Page last updated: 2024-12-06

physostigmine heptyl

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Description

physostigmine heptyl: RN given for (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; possible use in therapy of Alzheimer's disease [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID65872
CHEMBL ID433041
SCHEMBL ID195028
MeSH IDM0148911

Synonyms (26)

Synonym
heptastigmine
n-demethyl-n-heptylphysostigmine
eptastigminum [inn-latin]
eptastigmina [inn-spanish]
brn 4883778
physostigmine heptyl
carbamic acid, heptyl-, 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydro-1,3a,8-trimethylpyrrolo(2,3-b)indol-5-yl ester, (3as-cis)-
(-)-heptylphysostigmine
eptastigmine [inn]
heptylphysostigmine
(3as,8ar)-1,3a,8-trimethyl-1h,2h,3h,3ah,8h,8ah-pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl n-heptylcarbamate
chembl433041 ,
bdbm10972
eptastigmine
[(3ar,8bs)-3,4,8b-trimethyl-2,3a-dihydro-1h-pyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-7-yl] n-heptylcarbamate
101246-68-8
eptastigmina
unii-6pzz52d76q
6pzz52d76q ,
eptastigminum
eptastigmine [mi]
eptastigmine [mart.]
SCHEMBL195028
RRGMXBQMCUKRLH-CTNGQTDRSA-N
Q27265299
DTXSID801317905

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" All patients completed the study without intolerable or severe adverse events."( A multiple-dose safety trial of eptastigmine in Alzheimer's disease, with pharmacodynamic observations of red blood cell cholinesterase.
Barchowsky, A; Block, GA; Cutler, NR; Reines, SA; Sawin, SF; Sramek, JJ, 1995
)
0.29
" Eleven patients on placebo (7%), 13 patients on eptastigmine 15 mg three times daily (8%), and 12 patients on eptastigmine 20 mg three times daily (8%) discontinued study treatment because of adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of eptastigmine for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Imbimbo, BP; Lucca, U; Lucchelli, F; Martelli, P; Thal, LJ; Troetel, WM, 1999
)
0.3
" Although the cholinergic tolerability of eptastigmine was found to be favorable, its potential adverse hematologic effects limit its clinical utility."( Efficacy and safety of eptastigmine for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Imbimbo, BP; Lucca, U; Lucchelli, F; Martelli, P; Thal, LJ; Troetel, WM, 1999
)
0.3

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" After a single dose, heptastigmine remained for a long time in plasma (the terminal half-life was about 12 h), distributed widely in tissues (the volume of distribution was about 61) and brain concentrations were very high (4-22 times those found in plasma)."( Pharmacokinetics of heptastigmine in rats.
Baldi, A; Cerretani, D; Segre, G; Urso, R,
)
0.13
" A preliminary evaluation of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles in the elderly has now been made in 6 healthy subjects (63-84 years of age) given 30 mg eptastigmine as a single oral dose."( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of eptastigmine in elderly subjects.
Auteri, A; Imbimbo, BP; Lattuada, N; Luzzana, M; Mosca, A; Radice, D; Zecca, L, 1993
)
0.29
" Drug interactions with cholinesterase inhibitors may occur by pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic mechanisms."( Pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of cholinesterase inhibitors administered in Alzheimer's disease.
Crismon, ML,
)
0.13
" Pharmacodynamic activity of eptastigmine was evaluated with an assay of AChE activity in red blood cells."( Maximum tolerated dose and pharmacodynamics of eptastigmine in elderly healthy volunteers.
Imbimbo, BP; Mant, T; Troetel, WM, 1998
)
0.3
" Pharmacokinetic studies have revealed that after oral administration eptastigmine is rapidly distributed to the tissues and readily enters the CNS, where it can be expected to inhibit AChE for a prolonged period."( Eptastigmine: ten years of pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacokinetic, and clinical studies.
Braida, D; Sala, M, 2001
)
0.31

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The ingestion of food significantly reduces the bioavailability of eptastigmine estimated by the assay of red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity."( Effect of food on the absorption of eptastigmine.
Bjornsson, TD; Imbimbo, BP; Troetel, WM, 1998
)
0.3

