-serine
[no description available]		2.0310D-alpha-amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
pafenolol
pafenolol: structure given in first source		2.0510
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.5920aminopyrimidine
dihydroergotamine mesylate
dihydroergotamine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergotamine, a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine. Both the mesylate and the tartrate salts are used for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		2.4420methanesulfonate saltnon-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		2.4110
rentiapril
rentiapril: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		210aromatic compound
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
ranolazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.2310chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		4.0540aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		3.8530razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.4420succinate saltgeroprotector
guanfacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420acetamidesgeroprotector
pirenzepine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310hydrochloride
labetalol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420salicylamides
acecainide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
loperamide hydrochloride
loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.9640hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.5920aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
maprotiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420anthracenes
protoporphyrin ix, disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
fenpiverinium
fenpiverinium: RN given refers to bromide; structure		2.4110diarylmethane
opipramol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		3.8630conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.4320benzofurans
adosterol
Adosterol: A sterol usually substituted with radioactive iodine. It is an adrenal cortex scanning agent with demonstrated high adrenal concentration and superior adrenal imaging.		2.3720
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.2310amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.5920imidazoles
alacepril
[no description available]		2.0310dipeptide;
thioacetate ester		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
nipradilol
[no description available]		3.0910organic molecular entity
epanolol
epanolol: structure given in first source		210acetamides
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
prednisolone phosphate
prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glucocorticoid receptor agonist;
prodrug
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		5.9241polypeptide
(S)-flurbiprofen
[no description available]		2.0310flurbiprofen
siguazodan
[no description available]		2.0310pyridazinone
tolmesoxide
tolmesoxide: structure		2.0510
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		2.0710
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine: anti-HIV agent; RN & structure given in first source		2.0310
6-hydroxyflavone
6-hydroxyflavone: antioxidant; structure in first source		2.0210hydroxyflavonoid
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		2.3720phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
chelerythrine chloride
[no description available]		2.7330
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
nobiletin
nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.		210methoxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
grepafloxacin
grepafloxacin: structure in first source		2.4620fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone
[no description available]		2.4420
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.2310carbapenems
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride
5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter		2.4420
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from anileridine and two molar equivalents of hydrogen chloride.		2.4420hydrochlorideEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
amperozide hydrochloride
amperozide hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of amperozide.		2.4420hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
geroprotector;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid
[no description available]		2.4420
agroclavine
agroclavine: structure. agroclavine : An ergot alkaloid that is ergoline which contains a double bond between positions 8 and 9, and which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 6 and 8.		2.0310ergot alkaloid
2-naphthylisothiocyanate
[no description available]		2.4620
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		4.0540hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
s-methylisothiourea sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
p-Aminobenzamidine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
cyclobutanol
cyclobutanol: structure in first source		2.0510
2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane
2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane: methoxychlor metabolite		2.0210bisphenol
1-benzylimidazole
1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase		2.0510
rivastigmine
[no description available]		3.2310carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.7120carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.8630indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		1393aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
benzamidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.2310benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
4-nitrophenylglucuronide
4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.		2.3920beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
C-nitro compound		chromogenic compound
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.4620
orphenadrine citrate
orphenadrine citrate : A citrate salt which comprises equimolar amounts of orphenadrine and citric acid.		2.4620citrate saltH1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
acetaminophen glucuronide
acetaminophen glucuronide: acetaminophen metabolite in rats. acetaminophen O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).		2.7430beta-D-glucosiduronic aciddrug metabolite
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.7430organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.5470macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene
[no description available]		2.0210diarylmethane
coenzyme a
[no description available]		3.0410adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methionine sulfoximine
L-methionine sulfoximine : A methionine sulfoximine in which the amino group has S-stereochemistry.		2.0310L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine derivative;
methionine sulfoximine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretazicar
tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)		2.0310
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		3.81103-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane citrate
[no description available]		2.4420carbonyl compound
n-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide
N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide: nephrotoxic; post-treatment enhanced induction of renal cell tumors in rats by dimethylnitrosamine, pre-treatment inhibited induction of tumors, & alone caused interstitial nephritis but no tumors		2.4620pyrrolidines
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		7.3720iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		4.0740peptide
phentolamine mesylate
[no description available]		2.9640
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone
17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.051017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
hydroxypregnenolone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
equol
Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.		2.0210hydroxyisoflavans
mephentermine
sphinganine : A 2-aminooctadecane-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.		2.44202-aminooctadecane-1,3-diolEC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxybutynin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640hydrochloride
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		2.4220amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene
[no description available]		2.0510secondary alcohol
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.		2103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		protein kinase agonist
hydroxyflutamide
[no description available]		2.9340
nimustine
nimustine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining nimustine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.		2.0310hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
triflumizol
triflumizol: structure given in first source. triflumizole : A carboxamidine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)aniline with the oxygen of the acetyl group of N-(propoxyacetyl)imidazole. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the control of powdery mildew, scab and other diseases on a variety of crops.		2.0510
cordium
bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate : The hydrochloride monohydrate of bepridril.		2.7430hydrate;
hydrochloride
L-2-aminoadipic acid
L-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.		2.03102-aminoadipic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
prilocaine hydrochloride
prilocaine hydrochloride : The monohydrochloride salt of prilocaine.		2.4420hydrochloridelocal anaesthetic
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		2.2110
lekoptin
(S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.		2.03102-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
tarenflurbil
tarenflurbil: R-enantiomer of flurbiprofen but not a COX inhibitor; modulates NF-kB, gamma-secretase, amyloid beta-protein;		2.0310flurbiprofen
mor-14
N-methyldeoxynojirimycin: glucosidase inhibitor		2.0310hydroxypiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.2310peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.7530amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
allotetrahydrocortisol
allotetrahydrocortisol: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha,11beta)-isomer		1.9910corticosteroid hormone
brexanolone
brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.		2.44203-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-oneantidepressant;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
androstan-3-ol
[no description available]		2.02103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
demegestone
demegestone: a norprogesterone derivative that acts like PROGESTERONE in increasing SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN; structure		1.971020-oxo steroid
phenylisopropyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic amine;
benzenes;
hydrocarbyladenosine;
purine nucleoside;
secondary amino compound		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
hexamethonium chloride
[no description available]		2.0310
pyrimidine dimers
Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.		2.3110
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine
6-(4-nitrobenzylthio)guanosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport		2.4420
3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-4,4'-diol
3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-4,4'-diol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls formed formally by chlorination of biphenyl-4,4'-diol at C-3, -3', -5 and -5'.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
hydroxybiphenyls
s-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione
S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.		2.0510glutathione conjugate
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.		2.0310phosphonic acids;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		GABAB receptor agonist
3,3'-Dihydroxyhexestrol
[no description available]		2.0210stilbenoid
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine
5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		2.0310
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs		2.0310
zpck
ZPCK: alkylates histidine residue at active center of bovine chymotrypsin		2.4420
n(6)-phenyladenosine
[no description available]		2.0310purine nucleoside
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer		2.733021-hydroxy steroid
pregnanetriol
Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.		2.3520corticosteroid hormone
1,3,5,(10),16-estratetraen-3-ol
16-estratetraen-3-ol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is obtained by formal dehydration at the 17-position of estradiol.		2.05103-hydroxy steroid
n-methyladenosine
N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.		2.0310methyladenosine
phenglutarimide
phenglutarimide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510piperidines
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		1.9610cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		4.285017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.7430imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		2.0310
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		2.0310aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		2.0510oligopeptide
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		1.9710
alphaxalone
alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure		2.0310corticosteroid hormone
sr141716
[no description available]		2.7730amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		2.0310glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		4.4160primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
cp-55,940
[no description available]		2.4420
vanoxerine
vanoxerine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of vanoxerine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.4420hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		2.0510ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
norverapamil
norverapamil: N-demethylated active metabolite of verapamil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in second source. norverapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-norverapamil. The major active metabolite of verapamil.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A secondary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		210aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
secondary amino compound
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.4620xanthene dyefluorochrome
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.4420beta-carbolines
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
dehydroretronecine
dehydroretronecine: major pyrrole metabolite of monocrotaline; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
4-hydroxy-2',3',4'-5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
4-hydroxy-2',3',4'-5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: structure in first source		2.0210biphenyls;
tetrachlorobenzene
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
u 78517f
U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl		2.0510
4-hydroxydebrisoquin
4-hydroxydebrisoquin: principal metabolite of above; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxydebrisoquin : An isoquinoline that is 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline bearing amidino and hydroxy substituent at positions 2 and 4 respectively.		2.4110carboxamidine;
isoquinolines;
secondary alcohol		metabolite
cv 3988
CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4420
cyproterone acetate, ethinyl estradiol drug combination
[no description available]		8.3483
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source		2.4420beta-carbolines
amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide drug combination
amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide drug combination: amiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide drug combination.		3.3511
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		2.4420hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
saikosaponin d
[no description available]		2.0310
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		12.65102alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine
[no description available]		2.0310aminosulfinic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		2.5820proanthocyanidin
dihydrokainate
[no description available]		2.0310dicarboxylic acid
gabazine
[no description available]		2.0310
4-desmethoxyverapamil
[no description available]		1.9710
cl 218872
CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure		2.0310pyridazines;
ring assembly
betaxolol hydrochloride
betaxolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of betaxolol.		2.4420hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
catechin
(+)-catechin monohydrate : The monohydrate of (+)-catechin.		2.0310hydrategeroprotector
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine
NAN 190 hydrobromide : A hydrobromide obtained by reaction of NAN 190 with one equivalent of hydrobromic acid.		2.4420hydrobromideserotonergic antagonist
s-methylthiocitrulline
S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.		2.0310imidothiocarbamic ester;
L-arginine derivative;
L-ornithine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
dihydrocapsaicin
[no description available]		2.0310capsaicinoid
Zearalanone
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide;
resorcinols
ml 9
[no description available]		2.0310
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.4420germacranolide
benzamil
[no description available]		3.4270guanidines;
pyrazines
sch 28080
Sch 28080: not related structurally to other known anti-ulcer agents; inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric secretion; prevents gastric lesions induced by aspirin, indomethacin & ethanol		1.9910imidazopyridine
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		1.9610
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.2310benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
3-monoiodothyronine
3-monoiodothyronine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil
3',4'-dichlorobenzamil: inhibits Na-Ca exchange in membrane vesicle & papillary muscle preparations from guinea pig heart		2.4420guanidines;
pyrazines
androsterone glucuronide
androsterone glucuronide: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer. androsterone 3-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid having androsterone as the steroid component.		1.9710beta-D-glucosiduronic acid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310ibuprofen
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable		2.0310straight-chain fatty acid
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.71201,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
2-iodomelatonin
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
chymosin
Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.		3.7721
arcaine, sulfate
[no description available]		2.0310
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.5920adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
elacridar
Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source		2.4620
gr 113808
GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.		2.4420indolyl carboxylate ester;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		serotonergic antagonist
gallopamil hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
gamma-glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
buthionine sulfoximine
L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine : A 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid which has S-configuration. It is a inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and is capable of enhancing the apoptotic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents.		2.44202-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acidEC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.5720benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.2310isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clidanac
clidanac: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line search INDENES & CYCLOHEXANES (71-74) & INDANS (75-89); INDEX MEDICUS search INDENES (71-89)		3.0510organic molecular entity
sb 204070a
SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist		2.4420
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
1-(2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
LY 165163: structure given in first source; a serotonin agonist. LY-165163 : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and 5-HT1D serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		geroprotector;
serotonergic agonist
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source		2.1510
zk 91587
[no description available]		4.33200
l 655240
L 655240: thromboxane and prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd		2.0310methylindole
tetrahydroaldosterone
tetrahydroaldosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,11beta)-isomer		2.3620steroid lactone
san 58035
[no description available]		2.4420
5-(dimethylamino)-n-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
5-(dimethylamino)-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: structure in first source; endothelin receptor antagonist		2.4220naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
7-propyl spirolactone
[no description available]		5.75280
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		2.1310carbene;
methanediyl
1-adamantaneacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.0410nitrogen oxoacid
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.9740methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.5720indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.2550aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
mk 912
[no description available]		2.0510
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
nnc 711
NNC 711: structure in first source		2.0310
ru-28362
11,17-dihydroxy-6-methyl-17-(1-propynyl)androsta-1,4,6-triene-3-one: glucocorticoid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (11beta,17beta)-isomer		4.06150
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)-
Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.		2.5820amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin		vasodilator agent
hoe 694
3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl guanidine: structure given in first source; a potent inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger		2.0410
3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate
3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate: structural analog of gamma-butyrobetaine, also of carnitine; antianginal compound; MET-88 is dihydrate; structure given in first source. meldonium : An ammonium betaine that is beta-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a trimethylamino group. A clinically used cardioprotective drug that is used for treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.		2.0310ammonium betainecardioprotective agent;
EC 1.14.11.1 (gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.4420diarylmethane
sk&f 86466
benalfocin: RN & RR given from first source; RN not in Chemline 9/28/83; structure given in first source		2.0510benzazepine
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.4420dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
ru 26988
[no description available]		3.2260
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.2310benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
n-(6-phenylhexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(6-phenylhexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: protein kinase C activator; RN & structure given in first source		1.9310naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: activates neuronal metabotropic receptors; RN given refers to (trans-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/93		2.0310
w 7
[no description available]		2.0510
solutol hs 15
Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous RN 105109-85-1		2.0810aliphatic alcohol
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
pre 084
2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.4420morpholines
methotrexate
[no description available]		5.37180dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol
1-(2-allylphenoxy)-3-((8-bromoacetylamino-4-menthane-1-yl)amino)-1-propanol: irreversibly inactivates the dihydroalprenolol binding site; alprenolol analog; isopropylamino group of alprenolol replaced by 8-bromoacetylamino-1-amino-p-menthane moiety in the 1 position; structure given in first source		2.4420
9-fluoroprednisolone
9-fluoroprednisolone: 9 alpha-isomer is Fluprednisolone (MH)		1.951021-hydroxy steroid
sr 2640
SR 2640: leukotriene D4 and E4 antagonist		2.4420quinolines
dihydroethidium
dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer		2.1110
2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine
[no description available]		2.1510
tamsulosin
[no description available]		5.28315-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
ici 204448
[no description available]		2.0310
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
sulbactam
[no description available]		3.5320penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		4.0940biphenyls
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
em 139
EM 139: EM-170 is the (17'alpha)-isomer		2.0510
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride
4-amino-1-(6-chloro-2-pyridyl)piperidine hydrochloride: has high affinity and selectivity for 5-HT3 receptors; structure given in first source		2.0310
n,n-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide
N,N-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide: binds with high affinity to glial mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptors & increases mitochondrial steroidogenesis		2.4420phenylindole
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
4-(benzodioxan-5-yl)-1-(indan-2-yl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist		2.0310
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		3.3911amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone
[no description available]		7.55203beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
ivabradine
Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.		6.6991aromatic ether;
benzazepine;
carbobicyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiotonic drug
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-((4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl)oxy)propyl)-1-propylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.4420
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.4620
l 741626
3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source		2.4420piperidines
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.68201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.05102-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
nisoxetine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		3.0510D-xylose
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0310hydrochlorideEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tilarginine acetate
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid
alpha-guanidinoglutaric acid: identified in the convulsive period of cobalt-induced seizures from cat cerebral cortex; RN given for cpd with unspecified guanidino-locant		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-(+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
4-androstene-3,17-diol
4-androstene-3,17-diol: RN given refers to (3alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.02103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
imidazole-4-acetic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		4.661amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.57201-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination
drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination: female oral combined contraceptive containing 30 mcg (0.030 mg) Ethinyl Estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone (Androstenes)		2.4820
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.7330hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.5220secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.8730carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
nsc-141549
[no description available]		2.9640
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		4.54709-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		4.0740azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.2310carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.8730amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.2310benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.9440
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0510
2-chloro-2-deoxyglucose
[no description available]		2.0310
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		3.8530aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.5920
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.2310dihydropyridine
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.2310isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
idazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
isoguvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
schizandrin a
schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities		2.610
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		210morpholines
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I		2.0310oxopurine
disopyramide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		4.94110methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		4.0820(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
satavaptan
satavaptan: a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		5.6132
isradipine, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		4.6780biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.2310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
torcetrapib
[no description available]		3.1510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
carbamate ester;
quinolines		anticholesteremic drug;
CETP inhibitor
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.74302,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
Serotonin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310tryptamines
n-phthaloylglutamic acid
N-phthaloyl-L-glutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is L-glutamic acid in which the two hydrogens on the amino group are substituted by a phthaloyl group.		2.0310L-glutamic acid derivative;
phthalimides
metyrapol
metyrapol: reduction product of metyrapone with sodium borohydride; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410pyridines
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine
1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine: structure given in first source		2.0310
ag 3-5
icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8		2.0310C-nitro compound
7-thiomethylspirolactone
7-thiomethylspirolactone: spironolactone metabolite; RN refers to (7alpha,17alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source		6.16123
6-hydroxycorticosterone
6-hydroxycorticosterone: corticosterone metabolite produced by toad kidney cells; RN given refers to (6beta, 11beta)-isomer		1.9710
19-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone
19-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone: structure in first source		1.961019-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
4'-hydroxyflavanone
4'-hydroxyflavanone: structure in first source. 4'-hydroxyflavanones : Any hydroxyflavanone having a hydroxy substituent located at position 4'.		2.02104'-hydroxyflavanones;
monohydroxyflavanone
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.8730amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.2310antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		2.0110
n-n-propylnorapomorphine
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
urapidil monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
sc 8109
SC 8109: structure given in first source		6.21111
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		2.6730dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
azepexole, dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.620
2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
21-deoxyaldosterone
21-deoxyaldosterone: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer		1.9710
prorenone
prorenone: RN given refers to (6 beta,7 beta,17 beta)-isomer		4.6790
angiotensin ii, sar(1)-val(5)-
angiotensin II, Sar(1)-Val(5)-: RN given refers to L-Val		1.9610
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.9840biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		17.4421819amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
abt 980
[no description available]		2.4420
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.5920
cycloteriam
cyclothiazide, triamterene drug combination: contains cyclothiazide & triamterene		1.9610
sk&f 75670
SK&F 75670: RN refers to HBr; N-methyl derivative of SK&F 38393		2.4420
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		4.680
esatenolol
esatenolol : The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenololbeta-adrenergic antagonist
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.0210piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
nbi 27914
[no description available]		2.4420dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
sb 216763
[no description available]		2.4420indoles;
maleimides
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.8630aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
lu 135252
[no description available]		2.0510
dizocilpine
[no description available]		2.0510secondary amino compound;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
ketoprofen
[no description available]		2.0310
(R)-atenolol
(R)-atenolol : The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.		2.0310atenolol
memantine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
l 158809
L 158809: RN & structure given in first source; angiotensin receptor antagonist		2.0310
melagatran
[no description available]		2.0410azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
pefabloc
[no description available]		2.0310
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.4620aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
emd 53998
EMD 53998: EMD 53998 is racemic; EMD 57439 is the (-)-isomer; EMD 57033 is the (+)-isomer		210
pongidae
[no description available]		2.4420
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		3.0610corticosteroid hormone
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
succinylproline
[no description available]		2.0310N-acyl-amino acid
sb 205384
SB 205384: structure in first source		2.4420thienopyridine
hydrastine
[no description available]		2.4420isoquinolinesmetabolite
gabaculine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
etiron monohydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		3.1150acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.61201-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.2310indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.8730furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bmy 7378
[no description available]		2.0310
vesamicol
[no description available]		2.0310
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.8730benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
dabigatran
Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.		7.4920aromatic amide;
benzimidazoles;
beta-alanine derivative;
carboxamidine;
pyridines		anticoagulant;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.5920benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		12.5112benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		2.743012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
erythritol
[no description available]		1.9510butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.3720bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		6.3732011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
equilin
Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid
fludrocortisone acetate
fludrocortisone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.		2.934011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
19-norprogesterone
19-norprogesterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710corticosteroid hormone
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		5.04912-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
allylestrenol
Allylestrenol: A synthetic steroid with progestational activity.		1.9610steroid
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol
5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol : An androstane-3,17-diol that is 5alpha-androstane substituted by beta-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
androstane-3,17-diol		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
2,2-(2-chlorophenyl-4'-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene
2,2-(2-chlorophenyl-4'-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene: structure given in first source; metabolite of o,p-DDD (mitotane)		2.0210diarylmethane
2-hydroxyestradiol
2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-hydroxy steroid		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.9640organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
mibolerone
mibolerone: prevents estrus in animals & prevents experimental lymphoid leukosis; minor descriptor (80-83); on-line & Index Medicus search NANDROLONE/AA (80-83); RN given refers to (7alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure. mibolerone : An androgen that is nalandrone carrying two methyl substituents at positions 7alpha and 17.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
19-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione
[no description available]		2.372017-oxo steroid;
19-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
androstanoid		mouse metabolite
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		2.0310monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.4620
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.87301-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.853017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
n-methylserotonin oxalate salt
[no description available]		2.0310
metribolone
Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.		2.693017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		androgen
nsc 95397
[no description available]		2.44201,4-naphthoquinones
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.7530aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin
[no description available]		2.4620isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.9540acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
2-oxindole
2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.		2.1510gamma-lactam;
indolinone
acronine
Acronine: A pyrano-acridone alkaloid found in RUTACEAE plants.. acronycine : An alkaloid antineoplastic agent isolated from Acronychia baueri.		3.0510acridone derivatives;
alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
enmein
enmein: structure		2.7930delta-lactonemetabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		3.5880
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		2.4320bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bortezomib
[no description available]		3.5920amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		4.77901,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		4.5270
lanatosides
Lanatosides: Glycosides from DIGITALIS lanata leaf. Lanatoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures of lanatosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670)		2.6430
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		2.0110
rimiterol
rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol		2.4320catechols
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.7330inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		5.1231
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		7.0310peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		210oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
canavanine
L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		3.1550D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
elastin
[no description available]		6.8782oligopeptide
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		2.4620(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
hydroxytryptophan : A hydroxy-amino acid that is tryptophan substituted by at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan : The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.		2.03105-hydroxytryptophan;
amino acid zwitterion;
hydroxy-L-tryptophan;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		4.4870heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		6.7145011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		4.3260puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin
(+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0410taxifolinmetabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		2.0310alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.5620coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		2.7530bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0310guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
willardiine
willardiine: isolated from seeds of Acacia willariana; structure. 3-(uracil-1-yl)-L-alanine : The 3-(uracil-1-yl) derivative of L-alanine.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
2-methoxyestrone
2-methoxyestrone : A 17-oxo steroid that is estrone in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a methoxy group.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
alicyclic ketone;
aromatic ether;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		5.56130deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
(+)-limonene
(4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.		2.4620limoneneplant metabolite
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		1.9510monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		11.38220cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		3.8530alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		5.491201-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		2.420cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		4.0740beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		8.31571cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
moxalactam disodium
[no description available]		2.4620
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.5470L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.5820acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.26502,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
epiandrosterone
epiandrosterone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is (5alpha)-androstane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.4420
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
miglitol
[no description available]		3.2310piperidines
amiodarone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420aromatic ketone
mometasone furoate
Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
organochlorine compound;
steroid ester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
dicyclomine hydrochloride
dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		2.4420hydrochlorideantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		4.0640L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0210organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
nortriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640organic tricyclic compoundgeroprotector
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.7530aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
kanamycin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620aminoglycoside sulfate saltantibacterial drug;
geroprotector
paromomycin sulfate
paromomycin sulfate : An aminoglycoside sulfate salt resulting from the treatment of paromomycin with sulfuric acid. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.7430
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.0210penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		3.5720acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
convallatoxin
convallatoxin: PI: *CONVALLARIA (73-79). convallatoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that consists of strophanthidin having a 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl (L-rhamnosyl) group attached at position 3.		1.961014beta-hydroxy steroid;
19-oxo steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
steroid aldehyde;
steroid lactone		metabolite;
vasodilator agent
bakkenolide a
bakkenolide A: structure		2.0410sesquiterpenoid
genipin
[no description available]		2.2510iridoid monoterpenoidanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
hepatotoxic agent;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin
[no description available]		2.0710(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
Dubinidine
[no description available]		2.0310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.4520piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
s-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione
S-(4-azidophenacyl)glutathione: photoaffinity label deriv of glutathione; inhibits glyoxalase I (EC 4.4.1.5)		2.0310peptide
hydroxylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
teprotide
Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.		2.3620peptide
chloramphenicol palmitate
chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer)		2.7430hexadecanoate ester
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
sb 228357
SB 228357: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor		2.4420indolyl carboxylic acid
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine
(S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
resorcinols
actinonin
actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure		2.4420
calcium pantothenate
[no description available]		2.4620polymer
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		25.889171723-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		3.9230tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
gestonorone caproate
Gestonorone Caproate: A long-acting potent progestogen structurally related to PROGESTERONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1185)		3.0610organic molecular entity
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7530anthracycline
medigoxin
Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).		1.9610cardenolide glycoside
dironyl
dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210organic molecular entity
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.4420cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.4420alkaloidgeroprotector
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.23101-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
dihydroergocristine monomesylate
dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.		2.4420methanesulfonate saltalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		5.1962cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		3.1450amino cyclitol;
glycoside
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		2.4620butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		4.85100retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
equilenin
Equilenin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of five double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of equilenin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.. equilenin : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estrone which carries two double bonds at positions 6 and 8. It is found in the urine of pregnant mare's and extensively used for estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		antioxidant;
mammalian metabolite
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.730icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.9840resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		440retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		2.4620microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.7530octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.4460macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.9740dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		3.8730dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		8.1250benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.0510icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.7230butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		4.94602-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
tetragastrin
Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.		3.4211peptidyl amide;
tetrapeptide		anxiogenic;
human metabolite
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0210alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.6240
brivudine
brivudine: anti-herpes agent		2.0310
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol: estrogen receptor ligand; structure in first source. (R,R)-5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-2,8-chrysenediol : A carbotetracyclic compound that is 5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8 and by ethyl groups at positions 5 and 11 (the 5R,11R-stereoisomer). It is an agonist of ER-alpha and antagonist of ER-beta receptors.		2.4420carbotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		estrogen receptor agonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		4.0740epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		6.5581macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid: structure in first source		2.0310
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.7530
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		340aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		2.0310adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		11.4131olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.2310homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime: structure in first source. 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime : A member of the class of biindoles that is indirubin substituted at position 6 by a bromo group and in which the keto group at position 3' has undergone condensation with hydroxylamine to form the corresponding oxime.		2.0510
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
L-cycloserine
L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.		2.03104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0510N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
imidazolidines
[no description available]		4.2250azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
decitabine
[no description available]		3.87302'-deoxyribonucleoside
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol
[no description available]		2.0310
teniposide
[no description available]		3.8530aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.7430
purvalanol a
6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;		2.0310purvalanol
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.7330cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		11.56380actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		2.4620carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		4.5370L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		1.9810pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.0110amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.350nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.5920antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.5920flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		4.2150one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate
potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.		1.9610organic salt;
potassium salt		antifungal agrochemical;
buffer;
food acidity regulator;
raising agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.8630arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.0510organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		3.1102-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
idarubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620anthracycline
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		6.81201triterpenoid
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
3-coumaric acid
3-coumaric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline. trans-3-coumaric acid : A 3-coumaric acid that is phenol substituted with trans-2-propenoic acid at position C-3.. 3-coumaric acid : A monohydroxycinnamic acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-3 of the phenyl ring.		2.05103-coumaric acid
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		2.05104-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
glycosides
[no description available]		2.8740
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.0210chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		1.9710isomethyleugenol
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		1.9510triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.3520stilbene
isoliquiritigenin
[no description available]		2.4420chalconesantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
GABA modulator;
geroprotector;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor antagonist
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0310chloroquine
rauwolscine
Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.		2.0310methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
dextromethadone
D-methadone: an NMDA receptor antagonist analgesic that lacks opioid activity. dextromethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (S)-configuration. It is the less active enantiomer of methadone and has very little activity on opioid receptors and mainly responsible for the inhibition of hERG K+ channels and thus for cardiac toxicity. The drug is currently under clinical development for the treatment of major depressive disorder.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneNMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		5.6931cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		6.15101vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
gw9662
2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding		2.7530benzamides
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
calmidazolium
calmidazolium chloride : The organic choride salt of calmidazolium.		2.4420organic chloride saltapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0210penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		4.75017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
canrenoic acid
Canrenoic Acid: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.		14.0796173-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid
omapatrilat
omapatrilat: structure in first source		3.3911dipeptide
lanatoside c
lanatoside C: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta,12beta)-isomer		1.9610
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
tropisetron hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
benidipine
benidipine: RN refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer		2.4620
sodium metabisulfite
sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		1.9610inorganic sodium saltfood antioxidant
Reactive blue 2
[no description available]		2.0310anthraquinone
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazol-2-one
5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one: stimulates Cl- secretion in the mouse jejunum		2.0310dichlorobenzene
quinidine sulfate
[no description available]		2.4420
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		6.362oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.0210purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		4.6380pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4320
ipratropium
[no description available]		2.4110
methamilane methiodide
[no description available]		2.0310
pilocarpine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0310
r 59949
R 59949: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor		2.4420diarylmethane
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.4420
methylatropine nitrate
[no description available]		2.0310
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.0410
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		2.7430chlorprothixene
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.8530ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.7190aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
dexketoprofen
dexketoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.		2.0310benzophenones;
monocarboxylic acid		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sb 366791
N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.4420
ag-213
tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;		2.4420
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.4420catechols;
polyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron
[no description available]		2.4420
phenylthiourea
Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.		3.0410thioureasEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
(S)-(-)-pindolol
[no description available]		2.0310pindolol
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.0310sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.0310caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
ondansetron, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine
4-fluorophenyl-L-alanine : A L-phenylalanine derivative that is L-phenylalanine in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.44204-fluorophenylalanine;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
phenylthiazolylthiourea
Phenylthiazolylthiourea: A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor.		2.0510
4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium
4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium: fluorescent probe for living cells; structure in first source. 4-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-N-methylpyridinium : A pyridinium cation obtained by methylation at position 1 of 4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)pyridine		2.4110pyridinium ion
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		2.0310urocanic acidhuman metabolite
(2'-(4-aminophenyl)-(2,5'-bi-1h-benzimidazol)-5-amine)
