chloramphenicol

Research Excerpts

Overview

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is an effective antibiotic with broad spectrum against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, while it is used to treat various infections in animals. It is a common culprit and should be added to the standard tray in countries with a high usage rate.

Effects

Chloramphenicol (CAP) has a high concentration and detection frequency in aquatic environments due to its insufficient degradation in traditional biological wastewater treatment processes. It has a differential effect on protein synthesis in mitochondria of the parent strain and the mutant.

Chloramphenicol (CAP) has long been used extensively in agriculture and is severely toxic to the biological environment. It has been considered a classic general inhibitor of translation, blocking the accommodation of aa-tRNA into the A site of the large ribosomal subunit. It is likely to have a key role in the treatment of MRSA infections providing us a good alternative to newer expensive antimicrobials.

Actions

Chloramphenicol showed lower bactericidal effect than the synthetic compounds. Can inhibit both bacterial and mitochondrial protein synthesis, causing mitochondrial stress and decreased ATP biosynthesis.

Treatment

Chloramphenicol treatment increased postirradiation mortality of animals and intensified suppression of the proliferating and differentiating processes in hemopoietic organs of the irradiated animals. Treatment did not affect significantly the elimination kinetics of endogenous prothrombin complex activity.

Toxicity

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a board spectrum antibiotic widely used in many developing countries. It has toxic side effects on bone marrow, the most serious of which is aplastic anemia. Chlorampshenicol is as safe as treatment alternatives for short antibiotic courses.

Pharmacokinetics

Chloramphenicol bioavailability was 28% and terminal half-life was 2.5%. Dose dependency was also observed for the apparent volume of distribution, total body clearance, metabolic clearance and time to peak concentration. Postnatal age and gestational age accounted for some of the Variab.

Compound-Compound Interactions

30 chalcone analogues were synthesized via a base catalyzed Claisen Schmidt condensation. They were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) alone or in combination with non beta-lactam antibiotics.

Bioavailability

The rate of absorption of chloramphenicol was delayed after administration via the oral route but the extent of absorption was increased. The bioavailability was 29% at 30 mg/kg chlorampenicol and 38% at 50 mg-a-kg. The authors studied the effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the bioavailability of bisphenol A (BPA) and chloramphelin.

Dosage Studied

The objective of this study was to determine if the current dosage regimen for chloramphenicol CAP achieves steady state plasma CAP concentrations within the reported therapeutic range of 10-25 mg/l. Ceftriaxone was given to 28 patients in once-daily intravenous doses of 75 mg/kg of body weight to children and 4 g to adults for 5 days.