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The assay has been fully validated in the concentration range 50-2000 pg/ml and utilized for the analysis of clinical samples from subjects dosed with heptylphysostigmine."( Determination of picogram levels of heptylphysostigmine in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
Constanzer, ML; Herold, ML; Matuszewski, BK, 1992
)
0.28
"Transdermal delivery of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) for treatment of dementia would have advantages associated with continuous dosing and enhanced compliance, but feasibility depends on achieving desired levels of central nervous system enzyme inhibition."( Transdermal patch delivery of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Becker, RE; Moriearty, PL; Thornton, SL,
)
0.13
" The reversal of scopolamine-induced impairment was characterized by the presence of an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve."( An inverted U-shaped curve for heptylphysostigmine on radial maze performance in rats: comparison with other cholinesterase inhibitors.
Braida, D; Griffini, P; Lamperti, M; Maggi, A; Paladini, E; Sala, M, 1996
)
0.29
" The relationship between patient performance and average steady-state AChE inhibition was described by an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve."( Eptastigmine: ten years of pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacokinetic, and clinical studies.
Braida, D; Sala, M, 2001
)
0.31
" Dose-response curves for tremor (central effect) and salivation (peripheral effect) showed that donepezil and icopezil possess a more favourable therapeutic index than the nonselective inhibitors, tacrine and heptylphysostigmine."( Pharmacology of selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: implications for use in Alzheimer's disease.
Chapin, D; Hubbard, ST; Jones, SB; Liston, DR; Nason, D; Nielsen, JA; Ramirez, A; Shalaby, IA; Villalobos, A; White, WF, 2004
)
0.32
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (3)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
CholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.01350.00001.559910.0000AID1796572
AcetylcholinesteraseMus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)0.14800.00071.11818.4000AID31789
AcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.03490.00000.933210.0000AID1796572; AID241692; AID262754; AID31163; AID31174; AID31176; AID511766; AID600978; AID600980
AcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.10000.00001.27869.7300AID1916837
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (25)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
learningCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
neuroblast differentiationCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone processingCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
response to alkaloidCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
cocaine metabolic processCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmissionCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
response to glucocorticoidCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
response to folic acidCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
choline metabolic processCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic processCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic process in synaptic cleftAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of receptor recyclingAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
osteoblast developmentAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine catabolic processAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
cell adhesionAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
synapse assemblyAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
receptor internalizationAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergicAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
amyloid precursor protein metabolic processAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein secretionAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
retina development in camera-type eyeAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathwayAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (15)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
amyloid-beta bindingCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
catalytic activityCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholinesterase activityCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
cholinesterase activityCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bondsCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
choline bindingCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta bindingAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholinesterase activityAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
cholinesterase activityAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
collagen bindingAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
hydrolase activityAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
serine hydrolase activityAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine bindingAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
laminin bindingAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (16)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular regionCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope lumenCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumenCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
blood microparticleCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceCholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
basement membraneAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
membraneAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junctionAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic cleftAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
synapseAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
side of membraneAcetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (26)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID130102Minimal dose to produce side effects was determined for diarrhea1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 37, Issue:13
Syntheses and anticholinesterase activity of tetrahydrobenzazepine carbamates.
AID262754Anticholinesterase activity against human erythrocyte AChE2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-06, Volume: 49, Issue:7
Inhibition of human acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase by novel carbamates of (-)- and (+)-tetrahydrofurobenzofuran and methanobenzodioxepine.
AID262755Anticholinesterase activity against human plasma BChE2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-06, Volume: 49, Issue:7
Inhibition of human acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase by novel carbamates of (-)- and (+)-tetrahydrofurobenzofuran and methanobenzodioxepine.