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.4420N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.0710diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		4.0740N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.8630zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		3.8530diarylmethane
nootkatone
nootkatone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source. (+)-nootkatone : A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).		2.0710carbobicyclic compound;
enone;
sesquiterpenoid		fragrance;
insect repellent;
plant metabolite
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		9.65801,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.7330diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		4.85100monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		3.2860capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		4.7150
terbinafine
[no description available]		9.3960acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
isoeugenol
[no description available]		2.0210isoeugenol
cysteine sulfinic acid
3-sulfino-L-alanine : The organosulfinic acid arising from oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of L-cysteine.		2.0310organosulfinic acid;
S-substituted L-cysteine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
mouse metabolite
d-ap7
[no description available]		2.0310
tg 003
TG 003: a Clk inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		4.41602-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
digitoxose
[no description available]		1.9710
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride
(1R,2S)-tranylcypromine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.9640hydrochloride
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		210one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		4.4851cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.4620thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
4-bromotetramisole, oxalate (1:1), salt(s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
unithiol
Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.		7.8740
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.5620dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		14.31668cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, hydrochloride, (dl)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
streptozocin
[no description available]		4.4160
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.4420benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
diphenyleneiodium chloride
dibenziodolium chloride : An organic chloride salt having dibenziodolium as the counterion.		2.4420organic chloride saltEC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
G-protein-coupled receptor agonist
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, (cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
tamoxifen citrate
[no description available]		2.4420citrate saltangiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent
tamoxifen
[no description available]		7.6181stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		2.4320bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
nadp
[no description available]		10.5220
6-hydroxyflavanone
6-hydroxyflavanone : A monohydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6.		2.0210monohydroxyflavanonefungal xenobiotic metabolite
pimagedine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
Betaine Aldehyde Chloride
[no description available]		2.0310quaternary ammonium salt
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		4.0240pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
cancidas
[no description available]		3.2310
eskazine
[no description available]		2.4420
3-(n,n-dimethylsulfonamido)-4-methyl-nitrobenzene
BRL-50481 : A C-nitro compound that is benzene substituted by N,N-dimethylaminosulfonyl, methyl and nitro groups at positions 1, 2 and 5, respectively. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor selective for the PDE7 subtype (Ki = 180 nM).		2.0510C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		bone density conservation agent;
EC 3.1.4.53 (3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
monastrol
monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.		2.0310enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
phenols;
racemate;
thioureas		antileishmanial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.452011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.5920carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		210cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.753017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.5920
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.2650
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.8830tropane alkaloid
dimethylstilbestrol
dimethylstilbestrol: stilbene derivative with anti-estrogenic & anti-fertility activities; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search STILBENES (75-85); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210stilbenoid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		4.0840aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.7330aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.2310beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		7.2110
glycylproline
Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.		2.0710dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide
4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.		2.4420iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		cholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		10.71160alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		1.9610cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		210salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		3.2310indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0510hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		5.8951steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		4.1240beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
quinine
[no description available]		4.98120cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
zofenoprilate
zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.		210aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thiol		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		2.1310
androstane-3,17-diol glucuronide
androstane-3,17-diol glucuronide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified glucuronide locant		5.7642steroid ester
glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.		2.420bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
rtki cpd
RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors		2.0510
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol
1-(4-hydroxybenzyl)imidazole-2-thiol: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 3/87		2.0310
2-chloro-n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide
2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide: structure given in first source		2.4420
5-dihydroaldosterone
5-dihydroaldosterone: RN given refers to (5beta,11beta)-isomer		1.9610
bp 897
BP 897: a dopamine D3 receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.4420naphthalenecarboxamide
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.2310indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
trequinsin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
neboglamine
neboglamine: potential memory enhancer		2.0310
tocainide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
olivomycins
Olivomycins: A mixture of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics obtained from Actinomyces (or Streptomyces) olivoreticuli. They are used as fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA and prevent both RNA and protein synthesis and are also used as antineoplastic agents.		1.9610
amanitins
Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.		1.9510
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
alatrofloxacin
alatrofloxacin: prodrug of trovafloxacin		2.0610
benzatropine methanesulfonate
benzatropine mesylate : The methanesulfonate salt of benzatropine. An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		2.4420
sb 203186
[no description available]		2.0310indolyl carboxylic acid
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea
N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.		2.44201,2-thiazoles;
indoles;
ureas		receptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
gw 7647
GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.		2.4420aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
ureas		PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.7230organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
ro 41-0960
[no description available]		2.4420
cgp 13501
CGP 13501: structure in first source		2.0310alkylbenzene
n-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide
N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-3-methoxybenzamide: dopamine D4 ligand; structure in first source		2.4420
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
brl 15572
3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol : An N-alkylpiperazine that is 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine carrying a 3,3-diphenyl-2-hydroxyprop-1-yl group at position 4. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol		geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
mrs 1523
2,3-diethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist		2.4420
or486
OR486: structure given in first source		2.0310
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		2.4420quinoxaline derivative
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		1.9410
iik7
IIK7: structure in first source		2.0310
sb 415286
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4420C-nitro compound;
maleimides;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dm 235
DM 235: structure in first source		2.4420
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		13.6421
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.0710
jhw 015
[no description available]		2.4420indolecarboxamide
bw 723c86
[no description available]		2.4420tryptamines
sc 560
SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.		2.4420aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sc-19220
[no description available]		2.0310aromatic ether
le 300
[no description available]		2.4420indoles
digitoxigenin
Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.. digitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).		8.974014beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.2310triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0610organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
ly 367265
LY 367265: a 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter inhibitor; a 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist; structure in first source. LY-367,265 : A fluoroindole that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by 1-[2-(2,2-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2lambda(6)-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[4,3,2-ij]quinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (Ki = 2.3 nM) and an antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) receptor (Ki = 0.81 nM).		2.4420dihydropyridine;
fluoroindole;
tertiary amino compound;
thiadiazoloquinoline		antidepressant;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.26502-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
diclofenac sodium
Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.		2.0310organic sodium salt
cgp 7930
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)phenol: structure in first source		2.4420alkylbenzene
1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1h-pyrazole
4,4',4''-(4-propylpyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol : A pyrazole that is 1H-pyrazole bearing three 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5 as well as a propyl substituent at position 4. Potent, subtype-selective estrogen receptor agonist (EC50 ~ 200 pM); displays 410-fold selectivity for ERalpha over ERbeta. Prevents ovariectomy-induced weight gain and loss of bone mineral density, and induces gene expression in the hypothalamus following systemic administration in vivo.		2.4420phenols;
pyrazoles		estrogen receptor agonist
19-nordeoxycorticosterone
19-nordeoxycorticosterone: isolated from urine of castrated rats with regenerating adrenals		3.4620
sib 1757
SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.4420
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		3.9130sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		2.77307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		6.21192biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		3.7100prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		6.362monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biochanin a
[no description available]		2.04104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.7330trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.03103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		4.3960D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.6530
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.0510carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		1.9610epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		2.4620all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin
[no description available]		2.4420hydroxycoumarin
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.		2.6730fatty acid 20:3;
long-chain fatty acid		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
nutraceutical
alprostadil
[no description available]		2.6930prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		4.0840hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		4.4341D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
bilirubin diglucuronide
[no description available]		1.9610
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.13107-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		1.9610prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
senecionine
senecionine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. senecionine : A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio.		6.9810lactone;
pyrrolizidine alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		plant metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid
gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.		3.0910linolenic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		3.14507-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		7.2121antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.4520oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.8510011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		4.1850
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		9.0740dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.4160aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.2310isoquinolines
timolol maleate
(S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.		2.9640maleate saltanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.9640maleate saltanti-allergic agent
chlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.9640organic molecular entity
clemastine fumarate
clemastine fumarate : The fumaric acid salt of clemastine. An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		2.9640fumarate saltanti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.0210
methylergonovine maleate
[no description available]		2.9640ergoline alkaloidgeroprotector
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.5920carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		4.08402-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.2310hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.7430carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
harman
harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.		2.4420harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		1.9610alpha-humulene
isoplumericin
isoplumericin: isolated from Plumeria rubra		2.0310terpene lactone
plumericin
plumericin: from bark of Plumeria rubra; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3aS-(3E,3aalpha,4abeta,7abeta,9aR*,9bbeta))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		2.4220terpene lactone
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		2.45207-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		3.5220dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
morin
morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.		2.74307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
myricetin
[no description available]		2.44207-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
coumestrol
Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.		2.7430coumestans;
delta-lactone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.46207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.4420alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rottlerin
rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.		2.9640aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
chromenol;
enone;
methyl ketone		anti-allergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
K-ATP channel agonist;
metabolite
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		3.1450flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.4720homodetic cyclic peptide
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide
17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.75303-hydroxy steroid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.4620quinolines
7-hydroxyflavone
7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group.		2.0210hydroxyflavonoid
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.0510ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
n-oleoyldopamine
N-oleoyldopamine: putative capsaicin receptor ligand; produces hyperalgesia; isolated from the brain. N-oleoyldopamine : A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.		2.4420catechols;
fatty amide;
N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine;
secondary carboxamide		TRPV1 agonist
pheniramine maleate
Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution		2.4420organic molecular entity
sorivudine
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		4.2550amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.5620cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.		2.3820stilbenoid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		4.6832F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
trimipramine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420maleate saltantidepressant
4-hydroxyestradiol
4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.		2.02104-hydroxy steroidmetabolite
4-hydroxychalcone
4-hydroxychalcone: structure in first source. 4-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.		2.0210chalcones;
phenols		antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite
4'-hydroxychalcone
4'-hydroxychalcone: inhibits TNFalpha-induced NF-κB activation; structure in first source. 4'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4'.		2.0210chalcones;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent
4,4'-dihydroxystilbene
[no description available]		2.0210stilbene-4,4'-diol
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.4420enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		7.09190retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.4420
xylometazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
flunarizine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.4420organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.8430prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.2310N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		4.0940cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
zinostatin
Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.		210
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride
cis-flupenthixol dihydrochloride : The dihydrochloride salt of cis-flupenthixol.		2.7430hydrochloridegeroprotector
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.5920
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		1.9510thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.		210HETE;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.76304-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
n-arachidonylglycine
N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide		2.4420fatty amide;
N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine
N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.		2.4420endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-acylethanolamine 18:1		EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.15101-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		3.7320sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
codeine
[no description available]		4.3860morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.86100homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		2.3920hydrochloride
natamycin
[no description available]		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
mepyramine maleate
histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent		2.4420
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		4.2650acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
acrivastine
acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		11.7849817alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
ethisterone
Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.		2.633017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		drug metabolite;
progestin
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		4.0740morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		3.5920pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		4.2550carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.7330morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		4.6480morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		8.6420organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.5920morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.0310organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		4.4260antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		4.460cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
4-hydroxystilbene
4-hydroxystilbene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. stilben-4-ol : A phenol having the structure of stilbene with a hydroxy function at C-4 of one of the phenyl rings; the stereochemistry across the alkene bond is not specified.		2.0210stilben-4-ol
gamma-cyclodextrin
gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		6.9610cyclodextrin
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.4420macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.0510dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.7430monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		5.24160morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0510
su 9516
[no description available]		2.0510
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).		2.4420benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
teratogenic agent
l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine
[no description available]		2.0310
4-aminocrotonic acid
[no description available]		2.0310
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.5920amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		3.4110monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		4.762111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
denopamine
denopamine: structure given in first source		2.4420dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.2310medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.733011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		4.9121organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0510carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
l 655,708
[no description available]		2.4420
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		2.0510
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.0410cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
ml 10302
2-piperidinoethyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate: structure in first source		2.0510
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		4.0540organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
ro 41-1049
Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source		2.0310
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.2310phenylalanine derivative
pd 123319
PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively		2.0110imidazopyridineangiotensin receptor antagonist;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
11-dehydrocorticosterone
11-dehydrocorticosterone : An 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidised to give the corresponding ketone.		3.095011-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
sb 200646a
[no description available]		2.4420
seglitide
seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist		2.4420
sib 1893
SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310
vinorelbine
[no description available]		3.8530acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
zuclopenthixol
zuclopenthixol : The (Z)-isomer of clopenthixol.		210clopenthixolalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
su 6656
SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.		2.4420
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.7530
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		4.5370(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ag 538
AG 538: an IGF-1 receptor kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tyrphostin ag 555
[no description available]		2.4420
tyrphostin ag-494
AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source		2.0310
tyrphostin b44
tyrphostin B44: inhibits protein kinases; an analog of tyrphostin B46; B44(+) is B50, and is the stereoisomer of B44(-)		2.4420
ag-490
[no description available]		2.4420catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
ag 112
[no description available]		2.4420
ag 183
AG 183: structure given in first source		2.4420
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.7430olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		3.9130monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		1.9410carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7085
BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.		2.4420benzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
bw b70c
BW B70C: arachidonic acid antagonist. BW B70C : A hydroxamic acid that is urea in which both the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by a hydroxy and a (1E)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl]but-1-en-3-yl group. A selective inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, it can be used for the treatment of asthma.		2.0510aromatic ether;
hydroxamic acid;
organofluorine compound;
ureas		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.5370dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.4520ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.03101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
octylmethoxycinnamate
[no description available]		2.4620cinnamate ester
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		2.0410alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		7.6530alkali metal atom
trimethyltin
trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.		2.0710
nomifensine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		1.9510metal atom;
pnictogen
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.3720metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		4.85100cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		4.25506-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
nalbuphine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochloride
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		2.0210boron group element atom
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		3.5620morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		2.4110phenanthrenes
cefixime
[no description available]		3.8530cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		10.37313dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		7.1193benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		10.94307azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.6680dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		3.0750chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.0110
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.5920styrenes
isoalloxazine
isoalloxazine: structure		2.0310benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		14.67619dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
vinblastine sulfate
[no description available]		2.9640
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.0510
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.8630
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.5720
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		6.8862butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.5920bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.4220cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
isophthalate
isophthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310dicarboxylic acid dianion
thyronines
Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.		1.9610thyronine