AID134728Lethal dose was measured at 24 hour in mice following intraperitoneal administration.1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 37, Issue:13
Syntheses and anticholinesterase activity of tetrahydrobenzazepine carbamates.
AID600978Inhibition of human erythrocytes AChE2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 46, Issue:6
Quinolizidinyl derivatives of bi- and tricyclic systems as potent inhibitors of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase with potential in Alzheimer's disease.
AID600979Inhibition of human plasma AChE2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 46, Issue:6
Quinolizidinyl derivatives of bi- and tricyclic systems as potent inhibitors of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase with potential in Alzheimer's disease.
AID31176In vitro inhibitory activity against human AchE (Acetylcholinesterase)1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-17, Volume: 35, Issue:8
Syntheses, resolution, and structure-activity relationships of potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: 8-carbaphysostigmine analogues.
AID234643Selectivity at AChE and BChE2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Anticholinesterase activity of compounds related to geneserine tautomers. N-Oxides and 1,2-oxazines.
AID127610Minimal dose to produce side effects was determined for tremor1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 37, Issue:13
Syntheses and anticholinesterase activity of tetrahydrobenzazepine carbamates.
AID31789Inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase in mice at the dose of 4.8 mg/kg via intraperitoneal administration1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 37, Issue:13
Syntheses and anticholinesterase activity of tetrahydrobenzazepine carbamates.
AID31163Ex vivo inhibition of human erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase.2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Anticholinesterase activity of compounds related to geneserine tautomers. N-Oxides and 1,2-oxazines.
AID44285Ex vivo inhibition of human plasma Butyrylcholinesterase.2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Anticholinesterase activity of compounds related to geneserine tautomers. N-Oxides and 1,2-oxazines.
AID262757Selectivity for BChE over AChE2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-06, Volume: 49, Issue:7
Inhibition of human acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase by novel carbamates of (-)- and (+)-tetrahydrofurobenzofuran and methanobenzodioxepine.
AID511766Inhibition of human AChE by Ellmans test2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 53, Issue:17
Novel carbamates as orally active acetylcholinesterase inhibitors found to improve scopolamine-induced cognition impairment: pharmacophore-based virtual screening, synthesis, and pharmacology.
AID600980Inhibition of human erythrocytes BChE2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 46, Issue:6
Quinolizidinyl derivatives of bi- and tricyclic systems as potent inhibitors of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase with potential in Alzheimer's disease.
AID600981Inhibition of human plasma BChE2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 46, Issue:6
Quinolizidinyl derivatives of bi- and tricyclic systems as potent inhibitors of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase with potential in Alzheimer's disease.
AID1916839Toxicity in mouse assessed as lethal dose2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 240Recent advance on carbamate-based cholinesterase inhibitors as potential multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID117061In vitro lethality measured at 24 hours in mice following intraperitoneal administration1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-17, Volume: 35, Issue:8
Syntheses, resolution, and structure-activity relationships of potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: 8-carbaphysostigmine analogues.
AID140001Percent elevation of ACh level in mouse forebrain following intraperitoneal administration at a dose of 4.8 mg/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-17, Volume: 35, Issue:8
Syntheses, resolution, and structure-activity relationships of potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: 8-carbaphysostigmine analogues.
AID241560Inhibitory concentration against human plasma Butyrylcholinesterase2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-24, Volume: 48, Issue:4
Novel anticholinesterases based on the molecular skeletons of furobenzofuran and methanobenzodioxepine.
AID127608Minimal dose to produce side effects was determined for salivation1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 37, Issue:13
Syntheses and anticholinesterase activity of tetrahydrobenzazepine carbamates.
AID241692Inhibitory concentration against human erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-24, Volume: 48, Issue:4
Novel anticholinesterases based on the molecular skeletons of furobenzofuran and methanobenzodioxepine.
AID1313257Binding affinity to AChE in human assessed as enzyme reactivation half life at 8 to 40 mg/kg, po2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-14, Volume: 59, Issue:13
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE): Networked Targets for the Development of Carbamates as Potential Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Agents.
AID31174In vitro inhibitory activity against human acetylcholinesterase1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 37, Issue:13
Syntheses and anticholinesterase activity of tetrahydrobenzazepine carbamates.
AID1916837Binding affinity to AChE (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition constant2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 240Recent advance on carbamate-based cholinesterase inhibitors as potential multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1796572Cholinesterase Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm010491d: \\Anticholinesterase activity of compounds related to geneserine tautomers. N-Oxides and 1,2-oxazines.\\2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 45, Issue:17
Anticholinesterase activity of compounds related to geneserine tautomers. N-Oxides and 1,2-oxazines.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (71)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19903 (4.23)18.7374
1990's52 (73.24)18.2507
2000's11 (15.49)29.6817
2010's3 (4.23)24.3611
2020's2 (2.82)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 11.38

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index11.38 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.51 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.89 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (11.38)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials12 (15.38%)5.53%
Reviews3 (3.85%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other63 (80.77%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]