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		2.0710carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		5.561monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
dextromethorphan hydrobromide
dextromethorphan hydrobromide : The hydrobromide and monohydrate of the antitussive drug dextromethorphan.		2.9640hydrate;
hydrobromide
indinavir sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510azaheterocycle sulfate salt
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		3.8630dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
naloxone hydrochloride
naloxone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of naloxone and hydrogen chloride. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0310hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		3.1650dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid
farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source		2.4420sesquiterpenoid
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.7330monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		4.0840amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		3.85303-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		4.07401,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		3.5620cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.5920
ceftazidime
[no description available]		4.0740cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
binaltorphimine
binaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.110
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		7.76154dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
naltrexone hydrochloride
naltrexone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of oxycodone with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. it is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.2310gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
tiotropium bromide
Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		3.1210
tiotropium
tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.4110
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.2310peptide
oxyfedrine
Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.		2.0510aromatic ketone
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		12.3572monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.7430dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4420dichlorobenzene
nylidrin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420alkylbenzene
triprolidine hydrochloride anhydrous
triprolidine hydrochloride (anh.) : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of triprolidine and hydrogen chloride. Its monohydrate is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.4420hydrochlorideH1-receptor antagonist
famotidine
[no description available]		5.021201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fenoterol
fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.7430hydrobromidebeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
tiapridex
Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.		2.0310benzamides
quipazine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride
Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source		2.0310
tulobuterol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
hp 029
[no description available]		2.4420
bafilomycin a
[no description available]		2.110
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.520cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		4.24501,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		4.4160beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
n,n,n-trimethyl-1-(4-stilbenoxy)-2-propylammonium iodide
[no description available]		2.0310
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2		2.4420naphthalenes
cgp 37849
2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer		1.9910
nf023
[no description available]		2.0310
nf 449
[no description available]		2.4420
magnesium citrate
magnesium citrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.. trimagnesium dicitrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.		4.1910magnesium saltlaxative
ajmaline
Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.		2.3620
(R)-citalopram
(R)-citalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.		2.03101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile
7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine
[no description available]		2.4420
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		1.9710
gr 46611
GR 46611: known to lower body temperature in guinea pigs		2.0310
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.4420cephalosporin
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.4720acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
saralasin
Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.		9.7371oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		2.0510azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.5620carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.2310azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
diacetylmonoxime
diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.		2.0310
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		2.0510amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
homatropine hydrobromide, (endo-(+-)-isomer)
[no description available]		2.4420
dihydroergotoxine
Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.		1.9510
enclomiphene citrate
[no description available]		2.0510
vancomycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
moxisylyte hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310monoterpenoid
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.9840maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
pregnanediol
[no description available]		3.4580
diphenoxylate hydrochloride
diphenoxylate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenoxylate.		2.4620hydrochlorideantidiarrhoeal drug
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate: RN given refers to unspecified fumarate		2.0310
mg 624
triethyl-(beta-4-stilbenoxyethyl)ammonium: inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptors; structure in first source		2.0510
bongkrekic acid
Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.		1.9510ether;
olefinic compound;
tricarboxylic acid		apoptosis inhibitor;
ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
toxin
flupirtine
[no description available]		2.4420
zimelidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		1.9910cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
ergonovine maleate
ergometrine maleate : A maleate salt resulting form the reaction of equimolar amounts of maleic acid and ergometrine. It is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		2.4620maleate saltdiagnostic agent;
oxytocic
2-mercapto-3-furan-2-ylpropenoic acid
2-mercapto-3-furan-2-ylpropenoic acid: thiol antidote in mercury poisoning		1.9710
moducrin
moducrin: combination of amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide & timolol maleate		3.3511
everolimus
[no description available]		3.9730cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
su 4312
SU4312 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a p-(dimethylamino)phenyl group. SU 4312 is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor protein tyrosine kinase 1/2 and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitor. It also inhibits the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and exhibits neuroprotection against NO-mediated neurotoxicity.		2.4420
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0710
gw 1929
GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source		2.4420benzophenones
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.0210carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		3.8530cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.8630ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
beta-escin
[no description available]		4.9540
protriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside
[no description available]		2.0310
n-(3-(cyclohexylidene-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl))phenyl)ethanesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.4420
n-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide
N-(4-amino-2-chlorophenyl)phthalimide: has anticonvulsant activity; structure in first source		2.0310
cb 34
CB 34: ligand for peripheral benzodiazepine receptors; structure in first source		2.0310
b 43
RK-24466 : A member of the class of pyrrolopyrimidines that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by amino, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and cyclopentyl groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of Lck that inhibits Lck (64-509) and LckCD isoforms (IC50 of less than 1 and 2 nM, respectively).		2.4420aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
cyclopentanes;
primary amino compound;
pyrrolopyrimidine		EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
(8R)-7-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
(8R)-7-propyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-2,13,14-triol
[no description available]		2.0310aporphine alkaloid
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane
3-(6-chloro-3-pyridazinyl)-3,8-diazabicyclo(3.2.1)octane: structure in first source		2.0310
2-(3,3-diphenylpropylamino)acetamide
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide
4-(2-(phenylsulfonylamino)ethylthio)-2,6-difluorophenoxyacetamide: structure given in first source		2.0310
gw2974
GW2974: quinazoline derivative, which is able to block the activation of both the EGFR and erbB2		2.0310pyridopyrimidine
l 162313
L 162313: a biphenylimidazole derivative; a non-peptide angiotensin agonist; no further information available 2/95		2.4420
l-165041
4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.		2.0310aromatic ketone
mrs 1754
[no description available]		2.0310oxopurine
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.0310nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
pd 404182
[no description available]		2.0310
5-(4-phenylbutoxy)psoralen
5-(4-phenylbutoxy)psoralen: structure in first source. psora 4 : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a 4-phenylbutoxy group at position 5. It is a potent inhibitor of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 (EC50 = 3 nM).		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzenes;
psoralens		geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
potassium channel blocker
sb 222200
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		3.1550
cr 2945
CR 2945: a member of non-peptide CCKB receptor antagonist		2.4420
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.94110imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
am 404
[no description available]		2.110anilide
sb 218795
SB 218795: structure in first source		2.4420quinolines
dihydroceramide
N-acetylsphinganine : A dihydroceramide in which the ceramide acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.0310N-acylsphinganine
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.4320nitrofuran antibiotic
epinephrine bitartrate
[no description available]		2.4420
bicuculline methobromide
[no description available]		2.4420
6 beta-hydroxycortisol
6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.		1.961011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
6beta-hydroxy steroid;
C21-steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
probe
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.0310
butaclamol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		4.3611gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		3.260isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		2.0210diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.0410cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.8530
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.0510roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
17-n,n-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-azaandrostane-3-one
17-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-azaandrostane-3-one: inhibitor of testosterone 5-alpha reductase, receptor binding & nuclear uptake of androgens in the prostate		1.9810
org 2766
Org 2766: ACTH 4-9 (H-Met(O)-Glu-His-Phe-D-Lys-Phe-OH) analog in which 4-Met position of fragment substituted by 4-Met sulfoxide, 8-Arg replaced by 8-D-Lys & 9-Trp replaced by 9-Phe; RN given refers to (D-Lys)-isomer		1.9810
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
a 38503
[no description available]		2.4420
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.0510
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310
sk&f 89976-a
[no description available]		2.0310
cv 1808
2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects		2.4420purine nucleoside
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.2310macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		5.8870(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		5.4841diarylmethane
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.5920substituted aniline
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		2.4120ammonium ion derivative
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.1110penicillanic acids
labdane
labdane: from Croton joufra; structure in first source		2.110diterpene;
terpenoid fundamental parent
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.8130biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.57201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
naloxone benzoylhydrazone
[no description available]		2.4420
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.8530
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride
2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.4420hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
amiprilose
[no description available]		2.0310
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(R)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (R)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ro 8-4304
[no description available]		2.0510
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		2.0810
sacubitril
[no description available]		8.3740biphenyls
norfenfluramine
Dexnorfenfluramine: D-isomer of Norfenfluramine		2.0310amphetamines
abiraterone acetate
Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.		3.1140pyridines;
sterol ester		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
lenvatinib
lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.		2.2110aromatic amide;
aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist;
orphan drug;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.620oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		2.0510bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.5920organic molecular entity
desmethylselegiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.8330aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticagrelor
Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.		2.110aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
em 800
EM 800: EM-800 is the prodrug of EM-652; EM-800 and EM-776 are (S)- and (R)-isomers, respectively; structure in first source		2.0510
estradiol-drospirenone combination
estradiol-drospirenone combination: consists of 17beta-estradiol and drospirenone; used to treat menopause		2.2510
t 1032
T 1032: a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4420
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.3110aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
molindone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620indoles
qx-314 bromide
[no description available]		2.0310
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride
(S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of (S)-fluoxetine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.4420hydrochlorideantidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		7.920aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
sr 59230a
3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source		2.4420
u 74389g
[no description available]		2.4420
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4620
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
y 27632, dihydrochloride, (4(r)-trans)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
sb 203186
[no description available]		2.0510
noscapine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
zeolites
[no description available]		1.9910
medrogestone
Medrogestone: 6,17-Dimethylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone. It is used in the treatment of menstrual irregularities and has also been employed in the treatment of prostatic hypertrophy and endometrial carcinoma.		3.9720corticosteroid hormone
a 77636
(1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol with hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.		2.4420hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		2.4420
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate		1.9710
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.5920aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
levodopa methyl ester hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
calcium bicarbonate
calcium hydrogen carbonate: disinfectant for influenza A viruses		2.0510
dimethylarginine
dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.		3.511
benalfocin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
lu 19005
[no description available]		2.4420
ko 143
[no description available]		2.4620beta-carbolines;
tert-butyl ester
eledoisin
Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)		1.9810peptide
lactonamycin
lactonamycin: isolated from Streptomyces rishiriensis; structure in first source. lactonamycin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces rishiriensis. It is an antibiotic with antibacterial activity.		2.0710gamma-lactone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
phenols;
trideoxyhexose derivative		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
benoxathian hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
((2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1h-inden-5-yl)oxy)acetic acid, (+)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
sc 26304
SC 26304: spirolactone aldosterone antagonist		4.3160steroid lactone
n-cyclopropyl adenosine-5'-carboxamide
[no description available]		2.0310
isotocin
isotocin: hormone found in some teleosts; Gln in position 4 of oxytocin replaced by Ser & Leu in position 8 by Ile; structure		2.1110
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		4.1820
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
cyclosporine metabolite m17
cyclosporin A metabolite M17 : A cyclosporin A derivative that is cyclosporin A in which residue 1 [(2S,3R,4R,6E)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-(methylamino)oct-6-enoic acid] has undergone allylic oxidation to give the corresponding primary allylic alcohol. It specifically inhibits growth of renal cells in culture.		1.9310cyclosporin A derivative;
primary allylic alcohol		drug metabolite
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.0310organic sodium salt
baci-im
[no description available]		4.2650homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		1.9910
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		2.940
calpain inhibitor iii
calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug		2.4420
ptc 124
[no description available]		3.3510oxadiazole;
ring assembly
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
scyphostatin
scyphostatin: a neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor isolated from Trichopeziza mollissima; structure in first source		2.0110cyclohexenones
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		4.3860nystatins
GR 127935 hydrochloride
GR 127935 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of GR 127935 with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.		2.4420hydrochlorideserotonergic antagonist
mrs 1845
[no description available]		2.4420
cytidine diphosphate choline
[no description available]		2.4620nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.5720acetamides
crizotinib
Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)		2.41103-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amineantineoplastic agent;
biomarker;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ru 66647
telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;		3.1210
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		3.5120
empagliflozin
[no description available]		2.7620aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
tetrahydrofuryl ether		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
alaproclate hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
ubenimex
[no description available]		2.4420peptide
3-chloroalanine hydrochloride, (l-ala)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
dsp 4 hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.4420benzoxazole
(2-(2',6'-dimethoxy)phenoxyethylamino)methylbenzodioxan hydrochloride
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine with one equivalent of hydrogen chloride. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		2.4420hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic antagonist
2-cyclooctyl-2-hydroxyethylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
cirazoline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
adtn
[no description available]		2.4420
apocodeine hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
2-hydroxyapomorphine, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0510
Dihydro-beta-erythroidine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.0310indoles
lilly 78335
[no description available]		2.4420
efaroxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
fenoldopam hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.4420
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride
1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt that is obtained by reaction of 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine with two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).		2.4420hydrochloridedopamine uptake inhibitor
guvacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.4420
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide, (r)-isomer,
[no description available]		2.4420organic molecular entity
1-(2-(4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-piperidin-1-yl)-ethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-indol-2-one
LY-310762 hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reation of equimolar amount of LY-310762 with hydrogen chloride. A potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D (5-HT1D) receptor.		2.4420hydrochloridereceptor modulator;
serotonergic antagonist
4-iodoclonidine
[no description available]		2.4420
4-methylpyrazole monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
tele-methylhistamine
[no description available]		2.0310
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester, monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
octoclothepine maleate
[no description available]		2.4420
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
du 24565
[no description available]		2.4420
2-methoxyidazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4420
N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide
N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (Ki values are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors respectively). May act as an antagonist in vivo, producing anti-Parkinsonian effects and antagonising the behavioral effects of cocaine.		2.0510hydrobromidedopamine agonist;
prodrug
ro 25-6981
[no description available]		2.4420
sk&f 77434
N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide : A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (IC50 values are 19.7 and 2425 nM for binding to D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo.		2.4420hydrobromidedopamine agonist;
prodrug
3-[(6aR,9R,10aR)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl]-1,1-diethylurea
[no description available]		2.4420organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
veliparib
[no description available]		2.3110benzimidazolesEC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		5.14311,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		4.2350
marinobufagenin
marinobufagenin: an endogenous digitalis-like factor; a Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitor and cardiotonic agent; structure given in first source. marinobufagenin : A cardiotonic steroid secreted by the toad Bufo rubescens and other related species such as Bufo marinus. An endogenous Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, it is a vasoconstrictor with effects similar to digitalis.		2.7930epoxy steroid;
steroid hormone		EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		10.85443
amlodipine, atorvastatin drug combination
[no description available]		3.1210
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
demethylcantharidin
demethylcantharidin: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.4420
atropine sulfate
[no description available]		2.7430
dihydrotachysterol
Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.		2.3520
ouabagenin
ouabagenin: inhibitor of ATPASE; structure. ouabagenin : A hexahydroxy steroidal lactone obtained by hydrolysis of ouabain.		1.94101-hydroxy steroid;
11alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
19-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid		EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
rifamycins
[no description available]		3.1210
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		2.0310
5-dihydrocortisol
5-dihydrocortisol: RN given refers to (5alpha,11beta)-isomer; structure		2.051021-hydroxy steroid
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.3620
1-deoxynojirimycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0310
bleomycetin
bleomycetin: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
icatibant
icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.		210
win 62577
[no description available]		2.4420
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.6430organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sc 25152
SC 25152: structure		8.0750
mdv 3100
[no description available]		2.8430(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzamides;
imidazolidinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
thiocarbonyl compound		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: an excitatory amino acid antagonist; structure in first source		2.1110
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7530
clindamycin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620S-glycosyl compound
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.7330
cosyntropin
Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.		5.8551
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.2310polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		8.68292polypeptide
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
aprotinin
gordox: Drugs having as their active substance aprotinin (trasylol, gordox); gordox and contrycal are distinct molecules that both act as kallikrenin protease inhibitors		3.3711
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
adrenocorticotropin zinc
[no description available]		1.9610
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		1.9410
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		3.9640peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		3.7821
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		1.9810
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
iberiotoxin
[no description available]		2.0410
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		5.0291
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.7630
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
liraglutide
[no description available]		3.710lipopeptide;
polypeptide		glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		2.0310
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
calcium orange
calcium orange: a fluorescent calcium indicator. calcium orange : A xanthene dye-based thiourea conjugate.		2.0210xanthene dyefluorochrome
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.8940glycoside
quinine sulfate
[no description available]		2.9640hydrate
quercetin
[no description available]		2.4420
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		6.55173
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.52201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside
Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.		1.9510
rv 538, (r-(r*,r*))-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (1s-cis)-isomer
[no description available]		2.4420
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.4520organic sodium saltgeroprotector
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		1.9610
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		7.7830
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		2.1110organic lithium saltfluorochrome
cefotiam hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
18-deoxyaldosterone
18-deoxyaldosterone: structure		2.6530
19-iodocholesterol
19-Iodocholesterol: 19-Iodocholest-5-en-3 beta-ol. A cholesterol derivative usually substituted with radioactive iodine in the 19 position. The compound is an adrenal cortex scanning agent used in the assessment of patients suspected of having Cushing's syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma and adrenal remnants following total adrenalectomy.		1.9610
menotropins
Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.		1.9810
potassium-magnesium citrate
potassium-magnesium citrate: molar ratio of 4:1:2 for potassium, magnesium & citrate		3.5111
technetium tc 99m sestamibi
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.		4.7821
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine
[no description available]		2.0210
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		4.0740organosulfonic acid
potassium aminobenzoate
[no description available]		2.4620
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		3.3711
u 63557a
[no description available]		2.0310
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		2.37203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
ampicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.7330bile salt
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
cefmetazole sodium
cefmetazole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefmetazole.		2.0310organic sodium saltantimicrobial agent
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.5920
methicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
nafcillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
prorenoate potassium
prorenoate potassium: RN given refers to (6 alpha,7 alpha,17 alpha)-isomer; structure		7.15113
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		2.0810inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
penicillin g sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
sc70303
SC70303: potassium salt of the open lactone ring of eplerenone; structure in first source		4.551
cefamandole nafate
cefamandole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefamandole.		2.4620organic sodium saltantibacterial drug
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
fusidate sodium
[no description available]		2.4420
cephapirin sodium
cephapirin sodium : The sodium salt of cephapirin. A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, it is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Being more resistant to beta-lactamases than penicillins, it is effective agains most staphylococci, though not methicillin-resistant staphylococci.		2.7430cephalosporin;
organic sodium salt		antibacterial drug
sodium cephalothin
[no description available]		2.7430organic sodium salt
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.4420organic sodium salt
dicloxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620hydrate
5-hydroxydecanoic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310
ru 28318
[no description available]		9.15851
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.0310
phenytoin sodium
[no description available]		2.0310
cr 1409
lorglumide sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide sodium.		2.0310
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4620organic sodium salt
sodium ethylxanthate
Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.		1.9610
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		2.6430
cortisol succinate, sodium salt
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt		2.4420organic molecular entity
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		1.9710organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		2.3520
oxymatrine
oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects		7.110
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		14.12477
trelstar
Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.		6.3453
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.2310oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
deslorelin
deslorelin: Ovuplant is tradename for a short-term-release implant containing deslorelin acetate; RN given refers to D-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/90		5.5732oligopeptide
osilodrostat
Osilodrostat: an orally active aldosterone-synthase inhibitor		4.4422
hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril drug combination
hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril drug combination: an antihypertensive drug regimen		2.0810
glycolipids
[no description available]		1.9710
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		4.5770
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		1.9410
fosinopril
Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.		9.5351
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		3.2110
pf-03882845
[no description available]		2.4820
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.4920
isoquercitrin
[no description available]		7.1710
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		167834polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		7.8840
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		5.39110ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.9740carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		10.6130
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.6730
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.4670
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		11.4271
methacycline
Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.		2.0310
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		4.6650monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.6530hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		5.02120benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.7530C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
lfm a13
LFM-A13 : An enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the amino group of 2,5-dibromoaniline. It is a dual-function inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Polo-like kinases (PLK) that exhibits anticancer properties.		2.0310aromatic amide;
dibromobenzene;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		4.08401,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.7230heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.7530benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		13.22221benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		5.6731
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		4.0840sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
chlortetracycline hydrochloride
Alexomycin: a thiopeptide; a cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces arginensis isolated from the soil		2.4620
l 701324
L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist		2.0310quinolines
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.0510
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		2.4620
methacycline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
hispidin
hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).		2.44202-pyranones;
catechols		antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.9640
demeclocycline hydrochloride
demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		2.9640
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.2310
(S)-warfarin
(S)-warfarin : A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).		2.03104-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.4620heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		210
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		2.1110
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		6.24320
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		3.1710
gkt137831
setanaxib: NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor; a pyrazolopyridine dione derivative		2.2110
bay 94-8862
finerenone: a potent, selective, and orally available nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source		14.85382
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.4320
osimertinib
osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.		3.4110acrylamides;
aminopyrimidine;
biaryl;
indoles;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.3620
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
spironolactone, althiazide drug combination
spironolactone, althiazide drug combination: combination of spironolactone and althiazide for treatment of benign essential hypertension		7.59134
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.3920
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		9.5251angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.3420
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		7.4420
angiotensin iii
Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).		1.9610
nephrin
nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)		3.1650
oridonin
[no description available]		2.8130
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.6430
ecallantide
ecallantide: an NSAID and analgesic		7.3110
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		2.6530
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		6.6111
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		2.110
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		210
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		1.9510
18-vinylprogesterone
18-vinylprogesterone: structure given in first source		2.3820
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.4220
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.0310
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.0310
tautomycin
tautomycin: an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A; isolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus; MF: C42-H70-O12; exists as a tautomeric mixture in solution		210
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.		1.9910
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.59202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.65802-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		4.78713',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin
sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase		2.0310sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		4.3841purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		2.06102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		2.110guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		2.0510inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin
sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).		3.13105,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterincoenzyme;
cofactor;
diagnostic agent;
human metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		5.2290folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		2.110nucleoside triphosphate analogue
isoxanthopterin
[no description available]		2.0310dihydroxypteridine
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		5.65140cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		5.01120benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.2650dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		4.4160purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.4602-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		4.2750L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		4.0840piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		4.0540benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.44202-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.0510pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		2.4420triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		3.5720imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		5.24160nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.8630tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		3.8630formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin
thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source		2.0310
8-hydroxyguanosine
8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source		2.110purine nucleoside
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310hydroxypyrimidine
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.7630citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.5720(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
vardenafil dihydrochloride
Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.		2.110
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.2550
azilsartan
azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.		3.21101,2,4-oxadiazole;
aromatic ether;
benzimidazolecarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
quazinone
[no description available]		2.0310
8-bromocyclic gmp, sodium salt
sodium 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : An organic sodium salt having 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate as the counterion. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.4420organic sodium saltmuscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
ag-879
AG-879: structure given in first source		2.4420
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		2.0610oxopurine
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		5.1352guanosinesbiomarker
amg531
[no description available]		2.0610
prodigiosin
Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.		1.9510
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
s 3226
3-(2-(3-guanidino-2-methyl-3-oxo-propenyl)-5-methylphenyl)-N-isopropylidene-2-methyl-acrylamide dihydrochloride: inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchanger subtype 3; structure in first source		2.4420
cephalostatin i
cephalostatin I: two steroid units are annulated to a 1,4-pyrazine ring; RN given for (3'R-(3'alpha(R*),4'alpha,4'abeta,6'balpha,8'abeta,11'aalpha,11'bbeta,13'alpha,13'aalpha,13'bbeta,14'beta,15'alpha(3*R*,5''S*),16'abeta,17'balpha,19'abeta,22'aalpha,22'bbeta,24'aR'*))-isomer; structure in first source		2.0110
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		2.8840
eye
[no description available]		2.6630
potassium magnesium aspartate
Potassium Magnesium Aspartate: An intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects.		2.0710
apelin-12 peptide
apelin-12 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source		2.610oligopeptidebiomarker;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
ru 40555
RU 40555: a potent antiglucocorticoid; differs from mifepristone only by a methyl radical		3.150
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		7.6930
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein
[no description available]		210
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		1.9510
d-jnki-1
D-JNKI-1: a synthetic, cell permeable peptide that blocks the MAPK-JNK signal pathway; has potential therapeutic value for long-term protection of both the morphological integrity and physiological function of the organ of Corti during times of oxidative stress		2.0710
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		4.1331
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.3720
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		012.581153
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		06.96190
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		06.96190
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		08.54192
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		110.54192
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		08.88204
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		02.0510
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.88240
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.88240
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		025.991,250277
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		127.991,250277
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		016.5214517
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		012.2554
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		012.2554
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.0610
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.0610
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		015.427223
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		117.427223
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		028.831,622683
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		133.63,2441,366
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		08.59203
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		08.59203
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		016.5511732
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		118.5511732
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		010.08101
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		05.11410
Diastolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		010.47187
Heart Failure, Diastolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.		112.47187
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		06.38141
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		013.941762
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		04.6261
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		05.6461
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		04.6261
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		06.38141
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		023.7396284
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		04.8340
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		017.1316419
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		04.8340
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		119.1316419
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		023.7396284
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		127.2940697
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		015.827833
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		117.827833
Anoxemia
[description not available]		07.88224
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		010.81248
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		07.88224
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		112.81248
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		07.3963
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		19.3963
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		023.8132036
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		08.66112
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		125.8132036
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		022.12317152
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		124.12317152
Hirsutism
A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.		017.3216040
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		08.11142
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		03.9230
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		08.9230
Acne
[description not available]		016.111414
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		118.111414
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		016.729042
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		016.729042
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		025.155219
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		07.98550
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		014.636213
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		06.75141
Loeys-Dietz Aortic Aneurysm Syndrome
Loeys-Dietz Syndrome with aortic aneurysm or dissection.		02.4110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		012.544514
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		07.98550
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		014.636213
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		06.75141
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		028.61,089143
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		028.61,089143
Anosmia
Complete or severe loss of the subjective sense of smell. Loss of smell may be caused by many factors such as a cold, allergy, OLFACTORY NERVE DISEASES, viral RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (e.g., COVID-19), aging and various neurological disorders (e.g., ALZHEIMER DISEASE).		02.3110
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.9940
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.7330
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		09.06164
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.9940
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		09.06164
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		06.0491
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		06.0491
Acne Inversa
[description not available]		06.08100
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.		06.08100
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		013.0911218
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		07.0492
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		015.356918
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		07.0492
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		010.14404
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		021.7464842
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		021.7464842
Cardio-Renal Syndrome
Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).		014.6695
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		022.11290180
Central Serous Retinopathy
[description not available]		019.09599
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		022.11290180
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.		014.09599
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.		07.7630
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		010.05431
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		010.05431
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		08.15205
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		03.1140
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		03.1140
Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome
[description not available]		05.21160
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		016.2925023
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		06.8982
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		020.366520
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		113.8982
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		015.366520
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		011.83265
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		011.83265
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		02.4110
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		02.4110
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		05.41141
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		014.926832
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		07.6320
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.4110
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.6320
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		017.2114035
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		06.78184
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		02.5220
Mole, Skin
[description not available]		02.4110
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.8130
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.8130
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		02.5220
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.7230
Anovulation
Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.		05.3272
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		02.7230
Hyperandrogenism
A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.		017.85318
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		115.523910
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		04.6961
Endolymphatic Hydrops
An accumulation of ENDOLYMPH in the inner ear (LABYRINTH) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. It is characterized by SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; and sometimes VERTIGO.		07.920
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		011.86187
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		011.86187
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		06.3772
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		06.3772
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		08.73142
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		110.73142
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		015.987833
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		015.987833
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		04.5651
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		04.5651
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		04.0450
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		012.6522
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		012.6522
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		011.05216
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.4110
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		02.4110
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		113.05216
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		03.71100
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		03.71100
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		06.08190
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		05.9490
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		06.08190
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		013.1506
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		115.1506
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		03.3770
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.7130
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		02.4110
Granulomatosis, Wegener's
[description not available]		02.4110
Allergic Angiitis
[description not available]		02.4110
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		08.3770
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.7130
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		02.4110
IgA Vasculitis
A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.		02.4110
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.		02.4110
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.		02.4110
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		06.74140
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		015.6920237
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		03.9911
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		06.68102
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		06.04120
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		012.3539
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		012.3539
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		04.1350
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		03.620
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.0850
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		03.0850
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		04.1350
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		08.620
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		04.3141
Blood Clot
[description not available]		05.3390
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		04.3141
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		05.3390
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		02.5220
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		02.5220
Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical
[description not available]		09.06221
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		012.91131
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		012.91131
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		09.0421
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		011.4982
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		06.4982
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		06.1943
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		010.76265
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		018.5333055
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		018.5333055
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		06.1943
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		010.76265
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		024.956416
Antopol Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.9140
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.9140
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		09.59175
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		09.59175
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		05.5392
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		05.5392
Dunnigan Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Lipodystrophy, Familial Partial
Inherited conditions characterized by the partial loss of ADIPOSE TISSUE, either confined to the extremities with normal or increased fat deposits on the face, neck and trunk (type 1), or confined to the loss of SUBCUTANEOUS FAT from the limbs and trunk (type 2). Type 3 is associated with mutation in the gene encoding PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA.		02.610
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		010.27231
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		06.94171
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		011.94171
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		06.4871
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		113.4871
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		025.6158431
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		025.6158431
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		04.5190
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		04.5190
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.2510
Hashimoto Disease
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.		02.2510
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		012.57541
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex
[description not available]		07.98501
Familial Hypokalemia-Hypomagnesemia
[description not available]		06.64181
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		018.2513183
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		018.2513183
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		09.81112
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		09.81112
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		05.7681
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		010.7681
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		03.8540
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		04.0250
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		03.8540
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		04.0250
Isolated Non-compaction of the Ventricular Myocardium
[description not available]		02.2510
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		07.75161
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		07.75161
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		06.62112
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		05.771
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		06.62112
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		02.6930
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		02.6930
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		04.3980
Anasarca
[description not available]		014.6121610
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		08.71421
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		014.6121610
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		013.71421
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		014.77347
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.		02.2510
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		017.6822644
Edema, Laryngeal
[description not available]		03.6411
Laryngeal Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.		03.6411
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		03.6411
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		03.7721
Gigantism
The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.		03.6411
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		03.7721
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		03.9850
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		014.1143
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		03.1710
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		05.6551
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0340
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		04.0840
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		03.0340
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		05.6551
EBV Infections
[description not available]		02.2510
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		02.2510
Asystole
[description not available]		012.553012
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		019.43129105
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		012.553012
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		019.43129105
Emesis
[description not available]		02.8840
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		013.12182
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		08.99203
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		08.14143
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		04.7471
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		07.1572
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.8840
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		08.99203
Apoplexy
[description not available]		07.74174
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		07.74174
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		04.1430
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		04.1430
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		011.63524
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		04.9791
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		04.9791
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.3820
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.3820
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.0850
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous
[description not available]		02.4120
Craniopharyngioma
A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)		02.4120
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.0850
Embryopathies
[description not available]		02.6630
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		04.5451
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		04.5451
Breathlessness
[description not available]		08.3142
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		08.3142
Recrudescence
[description not available]		010.993110
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		02.3110
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		02.3110
Myositis, Multiple
[description not available]		02.3110
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		02.5320
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		02.520
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		02.520
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)		02.3110
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		02.5320
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		011.76388
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		011.76388
Hypomenorrhea
[description not available]		07.09182
Glucose Metabolic Disorder
[description not available]		03.6411
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		04.7771
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		16.7771
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.3110
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.3110
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		018.662300
Adolescent Gynecomastia
[description not available]		024.8736691
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		018.662300
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.		024.8736691
Cardiac Complex, Premature
[description not available]		04.2641
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		09.42254
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
[description not available]		02.3110
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
A congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the RIGHT VENTRICLE wall and loss of myocardial cells. Primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		14.3110
Systolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		013.763715
Heart Failure, Systolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.		013.763715
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		04.1521
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		03.711
Ache
[description not available]		09.3158
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		08.711
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		014.3158
Palsy
[description not available]		05.47260
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3320
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		05.47260
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		03.3320
Auricular Flutter
[description not available]		02.3920
Atrial Flutter
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).		02.3920
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		03.2310
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		03.2310
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		04.1460
Metastase
[description not available]		07.32142
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		03.2310
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		03.2310
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		04.1460
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		07.32142
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		02.3110
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		010.8791
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		02.9140
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.9140
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		08.1681
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		08.1681
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		04.2670
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		03.6230
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		02.3110
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.8240
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		03.8240
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		02.3110
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		06.5963
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		03.5120
Carditis
[description not available]		09.89130
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		09.89130
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		08.5120
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.9440
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior
[description not available]		02.5220
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.5120
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.3820
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		03.5311
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		03.5311
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		06.1741
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		011.1741
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		08.24126
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		08.24126
Atheroma
[description not available]		03.8921
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		09.1147
Abdominal Obesity
[description not available]		04.7732
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.6630
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		02.1510
Isolated Clinic Hypertension
[description not available]		03.4220
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		03.3920
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		03.3920
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		06.6173
Oligomenorrhea
Abnormally infrequent menstruation.		05.453
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		06.6173
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		02.1510
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		07.1510
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		010.06254
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		09.52114
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		09.52114
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		010.06254
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		03.0610
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		05.2441
Aura
[description not available]		03.8340
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		03.0610
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		05.2441
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		03.8340
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		04.8981
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.1510
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		04.8981
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.1510
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		06.343
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		18.343
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.4320
Dermatitis Seborrheica
[description not available]		04.6261
Dermatitis, Seborrheic
A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.		04.6261
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.1510
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		14.1510
Diathesis
[description not available]		03.3920
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		06.2162
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		06.2162
Cephalgia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.1710
Headache Disorders
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.1710
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.3920
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		08.77191
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		010.28367
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		010.28367
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		03.5311
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		03.5311
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		05.7983
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		05.7983
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		02.4820
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		02.4820
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		05.1231
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Atrial Remodeling
Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.		07.8330
Hives
[description not available]		02.4220
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		02.4220
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		04.5322
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		08.33232
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		08.33232
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		02.1710
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		02.1710
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		09.03174
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		09.03174
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		113.06656
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		03.5611
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		04.3241
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		04.3241
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		010.11106
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		010.11106
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		05.6671
Malignant Hypertension
[description not available]		09.75120
Hypertension, Malignant
A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.		04.75120
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.		02.1710
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		02.1710
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		02.1710
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
[description not available]		05.8742
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.1710
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.1710
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.		05.8742
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		09.14297
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		07.36510
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		09.14297
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		07.36510
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		03.89120
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		07.57241
Familial Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
[description not available]		04.2260
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		03.89120
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		07.57241
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)		04.2260
Debility
[description not available]		03.5611
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		03.5611
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		05.0531
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		03.9521
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		05.0531
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		03.9521
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		012.24190
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		07.24190
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.9640
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.9640
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		06.87260
Feminization
Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.		08.6330
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.2110
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		04.1231
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		04.1231
Ectopic ACTH Syndrome
[description not available]		07.7130
ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic
Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.		02.7130
Joint Pain
[description not available]		04.522
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		03.5611
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		03.5611
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		04.522
Exanthem
[description not available]		03.5911
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		03.5911
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		03.1210
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		03.1210
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		15.1210
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		05.2180
ADPKD
[description not available]		04.5111
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		16.5111
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		05.1631
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		05.1631
Hyperphosphatemia
A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.		04.6530
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction
[description not available]		04.88140
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		012.07320
Adrenal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.		04.88140
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		07.07320
Angiitis
[description not available]		05.12101
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		05.12101
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		012.11121
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		19.11121
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		03.630
Dermatoses
[description not available]		05.63100
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		03.630
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		05.63100
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		04.7421
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		04.7421
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		04.1560
Gender Dysphoria
A marked difference between the individual’s expressed/experienced gender and the gender others would assign to the individual, and it must continue for at least six months. (from DSM-5)		02.2110
Masked Hypertension
Phenomenon where increased BLOOD PRESSURE readings taken in non-clinical settings (e.g., HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING) do not replicate in clinical settings.		03.4711
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		04.5451
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		04.5451
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		04.0550
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		03.4320
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		03.4320
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		04.3341
Bleeding
[description not available]		010.22121
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		05.22121
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		03.1150
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		02.6930
Pus
[description not available]		02.0810
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		02.3820
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		03.1150
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		04.0931
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		04.0931
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		04.551
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		04.551
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.7230
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		02.4520
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.7230
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		04.3270
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		02.110
Sebaceous Gland Diseases
Diseases of the sebaceous glands such as sebaceous hyperplasia and sebaceous cell carcinoma (SEBACEOUS GLAND NEOPLASMS).		02.110
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		02.7430
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		02.7430
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		08.6730
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		03.6730
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.3820
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		09.1360
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		08.4580
Pigmentary Retinopathy
[description not available]		02.0810
Concomitant Strabismus
[description not available]		02.0810
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.		02.0810
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)		02.0810
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.4711
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		03.4711
Refractory Depression
[description not available]		03.4711
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)		03.4711
Infections, Hantavirus
[description not available]		0310
Hantavirus Infections
Infections with viruses of the genus HANTAVIRUS. This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the Hantaan group; a milder form of HFRS caused by SEOUL VIRUS; nephropathia epidemica caused by PUUMALA VIRUS; and HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME caused by SIN NOMBRE VIRUS.		0310
Dextro-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries
[description not available]		07.5144
Right Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		08.0565
Transposition of Great Vessels
A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.		07.5144
Wasting Disease
[description not available]		02.110
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		03.630
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		04.67110
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		04.67110
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.730
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		07.4151
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		07.4151
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		04.1230
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		03.5730
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		04.1230
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.1360
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		08.6130
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		09.3185
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		08.94203
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		09.3185
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		08.94203
Hydrothorax
A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6930
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.6730
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		02.6730
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		04.9791
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3820
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.3820
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.0810
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.0810
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		03.0140
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		03.2360
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		08.2360
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		03.0140
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		03.3670
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		03.3670
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		03.8921
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		07.22235
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		04.7421
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		07.22235
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		04.7421
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		03.8921
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.7230
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		02.6630
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.7230
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		02.6630
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		05.1870
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		03.920
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		06170
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		05.1870
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		013.161161
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.8921
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.110
Varicocele
A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.		07.4920
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		04.5330
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		04.5330
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		02.110
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		02.110
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.3820
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		016.07115
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		02.3820
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.7130
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		03.2360
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.7130
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		03.2360
Potassium Deficiency
A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		08.55292
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.8921
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		09.64324
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		04.05150
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		09.64324
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		04.05150
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
[description not available]		06.17150
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.		06.17150
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		02.110
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		02.7730
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		02.110
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		02.7730
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		04.411
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		04.411
Hypotrichosis
Presence of less than the normal amount of hair. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0310
Breast Cancer, Male
[description not available]		02.7530
Breast Neoplasms, Male
Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.		02.7530
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		03.3820
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		03.3820
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		09.62520
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		03.2460
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		02.3920
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		02.3920
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		02.1110
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		02.1110
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.7830
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.1110
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.1110
Familial Turner Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Enteropathy, Exudative
[description not available]		02.9240
Noonan Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous, multifaceted disorder characterized by short stature, webbed neck, ptosis, skeletal malformations, hypertelorism, hormonal imbalance, CRYPTORCHIDISM, multiple cardiac abnormalities (most commonly including PULMONARY VALVE STENOSIS), and some degree of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. The phenotype bears similarities to that of TURNER SYNDROME that occurs only in females and has its basis in a 45, X karyotype abnormality. Noonan syndrome occurs in both males and females with a normal karyotype (46,XX and 46,XY). Mutations in a several genes (PTPN11, KRAS, SOS1, NF1 and RAF1) have been associated the NS phenotype. Mutations in PTPN11 are the most common. LEOPARD SYNDROME, a disorder that has clinical features overlapping those of Noonan Syndrome, is also due to mutations in PTPN11. In addition, there is overlap with the syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome due to mutations in NF1.		02.1110
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.9240
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.1110
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.1110
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.1110
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		02.1110
Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		02.1110
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.9140
Infections, Parvoviridae
[description not available]		02.1110
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		03.4680
Adenoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.		02.1110
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.9140
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.6930
Hyperoxaluria
Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.		02.1310
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		04.83130
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		07.91192
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		07.91192
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		04.2870
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		04.2870
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		03.3720
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		04.4651
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		04.4651
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		04.65110
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.1110
Adverse Effects, Long Term
[description not available]		03.5111
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.2960
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1110
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		013.88282
Bleeding Between Periods
[description not available]		04.4951
Metrorrhagia
Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.		04.4951
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		03.9221
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		03.9221
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		03.3220
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		03.3220
Autonomic Failure, Pure
[description not available]		03.5111
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.9640
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		08.56263
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		08.56263
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.9640
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		03.0750
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		03.0410
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		03.0410
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive
[description not available]		02.1310
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.420
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		02.1310
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		06.3253
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		02.1310
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		06.3253
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.7940
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		02.1310
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		02.1310
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.3820
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		02.3820
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		04.0650
Amish Brittle Hair Brain Syndrome
[description not available]		03.0410
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		03.0410
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		03.0410
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.7330
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		02.1310
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		02.1310
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.730
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.730
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		07.353
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		07.353
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		02.6630
Chorioretinitis
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.		14.1510
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		02.6630
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		02.4720
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		02.4720
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		03.3720
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.520
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		03.3220
Gynandroblastoma
A sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor, composed of cells of both the OVARY and the TESTIS. It produces both male and female GONADAL STEROID HORMONES.		02.1310
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		03.3220
Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumors
Neoplasms derived from the primitive sex cord or gonadal stromal cells of the embryonic GONADS. They are classified by their presumed histogenesis and differentiation. From the sex cord, there are SERTOLI CELL TUMOR and GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR; from the gonadal stroma, LEYDIG CELL TUMOR and THECOMA. These tumors may be identified in either the OVARY or the TESTIS.		02.1310
Atrophy, Muscular, Spinobulbar
[description not available]		02.1310
Bulbo-Spinal Atrophy, X-Linked
An X-linked recessive form of spinal muscular atrophy. It is due to a mutation of the gene encoding the ANDROGEN RECEPTOR.		02.1310
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.6530
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		02.6530
Cancer of the Urinary Tract
[description not available]		02.1510
Staghorn Calculi
Renal calculi with a characteristic shape like antlers of a deer, formed as it extends into multiple calices of the RENAL PELVIS. A large number of staghorn calculi as well as other URINARY CALCULI are composed of STRUVITE.		03.5111
Familial Hyperpotassemia and Hypertension
[description not available]		02.7230
Pseudohypoaldosteronism
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by renal electrolyte transport dysfunctions. Congenital forms are rare autosomal disorders characterized by neonatal hypertension, HYPERKALEMIA, increased RENIN activity and ALDOSTERONE concentration. The Type I features HYPERKALEMIA with sodium wasting; Type II, HYPERKALEMIA without sodium wasting. Pseudohypoaldosteronism can be the result of a defective renal electrolyte transport protein or acquired after KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.7230
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.1510
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		04.0631
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.1510
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		04.0631
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		02.4720
Adenoma, Villous
An adenoma of the large intestine. It is usually a solitary, sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections. Hypersecretion and malignant changes occur frequently. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.1510
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		02.4720
Tricuspid Valve Stenosis
The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the TRICUSPID VALVE. This hinders the emptying of RIGHT ATRIUM leading to elevated right atrial pressure and systemic venous congestion. Tricuspid valve stenosis is almost always due to RHEUMATIC FEVER.		02.1510
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		06.38161
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		06.38161
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		04.2841
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		05.1662
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		04.2841
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		05.1662
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.		07.9540
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		03.4311
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		03.4311
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		02.7130
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		02.7130
Hemosiderosis
Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.		02.0310
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		04.4990
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		04.4990
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		02.4520
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		02.4520
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		02.3720
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		02.3720
Cardiac Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.6730
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.		03.8321
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.		03.8440
Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease in which the ventricular walls are excessively rigid, impeding ventricular filling. It is marked by reduced diastolic volume of either or both ventricles but normal or nearly normal systolic function. It may be idiopathic or associated with other diseases (ENDOMYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS or AMYLOIDOSIS) causing interstitial fibrosis.		02.730
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		02.0410
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		07.2461
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		07.2461
Leukostasis
Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.		02.0510
Vasculitis, Retinal
[description not available]		02.0510
Retinal Vasculitis
Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.		02.0510
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		03.4311
Hypernatremia
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.9491
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.0410
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.0410
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		03.8521
Cardiovirus Infections
Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.		02.0510
Delayed Graft Function
General dysfunction of an organ occurring immediately following its transplantation. The term most frequently refers to renal dysfunction following KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		02.0510
Rhinophyma
A manifestation of severe ROSACEA resulting in significant enlargement of the NOSE and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the SEBACEOUS GLANDS and surrounding CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The nose is reddened and marked with TELANGIECTASIS.		02.0510
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome
This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.		02.0510
Turner Syndrome
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.		02.0510
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		04.0650
Apnea, Central
[description not available]		02.9610
Sleep Apnea, Central
A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.		02.9610
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.9740
Tricuspid Incompetence
[description not available]		02.7230
Cor Triatriatum
A malformation of the heart in which the embryonic common PULMONARY VEIN was not incorporated into the LEFT ATRIUM leaving behind a perforated fibromuscular membrane bisecting the left atrium, a three-atrium heart. The opening between the two left atrium sections determines the degree of obstruction to pulmonary venous return, pulmonary venous and pulmonary arterial hypertension.		02.0510
Impotence
[description not available]		04.7371
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		04.7371
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		011.43643
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		02.0510
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.0510
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		02.3720
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		02.3720
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		02.0510
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		06.55191
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		011.55191
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		03.3520
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.3520
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		04.3611
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		02.9610
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Discitis
Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.		02.0510
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		02.0510
Fibroid
[description not available]		02.4720
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		03.8140
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		02.4720
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		03.8140
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.0510
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		04.68110
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.7230
Aneurysm, False
Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.		02.0510
Aneurysm, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.0510
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.6630
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.6630
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change
[description not available]		03.260
Nephrosis, Lipoid
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.		03.260
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		03.98140
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		03.98140
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		03.8321
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		03.8321
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		02.0510
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.8640
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		03.8640
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		02.6530
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		02.6530
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		02.0510
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		02.0510
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.9810
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		04.7470
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		04.7470
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.9810
Foot Deformities
Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot.		02.0510
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		03.5730
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		03.5730
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.6930
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		07.6930
ADDH
[description not available]		02.0610
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		02.0610
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		011.66211
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		06.66211
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		04.6561
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		02.4220
Pemphigoid
[description not available]		02.7130
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		02.4220
Pemphigoid, Bullous
A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.		02.7130
Liddle Syndrome
Familial pseudoaldosteronism characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance of hypertension with HYPOKALEMIA; ALKALOSIS; RENIN and ALDOSTERONE level decreases. It is caused by mutations in EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS beta and gamma subunits. Different mutations in the same EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS subunits can cause PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM, TYPE I, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT.		02.0510
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		03.7721
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		02.0510
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error
[description not available]		02.8740
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		03.7721
Hypophosphatemia
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.		02.4420
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia
[description not available]		04.0531
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.		04.0531
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		02.0510
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		02.0510
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		05.23121
Spasmophilia
[description not available]		03.840
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		05.23121
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		02.3820
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		02.3820
Angiomyolipoma
A benign tumor containing vascular, adipose, and muscle elements. It occurs most often in the kidney with smooth muscle elements (angiolipoleiomyoma) in association with tuberous sclerosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0610
Androgenization
[description not available]		04.2940
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		03.0850
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		04.7421
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.0610
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		02.0610
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		02.0610
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		02.0610
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		02.0610
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		02.4720
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		02.4720
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		03.3720
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.2920
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		03.3720
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		04.0631
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		04.0631
Ambulation Difficulty
[description not available]		02.9810
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		02.9810
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		04.6632
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.0610
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion
A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.		02.0610
Anti-GBM Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.		02.0610
Acute Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		02.0710
Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION in which the anterior wall of the heart is involved. Anterior wall myocardial infarction is often caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. It can be categorized as anteroseptal or anterolateral wall myocardial infarction.		02.0710
Anuria
Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.		04.661
Oliguria
Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.		04.0931
Foreign-Body Reaction
Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.		02.0610
Granulomas
[description not available]		02.0610
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		02.0610
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		02.4620
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		02.4620
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.0710
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		02.0710
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.0710
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.4520
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		09.1381
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus
[description not available]		06.8840
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		07.2570
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent
A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.		06.8840
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.4731
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		02.0710
Dyspareunia
Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.		02.0710
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		02.0710
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		03.0650
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		02.0710
Atrophic Vaginitis
Inflammation of the vagina due to thinning of the vaginal wall and decreased lubrication associated with reduced estrogen levels at MENOPAUSE.		02.0710
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		03.320
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		010.26271
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		05.5361
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		05.5361
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		02.0710
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		02.0710
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		02.0510
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.9340
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		03.2460
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		03.2460
Emphysema, Mediastinal
[description not available]		02.0710
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0710
Benign Intracranial Hypertension
[description not available]		02.4220
Pseudotumor Cerebri
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).		02.4220
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		02.7130
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		02.0810
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.9240
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.9240
Acidosis, Renal Tubular Type IV
[description not available]		03.2460
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections
[description not available]		03.3911
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		011.32280
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		014.56185
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		09.56185
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		03.3911
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		03.3911
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		08.96340
Acanthosis Nigricans
A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.		02.940
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		05.04160
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.0110
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.0110
Nevi, Melanocytic
[description not available]		02.0110
Nevus, Pigmented
A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.		02.0110
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		02.940
Ebstein Anomaly
A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle.		02.0110
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		02.9310
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		04.8950
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		04.1360
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		04.1360
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		02.0110
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		02.0110
Adrenal Cortex Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		02.6430
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		04.2541
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		04.2541
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		07.01311
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		07.01311
Cardiac Edema
[description not available]		06.12121
Edema, Cardiac
Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).		06.12121
Central Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		03.4480
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic
A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).		03.4480
Acid-Base Imbalance
Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.		02.6530
Exertional Heat Illness
[description not available]		01.9310
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		05.5161
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		05.5161
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.6330
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		05.27130
Addison Disease, X-Linked
[description not available]		02.6330
Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial
Hereditary forms of Addison disease that may exhibit autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. They are characterized by severe neurological symptoms, APNEA; and death in infancy. OMIM: 240200		02.6330
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		05.27130
Toxemia
A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.		14.3420
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		02.3420
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		02.3420
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		02.3720
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		02.3520
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		01.9310
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		05.97152
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		01.9310
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		05.97152
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		04.0231
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		04.0231
Pulmonary Stenoses
[description not available]		01.9310
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		02.6330
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		03.9550
Cor Pulmonale
[description not available]		010.63191
Great Pox
[description not available]		02.3620
Aortitis, Syphilitic
[description not available]		01.9410
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		02.3620
Acidosis, Respiratory
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.		02.8640
Icterus
[description not available]		03.0550
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		03.0550
Familial Periodic Paralysis
[description not available]		011.82142
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		03.4580
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		03.0550
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		01.9310
Infection, Puerperal
[description not available]		01.9310
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		03.0550
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		01.9310
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		03.0550
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.3420
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		03.0550
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		02.3420
Empyema
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.		01.9310
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		05.03101
Exomphalos
[description not available]		01.9310
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		02.6330
Hernia, Umbilical
A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention.		01.9310
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		02.6330
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3420
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		01.9410
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		01.9410
Constrictive Pericarditis
[description not available]		02.6330
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		01.9410
Thrombocytopathy
[description not available]		02.3420
Nanism
[description not available]		02.8640
Lassitude
[description not available]		01.9410
Blood Platelet Disorders
Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.		02.3420
Dwarfism
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.		02.8640
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		01.9410
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		03.0450
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		03.7840
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		03.7840
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		01.9410
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		01.9410
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis
[description not available]		03.0450
Familial Mediterranean Fever
A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.		03.0450
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		03.5830
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		03.5830
Hypertrichosis
Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.		08.7521
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		01.9410
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		01.9410
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		01.9410
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		01.9410
Myotonia
Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.		03.2620
Adynamia Episodica Hereditaria
[description not available]		01.9410
Paralysis, Hyperkalemic Periodic
An autosomal dominant familial disorder which presents in infancy or childhood and is characterized by episodes of weakness associated with hyperkalemia. During attacks, muscles of the lower extremities are initially affected, followed by the lower trunk and arms. Episodes last from 15-60 minutes and typically occur after a period of rest following exercise. A defect in skeletal muscle sodium channels has been identified as the cause of this condition. Normokalemic periodic paralysis is a closely related disorder marked by a lack of alterations in potassium levels during attacks of weakness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1481)		01.9410
Focal Neurologic Deficits
[description not available]		01.9410
Dysphagia
[description not available]		01.9410
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9410
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		01.9410
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
[description not available]		01.9410
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		02.3420
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		01.9410
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.6330
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.6330
Cancer of the Thymus
[description not available]		02.6430
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.		02.6430
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		01.9410
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		01.9410
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory
[description not available]		01.9410
Whooping Cough
A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.		01.9410
Hypoproteinemia
A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.		04.2470
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		01.9410
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		01.9410
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		06.25260
Islet Cell Tumor, Malignant
[description not available]		01.9410
Island Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9410
Adenoma, Islet Cell
A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.		01.9410
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.		01.9410
Carcinoma, Islet Cell
A primary malignant neoplasm of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the non-INSULIN-producing cell types, the PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS) in GLUCAGONOMA and SOMATOSTATINOMA, respectively.		01.9410
Botulism, Infantile
[description not available]		01.9410
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.6430
Neuroses
[description not available]		01.9410
Botulism
A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)		01.9410
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.6430
Neurotic Disorders
Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.		01.9410
Shingles
[description not available]		03.2620
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		03.2620
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		02.6430
Empty Sella Syndrome
A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. The pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or removed. There are two types: (1) primary empty sella is due a defect in the sella diaphragm leading to arachnoid herniation into the sellar space; (2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of PITUITARY NEOPLASMS.		02.0110
DDD MPGNII
[description not available]		02.7130
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.		02.7130
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		04.1460
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.0210
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.0210
Endocarditis, Loeffler
[description not available]		02.0210
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs.		02.0210
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.0110
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.		02.6530
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.0110
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		03.411
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		02.0210
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		02.0210
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		02.0210
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		07.0210
Angiitis, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.9310
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		05.2441
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		03.4580
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		02.0210
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		08.4580
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		02.0210
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		04.1360
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		04.1360
Glomerular Necrosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		08.0650
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		03.0650
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		04.2941
Dizzyness
[description not available]		02.0210
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		02.0210
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		02.3720
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		02.3720
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.0210
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		02.0210
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		07.0210
Ascites, Chylous
[description not available]		02.4420
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		02.0210
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Meningitis, Pneumococcal
An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)		02.0210
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
[description not available]		02.6930
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.		02.6930
Cardiac Rupture, Post-Infarction
[description not available]		02.9410
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.0210
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.0210
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.4220
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.4220
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		03.840
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		04.7650
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		03.840
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		04.7650
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		02.9410
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.3720
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		03.5730
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		03.5730
Thyroiditis
Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.		02.0310
Antenatal Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		02.0310
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		02.9410
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		02.9410
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		02.3820
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		07.3820
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		05.5161
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		02.0310
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		02.0310
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		02.0310
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas
[description not available]		04.7421
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.		04.7421
Autism
[description not available]		07.0310
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.0310
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).		02.0310
Acromegaly Due To Pituitary Adenoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		02.3920
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		02.3920
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		02.0310
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		02.0310
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		02.0310
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.3720
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		02.3720
Hypoalbuminemia
A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).		02.0310
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		02.0310
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		02.0410
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.3820
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.3820
Cystic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.0310
Kidney Diseases, Cystic
A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).		02.0310
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		02.0310
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.0310
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		02.0310
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.0310
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.0310
Liposclerotic Mesenteritis
[description not available]		02.0410
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		04.57100
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		04.57100
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.8840
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.8840
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		01.9410
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		01.9410
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		05.7781
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		05.7781
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.6430
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		07.99113
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		07.99113
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		03.66100
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		03.66100
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		02.6530
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.3720
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		01.9610
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.3720
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9510
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		01.9610
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		01.9610
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.8810
Ambiguous Genitalia
[description not available]		02.8810
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8810
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.8810
Disorders of Sex Development
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.		02.8810
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		06.75101
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		06.75101
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		02.3620
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.3620
Angioma, Cavernous
A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.		01.9610
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		01.9610
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		01.9610
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		01.9610
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		06.9610
Congenital Familial Lymphedema
[description not available]		03.9750
Lymphedema
Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.		03.9750
Itching
[description not available]		03.9950
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		03.9950
Fracture, Pathologic
[description not available]		01.9610
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		01.9610
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		01.9610
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		01.9610
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		03.260
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		03.260
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		01.9610
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		06.9610
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		01.9610
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		01.9610
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		01.9610
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		03.2720
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes
[description not available]		03.5730
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		01.9610
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.3620
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.3620
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		02.3820
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		04.2641
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		04.2641
Corpus Luteum Cyst
[description not available]		02.6630
Ovarian Cysts
General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.		02.6630
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		01.9610
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		01.9610
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		03.0550
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		01.9610
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		03.0550
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		01.9510
Cacchi Ricci Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		01.9510
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		01.9510
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		02.3920
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		02.3920
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		02.3920
Albright Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3820
Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA OF BONE affecting several bones. When melanotic pigmentation (CAFE-AU-LAIT SPOTS) and multiple endocrine hyperfunction are additionally associated it is referred to as Albright syndrome.		02.3820
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine
[description not available]		01.9810
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		01.9810
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.940
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.940
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		04.9531
Papulosquamous Disorders
[description not available]		02.910
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.910
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		03.5730
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.910
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		07.8740
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		01.9810
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		01.9810
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		01.9810
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		01.9810
Infective Endocarditis
[description not available]		01.9910
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.		01.9910
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		01.9810
Anemia, Macrocytic
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).		01.9810
Edema, Fetal
[description not available]		01.9810
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		01.9910
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		01.9910
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		01.9910
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		01.9910
Hepatic Veno Occlusive Disease
[description not available]		01.9910
Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease
Liver disease that is caused by injuries to the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS of the vessels and subendothelial EDEMA, but not by THROMBOSIS. Extracellular matrix, rich in FIBRONECTINS, is usually deposited around the HEPATIC VEINS leading to venous outflow occlusion and sinusoidal obstruction.		01.9910
Alopecia Circumscripta
[description not available]		02.9110
Alopecia Areata
Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.		02.9110
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		02.8740
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		02.8740
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		03.2820
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		0210
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		0210
Varices
[description not available]		0210
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		0210
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		0210
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		0210
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		03.7940
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		03.7940
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		03.7940
MODS
[description not available]		0210
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		0210
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		0210
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		1410
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		0210
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		0210
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.9210
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.9210
Atypical Lipoma
[description not available]		0210
Lipoma
A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.		0210
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		03.821
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		0210
Bronchiolitis, Viral
An acute inflammatory disease of the lower RESPIRATORY TRACT, caused by paramyxoviruses, occurring primarily in infants and young children; the viruses most commonly implicated are PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE 3; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN; and METAPNEUMOVIRUS.		0210
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		03.2920
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		03.2920
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		0210
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		0210
Malacoplakia
The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.		02.9210
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		03.2820
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		03.3911
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		03.3911
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		02.8740
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		02.8740
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6730
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		01.9510
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		01.9510
Mushroom Poisoning
Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.		01.9510
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		01.9510
Anochlesia
[description not available]		01.9510
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic
[description not available]		01.9510
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		01.9510
Paranoia
[description not available]		01.9510
Jaundice, Spirochetal
[description not available]		01.9510
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		01.9510
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		01.9510
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		04.2740
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		04.2740
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		03.3370
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9510
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		01.9510
Rheumatism
[description not available]		03.5630
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		03.5630
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Hand-Schu00FCller-Christian Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		01.9510
Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell
A group of disorders resulting from the abnormal proliferation of and tissue infiltration by LANGERHANS CELLS which can be detected by their characteristic Birbeck granules (X bodies), or by monoclonal antibody staining for their surface CD1 ANTIGENS. Langerhans-cell granulomatosis can involve a single organ, or can be a systemic disorder.		01.9510
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		02.3620
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		02.3620
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9510
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		01.9510
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		01.9510
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		01.9510
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		01.9510
Brain Abscess
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)		01.9510
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.8640
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.8640
Lichen Ruber Planus
[description not available]		02.3720
Lichen Planus
An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flat-topped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a saw-tooth pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown.		07.3720
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		03.3411
Hypophosphatasia
A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		01.9510
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		01.9510
Skin Manifestations
Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.		01.9510
Carcinoma, Thymic
[description not available]		02.6430
Thymoma
A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6430
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		01.9510
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		01.9510
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		01.9510
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		01.9510
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		01.9510
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		01.9510
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.7840
Proctitis
INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.8610
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		01.9510
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3520
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		01.9510
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		01.9510
Hypospadias
A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.		01.9510
Myxedema
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.		01.9510
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		03.2820
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		02.6530
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		02.6530
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
[description not available]		01.9810
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.		01.9810
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		07.3720
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		01.9710
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		01.9710
Porphyria
[description not available]		06.9710
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		01.9710
Liver Diseases, Parasitic
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).		03.7421
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9710
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		01.9710
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		02.3620
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		02.3620
Mouth Diseases
Diseases involving the MOUTH.		01.9710
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3620
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous, Subacute
[description not available]		01.9710
Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).		01.9710
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone
[description not available]		01.9710
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone
A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).		01.9710
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		01.9710
Blepharitis
Inflammation of the eyelids.		01.9710
Rachitis
[description not available]		01.9610
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		01.9610
Barotrauma
Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.		01.9610
Adenoma Sebaceum
Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis		01.9610
Tuberous Sclerosis
Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.		01.9610
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Indigestion
[description not available]		01.9710
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		01.9710
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		03.2720
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		01.9410
Embolus
[description not available]		01.9410
Atrial Septal Defect
[description not available]		01.9410
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		01.9410
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		01.9410
Deficiency, Factor II
[description not available]		01.9410
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary
Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.		02.3520
Hypersensitivity, Type III
[description not available]		01.9510
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		02.3520
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		02.3520
Auditory Vertigo
[description not available]		01.9410
Meniere Disease
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.		01.9410
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9410
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		13.9410
Enterocele
An intestinal HERNIA.		01.9410
Hernia
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.		01.9410
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		01.9410
Water Intoxication
A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.		01.9410
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		02.8640
Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		02.3520
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		02.3520
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9410
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.3520
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		01.9410
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		02.3520
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.3520
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.3520
Lipidoses
Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.		02.8610
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		01.9510
Hemorrhagic Diathesis
[description not available]		01.9410
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).		01.9410
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.3520
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		01.9510
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		01.9510
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		01.9510
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial
[description not available]		01.9510
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		01.9510
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		01.9510
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.		01.9510
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		01.9510
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		03.3311
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		02.8610
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8610
Cystinuria
An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.		02.8610
Histoplasma capsulatum Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Histoplasmosis
Infection resulting from exposure to the fungus HISTOPLASMA. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the central and eastern states, especially areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.		01.9510
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9510
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		01.9510
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		13.9510
Hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.		02.3520
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		01.9510
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9510
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		01.9510
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		01.9510
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		01.9510
Ureteral Diseases
Pathological processes involving the URETERS.		01.9510
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		01.9510
Choked Disk
[description not available]		01.9410
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		01.9410
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		03.3311
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		03.3311
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		01.9410
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia
[description not available]		01.9410
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.		01.9410
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		06.9410
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		01.9410
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		01.9410
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		01.9410
Prediabetes
[description not available]		01.9410
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		01.9410
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		01.9410
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		01.9410
Tuberculosis, Splenic
Infection of the spleen with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.		01.9410
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		01.9410
Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).		01.9410
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		01.9410
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		01.9410
Uveitis, Sympathetic
[description not available]		01.9410
Ophthalmia, Sympathetic
Granulomatous uveitis which follows in one eye after a penetrating injury to the other eye; the secondarily affected eye is called the sympathizing eye, and the injured eye is called the exciting or activating eye.		01.9410
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		01.9410
Myoglobinuria
The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.		01.9410
Cardiac Cancer
[description not available]		01.9410
Periphlebitis
Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.		01.9410
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).		01.9410
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		01.9410
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		01.9410
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		01.9410
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy
[description not available]		02.3420
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		01.9410
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		01.9410
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		01.9410
Acute Rheumatic Fever
[description not available]		01.9410
Buerger Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Kidney Papillary Necrosis
A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.		03.3211
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.		01.9410
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		01.9410
Diabetic Coma
A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.		01.9410